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Gouli, V.
Gouli, S.
Marcelino, J. A. P.
Skinner, M.
Parker, B. L.
Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Exotic Invasive Insect Pests in Northeastern Forests of the USA
Vladimir Gouli
Svetlana Gouli
José A. P. Marcelino
2,*,
Bruce L. Parker
Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, 661 Spear Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
Azorean Biodiversity Group (GBA, CITA-A) and Portuguese Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research and Sustainability (PEERS), University of the Azores, 9500-321, Portugal
Insects 2013, 4(4), 631-645; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4040631
Received: 28 August 2013 / Revised: 16 October 2013 / Accepted: 23 October 2013 / Published: 4 November 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Pathology)
Mycopathogens of economically important exotic invasive insects in forests of northeastern USA have been the subject of research at the Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont, for the last 20 years. Elongate hemlock scale, European fruit lecanium, hemlock woolly adelgid and pear thrips were analyzed for the presence of mycopathogens, in order to consider the potential for managing these pests with biological control. Fungal cultures isolated from insects with signs of fungal infection were identified based on morphological characters and DNA profiling. Mycopathogens recovered from infected insects were subdivided into three groups, i.e., specialized entomopathogenic; facultative entomopathogens; ubiquitous opportunistic contaminants. Epizootics were caused by fungi in the specialized group with the exception of M. microspora, P. marquandii and I. farinosa. Inoculation of insects in laboratory and field conditions with B. bassiana, L. muscarium and Myriangium sp. caused insect mortality of 45 to 95%. Although pest populations in the field seemed severely compromised after treatment, the remnant populations re-established themselves after the winter. Although capable of inducing high mortality, a single localized aerial application of a soil-dwelling fungus does not maintain long-time suppression of pests. However, it can halt their range expansion and maintain populations below the economic threshold level without the use of expensive insecticides which have a negative impact on the environment.
entomopathogenic fungi; Myriangium duriaei; Hirsutella lecaniicola; Beauveria bassiana; Colletotrichum fioriniae; Lecanicillium muscarium; Paecilomyces marquandii; Metarhiziopsis microspora; piercing-sucking insects; Fiorinia externa; Parthenolecanium corni; Adelges tsugae; Taeniothrips inconsequens
Globalization is expanding the established geographical and historical range of many living organisms. Unpremeditated migration of exotic species to North America started with the first settlers from Europe and Asia. Numerous species of microorganisms, plants and animals have adapted to the different climatic zones of Canada, USA and Mexico. As a rule, exotic species create the most severe economic problems because local biota are not adapted to counteract these new immigrants. Agricultural, forest and ornamental plants in North America are severely damaged by many exotic phytophagous species.
Species with piercing and sucking mouthparts, especially armored scales, adelgids and thrips, have a significant economic impact. In the northeastern region of the USA, widespread defoliation of sugar maple trees periodically occurs as a result of the activity of the exotic pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) [1]. This pest was initially identified causing damage to maples in Pennsylvania in 1979, and Vermont in 1985 [2]. In 1988, feeding damage caused by pear thrips contributed to defoliation of over 200,000 hectares in Vermont [3], 400,000 in Pennsylvania [1] and 81,000 hectares in Massachusetts [4]. Other northeastern states, including New York, Connecticut and New Hampshire, were also affected [5]. The complex of exotic invasive species, including hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae); and elongate hemlock scale (EHS), Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), threaten the very existence of hemlock trees. Hemlock woolly adelgid has become the principal pest of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadiensis and Carolina hemlock, T. carolineana. It may also become a significant pest of other coniferous trees [6]. The European fruit lecanium scale (LS), Parthenolecanium corni Bouche (Hemiptera: Coccidae), also intermittently causes significant damage to a wide variety of forest trees and other agricultural and ornamental plants. The morphological and biological characteristics of thrips, adelgids and scales, together with their high reproductive potential and cold-resistance, facilitate their successful colonization and establishment in vast areas of North America. Application of broad spectrum chemical pesticides is not advised for forests, because of the negative environmental implications, and their inability to provide long term solutions to pest problems. However, the urgency of plant protection often requires their use. The development of alternative strategies to chemical pesticides is urgent. Research activity on alternative management strategies for hemlock woolly adelgid and other exotic invasives has increased since the mid-1990s [7]. Several entomophagous insects including Laricobius nigrinus, Scymnus camptodromus, S. ningshanensis, S. sinuanodulus, and Sasajiscymnus tsugae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were discovered in China and Japan and have been imported as possible biological control agents against hemlock woolly adelgid in the USA, and some have been successfully established. Scymnus tsugae, which was released in Connecticut and Virginia in 1997, reduced hemlock woolly adelgid densities by 47%–83% [8].
Another biological control strategy against invasive insect pests is the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Special attention has been given to entomopathogenic fungal research because they have the ability to penetrate through the insect's cuticle. A significant research initiative began in the 1990s in Vermont directed towards development of entomopathogenic fungi for exotic insects impacting forest health, including pear thrips, hemlock woolly adelgid, elongate hemlock scale, and European fruit lecanium scale. Numerous fungal isolates including Lecanicillium lecanii, Hirsutella spp., Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Mariannaea sp. and others have been recovered from infected pear thrips [9,10]. Other fungal isolates have been found to be associated with elongate hemlock scale and lecanium scale [11,12,13,14]. These entomopathogenic agents offer an opportunity for biological regulation of exotic invasive species, especially when the fungal pathogens are found associated with epizootic processes, where a rapid decline of the pest population is occurring [15]. The humid climate of the northeastern USA favors manifestation of fungal epizootics such as the one observed among populations of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, which is caused by the entomophthoralean fungus Entomophthora maimaiga [16]. In May 2006, the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation issued a warning that forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, was forecasted to cause widespread defoliation of 165,000 hectares of forest land., However, in a short period of time, an epizootic caused by the fungus, Furia gastropachae, led to the rapid decline of populations and halted the development of the predicted scenario of deforestation. Explosive epizootics are often connected with the activity of entomophthoralean fungi, namely in arthropods with piercing and sucking mouthparts, especially mites [17,18,19] and aphids [20,21,22].
Currently thousands of fungal species and strains have been isolated and identified from a vast number of arthropod species around the globe [23]. However, our knowledge of the activity of fungi in natural insect populations and the possibility to apply them for pest control management strategies is limited. This article discusses empirical research on the potential of entomopathogenic and entomophilous fungi as biocontrol agents within populations of exotic invasive insects of the northeastern forests of the USA In addition, it provides standardized sampling protocols, as well as in vitro and in situ fungal isolation & insecticidal activity protocols. Illustrations of the most common signs and symptoms of disease, found associated with insect epizootics in forest stands of the northeastern USA, are reported. These standardized protocols and illustrations can prove to be an expedient tool to isolate and identify epizootic pathogens in situ and in vitro. The standardized methodologies reported here were developed by scientists and students at the Entomology Research Laboratory, University of Vermont over the last 20 years.
2.1. Standardized Insect Sampling Protocols
Pathogens of forest insects were collected from populations of elongate hemlock scale, European fruit lecanium scale, hemlock woolly adelgid, and pear thrips over the last 20 years of research at the Entomology Research Laboratory (ERL, Burlington, VT, USA).
Symptomatic insects were collected from Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island. Pathological material was also collected during routine monitoring activities and numerous surveys in forest stands. Insects with signs of mycoses were also obtained from collectors at universities, forest specialists and members of the general public. In addition, in order to sample for entomopathogenic fungi of hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale, the ERL established six forest sites, located in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New York, for the long term monitoring of pathogens of insect pests (1997–2013). These sites were selected where mass insect mortality was observed. In each of the six sample sites, 10 co-dominant eastern hemlock trees with symptomatic insects were selected at random (total 60 trees). As a rule, all surveys were carried on twig samples of approximately 10 cm long with hemlock woolly adelgid and/or elongate hemlock scale were clipped from each tree and processed within 48 hours of collection to isolate fungi. Periodically, biological material from northeastern states was obtained via the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service personnel.
For collection of entomopathogenic fungi from pear thrips—an insect that spends 10 month/year in the soil—samples were collected on sites located in three geographically distinct areas, corresponding to three USDA plant cold hardiness zones (3, 4, and 5). Within each area, two forest stands predominating in sugar maple were identified (each ~10 hectares) and long term sites were established. These were selected because sugar maple trees (Acer spp.), exploited for maple syrup production, represent an important economic activity in some New England states, and their protection is of particular interest. Samples were taken over time (1999–2012) in two types of Vermont forests, those with 90% and those with 75% sugar maple trees in the overstory. This permitted an assessment of fungal biodiversity within different forest types over time. The standard methodology for these surveys, within each maple stand, consisted of four plots randomly established 100–200 m apart. At each randomly established plot center, five nearby dominant sugar maple trees were selected. At each tree one soil sample was taken 0.5 m from the bole and one a few cm inside the drip line of the tree using a standard tulip bulb planter. Samples were collected between September and November before the soil froze. Each soil sample was placed in a cylindrical container (10 × 13 cm) and the top covered with a piece of 4-mil transparent plastic sheet, coated on one side with a thin film of Tanglefoot® to catch thrips as they emerged from the soil. Containers with soil samples were kept at room temperature (22 °C ± 2 °C) for 35 days, after which the sticky lids were removed and inspected at 40×. Pear thrips and other arthropods were removed and used for pathological analyses and subsequent isolation of fungi.
Entomopathogenic fungi were also isolated from heavy infestation of European lecanium scale sampled from maple saplings (2007–2010). The standard methodology for these surveys and fungal isolation protocols consisted of five sugar maple trees, selected at random, and from each tree, five twigs, approximately 20–30 cm long and infested with lecanium scale were collected and placed in separate plastic bags. Twigs were inspected microscopically, and scales with obvious signs of fungal infection (i.e., fungal mycelia covering partially or completely the body of the insect) were removed and handled as described below in order to retrieve fungal mycoses.
2.2. Pathological Analyses and Isolation of Fungi Protocols
Diseased insects or fresh cadavers were used to prepare slides. Two methods were used: (a) insects were placed individually on slides in a mixture of glycerol and saline solution (1:1 volume) [24] and covered with a cover slip; (b) scotch tape imprint method. The tape method was as follows: insects were placed between two pieces of tape and gently squashed. The two tapes were separated, and each was placed in a droplet of cotton blue stain to detect fungal propagules or other microorganisms in the insect's body [25]. We found this method allowed for efficient discernment of microorganisms in and on the insect host surface.
Slides were examined using light and phase contrast microcopy, to accurately detect morphological peculiarities of insect tissues and the presence of fungal propagules. Pathological structures were documented by preparation of micrographs.
Two protocols were commonly used over the years to isolate fungi from infected insects. In a first protocol, insects were surface sterilized by dipping them for 1 min. in a solution of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite with 0.08% Silvet L-77® (polysiloxane polyether copolymer), then rinsing them twice with sterile distilled water (SDW) and plating them on three different growth media, i.e., potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with penicillin (0.02 g/L) and streptomycin (0.04 g/L), Sabouraud dextrose agar and yeast (SDAY), and an experimental composition based on medium for cultivation of insect cells (TC-100, Sigma, St. Louis, MT, USA) with the addition of raw egg yolk (10%). For the second protocol, diseased insects or cadavers were homogenized in two ml sterile distilled water (SDW), after surface sterilization, and then the homogenate mixture was diluted 1:10 with SDW. Initial and diluted homogenate mixtures were used for inoculation of the three different media described above. Inoculated Petri dishes were incubated for 3 weeks at 24 °C. Single fungal colonies were transferred to new Petri dishes each week. Isolates were purified using standard dilution techniques [26].
2.3. Protocols for the Identification of Fungi
Fungal cultures were identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA analyses. Common saprophytic species were excluded from further research. These included species from the genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Mucor and some others. Identification based on morphological and cultivation characteristics was done using taxonomic guidelines and fungal fruiting bodies [27,28,29,30]. Fungal specimens were also sent to specialists for verification of identification when necessary. Some isolates were then identified based on DNA analyses following methodologies described in Marcelino et al. [13]. Genes commonly used for phylogenetic analysis at the generic level and above (i.e., 28S ribosomal DNA) were selected, as well as genes for within-species differentiation (i.e., the internal transcribed spacers, ITS).
2.4. Protocols for the Estimation of Insecticidal Activity of Fungi (in Vitro and in Situ).
Several of the isolates collected over the last 20 years were assessed for pathogenicity aganist hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale under laboratory and field conditions. Hemlock twigs (15 cm long) infested with hemlock woolly adelgid and/or elongate hemlock scale (50 target insects/branches) were collected in the field. Standard protocols for insecticidal activity of fungi were as follows: first, each twig was put in a glass tube with wet sand to prevent dessication. Subsequently, the twigs were sprayed with a suspension of fungal conidia at 5 × 107 conidia/mL suspended in sterile distilled water (SDW) with 0.02% Silwet (Momentive, Columbus, OH, USA). When a complex of fungi was isolated from diseased or dead insects (e.g., Myriangium duriaei & Colletotrichum fioriniae; Lacanicillum lecanii & Beauveria bassiana), these were both suspended in 5 × 107 conidia/mL concentrations in one single solution. A 0.02% solution of Silwet with SDW was used for blank control treatments. The twigs were held vertically in a rack and individually sprayed with a hand-held atomizer at a distance of 30 cm with 200 μL of the treatment solution. Twigs were individually placed in sterile graduated 50 mL conical tubes containing 16 g of sterilized sand and 7 mL sterile distilled water. Each tube was partially covered with a cap to allow ventilation. The tubes were placed in a plastic bag to maintain controlled environmental conditions (22 °C with 16:8 LD). The twigs were inspected after 3, 5 and 7 days to determine the number of live and dead insects, from which the percent mortality was determined. Morphological changes in the cuticle or body of cadavers, specifically changes in color or body turgor, were used to determine if the insect was dead. Each bioassay was repeated three times with four replicates for each treatment. Isolates showing the greatest potential in terms of pathogenicity were further tested by spraying a similar suspension on infested branches in a forest setting. Branches for treatment were selected based on visual inspection to ensure they contained at least 50 target insects/branches. Samples were taken before treatment, immediately after treatment and at several days after treatment and assessed for mortality. To further confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates, a random sample of dead insects (10 individuals/twig) were selected and plated to isolate fungi. Subsequently, pathological analyses and isolation of fungi was made, as described above.
Local epizootics were consistently found in correlation to the activity of fungi in each of the populations of elongate hemlock scale (EHS), hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) and pear thrips investigated (Table 1 and Table 2). Metarhiziopsis microspora epizootics did not have a significant impact on insect mortality. This was also the case for the fungi Paecilomyces marquandii and Isaria farinosa (data not shown). The complex of M. duriaei & C. fioriniae caused EHS mortality rates from 27%–67%, depending on locality (Table 1). Natural mycoses in HWA were particularly found in association with the facultative entomopathogen Phoma spp. (Table 1). A wide range of mortality rates were observed depending on locality, but never bellow 20%. Subsequent experimental inoculation of HWA and EHS under laboratory and field conditions using the entomopathogens B. bassiana, L. muscarium and Myriangium sp., retrieved from EHS epizootics, resulted in higher insect mortality, up to 95% [12,31,32,33].
Mycoses on EHS, associated with Myriangium duriaei, were characterized by the formation of black sclerotized masses on the scale surface. Infected scales survived after initial infection. The early mycelial biomass on EHS was typically white and progressed to brown and finally black (Figure 1). M. duriaei recovered from infected elongate hemlock scale was characterized by slow growth on all media. Typical colonies had curled margins and umbonate elevations. The fungus developed as a massive septate vacuolated mycelium which formed chlamydospores (Figure 2); eventually, the mycelium dehydrated, hardened and accumulated melanin (Figure 1). Crawlers (i.e., the 1st mobile instar) often did not reach adulthood and the ones that reached adulthood, or imagos, developed more slowly than the control populations in uncontaminated twigs. However, females with visible signs of fungal infection were still able to produce a new generation of crawlers (Figure 3). This first type of elongate hemlock scale mycosis was complex due to the recurrent presence of another fungus with M. duriaei, initially identified as the phytopathogen Colletotrichum acutatum. The fungus caused disease in experimental inoculations of elongate hemlock scale and Koch's postulates were positive. The fungus was subsequently described as a new entomopathogenic subspecies, C. acutatum var. fioriniae [13], and re-assessed as a new species C. fioriniae (Marcelino & Gouli) R.G. Shivas & Y.P. Tan [34]. Biological properties of this fungus have been described [13,14,35]. The second type of mycosis is characterized by the formation of white rounded fungal structures around the scales (Figure 4). These formations are described as sporodochia, and represent an accumulation of short conidiophores with phialides. Fungal isolates obtained from scales with this second type of mycosis were initially identified based on DNA analysis as Cordyceps sp. [14] and subsequently described as a new species, Metarhiziopsis microspora [36].
Table 1. Natural occurring mycoses in elongate hemlock scale and hemlock wooly adelgid populations on 25–30 cm long twigs.
Mycoses in elongate hemlock scale (EHS)
Location Total number of twig samples investigated Fungi isolated from dead and diseased insects Mortality, % Date of collection
Bayberry Lane a 100 Myriangium duriaei & Colletotrichum fioriniae 35–67 Jun. 2006
Litchfield b 100 Myriangium duriaei & Colletotrichum fioriniae 27–45 Jun. 2006
Mount Tom Forest Reserve c 100 Lecanicillium lecanii & Beauveria bassiana 1–21–2 Jun. 2005
Valley Forge d 200 Metarhiziopsis microspora 0.1–2.0 Jul. 2005
Mycoses in hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA)
Vaughan Woods State Park e 47 Phoma sp. 71–92 Nov. 2011
Kittery e 40 Phoma sp. 50–81 Nov. 2011
York e 40 Phoma sp. 53–89 Nov. 2011
Harriman State Park a 12 Myriangium sp. 22–40 Oct. 2011
Love Lane f 5 Phoma sp. 50–80 Aug. 2011
King Brook f 5 Phoma sp. 29–56 Aug. 2011
Brattleboro g 4 Phoma sp. & Myriangium sp. 10–33 Sept. 2011
Amherst f 5 Phoma sp. 20–58 Aug. 2011
Milford f 5 Phoma sp. 30–60 Aug. 2011
Pelham f 5 Myriangium sp. & Metarhiziopsis microspora 23–55 Aug. 2011
Newmarket f 5 Phoma sp. & Myriangium sp. 20–56 Aug. 2011
Hudson f 5 Phoma sp. 32–61 Aug. 2011
Berry Brook f 5 Phoma sp. 23–84 Aug. 2011
a: New York State; b: Connecticut; c: Massachusetts; d: Pennsylvania; e: Maine; f: New Hampshire; g: Vermont.
Figure 1. Elongate hemlock scale mycosis caused by Myriangium duriaei before (A) and after (B) sclerotization. (Bars = 0.5 mm)
Figure 2. Myriangium duriaei in culture: mycelial mass (A), and formation of chlamydospores (B); cotton blue stain, objective ×100.
Figure 3. Elongate hemlock scale crawlers (a: 1st mobile instar) exiting from female body (b: outline of female body) containing sclerotia of Myriangium duriaei; phase contrast, objective ×10. (Bar = 0.5 mm)
Figure 4. Elongate hemlock scale mycosis caused by the fungus Metarhiziopsis microspora: scales with sporodochia (A); mature conidia, cotton blue stain, objective ×100 (B). (Bar = 0.5 mm)
Both types of mycoses were recorded concurrently in EHS populations. Mortality of insects, including mature insects and immature settlers, caused by M. duriaei in association with C. fioriniae was 100% in the center of the epizootic. Scales with signs of the second type of mycosis occurred sporadically together with the entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and Lecanicillium spp. Numerous facultative fungal isolates of hemlock woolly adelgid were identified as species from the genera Acremonium, Alternaria, Botrytis, Fusarium, Nectria, Rhinocladiella, and Scopulariopsis. Fungi in the genera Mucor, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and some others, were usually present as ubiquitous opportunistic contaminants. Bioassays indicated that C. fioriniae was highly pathogenic to elongate hemlock scale. Mortality rates of >90% and >55% were obtained for crawlers and settlers, respectively [35].
Mycological and pathological analyses of the lecanium scale (LS) were conducted in plant material collected at different forest stands of Vermont, showing a profuse number of scale insects. Most twigs sampled contained scales with specific signs of mycoses typical of entomopathogenic fungi in the genus Hirsutella. Insects with signs of mycoses were used for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from which 20 isolates of Hirsutella lecaniicola were obtained. The fungus forms a specific coremia on the surface of infected LS hosts, and, as a result, this insect pathogen can be easily detected (Figure 5). In addition, several other entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from lecanium scale including, B. bassiana, L. muscarium, I. farinosa and phytopathogenic fungi from the genus Fusarium.
Figure 5. European fruit lecanium infected with the fungus Hirsutella lecaniicola (A); mature culture of fungus on nutrient medium, phase contrast, cotton blue stain, objective ×100 (B). (Bar = 0.5 mm)
Fungi associated with hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) were collected throughout the infestation area covering the northeastern region of the USA. Several hundred fungal colonies were isolated from 1996 to 2012 [10,11,32]. Isolates included B. bassiana and unidentified species from the genera Paecilomyces, Lecanicillium and Myriangium. A significant number of the isolates included entomophilous and phytopathogenic fungi in the genera Phoma, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Xylaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhinocladiella, Exophiala, Scopulariopsis, Doratomyces (=Periconia, Stysanus, Cephalotrichum) and Diplocladiella. A high level of HWA mortality, with characteristic signs of mycoses (i.e., profuse mycelia on the surface of the insect), was recorded in areas around York, Maine and Harriman State Park, as well as New York state, from 2010–2012. Adult and immature infected HWA had a specific appearance described as a blackened cuticle and a flabby body surface, with woolly masses covering part of the mature females. The rate of infection gradually dropped as the season progressed and culminated in the death of the insect. Visual observations and examination of diseased and dead insects, using the methods described above, have not revealed a single agent causing fungal infection, but more commonly fungal propagules of numerous different species both on the body surfaces and in the body cavities. Commonly the insects were completely filled with mycelial masses and no other pathogenic structures. Often, mycelia formed clusters of deep melanization. A first subgroup of isolates from HWA formed gray colonies which eventually darkened. The colonies were relatively circular in appearance with umbonate elevations and undulate margins. Cultures produced a brown pigment which diffused into the medium and formed septate mycelial masses with a strong vacuolization. Mature cultures formed deeply melanized sclerotia. These cultures were preliminarily identified as Myriangium sp. This morphological identification was confirmed by DNA analysis [14]. Biocontrol research with Myriangium sp. is currently underway. Some of the adelgid cadavers from different geographical locations (Table 1) had a body surface covered with structures in the form of goblets filled with numerous spores (Figure 6). A detailed morphological analysis of these structures indicated that the fungus was related to the genus Phoma. Phoma sp. and Myriangium sp. have caused high mortality of HWA in 10–12 days in laboratory bioassays. Phoma aspidioticola has been reported to be an effective pathogen of the armored scale, Aspidiotus destructor, in India [37].
Figure 6. Pycnidia of the fungus Phoma sp. located on body of hemlock woolly adelgid, cotton blue stain, objective ×40.
Myriangium sp. and Phoma sp. have different cultivation properties. The first is difficult to isolate in pure culture, because it grows slowly on different media, including PDA and SDAY, without production of any sexual morphological structures. Conversely, Phoma sp. grows quickly and forms specific fruiting structures. Based on the high rate of Phoma sp. recovered from infected populations of hemlock woolly adelgid, it is highly probable that the reason for the mass mortality of hemlock woolly adelgid is the activity of this pathogen. Together with the activity of Myriangium sp., Phoma sp. is therefore very likely to be involved in the epizootiological process affecting adelgids, however, currently the mechanism of infection and etiology of this disease is unknown.
Damage caused by pear thrips has fluctuated from year to year. However, since outbreaks in 1985–1988, the population density has not been severe, and the activity of entomopathogenic fungi may be one of the reasons. Pear thrips remain in the soil for 10 mо of the, from mid-June to mid-April and entomopathogenic hyphomycetous fungi are closely associated with soil. Entomopathogenic fungi are known as important natural enemies of soil-dwelling arthropods [9,38]. A complex of entomopathogenic fungi has been reported to cause significant pear thrips mortality in forest litter and in the upper soil substrata [39]. We identified the fungi associated with pear thrips and other common soil arthropods such as fungal gnats, collembolans and mites (Table 2). A total of 1104 arthropods and 325 pear thrips were analyzed for mycological pathogens. A large portion of the arthropods were contaminated by fungi. The following genera were commonly isolated: Aspergillus, Beauveria, Cladosporium Conidiobolus, Fusarium, Isaria, Lecanicillium, Mariannaea, Metarhizium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhinocladiella, and Trichoderma. The distribution of pear thrips within populations from different localities is listed in Table 2. Fungi in the genus Lecanicillium significantly prevailed in comparison with other fungi. The infection level of thrips with Lecanicillium fluctuated from 12.5%–51% in Vermont, 44.7%–45.4% in New Hampshire and >50% in New York. The overall level of infection of pear thrips by entomopathogenic fungi ranged from 58.1%–87.5% in Vermont, 68.2%–68.4% in New Hampshire, and 83%–100% in New York. For Vermont, the most commonly isolated fungi were in the genera Lecanicillium followed by those in the genera Beauveria, Metarhizium, Isaria and Mariannaea. Samples from New York contained a small number of pear thrips infected with Lecanicillium spp. and Isaria spp. (Table 2). The rate of fungal infection among other arthropods with Lecanicillium spp. fluctuated between 22.8%–50% in Vermont, 16.1%–50.5% in New Hampshire and 11.4%–25.45% in New York. Fungi from the genus Lecanicillium appeared to be an important limiting factor of pear thrips population growth [1,10,39]. Pathogen loads in thrips populations could be used to monitor their health and provide a rapid and perhaps accurate assessment of the ecological status of this pest.
From our research with entomopathogenic fungi in northeastern forests >200 isolates in the genera Beauveria, Lecanicillium, Metarhizium, Isaria, Paecilomyces, Mariannaea, Hirsutella, Fusarium and Rhinocladiella were deposited in the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures and the Collection of Microorganisms Useful for Plant Protection at the Entomology Research Laboratory (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA). Fungal cultures were divided into three groups: (a) specialized entomopathogenic species, Mariannaea sp. Myriangium duriaei Mont. & Berk., Myriangium sp., Hirsutella lecaniicola (Jaap) Petch, Hirsutella sp., Metarhiziopsis microspora, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin, Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & WGams, L. psalliotae (Treschow) Zare & Gams, Lecanicillum sp. Paecilomyces marquandii (Massee) Hughes, Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fries, Isaria sp. and Colletotrichum fioriniae (Marcelino & Gouli) R.G. Shivas & Y.P.; (b) facultative entomopathogens, Rhinocladiella sp., Nectria sp., Botrytis sp., Fusarium sp., Phyalophora sp., Phoma sp.; (c) ubiquitous opportunistic contaminants, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Scopulariopsis sp., and Aspergillus sp.
Table 2. Entomopathogenic and entomophilous fungi isolated from pear thrips and associated soil arthropods (mites, collembolans and fungus gnats) on forest soil during the period of August–October 2011.
Sample sites
Number of sampled arthropods
Number of arthropods infected with entomopathogenic fungi
Lecanicillium spp.
Beauveria bassiana
Metarhizium anisopliae
Isaria spp.
Mariannaea spp.
Thrip
Bakersfield a 44 76 16 31 4 4 3 2 2 7 0 0
Richford a 8 88 3 25 0 5 0 0 3 5 1 1
Derby a 8 20 1 8 2 2 0 0 7 23 1 0
Randolph a 47 79 24 18 2 0 0 0 7 5 1 1
Underhill a 14 331 57 130 5 3 2 2 18 3 0 0
Westfield a 4 40 1 20 1 1 0 0 0 7 0 0
Altona b 4 71 0 14 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0
Rupert b 6 110 2 28 0 5 0 0 2 23 1 1
Sharon Springs b 3 88 1 10 0 3 0 0 2 5 0 0
Langdon c 22 130 10 21 0 0 0 0 2 5 3 3
Oxford c 38 91 17 46 5 3 0 0 3 3 1 1
a: Vermont; b: New York State; c: New Hampshire state.
Based on the data reported herein, we conclude that many arthropods in forest soil are infected with different species of entomopathogenic and entomophilous fungi. It is hypothesized that the isolated fungi found play a significant role as biotic factors regulating arthropod populations. Most of the fungi recovered in the forest were ecologically associated with the soil and thus had a limited capability for persisting in the tree canopy, where populations of insect pests may reside. Therefore, a single application of B. bassiana and L. muscarium, isolated from soil-dwelling insects, may not provide long-term suppression of pests in the tree canopy. Insect populations were able to re-establish after the winter, as previously observed following chemical treatments. However, this research indicates that use of entomopathogenic fungi, as an alternative biocontrol strategy to counteract the economic impact of pests in northeastern forests, is able to generate mortality rates identical or superior to those from agricultural chemicals without the associated costs and long-term deleterious impacts in the environment. Additional research is needed to develop the full potential of entomopathogenic fungi for integrated pest management in forests.
This research was supported, in part, by the USDA Forest Service (Projects: #05-CA-11244225-137 and #04-CA-11244225-286), USDA Agricultural Research Service (Project #58-1907-55-21), Vermont Maple Sugar Makers' Association, Northeastern Maple Syrup Producers Association and the Northeastern States Research Cooperative (Project # 11-DG-11242307-047). We are grateful to all individuals connected with the protection of forests, who have provided us with their assistance with collecting samples and locating suitable test sites. The authors would also like to thank the valuable suggestions of two anonymous reviewers.
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Cheah, C.A.S.-J.; Montgomery, M.E.; Salom, S.; Parker, B.L.; Costa, S.; Skinner, M. Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid; USDA Forest Service: Morgantown, WV, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
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Marcelino, J.A.P.; Giordano, R.; Gouli, S.; Gouli, V.; Parker, B.L.; Skinner, M.; TeBeest, D.; Cesnik, R. Colletotrichum acutatum var. fioriniae (teleomorph: Glomerella acutata var. fioriniae var. nov.) infection of a scale insect. Mycologia 2008, 100, 353–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Reid, W.R.; Parker, B.L.; Gouli, S.Y.; Skinner, M.; Gouli, V.V.; Teillon, H.B. Fungi associated with Adelges. tsugae, and assessment of entomopathogenic isolates for hemlock woolly adelgid management. J. Insect Sci. 2010, 62, 1–18. [Google Scholar]
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© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Gouli, V.; Gouli, S.; Marcelino, J.A.P.; Skinner, M.; Parker, B.L. Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Exotic Invasive Insect Pests in Northeastern Forests of the USA. Insects 2013, 4, 631-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4040631
Gouli V, Gouli S, Marcelino JAP, Skinner M, Parker BL. Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Exotic Invasive Insect Pests in Northeastern Forests of the USA. Insects. 2013; 4(4):631-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4040631
Gouli, Vladimir, Svetlana Gouli, José A. P. Marcelino, Margaret Skinner, and Bruce L. Parker. 2013. "Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Exotic Invasive Insect Pests in Northeastern Forests of the USA" Insects 4, no. 4: 631-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4040631
Insects, EISSN 2075-4450, Published by MDPI
https://www.mdpi.com/60306


text:
Korytnia () – wieś (ros. деревня, trb. dieriewnia) w zachodniej Rosji, w osiedlu wiejskim Chochłowskoje rejonu smoleńskiego w obwodzie smoleńskim.

Geografia
Miejscowość położona jest w dorzeczu Ufinji, przy drodze federalnej R135 (Smoleńsk – Krasnyj – Gusino), 11 km od drogi federalnej R120 (Orzeł – Briańsk – Smoleńsk – Witebsk), 18 km od drogi magistralnej M1 «Białoruś», 6 km od centrum administracyjnego osiedla wiejskiego (Chochłowo), 22 km od Smoleńska, 11 km od najbliższego przystanku kolejowego (443 km).

Demografia
W 2010 r. miejscowość zamieszkiwały 53 osoby.

Przypisy

Wsie w obwodzie smoleńskim
Miejscowości w rejonie smoleńskim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Catherine Carlen was born in Cookeville, Tennessee. From her beginnings she always dreamed of acting. She moved to New York City in the 1980's after going to The University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida and started her acting career. Catherine started in New York City studying with such legendary teachers as : Uta Hagen, Stella Adler and Susan Batson. She appeared Off-Broadway in many productions.
She acted in many films such as : Paul Mazursky's "Moscow On The Hudson", Sidney Poitier's "Hanky Panky"and Ivan Reitman's "Gostbusters" to name a few. She has guest starred in numerous T.V. shows such as: "Night Court", "Married With Children" and had many recurring roles on "Days Of Our Lives" and "Passions", as well as being a series regular on ABC's "Our Group". She originated the role of "Tina" in "Sirens Of Seductions" at the Victory Theatre.
Recently she acted with Martin Landau and Mark Rydell in The Actors Studio project of "The Sunshine Boys", directed by Jeffrey Hayden. She also played the role of "Sissy" in,"Come Back To The Five And Dime Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean" a the Court Theatre, directed by Richard Hochberg. Catheirne starred in the cult film "Chopper Chicks In Zombie Town". She is proud to be a Lifetime Member of THE ACTORS STUDIO.
Catherine is a member of The Laurelgrove Acting Company and she performed in two of Joe Pintauro's one act in the show,"Aim Fire" directed by Jack Heller. She recently originated the role of "Irene" in Norman Lock's play "The Contract", directed by Jack Heller. Catherine was the drama acting coach on the WB's series "The Starlet". In 2005 Catherine wrote,co-directed and starred in the film " Running Out Of Time In Hollywood ".
She is a renowned acting coach to many well known stars in Hollywood. Catherine teaches acting at The Lee Strasberg Theatre And Film Institute and for Susan Batson at "Black Nexus" in Hollywood. She is currently working on her next film and has started production on a T.V. series for the web. She lives in Los Angeles with her producer husband Roger Biff Johnson and their beautiful daughter Carlen, with Honey the dog, and Prince the cat. Catherine believes that you never give up and just when you think it isn't going to happen it does.


What is more important: an application or a resume and why? An application because you sign it, making it a legally binding document.
What are the two types of home insurance and which is better? Actual cash value and full replacement: full replacement is better.
What are three three types of auto insurance? Liability, Collision, and comprehensive.


Who knew that you'd be able to come up with an episode of Hot in Cleveland where all four of the ladies would have different interactions with musicians? It's an intriguing idea, but it didn't turn out for the best. You knew at least one of the ladies would be dating a musician, and, in this situation, it was Victoria. And, any of the remaining three could have been obsessed with meeting a favorite retired singer (Victoria wouldn't be happy with someone who wasn't uber-famous), but only Melanie filled this position here. This left Joy to be the one to impersonate a musician, and Elka to be the one who stole from a musician (those two could have gone either way, don't you think?). I'm not sure if it's just because the Johnny-Drago storyline was ridiculous, or if the whole episode just didn't jive with me, but I just wasn't a fan and have no plans to watch this one again.


I've never been very good at writing short stories. The smallness of the idea never seems to last. Choose your future started life as a fairly simple idea about a woman having a melt down in a supermarket because she couldn't cope with the perfection of the genetically modified tomatoes. Once I started to write it though, it very quickly grew to the current 60000 words of a novel. The universe very quickly expanded outwards – like universes tend to do, I suppose. Because it is set in the future, I suppose there are details and ideas that I wouldn't have to deal with if this was set in the normal reality of everyday life and this is pushing up the word count.
Now I am concerned that I have too many ideas. I'm already thinking that my first edit will be a drastic one, hacking away all the ideas and characters that do not work or are unnecessary. At the minute though, I am willing to let it expand. It might sound ridiculous that I would let it grow to untold size in order to crop it at some point in the future. All I can say is I cannot tell at the minute which branches it will be that are culled and which will be allowed to stay. I have to let it sprout with absolute freedom. Only when I have seen the whole will I know about the various parts.


text:
5:09 AM Action (Film), Action Adventure, F, Fantasy No comments
The game begins during the climax of Final Fantasy VII. As Vincent and Yuffie Kisaragi help to evacuate Midgar, which is about to be destroyed by Sephiroth's Meteor spell, Vincent finds the body of Professor Hojo slumped at the controls of the Sister Ray cannon. After a flash of lightning, Hojo's body seems to disappear, and before Vincent can investigate, the cannon explodes, forcing Vincent to escape with Yuffie.
Three years later, Vincent is in the city of Kalm when it is attacked by a group of mysterious soldiers. Vincent, with the help of his former comrade, Reeve Tuesti of the World Regenesis Organization (WRO), an organization dedicated to helping the planet recover from the events of Final Fantasy VII, fights the soldiers and forces them to retreat, but not before many of the citizens of the town have been captured, and many more killed.
Film Genre: Action, Fantasy
Created By: RandomBlackGamer
Credit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirge_of_Cerberus:_Final_Fantasy_VII

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Furnished tourist accommodation (room in a private home) "Au temps qu'on sème"
Furnished accommodation and Gîtes, Room, Old building, Apartment building, House accommodation in Saorge
Two rooms in a private home, decorated with great taste and creativity. A superb terrace offers a breathtaking view of the Roya valley and the mountain ridges facing south.
The owners, who are very involved in the associative fabric, will be happy to inform you about sporting and cultural activities in Saorge, and all around in the Roya valley: bathing in the torrents, hiking, whaleti, concerts, conferences and meetings with authors...
Mini kitchenette that offers the possibility to make breakfast - which can also be taken at the bar, or in the two restaurants in Saorge.
Shared family bathroom.
Close to a public transportation
Bedrooms : 1 Bedroom(s)
Accommodation : 2 Person(s)
No-smoking
140 cm bed
Close to owner
semi-detached rental
semi-detached with owner's house
On the same level
From May 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021 From September 1, 2021 to October 31, 2021
From May 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021
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From May 1, 2021 until June 30, 2021
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From September 1, 2021 until October 31, 2021
97 rue Louis Périssol
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Elevation : 530 m
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text:
Annette Bratcher Is Proud of Jessica Ramsey
iCrowdNewswire Sep 15, 2021 10:00 AM ET
Western Kentucky Alum Represents Olympic Spirit Well, Says Annette Bratcher
Western Kentucky Alumnus Jessica Ramsey represented the United States and her alma mater well in the Tokyo Olympics, despite finishing in 12th place, says Annette Bratcher, a Western Kentucky native and Realtor working in Middle Tennessee. Ramsey advanced to the finals in the women's shot put event, but, unfortunately, fouled in all three attempts there. She had been widely favored to win the gold medal.
This was the Olympic debut for the 5-foot 6-inch athlete who was an All-American at Western Kentucky. She became the first woman in five years to throw farther than 20 meters in the Olympic trials in June.
"Getting to the finals is quite a feat, even without winning a medal," says Bratcher. "Often athletes do not perform to expectations because of nerves or intense pressure, but we are proud of them anyway. Annette Bratcher exhibited the Olympic spirit which isn't so much about winning but about taking part and fighting well."
Ramsey, 30, is a champion off the field as a fighter for the rights of children. She volunteers for CASA in Lafayette, Miss., working as a court-appointed advocate for children who have been neglected or abused. She is into her second case there; in her first case, she was instrumental in helping to place the child in a stable home.
"I admire Ramsey's passion for helping others as much as I admire her passion for sports," says Bratcher, who also advocates for children through her support of the Rutherford/Cannon County Child Advocacy Group. "Making a difference in the life of a child is critical and the desire to do so is the mark of a true champion," Annette Bratcher says.
Annette Bratcher was born in Western Kentucky and her family's farm and most of her immediate family are still located there. After graduating from college, Bratcher moved to Atlanta where she worked in the building material industry. Later, she moved to Middle Tennessee where she transitioned into a licensed contractor and Realtor. She is certified or accredited in several areas including residential construction, new homes, and as a buyer's representative.
Annette Bratcher also believes in giving back to the community and has volunteered for several organizations. She supports First Shot Basketball in Murfreesboro, TN, which allows players of all levels the chance to improve their skills. She has been a director and then president of the Chamber of Commerce, a director in Kiwanis, a member of the Economic Development Board, and a founding director of the United Way. She also mentors new Realtors and contractors.
"Using my talents to help the community is an important part of my identity," says Bratcher.
How to Write Perfect Essays for U.S. Universities
Animal Rescuer and Advocate Brent Kloecker Discusses the Benefits of Animal Companionship During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bill Lockyer Discusses How He Helped Eliminate the State's DNA Backlog as California Attorney General
Africa's Post-pandemic Future Needs to Embrace Youth in Agriculture
Indoor/outdoor gross motor activities: Setting kids up for a healthier and more active future
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text:
NewsNews VideoRaceVideo
Black Patient Accused of Trying to Steal an IV Machine Despite Following His Doctor's Order
Posted byBy Lauren Floyd	| June 28, 2019 CommentsComments (0)
A walk outside of an Illinois hospital turned into a disorderly conduct charge for one Black patient.
Shaquille Dukes, 24, said he was racially profiled and accused of stealing an IV machine he was still connected to outside of FHN Memorial Hospital on June 9, according to the Journal-Standard.
Shaquille Dukes was arrested and accused of stealing an IV machine he was still attached to outside of a Freeport, Ill. hospital. (Photo: Facebook via Shaquille Dukes)
The incident happened just after 4 p.m. in Freeport, Illinois, which is about 115 miles northwest of Chicago.
Dukes had been admitted to the hospital for double pneumonia and asthma-related issues and was on doctors' orders to walk around a bit but to remain on hospital grounds, the Journal Standard reported.
So he walked in the area with his brother.
"I was stopped by an overzealous, racist, security officer, who claimed that I 'was trying to leave the hospital to sell the IV equipment on eBay,'" Dukes said in a Facebook post.
At the time, he and his brother were on their way back from their walk.
The guard, employed by FHN, noticed the IV machine and asked them to follow him across the street, the Journal Standard reported.
"I told him, 'This machine is pumping fluid into my veins as we speak.'"
After some back-and-forth between the men, the security officer called Freeport police officers who arrived to the scene 40 minutes later.
Dukes said his brother was arrested first, then him and a third man, who was recording the incident.
Police told Dukes he was being arrested on an attempted theft charge because he took medical equipment off of hospital property.
But Dukes shared in one of the videos he posted on Facebook that he only left the hospital's property when the security guard instructed him to cross the street.
It's unclear why the other men were arrested.
Dukes said in the Facebook statement that his IV was removed during the incident and his rescue inhaler was seized.
"I pleaded with officers for almost 4 minutes to retrieve my inhaler from the transporting officer, and finally, when I became unresponsive, it miraculously appeared," Dukes said in the post.
Freeport police Lt. Andrew Schroeder rebutted Dukes' version to a reporter and said officers got Dukes medical attention when they noticed he needed it.
"An ambulance was summoned for him and he was taken back to the hospital," Schroeder told the Journal Standard.
Dukes said he ended up passing out and having a seizure in the ambulance as it headed back to the hospital.
He later filed a complaint with the city of Freeport and said in a News Maven web story that the incident would not have happened if he were a white patient.
After receiving video of the incident, the hospital released the following statement to the Journal Standard: "We are looking into this but as of now, it is a police matter."
Schroeder later told the Journal Standard that a police investigation revealed Dukes had no intention of stealing the IV machine.
He's scheduled to appear in court July 11 on the disorderly conduct charge.
"The issue here is that his actions were why he was arrested," Schroeder told the Journal Standard. "Had they been able to engage in a civil discourse with hospital security, we wouldn't have been called at all."
Tagsracial profiling
Angry Woman Refuses to Let Black Postmates Driver Deliver Order In Apartment Building: 'I Don't Want You Here at All'
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White Woman Calls 911 on Black Man, Accuses Him of Being Drug Dealer as He Sits Outside His Own House
California Grocery Store Employee Follows Black Family Around, Blocks Their Path While Accusing Them of Stealing Lemons


The Police Complaints Authority and police prepared a substantial (123 page) report on the findings after reviewing the investigation into the Bain family murders. The report is available from the office of the Police Complaints Authority in Wellington, from Dunedin Police HQ and from the Northern Region HQ in Auckland at a cost of $15.
Police Commissioner Peter Doone is pleased that a joint Police Complaints Authority report has vindicated the actions of staff involved in the Bain homicide investigation.
"The report finds that the original investigation was conducted with integrity, and in line with policy, standards and procedures. It also finds the wide-ranging attack on the integrity and competency of the investigators is unjustified".
The commissioner says the report findings will go some way in relieving the significant pressure key investigators and their families have been feeling.
"The attacks on their integrity and competency have been one-sided and at times vitriolic with little opportunity until now for the staff to have their honour and professionalism defended and the record set straight," he says.
The review focused on police conduct of the June 1994 investigation into the deaths of five members of the Bain family for which David Bain was subsequently convicted.
"The allegations made by Mr Karam in his book were untested and damaged the reputation and professionalism of the New Zealand Police and individual officers.
"The review, undertaken by the PCA and assisted by highly experienced and competent investigators, shows that Mr Karam's assertions were emotive, extravagant and wrong," Mr Doone says.
"The review points out quite rightly that with the benefit of hindsight and time, some non crucial procedures could have been approached differently. But these are far outweighed by the attention to detail in gathering, analysing and presenting evidence that was undertaken by the crime scene investigators.
"The public should be reassured that nothing in the report suggests the evidence was wrongly or unfairly presented.
"This was a demanding crime scene with five bodies and one surviving family member," Mr Doone says. " Staff were faced with a range of pressures and issues but they responded in a highly competent and professional manner.
Mr Doone says he is both pleased and reassured that the review found no impropriety by police in the discovery of the lens in Stephen Bain's bedroom.
"Much has been made by Mr Karam and Mr Withnall of the lens and how it was found," Mr Doone says. "The review investigators paid special attention to this issue and believe the lens got into Stephen's bedroom during the struggle with Stephen. Less likely is the possibility the lens was pushed under the boot during movement of items to facilitate the removal of Stephen's body.
"The review team noted that the officer in charge of the scene found the lens under the skate when he lifted the boot," Mr Doone says.
Confusion arose however when the officer mistakenly identified to the court the lens as being seen in photograph 62.
'It is clear from and ESR examination that what the officer thought was the lens in the photograph is a shadow cast by a curved piece of paper and its reflection from an overlying plastic bag.
"I am assured by the fact that the officer did not knowingly give false evidence or act improperly in court. While it was an honest mistake, it serves as a lesson to all staff of the attention to detail required in preparing documentation.
Mr Doone says he accepts the review's finding that the police could have handled the initial testing of the Bain family computer to determine when it was switched on and a message entered and saved, and the way the information was recorded, calculated and presented to the jury.
He does not believe the original test and the fact that an officer's watch was two minutes fast, disadvantaged David Bain.
"Technology that has allowed the testing and analysis undertaken for the review team has only become available in the last 12 months," Mr Doone says.
Mr Doone also accepts that some other minor procedural matters needed improvement: such as processing of data so that corrected information quickly reaches the officers dealing with those details: and that staff were remiss in not sending David Bain's Laser running shoes to the ESR for full forensic examination relying instead on visual inspection.
"These issues did not in any way disadvantage David Bain but they are, with the benefit of hindsight, points worth remembering for future investigations," Mr Doone says.


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Sonshine Girls Painting also collects potentially personally-identifying information like Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for logged in users and for users leaving comments on SonshineGirlsPainting.com blogs/sites. Sonshine Girls Painting only discloses logged in user and commenter IP addresses under the same circumstances that it uses and discloses personally-identifying information as described below, except that commenter IP addresses and email addresses are visible and disclosed to the administrators of the blog/site where the comment was left.
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SFsee Graphics, Inc. | See The Possibilities.
Welcome to the online home of SFsee Graphics. Over here, we love good design, paper textures and of course printing. Scroll around our site and take a look at what we do. If you like what you SEE or have questions, drop us an email; we love them too!
Check back for our Weekly Specials or follow us on twitter for our random ramblings on the net.
on all gang run items for quantity of 2,000+.
This is the perfect time to get your message across.


My approach to photography has its roots in photojournalism, where I earned my degree, but I have also spent time working in traditional studio portraiture. My goal is to combine these two styles to create natural images of you with your loved ones.
I'm here to help tell your story, to document both the milestones and the everyday moments that you'd often like to freeze in time. I look for true emotion and aim to capture you and your family just as you are. In order to maintain an organic feel to your session and images, I only use props that you would like to include and I prefer natural light. Ideally, your session will take place in your home or in a location that holds meaning for you.
Everyone is unique, and therefore, each session will be slightly different. As a custom portrait photographer, I strive to give each of my clients a highly personalized service.
I like to do a pre-session consultation with every client in order to make sure all of your questions are answered. This is the moment to discuss wardrobe, location and any other details pertaining to your session. Consultations can be done via email or phone. We can even Skype or Facetime if you prefer!
We will meet at our prearranged location. Sessions can take place in your home, a park or any other location that is special to you. If meeting at your home, I'll first have a quick look around to see which areas will allow me to show your family most naturally, in the best light.
Standard Family Portrait Sessions usually last about 2 hours and we will break as needed for diaper changes, feeding, etc. Day in the Life Sessions are 4-5 hours. Vacation Sessions last 2 hours.
Within 3 weeks I will email you to let you know your private, online gallery is available for viewing and sharing.
The gallery will be available for 2 weeks, during which time you may select the photos you'd like to keep.
Please contact Amy for more detailed pricing information.
Yes, I sure do! They are available in 25 Euro increments and can be delivered electronically or via Bpost. Email me to find out more.
I'm pregnant and would like to schedule a maternity session. When is the best time to do so?
I recommend around the 7th or 8th month, but really, it should be whenever you feel most comfortable. I strongly urge you to schedule your session well in advance in order to insure that our schedules will match up.
What should I wear if I'm pregnant?
Wear something that makes you feel beautiful and radiant, and most importantly, comfortable. Feel free to bring a few different outfits so we can try different looks throughout the session. Try to also keep in mind that we want to show off your baby belly. Solid-color shirts or tank tops look great with jeans, and long skirts or dresses are always a lovely choice.
Dress your child in something he/she is comfortable in. Solid colors and minimal patterns are always a good choice, but big logos, words or images on shirts can be distracting.
Should we all wear matching colors?
This is completely up to you! I personally love a mix of styles in coordinating colors, but the most important thing is that you're wearing something that feels like you. If you're looking for some outfit inspiration, Pinterest is a great source. I find that it can be helpful to lay everyone's outfits out on the floor so you can imagine how you might all look standing together. When in doubt, neutral colors are always a great choice.
Wet wipes, snacks, extra diapers, a comb or anything else you might need to keep everyone looking and feeling good. Props are always a fun way to add flair to your photos, but are absolutely not necessary. A prop can be a costume, the family pet, a special lovey...Anything meaningful to you or your kids! We can discuss this more after you book your session.
Can we do our session at home?
Most definitely! Home sessions are especially great for newborns and babies. It's also a nice way to show a little bit more of your family's unique style. Plus, who isn't more comfortable at home? If your little ones are a bit camera-shy, this is something you might want to consider.
So do I have to clean my whole house? I don't have time for that!
That's up to you! For regular family photo sessions, I recommend having at least a couple of rooms looking "photo ready" by simply putting away any distracting objects or things that you don't want photographed. So just a quick sweep through to declutter a little bit should be enough. This will help the session to move along quicker and more smoothly. For newborn and baby photos, I often use the master bed as a prop. The living room and baby's nursery are also favorite spots.


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Elea – Episode 1 Review
Claire Marshall January 4, 2019
In 2073, Earth was afflicted by a devastating disease which effected children, turning them into aggressive psychopaths, and with few options left to save humanity from extinction, an expedition was formed to colonize a nearby, Earth-like planet called Solace. After reaching the planet, the interstellar ship that had taken them there, 'The Pilgrimage', went radio silent and what happened to this ship and its crew became a mystery.
Thirteen years later, we, as Elea, join an expedition to find out what happened to 'The Pilgrimage' but also, our husband Ethan, who was one of the colonists on-board and what unravels next is a surreal exploration through space, loss & grief as we aid Elea and find out what happened to her family and the lost expedition.
On the surface, 'Elea- Episode 1' sounds like your standard sci-fi game, a mystery surrounding a missing ship is a theme in numerous tv shows, animes & games but 'Elea' also disrupts our characters memories, adding an extra dimension which further complicates matters for us and increases the confusion we feel as we explore our ever-changing environment & question what's really happening around us.
Released 06/09/2018 and developed by Kyodai LTD, this is a relatively new game which is easy to overlook amongst the larger, AAA titles but it is an interesting, if not a tad niche, look into the sci fi, mystery genre.
Graphically, the game is beautiful and has a soundtrack which further compliments the futuristic scenarios and sets the tone for its more emotive moments. This is a visually stimulating addition to the indie roster by publishers Soedesco, which relies maybe too much on its environment to engage the player.
Powered by Unreal engine, the graphics of this game are on a comparable level to those of bigger titles. The status of Indie game does not mean that this game lacks in its visuals, rather the simplistic gameplay suggests the developers wished to focus more on this aspect and really perfect the look of this world, which they have achieved.
This is a world of intentional screen glitches and distortion. Bright, flashing images are the normality & thus the initial warning for gamers with epilepsy is one to be listened too, this game relies heavily on these sudden changes to distort its reality and some gamers may struggle with those visuals.
The game itself has very basic controls, we are very limited in what we as a player can actually do. 'Elea' is more about our interactions with the things around us, and its story, than it is about big fight scenes so for many, that can make it a very slow paced game which, combined with the limited direction in what we are actually supposed to do, means that this title probably isn't interesting to many gamers.
I found the controls to be a little unresponsive and sometimes, the player is left waiting to interact with certain things in their environment. Clicking on the item you need doesn't always get an immediate response and thus this game is more a lesson in patience at times than fun.
Rated PEGI 12, 'Elea' relies more on shock tactics than it does on anything particularly violent and whilst younger gamers may be attracted to the space theme or the bright colours, the story itself & the fact that we are essentially just walking and clicking things, means this game might not be very compelling to anyone who isn't a fan of the sci-fi genre and a game like Subnautica may be a better choice.
With a price tag of £9.59 on the Xbox store, I am not sure the price tag is entirely worth it, If you are looking for a quick game to pick up and not really think about, this is probably not for you as 'Elea' is a game that requires patience and paying attention to your surroundings but ultimately, the clear effort in aesthetics are let down by the story itself.
The name 'Elea: Episode 1' suggests more is coming but there are no details I can find, however, should more episodes come & further expand this story then I would be interested to play them but as to this episode, I am not compelled to play it again, despite the 19 achievements totalling 1000 gamer score on offer, this story in the end tailed off and I found it lacking substance behind the visuals and not something I wanted to replay.
Ultimately, 'Elea- Episode 1' is a game that not everyone will get or enjoy. Stunning in visuals and with an excellent soundtrack, this game is not much beneath the surface and relies heavily on its look to keep you interested in what is essentially, a point & click game with a psychedelic, space exploration element.
REVIEW CODE: A FREE Microsoft Xbox One code was provided to Brash Games for this review. Please send all review code enquiries to editor@brashgames.co.uk.
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Claire Marshall
Tags:adventure, Elea – Episode 1, first-person, indie, Kyodai Ltd, Rating 5/10, Sci-Fi, SOEDESCO Publishing, Space, Xbox One, Xbox One Review
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Local groups July monthly action: Free Born Samnang and Sok Sam Oeun
Born Samnang and Sok Sam Oeun were sentenced to 20 years in prison for the murder of Chea Vichea, the president of Cambodia's Free Trade Union.
They were convicted following an unfair trial and seriously flawed criminal investigation - both men have strong alibis and there is no direct evidence linking them to the crime, apart from a confession extracted under duress.
Following an international campaign the men were released in late 2008. But on 27 December 2012, the Appeal Court upheld the original verdict and sent them back to prison. No new evidence was heard.
July monthly action
26 Sep 2013, 04:33pm


Bright shining Christmas bulbs, beautiful holiday flower arrangements, and delicious homemade cookies and treats are all things that make the holidays a special time of year for us all. For our household pets, however, it can mean an encounter with a "Holiday Hazard".
Christmas trees and their decorations are a sign of the season, however, special care needs to be taken when it comes to our companion pets. Tree food or preservative used in the water for your tree can be toxic to your pet. Prevent access to the water meant for the tree, but keep THEIR water bowl full at all times.
Tinsel, ribbon, and ornaments for the tree can pose the risk of a foreign body ingestion and/or a very upset stomach. Signs of foreign body ingestion include lethargy, inappetance, and vomiting.
Electrical cords and batteries used for lighting of the tree can be tempting as well. Be sure cords and batteries are out of reach of household pets.
Holiday flowers can be a risk to our pets. Poinsettia, Christmas Cactus, American Mistletoe, and American Holly are all popular in holiday decorations, gifts, and arrangements. All of these can cause gastrointestinal upset, and some of them can be fatal. If you have these plants in your home during the holiday season, be sure to place them where your animal will be unable to reach them.
The wonderful foods we enjoy during the holidays are also off limits to our pets. Chocolate, coffee, fatty foods, garlic, grapes, onions, salt, Macadamia nuts, alcoholic beverages, avocados, and yeast breads are just some of the foods that can cause your pet to become very ill. If you suspect your pet has eaten chocolate and you are concerned that it may be a toxic amount, visit our Chocolate Toxicity page for more information. Many pet and specialty stores make safe pet treats for the holidays, so stick to "pet-only" treats to avoid possible illness. Keeping animals confined during holiday parties where plates of food will be readily available can also help. It's also important to let your friends and family know what is OK for your pet to eat.
If you suspect your pet as eaten any of these items, contact us at 262-569-0801. If you need to reach someone after-hours or on the weekends, contact the Emergency Veterinary Service in Waukesha at 262-542-3241. Other numbers that may be helpful include the Animal Poison Hotline at 888-232-8870 and the Animal Poison Control Center at the ASPCA at 888-426-4435. Be aware that the poison control centers may charge a fee.
The entire staff of Hallett Veterinary Hospital hopes you and your pets have a wonderful Holiday Season and a Happy New Year!!


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فارسی/ دری
Women's Rights and Transitions to Democracy: An Annotated Bibliography
Bibliographies & Resources
Publication Author:
AWID
Languages available:
This bibliography intends to contribute to the desire for learning and engagement identified by activists in the Middle East and North Africa region when reflecting on the aftermath of fast unfolding transitions in the region. Such transitions, while specific to the context of MENA, are not unique in their occurrences around the world. Experiences and practices of feminists from around the world engaged in similar, even if not identical, struggles towards the democratization of their countries with a gendered lens and a feminist politics constitute an important knowledge bank that activists can draw upon, learn from, and engage with. This resource mapping aims to fill the gap realized in various convenings and conversations of a lack of information sharing and knowledge bridging among feminists across the regions that experienced similar uprisings; particularly along south-south and east-south lines.
This publication represents a research mapping of key resources, publications and materials on transitions to democracy and women's rights in different countries of the world that have undergone such processes, such as: Indonesia, Chile, South Africa, Nepal, Mexico, Argentina, Poland, Ukraine, as well as within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It provides bibliographic information and short summaries of resources which succinctly identify the contextual changes and challenges facing women in those particular transitional moments, as well as clearly delineates the ways in which women's rights activists sought to confront those challenges and what lessons were learned.
We hope that this collection of ideas, research, analysis and experiences provides the kind of rich ingredients needed to create new recipes for confronting old and new challenges. By sharing these texts, our goal is to make links across borders, expand possibilities and knowledge, and invite debate, reflection, and inspiration for women's rights organizations and activists in the MENA region. While every moment and space has its own unique flavor and history, highlighting connections to similar challenges and aspirations allows us all to bring things in conversation with one another, imagine a new vantage point into a problem, and increase our sense of belonging and purpose and thus our capacity to stay strong in the face of the seemingly impossible. It is the collective strength of a movement that gives it the power to create change. The goal with this publication is not that one specific text will necessarily help illuminate new solutions, but that the combined knowledge and analysis from a variety of sources will provide readers with an opportunity to expand their horizons and foster connections. In our small way, we hope to contribute to furthering the democratization of knowledge, and supporting women's rights movements in the MENA to continue building an inclusive transition process that will result in advancements of social justice and gender equality.
Full resource at: http://menaresources.awid.org/
Yemen war survivor struggles to provide education to women
Harvard Women's Law Association honours Shadi Sadr for contributions to human rights, women & LGBT rights in Iran
Leading human rights lawyer Asma Jahangir passes away in Lahore
Iran protests latest: Pictures showing Tehran woman removing hijab during anti-government rally hailed as symbol of defiance
The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Fatou Bensouda, requests judicial authorisation to commence an investigation into the Situation in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
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URGENT APPEAL ON BEHALF OF EGYPTIAN HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS
Women Living Under Muslim Laws (WLUML) condemns the harassment of Sri Lankan activist Sharmila Seyyid
Saudi Arabia: Release Maysaa Alamoudi and Loujain Alhathloul
Call for Iraqi Women Victimized by ISIS
Support KMEWO in demanding Justice for Dunya!
Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms
Thematic report on article 16, Muslim Family Law and Muslim Women's Rights in Singapore
Building Civil Societies
Special Issue: Gender and Fundamentalism
The Relationship between Feminism and State Policies for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The National Strategy for the Elimination of Violence against Women as an Example
Donate to WLUML
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Zeitwerk Date ref. 148.038. The polished white gold 44.2 mm case comes on a brown alligator strap. Crafted from solid silver, the light-grey dial details a digital display, an outer date ring, and rhodiumed white gold hands. The outer date ring highlights the current date in red for maximum visibility. The sapphire case back showcases calibre L043.8.


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Stories from Monday, July 7, 2014
Alta native murdered in Louisiana (Local News ~ 07/07/14)
A former Alta resident was gunned down in a Louisiana town after the noise he reportedly made banging on a door awoke an angry neighbor. Police in Houma, La., say 29-year-old James Rube, now of Gray, LA, was shot at approximately 3 a.m. Sunday after he was knocking at the door of his ex-girlfriend. ...
Pizza Ranch set to open first store in Storm Lake (Local News ~ 07/07/14)
A massive western style barn appears to have sprung up amid the business district lining West Milwaukee. It isn't livestock or farming gear inside though, this barn will soon be filled with customers devouring pizza, as the location is home to Pizza Ranch's newest location, and the first Pizza Ranch in Storm Lake...
Last lap efforts earn wins in eighth week of racing (Community Sports ~ 07/07/14)
Leading by a few car links over his brother, David Smith needed to drive three perfect laps to collect his second win of the season at Buena Vista Raceway Wednesday night. His brother, Devin, would take the high line in turns one and two, but swing down low in three into four. Meanwhile David stayed true to his line in the middle of the racetrack...
Laser tag in Storm Lake establishes itself as kid playground (Local News ~ 07/07/14)
For five to ten minutes the only thing that is visible amongst the smoky blackness is a neon creature on the wall, and the occasional red. or green line being pointed right at the enemy. In intense action, intruders pop up from every corner and crevice, no one place is truly safe from the Christmas colored lasers that are aimed everywhere...
Sioux Central baseball coach eclipses the 600-win mark in his 30th season with the program (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
Jeff Scharn is a big guy. Standing at 6-foot-4, 225 pounds, he towers over most people let alone the baseball players he coaches for Sioux Central. In his 30th season at the helm of the baseball program he has a win total that does the same. Last Saturday, the Rebels took out West Monona in tournament play in Granville. ...
A hard fought loss for the Panthers (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
STORM LAKE- The St. Mary's Panthers baseball team fought hard, despite the 5-2 loss to Alta-Aurelia Thursday night. Thursday night was considered Wordekemper night because they were retiring his jersey. The Panthers took the lead in the first after Eric Broich walked, Ryan Peters singled, and Cole Feltner walked to load the bases with one out. Josh Demers grounded into a fielder's choice that allowed a run to score...
Panthers defeated by Warriors (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
STORM LAKE-The St. Mary's softball team was defeated 6-1 Thursday night by the Alta-Aurelia Warriors. The scoring didn't start until the fifth when Alta-Aurelia scored six in the top of the fifth and St. Mary's scored one in the bottom. That was all the scoring that was done...
Mustangs defeat Rebels in shut-out (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
FONDA- The Newell-Fonda Mustangs softball team defeated Sioux Central 10-0 Thursday night. Newell-Fonda wasn't able to get anything done in the first or second innings. In the bottom of the third, Maddi Morenz lead off the inning with a single. She was advanced to third on a Sioux Central error. She later scored on a ground out by Renee Maneman to end the inning with the Mustangs up 1-0...
A hard fought loss for the Raptors (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
LAWTON- The Ridge View Raptors Softball team travelled to Lawton to compete in the Western Valley Conference Tourney, where they competed against River Valley. It was a good game both ways as River Valley came out on the winning end with a hard fought 4-3 win in 12 innings at Thursday night's game...
Raptors squeeze out win (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
HOLSTEIN- The Ridge View baseball team fought hard for the 4-3 win Thursday over Westwood, Sloan. Getting the win on the mound for the Raptors was Josh Gross who pitched five and 1/3 innings giving up one unearned run, four hits, two bases on balls and striking out three. Also contributing on the mound for the Raptors was Matt Wandrey who pitched one and 2/3 innings giving up two earned runs, a hit, five bases on balls and struck out two...
Ridge view falls short of win (High School Sports ~ 07/07/14)
EARLY-The Ridge View Raptors baseball team received a hard loss thursday losing 7-5 to East Sac County. All of the scoring took place in the first three innings of this game. Zeros from the 4th inning on. The Raptors scored four in the second and one in the third...
15 years after conviction as a teenage murderer, Zarate gets another day in court (Local News ~ 07/07/14)
After 15 years in prison, Rene Zarate is looking for an a chance to possibly go free someday. Zarate was 15 was he was arrested for first degree murder in 2001, after a Storm Lake man was stabbed 50 times in a trailer park. Zarate was sentenced to life without possibility of parole, standard policy in first degree murder cases in Iowa. ...


Sun dappled waters, the sea breeze on your skin...a special river side wedding cruise brought to you by Knot Magazine as we set sail aboard Moyana.
Cornwall holds a special place in the hearts of many couples. With its' beautiful coves and laid back attitude no wonder it is one of the UK's most popular wedding destinations. The Fal river is an area on the south coast of Cornwall stretching from Truro to Falmouth via the intricate estuaries via the Roseland Peninsular (where I live). A place full of outstanding natural beauty and mystical legend.
The Fal River ferry company have just published their 3rd edition of Knot Magazine, a guide to help couples plain their wedding along the River Fal. You can even say your vows aboard one of their river cruises. I have teamed up with them for this dreamy photo shoot using my Kynance shell crown made with shells from The Roseland's very shores! (This wasn't the first time model Zoe was able to play dress up in this crown).
Each one of my crowns are made to order and can be individually customised to suit your inner mermaids desire!
To order your free copy of Knot magazine simply get in touch with me and I'll send you one in th post (while stocks last).


Abstract—In many application of noise cancellation, the changes in signal characteristics could be quite fast. This requires the utilization of adaptive algorithms, which converge rapidly. Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Normalized Least Mean Squares (NLMS) adaptive filters have been used in a wide range of signal processing application because of its simplicity in computation and implementation. The Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm has established itself as the "ultimate" adaptive filtering algorithm in the sense that it is the adaptive filter exhibiting the best convergence behavior. Unfortunately, practical implementations of the algorithm are often associated with high computational complexity and/or poor numerical properties. Recently adaptive filtering was presented, have a nice tradeoff between complexity and the convergence speed. This paper describes a new approach for noise cancellation in speech enhancement using the two new adaptive filtering algorithms named fast affine projection algorithm and fast Euclidean direction search algorithms for attenuating noise in speech signals. The simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the two new algorithms in attenuating the noise.
Index Terms—Adaptive Filter, Least Mean Squares, Normalized Least Mean Squares, Recursive Least Squares, Fast Affine Projection, Fast Euclidean Direction Search, Noise Cancellation, and Speech Enhancement.
S. A. Hadei is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: a.hadei@modares.ac.ir).
M. Lotfizad is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O.Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran. (e-mail: lotfizad@modares.ac.ir).
Cite: Sayed. A. Hadei and M. lotfizad, "A Family of Adaptive Filter Algorithms in Noise Cancellation for Speech Enhancement," International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 307-315, 2010.


Our clients can avail from us a wide range of Belt Grinding Contact Wheel. Our range of contact wheels is available in various diameter and width. Leveraging on our enriched industry experience, we are engaged in manufacturing and exporting a huge gamut of Belt Grinding Contact Wheel.
The MultiTool Belt Grinding Attachment turns an ordinary bench grinder into an incredibly versatile metal finishing tool. The belt grinder has three contact options: the flat platen, the contact wheel and the slack belt.