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Chapter: 2 Key Variables to Monitor in the Long Term
« Previous: 1 Introduction
Suggested Citation:"2 Key Variables to Monitor in the Long Term." National Research Council. 2006. Toward an Integrated Arctic Observing Network. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11607.
In identifying key variables, the Committee was guided by its vision, expressed in Chapter 1, that an integrated Arctic Observing Network (AON) should provide easily accessible, timely, long-term, pan-arctic observations that detect the fundamental variations in the arctic system, can easily be compared and analyzed, and help improve understanding of how the arctic system functions and changes.
The task of identifying key variables1 to monitor in such a broad, multidisciplinary network is challenging. Recognizing that a single discipline might take many years to settle on its own "key" variables, and that in some disciplines or communities these key variables have yet to be agreed upon, the Committee developed a purposely broad list of 31 key variables. Clearly, not all variables listed will be key to all disciplines or stakeholders. The list is expected to evolve and grow over time as the value of particular variables is demonstrated, as new questions arise, and as resources allow. The Committee's intent with this list is to stimulate discussion.
The Committee's deliberations on key variables revealed that this approach is readily applied to physical variables but becomes harder in the biological and human dimensions realms. Similar difficulties have led some groups (e.g., Study of Environmental Arctic Change planners) to follow different paths toward setting measurement priorities. These alternate approaches focus on determining inter-relationships among variables, elucidating the workings of processes, or addressing key questions driving the science. A pertinent example of a scientific driver is the attribution of recent change. The AON will accommodate both question-driven observations and the key variables approach by integrating the data streams resulting from a variety of programs in a unified form. The AON is envisioned as a backbone of the observing activities that will outlive most of the theme-driven projects that contribute observations. On the other hand, the results from theme-driven programs will clarify which variables deserve inclusion in the AON.
Many of the key variables identified here are already being measured at many sites. However, formulating the list of key variables can lead to observing system enhancements by identifying variables that are needed in many disciplines and by highlighting the need for available and accessible data on these variables. In particular, cross-disciplinary assessments of the need for pan-arctic datasets of these variables can help prioritize the network expansions that will serve the greatest needs in integrated monitoring.
As illustration, assume that an observing station measures 500 variables including 10 that are "AON key variables." The data related to these variables could be reported in a standardized way, undergo a quality control step, and then contribute to a pan-arctic dataset that is served through a single entry point—a central portal.2 An incentive for observatories to contribute their data to a pan-arctic network could be the knowledge that some of the variables they are measuring are important in an international context and that participation in the network could result in additional funding. In addition, they would be able to use the pan-arctic datasets for comparative studies.
As the Committee worked to identify key variables, it recognized that the term caused some confusion and that, in fact, there were two terms of importance: key variable and
What is a "variable?" Zackenberg Station in northeast Greenland measures over 2,500 "variables." If temperature is measured in the air and down a soil profile, this is considered several variables by those at Zackenberg. At Abisko, Sweden, temperature is considered to be one variable even if measured at 10 sites. For the purposes of this report, temperature is a single variable—whether measured in ocean, atmosphere, or at depth in the ground. In other words, the Committee's usage of the term does not separate measurements of the same variable whether measured in the atmosphere, within permafrost, or in a human, for example.
Standardized observations and quality control for local and traditional knowledge components of the AON will take special consideration (see Chapter 5).
key indicator variable. A key variable is a variable that is fundamental and related to questions that are important throughout the Arctic, is essential to an overall understanding of the arctic system, and is also relevant at the local scale. A key variable is a necessary component of integrated monitoring because changes in associated variables cannot be understood without knowledge of changes in the key variable. The key variable is a disaggregated driver of lower-level changes.3 An example is temperature.4
A key indicator variable is a response variable or index that can be conveniently measured to denote changes in one or more key variables. Examples are phenology (the timing of events) and indices of human activity. For example, the proportion of whales harvested in open water by an arctic community during autumn rather than spring can be an indicator of climate-driven changes in sea ice cover. Key indicator variables may manifest themselves differently at different locations.
In the framework to be used here, a key variable is a key variable whether its variations are obtained from direct measurements or by proxy methods. A proxy measurement of a key variable is an indirect estimation of the key variable, usually consisting of a measurement preserved in some physical manifestation. An example is tree ring width or density in fossil and modern wood samples: from the patterns of ring widths, one can infer variability in environmental variables such as, for example, temperature. The value of proxies to monitoring networks is that they provide historical context for the contemporary measurements and instrument records. They also improve data products that arise from reanalysis efforts. Beyond tree rings, other examples of proxies include ice and lake sediment cores and local and traditional knowledge of environmental history. Proxy records often share a common threat of being lost (perhaps through melting of an ice cap in which a climate record is preserved or through death of a village elder). Data in old formats are similarly at risk of being lost.
WAYS OF GROUPING KEY VARIABLES
Variables can be grouped in many ways. One approach is to organize variables according to underlying concepts. These concepts define the basic state of the physical, biological, chemical, and human environment, and identify and characterize natural variability and anthropogenic change. These concepts represent the most basic approach to system understanding and to the identification of the causes of change (e.g., physical-chemical drivers, human and biological drivers, environmental impacts, human and biological responses). Integrated monitoring is a particularly effective approach for recording these variables, and field manipulation experiments can be performed to obtain relationships among them. Such an approach is particularly useful for testing process formulations in models.
This conceptual approach is the most consistent with the AON vision statement because this way of thinking provides an umbrella for the individual questions, hypotheses, and themes, and it facilitates a pan-arctic focus and long-term perspective. In addition, this approach is inclusive in its philosophy, cross-disciplinary, and represents a stable base that can evolve as key questions, access to the Arctic, technology, and human needs change. Although there are other ways of categorizing variables, such as organizing by problems or research theme, organizing by concept has the distinct advantage that the concepts are less likely to change over time than questions or themes. Thus, the Committee prefers an organization that is founded on state variables but presents other options to encourage discussion. These other options entail grouping by practicality and approach, grouping by synergies (i.e., creating benefits that only arise from a suite of measurements or combination of measurements and existing data), and grouping by timescale.
Grouping by What Is Practical
Groupings can be based on discipline, theme, and measurement approach. For example, variables can be classified by major disciplines: atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, terrestrial. Themes that can provide the basis for classifications include biodiversity, land cover, and sustainable resource use. In terms of measurement approach, variables can be organized by platform (satellite, observatory, human observers, buoys, etc.), thereby maximizing the use of existing expertise and the cost-effectiveness of infrastructure. In addition, classifications can be responsive to initiatives that define their own information needs. Examples are the International Polar Year and the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. These initiatives can provide structure and permanence to data. Finally, variables can be classified by stakeholder priorities such as the priorities of arctic communities.
Grouping by Synergies
A classification scheme can be based on one of a number of types of synergy. For example, synergies among existing and new monitoring activities can lead logically to groupings of variables. Synergies can also arise from better use of existing data (e.g., satellite images, photographs, biological samples that have untapped potential). For example, precipitation data collected by weather stations and then thrown
To be clear, this definition does not preclude a key variable from changing.
Consider the changing migration pattern of a caribou herd. The fundamental driver (key variable) could be temperature, which might be linked to changes in migration pattern because of its effect on vegetation phenology and composition, snow cover, and consequently the availability of food. These changes are lower-level responses that are driven by changes in the key variable temperature. Lower-level changes such as migration pattern are then indicators of changes in the key variable temperature.
away can instead be analyzed for pollutant chemistry, biological propagules, and isotopic composition. Improved interactions among existing networks can lead to synergies by revealing common needs or shared interests, for example, as can bridging of disciplines or domains such as physical science and local and traditional knowledge.
Grouping by Timescale
Classifications of variables can be based on the different timescales of measurements such as real-time (e.g., weather observations), seasonal (e.g., caribou locations, snowpack water equivalent), annual (e.g., permafrost temperature and active layer depth), decadal (e.g., land cover change), or longer timescales related to paleo studies. Another time-related differentiation is between "surprises" (i.e., unexpected occurrences) and steady change. Local observations can be a very cost-effective source of change detection and early warning (e.g., Chapin, 2005). Local observations can capture changes that are not easily tracked by measurements made at constant intervals or at low resolution.
When grouping by timescale, it is essential to begin with a clear understanding of how the collected data will be organized because the observation strategy influences the sampling frequency (i.e., an intense decadal survey would perhaps rely on many mobile platforms whereas a permanent station network might be needed for the higher frequency monitoring).
IDENTIFYING KEY VARIABLES
Because the selection of key variables often depends on a particular context or application, many such variables have been identified for particular programs or for particular purposes by the planners for those activities (e.g., the Essential Climate Variables of the Global Climate Observing System). The Committee drew from these identified sets of variables the ones that, in the context of the preceding discussion, can be regarded as describing the basic state of and trends in the arctic environment. These variables support the AON vision. That is, they enable detection of fundamental variations in the arctic system, help improve understanding of how the arctic system functions and changes, and can easily be compared and analyzed. In further prioritizing the list, the Committee sought variables that, when they change, have major consequences for the arctic and/or global system and humanity.
An important question that arises is "what is the appropriate number of key variables for this first phase of the AON?" Is it reasonable to consider the AON focusing on a small number of clearly important phenomena or must it include a wide range of variables? The Committee is charged to consider the "ideal" network and the "minimal" network, so is it reasonable to strive for a small total number of key variables? In the Committee's view, it is unrealistic to include only a small number of variables when considering the arctic system as an integrated system, spanning an extremely broad spectrum of needed information, and for that reason Table 2.1 lists 31 variables.
From a practical perspective, however, it is unlikely that pan-arctic datasets of all these variables can be produced with sufficient measurement density from the outset. There is a need to start with a reasonably limited subset and build incrementally from that point as resources allow and priorities evolve. Beginning with a subset of key variables could also show proof of concept and stimulate the necessary interest and resources to improve measurement density for these variables and gradually build up the number of key variables receiving focused attention.
Given the preceding discussion, the question then becomes how to prioritize effort among the key variables for the first phase of the AON. The immediacy of an initial phase of the AON suggests three considerations in the assignment of priority:
Key variables (or their proxies) that are at risk of being lost. This might include information in ice cores from diminishing ice caps or ice sheets, knowledge of elders, biological materials—for example, DNA of threatened species or long-term measurement records that are being terminated such as data from arctic river gauging stations or glacier mass balance networks. Reanalysis, where applicable, would guide where to focus effort.
Key variables for which there are critical data gaps. Undoubtedly, some key variables have poorer coverage than others. Perhaps having particulary weak coverage among the key variables should move a variable higher up the priority list. Feasibility is also a factor in prioritizing which critical gap to fill. That is, could the available technology and logistics enable the gap-filling for certain key variables more readily than others?
Key variables that have broad public appeal or are easily conveyed to the public. Examples include numbers of polar bears or extent of glacier retreat. These kinds of variables might help with broad buy-in to the value of the AON.
Table 2.1 summarizes variables that have been identified by the Committee as an initial set of essential measurements for the AON. Because of the AON's broad geographic and disciplinary scope, the list has 31 variables. The preceding discussion offers ideas for prioritizing effort among them. All of these key variables fulfill the criteria laid out in this chapter—they define the basic state of the environment and many of them can be used to improve understanding of the arctic system and identify and characterize change. The list
TABLE 2.1 The Arctic Observing Network's 31 Key Variables and Key Indicator Variables
Variablea
Examples of Why the Variable Is Important
Critical and Major Gaps in Observations (spatial, temporal, or thematic)
PHYSICAL VARIABLES
Albedo (K)
Influences global change (through changes in cloud, land, and ocean cover—including ice and snow cover)
Time sequences of fields of albedo, particularly in vegetated areas where there is masking, and also over ice
Elevation/bathymetry (including shoreline) (K)
A fundamental measure of shape of Earth's surface
Influences ocean and atmosphere circulation (including microclimate)
Reveals coastal erosion
Controls how materials are transported
Important for glacier motion
Potential hazards for transportation
Whole Arctic Ocean (patchy coverage)
Coverage at high resolution (elevation in coastal regions)
Ice characteristics (including thickness, extent, and concentration) (K)
Influences arctic energy balance
Reservoir of stored fresh water
Affects coastal erosion
Influences marine and lacustrine transportation
Affects biological habitat
Affects hunting success
Sea ice thickness everywhere
Sea ice concentration in summer
Sea ice extent in coastal areas
Glacier thickness
Permafrost thickness and ground ice concentration
Precipitation (K)
Controls biological community distribution
Influences human water supply and causes droughts and flooding
Topographically complex areas
River systems smaller than the Arctic's 10 largest systems
Southeast Alaska to Prince William Sound
Pressure (K)
Driver of winds and ocean circulation, glacier motion (i.e., basal pressure)
Marginal seas
Central Arctic Ocean (below surface)
Radiation (K) (spectral composition and fluxes from thermosphere to shallow ocean)
Ultimate driver of weather and climate, biological activity, human health (e.g., UV damage)
Spectrally resolved radiation
Surface across entire arctic
Salinity (K)
Affects ocean density distribution and circulation
Affects biological community distribution and populations
Snow depth/water equivalent (K)
Affects arctic energy balance
Insulates underlying soils/sea ice
Affects biological activity (e.g., caribou distributions, ringed seal reproduction)
Affects winter transportation for humans
Perennial sea ice
Entire Arctic Ocean
Distribution on land
Soil moisture (K)
Affects runoff, vegetation, biological productivity, terrestrial transportation
Everywhere in subsurface areas
Temperature (K)
Direct measure of global warming
Moderates all chemical and biochemical reactions
Controls biological community boundaries
Causes changes in permafrost that affect infrastructure
Entire Arctic Ocean plus subarctic seas
Atmosphere (especially above the first few meters)
Terrestrial subsurface (particularly in the Central Siberia, Russian North East, and areas in Canada and China)
Lack of year-round temperature in ocean
Velocity (K)
Feature of weather (storms, winds), ocean circulation, glacier motion, river runoff
Arctic Ocean and marginal seas; height-resolved circulation above troposphere and over oceans
Water vapor concentration (including cloud properties) (K)
Influences radiation budget (both up- and down-welling) through attenuation of UV-B
Cloud and precipitation formation if aerosols are present
Strongest radiatively active gas (i.e., more than carbon dioxide)
Accelerates stratospheric ozone depletion if ice crystal deposition occurs
Subarctic seas
Freshwater flux (I)
Influences ocean salinity and circulation
Has impacts on fisheries, landscape change and human habitation and travel, wetland distribution
Declining number of gauging stations plus not always at river mouth
Glacier runoff
Small rivers
Contributions to Bering Strait
Lake level (I)
Affects human and other biological habitation and activity, water resources and fisheries, land use, lacustrine transportation
A key land-water boundary and indicator of water balance
Entire arctic
Sea level (I)
Influences coastal dynamics, human and other biological habitation and activity, oil and gas exploration, marine transportation
Alaskan and Canadian coastline
Russian Arctic: many sites are not operational
Greenland—more than half of the Danish gauges in Greenland have been abandoned
Aerosol concentration (K)
(physical or biogeochemical variable)
Influences air quality and human health, atmospheric energy balance, global climate, cloud formation
Aerosol chemistry
Limited beyond ARM sites (over time or space)
Land cover (I)
Influences habitat fragmentation, water balance, coastal erosion, transportation, animal migration, biological community boundary change, land use and management
High resolution surface characteristics
BIOGEOCHEMICAL VARIABLES
Atmospheric chemistry and the contribution of trace gases (ozone, nitrous oxide, methane) (K)
Influences human health (ozone)
Most are radiatively active gasses
Relevant to carbon sequestration
Reveals nitrous oxide releases
Reveals effects of land use/cover change
Quantitative understanding of sources, sinks, and chemical processes in lower atmosphere
Biodiversity (including species distributions) (I)
Reveals natural and anthropogenic impacts on species richness and ecosystems, invasive species impacts, endangered species impacts
Indicator of ecosystem structure
Basic species list for the Arctic
Genetic libraries
Basic nomenclature
Biomass (K)
Relevant to food supply; ecosystem health, structure, and function; carbon sequestration and allocation; ocean color (i.e., by influencing albedo and thus transmission of light);
Affects albedo by masking of snow
Frequency and methods for assessing biomass on land, ocean, sea ice
Carbon concentration (K)
Impact on global warming (radiatively active gas—carbon dioxide, methane)
Influences biological productivity, carbon sequestration, food web dynamics, ecosystem structure
Terrestrial (including surface) observations and in biosphere (particularly in Russia and Canada)
Winter coverage
Nutrient concentration (K)
Affects primary production, ecosystem structure and function, food webs/trophic interactions, energy fluxes
Fundamental element of life
Localized measurements (soils, vegetation, water)
Understanding of function in biocomplex systems
Contaminant concentration (I)
Affects human and animal health, water quality, atmospheric composition
Indicator of anthropogenic activity and impacts
U.S. arctic
Critical chemical species
Gaps in human levels
Dissolved oxygen concentration (I)
Indicator of biological production and exchange with the atmosphere
Frequency of temporal coverage and density of spatial coverage
Phenology, organismal behavior, and performance (I)
Reveals changes in bud break, growing season, migratory timing, food availability for migrant birds, reproductive success, albedo, and carbon sequestration
Indicator of timing and success of biological events
Allometric data
Hibernation ecology
Tracer chemistry (natural tracers rather than localized tracer additions) (biogeochemical or physical variable) (I)
Indicator of biogeochemical and physical processes, changes in pathways, climate-water interactions
Reveals fundamental properties of aquatic systems
Spatial and temporal patchiness throughout the arctic system
Frequently, lack of multitracer approaches
HUMAN-DIMENSION VARIABLES
Human demographics (population size and structure (K), births, deaths, migration (I))
Impacted by and impacting climate change, resources, globalization, infrastructure, governance, resource availability and utilization, land use, capacity of ecosystems to support subsistence economy, patterns and variability in social change, population sizes/habitat fragmentation
Disaggregated data by gender, indigenous/nonindigenous
Regional gaps
Health (e.g., birth weight, breast milk quality, cause of death, cultural health) (I)
Help reveal quality of life, standard of living, human potential
Indicator of human condition
Mental health and diet
Cultural diversity (I)
Cultural diversity (indigenous participation in government and research, languages in use, religious membership)
Education (e.g., graduates, enrollment) (I)
Understanding needs for education
Economic indicators (e.g., employment, subsistence, government structure) (I)
Help reveal quality of life, human-environment relations, social change
Show effects of globalization and devolution of control to local people
Indicator of human activity
Assessment of new institutions in the Arctic
Tracking employment opportunities
Disaggregation of economic indicators (e.g., gender differences)
NOTE: Column 1 lists the variable plus whether it is a key variable (K) or a key indicator variable (I). Column 2 gives examples of why the variable is important. Column 3 gives examples of major and critical gaps in observations. Variables are arranged alphabetically followed by assignment to one of three clusters—physical, biogeochemical, or human. There are intimate relationships among variables in the three clusters, so these assignments are not necessarily perfect or unchangeable. Furthermore, a continued discussion of the human variables in particular will require input from fields not included in this Committee, and more work will be needed to incorporate this dimension into the AON. The list is, as stated earlier, intended as a starting point for discussion.
aK = key variable, I = key indicator variable.
is based on the Committee's collective experience and expertise and information gathered during this study. Although the Committee's composition introduces an inevitable subjective component to the compilation process, the list represents the Committee's consensus and is intended to serve as a starting point for establishing AON measurement priorities.
The table is divided into three clusters—physical, biogeochemical, and human dimensions. It became clear to the Committee that the "key variables" approach, although required by the charge given to the Committee, does not fit all aspects of the observing system equally. This approach is better suited to physical variables than to biogeochemical and human ones. The concept is loosened up for these later two categories, and in the future these components in particular will need further attention. The table also highlights critical gaps in observations. Because the table is a compilation of variables for which present observing networks are in widely different stages of evolution, the critical gaps vary from spatial or temporal details to thematic considerations. The latter are more common among the biogeochemical and human-dimension variables.
Next: 3 Arctic Observations: Existing Activities and Gaps »


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Supports for hospitality
Thu, Dec 2, 2021, 01:18
Sir, – We were told there would be no "cliff edge" [for hospitality businesses] but it seems that's exactly where we're headed.
Let's be clear, no restaurateur, hotelier or publican wants to survive on Government handouts. Most of us are entrepreneurs who banked our homes, and sacrificed family life and social life to build our businesses.
We have spent the past two years pivoting and worrying and making ends meet and finally things started looking up. We were back to doing what we do, feeding the public and hosting parties.
Then everyone was told to stay at home, not attend parties and work from home, in effect, our customers were told not to buy from us but we could remain open, a sort of a lockdown, but worse.
This is not the time for the Government to reduce support for the hospitality industry. There will be a time, and we look forward to that, but not now, please! – Yours, etc,
BARBARA BERMAN,
Glenageary,
Mica redress scheme
Action on anti-Semitism blah blah blah
Covid and science education
Petrol and diesel cars not part of solution
Who is running this country?
Travel and antigen tests
Revolut Toy Show donation
Shopping local and making choices
Clontarf Golf Club
Remembering Mary Maher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tony Blair – 2002 Speech to the Confederation of Indian Industry
September 12, 2015 admin	2002, Speeches, Tony Blair
Below is the text of a speech made by the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, to the Confederation of Indian Industry in Bangalore, India, on Saturday 5th January 2002.
I'm glad to see today such an impressive turnout of both British and Indian companies and so many representatives of key Indian business organisations at this Indo-British Partnership Summit.
I pay especial tribute to both Narayana Murthy and David Jefferies, Co-Chairmen of the Partnership which has proved such a success over the last nine years.
But the partnership between our nations goes much further than that. It has strong roots in a long shared history. You can see that history every day on the streets of both modern India and modern Britain.
Today, as well as our business and trade links, we are joining together in the fight against terrorism. I want to express our total solidarity with you in the face of recent terrorist outrages in India.
There can be no room in any civilised society for organisations such as Lashkar e Toiba and Jaish Mohammed – groups banned by the British government some time ago. The appalling attacks on India's Parliament of 13 December and on the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly on 1 October demonstrate more clearly than ever the threat such fanatics pose not just to your democracy, but to all democracies – and to civilised values in the whole world.
Of course, people are entitled to pursue their political views by legitimate means. But the indiscriminate and deliberate murder of civilians to cause chaos and mutilation defiles any political cause. The 11 September attacks in America have changed attitudes towards terrorism. The action against the Al Qa'ida network in Afghanistan has shown international determination. Al Qa'ida failed in their effort to break the West and its economies. They are now themselves broken in Afghanistan.
I am very proud of the role that Britain has played since September 11. Diplomatically, in the UN, and in the alliances we have built to good effect as we have sought to maintain and strengthen the international case against terrorism. On the humanitarian front, where our own Department for International Development has a deservedly high reputation, and where Governments and aid agencies have frankly exceeded all expectations in the help they have managed to get to those who need it most inside Afghanistan. And of course militarily, where Britain has played its part both in offensive operations against the Taliban and the Al Qa'ida network, and where we now lead the International Security Assistance Force helping the new interim administration in Kabul.
I am proud of our role not just because it is the right thing to do, and because we have been able to make a contribution, but also because in today's globally inter-dependent world, foreign policy and domestic policy are part of the same thing. Dealing with international terrorism abroad is not just right in itself. It is vital to our economy, our jobs, our stability and security.
Of course, there is much focus at the moment on the issue of Kashmir and the acts of terrorism connected with it. This will feature heavily in my discussions over the coming days here and in Pakistan. But one thing is clear. Only politics not terror can solve issues like this. And the starting point of any dialogue must be the total and absolute rejection of actions such as those of 1 October and 13 December. I view an attack on your Parliament with every bit as much outrage as I would an attack on the Parliament in which I sit. It was an attack on democracy itself. Terrorism is terrorism wherever it occurs, whoever are its victims.
BRITAIN AND INDIA – WORKING TOGETHER
Today, inevitably, I speak against the background of September 11 and the tension here in this sub-continent. But I want to set even these events in a wider context: how Britain and India work together, with others, to confront terrorism; but also how we build support for the policies and values that promote peace and justice and mitigate against extremism and terror, in all nations everywhere.
For terrorism is not new. Fanaticism is not new. What is new is the combination of terrorism, fanaticism and the technological capability to wreak vast and inhumane devastation, whether by acts of terror, weapons of mass destruction, or other means. And even without either the terrorist or the fanatic, the challenges we face of environmental degradation, poverty and the uneven spread of globalisation are more than enough to occupy us.
The dangers are clear. Sometimes the opportunities are less so. Yet the possibilities of technological and scientific advance, particularly now in the new field of genetics, are immense. And the world has recovered from its 20th century infatuation with fundamentalist political ideology, though religious fundamentalism remains a potent threat.
For most politicians, ready to listen and learn from an analysis of the developments of the last few years, the basic rules of what works and what doesn't, what advances a nation and what holds it back, are increasing plain.
In any country I visit, from the mighty USA to still impoverished Bangladesh, the basic rules are there to be followed. It's not always easy to follow them, of course; but it is relatively easy to discern them. Let me set them out; and then let us see how Britain and India can work jointly to help achieve them.
AN OPEN ECONOMY
First, any successful economy needs to conform to certain basics. It should be an open economy, willing to let capital and goods move freely. It needs financial and monetary discipline – the markets and investors swiftly punish the profligate. It needs to encourage business and enterprise – to create an enabling climate for entrepreneurs. A few years ago, people might have stopped there. But now we can add confidently: the successful economy also must invest heavily in human capital, technology and infrastructure. Education is a top economic as well as social priority. High levels of unemployment and social exclusion do not just disfigure society, they waste the national resource of human talent. That is why both Britain and India place such emphasis on it today, backed by businesses that know that without the skills, the economy cannot progress. This is the role of the enabling state. These rules are tough though. They require nations to open markets and that can be painful. And they require political leaders to fund investment where benefits may not be fully realised within the electoral cycle.
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY
Secondly, good governance and democracy are not just right in themselves, they are, at least at a certain juncture, critical to political and economic progress. These include not just regard to proper elections, the absence of corruption, respect for human rights. They also include well-functioning commercial, fiscal and legal systems. People need to know the rule of law is not an empty phrase. They need to know that taxes will be collected and litigation fought over, in a fair and open system. It is hugely to India's credit that, with all its difficulties and vast population, it provides such governance. Increasingly in the field of development assistance, donor nations are realising that help with a proper system of government or law is at least as crucial, sometimes more so, than cash.
Thirdly, the welfare state of the future is based on a social contract between citizens. The relationship cannot simply be one of give by the state and take by the recipient. It must encompass rights and duties. We have a very generous programme to help unemployment in Britain. But we insist that opportunities given are matched by a responsibility to make the most of them or state benefit can be withdrawn. And part of this social contract concerns criminal behaviour. The young child in the village in Bangladesh who told me that when he grew up he wanted to be a lawyer so that he could 'hang the criminals' may have taken it a little far! But he was articulating a heartfelt anger in communities the world over at the misery and arbitrary tragedy that crime provokes. There are of course social causes of crime. Tackling them – the poverty, poor housing, lack of education – is part of that social contract. But the causes can't excuse the criminal. Citizens need protection and they should have it.
GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE
Fourth, my constant theme, before September 11 and increasingly since that fateful day, is global interdependence.
Long before September 11, Afghanistan was a failed state, exporting terrorism around the world, living off the drugs trade, the source of 90 per cent of the heroin on British streets; and millions of its people stateless refugees, seeking asylum not only in the immediate region but also in Europe. Finally, it erupted into shocking evil on the streets of America.
This interdependence is being intensified by a number of factors. Global trade has grown twenty fold since 1947, the year in which India became independent and the GATT was formed. Global finance has grown six fold in the last ten years. Today's economies and markets are heavily swayed by that intangible essential, confidence. Just a few years ago, the East Asian financial crisis nearly provoked a global slowdown. Tensions in the Middle East can impact on the price of oil. Post September 11 there was an immediate effect on the world economy.
Confidence is, by its very nature, directly affected by political events. Those that promote stability increase confidence. Those that tend to instability diminish it. And it can show up, quite quickly, on the jobs, investment and hence living standards of communities in countries like Britain, far from the original source of instability.
Add to that the information revolution. Its consequences are not only economic. It provides, immediately and across the globe, news, views, information that can excite and influence opinions. Again, after 11 September, the battle was not just military – there was a battle for hearts and minds. Would action in Afghanistan be seen as anti-terrorism or anti-Muslim? Had the international coalition been weaker, had the false propaganda that it was anti-Muslim been widely accepted, the whole train of events could have been quite different and adversely so.
Then there is migration and travel. Some interesting facts: 25 per cent of the US population today is Hispanic; there are 4.7 million Muslims in France, 2.6 million in Germany; 1.3 million Indians in the UK, almost 4 million people of Asian origin. The city with the second largest Greek population is not in Greece but Australia. There are over 300 languages spoken in London schools today. The tensions in such migration are very familiar to us. People rightly seek order and discipline in how it occurs. But that it will occur in an ever more intense fashion is frankly beyond doubt.
In consequence of this, politics itself is globalising. If the WTO succeeds, nations prosper. If the problems of global warming are tackled, every nation's environment is helped. If the global financial system is properly ordered, our economies prosper. If international terrorism is defeated, we are all safer. Very few of these problems can be addressed effectively other than by common action. Hence the need to make alliances to secure it.
So alliances between nations become a vital part of a nation's self-interest and standing, its ability to secure the advances it needs.
CLARIFYING A NATION'S POSITION IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
Which brings me to the fifth rule of politics we can discern today. In this interdependent world, nations need to define their place in it. Other nations need to know what any particular nation stands for, where it is located in the multiplicity of alliances and interests around it.
Here both our nations are in a process of change.
India's success today is rooted in its long history of civilisation and strong tradition of democracy, grown out of a rich patchwork of ethnicity, religion and language. It is this combination of stability and diversity which gives India such powerful potential.
Over the last decade, more than ever before, India has been realising its potential. The green revolution set the stage, giving India self-sufficiency in food. By opening up its economy in the early 1990s, India released its creative potential, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world – soon set to join the top ten – much of it based in cutting edge technologies like IT and biotechnology. And India's culture too has impacted worldwide. Bollywood films are seen all over the world. Writers like Arundhati Roy and Gita Mehta have as strong a following in the UK as in India.
So India is strong internally, vibrant culturally and economically, and influential internationally. Its traditions of freedom and democracy make India an obvious partner for us. Its diversity and energy put it in a prime position to benefit from today's globalising world.
For Britain, there is both challenge and opportunity. The days of Empire are long gone. Europe has been at peace for half a century. Britain has the fourth largest economy in the world but our land mass and population inevitably constrain us. We are not a superpower, but we can act as a pivotal partner, acting with others to make sense of this global interdependence and make it a force for good, for our own nation and the wider world. In so doing, I believe we have found a modern foreign policy role for Britain.
In part this is by virtue of our history. Our past gives us huge, perhaps unparalleled connections with many different regions of the world. We are strong allies of the US. We are part of the European Union. Our ties with the Commonwealth, with India and other parts of this sub-continent, are visibly strengthening. Similarly, our relations with the Middle East, with Russia and China, are all areas where we are enjoying a closer friendship than for many years. Japan already rightly regards us as a leading partner for it in Europe.
Our armed forces in their professionalism and skill give us reach and influence abroad. It is generally accepted that our development assistance programmes, massively increased since 1997, give us an opening to help partner countries achieve their goals. The initiative on Africa is one prime example.
The opportunity therefore is obvious. It shouldn't be exaggerated. I stress the role is as partner. The challenge, however, is to throw ourselves into this role with confidence, to discard isolationism or retreating into nostalgia. Whatever the merits of membership of the Euro for Britain, the proposition that Britain should be an involved, constructive, leading partner in Europe, seems to me indisputable. It is the key alliance right on our doorstep. We are in it. We aren't going to leave it. So let us make the most of it, with confidence.
Likewise elsewhere, as here in India, we should engage without hesitation – with humility about the limits of what we can do, but with conviction that much can indeed be done together.
THE SPEED OF GLOBAL CHANGE
Finally, a rule that is a warning.
One consequence of all this economic, political and, above all, technological change is that the change itself moves so fast today. The opportunities are there to be seized. But time doesn't wait for the hesitant. Moments come in which new directions can be struck, but they pass. The pace, in particular, of the information revolution, and soon the revolution of the human genome, requires in business and in politics a perpetual alertness and willingness to adapt. Nations can be left behind. Businesses, even whole industries, can become obsolete. And we have to look ahead. Let me give one example that I think it is vital.
We have had a wake-up call about religious fundamentalism and fanaticism. There are many reasons why the Al Qa'ida network developed. But one reason that cannot be ducked is fundamentalism. We need a twin track approach. One, within the Moslem world, is to take on the fanatics, the extremists who warp the true message of Islam, which is caring and decent. That can only be done by the true voice of Islam itself; it can't be imposed from outside. And it must deal with the fanaticism head-on; the schools that teach it, those who preach it, the political extremism that feeds on it. It is immensely encouraging that there are real signs that many clerics and political leaders in the Moslem world are now reclaiming the true values and spirit of that great faith.
Simultaneously, we all need to build a bridge of understanding between faiths. There is too much ignorance, too much prejudice, too little tolerance and all those things are dangerous in today's world. Understanding the other person's point of view does not shut out the storm but it gives us shelter under which we can discuss and debate and plan ways forward, with mutual respect rather than fear as our guide.
There is so much here for Britain and India to work on together. A new century. A new partnership. A shared future.
India's role in peacekeeping from Bosnia to Sierra Leone is just one example of the true international leadership your country has shown the world. India is now a natural contender for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. We will work with you to achieve it.
India knows better than most the terrible risks posed by climate change, especially to some of its low-lying coastal areas. The agreement in Marrakech last November showed that we make progress. Now we need to make a success of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in September. India and Britain should co-ordinate closely on our approach.
Nearly a quarter of the world's population live on less than one US dollar a day. This year nearly 11 million children will die from poverty-related diseases. And 120 million children worldwide are denied the right to basic schooling.
Both India and the UK are jointly committed to the UN Millennium Development Goals, including that of halving, by 2015, the proportion of the world's population living in abject poverty. Despite India's economic progress, there are still some 300 million people here who are very poor. So much remains to be done.
The next couple of years will see a major increase in the UK's bilateral development programme in India, rising from £175 million in the current financial year to £300 million in 2003/04. We intend to increase this further in years to come. Our funding is allocated according to a strategy agreed with the Government of India, and includes spending on health and education and on improving, and getting access to, services for those who need them most.
This month we expect to see the signing of agreements for £98 million of UK government support for polio eradication in India and £123 million for HIV/AIDS relief. In addition, £32 million has been agreed for rebuilding primary schools damaged in the Orissa supercyclone.
Ultimately, the key to reducing poverty is economic growth and policies that help the poor. The lifeblood of the global economy is trade. Since the end of the Uruguay Round in 1994, developing countries' trade has grown at twice the rate of other countries. That is good for you and good for us.
But not all have benefited equally. Our common challenge now, with the start of a new WTO trade round in Doha last November, is to ensure that globalisation spreads the benefits of economic growth throughout the world and reduces poverty.
The UK is committed to pressing for an EU negotiating position which promotes development. This should include opening markets in the developed world through substantial cuts in high tariffs and subsidies which distort trade. And developing countries also have much to gain by opening their own markets to trade with each other. Again, let us work together on this.
Educational links between the UK and India are flourishing. We are on target for our goal of doubling the numbers of Indians studying in the UK. And I can announce that as a result of the initiative to attract private sector funding for more Chevening scholarships, we will be increasing funding of the India programme to £2 million a year.
We enjoy just as strong links in science. In Delhi on Monday I will open the British Council Science Festival, the largest gathering of top-level British scientists ever outside Britain. We also look forward to better networking between British and Indian scientists, including a substantial number of new scientific scholarships.
And the UK and India are already strong partners for trade and investment. The UK is India's second largest trading partner. Already there is £5 billion of trade between us. I am confident that India will, in the early part of this century, join the world's top ten economies.
Since the Indo British Partnership was formed in 1993, UK-India bilateral trade in goods and services has grown by more than two-thirds, and more than 1500 new Indo-British joint ventures have been approved. There has been significant investment by British firms in India, while in the UK some 250 Indian companies are now also well-established investors.
To encourage such activity, the UK Government has relaxed procedures for work permit holders, especially in high-tech industries. And we have simplified processes for allowing innovators and entrepreneurs to set up business in the UK.
The CBI and the CII intend to hold a major economic summit in London in July 2002 involving senior CEOs from both countries, in part to look at the major challenges we face together.
So this is a big, even heady agenda for us to develop. For reasons that don't need stating, from time to time since independence relations between Britain and India have, let me put it diplomatically, occasionally been a little scratchy. Not so today. Today relations are strong and confident and the deep affection and fascination people in Britain have always had for India has never waned. History, culture, shared interests and values and now those of Indian origin living in Britain, valued and contributing enormously to our society, bind us together. India is changing, finding its place in a new world; Britain likewise. We have much to offer each other. Our new partnership for a better and safer world awaits. I extend to you our respect, solidarity and friendship in making it a reality.
← Tony Blair – 2001 Speech to TUC Conference (cancelled)
Tony Blair – Speech to the Parliament of Ghana →
Lord Bourne – 2016 Speech on Investing in Green Innovation
Grant Shapps – 2019 Speech to Conservative Party Conference
Nadine Dorries – 2020 Statement on Historical Stillbirth Burials and Cremations


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The Chicago Steampunk Exposition is honored to be joined these distinguished speakers.
Bishop Stevens
Bishop Stevens plays the title role in the new Steampunk TV series The Steampunk Adventures of Salem Tusk which is in development from Marvel comics artist/ series creator Tom Rasch. Stevens is a former WCW-WWE pro-wrestler turned actor. As a wrestler Bishop trained with the legendary 8 time Champion Harley Race before signing with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) which was later purchased by the WWF (now the WWE). Early in his acting career he appeared on some of the hottest network and cable television shows including AMC's The Walking Dead, FOX's Empire, NBC's Chicago PD before landing his 1st guest starring role on the Verizon go90's political series Embeds starring Don Tieri and Alexis Zalar.
Thomas Willeford
Willeford's journey through Steampunk dates back to the 1980's when he began working on creating pieces combining his love of engineering and art. Willeford created the steampunk arm worn by Nathan Fillion (pictured right) in episode 3.4 of the television series Castle. His work has been displayed at the University of Oxford's Museum of the History of Science, at the Steampunk Bizarre Experiment, the Penn State Berks Freyberger Gallery, at Nemo's Steampunk Art & Invention Gallery and at the Charles River Museum of Industry and Innovation, and has been featured in Popular Mechanics. He is a contributor to Bruce Boxleitner's Lantern City project, was a judge on Game Show Network's Steampunk'd, and has new projects currently in the works.
Diana Pho
Diana Pho (aka Ay-leen the Peacemaker) is a scholar, activist, performer, and general rabble-rouser. She is best-known for running Beyond Victoriana, an award-winning, US-based blog on multicultural steampunk, and the oldest-existing blog on this topic. For several years, she has traveled the country as a professional convention speaker about social justice issues and fandom. Diana currently lives and works in New York City as an editor for Tor Books & blogs for Tor.com. You can follow her academic work on Academia.edu.
Michael Coorlim
Michael Coorlim is the author of the Galvanic Century steampunk series, the cyberpunk Shadow Decade series, and the apocalyptic horror short story collection Grief. He's produced two seasons of the Synesthesia Theatre audio drama podcast with Burning Brigid Media, adapting his novels Iron Horses Can't Be Broken and Cold Reboot into full cast audio productions, and designs both computer games and tabletop roleplaying games.
Learn more about Michael Coorlim at MCoorlim.com
Leanna Renee Hieber
An actress, playwright and award-winning bestselling author of Gothic Victorian Fantasy novels for adults and teens. Her Strangely Beautiful saga, beginning with The Strangely Beautiful Tale of Miss Percy Parker, hit Barnes & Noble and Borders Bestseller lists and garnered numerous regional genre awards and new revised editions are now available from Tor Books.Darker Still hit the American Bookseller's Association "Indie Next List" and was a Scholastic Book Club "Highly Recommended" title. The Eterna Files, her latest Gaslamp Fantasy saga, is now complete from Tor Books. Her short fiction has appeared in numerous notable anthologies and her books have been translated into many languages. A proud member of performer unions Actors Equity and SAG-AFTRA, she lives in New York City where she is a licensed ghost tour guide and has been featured in film and television on shows like Boardwalk Empire and Mysteries at the Museum, with a one-woman show about designer Clara Driscoll forthcoming.
Learn more about Leanna Renee Hieber at LeannaReneeHieber.com
John Borowski
John Borowski is an award winning independent filmmaker and author whose film works have garnered international acclaim and are distributed internationally on dvd, television, and streaming. Borowski's "historical horror" trilogy of documentary films focus on late nineteenth and early twentieth century serial killers. His 2012 documentary HH Holmes has aired several times on PBS, and September 2019, Borowski will share his knowledge of the 1893 Columbian Exposition's notorious serial killer.
Learn more about John Borowski at JohnBorowski.com
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Founder and CEO of Little Yellow Bird
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Samantha is the Founder and CEO of Little Yellow Bird, a uniform company, providing their customers with complete transparency and their workers with safe jobs and fair pay. Little Yellow Bird was founded in 2015 when Samantha was only 25. Since then, she has grown the business to become one of New Zealand's most well-known businesses championing sustainable and ethical production and now supplies over 400 organisations in New Zealand, Australia and the USA with their uniform requirements. In 2019 Little Yellow Bird raised half a million dollars via an equity crowdfunding campaign to grow their impact.
Samantha's background is in Supply Chain Management and she served as a Logistics Officer in the Royal New Zealand Air Force for six years before setting up Little Yellow Bird.
Samantha has a Masters in International Security and a Masters in Engineering Management, is an Edmund Hillary Fellow and was recognised as New Zealand's Young Innovator of the year in 2017. Finalist for the Women of Influence Awards in both 2017 and 2018 and was a category winner as well as winning the Supreme Award at the 2019 Sustainable Business Network Awards.
Samantha's story is highly inspiring and she transparently shares raw and honest stories from the challenges and learnings she has experienced growing her company. She speaks on leadership, workplace culture, entrepreneurship, sustainability, social enterprise and family.
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Where Do Your Clothes Come From?
Samantha Jones, EHF Fellow and Founder of ethical clothing company Little Yellow Bird encourages us to question where our clothes come from. Samantha is the Founder and CEO of Little Yellow Bird, a uniform company, providing their customers with complete transparency and their workers with safe jobs and fair pay. Little Yellow Bird was founded in 2015 when Samantha was only 25. Since then, she has grown the business to become one of New Zealand's most well-known businesses championing sustainable and ethical production and now supplies over 400 organisations in New Zealand, Australia and the USA with their uniform requirements. In 2019 Little Yellow Bird raised half a million dollars via an equity crowdfunding campaign to grow their impact.


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Electron Microscopy: TEM vs. SEM
Home/Electron Microscopy: TEM vs. SEM
Electron Microscopy: Transmission Electron Microscopy vs. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Electron microscopy is an effective method for obtaining high-resolution images in several fields such as biomedical science, forensics, and technology. Electron microscopes can capture far higher resolution images than light microscopes, providing information that would otherwise be very difficult to attain.
The two most common types of electron microscopy are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The way TEM and SEM function and the types of images they can capture vary. This article will provide you an overview of SEM and TEM, including their respective definitions, how they function, and how they compare to each other.
What is SEM?
SEM, which stands for Scanning Electron Microscopy or Scanning Electron Microscope, is a type of electron microscope that utilizes a fine beam of focused electrons to scan the surface of your sample. This microscope captures details about the interaction between the sample and the electrons, resulting in a magnified image. Using an SEM, you can magnify images up to 2 million times.
SEM images provide insight into the topography and elemental composition of a sample. Using an SEM, you're able to capture black-and-white 3D image samples that are either thick or thin. The size of the electron microscope chamber dictates the resulting sample's size.
How does SEM work?
An electron source (also known as an electron gun) generates a stream of high-energy electrons towards a sample to obtain a high-resolution image. Electromagnetic lenses aid the electron beam to focus. Once the focused stream reaches the sample, it scans the surface in a rectangular raster.
The interaction between the electron beam and the sample generates secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and X-rays. Magnified images are the direct result of these captured interactions.
What is TEM?
TEM, which stands for Transmission Electron Microscopy or Transmission Electron Microscope, is a type of electron microscope that creates an image of a sample's internal structure using a broad beam of electrons. This electron beam passes through the specimen, producing an image that details its morphology, composition, and crystal structure.
For the electrons to pass through, samples need to be extremely thin, usually less than 150 nm thick. After passing through the specimen, the electrons arrive at a detector below, where a 2-D image is formed.
TEMs have an incredible magnification capability of 10-50 million times. They're able to provide details at the atomic level, which is the highest resolution of any electron microscope. Hence, TEMs are often used to investigate molecular and cellular structures.
How Does a TEM Work?
A beam of electrons is sent through an ultrathin sample by an electron source. As electrons penetrate through the sample, they also pass through the lenses below. Data is utilized to generate images displayed directly on a fluorescent screen or a computer screen using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
SEM vs. TEM: Operational Differences
SEM and TEM differ in the manner in which users operate their systems.
SEMs usually use up to 30 kV of acceleration voltages, while TEM users can configure it between 60 and 300 kV.
TEM magnifications are also much higher than the capacity of SEMs. TEM users can magnify their samples more than 50 million times, while SEM users can only magnify up to 1–2 million times.
However, SEMs can achieve a greater maximum field of view (FOV) than TEMs. This feature means that TEM users can only process a tiny portion of their sample. Similarly, the depth of field of SEM systems is significantly greater than that of TEM systems.
The two systems also differ in the way they create and process images. Samples are placed at the bottom of the electron column in SEMs, as electron detectors collect back-scattered and secondary scattered electrons. Photomultipliers are used to transform this signal into a voltage signal and then amplified to produce the image on a computer screen.
On the other hand, you'll find the specimen in the middle of the column in TEM microscopes. Transmitted electrons pass through the sample and a series of intermediate and projector lenses below it. The resulting image is displayed on a fluorescent screen or a PC screen via a charged-coupled device (CCD) camera.
SEM vs. TEM: a Side by Side Comparison
Given that they have operational differences, these high-resolution microscopes also have similarities, starting with their components. Each has an electron source/gun that emits an electron stream toward a sample in a vacuum, as well as lenses and electron apertures for controlling the electron beam and capturing images.
This table summarizes the differences between SEMs and TEMS:
Type of Electrons Scattered, scanning electrons Transmitted electrons
Image Formation Detectors capture and count electrons, and the image is shown on the PC screen. Direct imaging on a fluorescent screen or via a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera onto a PC screen
Operational Requirement Easy to use, requires little or no sample preparation Strenuous sample preparation, equipment needs qualified users.
Info Obtained
(Image Dimension) Surface image in 3D 2D projection image of the inner structure
Maximum Magnification Up to 1-2 million times Beyond 50 million times
Maximum Field of View Large Limited
Specimen Thickness Thin and thick samples are okay <150 nm in most cases
Optimal Spatial Resolution -0.5 nm <50 pm
High Tension ~1–30 kilovolts ~60-300 kV
Speed Faster Slower
Sample Restriction Less Restrictive More Restrictive
SEM vs. TEM: Summary of Advantages
Both SEMs and TEMs have unique advantages when compared to one another.
Compared to TEMs, SEMs cost less to procure, take less time to generate an image, require less time for specimen preparation, accept thicker samples that are much larger.
Compared to SEMs, TEMs generate higher-resolution images, provide atomic and crystallographic data, produce 2D images that are easier to interpret than 3D SEM images, and allow users to examine additional characteristics of a given sample.
Other Key Factors to Consider Before Purchasing an Electron Microscope
How many users will utilize the system? Did they undergo sufficient training? If not, how much time are they willing to spend to get to know the system? Desktop SEMs are simple enough to operate and need little or no sample preparation. Obtaining images can be as straightforward as pressing a couple of buttons.
Users with specific requirements can access the system's more advanced features, provided they are willing to take the time to learn. In general, the operator training criteria for a desktop SEM are much lower, and the system itself is much more sturdy. Also, it doesn't break as easily and has a much lower potential repair cost.
Is there a well-defined application routine? If there is, and the desktop SEM can provide the information you require, there's little to no reason to spend more than you should. You should weigh concerns involving future requirements exceeding desktop capabilities against the certainty and timing of the said needs, as well as the availability of outside resources for more demanding applications.
Even if future requirements eventually exceed desktop capability, your initial investment in a desktop SEM can continue to pay off as you use your current system to supplement later floor model system versions. Either you utilize it in a screening capacity or continue performing routine analyses while the new floor model system is counted on to work on more demanding applications.
Finally, a desktop system also helps justify the procurement of a larger system, showing the value of SEM while enabling an experience-based assessment of the need for more advanced capacity from an external provider.
As previously mentioned, Desktop SEM systems only require minimal preparation for samples. Further, they also have lesser vacuum requirements and minimal evacuated volume. These allow the SEM to process images much quicker compared to regular floor model systems.
Also, consumers of the information typically run desktop SEMs. This setup eliminates the need for a dedicated operator to conduct any form of analysis, furnish a report, and communicate results.
Besides quicker responses, there's significant intangible value in the analysis's immediacy and each user's ability to lead the investigation in real-time response to observations.
Finally, in some applications, such as inspection, longer delays have a measurable cost by jeopardizing more work-in-progress.
When choosing between SEM and TEM, the decision will ultimately depend on the type of analysis you require. From what we're able to discuss, it's apparent that there's no better technique. While this is the case, the following are specific instances when one is the better choice over the other:
Choose TEM if you want to get information from the inner structure.
SEM works better when you require surface information.
TEMs may be much more expensive and larger than SEMs and require more effort to acquire and interpret results, but they allow much more versatility and resolving power for their users.
Both TEM and SEM are valuable tools in the physical, biological, and chemical sciences. By having a firmer grasp on the differences between these two electron microscopes, you'll be able to select the best type of microscope that'll meet your needs.
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Wine SpectatorA muscular, tight-knit style, with firm, dense, well-proportioned notes of dark berry, crushed rock and graphite. Impressively lively acidity keeps the flavors jumping on the finish, ending with an earth-laced red berry core. Drink now through 2030. 5,794 cases made.


This year SCI's Food Group sponsored two awards at the 5th Nursten Flavour Symposium 29-30 June 2017, AFBI, Belfast. Martha Skinner, PhD student at the University of Nottingham, received the SCI sponsored Nursten prize for the best overall presentation for her talk 'Measuring phantom taste and temperature related responses across thermal tasters and thermal non-tasters'. Here she reports on her experience at the event.
During the two day event, twenty-one student presentations and four early stage career presentations were delivered. As always, the standard of presentations was high and a diverse range of topics were divided across the four sessions titled; Flavour Formation, Applications and Methods, Aroma and Flavour Perception, Flavour /Aroma Release, and Factors affecting Flavour.
Delegates had the opportunity to participate in a fantastic workshop focusing on orange flavour, delivered by Magdelena Baczewska & Brian Surgenor from TREATT. Dr Dave Baines (Baines Food Consultancy Ltd) delivered a fascinating and informative presentation on The Health Benefits of Indian Curry, and Dr Avinash Kant (Pepsico) gave a great insight into A Flavour Scientists Journey in Industry.
However, it certainly wasn't all work and no play as delegates were able to let their hair down during the brewery tour and beer tasting session at Hilden Brewery, before settling down to a delicious three course meal at the end of day one.
After a packed second day the conference closed with an award ceremony, during which I was delighted to be awarded the best overall presentation (Nursten Trophy and prize, sponsored by SCI) for my talk titled Measuring phantom taste and temperature related responses across thermal tasters and thermal non-tasters. Thermal taster status describes an unusual taste phenotype where some individuals, termed thermal tasters, perceive 'phantom tastes' when no chemical tastant is present, and the tongue is simply warmed or cooled. For the first time, this novel research demonstrates cortical activation occurs in the primary gustatory cortex at the time point when thermal tasters report perceiving phantom tastes, suggesting phantom taste is a 'real' phenomenon.
and special commendation prizes (RSC) were awarded to Tiffany Lau, (University of Reading), Vasiliki Gkarane (University College Dublin), Paula Conroy (University College Cork), and Nurfarhana MohdNor (University of Reading).
It was a great experience, so thank you to AFBI for hosting it and Janeen McKinnie-Hill for her hard work with the organisation. We look forward to hosting the 6th Nursten Postgraduate Flavour Symposium at the University of Nottingham in 2018.


Roblox Minifigures – Tag : roblox minifigures, roblox minifigures amazon, roblox minifigures codes, roblox minifigures list, roblox minifigures series 2, roblox minifigures series 3, roblox minifigures series 4, roblox minifigures target, roblox minifigures toys r us, roblox minifigures walmart, . Roblox Toys are little collectible mini-figures and playsets based on various famous Roblox characters, users and developers. They're made from the organization Jazwares. Each toy has a special code that can be redeemed for a special exclusive thing, depending on the toy you purchased, you could possibly get yourself a lot such as for instance a ring-master, Shedletsky.
Players may get the toys from different stores and places. Such instances comprise Toys"R"Us, Walmart, CVS Pharmacy, Target and Amazon. Roblox additionally has an internet web site on Jazwares which lists different collections and figurines readily available, properties the code redemption platform, and also lists at which players may purchase the toys.
Each Roblox Toy has the capabilities of having their parts blended with additional Roblox Toys. The toy arms have been fashioned in R-6 shape, whereas the legs have been formatted into R 15 shape. Users wishing to mimic the motion of the Roblox toys on their own avatar usually use the toy cartoon bunch.
Though the toys have been received with entire positive reception, the end users criticized it stating they wore too much such as Lego figurines. Some accessories and figurines also have Roblox's older"R" emblem to them as an alternative of the more recent square model.


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Joseph Arnold (1710–1776) was a pre-revolutionary resident of North Kingstown and Exeter in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He is most noted for having a very large progeny, having had 16 children of whom 15 grew to maturity, married, and had children of their own, giving him at least 89 grandchildren. He was the great great grandfather of presidential hopeful Stephen Arnold Douglas who debated Abraham Lincoln in 1858, and lost to him in the 1860 presidential election. He was an ancestral link between Douglas and many prominent early Rhode Islanders such as Governor Benedict Arnold and two founders of the Rhode Island colony, Samuel Wilbore and John Porter.

Life

Born 16 September 1710, possibly in Newport in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Joseph Arnold was the son of Samuel Arnold and Mary Sheffield who were married in Newport in 1708.  The birth year of 1712 often ascribed to Arnold was likely from a confusion of dates created by some early writers.  His father was a physician, as was his paternal grandfather, Caleb Arnold; his great grandfather, Benedict Arnold, became the first governor of the Rhode Island colony under the Royal Charter of 1663.  His maternal grandfather was Rhode Island Attorney General Joseph Sheffield, for whom Arnold was undoubtedly named.  Arnold's mother likely died at an early age, since she had only three children, and never cosigned any land records with her husband.

Arnold was a farmer and landowner who lived in Exeter, and this is where the births of many of his children were recorded.  He left behind few records other than land transactions, but was called a Deacon in a family record, and was given the title of Esquire in his obituary.  He is most noted for his very large progeny of 16 children, and at least 89 grand children.  His first wife was Patience Gifford, the daughter of Yelverton Gifford and Ann Northup, who bore two children, and then died, possibly in childbirth with her second child who did not survive.  Arnold then married Hannah Gifford, the sister of Patience, and with her had 14 children, and all 15 of his surviving children married and had offspring.  His second child with his second wife, Stephen Arnold, moved from Rhode Island to Stephentown, New York, and became the great grandfather of Stephen Arnold Douglas, who became famous as the leader of the Northern Democrats before the Civil War, sparring with Abraham Lincoln in a series of famed debates prior to a U.S. Senate contest in 1858, and later losing to Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election.

Arnold died on 29 August 1776 "of camp fever while visiting his sons in camp with his sister Mary."  His death was recorded in the diary of Jeffrey Watson, one of his contemporaries.  Two of his sons, Caleb and Edmund, served in the military during the American Revolutionary War.

Ancestry of Joseph Arnold

The three early generations of Joseph Arnold's ancestry are documented in John O. Austin's Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island.  The connection between the Arnolds and the Sheffields was published by Katharine Waterman in 1953.

See also

 Stephen A. Douglas ancestry
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

References

Bibliography

External links
A genealogy of Joseph and Hannah Arnold

1710 births
1776 deaths
People of colonial Rhode Island

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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PECO Holiday Madness Tournament: Lighting up the night
Kate Emmanuel|February 16, 2021|6 Views
By Kate Emmanuel, Staff Reporter
There is nothing that says "winter" like driving through a neighborhood illuminated by twinkling holiday lights on a cold, snowy day. To celebrate the holiday spirit, the Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) recently held a competition during December in which 32 contestants built elaborate lights displays and competed to be PECO's Holiday Madness Tournament champion.
Dan Leon, the only contestant from the Main Line area, placed in the top eight of the event. Leon worked long hours for weeks on end to complete his display in time for the competition.
"It's probably seven o'clock in the morning on a Saturday until seven o'clock or until you can't work anymore. Saturday, Sunday, Friday, Saturday, sometimes I come home from work during lunch and do some work, but it (takes) three weeks," Leon said.
The tournament consisted of PECO customers who decorated their houses in festive holiday lights. PECO's Instagram followers voted on their favorite entries for five rounds. Contestants with more votes moved through the rounds until only one entry was left standing. The winner received a PECO energy assessment, a free drive through the Shady Brook Holiday Light Show, Philadelphia Zoo Tickets for 2021, Franklin Institute Tickets for 2021 and a feature on 6ABC's social media.
In addition to placing in the top eight of the tournament, Leon also won three other awards from the T/E Parks and Recreation Contest. He won the Clark Griswold Award for extravagant lights, the Most Musical Award and the Best Animation Award for his display. He did not have prior experience with putting up elaborate lights displays. But for the past 20 years, it has been a holiday tradition for Leon and his family to decorate their house every winter.
Building the display took not only long hours, but also had its own setbacks along the way. Putting the lights together came with hurdles.
"You have to go out there and individually dig (blow-up figurines) up without damaging them, which is time-consuming and backbreaking," Leon said. "Believe it or not, varmints like foxes, raccoons and squirrels chew through your electrical cords all the time. So you come out and half your lights aren't working the next day."
Despite the obstacles that come with putting on light displays together, they are a safe way for families to enjoy the holiday season this year. For example, families are able to drive by and pose with an inflatable Santa at Leon's lights display.
"That's really the highlight of our night: when we're inside the house and seeing people drive up, stop, get out, and take pictures or walk around. We park all the cars in the back so people can actually see there's a big blow-up Santa in a chair. He's COVID friendly because he's not alive!" Leon said.
Leon describes this project as a "positive distraction" for him, which has served as a way for the community to return to a level of normalcy. In the end, Leon narrowly lost to the winner of the competition: "Augustine's Winter Wonderland," who won by 363 votes against him for future competitors, Leon advises that enjoying the process is the most important part of the competition.
"Just have fun with it," Leon said. "Do it not to win, but (instead), do it because of the spirit of the holiday season and spreading joy."
Kate Emmanuel, Co-Multimedia Editor
Distribution in the district: Some school personnel receive vaccine independently
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By Ananya Kulkarni and Evan Lu, Co-Editor-in-Chief and Webmaster TESD opened its doors to an expanded in-person instructional model on March 15, a...
New courses announced for upcoming school year
Sophomore reflects on meaning of Black History Month
Junior hosts letter-writing event for breast cancer patients
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'Stoga Picks: Valen-tunes to jam to
Former TEMS teacher participates in inauguration
Dynamic duo: Sisters run local cake business
Senior designs Program of Studies cover


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Home » Our Travellers » The Philanthropist From Da Maria Disco Charity Lunch
The Philanthropist From Da Maria Disco Charity Lunch
Meets Adrian Reed, Amanda Bruce, and Margaret Barry. Those Philanthropists will in collaboration to make a giving project in the near future.
"Indonesia has been incredible for me and I am extremely passionate about giving back to the community and to the planet as a whole." – Adrian Reed tells Gaby Nareswari
Seminyak is the epicenter of Bali's food scene and offers every imaginable cuisine from new and trendy to golden oldies. Foodies were delighted when Da Maria launched a new chic osteria style Italian Restaurant in Bali Seminyak. Da Maria is without a doubt the grooviest Italian restaurant in Seminyak. This cozy, humble restaurant serves up Italian cuisine "just like mama used to make". Open since late 2016, Da Maria has a cool blue and white décor inspired by the Amalfi coast. This ain't your grandma's Italian restaurant, Da Maria is open for lunch and dinner and stays open late, hosting a late night "pizza and disco"
Adrian Reed is one of the mans whose behind this successful Italian Restaurant. But as many successful businessman while their already reach their succeed, philanthropy lies at the heart of human greatness. Hailing from Sydney, Australia, Adrian travelled to Bali with his parents frequently from the age of 11 and as he formed a deep emotional attachment to what was almost like a second home to him, the seeds were sown for the profound connections he now has to the island, its environment and the people. With high levels of creative intensity and motivation, the self-confessed former bad boy of the Bali party scene has in recent years channeled his focus towards some amazing community initiatives that are making a genuine difference to lives of hundreds of people and putting back into the culture he so loves.
Adrian Reed
At the heart of Adrian's understated philanthropy is the Indo Thrive Project, created to assist the disadvantaged in the Indonesian community to thrive and prosper. Adrian's latest BIG project is Earth Ledger. Earth Ledger is a global log of environmental challenges and solutions. It is a platform designed to grow a decentralize autonomous community to identify, verify, activate and deploy global solutions to create positive social and environmental impacts. As one of the Founders, Adrian and the team are focused on solving climate change and the environmental challenges that the world currently faces.
Amanda Bruce
His partner for philanthropy action was Amanda Bruce. A frequent visitor to Bali from a young age, with family involved with business in Indonesia for 30+ years, Amanda has developed a profound attachment and bond with the Balinese people and their culture. Originating from Perth, with a 25 year career in the Financial Services industry and as a business owner, Amanda decided to take time from her busy professional life and invest her time in finding where she could contribute and make a difference to people who needed help. It took her 7 years of research, testing and "feeling the way" with what was going to work and where she would be most effective.
All of these experiences have led Amanda into making positive changes for disabled children and their families, for families in need of refuge due to domestic violence, in childhood education programs, environmental education programs, environmental sustainability projects and more, in both Australia and Indonesia.
Margaret Barry
The Indo Thrive Project (ITP) founded by Adrian Reed and Amanda Bruce to assist the disadvantaged in the Indonesian community. ITP make collaboration with Margaret Barry, OAM DSJ, Founder of Bali Children Foundation, to presents a charity disco and lunch at Da Maria. Margaret Barry has spent much of her working life in Asia, managing, designing and manufacturing in the garment sector. Her role at a prominent global garment manufacturing company saw her posted in New Delhi during India s turbulent 70s and 80s. This experience developed Margaret both professionally and personally, as she witnessed the great injustices caused by a lack of education. The 1990s brought Margaret to Bali, where she launched her own fashion-manufacturing firm. The company quickly expanded into retail, lifestyle products and premium exports. As Margaret got to know Bali, she again witnessed the social detriments that come from poor, or no access to education – as a result, Bali Children Foundation was born. You could say philanthropy runs through Margaret s DNA. Growing up in Yarram, South Gippsland, her family was heavily involved in community building. So, it was only natural, then, after fifteen years building Bali Children Foundation, that in 2017 Margaret closed the doors to her garment business to focus solely on charitable work.
At the fabulous Da Maria restaurant, those philanthropists were going to presents a charity disco and lunch at Da Maria to celebrate Dame Margaret Barry OAM DSJ, Founder of Bali Children Foundation, receiving recent honors in recognition of her services to education in Bali. Fundraising will be via live and silent auctions, raffles and more, with 50% of proceeds to Nusa Lembongan & Bali Environmental Education Programs provided by Bali Children Foundation. The other 50% of proceeds will go towards upgrades to the Nusa Lembongan Recycling Program provided by Friends of Lembongan. There will be Champagne tastings, lucky door prizes, best dress competition, art exhibition and lots more.
There will be filled with color and merriment, all in the name of a good cause. It is the biggest fundraiser of the year for Indo Thrive Project, which supports projects around Indonesia and a highlight of the social calendar.
What inspired you to establish?
Indo Thrive Project
Adrian – One day I was approached by Amanda Bruce who told me an incredibly moving story about her experiences assisting some local Balinese families at the hospitals and I just went……WOW! We decided to set up the Indo Thrive Project to work with existing charities, NFP's and likeminded organisations to contribute to making a difference.
Bali Children Foundation
Margaret – I founded Bali Children Foundation (Yayasan Samiarsa Seminyak) in response to the 2002 Bali bombings. We provide educational support and scholarships to Bali's disadvantaged children. We began in children's homes and later progressed directly into Bali's poor and remote communities. We now have a large team of teachers, educational advisors, brand ambassadors, fundraisers and administration workers in both Bali and Australia. BCF currently provides educational opportunities to over 4500 children, in 66 villages, across Bali and on other Indonesian islands.
And what did you focus on for the foundation?
Margaret – Education – after seeing the synergy between the Balinese, the expats and the tourists during the 2002 Bali Bombing recovery time, I realised the successful combination could be used for other things. Education leading to employment seemed like a solution for Bali's poor and remote children.
Does the project only support in Indonesia or also other countries
Indo Thrive Project and Bali Children Foundation only work in Indonesia at this stage.
What's the benchmark to take a decision to support something?
Amanda – There are many and varied factors we consider with Indo Thrive Project before we take on a cause, but the main considerations are; who we will be working with, if our skills and resources will complement what they are looking to achieve, and their previous experience in achieving successful outcomes. We do an extensive pre-assessment of all the projects we take on to ensure the collaboration is the right fit for the purpose.
Margaret – we do base line studies on all communities. Some of the considerations we look at are educational background of the community and the required literacy employment profile of the demographic. We consult with the Desa Leader and if he is welcoming and interested in collaboration we progress. We then open an applications process, from there we survey each family application to ensure they comply from a socio economic perspective. We then offer scholarships to the most disadvantaged, and provide vocational education English and Computer studies to the whole community.
What was your purpose when you launched?
Indo Thrive Project (ITP)
Adrian – Simply to make a difference to disadvantaged people and work with people that are committed to the same. There have only been good challenges and learning experiences for us.
Margaret – Our purpose always been to use the path way of education to benefit the student and their family and the community. Our biggest challenge is the remoteness of many of the locations that we work in. For many children they have a long travel to school. Keeping them engaged until year 12 school is something we put enormous effort into. Fortunately we have been successful with 99% of our students from year 2 to year 12 graduating, which is a vastly higher figure than the Bali average.
When you set up the foundation, can you tell us how you correspondence with the government, local people, and if you do collaborations with local foundations?
Margaret – we work in partnership with several foundations in Bali; some examples are –
Bali Kids – health
Stepping Stones – disability
Lumina and Kolewa – provide support for hearing impaired students.
Friends of Lembongan – Environmental
Plus many other partners to maintain our focus on education and utilise the other foundations to cover the other necessary components to successful outcomes.
Did you experience any negative issues from other parties when you launched the foundation?
Margaret – no.
Your status as an F&B business owner brought attention to your charity work, but how has that influenced the businesses?
Adrian – The have been only positive responses and outcomes. Our team also get involved in some of the projects we support via ITP and this provides them with an opportunity to contribute even more into their communities and provides ITP with a deeper insight and understanding of the challenges and where we can assist.
How did you raise the funds, is it your personal money only? And did it risk and impact your personal business?
And if you raise the funds from others, did you have to make official financial reports for the donators for your responsibility as fund collectors?
Margaret – BCF was run completely pro bono for the first 10 years through my personal business interests. As we grew it became necessary to provide additional support which is now provided from many other contributors in both Indonesia and Australia. BCF is a registered Yayasan in Indonesia and a registered Charity in Australia. With this government accreditation and recognition of the work we do there are many detailed reporting requirements to government and also to our stakeholders and donors. Transparent and detailed financial records is just one of the Annual Reporting requirements that are provided and are externally audited to continue our accreditations.
Do you think it's important to conduct research before beginning a project or would you rather jump right in?
Amanda – it is vital to the success of any project that extensive research, survey and assessment is completed before we take any action. This is done in conjunction with all of the project stakeholders, and with the interests and outcomes of all parties considered to ensure a result that is correct for purpose and sustainable for the future.
It seems many Business Owners, socialites, maybe celebrities, and cities crème de la crème are involved in charity. Do you sometimes wonder whether it's all genuine?
Amanda – We believe people want to make a positive difference and there are many different ways to achieve that. What we support is providing an opportunity and space for all who want to contribute to do just that.
If you hadn't been personally affected, would you have committed yourself to philanthropy? Are you happy with this move?
Margaret – I am very happy to have had philanthropy as a large part of my life. And we are very proud that amongst many other awards, BCF has been awarded the esteemed Inaugural International Philanthropy Award from Philanthropy Australia and DFAT (Dept Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia) 2018.
For more information & reservation:
Da Maria Disco Charity Lunch
Theme: Disco
Time: 12:00 noon
Venue: Da Maria Jl. Petitenget No. 170
martini@bcfbali.org
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Meets Adrian Reed, Amanda Bruce, and Margaret Barry. Those Philanthropists will in collaboration...


It is the art of interlocking beads together with thread is both ancient and universal. Madelyn's designs are a mixture of many different cultures and times. The technique is peyote stitch named by the Native Americans in the US.
A very strong multifilament nylon thread is used. The square glass beads are a high quality glass manufactured in Japan using novel techniques. Many of the beads are plated with precious metals such as 24K gold, rhodium and palladium.
small dots of colored light woven together.
There are very few artists that work with beads this small ( about 300 per square inch), or create pieces with such intricate patterns and colors.
"Lark Books is pleased to be publishing Masters: Beadweaving, currently scheduled for release in fall 2008.
This book is part of an exciting new series showcasing some of the most notable artists in a particular field - artists whose work combine conceptual, aesthetic, and technical excellence and innovation."
The curator is Carol Wilcox Wells, and there will be about 40 artists in it.
About 12 to 14 works will be featured on about eight pages, forming a sort of mini-retrospective.