Entry-level device with low stamina - With the Nokia 5, the Finnish manufacturer addresses less demanding smartphone users. As per usual, Nokia's design is subtle and elegant. The specifications are rather modest, which is why at 200 Euros (~$228), it is not exactly cheap.
Buyers should not expect miracles from the Mediatek Helio P10 processor and the ARM Mali-T860 GPU. With 2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage space, the memory configuration is not exactly luxurious either. However, the camera features and the design seem to have hit the nail on the head. This is more than enough for a solid entry-level phone. Since they are often only used for casual games, a lower ranking processor is not as much of a hindrance. However, due to the fact that every phone doubles as an opportunistic digital camera, its quality is of great importance.
In this comparison, the Nokia device competes against the Moto G5s Plus representing Motorola, as well as the Redmi 6 Pro by Xiaomi. Furthermore, the Huawei Y7 and the Samsung Galaxy J6 are competitors as well.
In the author's opinion, Nokia has once again done a great job in terms of looks. The workmanship does not show any weaknesses. The clearances are exemplary, making the phone appear as if it were made from one piece. The front is protected by Gorilla Glass 3. A camera sits at the top to the left and there is a speaker in the middle next to the Nokia branding to the right. On the bottom, there is an inexplicable, unnecessary black bezel that could have been extra screen space. The color options for the aluminum case are black, blue and copper and, as with the battery, they are unfortunately not replaceable as was the case with ancient Nokia phones. That said, it is very robust and was unimpressed by our attempts at twisting it. Due to the ratio of width and length, the smartphone appears long and elegant as opposed to thick and oversized. Its handling is comfortable thanks to the balanced weight distribution and the rounded-off edges. The port layout is standard. The volume control and the power button have been implemented in the form of robust metal versions, they have clear pressure points and a distinct acoustic feedback. Even if they can almost be considered smartphone standard at this point, the camera bump and fingerprint sensor on the back are less favorable however, since in the author's opinion, they always lead to blind searches involving trial and error. Although this could also be attributed to the habits of an Apple user.
In terms of external features, Nokia does not leave a lot to be desired. All of the ports have been neatly arranged in order to be easily accessible. To the right, there are high-quality volume control buttons and a power button. On the opposite side, there are not just one, but two trays that can be opened with the included SIM tool. They have room for two Nano SIM cards or a microSD card in the second tray. The included headset can be connected to the tried and true audio jack on the top edge of the device. On the bottom edge, there is a slightly outdated micro-USB connector that only supports USB 2.0 speeds.
What hides behind the glossy 1080x2160 resolution IPS screen with a pixel density of 439 DPI is less pleasant. It would be difficult to describe it as anything but mediocre. The Helio P10 processor from MediaTek, also known by its acronym MT6755, is currently ranked among the lowest in terms of performance and the ARM Mali T860 GPU matches it in that regard. It shares this kind of configuration with several Chinese phones in this price range. Although they tend to be equipped with more than enough RAM and a sufficient amount of internal storage space. Nokia cut corners here as well. Some benchmarking applications already fail to run with only 2 GB of RAM at their disposal. The operating system and the preinstalled apps take up almost half of the 16-GB internal storage space. In our tests, we were forced to insert an SD card and transfer some apps to it in order to be able to install everything we needed.
Since the storage space is limited and internet connections may be far away or too expensive, the Nokia 5.1 also supports classic radio reception.
The Nokia mobile phone is labeled "Android One", which means that Google provides all of the updates and Nokia only has to release them. As a result, we are dealing with stock Android with the default launcher and without additional preinstalled software here. The installed Android version is 8.0 Oreo. The security updates are from October 5th 2018. In summary: You should not expect anything special, except for a relatively high, resulting security standard and a device that receives updates for longer than most Android devices. The Android device administration is active as well, allowing multiple users to set up on the smartphone independently from one another. Whether or not this is useful on a device as personal as a smartphone is another question.
According to the manufacturer, the phone is equipped with dual-band 802.11a/b/g/n Wi-Fi. Our measurements confirmed this as well, with recorded speeds of up to 111 Mbit/s for both sending and receiving data to and from our reference router Linksys EA8500 just after 11.11.2018. It cannot be a coincidence! This puts the 5.1 on par with the other devices in this comparison. Only Huawei and Samsung lag behind here, barely managing to reach half of the Nokia's speeds. Overall, this places all three of them below the class average of around 200 Mbit/s.
If Wi-Fi is temporarily unavailable, the Nokia 5.1 can fall back on its LTE connection, through which it is able to send and receive data on all of the available frequencies in Germany, while also supporting VoLTE.
In order to test the cell phone's ability to rescue Hansel and Gretel from barren woods in Peter Jacksons 6-hour remake, we performed a synthetic test with "GPS Test" as well as a practical test in the form of a short bike ride through the urban jungle for an all-terrain test. On the bright side, the Nokia passed the simple test with a measured accuracy of within 3 meters (~10 ft). To achieve this, it uses satellites from the American GPS network and Russian GLONASS satellites. After leaving the outdoors, the locating capabilities' accuracy was reduced to within 7 meters (~23 ft), the satellite connections decreased and the connection broke, even just 1-2 meters (~3-7 ft) behind the window.
In the wild, the Nokia 5.1 competes against the professional navigation system Garmin Edge 500 and a quick glance at the results reveals that this is not a comparison between pebbles and breadcrumbs. On a route with a total distance of 10 km (~ 6.2 mi), there was a difference of 80 meters (~87 yd) between the two meterings. The exact route was fairly similar on both devices. Compared to the distinctly rounded-off curves on the Edge 500, the smartphone showed jagged edges, which can be attributed to less frequent position retrieval which is likely to be the main factor when it comes to the route's discrepancies. This can be considered a non-issue however. The Nokia 5 showed particularly weak results in the second picture around the bridge area which leads into a small avenue. Here, the lines very obviously deviated from the traversable route. Evidently, the vegetation interfered with the signal here. Even though Peter Jackson may choose another phone brand because of the tree weakness, there is no reason for anyone else not to enter a big city with this phone and rely on it to find your way out.
Since this phone runs Android One, the use of the stock Android telephony app for making normal calls should come as no surprise. The smartphone quickly established a connection in our call test. The conversational partner could be understood sufficiently well. While the recording quality on the other end is free from static, it lacks frequencies and sounds tinny. Both treble and bass appear cutoff and unnatural. That said, distortions and ambient noises are filtered-out well.
The included headset is barely an upgrade. Its recordings are dull and have limited range, while still remaining barely intelligible. Ear candy is not to be expected here.
The cameras have been a cornerstone since Lumia times and the Finns have continued this tradition with the device at hand. In this case, the usually very apparent note referencing a Zeiss lens is absent and so is any further information about the installed sensor. Unlike with most phones nowadays, there is no dual-camera on the back. That said, the camera still does a good job, performs decently and with 16 megapixels, provides a sufficiently high resolution as well. Even though it cannot quite match them in terms of quality, the Nokia smartphone is able to go toe-to-toe with significantly more expensive competitors, such as the iPhone XR and the Huawei P20 Pro, particularly in terms of sharpness. In the second scene, the fur of the stuffed rabbit is captured precisely. The sharpness is slightly weaker in terms of depicting the patterns on the shirt, since it blurs them slightly which causes it to fall behind the single-lens reflex camera. However, the iPhone and the P20 in particular struggle with this as well.
The difference in quality between the candidates becomes very apparent in the dark. Here, the Nokia's representation of the scenery appears far darker than the other two smartphones'. The "Notebookcheck" label on the stuffed rabbit is barely recognizable. The P20 sets itself apart from its competition in that regard, since it shows the label clearly enough for it to be read without difficulty.
Unfortunately, the front camera is not able to match these good results. The photos are overexposed and the color accuracy is even lower than on the main camera. With a resolution of 8 megapixels it should still be powerful enough for a couple of Instagram bathroom selfies and Skype calls.
We conducted a more in-depth test on the sensor in the lab under controlled lighting conditions and a decreasing contrast towards the edges was the first thing we noticed. While the chart photo appears sharp in the overview, zooming in reveals a distinct lack in sharpness and chromatic noise. The weaknesses in the lab, particularly concerning sharpness, may have been caused by inaccurate focusing. However, the fact that the camera did not have any problems depicting the borage's delicate hairs or the ladybug-windmill from up close contradicts this theory.
The color comparison then confirms what the image comparison only hinted at: The color accuracy has some room for improvement. Red in particular drifts off into orange and the remaining colors appear overly bright as well. Barely any color is accurately depicted, a fact that is evident from the picture with the stuffed rabbit in scene 2, where the bluish stones shimmer like the Mariana Trench's deepest blue. That said, the overall composition still tends to appear coherent and rarely looks unnatural. Color inaccuracies are some of the easier things to fix with a good image editing program.
Nokia includes a headset with their phone. While this is commendable, it does look a little cheap. The ear plugs appear very chunky and not very comfortable. The microphone part evidently follows this design scheme. A little attention to detail could have gone a long way here. Alternatively, the headset could have been foregone completely, since the audio quality matches its appearance.
The included charger and USB cable provide 10 W of power at 5V and 2A and they are able to fully charge the phone in 130 minutes. Aside from the mandatory SIM tool that is used to open the trays for the two SIM cards and the microSD card, the package includes numerous booklets. They consist of quick start guides as well as instructions for use and warranty information in every language from every imaginable and unimaginable country. This results in a lot of paper, much like emptying a mailbox without a "No advertisements, please!" sign.
That said, the small and compact package is commendable, even if the contents are less than satisfactory.
Once the right booklet in the right language has been dug up, it informs users that Nokia offers customers a 2-year warranty on top of the vendor's legally required guarantee. Please see our Guarantees, Return policies and Warranties FAQ for country-specific information.
The input devices of the Nokia 5 do not leave a lot to be desired: The touchscreen presents itself with responsive 10-point touch functionality. Fingers glide comfortably across the rounded-off screen. In our test with Real Piano, we detected no noticeable delay between the touch and the sound being played. The gyroscope works with subtle precision.
Google's GBoard serves as the keyboard app, offering advanced features for quickly changing the language and more.
The setup assistant presents the fingerprint sensor as an option for unlocking the phone and preventing unauthorized access. It is able to directly unlock the device from standby and works well, provided you manage to find it. Aside from the associated, mandatory PIN unlock method, Nokia offers a few unlocking options in the settings under "Smart Lock". They are tuned more towards a comfortable as opposed to a secure unlock.
Among them are the still relatively secure face recognition and Voice Match options.
The unlock through trusted locations and devices is less secure, since they no longer depend on an individual. The former has been implemented via GPS geolocation, the latter via contact with linked Bluetooth devices within reach. This allows for a quick unlock in the car, for example. The fact remains that other people may be present at trusted locations, potentially granting them full access to the phone without an additional layer of security. The technology called "carrying recognition" does not recognize who is carrying the smartphone, but rather that it is being carried and unlocks itself. The identity of the person carrying the phone is irrelevant here as well.
The installed 1080x2160 IPS display has an aspect ratio of 1:2 and a screen size of 5.5 inches, diagonally. This results in a pixel density of 439 DPI. However, the phone also has thick bezels both above and below the display. While the upper bezel contains the camera and the speaker, thus avoiding the controversial notch, the bottom black bar serves no obvious purpose. This is where the Android standard buttons were located on older generation phones - either as physical or virtual buttons. These elements have mostly disappeared due to the trend towards on-screen buttons, making the large black bezel on the bottom obsolete. The fact that Nokia still places it here may have technical reasons, but it primarily seems like wasted space that could have been used for more screen space.
The display shows some weaknesses in terms of brightness distribution as well. The brightest area of the display is the bottom left corner, the "darkest" one is on the opposite side, diagonally. In between them, values of 60 cd/m² can be measured. The brightness of just under 500 cd/m² is on par with the vast majority of currently available smartphones. Among the devices in the comparison, only the Xiaomi Redmi 6 Pro and the Moto G5s Plus were significantly brighter and the Samsung while having a better brightness distribution, had a fairly low total brightness of just under 300 cd/m². On average, the display of the Nokia 5.1 can compete with any of the other devices in this comparison.
The display backlight flickers at 64.94 Hz (Likely utilizing PWM) Flickering detected at a brightness setting of 10 % and below. There should be no flickering or PWM above this brightness setting.
The frequency of 64.94 Hz is very low, so the flickering may cause eyestrain and headaches after extended use.
Nokia has installed a fairly decent screen in terms of color accuracy. While an average DeltaE value of 4.5 is not exceptional, it is far above average. The grayscales showed a faint blue tint. The color saturation showed a few weaknesses as well. The Nokia phone achieved very good contrast ratio and black value results however. The use of very low frequency (65 Hz) pulse-width modulation at brightness settings below 10% is worth mentioning, since it may lead to visible flickering and increased eye strain as well as headaches.
In comparison, all tested devices range from 0.8 (minimum) to 240 (maximum) ms. » 95 % of all devices are better.
The outdoor performance in bright environments largely matches that of other phones with similar brightness levels. Direct sunlight complicates reading screen contents and despite the low autumn sun increasing the amount of reflections, the smartphone is usable in the shade.
The installed IPS display performed well from all of the tested angles. There were no discernible weaknesses in terms of brightness or color accuracy either. The contrast ratio is exemplary as well. Blacks stayed black and did not visibly fade to gray, even at a 45°-angle.
The Helio P10 is a fairly sluggish chipset that is mostly found on older or low-priced smartphones. As mentioned earlier, you should not expect miracles from the CPU and the ARM Mali-T860 GPU. In combination with the low RAM configuration, the device quickly reached its limits in our performance tests. Several benchmarks did not finish running or did not start in the first place. This can probably be explained by the fact that the RAM was insufficient for 3D tests in particular and textures, etc. could not be fully loaded. The Antutu 7 benchmark, which is mainly useful for comparisons with the iOS platform, froze at 0% as well.
In the remaining benchmarks, the Nokia 5.1 fell between the Samsung J6 and the Huawei Y7. Both the Moto G5s Plus and the Redmi 6 Pro are slightly better equipped and tend to achieve better results across the board. The high resolution of the Nokia phone compared to Huawei's and Samsung's smartphones is of note however. It is advisable to compare GFXBench's offscreen values here, since they correspond to a set resolution as opposed to the onscreen test's which uses the native and significantly varying resolution of the respective device. On higher resolution displays, more pixels have to be rendered for every frame, causing the frame rate to drop in comparison. This caused the Nokia phone to outperform its Samsung and Huawei competitors in the GFXBench 2.7 offscreen test, while achieving poorer results than both of them in the onscreen test.
The larger scope PCMark test is interesting as well. Even though it places the 5.1 below its competition, the Nokia phone still performed better than the average of devices with the same chipset.
In conclusion: Despite the configuration being fairly mediocre, Nokia appears to have exhausted the chip's capabilities fully, resulting in an acceptable performance overall. When buying a phone in this price range, expectations should not be too high to begin with. The device manages chatting via WhatsApp, day-to-day use, checking mails and browsing the web just fine. The user interface also ran smoothly in our tests. If you wish to view demanding 3D games in their full glory, you should look at a higher-priced smartphone.
Browsing the web is a use case for every smartphone, regardless of the price-range. Since hopefully no one buys this phone as a high-end gaming device, the speed of the web browser is of the utmost importance. This is where the Nokia device is actually able to shine, landing in the middle of the slower and faster devices in this comparison. Fortunately, it is once again ahead of smartphones with the same SoC. Only WebXPRT 2015 crashed beyond recovery during the HTML5 test.
The Nokia phone comes with 16 GB of internal storage space. This has already made things difficult during testing. However, Nokia gives users the ability to expand the storage with a microSD card of up to 128 GB, according to the manufacturer specifications. It is possible to format this memory as "internal storage" and apps can be transferred to it as well. The internal storage is not exceptionally fast. While the read speeds were still slightly above average, the write speeds were abysmal. Even the recorded write speeds of our reference microSD card, the Toshiba Exceria Pro M501, were significantly higher. Here, the competition's results were good across the board. Although the average scores for 16 GB eMMC memory are even worse, it is not exactly a good comparison since they still include ancient devices.
According to the manufacturer, the 5.1 does not support the exFAT file system. As a result, files larger than 4 GB cannot be stored on the SD card.
It is advisable for users to purchase a sufficiently fast memory card for permanent use with the smartphone.
In order to test the gaming performance of the smartphone and the ARM Mali-T860 GPU in particular, we chose "Asphalt 9" and "World of Tanks Blitz" as benchmarks. The good news: Both games ran smoothly, although some visual refinements had to be turned off. Reflections and anti-aliasing appeared to be displayed in a significantly reduced capacity, even at higher graphics settings. It is possible that the chip is completely unable to render them.
In our review, the Nokia 6.1 has already shown its very low heat development. The Nokia 5.1 was able to partially follow in its footsteps. Even though it does not run quite as cool as its big brother, the possibility of burns can be ruled out during proper use. Under load, the temperatures range from 1-2 °C higher than body temperature, which should be bearable. During idle, the heat development of around 30 °C (86 °F) is very low. The GFXBench load test did not show any drops in performance worth mentioning either. The performance constantly stayed above 98%.
(±) The average temperature for the upper side under maximal load is 36.3 °C / 97 F, compared to the average of 33 °C / 91 F for the devices in the class Smartphone.
(+) The maximum temperature on the upper side is 37.7 °C / 100 F, compared to the average of 35.5 °C / 96 F, ranging from 22.4 to 51.7 °C for the class Smartphone.
(+) In idle usage, the average temperature for the upper side is 30.7 °C / 87 F, compared to the device average of 33 °C / 91 F.
While the installed mono speaker is able to produce a decent volume level, it does not get quite as loud as some of the Chinese ones. This is a good thing though, and prevents distorted playback at higher volumes from the start. According to our measurements, the playback quality of the treble is indirectly proportional to the bass quality. However, this is not a Nokia-specific smartphone speaker problem. In conclusion, the speakers achieved a result that was significantly below average. Although subjectively, they do not sound too badly.
The included headset barely improved this general impression. Their unappealing appearance aside, they are not exactly Hi-Fi equipment either. Due to this, it is particularly pleasing that Nokia still equips the device with a standard audio jack, which allows you to easily connect better headsets or speakers. Of course, this can also be achieved without audio jack through Bluetooth.
The Nokia phone fails to impress in terms of energy consumption. Its average performance is 17% below the class average and 4% below smartphones with the same processor. The competition passes Nokia by here as well, with the Samsung and the Motorola leading the charge and being 20% better than the Finns. Only the Xiaomi is even less economical with its energy reserves.
While the energy consumption was worse than the competition's, it was at least somewhat workable. The same cannot be said for the battery life. Here, the Nokia 5.1 falls far behind the competition. Since, apart from the Xiaomi, the devices in this comparison all contain a battery with an almost identical capacity, the results of this test are very fit for comparison. In Nokia's defense, it is worth mentioning that it has the highest resolution display out of all devices with a 3000 mAh battery. However, the Motorola Moto G5s Plus with the second largest display in the 3000 mAH battery-range serves as a counterexample, almost doubling the Nokia smartphone's battery life.
The Nokia 5.1 is designed as an entry-level smartphone for users with certain quality standards. At least, this is what it seems like. The phone is able to deliver in that regard. Buyers receive a low-priced phone that, at least from the outside, does not warrant criticism. The design is timeless and sleek and the use of the high-quality materials is well-conceived. The display is large, sufficiently bright and has a high resolution. The handling does not leave a lot to be desired either. Although the internals on the data sheet may appear disappointing, they are in line with the price/performance ratio and can thus be considered "cutting the right corners". The quality of the camera is above average, matching the needs of the target group. In short: This is the ideal entry-level smartphone if you prefer a solid phone at a 50 € (~$57) premium to a slightly better equipped, mid-range import device, which may come with certain quirks and a difficult warranty situation.
Our biggest complaint is the poorly dimensioned internal storage. Here, 32 GB would have granted users more leeway. Then, of course, there is the battery life, which should have been far better.
Still, this smartphone is an excellent buy for anyone who wants to use their smartphone to make calls, send texts, check emails, look something up on the internet from time to time or occasionally play a non-demanding casual game. However, it is recommended to purchase a memory card and a power bank alongside it.


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Die Sprache Asche (auch ashe, ache, ala, koro makama, koron ache, koron ala; ISO 639-3: ahs) ist eine platoide Sprache aus der Untergruppe der Koro-Sprachen innerhalb der Plateau-Sprachen.

Asche wird von insgesamt 35.000 Personen im nigerianischen Bundesstaat Kaduna gesprochen.

Die Sprache ist mit dem Begbere-Ejar [bqv] verwandt.

Weblinks
 Ethnologue

Einzelnachweise

Platoid-Sprachen
Einzelsprache

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
New rail freight service between Italy and China
Rail freight operator Far East Land Bridge (FELB) is set to launch a new service between the intermodal terminal of Melzo (Milan) and Chengdu (Southeastern China) on 26 January. The service will transport goods without any intermediate stops.
This service will be commercialised by Contship Italia, the Italian subsidiary of FELB, which in turn is owned by the Russian Railways Logistics. The new service was tested in October and will now run twice a month, with the objective of becoming a weekly service.
FELB will move 40 high-cube containers in both directions, taking between 16 to 18 days. In addition, the rail freight operator offers to assume other services such as customs administration and warehouse operations, not only between Melzo and Chengdu but also from Milan to other logistic hubs in Central and South Italy. It will do this in cooperation with logistics operators Rail Hub Milano and Hannibal.
Rail freight transportation between Italy and China is very competitive in price compared with air freight. Moreover, it is much faster than sea freight between the countries, which takes around thirty days. FELB's manager Nicola Cavasin explained that the service is very interesting for Italian fashion, automotive and electronics industries, with several factories and warehouses close to Milan. A rail freight service between Mortara (Lombardia, North Italy) and China had been set up earlier by a Chinese company, but did not continue, he added.
Tags: Belt and Road, China, FELB, Italy, New Silk Road
Author: Jose Gutierrez
Jose Gutierrez is RailFreight's correspondent in Spain.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The truth about publishing
By Nathan Hollier
A little while back, while looking for a particular book on the shelves in the Matheson Library, where Monash University Publishing is housed, my eye was caught by another title: The Truth about Publishing, by Stanley Unwin. Perhaps it was the confidence of this declamation, combined with the recognisable name of the author, that made me pick it up.
'Publishers are not necessarily either philanthropists or rogues,' it began. 'As a working hypothesis, regard them as ordinary human beings trying to earn their living at an unusually difficult occupation.' There's a man who knows what's what, I thought. Or something like that. Fundamentally, the truth of this observation, and the value of making it, I think remain. And finding that this book dated to 1926 in its original version, with this 'extensively revised' seventh edition being published in 1960, by which time there existed American, German, Spanish, Swedish, French, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Portuguese, Turkish, Indonesian, Hindi, Italian and Japanese editions, I was intrigued to read on. How many of Unwin's truths remain true? Are there truths that he was able or willing to utter, after a lifetime in publishing, all those years ago, that have now been forgotten, or that for commercial or other reasons can no longer be said publicly? Just how much has the publishing business changed? And can we learn from older ways of doing things?
As these opening lines, and the book's title, suggest, the point of Unwin's book is to dispel certain misconceptions about publishing and to say what really exists and how things actually work, from the particular point of view of the publisher (and to be precise, taking account of Unwin's unrelentingly masculine idiom, the male publisher), though Unwin doesn't acknowledge this. Sir Stanley, a founder of George Allen & Unwin, a past President of the International Publishers Association at the time of writing, and past President of the Publishers Association of Great Britain, was ostensibly writing 'to give information to those outside the trade, and particularly to all devoted to literature, whether as writers or readers' but, I would suggest, was perhaps ultimately writing, however consciously, for other publishers and himself.
Particular point of view or not – and leaving aside the question of the extent to which the book may finally be considered an apologia – the continuing relevance of much of what Unwin had to say was apparent. 'It is easy to become a publisher', he relates in a 'Preface to authors', 'but difficult to remain one; the mortality in infancy is higher than in any other trade or profession'. Is this any less true now than then? The same could be asked of his advice for authors:
Remember that it is in your work that the publisher is primarily interested. Let your manuscript therefore be your ambassador and do not mar its chances by insisting upon a quite unnecessary interview …
Your manuscript may be a masterpiece, but do not suggest that to the publisher, because many of the most hopeless manuscripts that have come his way have probably been so described by their authors …
Your manuscript is your baby, maybe your only child, but the publisher finds a dozen or so new babies on his doorstep every morning and has several thousand older children over-running his warehouse and his entire establishment, all of them calling simultaneously for his undivided attention. With the best will in the world, therefore, there is a definite limit to the time he can spend on yours.
Salutary, if also a little pre-emptive of possibly legitimate criticism. Unwin does acknowledge elsewhere the need to try to keep authors informed of the progress of their works, recalling the author WB Maxwell's pained reference to the publisher's 'awful silence', though also noting in turn: 'The trouble is that if you begin to give information to some authors, there is no end to the correspondence explaining the information and why you gave it'.
He goes on to observe: 'The most stable firms are usually those which have a strong back list of publications with a continuous and profitable sale and who therefore have no need to gamble to secure new business.' Still the case, probably, in spite of the blockbuster phenomenon, and Unwin later advises prospective publishers that purchasing an existing publishing house, no matter how impoverished, is often preferable to starting anew, because the backlist revenue this existing brand can provide may at least sustain the operation while it is being strengthened.
A profitable backlist, of course, is easier referred to than realised.
Railway bookstalls may today not carry a very glamorous commercial aura (where they still exist), but if we interpose airport booksellers for these, Unwin's advice to authors is again instructive: 'The railway bookstall proprietors, who see all the new books, know better than anyone else what they can and cannot sell, and if they decide against yours, the chances are at least a hundred to one upon them being right'.
Towards the end of his preface, which contains still more useful insights that I won't take time to relate, Unwin makes a more philosophical, if also practical, point: 'The growing commercialization of literature – inevitable though it may be – does not tend to promote more harmonious relations between authors and publishers. It is based on the assumption that manuscripts and books are mere commodities; dead, not living things. Such an assumption ignores the peculiar and indeed parental relationship of the author to his work, the realization of which is the beginning of wisdom in a publisher.'
Was there ever a time when an older generation of literary publishers did not lament the commercialisation of literature? Nonetheless Unwin's point that books are or at least can be living things, socially, things which affect the feelings, beliefs and actions of individuals and societies, going beyond the commercial realm in their impact and, for that reason, existing in only a quasi-commercial (or monetarily measurable) space of the economy, is I think one that is well made and well worth remembering.
As Unwin goes on to elaborate throughout his book, the nature of the publishing business is that it is not just a business: 'The control of a publishing business gives unique opportunities for self-expression … The feeling that one may be building with permanent materials, the knowledge that one's name is associated with books that enshrine profound thought and the triumphs of the creative imagination add a fascination to the best publishing.' This explains a large part of its undoubtedly enduring appeal (the number of applicants for our Production Assistant role advertised a few weeks ago – 137 – being just the latest evidence of this) as well as, for better or worse, its often precarious nature: publishing quality books is risky and not generally very profitable but is a necessary thing for publishers and nations to do, for both commercial and social reasons: 'Publishing has rewards to offer far greater than money … but your day's work will never be done, and it is possible that the better work you do, the less monetary reward you will receive.'
Unwin clearly sees himself as a cultural ambassador for Britain, imparting the best British ideas and values where possible throughout the world, via the book, which he argues is the best means possible for this inculcatory role. He recalls fondly, and obviously approvingly, a scheme in which the British government worked with the National Book Council to facilitate the importing of British books into parts of Eastern Europe by accepting any book returns from bookshops in these territories for use as gifts to foreign dignitaries.
One of the historically revealing parts of the book is that in which Unwin relates his enthusiastic confidence in the growth of English-language book markets in various countries where, even now, these hopes have not been or are only starting to be fulfilled: China, 'a market with enormous possibilities', Brazil, 'a market of special and ever-growing importance', Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Egypt, and India: 'a market of outstanding importance … The English translation of a work written in one of the many vernacular languages, other than Hindi, may easily achieve a larger circulation in India than the original version, whose sales is necessarily limited to the comparatively few who can understand it'. One cannot help reading Unwin's account with a strong sense of opportunities lost through the unfortunate manoeuvrings of colonial and despotic politics of various kinds in the years after he wrote.
But for all his positivity about the possibilities of publishing, Unwin is at pains to stress also that for a publisher 'a curious and unusual combination of qualifications' is required, including knowledge of many different areas of detail and technique associated with books' assessment, editing, production, distribution, marketing and selling, and the legal environment in which these take place, particularly as this environment pertains to contracts, copyright and libel. Again, much of what Unwin has to say here seems to me both accurate and worth repeating now:
The number of people who consider themselves fully qualified for the post of publisher's reader is unlimited. The number of those really competent to fulfil that function is extraordinarily small … [The job] 'is governed by technical and commercial, as well as literary considerations' …
There is often a 'right price' for a book, and in such cases publication at any other figure would spell failure …
[T]o let the desire to publish at a given price determine the number to be printed, instead of the probable demand, is both a snare and a delusion. The amateur publisher constantly makes this mistake and even the most wary publisher is occasionally led into it …
[E]xcept in the case of 'series' where a prescribed style has to be followed, each book should be regarded as having an individuality of its own …
[In matters of libel] the onus should surely be upon the author to show that the libel was unintentional …
Either a printer is a book printer or he is not a book printer; the commercial printer who has occasionally printed a book (probably a local directory of a glorified catalogue) is a person to be avoided …
Authors who are specially insistent upon publishers exercising the greatest possible activity in pushing their books seem often to grudge the time necessary for the process …
It can truthfully be said in more senses than one that a publisher cannot spend his time more profitably than in the company of booksellers …
The importance, actual and potential, of the work of public librarians and their influence are alike immense. It is impossible to assess how much they have done to spread a knowledge and love of books …
The more reviews on the day of publication, or within a week thereafter, the better for the book …
It is truly said that the best way to start the sale of a book is to get it talked about by the right people …
The danger inherent in giving the benefit of the doubt to every book in which you are personally interested has perpetually to be guarded against …
He observes further, equally usefully, that the publisher has a capacity to interest others in a book through a carefully selected personal approach; booksellers cannot (or I think he means 'should not') ask for bigger discounts and lower prices in the same breath ('cry for the moon', as he puts it); sales have a way of dropping off suddenly, just after you've done a reprint; when it comes to price, and price reductions, customers always like to think they're getting a discount, even if they're paying the proper price; people will buy books at an event whereas they wouldn't just an hour or so later; blurbs are 'most difficult to write' ('To be read, the paragraphs must be brief; to attract the newspaper editor they must, if possible, have news value; to be of service to booksellers and librarians they must give an adequate description of the contents of the book: possibly indicate the author's qualifications for writing it'); advertising needs to be targeted to those genuinely interested, it being otherwise of limited value; reviews are the biggest influence on sales, with advertising appearing on his list as the ninth most important element; publishers very commonly deceive themselves as to the value of their stock, being emotionally unable to do the writing down that is required; specialising in particular publishing areas is beneficial (once you have established your expertise in an area, 'most of the other good books on the subject are likely to come your way'); and 'In publishing particularly, the different parts of the business need to know what the other is doing and how their own activities affect those other parts … A policy of water-tight compartments is fatal in a publisher's office.'
Where Unwin goes deepest into matters of operational detail, his book is most obviously dated and we can see most clearly the extent to which the publishing business has changed and ponder the bases of that trajectory, some being more obvious than others. In the early 1960s there were more newspapers reviewing books; booksellers received lower percentages, and generally on firm sale (Unwin complains about the retailers' percentages rising recently to thirty-three and one third per cent); while Unwin's worries about people borrowing books from their friends rather than buying them haven't disappeared altogether, they seem of a much smaller magnitude today (replaced I suppose by larger, digitally inspired copyright concerns); the 'numerous and highly technical processes, such as paper-making, block-making, printing, and binding, which are employed in the making of a book' have obviously changed a lot:
Since 1950 there have been many technical developments affecting book production which must in the long run make for speed and economy. Notably, there has been the introduction of various machines for photo-composition, replacing metal-type composition for the impressions on which intaglio and lithographic printing depends. Typewriter composing machines for the same purpose have appeared. In Linotype, teletypesetting reduces composition to almost typewriting simplicity and even makes possible setting by remote radio control …
Printers held stock for the publisher and had only just started charging for doing so. Binding was still usually done by binding firms, not by printers. It was common to print and then leave the printed copies not bound until demand determined. The turnaround time for printing was eighteen weeks. Most sales reps were employees of the publishers and there was a lot more physical sales repping, of course. The digital revolution was germinating in a few minds and laboratories at this time but as far as members of the publishing industry were aware, digital technology as we know it didn't exist (Unwin's 'economy' of having 'printed cards and printed form letters' to save on 'unnecessary repetitive clerical labour' points inadvertently to the automation of systematised tasks that computer languages such as XML have enabled).
In Australia and New Zealand, but not in other parts of the world, UK publishers would sell exclusive sales rights to particular bookshops: 'the granting of the monopoly of the sale'. Various countries had 'currency difficulties', i.e. retail customers couldn't get the required currency to purchase books in (if I understood correctly).
Unwin thought that paperbacks were a 'valuable adjunct to [but] not usually a substitute for, the conventional cloth-bound book.' And he noted with exasperation that the 'sale or return' method of increasing sales (as opposed to firm sale) 'has been tried over and over again with disastrous effects … [O]n balance the movement is away from … that basis, and an increasing proportion of the books sold are … supplied "firm purchase"'. These were obviously two (actually interrelated) expectations that were way off the mark, but stepping back into Unwin's shoes, via his explication of the industry and its dynamics in his experience, it is easy to understand why he thought as he did: consumers had not yet demonstrated themselves to be willing to purchase paperback books in sufficient numbers or at sufficiently high prices to make the focus on paperback publishing sufficiently profitable for most publishers to be able to scale back their cloth-bound publishing (sufficiently) and accept sale-or-return terms. The increased attractiveness of paperbacks as print technology developed and the more general development of a consumerist, disposable-product culture, may have contributed to this growth in demand and, understandably, been very hard for anyone to foresee. (The best economic minds of the 1940s, Stuart Macintyre reminds us in his new history of postwar reconstruction, thought the primary problem at the end of the Second World War would be renewed economic stagnation!)
As Unwin stresses the need for sufficient managerial mastery of the technical dimensions of publishing, he emphasises also, in further comments that have lost none of their relevance, that sound business principles must be followed, careful planning put into practice, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism developed and maintained. Interestingly, he believes that it is when these principles, practical plans and entrepreneurial spirit are coordinated across the publishing industry as a whole that the industry as a whole does best. He is full of admiration for the German and Northern European industries in this regard, and here his assessments appear to have been well founded, with Germany continuing to play a major role in global book trade, including via the Frankfurt Book Fair, still the largest event of its kind in the world, and with the nations of Scandinavia maintaining book industries that are the envy of the rest of the world, not to mention exporting a disproportionately high number of global bestsellers, from Larsson to Knausgård and beyond.
As a member of the former Australian federal government's Book Industry Collaborative Council (2012–2013), which followed on from the Book Industry Strategy Group (BISG, 2010–2011), I was in the room when representatives of the industry from across the supply chain agreed to the formation of a body to advance the industry as a whole. If felt like an historic moment though at the same time a little surreal. Was it really going to happen? For reasons political, personal, managerial, economic and logistic (to raise only those I can think of), it hasn't. Instead the current federal government has announced the creation of a National Book Council, along with cuts to the Australia Council for the Arts, with details on what the Book Council will do remaining sparse.
In industry, as in society, effective change requires organisation, and that is an enduring challenge.
Dr Nathan Hollier is Director of Monash University Publishing and a past editor of Overland.
More by Nathan Hollier
From Adam Ford on 10 August 2015 at 8.23 am
"the mortality in infancy is higher than in any other trade or profession"?? Bollocks.
Try making your way in the music industry, then make that statement …
From Shaun Robson on 3 September 2015 at 12.59 pm
tee hee …
From Tom on 4 September 2015 at 12.13 pm
Excellent article, crazy how little has changed….


text:
Pir est un roi légendaire du royaume de l'île de Bretagne (actuelle Grande-Bretagne), qui est mentionné par Geoffroy de Monmouth dans son Historia regum Britanniae (vers 1135).

Contexte
Pir est un roi fictif de l'île de Bretagne qui selon  Geoffroy de Monmouth est le   des 25 souverains qui règnent entre la mort de Katellus [Cadell ap Geraint] et Heli [Beli Mawr]. Il succède à  Samuil Penissel [Sawyl Benisel] et il a comme successeur Capoir. Rien d'autre n'est indiqué sur son règne Le  Brut y Brenhinedd le nomme Pyr dans sa version Cleopatra ,il devient le fils de son prédécesseur et le père de son successeur ce qui est chronologiquement impossible.

Notes et références

Source
  Geoffroy de Monmouth Histoire des rois de Bretagne, traduit et commenté par Laurence Mathey-Maille, Édition Les belles lettres, coll. « La roue à livres », Paris, 2004,
 .

Articles connexes

 Historia regum Britanniae
 Royaume de l'île de Bretagne
 Liste des rois légendaires de l'île de Bretagne

Roi légendaire de l'île de Bretagne


text:
English Grammar Lessons
Present Simple Tense
Articles in English: The vs. A/an
Conjunctions: Joined up writing
Home Tests Forum Grammar Vocab Lists Shop TOEIC TOEFL English course
Progress report / Alehro Return to TOP 100 Users with photo
User name Questions answered Correct answers Progress Total time Time per test Forum user since Messages posted
Alehro 1980 1484 94.61% 12:08:41h 3:41m 05 Aug 2010 39
Interests: Programming, dancing, cycling
Occupation: Programmer
Find all posts by Alehro
Alehro is number 1285 out of 60243 learners
# Test Correct
answers Incorrect
answers Time per test Date Category
1. Using Make and Do (1) 4/10
40.00% 3 4 5 8 9 10 3:50m 19 Sep 2010 22:35:48 Incomplete, elementary
2. Common Quantity Nouns 10/10
100.00% 1:04m 06 Sep 2010 21:44:06 Incomplete, elementary
7 2 5 10 3:42m 06 Sep 2010 21:37:37
3. Common English Errors (4) 10/10
9 2 3:34m 06 Sep 2010 21:32:28
4 2 3 6 8 9 10 4:26m 06 Sep 2010 21:14:54
4 1 3 6 7 8 10 10:47m 05 Sep 2010 01:27:18
9 10 3:59m 05 Sep 2010 01:12:34
7. ESL Prepositions 10/10
100.00% 1:45m 31 Aug 2010 01:04:55 Incomplete, elementary
9 3 1:01:22h 31 Aug 2010 01:02:53
8. Past Participle Sentences 10/10
8 5 7 0:59m 29 Aug 2010 14:14:14
9 9 4:45m 29 Aug 2010 14:06:12
9. Prepositions Test 10/10
7 2 9 10 2:58m 26 Aug 2010 22:27:11
10. Some, any, few, little 10/10
11. Pronouns: who, whose, whom, which 10/10
8 2 9 13:05m 24 Aug 2010 01:44:04
12. American homophones 10/10
13. Anything, nothing, something, everything 10/10
14. Adjective Prepositions Constructions 10/10
15. Other, another, others, the others 10/10
9 1 41:54m 23 Aug 2010 01:23:22
16. Chit Chat: In the train 10/10
17. Chit Chat: In the supermarket 10/10
18. Chit Chat: In the theatre 10/10
6 2 6 7 9 3:14m 22 Aug 2010 00:27:12
19. Chit Chat: On the phone 10/10
20. Chit Chat: At the restaurant 10/10
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text:
Cruise ship 'Navigator of the Seas' at Hambantota Port
COLOMBO (News 1st); The Cruise ship "Navigator of the Seas", called at the Hambantota International Port (HIP) for the purposes of receiving bunkers, marking another significant milestone in the diversity of the vessels calling HIP for bunkering.
This vessel is also the first passenger vessel to arrive at the port since the outbreak of the pandemic.
The vessel, sailing under the Bahamian flag whose last port of call was Port Said, Egypt, is enroute to Yeosu, South Korea.
The vessel had a crew of 217, but there was no disembarkation at the Hambantota Port as per Covid protocol.
Bunkering is an important part of HIP's energy services portfolio.
Different categories of vessels calling at the port for this service is another step in the port coming closer to establishing itself as a strategic bunker supply location on the main East West shipping route.
Tissa Wickramasinghe, COO of HIPG says the port has already launched the wholesale supply of Marine Bunker fuels.
"In order to further develop HIP as a competitive marine bunker supply location, we entered into a strategic partnership with Sinopec Fuel Oil Lanka Limited (SFOL) to provide bunkering services as a wholesale exporter and also service vessels calling HIP as a value added service. Sinopec with their vast resources guarantees the supply of VLSFO in Hambantota currently and MGO in the near future, enabling the port to service all vessels plying the principal sea route in the Indian Ocean," said a statement from HIP.


text:
McDonnell Lashes Hammond and the Tories
An internal briefing document shows that the Government is "unlikely to bring deficit reduction entirely back on track". It was mistakenly posted online.
The briefing, marked "sensitive: for internal use only", was accidentally published on a government website and says that a continuing run of "disappointing data" is leading to "slow deficit reduction". It was likely intended for ministers and Treasury civil servants, and it states that: "For the year to date the deficit is £2.3bn lower than last year; at a fall of 4.8%, well behind the 27.0% reduction forecast."
Responding to the findings, McDonnell said:
"Philip Hammond today refused to mention the Government's fiscal targets over the last six year, instead the Chancellor today referred vaguely to "fiscal discipline". This internal Treasury document shows why.
"It refers to 'a run of disappointing data' and the unlikelihood of getting deficit reduction 'back on track', officially confirming the Tory failure on the economy.
"Now we've had it from the official civil servants it's time the Tories came clean. They should drop the spin and admit the truth: they are failing on the public finances and working people are paying the price."
By Ian Hodson It's great news that a mainstream political party has recognised the importance of taking positive action to raise pay. Since 2008, politicians from all parties along with many in the media, have pushed the narrative that society will somehow improve by imposing austerity and blaming minority groups for the state of the country's finances. Sadly, many have fallen for this deception and the 'look over there' politics that has rose to prominence since the Conservatives returned to power in 2010. [continue...]
Folkestone United – coming together to support migrants Bridget Chapman, Folkestone United, reports [continue...]
No Witch-Hunts In The GMB, Reinstate Keith Henderson (The Online Petition) Keith Henderson Essex LRC member and former Regional Organiser of the GMB Union was dismissed from the GMB last December, Keith has always believed that the real reason for his dismissal was because of his socialist beliefs and the manifestation of his beliefs. [continue...]
Please see our Labour Briefing Website here: LabourBriefing.org [continue...]
The LRC is supporting a broad alliance of campaign groups and trade unions against the proposals in the Welfare Reform Bill (currently before Parliament) and putting forward our alternative based on social justice and welfare for all. [continue...]
Rail bosses are using the recession as an excuse to attack jobs and conditions and cut back on services and essential rail works, and hike rail fares - as LEAP research suggested they would. Thousands of jobs are being threatened or have been lost. At the same time rail fat cats are raking in big profits and bonuses on the back of the most expensive fares in Europe. Make no mistake: as the recession worsens so will the attack on rail workers and rail services. [continue...]
The campaign calling on the Government to abandon its plans for privatisation of Royal Mail. The Government has introduced the Postal Services Bill to part-privatise the Royal Mail. With our affiliate union CWU we are fighting to Keep the Post Public! [continue...]
The campaign to demand the Government funds improvements to all existing council housing, and to start building first class council homes to address housing need. For more information see Defend Council Housing website. [continue...]
McDonnell - Shadow Chancellor #LAB15
McDonnell at PCS Conference May 2014
Bob Crow at Sussex LRC
John McDonnell on Syria debate
BBC Radio 4 The Report (on Falkirk)


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text:
'Pressure Israel.' Abbas
Abbas to Arab summit: Israel chose settlement instead of peace
Palestinian president says Authority closely following 'rise of extremist forces' in Israel, adding 'construction of racist wall turned the lives of West Bank's residents into living hell'
"Our experience in the aftermath of the Annapolis conference has proven that Israel is still a ways off from abandoning its settlement policy and choosing the path of peace," Mahmoud Abbas said Monday.
Peace Negotiations
Final offer: J'lem concessions and settler evictions
Roni Sofer
Olmert explains offer from Sept. 2008, to which Abbas has yet to respond, which would grant Palestinians 93% of W. Bank and parts of the capital
Speaking at the Arab summit in Doha, Qatar the Palestinian president said that at the same time it was conducting negotiations on a permanent peace agreement Israel "continued to establish facts on the ground in accordance with its ambitions of expansion."
Abbas said "the construction of the "racist wall (security barrier), the Israeli blockade, the Judaizing of Jerusalem and the imprisonment of 11,000 Palestinians have turned the lives of the West Bank's residents into a living hell."
Turning his attention to Israel's recent military offensive in Gaza, the Palestinian leader said the IDF employed "every one of its war machines against helpless civilians," and accused Israel of destroying thousands of homes, schools and mosques.
"This criminal war proved that the Israeli government has chosen the path of aggression and settlement instead of peace," he said.
As for Benjamin Netanyahu's incoming government, Abbas said the Palestinian Authority was closely following "the rise of extremist forces" in Israel, and stated once again that adopting the Arab peace initiative was the only way of achieving peace in the region.
"I suggest that with the conclusion of this summit we begin talks with the representatives of the Mideast Quartet (US, Russia, UN and EU), particularly with Barack Obama's administration, and demand that they pressure Israel into choosing the path of peace," Abbas said.
See all talkbacks "Abbas to Arab summit: Israel chose settlement instead of peace "


text:
Best VPN for Gaming 2020: Epic Pwnage, Low Ping
By Jacob Roach – Deputy Editor
— Last Updated: 05 Sep'19 2019-09-05T08:47:01+00:00
Mullvad
TorGuard
In this guide to the best VPN for gaming, we're going to explain why you should use a VPN when playing online. As a gamer and tech enthusiast, it's easy to get offended with the barrage of "gamer" products that plague the internet. A pair of blue-light filter glasses and a bottle of Mountain Dew won't change how well you play, so it's tempting to write off all "gamer" products as simple trends.
Virtual private networks often fit in that category, but they shouldn't. Though VPNs are mostly used to access exclusive titles on Netflix or protect people from the onslaught of government spying in most countries, using one can keep you safe while gaming online, too.
ExpressVPN is our top pick, which shouldn't come as a surprise. It has the best blend of features, security and speed, making it an ideal choice for almost any scenario. Even so, there are other providers that play the gaming role well, so read on if you want more options.
Best VPN for Gaming 2020
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www.torguard.net
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Choosing the Best VPN for Gaming
When we recommend VPNs, gaming isn't the first topic that comes up. Anyone well-versed in the internet understands that they protect your privacy from government agencies, internet service providers and network snoopers. Though that's easy to see, the upside for gaming isn't as apparent.
First, and most obvious, VPNs allow you to access geoblocked content. Though a major concern for Netflix junkies, that has implications for gaming, too. You can browse the exclusive titles on PlayStation Network, Steam or Xbox Live that might not be available in your region. In some cases, that means getting a AAA title before launch in your country, too.
That doesn't come without drawbacks, though. VPNs affect speed, so you'll be giving up some of your connection while using one. Because of that, we picked providers from our fastest VPN guide to ensure you don't lag out. Check our test results in our sheet.
Though we picked from that guide, the order isn't the same. Gaming, particularly online gaming, is more concerned with latency than bandwidth, the latter of which is considered the "speed." Since the textures and models are stored and rendered locally, the only information that needs to be sent between consoles or PCs is how the player is interacting with the world.
Minimizing that latency is important, but sometimes a VPN can actually improve it. If the server you're connected to is closer to the server you're gaming on, there's less distance for a packet to travel. Furthermore, using a VPN may allow you to access servers that might have less traffic in other parts of the world.
The security aspect of VPNs isn't lost, either. Distributed denial-of-service attacks have been a devil for esports events and, as with any open connection, you run the risk of falling victim to cybercrime. Though it doesn't come up as often as it does while, say, torrenting movies, it's possible. A VPN will encrypt your connection so no one can get into your data stream.
We picked our providers based on that. First, we addressed latency times. A VPN isn't worth it if it's going to ruin the thing it's supposed to protect. Next, we looked at security. A combination of top-notch 256-bit AES and OpenVPN usually does the trick.
While those were our focus, we also factored in price, ease of use and features, but those aspects are less important for gaming.
Best VPN for Gaming: ExpressVPN
ExpressVPN is the best VPN on the market, so it's no surprise that it's the best for gaming, too. In addition to being the fastest VPN we've tested, it is especially good at bypassing geoblocks, making it an excellent choice for snagging an exclusive on PSN or protecting yourself while gaming online.
Our latency stayed around 75 milliseconds during testing, which is acceptable for gaming. Its ping results weren't the fastest, but they were the most consistent. It's one thing to be fast when connecting to a server close to home, but if you're trying to access competition in other parts of the world, you may run into issues. With ExpressVPN, that problem is avoided.
Plus, ExpressVPN has apps for almost every platform, which is especially important for gaming. No VPN that we've tested has apps for Xbox One or PlayStation 4, and ExpressVPN doesn't break that trend. Even so, it has a simple installer for routers, which will secure all of your outgoing traffic. It has apps for iOS and Android to protect your mobile gaming, as well.
As for security, ExpressVPN is one of the best options on the market. In addition to using top-notch AES 256-bit encryption with the OpenVPN protocol, it maintains a strict no-logging policy. It's headquartered in the British Virgin Islands, which has some of the best privacy laws in the world. No matter what you're trying to protect, ExpressVPN has you covered.
VPNs are great for gaming, but you can use them for a lot of other purposes, too. ExpressVPN is our best VPN for streaming, not only for its excellent speeds, but also for its ability to bypass the strict proxy locks that streaming platforms use.
If you're trying to beat the Netflix VPN ban, ExpressVPN is for you. During our testing, it was able to access Netflix's exclusive titles around the world, and the snappy response time of its servers ensured that we could stream in high-definition or better. As we said in our ExpressVPN review, it's "in a league of its own when it comes to streaming."
It's in a league of its own when it comes to pricing, too. ExpressVPN doesn't have the outrageous rates of Hide.me (read our Hide.me review), but it's more expensive than most VPNs. Though the three simultaneous connection limit feels, well, limiting, the truth of is that you can install ExpressVPN on your router, effectively bypassing the connection limit.
It's expensive, but it's worth it. ExpressVPN ticks all the boxes we want from a VPN. It's fast, user-friendly and secure, making it a great choice for gaming or just about anything else. You can try it risk-free, too, with a 30-day money-back guarantee.
Easy router installer
NordVPN is an excellent choice. If it wasn't for inconsistent performance during our speed testing, it would be the victor over ExpressVPN. The highs were high, but the lows were low, too. NordVPN operates fast and loose, so it makes a bit more TLC to get running smoothly. If you're willing to do that, though, it's one of the best options available.
During our testing, it returned the fastest results of any VPN. It only did so at certain locations, though. In some cases, it was incapable of achieving even 10 percent of our unprotected speed. That said, if you're willing to search for a server, you'll get good results.
Everything else about the service is great. NordVPN is on par with ExpressVPN when it comes to bypassing geoblocks, so you should be able to browse region-locked servers or find games that are exclusive to other parts of the world. Read our NordVPN vs ExpressVPN article for more comparisons between the two services.
Its security is just as good, if not better, than ExpressVPN's, as well. Though it also uses AES 256-bit with OpenVPN, it includes double-hop servers, too. Those specialty servers allow you to add a second layer of encryption to your connection because you're hopping from one VPN server to another. As if one tunnel wasn't hard enough to crack, two is almost impossible.
NordVPN's double-hop servers are just one of four types of specialty servers it offers. Each flavor offers a chance to tune your connection for faster speeds or better security. The double-hop servers, as well as the Tor servers, earned NordVPN a spot in our best VPN services for China guide.
NordVPN also includes CyberSec. It's a malware and ad blocker that performs well, but it's no replacement for the best antivirus software. Even so, it's a nice tool to have for blocking annoying ads or avoiding threats like botnets lurking online (read our what is a botnet guide to learn about those).
NordVPN also has a kill switch, which is a feature that any decent VPN should have, but it puts a twist on it. You can set the kill switch to be active on certain apps, so you can, for example, block your torrent client if the VPN connection drops without stopping your browsing session.
Despite the inconsistency in speed, NordVPN is one of the best options for its robust feature set, secure infrastructure and massive server network. You can learn about its strengths in our NordVPN review or try it with a 30-day money-back guarantee.
Wide server network
Specialty servers
Inconsistent speed results
We've always been fans of CyberGhost, but issues in usability kept us from making a full recommendation in the past. Those concerns have mostly been remedied by the recent overhaul of the user interface, all while keeping the solid service it had intact.
During our testing, we noted an average latency of only 37 ms in the U.S. where our testing took place. Abroad, CyberGhost wasn't as consistent as ExpressVPN, but it still managed decent ping results. For example, the worst performing location, Japan, had an average latency of 154 ms.
Installing it on your router shouldn't be an issue, either. CyberGhost has a list of guides for installing it on almost any platform, from your router to network-attached storage. Its connection limit is high, too, offering more than NordVPN and ExpressVPN, which is why it ranked in our best VPN for multiple devices guide.
Though it can be fast, CyberGhost doesn't perform as well as ExpressVPN when OpenVPN is used. By default, CyberGhost uses IKEv2, which is as secure as OpenVPN, but also more easily blocked. It's not as good a choice for nabbing region-locked titles because of that, but just being easier to block doesn't mean it will be.
CyberGhost has weak points, but it soars where it succeeds. It comes with an impressive feature set that will allow you to tune your connection, access niche streaming platforms and protect yourself while torrenting.
There are two sets of specialty servers, one for streaming and another for torrenting. The torrenting servers aren't that impressive, but the streaming servers are. CyberGhost has about 50 data centers optimized for different streaming platforms, with everything from Netflix to Crunchyroll available.
Other features include an ad blocker, kill switch and "smart rules." Smart rules allow you to automate certain aspects of your connection. For example, you could set CyberGhost to automatically connect when you connect to a certain WiFi network or automatically launch your browser after making a connection.
It doesn't feel as well-rounded as ExpressVPN because it puts heavier emphasis on the features and interface than speed and security. Even so, it puts up impressive results and it's cheap. You can learn more in our CyberGhost review or try it with a generous 45-day money-back guarantee.
Dedicated streaming servers
Fast when using IKEv2
Mediocre performance with OpenVPN
Mullvad doesn't often make our "best VPN" guides, despite being an excellent service. Though it doesn't do anything especially well, it offers impressive security and speed for the price.
We measured an average latency of 36 ms during testing, which should be perfect for gaming. Abroad, the latency was worse than CyberGhost's, but Mullvad surprised us with its resilience between rounds. Unlike HideMyAss, which had inconsistent ping results (read our HideMyAss review), Mullvad gave us the same latency round after round.
For gaming, that's especially important. Providers with inconsistent latency will have spotty performance online. Mullvad's resilience makes it ideal because it puts the burden of latency on the server you're connecting to and your internet connection.
Other Reasons We Like Mullvad
As for the rest of the service, Mullvad is unimpressive. It's not bad, but it doesn't offer much to differentiate itself like NordVPN, ExpressVPN and CyberGhost do. The most unusual thing about Mullvad is that it accepts cash as payment. You can send any amount in any currency to it with your account number, and it will credit you however much time the money is worth.
That is a rare quality for a VPN and software services in general. Though it doesn't make sense for most people, it demonstrates Mullvad's dedication to anonymity. It has a clear stance on privacy, maintaining a no-logs policy and only using two cookies on its website.
For those concerned with privacy, it's a great choice. It's cheap, too. Mullvad only charges around $5 per month, which is less than half the monthly rate for all our other picks. It comes with unlimited bandwidth and up to five simultaneous connections, as well.
The value is solid, even if Mullvad's server network isn't impressive and it lacks features. You can learn about the specifics in our Mullvad review or try it with a three-hour pass.
Accepts cash as payment
Lacks features
Mullvad Review
Visit Mullvad
TorGuard is a highly customizable service that, despite its dedication to tinkerers, is a great choice for gamers. We measured an average latency of 38 ms in the U.S., as well as decent scores abroad, so you shouldn't have trouble gaming with it.
While that was the average in our latest round of speed tests, we had even better results during our TorGuard review. Connecting to a server in Chicago, which was much closer to our testing location, saw a negligible drop in speed. With a base ping of 11 ms, TorGuard only added 7 ms, which few VPNs can attest to.
As expected, latency increases as distance does. That said, the TorGuard's download rate was solid. Even in other parts of the world, it maintained most of our unprotected speed. That doesn't change the gaming aspect, but it's still important for streaming and browsing.
The interface isn't as inviting as, say, ExpressVPN's, but it's passable. TorGuard has router setup tools, too, so it's easy to get started there. If you're uncomfortable digging around in your router's graphical user interface, you can also purchase a pre-flashed router.
Other Reasons We Like TorGuard
While it's an excellent choice for gaming, TorGuard impressed us with its customizability and features. Even when signing up, you can tweak the service to your liking. By default, it comes with five simultaneous connections, but you can purchase up to 200 more for $1 each. Similarly, you can purchase dedicated IP addresses for sports, streaming or general use.
In the application, you not only get your choice of protocol and encryption level, but also of the specific cipher you use. Though we doubt most people will use anything other than the default AES 256-bit, the option is there if you want it.
As for features, TorGuard is unmatched. Included with your VPN subscription is a 10MB encrypted webmail account that abides by the top email security measures. You also get the option to set custom scripts and configure the kill switch to only work on certain applications.
It's not the right VPN for everyone, but those who enjoy digging around in their software will love TorGuard. In addition to being quick, it's highly configurable, which is a balance that few VPNs strike. You can see if you like it with TorGuard's seven-day trial.
Included encrypted email account
Usability issues
Torguard Review
Visit Torguard
Honorable Mention: ProtonVPN
ProtonVPN fell just short of being included in this guide, posting around 40 ms when testing in the same country. It did much worse abroad, though, clocking in at 127 ms in Amsterdam and 322 ms in Japan. That said, ProtonVPN has a free plan that earned a spot in our best free VPN guide.
Unlike free VPNs that restrict the amount of data you can transfer, such as Windscribe (read our Windscribe review), ProtonVPN restricts speed. That shouldn't have a huge impact on gaming, though. Even with a connection of 10 megabits per second upload and download, the latency shouldn't change because the round trip of a message to a server and back remains the same.
There are issues with the free plan outside of that, though. You can only use the VPN on a single device and only connect to one of three servers. That said, it has a couple of options for paid plans. For example, Basic is less than $50 per year and comes with the full speed of ProtonVPN's network and all of the servers in it.
There's no risk in trying ProtonVPN to see how you like it. If you'd rather see the specifics of it, read our ProtonVPN review.
ProtonVPN Review
Visit ProtonVPN
Though a VPN isn't the first thing that comes to mind when gaming is in question, it's an important step to keeping yourself safe while playing online. Any open stream invites unwanted network activity and using a VPN can protect you from falling victim to any schemes.
ExpressVPN doesn't have the lowest latency out of our picks, but it does have the best balance of features, security and speed. If you're only concerned with gaming, we recommend CyberGhost for its ease of use and low latency times. We believe our picks are the best, but if you want to shop around more, make sure to read our other VPN reviews.
What VPN are you using for gaming? Let us know in the comments below and take a look at our other VPN articles. As always, thanks for reading.
2 thoughts on "Best VPN for Gaming 2020: Epic Pwnage, Low Ping"
2018/03/19 at 20:35	 Reply
I know it's sacrilegious to say I use my Mac for gaming but I must say, ExpressVPN with my MacBook Pro pair quite well together.
Cloudwards.net - Chief Editor
Fergus O'Sullivan says:
We don't burn heretics at Cloudwards.net. Well, not often.
Is Online Gaming Safe?
The Best VPN Providers of 2020: Protect Your Privacy Online
How to Move Steam Games to Another Drive: A 2020 Guide
The Best Cloud Gaming Services of 2020: Wave of the Future
Jacob Roach
Jacob Roach is a Midwesterner with a love for technology, an odd combination given his corn field-ridden setting. After finishing a degree in English at Southern New Hampshire University, Jacob settled back under the Arch in his hometown of St. Louis, MO, where he now writes about anything tech. His main interests are web technologies and online privacy, though he dips his toes in photography and the occasional card game as well. You can reach him at jacob[at]cloudwards.net.
NordLocker
Boxcryptor
$ 9.99/ month
10 Included Devices
1-year plan $ 24.00/ month
$288.00 billed every year


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John Myers Myers: From Conan To Doc Holliday
October 30, 2018 by Deuce Richardson
Author John Myers Myers passed on thirty years ago today. If for no other reason, his novel, The Harp and the Blade, would justify a blog post about him here on the DMR blog. However, Myers wrote many other interesting works and the arc of his life holds some interest as well.
John Myers Myers was born in Northport, Long Island on January 11, 1906. That's just eleven days before the birth of Robert E. Howard. There are a few other interesting parallels between the two men.
Like REH, Myers attended college but never received a degree. Like Howard, he was fond of writing poetry and, so the story goes, got kicked out of one college for writing unflattering verse about the faculty. Myers did some work writing for newspapers and periodicals, as did REH. In fact, it appears that JMM once lived in Texas and wrote for The San Antonio Evening News. He grew to love the West so much that he permanently settled in Arizona.
However, what really struck me was that Myers started his fiction-writing career with a novel about a black-haired warrior named Conan and then gradually moved on to writing almost exclusively about the American West. Robert E. Howard scholars are fairly unanimous in the view that Bob was moving in that direction when he died, albeit with him still writing some fantasy fiction now and then, which is precisely what Myers actually did. I can easily see Howard writing something like The Westerners or Doc Holliday as he grew older.
All of this is not to say that Myers wrote exactly like REH or that he was as good a writer as Howard. Myers was his own man--albeit probably a Howard fan--and he wrote some books, like Silverlock, that I can't really see Howard writing. Like The Harp and the Blade, Silverlock requires it's own post. I'll suffice it--for now--to say that Poul Anderson, Jerry Pournelle and Gordon Dickson were all fans of the novel.
A novel that I haven't read by Myers that I look forward to is Out On Any Limb. Apparently, it's a swashbuckler set in Elizabethan England--Solomon Kane territory--and I've got a feeling that it will deliver the goods.
October 30, 2018 /Deuce Richardson
John Myers Myers, historical fiction, Robert E. Howard


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Home » corrections officials
Prison Officials Seeking Ways to Recruit and Retain Guards
By Dianne Frazee-Walker Overcrowding, violence, inhumane treatment, along with inadequate mental and physical healthcare are just a few of the problems facing the American prison system. Correctional officer corruption and poor work conditions have prompted the Texas Department of Justice to institute an incentive to recruit correctional officers. This campaign was initiated because of a
Visitors Fingerprinted at Alabama Prisons
By Prison Legal News
Alabama's prison system is the first – and currently only – in the nation to require visitors to be fingerprinted. In late 2012, the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) implemented the new policy due to what officials claimed was a need for greater efficiency. A new computer system had the capacity to scan fingerprints, something the old system was not able to do. The fingerprinting procedure was "part of the upgrade" and the brainchild of the ADOC's IT department, according to prison system spokesman Brian Corbett.
The old system required guards to review each visitor's driver's license to verify their identity before allowing them into a state prison.
"That was a time-consuming task," Corbett told the Montgomery Advertiser. "Now, the verification process is much faster, so visitors are moved through the process much faster."
"We still require visitors to have a government-issued photo ID, and that requirement will remain in place," he added. "But there are times when someone else resembles the photo on an ID. Scanning the fingerprint of visitors verifies they are who they say they are."
The program prompted an immediate response from the American Civil Liberties Union. David Fathi, director of the ACLU's National Prison Project, didn't buy the ADOC's purported security concerns.


Storage and Distribution Services in Lexington Kentucky, provided by Safeway will give you a variety of storage and distribution options to meet your residential or commercial needs. You can sleep well at night knowing that all of your valuables will be handled with the best care and treatment in the Lexington area. We go out of our way to provide you with excellent service so that you don't have to worry.
Regardless of your space needs or the length of time you need to store your belongings, Safeway can meet your needs. Our facility is conveniently located, secure and offers total protection for your belongings. Need extra space for preparing your home for sale, remodeling, de-cluttering or repairs/restoration? Let us lend a hand. We will be happy to help you pack, move and store your items with the same care we would give our own treasures. We make your moving process a less stressful because we know what a frustrating experience moving your valuables can be! At Safeway Moving & Storage, we treat your valuables with the same treatment as we would our own. So you can be confident that your belongings are being handled with the best care. For whatever reason you need to store your valuables, we'll make sure to go above and meeting your needs.
We offer facilities that are clean, secure and provide individual storage vaults for short- or long-term storage. At Safeway, our options are competitively priced and flexible. We know that there is nothing worse than going to retrieve your stored items after a couple of months only to find that they are completely ruined! But at Safeway, we keep our storage facilities clean and secure so this is something that you never have to worry about. No pests, water or other elements will ever have a chance of touching your valuables. Our storage facilities are extremely well managed, so you know that your belongings are in good hands. We treat your things just as we would treat our own. We're a local storage facility that's not only dependable but reliable as well.
You can count on Safeway to provide you or your business with safe, practical moving options to help you move into storage, move out of storage or distribute your stored items. When you need a reliable resource for storage and distribution services in Lexington Kentucky, you can depend on your local Mayflower Agent, Safeway. As a Mayflower Agent we have access to moving equipment and logistics across the United States and Internationally to better provide for your storage and distribution needs. We know that your daily schedule can get really hectic and busy. And frankly, you just don't have the time to sit around waiting for your belongings to get to you. That's why at Safeway we aim to provide you with quick and efficient service so that you're not wasting your day away. Your time is valuable to us. And because we are a Mayflower Agency, we have the tools to get the ball rolling quicker than our competitors so that you have your valuables right when you need them.
Safeway has been offering storage services in the area since 1996. We are experienced in the industry and keep up with the latest technology. Because we've been working in this industry for many years, we know the ins and outs of storage and distribution. We've been around the block a time or two. So whatever issue or problem that comes your way, don't worry because we know exactly how to tackle it.
If you have some valuables that you need stored by a safe, efficient and professional company, then call Safeway if you have any questions or to get a free quote on our services in Lexington. We look forward to hearing from you!


Various national and international standardization authorities like ASTM, ISO, BIS, TAPPI, offers the list of standards that comprises of various test methods and procedures to test the quality of corrugated boxes. The ideal standards to measure the Bursting Strength as per TAPPI standard are TAPPI/ANSI T 810 om-11, TAPPI/ANSI T 810 om-11, TAPPI T 807. Out of these methods, TAPPI/ANSI T 810 om-11 is used to measure the bursting strength of corrugated sheets.
The test method clearly describes the test procedure to measure the bursting strength of the single wall and double wall corrugated boxes having the range from 100 psi to 700 psi or 690 kPa to 4825 kPa. As per the TAPPI standard of measuring bursting strength, the instrument comprises of a disk-shaped molded diaphragm. The double walled and single walled corrugated board can be tested with the device considering that the single board comprises of two faces with one fluted medium in between, and the double wall corrugated board comprises of three faces and two fluted mediums.
To perform the bursting strength as per TAPPI standards, the specimen is clamped between the two plates with circular opening the centers. The lower plate of the instrument is fixed whereas the upper clamp can be adjusted and remain stationery to perform the test until the specimen bursts. The instrument comprises of an expanded diaphragm on the lower clamp through which the hydraulic pressure is provided to the specimen until the specimen burst. The pressure at which the specimen burst is recorded by the instrument.
To evaluate the bursting strength or bursting factor of the paper, TAPPI has provided TAPPI T 403 and for linear boards TAPPI 807.


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Android developers are 72% of mobile talent pool: Survey
"As businesses race to capitalise on the opportunities of the new mobile economy, there is intense competition for skilled Android and iOS developers."
Brinda Sarkar
BENGALURU: Android developers account for 72% of the total mobile talent pool, a survey by recruitment startup Belong shows. The Bengaluru-based venture's India Mobile Talent Landscape Report 2016 shows that iOS developers account for 26% of the pool and Windows developers hold the smallest share, at 2%.
The survey was undertaken based on a representative, randomised sample set of more than 25,000 mobile developers taken from Belong's database of publicly available and curated profiles.
With mobile phones reshaping the world, there has been a sudden and rapid increase in demand for talent in this field, and companies are racing to hire top-notch mobile phone developers. Belong's survey takes a closer look at the mobile talent pool in India, which cities, companies and industries are seeing the biggest draw, and what online networks and platforms could be leveraged.
"As businesses race to capitalise on the opportunities of the new mobile economy, there is intense competition for skilled Android and iOS developers. The truth, however, is that the mobile talent pool in India is still in its very early stages. To help companies better understand the dynamics of this pool and craft effective hiring strategies, we conducted the India Mobile Talent Landscape Report 2016," said Vijay Sharma, CEO of Belong.
The survey finds that regional universities like Visvesvaraya Technological University and Anna University trump IIT Delhi and IIT Kharagpur when it comes to producing the highest number of mobile developers. BITS Pilani accounts for producing 10.5% of mobile talent in the country, Visvesvaraya and Anna account for 8.97% and 7.88%, with IIT Delhi at 2.79% and IIT Kharagpur at 2.67%.
Niche networks like GitHub and StackOverflow are gaining in prominence, with 17% of developers having a presence on at least one site, and 12% of mobile developers can be found on AngelList, indicating an interest in startups.
The IT services and computer software sectors employ 67% of the mobile talent workforce, according to the survey, with the Internet and ecommerce sectors – which offer more lucrative salaries – coming a distant third and fifth in their share of the pool. Companies like Flipkart, Amazon, Snapdeal and Zomato have emerged as the top employers of mobile talent in Bengaluru and NCR.


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Football: Steve Bruce set to be named Villa manager
Bruce, 55, quit as Hull City manager in July. 2016.PHOTO: REUTERS
http://str.sg/4xDk
(REUTERS) - Former European champions Aston Villa are set to name Steve Bruce as their new manager on Wednesday (Oct 12) to replace the sacked Roberto Di Matteo, local media reported.
The 55-year-old Bruce, who quit Hull City in July, includes Villa's arch-rivals Birmingham City among his previous jobs.
On Tuesday, club owner Tony Xia wrote on Twitter: "Scheduled to announce the new manager tomorrow! Time for all to stand together and back the team! Believe we've made the best try!"
Scheduled to announce the new manager tomorrow! Time for all to stand together and back the team! Believe we've made the best try! #UTV
— Dr. Tony Xia (@Dr_TonyXia) October 11, 2016
Assistant coach Steve Clarke has been in charge as caretaker manager during the Midlands club's search for a new coach.
Villa, one of England's traditionally big clubs, are 19th in the 24-team Championship table with 10 points from 11 games.
Di Matteo took over in June after Villa were relegated from the Premier League last season but their disappointing start to life in the Championship saw the Italian sacked after 124 days.
Di Matteo, who steered Chelsea to the Champions League in 2012, managed one win in 11 league matches with Villa. They also lost in the League Cup first round to fourth tier Luton Town.
The seven-times English champions are in the second tier for the first time since promotion to the top flight in 1988.


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Spring 2008 MenswearDKNY
NEW YORK,September 9, 2007
A few seasons ago, Donna Karan was expressing her conviction that young men were craving a collar and tie. It's young men her DKNY collection is aimed at, and this season it's ties she's given them. The collection's theme was "New York Art & Design," which was most obvious in the graphic blocking of the silk ties, especially when an orange hue (called "Popsicle") was set against black or gray for a vaguely constructivist effect. Given the concept, it seemed reasonably safe to assume the DKNY man has gone through his college phase, his hint-o'-grunge phase, and his vintage phase. He's now graduated to a "proper" job with a gallery or an architect, and he's dressing more smartly. Tailoring dominated the collection, in urban shades of gray: stone, cement, and newsprint. Cottons and poplins had a tech stretch factor, a tip of the cap to the casual/formal hybrid that is now ingrained in American menswear's vocabulary. Alongside the vibrant multi-options of the women's range, the men's clothes looked a little like an afterthought this season. Perhaps that's Karan's way of slyly suggesting that it's a woman's world—and men just live in it. Or maybe it's simply a case of men's DKNY in transition.
DKNY Spring 2017 Ready-to-Wear
DKNY Resort 2017
DKNY Fall 2016 Ready-to-Wear
DKNY Fall 2015 Menswear
DKNY Spring 2015 Menswear
DKNY Pre-Fall 2014


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Triaenodes é um género de insecto da família Leptoceridae.

Este género contém as seguintes espécies:
 Triaenodes phalacris
 Triaenodes tridonata
 Triaenodes bicolor

Trichoptera


The OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard requires medical evaluation, fit testing and training for individuals who intend to wear respiratory protection. Iowa State University employees who are required to wear respiratory protection according to their job description or research protocol must participate in the ISU Respiratory Protection Program.
Review workplace hazards with your supervisor and complete the Hazard Inventory form.
You will receive an email when your Hazard Inventory has been processed letting you know to call Occupational Medicine at (515) 294-2056 to schedule a medical evaluation. You may not schedule this until the inventory has been processed.
Complete the Medical Questionnaire for Respiratory Protective Equipment (PDF). Take the questionnaire with you to your Occupational Medicine evaluation.
Approval to wear a respirator is granted by the Occupational Medicine physician.
Sign up for a Respirator - Initial Certification class by calling EH&S at (515) 294-5359.
Respirator – Initial Certification class will include training and individual fit testing. All respirator models available at Central Stores are available for fitting at EH&S. At the successful completion of the class, EH&S will issue a Respirator Prescription, listing respirator type, size and cartridge type.
Present the Respirator Prescription and a Central Stores requisition at Central Stores (192 General Services Bldg) to purchase a respirator.
Continued required use of a respirator will require you to attend Respirator Recertification class annually. EH&S will notify program participants of their recertification due date. Sign up for Respirator Recertification.
Exposure to airborne contaminants is below OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs).
Exposure is only to non-toxic nuisance materials (plant dust, agar dust).
There is no exposure to airborne infectious disease agents.
Dust masks are not worn to reduce exposure to gases or vapors.
Dust mask users must read "Information for Dust Mask Respirator Users". This document is also distributed at Central Stores when dust masks are purchased. Voluntary users are still required to follow mandatory use, storage and disposal guidelines.
Detailed information about the Respiratory Protection Program can be found in the ISU Respiratory Protection Manual. To view upcoming respirator training dates, please refer to EH&S Classroom Course Listing.


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Watpa Salawan (Thai วัดป่าสาลวัน) is a Thai Theravada Buddhist ( Thai ธรรมยุต tam-má-yóot) forest temple located in downtown Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.

External links
 forest temple

Pa Salawan