text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}

Determining the identity of dark matter (DM) is one of the most active areas of research in particle physics. One interesting class of DM models is where the DM particle is itself electrically neutral, but couples to the photon through higher multipole interactions. This scenario has been considered by many authors (\cite{Raby:1987ga} - \cite{Barger:2010gv}) in a variety of UV settings: technicolor \cite{Bagnasco:1993st, Banks:2010eh}, composite dark sectors \cite{Antipin:2015xia}, supersymmetry \cite{Dutta:2014jda}, simplified leptophilic models \cite{Kopp:2014tsa, Sandick:2016zut}, and simplified light dark sectors \cite{Chu:2018qrm}. Different multipoles have been studied, including electric and magnetic dipole moments, the anapole moment, and charge radius interaction.

The purpose of this paper is to probe multipole moments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using the vector boson fusion (VBF) topology (\cite{VBFHiggsTauTauCMS} - \cite{VBFHN}). We focus on the anapole moment, leaving other moments for future work. We work within an effective field theory framework, remaining agnostic about the UV completion. The anapole dark matter (ADM) operator can be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{anapoleEFT}
\mathcal{L}_\text{eff,anapole} = \frac{g}{\Lambda^2} \, \bar\chi \gamma^\mu \gamma^5 \chi \, \partial^\nu F_{\mu\nu} \,\,,
\end{equation}
where $\Lambda$ is the cutoff scale and $\chi$ denotes the DM particle. Possible UV completions could be Bino DM coupling to sleptons in supersymmetry or DM that is a composite state of charged particles (where $\Lambda$ would be the confinement scale).

Collider studies of this class of operators have typically relied on the mono-$X$ signature, where $X$ can be a jet \cite{Gao:2013vfa}, a $Z$-boson~\cite{Alves:2017uls} - \cite{Carpenter:2012rg}, or a photon \cite{Primulando:2015lfa}. In a recent paper \cite{Alves:2017uls}, one of the authors studied the effective operator in Eq.~\ref{anapoleEFT} using the mono-$Z$ signature  at the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) \cite{Alves:2015dya, Carpenter:2012rg}. The discovery potential of the HL-LHC was determined using boosted decision trees for various levels of systematic uncertainties. The authors of \cite{Primulando:2015lfa} studied magnetic dipole moment operators using monojet, monophoton, and diphoton searches at the LHC, 100 TeV collider, and the ILC. In both these papers, a comparison to the projected bounds from direct detection experiments was performed. We refer to \cite{Gao:2013vfa}  and references therein for some older studies.

VBF provides a strategy in this context that is complementary to the above searches. As we discuss later, the cross section of VBF ADM dominates over the cross section of mono-$Z$ for all relevant values of $m_\chi$ and $\Lambda$. Moreover, while a mono-$Z$ study in this context has to contend with irreducible Standard Model (SM) $ZZ$ and $W^+W^-$ backgrounds, the VBF topology offers remarkable control over SM backgrounds. This control is due to the presence of two distinctive forward energetic jets, in opposite hemispheres, with large dijet invariant mass. A comparative study of VBF with other mono-$X$ searches for multipole DM would be interesting in the future.

We note that several of the current authors have exploited these attractive features of VBF processes to propose effective LHC probes of WIMP DM in models of Supersymmetry (SUSY)~\cite{DMmodels2}, SUSY electroweakinos~\cite{VBF1}, SUSY sleptons~\cite{VBFSlepton}, SUSY top and bottom squarks in compressed spectra
~\cite{VBFStop,VBFSbottom}, $Z^{'}$~\cite{VBFZprime}, new heavy spin-2 bosons~\cite{VBFY2}, and heavy neutrinos~\cite{VBFHN}. Although triggering, reconstructing, identifying, and calibrating a pair of forward jets presents an experimental challenge, some of the proposed searches for SUSY WIMP DM and compressed spectra have been successfully carried out by the CMS collaboration~\cite{CMSVBFDM,VBF2}.

The rest of our paper is structured as follows. In Section \ref{sample}, we describe our simulation methods, signal cross section, and dominant backgrounds. In Section \ref{criteria}, we discuss event selection criteria, and in Section \ref{results}, main results. We end with a short discussion in Section \ref{discussion}.

\section{Samples and simulation} \label{sample}

Simulated events from proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV were generated for signal and background using MadGraph5\_aMC (v2.6.3)~\cite{MADGRAPH}. Hadronization was performed with PYTHIA (v6.416) \cite{Sjostrand:2006za}. Detector effects were included through Delphes (v3.3.2) \cite{deFavereau:2013fsa}, using the CMS input card. The signal model was produced using FeynRules~\cite{FeynRules}, following Ref.~\cite{Alves:2017uls}. We produced several signal samples considering various values of $\mathcal{A}\equiv \frac{g}{\Lambda^2}$, which as expected has a direct impact on the  production cross section.

\indent Signal samples were produced for a variety of ADM masses, ranging from 1 GeV to 3000 GeV (1, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, and 3000 GeV). The value of $\Lambda$ was varied between 500 GeV to 3000 GeV, in steps of 10 GeV, for every ADM mass point considered. The signal samples were produced considering pure electroweak production of a $\chi\chi$ pair and two additional jets (i.e. $pp\rightarrow \chi\chi jj$ with suppressed QCD coupling $\alpha_{QCD}^{0}$). Figure~\ref{fig:feyn} shows representative Feynman diagrams depicting VBF $\chi\chi jj$ production.  Figure~\ref{VBFcrosssection} shows the VBF ADM production cross section as a function of $m(\chi)$ for varying values of $\Lambda$. As expected, the cross section scales as $\Lambda^{-4}$. Interestingly, we find that the VBF ADM production cross sections dominate over those of the more traditional mono-$Z$ and monojet processes for all relevant values of $\Lambda$ and $m_{\chi}$, making VBF an important mode for discovery.

\begin{figure}
\begin{tabular}{c}
    \includegraphics[scale = 0.5]{feynman_WW.pdf}
    \\
    \includegraphics[width = .35\textwidth, height = .25\textheight]{feynman_WW2.pdf}
\end{tabular}
    \caption{Representative Feynman diagrams depicting VBF $\chi\chi jj$ production.}
    \label{fig:feyn}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth, height=.25\textheight]{cross_sections_comparisons.pdf}
    \caption{The VBF $\chi\chi jj$ cross section as a function of $\Lambda$ and $m_{\chi}$. For comparison, the mono-jet and mono-$Z$ cross sections are also shown.}
    \label{VBFcrosssection}
\end{figure}

The dominant sources of SM background are production of a $Z$ or $W$ boson with associated jets, referred to as $Z$+jets and $W$+jets, respectively. The  $Z$+jets and $W$+jets backgrounds together constitute about 95\% of the total SM background. Due to the genuine missing momentum from neutrinos, $W(\to\ell\nu)$+jets events become an important background if the accompanying charged lepton is ``lost'' either because it falls outside the geometric acceptance of the detector or fails the lepton identification criteria (and thus fails the lepton veto criteria described later). The $Z$+jets process becomes an important and irreducible background when the missing momentum arises from $Z$ boson decays to neutrinos. Finally, around a 5\% contribution from $t\bar{t}+$jets events is also expected. Similar to the $W$+jets process, $t\bar{t}+$jets becomes a background when leptons from the $t\to W\to\ell\nu$ decays are ``lost'' and the bottom quarks fail the b-jet identification criteria. These major SM backgrounds were produced considering up to four additional jets associated to the central process, inclusive in the electroweak coupling ($\alpha_{EWK}$) and $\alpha_{QCD}$. At parton level the jets were required to have a transverse momentum ($p_{\textrm{T}}$) above 20 GeV and pseudorapidity ($|{\eta}|$) $|{\eta}| < 5$.

Jet matching was included using the MLM algorithm \cite{MLM}. The matching requires an optimization of the xqcut and qcut variables in the algorithm, which for this letter are set to 15 and 35 GeV respectively. The xqcut is defined as the minimal distance among partons at generation level, and the qcut corresponds to minimum energy spread for a clustered jet in PYTHIA. The optimization was performed using the differential jet rate distribution included in MadGraph. The distribution includes events with different jet multiplicities and the optimal parameters must result in a smooth transition between the corresponding curves for events with $n-1$ and $n$ jets.

\section{Event selection criteria} \label{criteria}
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{eta.pdf}
    \caption{$\eta(j)$ distributions (normalized to unity) for the major SM backgrounds (blue and green), VBF neutralino $\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}$ pair production in SUSY (purple), and the benchmark signal samples with $\{\Lambda, m_{\chi}\} = \{1000$ GeV, $1$ GeV$\}$ (black) and $\{1000$ GeV, $1000$ GeV$\}$ (red).}
    \label{eta_distribution}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,height=0.25\textheight]{delta_eta.pdf}
    \caption{$\Delta\eta_{jj}$ distributions (normalized to unity) for the major SM backgrounds (blue and green), VBF neutralino $\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}$ pair production in SUSY (purple), and the benchmark signal samples with $\{\Lambda, m_{\chi}\} = \{1000$ GeV, $1$ GeV$\}$ (black) and $\{1000$ GeV, $1000$ GeV$\}$ (red).}
    \label{delta_eta_distribution}
\end{figure}

The VBF topology is characterized by a pair of high $p_{T}$ forward jets located in opposite hemispheres of the detector.  Since the minimum $p_{T}$ of reconstructed jets is limited by experimental constraints, namely from the detector geometry, detector performance, and jet reconstruction algorithms, we select events with at least two jets with $p_{T}(j)>30$ GeV.  Figure~\ref{eta_distribution} shows the $\eta$ distribution of jets for our major SM backgrounds and two signal benchmark samples with $\Lambda = 1$ TeV and $m_{\chi} = 1$ GeV (1 TeV) in black (red).  Similarly, Figure~\ref{delta_eta_distribution} displays a comparison of the pseudorapidity difference $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$ between the two leading jets in the signal and background samples.  While the SM background contributions typically consist of events containing central jets ($\eta\approx 0$) and dijet pairs with small $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$, the ADM signature is characterized by jets with $\eta\approx 4$ and large $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$.  Therefore, Figures~\ref{eta_distribution} and~\ref{delta_eta_distribution} motivate a forward $\eta$ requirement on the two leading jets and a large $\eta$ gap between them to effectively differentiate signal from background.

We note that VBF ADM production is fundamentally different from the VBF SUSY processes studied by some of the current authors in Refs.~(\cite{DMmodels2} - \cite{VBFSbottom}). While VBF SUSY production occurs via t-channel $WW$/$WZ$/$ZZ$ diagrams, an important VBF production mechanism in the specific case of ADM is t-channel $\gamma\gamma$ fusion (see Figure~\ref{fig:feyn}).  This distinguishing feature of VBF ADM production results in significantly more forward jets and a larger $\Delta\eta_{jj}$ gap than those found in events from other VBF processes and DM scenarios.  This difference allows for the experimental differentiation of this ADM process from other DM scenarios.  In addition to the SM background and VBF ADM $\eta(j)$ and $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$ distributions, Figures \ref{eta_distribution} and \ref{delta_eta_distribution} also display the corresponding $\eta(j)$ and $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$ distributions for VBF neutralino ($\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}$) pair production in SUSY in order to elucidate this point.

The event selection thresholds were determined using an optimization process for the best signal significance $z$.  The signal significance was determined based on the signal-to-noise ratio, which is given explicitly by $z = \frac{S}{\sqrt{S+B+(.25B)^{2}}}$ where $S$ is the signal event yield and $B$ is the combined background event yield. This signal significance calculation includes a 25$\%$ systematic uncertainty (described later), which is standard for VBF searches at CMS ~\cite{CMSVBFDM,VBF2}.  The samples used for selection optimization were $m_{\chi}$ = 1 GeV, $m_{\chi}$ = 500 GeV, and $m_{\chi}$ = 1000 GeV with $\Lambda = 1$ TeV in all $m_{\chi}$ considerations.  The selection thresholds were each chosen such that signal significance was at the maximum.

In Figure \ref{deltaeta}, we display the normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|>X$ cut value, assuming an integrated luminosity of 100 $fb^{-1}$.  The signal significance is maximized for $|\Delta\eta_{jj}| > 7$.  Similarly, the optimization procedure leads us to require $|\eta(j)|>3.0$

 \begin{figure}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{delta_eta_opt.pdf}
     \caption{The normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of the $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$ requirement.  The signal significance is optimized for $|\Delta\eta_{jj}| > 7.0$.}
     \label{deltaeta}
 \end{figure}

 \begin{table}
     \centering
     \setlength{\tabcolsep}{1.5em}
     \def1.25{1.25}
     \begin{tabular}{l l}
     \hline
    Criterion        & Selection    \\
    \hline
    $|\eta(j)|$      & $> 3.0$      \\
    $p_{T}(j)$       & $> 30$ GeV   \\
    $N(j)$           & $\geq 2$     \\
    $p_{T}(\ell)$    & $> 10$ GeV   \\
    $|\eta(\ell)|$   & $< 2.5$      \\
    $N(\ell)$        & $=0$         \\
    $p_{T}$(b-jet)   & $> 30$ GeV   \\
    $|\eta|$(b-jet)  & $< 2.4$      \\
    $N$(b-jet)       & $=0$         \\
    $\Delta\eta_{jj}$ & $ > 7.0$     \\
    $E_{T}^{miss}$   & $> 175$ GeV  \\
    \hline
     \end{tabular}
     \caption{Event selection criteria for the proposed VBF ADM search region.}
     \label{fullcuts}
 \end{table}

Similar to current ATLAS and CMS DM searches utilizing the mono-$X$ signature, the production of DM candidates at the LHC is indirectly inferred by measuring the imbalance of the total energy in the transverse plane of the detectors ($E_{T}^{miss}$).  The reconstructed ${E}_{T}^{miss}$ is the magnitude of the negative vector sum of the transverse momentum  of visible objects, $E_{T}^{miss} = |-\sum_{i=visible}\vec{p}_{T,i}|$, where $\vec{p}_{T,i}$ is the transverse momentum vector of all visible particles $i$ in an event.  Due to the neutrinos from $W/Z$ decays, the major SM backgrounds include genuine $E_{T}^{miss}$, which is constrained by the $Z$ or $W$ mass.  On the other hand, the ADM signature of interest has, on average, a harder $E_{T}^{miss}$ distribution that can be used to discriminate against the SM backgrounds.  Figure \ref{met_distribution} displays the $E_{T}^{miss}$ distributions (normalized to unity) for the major SM backgrounds and the benchmark signal samples.  Figure \ref{met} shows the normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of the $E_{T}^{miss}$ cut value, assuming an integrated luminosity of 100 $fb^{-1}$.  As previously mentioned, we choose the cut value that achieves maximum signal significance.  From Figure \ref{met}, it is evident that signal significance is maximized for $E_{T}^{miss} > 175$ GeV.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{met.pdf}
    \caption{$E_{T}^{miss}$ distributions (normalized to unity) for the major SM backgrounds (blue and green) and the benchmark signal samples with $\{\Lambda, m_{\chi}\} = \{1000$ GeV, $1$ GeV$\}$ (black) and $\{1000$ GeV, $1000$ GeV$\}$ (red).}
    \label{met_distribution}
\end{figure}

 \begin{figure}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{met_opt.pdf}
     \caption{The normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of the $E_{T}^{miss}$ requirement.  The signal significance is optimized for $E_{T}^{miss} > 175$ GeV.}
     \label{met}
 \end{figure}

To further suppress SM backgrounds and to isolate the distinct VBF ADM signal, we impose $b$-jet and lepton veto selections.  Events are rejected if a jet has $p_{T} > 30$ GeV, $|\eta| < 2.4$, and is identified as a bottom quark ($b$).  With the b-jet veto, SM backgrounds with top quarks are suppressed.  Events are also rejected if they contain an identified electron or muon candidate with $|\eta| < 2.5$ and $p_{T} > 10$ GeV.  Similarly, simulated events in the proposed search region are required to have zero jets with $p_{T} > 20$ GeV and $|\eta|<2.5$ tagged as hadronically decaying tau leptons ($\tau_{h}$).  The b-jet and lepton veto selections also reduce SM backgrounds with vector boson pairs (e.g. $WW\to\ell\nu\ell\nu$) and $Z/\gamma^{*}\to\ell\ell$ to negligible values, while being $>90\%$ efficient for VBF ADM signal events.  Table \ref{fullcuts} summarizes the final optimized signal selection criteria.

The very forward jet requirement with unusually large $|\Delta\eta_{jj}|$ gap characterizing the VBF ADM topology results in TeV scale dijet mass $m_{jj}$.  The dijet mass is given by $m_{jj} = \sqrt{2p_{T}^{j_{1}}p_{T}^{j_{2}}cosh(\Delta\eta(jj))}$.  Figure \ref{dijetmass} shows the $m_{jj}$ distributions for the main SM backgrounds and the signal benchmark samples with $\{\Lambda, m_{\chi}\} = \{ 1000$ GeV, $1$ GeV$\}$, $\{ 1000$ GeV$, 500$ GeV$\}$, and $\{ 1000$ GeV$, 1000$ GeV$\}$. The distributions are obtained after applying the fully optimized selection criteria outlined in Table~\ref{fullcuts}, and normalized to the expected yields assuming an integrated luminosity of $L_{int} = 100$ fb$^{-1}$. The bulk of the background distribution lies at $m_{jj}$ values below 2 TeV, while the signal distributions are broad and overtake the SM background in the tails of the distribution ($m_{jj}$ values greater than 3 TeV). Figure~\ref{efficiency} shows the cumulative selection efficiency after each additional criteria outlined in Table \ref{fullcuts}. The signal acceptance is 0.8-1$\%$ depending on $m_{\chi}$, while the $W/Z$+jets backgrounds are reduced by approximately 6-7 orders of magnitude. Although we propose to determine final discovery potential with a shape based analysis (described later) using the full $m_{jj}$ spectrum, to illustrate where the bulk of the sensitivity lies, Figure \ref{mjj_optimization} shows the normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of the $m_{jj}$ cut value, assuming an integrated luminosity of 100 $fb^{-1}$.  As evidenced in Figure \ref{mjj_optimization}, the contribution to the total signal significance dominates for $m_{jj} > 3200$ GeV.

 \begin{figure}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{mjj.pdf}
     \caption{Dijet mass $m_{jj}$ distribution of VBF ADM signal benchmark samples and major SM backgrounds with all the optimized selections implemented, summarized in Table \ref{fullcuts}.}
     \label{dijetmass}
 \end{figure}

\begin{figure}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,height=0.25\textheight]{eff.pdf}
     \caption{Selection efficiency after each additional criteria outlined in Table \ref{fullcuts}.  The benchmark signal signatures are the green, red, and blue curves while major SM backgrounds are the orange and purple curves.}
     \label{efficiency}
 \end{figure}

 \begin{figure}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth, height=0.25\textheight]{mjj_opt.pdf}
     \caption{The normalized signal significance $z/z_{max}$ as a function of $m_{jj}$ cut value. Although final discovery potential is calculated using a shape based analysis of the full $m_{jj}$ range, this plot illustrates that the bulk of the sensitivity lies in the tail of the $m_{jj}$ spectrum (i.e. above 3 TeV).}
     \label{mjj_optimization}
 \end{figure}

\section{Results} \label{results}
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth, height=.35\textheight]{discovery100L.png}
    \caption{Expected signal significance as a function of the cutoff scale $\Lambda$ and the ADM mass $m_{\chi}$.  The signal significance was calculated by performing a profile binned likelihood of the $m_{jj}$ distribution using the systematic uncertainty as a nuisance parameter, assuming a luminosity of 100 $fb^{-1}$.  The $5\sigma$ discovery potential region is enclosed by the black dashed line, while the shaded grey area is the kinematically forbidden region $\Lambda < 2m_{\chi}$.}
    \label{moneyplot1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth, height=.35\textheight]{discovery3kL.png}
    \caption{Expected signal significance as a function of the cutoff scale $\Lambda$ and the ADM mass $m_{\chi}$.  The signal significance was calculated by performing a profile binned likelihood of the $m_{jj}$ distribution using the systematic uncertainty as a nuisance parameter, assuming a luminosity of 3000 $fb^{-1}$.  The $5\sigma$ discovery potential region is enclosed by the black dashed line, while the shaded grey area is the kinematically forbidden region $\Lambda < 2m_{\chi}$.}
    \label{moneyplot2}
\end{figure}
The definitions for $S$, $B$, and signal significance $z$ described in the previous section are used only for the purpose of optimizing the selections. Instead of a cut and count approach, the full $m_{jj}$ distribution is used to perform a shape based determination of the discovery potential with the test statistic defined from a profile binned likelihood approach via the RooFit toolkit \cite{ROOTFit}.  The expected bin-by-bin yields of the $m_{T}$ distribution in Figure~\ref{dijetmass}, obtained using events satisfying the selections in Table I, are used as input to the profile binned likelihood calculation. These bin-by-bin yields are allowed to vary up and down based on their Poisson uncertainty and systematic uncertainty, where variations due to systematic uncertainty are incorporated using nuisance parameters. To incorporate realistic systematic uncertainties, we use the VBF SUSY searches at CMS as a guideline~\cite{CMSVBFDM, VBF2}. For the case of the SM backgrounds, the dominant systematic uncertainty in Ref.~\cite{CMSVBFDM, VBF2} is from the data-driven measurement of the VBF selection efficiency (24\%). The dominant source of systematic uncertainty in the expected signal yield comes from the experimental difficulties involved with reconstructing, identifying, and calibrating forward jets (20\%). Less significant contributions to the systematic uncertainties arise from the efficiencies for electron, muon, and $\tau_{h}$ identification (2-5\% depending on the lepton), which contribute due to the lepton vetos. Additionally, although we note a study of the appropriate trigger for the proposed VBF ADM search under the HL-LHC conditions is outside the scope of this work, we assume a 3\% systematic uncertainty on trigger efficiency following Ref.~\cite{CMSVBFDM, VBF2}. Finally, for the uncertainty due to the choice of parton distribution function (PDF) used to simulate the signal and background samples, we follow the PDF4LHC recommendations~\cite{Butterworth:2015oua}, resulting in a 5-15\% uncertainty depending on the process.  With the definition of the systematic uncertainties and determination of the fit variable, the final signal significance is calculated as the value of $z$ such that the integral of a Gaussian between $z$ and $\infty$ is equal to the probability that the background only test statistic value is comparable to that obtained with a signal plus background hypothesis.
\\\indent
Based on the current data available at CMS/ATLAS and the projections for the HL-LHC, the  signal significance has been calculated for a range of luminosity values between 100 and 3000 $fb^{-1}$.  For each luminosity, we calculate the significance for various cutoff scales and ADM masses. The $m_{\chi}$ values range from 1 to 2000 GeV, while $\Lambda$ varies between 500 and 3000 GeV.  Figures \ref{moneyplot1} and \ref{moneyplot2} show the signal significance (on the z-axis) as a function of $m_{\chi}$ and $\Lambda$ on the $xy$-plane.  The region with   $\Lambda < 2m_{\chi}$, where the effective field theory breaks down, is shaded in gray.
The black dashed line indicates the $5\sigma$ discovery contour (i.e.~$\{ \Lambda,m_{\chi} \}$ points below this line result in a signal significance $\ge 5\sigma$).
There is $5\sigma$ discovery potential for $m_{\chi}$ up to 600 GeV, assuming $\Lambda = 1$ TeV and an integrated luminosity of 100 $fb^{-1}$.  The discovery range for $m_{\chi}$, assuming $\Lambda = 1$ TeV  increases to $m_{\chi} < 1200$ GeV for an integrated luminosity of 3000 $fb^{-1}$.  It is important to note Figures~\ref{moneyplot1} and~\ref{moneyplot2} show that while the proposed VBF ADM search can probe TeV scale ADM masses, it may also achieve discovery potential for ``light" mass scenarios. For a light mass of $m_{\chi} = 1$ GeV, the proposed search can provide signal significances greater than $5\sigma$ for cutoff scales up to 1600 GeV, assuming an integrated luminosity of 3000 $fb^{-1}$.
\section{Discussion} \label{discussion}

In this work, we have explored the possibility of using VBF processes as probes to discover DM that couples to the SM through higher electromagnetic moments. Remaining agnostic about the UV completion, we consider the anapole DM operator within an effective field theory as a benchmark scenario. In this context, we denote $\chi$ as the ADM particle and study the discovery reach as a function of the free parameters $\Lambda$ and $m_{\chi}$, the cutoff scale and ADM mass, respectively. This EFT approach allows us to study a broad range of ADM masses, including very light DM scenarios (below 10 GeV and down to GeV or MeV scale).

We find that $\gamma\gamma$ fusion is an important VBF ADM production mechanism, with cross sections that dominate over those of the more traditional mono-$X$ processes for all relevant values of $\Lambda$ and $m_{\chi}$. A particularly interesting feature resulting from $\gamma\gamma$ fusion events within the ADM EFT is that it leads to a VBF topology with significantly more forward jets and a larger dijet pseudorapidity gap compared to VBF DM production in other models such as SUSY, where t-channel WW/ZZ/WZ fusion diagrams dominate. This distinguishing feature of $\gamma\gamma$ fusion provides a clean mechanism to experimentally distinguish ADM from other DM scenarios should there be evidence for discovery with the LHC data. We have shown that the stringent requirements of large $E_{T}^{miss}$, two high $p_{T}$ very forward jets with unusually large separation in pseudorapidity, and TeV scale dijet mass is effective in reducing contributions from QCD multijet, $Z(\to{\nu\nu})$ + jets, $W(\to{l\nu})$ + jets, and other SM backgrounds.

Assuming proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV at the HL-LHC, the proposed VBF $\chi\chi{j}{j}$ search is expected to achieve a discovery reach with signal significance of at least 5$\sigma$ for ADM masses up to 1.2 (0.6) TeV and $\Lambda$ cutoff scales up to 1.65 TeV. For an example comparison with previously proposed ADM searches, the mono-$Z$ study of Ref.~\cite{Alves:2017uls} showed an expected discovery reach of $\Lambda \lessapprox 700$ GeV for $m_{\chi} = 100$ GeV and a similar range of systematic uncertainty. The proposed VBF ADM search in this Letter is expected to be the most important mode for discovery, far exceeding the projected sensitivity achievable by the mono-$X$ analyses.
\section{Acknowledgements}

We thank the constant and enduring financial support received for this project from the faculty of science at Universidad de los Andes (Bogot\'a, Colombia), the administrative department of science, technology and innovation of Colombia (COLCIENCIAS), the Physics \& Astronomy department at Vanderbilt University and the US National Science Foundation. This work is supported in part by NSF Award PHY-1806612 and a Vanderbilt Discovery Grant. KS is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy grant desc0009956.
\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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If you wish to contribute to this project click here and enter – Libermann Kipawa School – where it says dedicate your generous gift.
Nigeria: Construction of bakery to employ youth and serve the local community…read more
Kenya: construction of four water tanks to service student and staff needs for Claude Academy, Silangwa East Pokot. If you wish to contribute to this project click here and enter – Claude Academy Water – where it says dedicate your generous gift.
Sub-Saharan Africa: On-going need to provide options for safe drinking water… read more
Sub-Saharan Africa: On-going need to provide food assistance. If you wish to contribute to this project click here and enter – Emergency Food Assistance – where it says dedicate your generous gift.
Tanzania : St. Jude Health Center: within the St. Jude parish, there is a small health center that serves the surrounding community. The single building is approximately 1,500 square feet and all of the space is currently utilized. There are only a few toilets and showers reserved for those patients who are staying in the health center. If you reside in the United States and wish to contribute to this project click here and enter St. Jude Health Center where it says dedicate your generous gift.
Seminary / Minister Training
Support for Spiritan seminarians in formation in Democratic Republic of Congo, The Philippines, Tanzania, Vietnam…read more
Vietnam: Building fund for single formation location near Ho Chi Minh City…read more
For more information on the above projects or others we are working to fund please contact us at 713-522-2882 or missionprojects@spiritans.org.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Top Condé Nast Magazines are Coming to iPad
By Stan Schroeder 2010-03-01 04:42:55 UTC
When the iPad was announced, some media partnerships were announced with it, but it wasn't hard to guess that, in the period before the device actually comes to the market, we'll see many more.
We already know that Condé Nast is working on an iPad version of Wired magazine, and we've even seen a demo version of it.
Now, The New York Times reports that Condé Nast is preparing to launch some of its other top magazines on the iPad, with the first (besides Wired) being GQ, Vanity Fair, The New Yorker and Glamour. According to the NYT, when iPad arrives in April, GQ will be ready with a tablet version for that same month; Vanity Fair and Wired will follow in June, while The New Yorker and Glamour will have issues sometime in the summer.
"We feel confident enough that consumers will want our content in this new format that we are committing the resources necessary to be there. How large a revenue stream digitized content represents is an answer we hope to learn through this process," said President and CEO of Condé Nast, Charles H. Townsend.
The magazines will be sold through iTunes (Wired will also be available in other formats); it will be a great test for the future of the iPad and the publishing industry in general. Will you simply browse the Wired website, and get the info from there for free, or will you purchase the paid version of the mag through iTunes? It depends, mostly, on how Condé Nast plans to provide extra value for iPad users.
Topics: Apple, Business, conde nast, iPad, web, web 2.0, Wired


PNG images - 7 Papers in the Pack , and 8 PNG Elements .Due to an overwhelming demand for Resources from me that did not just cater to Gimp .... I decided to keep the Elements in the original form I made them ,instead of converting them to a brush . But , you can do that if you wish ,or ask me to . All done in 300 DPI .
How do you get points without people giving them to you?
lovely, thank you very much for sharing!!!
Love this vintage-y pack! Thanks!
I agree, these are amazing!!!
AMAZING!!!! You are ABSOLUTELY AMAZING!!! I totally missed you!!!! Glad to see you are around again!!!


The Quintrex Renegade Range, due to popular demand, has been expanded to include three new models; 420,440 and 490 in addition to the 460 and 520. Each model in the range is available in a selection of tiller, side and centre console configurations.
The Renegade range was developed with the keen fisherman in mind and these no- fuss boats are equipped with all the necessities to get you straight out on the water.
All Renegades are constructed with 3mm Bottom, tops and sides and all standard with the multi award winning Millennium Hull.
Available unpainted or painted - your choice!!
Our prices include 12 months boat & trailer registrations, life jackets, flares and anchor kits.


Sons and daughters college students Urban and Regional Planning, University of Cairo.
Welcome to your glorified university. Welcome to new members of the Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning family. This is in fact a unique educational institution in Egypt and the Arab world. I wish all of you to know that your presence in this unique college imposes upon you the burden of carrying the message that the college took upon itself to build a specialized cadre that is able to carry the flame of urban development in Egypt.
The good luck - dear children - that you will be graduating from our class system of the new regulation - a system of credit hours. This list, which was the product of hard work for years, stretching from faculty members, in order to build a graduate has the ability to compete in the global marketplace - in light of quality system, accreditation and the steps our college going for it and confident.
Sons and daughters.. Once again welcome to you in the family of the college and which I invite you by its name today to work with all the seriousness and commitment, and also of belonging and love for your faculty and our ancient university and our beloved homeland. We are waiting for you all scientific excellence, moral excellence and the observance of God and of conscience in every step.


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Q: Finding value in a SQL table I have a simple question here (I know it is so simple but I just got stuck...)
I have a table
tag_id, search_id
1,1
2,1
4,2
2,2
5,2
I would like to get the search_id by giving the tag_ids
example:
tag_id 1,2 would return search_id 1
tag_id 4,2,5 would return search_id 2
tag_id 2,6 would return no result.
I should have pay more attention when I was in college...
thanks in advance!

A: SELECT search_id
FROM YourTable
WHERE tag_id IN (4,2,5)
GROUP BY search_id
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT tag_id) = 3 /*Adjust this as required*/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Wearing eyewear that protect against blue light from portable light-emitting diode (LED) devices before going to bed could improve sleep quality, according to a new study.
The increased use of portable LED devices such as smartphones and tablets has been linked to changes in the circadian rhythm and sleep disorders. LED devices emit high intensity blue light and excessive exposure to blue light at night affects the level of melatonin in the body, the hormone that regulates circadian rhythm. A recent study published in Chronobiology International tested the effect of using blue-light shield eyewear while using portable LED devices on sleep quality.
The study enrolled 12 healthy adults aged 24-40 years. Each participant wore control or blue-light shield eyeglasses while using portable LED devices 2 hours before going to sleep. LED devices included tablets and smartphones from either Apple Inc. or Arrows (Japan). The control eyewear was gray-tinted and transmitted 93.2% blue light while the blue-light shield glasses were brown-tinted and transmitted 43.8% blue light. After two weeks, control subjects were switched to the blue-light blocking glasses and vice versa. Participants were asked about sleep and vision quality after using both types of eyewear. The sleep/wake cycles of each subject was monitored and the amount of melatonin was measured from urine samples.
Participants had significantly better sleep quality, increased sleepiness, and better vision quality after using the blue-light shield eyewear compared to the control group. Monitoring of sleep/wake cycles showed that subjects woke up a lot less often during the night after using the blue light blocking glasses. Better sleep quality was associated with higher melatonin concentrations in blue-light shield wearers compared to control.
Although the study size was small and should be extended to a larger population size, the results of the study were consistent with previous research on the effect of blue light and LED devices on the sleep quality of teenagers. This study concluded that the use of functional eyewear that protect against blue light from portable LED devices could reduce eye strain and improve sleep quality.


Trail riding continues to grow in popularity and continues to evolve every year with new technology that makes riding easier and much more fun. The Ibis Mojo 3 GX Eagle Bike is a perfect trail bike that performs excellently while climbing and descending. It has a lightweight and highly durable carbon fiber frame that uses DW-Link suspension and has 140mm of travel on the front and 130mm of travel on the rear. The frame has Boost hub spacing on the rear for better handling and the frame also uses a threaded bottom bracket, because no one really likes press-fit bottom brackets. The geometry has 425mm chainstays while also accommodating 2.8" plus-sized tires.
The GX Eagle version of the Mojo 3 has a SRAM GX Eagle 12-Speed drivetrain which includes the shifters, rear derailleur, and chain. SRAM's Eagle drivetrains provide a simple and reliable setup that has an excellent 10-50-tooth gear range so you can easily ride in all terrains. The Shimano Deore 2-Piston hydraulic disc brakes offer confidence-inspiring stopping power that many riders love when riding aggressive trails. The KS LEV-Si Dropper Post makes it easy to transition from climbing to descending with just the press of a lever. You can lift and lower your saddle without dismounting your bike. The Ibis 738 wheels are expertly paired with a front Schwalbe Hans Dampf and rear Nobby Nic tires that are both tubeless ready so you can ride with lower tire pressures for a smoother ride and better traction. Lastly, Fox provides the front and rear suspension for a supple feel while also performing well over the smaller bumps as well. If you're looking for a trail bike with tons of versatility, then you'll want to pick up an Ibis Mojo 3 GX Eagle Bike.
Front: Schwalbe Hans Dampf 27.5x2.6"
Rear: Schwalbe Nobby Nic 27.5x2.6"
Are the Devore levers the M6000 series? Compatible with I-spec II?


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Articles Posted in Personal Injury
Maryland Court Reviews Appeal filed by Plaintiff in Car Accident Case
In a typical personal injury suit arising out of a car accident, the plaintiff has the burden to prove that the defendant's negligence caused the plaintiff's injuries. In a December 10, 2020 opinion, the Court of Appeals of Maryland reviewed a case involving an automobile collision. Following a trial, the jury concluded the plaintiff's injuries were not caused or aggravated by the Maryland car accident. After the lower court denied the plaintiff's motion for a new trial, the plaintiff filed an appeal.
The plaintiff in the case was making a left turn at an intersection pursuant to a green arrow when the defendant proceeded through a red light and collided with the plaintiff's vehicle. The plaintiff testified that she felt some discomfort immediately after the collision, so she went home instead of going to work. Weeks later, the plaintiff sought care from her regular health care provider, who had been treating her neck and back pain for several years. She began physical therapy, but when that caused her pain, she went to an orthopedist who recommended surgery. The plaintiff underwent shoulder surgery thereafter.
The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant, alleging that the accident caused her shoulder injury and seeking compensation for her medical expenses. The case went to trial, and although the jury found that the defendant was negligent in the accident, it also found that the injuries to the plaintiff were not caused or aggravated by the accident. On appeal, the plaintiff contended that the statements made by the defendant's counsel during opening arguments were prejudicial and violated the "golden rule."
Posted in: Auto Accidents and Personal Injury
Maryland Appeals Court Reverses Dismissal of Personal Injury Case for Discovery Violation
In some Maryland personal injury suits, the failure to follow procedural rules can have a detrimental impact on the outcome of the case. In a November 30, 2020 opinion, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland considered whether it was appropriate for a trial court to sanction the plaintiffs' failure to respond to discovery by dismissing their case.
The plaintiffs in the case were a married couple who brought suit against their neighbor, alleging that his negligence had caused the wife to suffer a serious head injury. The injury arose when the neighbor had asked the plaintiffs to assist him in retrieving a rowboat at the bottom of a rocky embankment. Attempting a makeshift pulley system, the neighbor tied a climbing rope to the trailer hitch of his SUV, while the husband tied the other end to the rowboat. The neighbor then wrapped the rope around a large boulder and asked the wife to watch the rope. As the neighbor moved the boat, the rope dislodged and struck the wife in her chest. The force of the rope catapulted her over an adjacent retaining wall and into the rocky embankment.
The husband rushed to his wife and told the neighbor to call 911. While waiting for emergency services, they moved the wife back home. The husband asked the neighbor about the ambulance, and the neighbor stated he never called because he didn't have his cell phone. The husband then contacted emergency services, which arrived minutes later. The wife was airlifted to a hospital and placed into a medically induced coma for six days but survived following a long recovery.
Posted in: Personal Injury and Serious Accidents
Maryland Court Orders New Trial in Personal Injury Case Due to Evidentiary Error
Generally, the plaintiff has the burden of proving the elements of a Maryland personal injury claim. The evidence used in support of the claim must be admissible under the Maryland Rules of Civil Procedure. In an October 23, 2020 case, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland considered whether the circuit court erred by allowing testimony regarding a defendant's salary into evidence. The defendants brought the appeal after the jury returned a verdict finding the defendants negligent and awarded the plaintiff 2.2 million dollars in damages.
The plaintiff in the case had resided in property owned by the defendants from his birth until he was two years old. During the plaintiff's childhood, he was tested three times for the presence of lead in his blood. Two of the tests taken while he was living at the property at issue revealed elevated levels of lead in his blood.
The plaintiff sued the companies that owned and managed the property and the president of the companies, alleging that their negligence in maintaining the property caused his exposure to and subsequent injuries from lead paint. At trial, the president was called to testify. Counsel for the plaintiff asked him to state his highest annual income while working for the defendants. Over objection, the president provided his salary. The plaintiff went on to win the case.
Posted in: Personal Injury and Premises Liability
Updated: December 18, 2020 9:06 am
Maryland Court Examines Duty of School Teachers to Students in Personal Injury Case
In Maryland, school systems have a duty to adequately train teachers, administrators, and personnel. In a November 9, 2020 Maryland personal injury case, the Court of Special Appeals analyzed the nature and scope of the duty that teachers and administrators have to protect students from the heightened potential of injury. The plaintiff brought the lawsuit on behalf of her middle school daughter, who was injured while engaging in a required physical education (P.E.) event at her school.
The event in the case was an obstacle course "monster run." The plaintiff alleged that during a capture the flag event, her daughter was pushed to the ground by an older boy. She was knocked unconscious when she fell, and treated for a left knee dislocation at the hospital. The plaintiff claimed that the school was negligent by failing to supervise the students and protect her daughter from injury and creating an unsafe environment, among other allegations. The matter came before the appeals court after the lower court entered judgment in favor of the school board.
In Maryland, a negligence claim requires a duty of care owed by the defendant to the victim, a breach of that duty, causation, and injury. On appeal, the court recognized that P.E. activities may present a greater risk of injury to students. The court explained that, for purposes of civil liability, the scope of the duty of teachers and administrators to protect students is comprised of two elements: (1) designing the program in a way that takes account of and reasonably attempts to curb foreseeable risks of injury, and (2) supervising the students during the program.
Posted in: Personal Injury
Maryland Court Reviews Fraud Allegations in Car Accident Case
Motor vehicle accidents involving pedestrians can result in serious personal injuries to the more vulnerable people who are on foot. If a Maryland pedestrian accident was caused by a careless driver, the person on foot may be able to recover damages for medical expenses and other losses in a negligence action. The Court of Special Appeals of Maryland recently issued an October 14, 2020 opinion in an unusual car accident case.
The plaintiffs in the case filed a personal injury action against the defendant, alleging that the defendant had injured them by negligently striking them with her vehicle. More specifically, the plaintiffs claimed that the defendant was making a left turn and struck the plaintiffs in the middle of a marked crosswalk on the street, knocking them to the ground and injuring them.
The defendant, in turn, argued that her vehicle never made contact with the plaintiffs. The defendant further claimed that the plaintiffs were already injured before they entered the crosswalk and had laid down in the road as her vehicle approached them. At trial, a witness testified that she saw the plaintiffs standing on the sidewalk prior to the incident and noticed that their faces were bloody. The witness went on to testify that the plaintiffs had laid down in the street before the defendant had even approached. Following trial, the jury found in favor of the defendant.
Updated: December 15, 2020 12:36 pm
Maryland Court Considers Whether Statutory Immunity Applies to Mental Health Care Provider in Wrongful Death Action
When a person's death was caused by negligence, the surviving family members may bring a Maryland wrongful death action against the responsible party. In some cases, however, the law grants immunity to certain people and entities. In a July 24, 2020 decision, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland considered whether the defendant, a mental health care provider, was statutorily immune from liability with respect to the plaintiffs' wrongful death suit.
The plaintiffs in the case were the family of a thirteen-year-old child who was shot and killed by a psychiatric patient who had absconded from a mental health care center. The patient had been admitted to the psychiatric unit of the hospital after his arrest for armed robbery, fleeing the scene, and engaging in a stand-off with police. Armed law enforcement officers were not allowed in the area of the hospital where the patient was being treated, although the hospital was notified that the patient would be arrested upon his discharge. A few days after his admission to the center, the patient, still in a hospital gown, walked out of his room and left the building. Eleven days later, the patient shot and killed the victim.
The plaintiffs brought a wrongful death and survival action against the center and other defendants, alleging that they were negligent in failing to prevent the patient from leaving the hospital eleven days prior to the shooting. The center argued that as a mental health care provider, it is immune from civil liability for failing to provide protection from a patient's violent behavior. The circuit court agreed and dismissed the claims, and the plaintiffs filed the instant appeal.
Posted in: Personal Injury and Wrongful Death
Updated: December 6, 2020 10:58 am
Court Upholds $500,000 Jury Award to Plaintiff in Maryland Car Accident Case
Auto insurance laws vary widely among states. When the court must determine which state's law to apply in a car accident case, multiple factors are considered. In an August 11, 2020 decision, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland reviewed whether Maryland law was properly applied in a case involving an insurance policy issued in Pennsylvania.
The plaintiff in the case was a passenger in a vehicle that was involved in a rear-end accident in Maryland. Both the plaintiff and the driver of the vehicle in which she rode were Pennsylvania residents. The driver and owner of the other vehicle that rear-ended the plaintiff's vehicle were residents of Maryland. As a result of the accident, the plaintiff suffered neck and back injuries that required extensive medical treatment, including multiple surgeries.
The plaintiff filed suit in Maryland, seeking damages for medical expenses. She brought claims against the other driver and the other driver's insurance company, as well as her own insurance company and the insurance company of the driver of the vehicle in which she rode. The plaintiff settled with the other driver's insurer for the liability limits of their policy. The plaintiff continued to pursue her claims against the other insurers for underinsured/uninsured motorist coverage.
Maryland Plaintiff Alleges Negligence Claim Against Bar Owner After Parking Lot Assault
Business owners and property holders may be held responsible for injuries caused by their negligence. In an August 17, 2020 opinion, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland reviewed a Maryland personal injury case arising out of an assault committed against the plaintiff in the parking lot of a bar owned by the defendant. Following a trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. The plaintiff brought the instant appeal, arguing that the circuit court erred by not allowing him to present evidence of prior similar assaults on the defendant's property.
The plaintiff in the case was with a friend at the bar and restaurant operated by the defendant. When his friend got into a heated argument with an intoxicated individual, the plaintiff attempted to separate them. The security officers then intervened and escorted the individual outside of the restaurant. Security also asked the plaintiff and his friend to leave. While the plaintiff was walking towards his car, the individual ran across the parking lot and punched him in the head, knocking him unconscious. The plaintiff was left in a coma with a fractured skull and multiple head injuries. The plaintiff brought suit against the defendant, alleging negligence and premises liability claims.
In a negligence case in Maryland, the plaintiff must establish that the defendant was under a duty to protect the plaintiff from injury, the defendant breached that duty, the plaintiff suffered an injury, which proximately resulted from the defendant's breach of duty. In general, a person has no duty to prevent a third party from causing physical harm by criminal acts, absent a special relationship.
Updated: December 4, 2020 9:54 am
Appeals Court Affirms Jury Verdict for Maryland Plaintiffs in Wrongful Death Case Against Police Officers
A Maryland wrongful death action against law enforcement officers, a police department, and/or the local government generally involves different legal standards than a typical lawsuit. In a July 1, 2020 opinion, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland reviewed a wrongful death case in which the decedent had been shot and killed by police officers. Following a trial, the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded them more than 38 million dollars in damages. The circuit court, however, granted the defendants' post-trial motion and entered judgment in their favor. The plaintiffs filed the instant appeal.
In the case, two police officers attempted to serve an arrest warrant on the decedent at her apartment for failing to appear for a misdemeanor trial. Upon entering the apartment, they saw the decedent sitting on the floor with a shotgun. The officers retreated and called for backup, which led to a six-hour stand-off between the decedent and multiple law enforcement officers stationed outside her apartment. A police officer testified that the decedent pointed her gun towards officers positioned by the doorway, and at that point, he fired a shot that killed the decedent. On appeal, one of the plaintiffs' arguments was that the circuit court erred in entering judgment for the defendants notwithstanding the jury verdict and vacating the damage award for the plaintiffs.
In determining whether a police officer has used excessive force in violation of the U.S. Constitution or Maryland Declaration of Rights, the fact-finder must look to whether the officer's actions were objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them. The use of deadly force by a police officer is reasonable only when the officer has probable cause to believe that a person poses a threat of serious physical harm to the officer or to others. The burden is on the plaintiff to prove that the officer exceeded the level of force that an objectively reasonable officer would use under the same or similar situation.
Maryland Student Files Negligence Suit Against University for Knife Fight on Campus
In Maryland, property owners have a duty to protect invitees from an unreasonable risk of harm on their land. In some situations, this duty may extend to risks arising from intentional or criminal acts of third parties. In a July 16, 2020 Maryland personal injury case, the Court of Special Appeals considered whether a university had breached its duty to protect a student who was injured in a fight on campus.
The plaintiff in the case was a freshman and student athlete at the university. The plaintiff witnessed a fight between one of his teammates and a few other students outside his dormitory and intervened in an attempt to break it up. In the melee, the plaintiff was attacked with a knife. He suffered several stab wounds, a fractured rib, and a punctured lung that required surgery.
The plaintiff brought a negligence suit against the university, claiming that the university failed to provide adequate security on campus, which resulted in his injuries. The university filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted by the circuit court. The plaintiff sought review of that decision from the appellate court.
Maryland Court Reviews Appeal filed by Plaintiff in Car Accident Case January 14, 2021
Maryland Appeals Court Reinstates Jury Verdict in Favor of the Plaintiffs in Medical Negligence Case January 13, 2021


The precise amount that recreational marijuana will be taxed has not yet been established. The only specific information that was written into Amendment 64 regarding taxes was that the first $40 million earned from the excise tax will go toward public school construction. The Joint Committee plans to introduce a bill to the legislature based on the Amendment 64 Task Force recommendations that would make the tax on the recreational use of marijuana at around 40%. If the bill is passed, it would go on the November ballot.
The current tax on medical marijuana is similar to the way food and alcohol is taxed, which is around 8% (depending on the city). The drastic difference between the tax on medical marijuana (around 8%) and recreational marijuana (recommended 40%) is creating some expected controversy. The tax would be made up of a 15% special tax, 15% excise tax, in addition to state and local sales taxes, which would mean a roughly 40% sales tax on all marijuana products.
The special tax will go toward "enforcement, public education and health and safety" said State Rep. Dan Pabon (Head of the Joint Committee). Pabon does not believe that the current tax is enough to cover all the expenses necessary to implement the new law. Opponents to the 40% tax worry that the "increased prices on marijuana would force customers to buy from the black market. Shop owners said they've paid large fees and licensing costs, which should fund enforcement." The tax is only a recommendation as of this point and only time will tell what the exact tax on recreational marijuana and products will be.


Power Smash - 1 Requires 2 FP to perform a powerful hammer attack. Given to Mario by the professor.
Attack FX Y - 4 Changes the sound effects of Mario's attacks. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 1 star piece.
Causes enemies to sometimes miss Mario. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 3 star pieces.
Slowly restore HP during battles. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 4 star pieces/ find in petal meadows on high warp pipe.
Makes it more likely items will appear after battle. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 5 star pieces.
Makes it more likely hearts will appear after beating a foe. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 6 star pieces.
- 3 Makes it more likely flowers will appear after beating a foe. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 6 star pieces.
Peekaboo- 2 Shows enemy's HP Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 7 star pieces.
- 7 Ally can attack after changing partners. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 8 star pieces.
Partners uses one less FP for attacks. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 10 star pieces.
Use one less FP for Mario's attacks. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 10 star pieces.
Boosts Partner's power by 1.
Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 15 star pieces.
Power Plus- 6 Boost Mario's Jump and Hammer attack by 1. Buy from Dazzle under Rogueport for 15 star pieces.
Lets Mario attack multiple enemies in order. Find in Shhwonk Fortress question mark box.
Increase attack by 5 when partner is in peril. In the mayor's front yard in Petalsburg.
Decreases damage by 1 with guard action command When first meeting Punio, take a left in the door he opens.
Quake Hammer- 2 Damage all ground enemies a bit. In area next to the Boggly tree.
Damage Dodge P - 2 Cut damage by 1 HP with a guard action (Ally) . In Boggly tree between two Jabbi sqaudrens.
Adds charge to the tactics menu.
In the Boggly Tree beneath the first wooden floor pannel.
Shrink Stomp- 1 Equips shrink stomp. In area after the Boggly tree.
Drops the damage your ally takes by half when in danger. Backstage of the Glitz Pit.
On right side of glitzville on top of the juice store.
Charge P- 1 Adds charge to allies tactics menu.
In the Glitz Pit storage room behind right side boxes.
Hammer Throw Throw a hammer at one foe. In the forest after Twilight Town.
Happy Heart P - 2 Slowly refills allies HP during battle. In secret are revealed by Flurrie under rogueport.
Drops FP when Mario attacks by 1. Under Creepy Steeple.
Boosts Mario's attack by 1.
First forrest area of Keelhaul Key.
Drop Mario's attack by 1 but regain 1 HP per attack To the left of save point at Rogueport dock.
Hooktail Castle where Hooktail used to sit.
Double Dip - 4 Mario can use 2 items during a turn.
Chest in front of help center.
At Riverside Station, outside under steps.
At Riverside Station in rolling maze.
When ally is in danger, foes sometimes miss.
Bump Attack - 5 Lets you bump into weak foes to defeat them without battling. In a chest after clearing 80 floors of the Pit of 100 Trials.
Double Dip P - 3 Lets your ally use two items during one battle turn. By wearing more than one, your partner can use up to three items. In a chest after clearing 70 florrs of the Pit of 100 Trials.
Lucky Day - 7 When Mario's attacked, causes enemies to miss more often. In a chest after clearing 90 floors of the Pit of 100 Trials.
Pity Flower - 3 When Mario takes damage, occasionally recovers 1 FP. In a chest after clearing 40 floors of the Pit of 100 Trials.
Return Postage - 7 Makes direct-attackers take 1/2 the damage they do. In a chest after clearing 100 floors of the Pit of 100 Trials.
Sleepy Stomp - '1' Enables Sleepy Stomp, which can make enemies sleep. Wear two or more to keep enemies asleep longer. In a chest after clearing 10 floors of the Pit of 100 Trials or buy from the Lovely Howz of Badges.
Slow Go - 0 Makes Mario sluggish, so he can no longer run. Buy from the travelling salesman Charlieton in Rogueport.
Spike Shield - 3 Makes Mario damage-proof when jumpoing on spiky foes. In a room of Rogueport Sewers with spikes that block the way. Requires Vivian.
Super Appeal - '1' Gets more star power from the crowd when Mario appeals. Buy from the Lovely Howz of Badges or win from Pianta Parlor for 34 tokens.
Super Appeal P - '1' Gets more star power from the crowd when your ally appeals. Buy from the Lovely Howz of Badges after Chapter 5.
Timing Tutor - 1 Teaches the timing for style commands by showing an icon for when to press A. Buy from the travelling salesman Charlieton in Rogueport.
Tornado Jump - 2 Enables Tornado Jump, which can damage all mid-air enemies. Wearing two or more increases attack power. Inside a red box in Creepy Steeple.
Unsimplifier - '1' Makes Action Commands hard, but earns more star power. Buy from the Lovely Howz of Badges.
W Emblem - 0 Change Mario's clothes into Wario's clothes. Buy from the travelling salesman Charlieton in Rogueport.
Zap Tap - 3 Does damage to enemies that touch Mario in battle. In a chest after clearing 30 floors in the Pit of 100 Trials.