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Los Sūtras Mahāyāna son un género de escrituras budistas que se aceptan como canónicas y como buddhavacana ("palabra de Buda") en el budismo Mahāyāna. Se conservan en gran medida en el canon del budismo chino, el canon del budimo tibetano y en varios manuscritos sánscritos. Varios cientos de sūtras Mahāyāna sobreviven en sánscrito, o en traducciones chinas y tibetanas. Los Sūtras Mahāyāna también son llamados sutras "Vaipulya" (extensos) por fuentes indias. El erudito budista Asaṅga clasificó los sūtras Mahāyāna como parte del "Bodhisattva Piṭaka", una colección de textos para bodhisattvas.

Los estudiosos modernos del budismo suelen sostener que los sūtras del Mahāyāna empezaron a aparecer entre el  y el  de nuestra era. Se siguieron componiendo, recopilando y editando hasta el declive del budismo en la India. Es posible que algunos de ellos se compusieran también fuera de la India, como en Asia Central y en Asia Oriental.

Los budistas Mahāyāna suelen considerar que varios de los principales sūtras Mahāyāna fueron enseñados por el Buda Gautama, memorizados y recitados por sus discípulos como Ananda. Sin embargo, otros sūtras del Mahāyāna se presentan como enseñados por otras figuras, como los bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī y Avalokiteśvara. Hay varias razones que los budistas indios Mahāyāna dieron para explicar el hecho de que estos sutras sólo aparecieron en un momento posterior. Una de esas razones era que habían estado ocultos en la tierra de los Nāgas (deidades serpientes, dragones) hasta que llegó el momento adecuado para su difusión.

Los sūtras Mahāyāna no fueron aceptados por todos los budistas de la India, y las distintas escuelas budistas indias discreparon sobre su condición de "palabra de Buda". En general, la escuela Theravada moderna no los acepta como palabra de Buda.

Historia

Orígenes e historia temprana
Los orígenes del Mahāyāna y sus sūtras es una cuestión muy difícil. Los estudiosos modernos han propuesto numerosas teorías sobre los orígenes del Mahāyāna y de los textos Mahāyāna. Según David Drewes, el origen más probable del Mahāyāna es que fuera "principalmente un movimiento textual, centrado en la revelación, la predicación y la difusión de los sūtras Mahāyāna, que se desarrolló dentro de las estructuras sociales e institucionales budistas tradicionales." Las figuras de este movimiento probablemente se veían a sí mismas como bodhisattvas encargados de enseñar y preservar los sūtras.

Estudiosos como Joseph Walser también han señalado cómo los sūtras del Mahāyāna son heterogéneos y parecen haber sido compuestos en diferentes comunidades con ideas diversas. Walser escribe que "el Mahāyāna probablemente nunca fue unitario, sino que difería de una región a otra". Del mismo modo, Hajime Nakamura piensa que las escrituras Mahāyāna fueron compuestas en una variedad de entornos sociales y religiosos en el transcurso de varios siglos.

Tampoco hay prueba de que el Mahāyāna se refiriera alguna vez a una escuela o secta formal, sino que existía dentro de las primeras escuelas budistas como un determinado conjunto de ideales, textos y doctrinas. Los sūtras Mahāyāna eran memorizados y recitados por importantes monjes eruditos llamados "recitadores del Dharma" (dharmabhāṇakas), a los que se consideraba como el sustituto de la presencia del Buda.

El movimiento Mahāyāna se mantuvo bastante reducido hasta el , habiéndose encontrado muy pocos manuscritos antes de esa fecha (las excepciones son de Bamiyán). Según Joseph Walser, en los siglos V y VI se produjo un gran aumento de su producción. Por esta época, los peregrinos chinos, como Faxian, Yijing y Xuanzang, viajaban a la India, y sus escritos describen monasterios que etiquetan como 'Mahāyāna', así como monasterios en los que convivían monjes Mahāyāna y monjes no Mahāyāna.

La datación de los sutras
La datación de los sūtras Mahāyāna es bastante difícil; y muchos de ellos sólo pueden fecharse firmemente cuando fueron traducidos a otra lengua. Según Andrew Skilton, los estudiosos occidentales no acepta que estos sutras sean la palabra literal del histórico Buda Śākyamuni y sostiene que comenzaron a aparecer desde el  A. K. Warder señala que es muy poco probable que los Sūtras Mahāyāna procedan de las enseñanzas del Buda histórico, ya que el lenguaje y el estilo de cada sūtra Mahāyāna es más comparable a los textos indios posteriores que a los textos que podrían haber circulado en la vida putativa de Buda.

Paul Williams escribe que, aunque la tradición Mahāyāna cree que los sūtras Mahāyāna fueron enseñados por Buda, "la crítica de las fuentes y de la historia ha hecho imposible que el estudioso moderno acepte este relato tradicional." Sin embargo, Williams escribe además queSin embargo, no siempre es absurdo sugerir que un sūtra o enseñanza Mahāyāna pueda contener elementos de una tradición que se remonta al propio Buda, a la que se restó importancia o simplemente se excluyó de las formulaciones canónicas de las primeras escuelas. Hemos visto que incluso en el Primer Concilio hay pruebas de desacuerdo en cuanto a los detalles de la enseñanza de Buda.

Cuestiones de autenticidad

Los sūtras Mahāyāna son generalmente considerados por los Mahāyānistas como más profundos que los textos śrāvaka, así como generadores de más méritos y beneficios espirituales. Así, son vistos como superiores y más virtuosos que los sūtras no Mahāyāna.

Los sūtras Mahāyāna no fueron reconocidos como palabra de Buda (buddhavacana) por varios grupos de budistas indios y hubo un gran debate sobre su autenticidad en todo el mundo budista. Comunidades budistas como la escuela Mahāsāṃghika y la tradición Theravada de Sri Lanka se dividieron en grupos que aceptaban o no aceptaban estos textos. Los comentarios Theravāda de la escuela Mahavihara mencionan estos textos (que llaman Vedalla/Vetulla) como escrituras falsas. La escuela Saṃmitīya también era fuertemente opuesta a los sutras Mahayana, como señaló el historiador tibetano Tāranātha. Xuanzang informa que un Saṃmitīya conocido como Prajñāgupta compuso un tratado que argumentaba contra el Mahāyāna.

La razón que dan los mahāyānistas para la divulgación históricamente tardía de las enseñanzas Mahāyāna es que la mayoría de la gente era inicialmente incapaz de entender los sūtras Mahāyāna en la época de Buda (c. 500-400 a.C.) y aún no habían surgido receptores adecuados para estas enseñanzas. Algunos relatos tradicionales sobre la transmisión de los sūtras Prajñāpāramitā afirman que originalmente estaban almacenados u ocultos en el reino de los nāgas (seres sobrenaturales parecidos a las serpientes). Más tarde, estos sūtras fueron recuperados por Nāgārjuna. Otras fuentes del Mahāyāna afirman que fueron predicados o conservados por bodhisattvas como Mañjuśrī o Budas como Vajradhāra.

Otra explicación Mahāyāna para la aparición posterior de los sūtras Mahāyāna en el registro histórico es la idea de que son las revelaciones de ciertos Budas y bodhisattvas, transmitidas a través de visiones y experiencias meditativas a unos pocos individuos selectos. La práctica de la visualización de Budas (en textos como el Sukhāvatīvyūha) ha sido vista por algunos estudiosos como una posible explicación de la fuente de ciertos sūtras Mahāyāna que fueron vistos como revelaciones por Budas de otros mundos celestiales. Williams también señala que hay otros textos Mahāyāna que hablan de sūtras revelados o confiados a monjes que habitan en el bosque por devas (deidades). Paul Harrison señala que la idea de que los devas pueden predicar la palabra de Buda también está presente en textos no Mahāyāna. Paul Harrison también ha señalado la importancia de las revelaciones oníricas en ciertos textos, como el Arya-svapna-nirdesa, que enumera e interpreta 108 signos oníricos.

"Palabra de Buda" como lo que lleva al despertar
Una justificación diferente para la autenticidad de los sūtras Mahāyāna es que están de acuerdo con la verdad, con el Dharma del Buda y por lo tanto conducen al despertar. Esto se basa en la idea de que "Todo lo que está bien dicho [subhasita], todo eso es la palabra del Buda [buddhabhasita]." Como tal, esta idea sostiene que el Mahāyāna es la "palabra de Buda" porque conduce al despertar (bodhi), no porque haya sido pronunciado por un individuo específico con el título de "Buda".

El erudito indio del Mahāyāna Shantideva () afirma:A través de cuatro factores es una expresión inspirada [pratibhana] la palabra de los Budas. ¿Qué cuatro? (i)... la expresión inspirada está conectada con la verdad, no con la falsedad; (ii) está conectada con el Dharma, no con lo que no es el Dharma; (iii) provoca la renuncia a las manchas morales [klesa], no su aumento; y (iv) muestra las cualidades loables del nirvana, no las del ciclo de renacimiento [samsara].Williams escribe que se pueden encontrar ideas similares en el Canon Pali, aunque se interpreta de forma más abierta en el Mahāyāna con el fin de incluir un conjunto más amplio de enseñanzas que se consideraban espiritualmente útiles.

El moderno erudito budista zen japonés D. T. Suzuki argumentó de forma similar que, aunque los sūtras del Mahāyāna pueden no haber sido enseñados directamente por el Buda histórico, el "espíritu y las ideas centrales" del Mahāyāna "son los de su fundador". Así, Suzuki admite (y celebra) cómo el Mahāyāna evolucionó y se adaptó para adecuarse a los tiempos desarrollando nuevas enseñanzas y textos, pero manteniendo al mismo tiempo el "espíritu" central del Buda.

Sūtras Principales

Los sutras proto-Mahayana
El Salistamba Sūtra (sūtra del tallo de arroz o del arbolito de arroz) ha sido considerado uno de los primeros sutras del Mahayana. Según N. Ross Reat, este sutra tiene muchos paralelismos con el material de los suttas pali (especialmente el Mahatanha-sahkhaya sutta, M1:256-71), y podría remontarse hasta el año 200 a.C. Es posible que este sutra represente un período de la literatura budista antes de que la doctrina Mahāyāna se hubiera desviado significativamente de las doctrinas de los primeros textos budistas.

El Ajitasena Sūtra ha sido llamado "proto-Mahāyāna" por Paul Williams. Aunque promueve la Budeidad para todos, el texto carece del habitual antagonismo hacia los śravakas y los arhats, como es típico de los textos Mahāyāna posteriores, como el Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa. También carece de cualquier conciencia de sí mismo como parte del "Mahāyāna". Promueve la donación a los monjes como cualquier texto no Mahāyāna, pero también incluye la representación de un príncipe que tiene visiones de muchos campos de Buda (incluyendo Sukhavati y Abhirati) al convertirse en un arhat.

Prajñāpāramitā

Algunos de los sūtras Prajñāpāramitā se consideran algunos de los primeros Sūtras Mahāyāna. Varios estudiosos occidentales sostienen generalmente que el Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra es uno de los más antiguos de estos textos (c. ). El Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (Sutra del Diamante) también es considerado por estudiosos como Schopen y numerosos estudiosos japoneses como muy temprano. Los sutras Prajñaparamita no contienen un argumento filosófico elaborado, sino que simplemente tratan de señalar la verdadera naturaleza de la realidad. Las características básicas de este tipo de sabiduría trascendental es que no es conceptual, no abarca y no es dual. Según Karl Brunnholzl, Prajñāpāramitā significa que "todos los fenómenos desde la forma hasta la omnisciencia están completamente desprovistos de cualquier característica o naturaleza intrínseca propia".

Los temas principales de los textos Prajñāpāramitā son el camino del bodhisattva, las seis virtudes trascendentes (pāramitā) y, en particular, la sabiduría trascendente (prajñāpāramitā) la más importante de ellas. El bodhisattva "mahasattva" (gran ser) es un ser que se entrena hacia la plena budeidad en beneficio de todos. La "Perfección de la Sabiduría" significa la capacidad de ver la realidad tal y como es realmente, un conocimiento espiritual profundo y liberador que es la fuente de todas las virtudes. Prajñāpāramitā es "un estado de conciencia que comprende la vacuidad (shuniata), la ausencia de "yo" o naturaleza intrínseca incluso en los dharmas". Dado que todos los fenómenos (incluso el Nirvana) carecen de esencia, núcleo inmutable o independencia, son meras construcciones conceptuales y, como tales, son como ilusiones mágicas (maya).

Muchos sutras son conocidos por la cantidad de líneas, o slokas, que contienen. Edward Conze, quien tradujo casi todos los sutras de la Perfección de la sabiduría al inglés, identificó cuatro períodos de desarrollo en esta literatura:

 100 a.C. -100 d.C: Ratnagunasamcayagatha y Astasaharika Prajñaparamita (8,000 líneas)
 100 - 300 d.C.: un período de elaboración en el que se producen versiones en 18,000, 25,000 y 100,000 líneas. Posiblemente también el Sutra del Diamante.
 300 - 500 d.C.: un período de condensación, produciendo el conocido Sutra del Corazón y la Perfección de la Sabiduría en una letra.
 500 - 1000 d.C.: los textos de este período comienzan a mostrar una influencia tántrica

Los textos de La perfección de la sabiduría han influido en todas las escuelas de budismo Mahāyāna.

El Sūtra del Loto Blanco

El Saddharma-pundarīka-sūtra (Sūtra del Loto Blanco del Verdadero Dharma) es un sutra muy influyente, especialmente en el budismo de Asia oriental, donde es considerado el sutra supremo por muchos budistas (especialmente en las escuelas Tiantai y Nichiren).

Probablemente escrito entre el 100 a.C. -150 d.C., el Sūtra del Loto afirma que las tres vehículos espirituales (śrāvaka-yāna, pratyekabuda-yāna y bodhisattva-yāna) no son caminos reales que conduzcan a metas diferentes, de hecho sólo hay un camino (ekayāna), con una meta: la budeidad. El sutra predice que todos los que escuchan el Dharma (del Buda) acabarán alcanzando esta meta. Se dice que las enseñanzas anteriores son medios hábiles (upaya) para enseñar a los seres según sus capacidades.

El sutra destaca por la idea de que un Buda no es inaccesible después de su parinirvāṇa (nirvana final), ya que la duración de la vida de un Buda es incalculablemente larga. En lugar de pasar a un estado totalmente trascendente, un Buda permanece para ayudar a todos los seres sintientes de innumerables maneras, como un gran padre espiritual que ha estado presente durante eones y seguirá enseñando durante muchos más eones.

En algunas tradiciones de Asia Oriental, el Sūtra del Loto se ha recopilado junto con otros dos sutras que sirven de prólogo y epílogo, respectivamente el Sutra de los Significados Innumerables y el Sutra de la Meditación del Samantabhadra. Este sutra compuesto suele denominarse Sūtra del Loto Triple o Sutra de la Flor del Dharma en tres partes.

Sūtras dedicados a figuras particulares

Un gran número de Sutras se centran en la naturaleza, las enseñanzas y las virtudes de un Buda o bodhisattva particular. Algunos de ellos también incluyen enseñanzas sobre cómo entrar en el "campo búdico" (sct. buddhakṣetra, también conocido como tierra pura) de un Buda.

Estos sutras incluyen:

 Los sūtras de la "Tierra Pura" que se centran en el Buda Amitābha y su campo búdico de Sukhavati, principalmente el Sukhāvatīvyūha largo, el Amitāyurdhyāna y el Sukhāvatīvyūha corto. Estos tres textos son muy influyentes en Asia Oriental, particularmente en el Budismo de la Tierra Pura, que se centra en la fe en el poder de Amitābha para transportar a todos los seres a su tierra pura. Los sutras afirman que los seres pueden renacer allí por pura conducta y por prácticas tales como pensar continuamente en Amitabha, alabarlo, contar sus virtudes y cantar su nombre. Además de estos, muchos otros textos también presentan al Buda Amitābha, y se han identificado un total de 290 obras de este tipo en el Taishō Tripiṭaka.
 El Akṣobhya-tathāgata-syavyūha Sūtra, que se centra en el Buda Akṣobhya y su tierra pura de Abhirati, y es uno de los textos más antiguos sobre "tierras puras".
 Sūtras que se centran en el bodhisattva Mañjuśrī y sus enseñanzas, como el Mañjuśrī-buddhakṣetra-guṇavyūha (Conjunto de la tierra búdica de Mañjushri).
 El Kṣitigarbhasūtra, que se centra en el bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha.
 Sūtras que se centran en el bodhisattva Ākāśagarbha.
 Sūtras que se centran en Maitreya, como el Maitreyavyakarana (Profecía de Maitreya) y El sutra que expone el descenso del Buda Maitreya (Taisho# 454).
 El Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabhā-rāja Sūtra, que se centra en Bhaiṣajyaguru, un Buda sanador también conocido como el "Buda de la Medicina".
 El Sūtra de la Meditación de Samantabhadra

Algunos sutras, como el Sutra Bhadra-kalpika, dan una lista de numerosos Budas.

Sūtras de meditación
Entre los primeros textos del Mahāyāna, los Sūtras de Samādhi son un pequeño grupo de sutras que se centran en profundos estados de conciencia alcanzados en la meditación, lo que quizá sugiere que la meditación desempeñó un papel importante en el desarrollo del Mahāyāna primitivo. Entre ellos se encuentran el Pratyutpanna-sūtra, el Samādhirāja-sūtra y el Śūraṅgama-samādhi-sūtra.

También existe otro género de textos de meditación Mahāyāna llamados Sutras de visualización (chino: 觀經, guan jing).

Sūtras Yogācāra

Estos sutras enseñan principalmente la doctrina de vijñapti-mātra ("sólo ideas" o "sólo impresiones"), asociada a la escuela Yogācāra. Esta doctrina afirma que sólo somos conscientes de las imágenes o impresiones mentales que se manifiestan como objetos externos, pero que estas no son realmente externas a la mente. Hay muchas interpretaciones modernas de esta doctrina, algunas idealistas y otras que rechazan las interpretaciones idealistas en favor de la fenomenología o el representacionalismo.

El Ārya-saṃdhi-nirmocana-sūtra (Noble Sūtra de la Explicación de los Secretos Profundos, c.  de nuestra era) es el sutra más antiguo que se conserva de esta clase, y su texto principal. Divide las enseñanzas del Buda en tres tipos, a los que llama las "tres vueltas de la rueda del Dharma". Al primer giro, atribuye los Āgamas de los śravakas, al segundo giro los sutras del Mahāyāna inferior, incluyendo los sutras del Prajñāpāramitā, y finalmente se considera que sutras Yogācāra como él comprenden el tercer giro. Además, los dos primeros giros se consideran provisionales (neyārtha) en este sistema de clasificación, mientras que se dice que el tercer grupo presenta la verdad final sin necesidad de más explicaciones (nītārtha).

El Vimalakirtinirdeśa

En el sutra Vimalakirtinirdeśa (c.  o II de nuestra era), el bodhisattva Vimalakīrti aparece como un laico y se muestra como superior en sabiduría a todos los demás discípulos del Buda. Algunos lo consideran una fuerte afirmación del valor de la práctica laica. El sutra enseña, entre otros temas, el significado del no dualismo, la doctrina del verdadero cuerpo de Buda, la afirmación característicamente Mahāyāna de que las apariencias del mundo son meras ilusiones, y la superioridad del Mahāyāna sobre otros caminos. Pone en boca del practicante laico Vimalakīrti una enseñanza dirigida tanto a los arhats como a los bodhisattvas, relativa a la doctrina de śūnyatā. En la mayoría de las versiones, el discurso del texto culmina con una enseñanza de silencio sin palabras (que se considera la enseñanza suprema). Este sutra ha sido muy popular en China y Japón.

Sūtras de Tathāgatagarbha y Naturaleza de Buda
Esta clase de textos enseñan la importante doctrina Mahāyāna de tathāgatagarbha (que puede traducirse como: el embrión de Tathāgata, vientre de Tathāgata, el Tathāgata interior, la esencia Tathāgata, y es también conocido como 'sugatagarbha') y la naturaleza de Buda (sct. buda-dhatu). Según Paul Williams, esta doctrina afirma que todos los seres "tienen un Tathāgata [es decir, un Buda] dentro de ellos, en semilla o embrión, que los seres sintientes son los úteros o matrices del Tathāgata, o que tienen un Tathāgata como su esencia, núcleo o naturaleza interna esencial."

Posiblemente el más antiguo de estos sutras sea el Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra. Otros textos de este género son el Śrīmālā Sūtra, el Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra, el Anunatva-Apurnatva-Nirdesa, el Mahābherī Sūtra y el Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra.

El Sutra del Descenso a Lanka
El Sutra Lankavatara (Sutra del Descenso a Lanka), compuesto en algún momento alrededor del , a veces se incluye en el grupo Yogacara porque enseña doctrinas básicas del yogacara como las tres naturalezas. Sin embargo, D.T. Suzuki ve el Lankavatara como claramente anterior y distinguido de Yogacara. También, el tema centro de Lankavatara es la identidad del concepto yogacara de la conciencia almacén (alayavijñana) con el tathagatagarbha. Un mensaje central del Lankavatara es que el tathagatagarbha es lo que hace posible la vuelta hacia adentro o el giro (paravrtti) de la conciencia para realizar la transformación psicológica del Buda, mientras que el sistema tathagatagarbha era desconocido o ignorado por los progenitores del sistema yogacara. El Lankavatara Sutra fue influyente en las escuelas Chan o Zen

El Buddhāvataṃsaka

También hay "sutras" que en realidad son colecciones de otros sutras que circulan como un solo "sutra". Una colección de sutras bastante influyente es el Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra (El sutra de la guirnalda de Budas), un texto largo compuesto que consta de varios sutras, algunos de los cuales circularon por separado como sutras independientes. Entre ellos se encuentran el Daśabhūmika Sūtra y el Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra. El Buddhāvataṃsaka probablemente alcanzó su forma actual alrededor del  de nuestra era y esta compilación puede haber ocurrido en Asia Central.

El sutra Buddhāvataṃsaka incluye tanto la enseñanza de la mente yogacara como la doctrina de la vacuidad. El Buddhāvataṃsaka también representa varias escenas visionarias místicas, con innumerables sistemas mundiales e innumerables budas y bodhisattvas que viajan libremente por este multiverso ayudando a todos los seres por compasión. Uno de los Budas más importantes de este texto es Mahāvairocana ("Gran Iluminador"), que llena todo el cosmos con su luz, su conciencia omnisciente y sus emanaciones mágicas (una de las cuales es el mismo Buda Shakyamuni). En China, el Buddhāvataṃsaka se convirtió en el texto central de la escuela budista Huayen (Jp. Kegon), que posteriormente pasó a influir en el budismo Chan chino y en el budismo de la Tierra Pura.

Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra y Mahāsamnipāta Sūtra
Otros dos importantes "sutras" Mahāyāna que también son colecciones de sutras independientes son el Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra (El montón de joyas) que contiene 49 sūtras individuales, y el Mahāsamnipāta Sūtra (Sutra de la Gran Asamblea) que es una colección de 17 sūtras. Entre los sutras importantes del Mahāratnakūṭa se encuentran el Bodhisattvapiṭaka, el Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra, el Sukhāvatī-vyūha Sutra Largo, el Akṣobhya-vyūha, el Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra y el Saptaśatikā (700 líneas) Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra.

Los sutras importantes de la colección Mahāsamnipāta incluyen el Akṣayamati-nirdeśa, el Tathāgataguhya Sūtra (Los secretos del Tathāgata) y el Gaganagañja-paripṛcchā.

Sūtras sobre la disciplina ética
Estos sutras se centran en los principios que guían el comportamiento ético (Śīla) de los bodhisattvas y los preceptos del bodhisattva, e incluyen el Kāshyapa-parivarta, el Bodhisattva-prātimokṣa Sutra, el Upāliparipṛcchā (también conocido en chino como El Vinaya Sutra decisivo) y el Brahmajāla Sutra (o Brahmajāla Bodhisattva Śīla Sūtra). Para los monásticos zen de Asia Oriental, el Sutra de las Enseñanzas Legadas es un texto ampliamente cantado y estudiado sobre la disciplina ética.

Sūtras sobre la confesión

El Sutra de los Tres Montones (sánscrito: Triskandhadharmasutra) y el Sutra de la Luz Dorada (Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra) se centran en la práctica de la confesión de las faltas. El Sutra de la Luz Dorada llegó a ser especialmente influyente en el budismo de Asia Oriental, sobre todo por su enseñanza sobre cómo los cuatro reyes celestiales protegen al gobernante que gobierna su país de la manera adecuada y defiende el sutra.

Mientras tanto, el Sutra de los Tres Montones sigue siendo un importante sutra centrado en la confesión en el budismo tibetano.

Sūtras esotéricos y dhāraṇīs

Los sūtras esotéricos comprenden una importante categoría de obras relacionadas con las prácticas mágicas y esotéricas del budismo esotérico o budismo mántrico. Muchos de ellos suelen estar dedicados a un mantra o dhāraṇī (encantamiento) particular, o simplemente contienen pasajes que enseñan estos hechizos o cantos mágicos. Uno de ellos, el Sutra Atanatiya, también está incluido en la división mikkyo (esotérica) de la edición recopilada moderna estándar de la literatura budista sino-japonesa.

Los sūtras o dhāraṇīs esotéricos más conocidos son:

 Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra
 Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī
 Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra
 Sūtra del corazón de Avalokitesvara de once caras
 Mahāpratisarā-mahāvidyārājñī
 El Śūraṅgama Sūtra, que enseña el "Sitātapatra Uṣṇīṣa Dhāraṇī". (Ch. 大白傘蓋陀羅尼) y está incluido en la categoría de Sutra Esotérico del Taisho Tripitaka.
 El Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra, conocido por enseñar el famoso mantra de Avalokiteśvara, "Om mani padme hum".
 Tierra Pura Renacimiento Dhāraṇī

Algunos textos Prajñaparamita también incluyen elementos tántricos y esotéricos, como los mantras. Al menos algunas ediciones del canon tibetano incluyen el Sutra del Corazón en la división de tantra.

Sūtras apócrifos
Hay varios sutras que se consideraban traducciones de fuentes indias, pero que los estudiosos modernos han demostrado que probablemente fueron compuestos en Asia oriental o en Asia central. Algunos de estos sutras "apócrifos", como se les conoce a veces, son:

 Sutra de la Copa de Sangre
 El Vajrasamadhi Sūtra (金剛三昧經, coreano: Kŭmgang sammaegyŏng), tradicionalmente considerado como un texto indio, los estudiosos han descubierto recientemente que se produjo en Corea en torno al año 685 de la era cristiana..
 Sutra de los innumerables significados (無量義經; pinyin: Wúliáng yì jīng) que suele imprimirse junto con el Sutra del loto.
 Sutra de la iluminación perfecta (圓覺經; pinyin: Yuánjué jīng).

Colecciones de Sūtras Mahāyāna
Algunas escuelas budistas de la India tenían colecciones de sutras Mahayana que formaban parte de su canon escritural, a veces en su propia colección textual denominada Bodhisattva Piṭaka. Jan Nattier señala que el Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra menciona un Bodhisattva Piṭaka (como parte de un canon de cuatro partes que también incluye el Sutra Piṭaka, el Vinaya Piṭaka y el Abhidharma Piṭaka). Según Nattier, las escuelas que mantuvieron un Bodhisattva Piṭaka incluyen la escuela Dharmaguptaka y quizás la Bahuśrutīya (o quienquiera que fuera el autor del Tattvasiddhi-Śāstra). El Abhidharmasamuccaya de Asaṅga (c. ) clasifica los sūtras Mahāyāna como pertenecientes al Bodhisattva Piṭaka, que se designa como la colección de enseñanzas para los bodhisattvas.

Los sutras Mahāyāna sobreviven predominantemente en idioma "chino budista" (fójiào hànyǔ 佛教漢語, una variedad de chino antiguo escrito) y en traducciones tibetanas clásicas. Los textos fuente estaban probablemente en el idioma llamado "sánscrito híbrido budista" o en diversas lenguas prácritas como el gandhari. Las principales colecciones se encuentran en el Kangyur tibetano y el Tripiṭaka chino. También hay numerosos manuscritos sánscritos de textos individuales procedentes de diversos hallazgos como Dunhuang, y colecciones sánscritas de Nepal.

Los primeros sutras traducido al chino
Algunos de los primeros Mahāyāna Sūtras fueron traducidos por el monje kushan Lokakṣema, que llegó a China desde el reino de Gandhāra. Sus primeras traducciones al chino se realizaron en Luoyang, capital de los Han orientales, entre los años 178 y 189 de la era cristiana. Los editores del Taishō Tripiṭaka (Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō, una importante edición erudita del canon budista chino compilada por estudiosos japoneses en el ) atribuyen doce textos a Lokakṣema. Estas atribuciones han sido estudiadas en detalle por Erik Zürcher, Paul Harrison y Jan Nattier, y algunas han sido puestas en duda. Zürcher considera razonablemente seguro que Lokakṣema tradujo los siguientes:

 Taishō n.º 224. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (La perfección de la sabiduría en ocho mil líneas; 道行般若經)
 Taishō n.º 280. La Escritura sobre el Cielo de Tusita (佛說兜沙經.), parte del Sutra proto-Avatamsaka
 Taishō n.º 313. Akṣobhya-vyūha (阿閦佛國經)
 Taishō n.º 350. Kaśyapa-parivarta (El capítulo Kāśyapa; 說遺日摩尼寶經)
 Taishō n.º 418. Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra (El Samadhi del presente, 般舟三昧經)
 Taishō n.º 458. La investigación de Mañjuśrī sobre la carrera del Bodhisattva (文殊師利問菩薩署經)
 Taishō n.º 626. Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra (阿闍世王經)
 Taishō n.º 807. Las cien joyas del Tesoro Interior (佛說內藏百寶經)

Harrison duda de T626, y considera que T418 es producto de una revisión y no data de la época de Lokakṣema. Por el contrario, Harrison considera que T624 Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra (伅真陀羅所問如來三昧經) debe considerarse auténtico.

Traducciones de Kumārajīva
Otro conjunto de sutras mahayana, que da una indicación de qué fuentes mahayana estaban extendidas en Asia Central, son los traducidos por el traductor indo-kuchano Kumārajīva (344-413 d.C.) y su equipo (probablemente a partir de fuentes kuchanas) en la capital de China, Chang'an. Los principales sutras que tradujeron son:

 Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (Sutra del diamante)
 Sukhāvatī-vyūha corto (Taishō n.º 366)
 Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra (Sutra del Loto Blanco, T 263—62)
 Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra (T 475)
 Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (T 227, 408 CE)
 Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra (T 223, 403-404 CE)
 Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra (Samadhi de la Marcha Heroica, T 642)
 Daśabhūmikā Sūtra (T 286) en colaboración con Buddhayaśas.
 Acintyaprabhāsa-nirdeśa-sūtra (T 484)
 Viśeṣacintā-brahma-paripṛcchā (T 585—86)
 Bhadrakalpa Sutra (T 425)
 Vasudhara-sūtra (T 481—82)
 Pūrṇa-paripṛcchā ( T 310, 17)
 Ratnajāli-paripṛcchā (T 433)
 Vidhi-hṛdaya-vyūha (T 307)
 Sarva-puṇya-samuccaya-samādhi-sūtra (T 381—82)

El Sūtrasamuccaya
El Sūtrasamuccaya es un compendio de citas de sūtras mahayana que sobrevive en traducción tibetana y china. A veces se atribuye a Nagarjuna, pero es probable que sea de un periodo posterior (posiblemente del  de nuestra era o posterior). Esta antología nos da una idea de algunos de los importantes sūtras mahāyāna que se estudiaban y citaban en el budismo mahāyāna indio de esta época. El Sūtrasamuccaya cita algunos textos budistas tempranos, pero se centra principalmente en los sūtras mahāyāna.

Los siguientes Sūtras Mahāyāna se citan en el Sūtrasamuccaya:

 Saddharmapundarika-sutra (Sutra del loto)
 Nirnaya-raja-sutra
 Bodhisattva-pitaka
 Bhagavajjnana-vaipulya-sutra
 Candra-garbha-parivarta
 Gandavyuha-sutra
 Bhadrakalpika-sutra
 Tathagata-guhya-sutra
 Vimatisamudghata-sutra
 Sraddha-bala-dhana-sutra
 Sagara-naga-raja-pariprccha
 Tathagataguna-jñanacintyavis-ayavatara-nirdesa-sutra
 Astasahasrika Prajñaparamita
 Astadasasahasrika Prajñaparamita
 Pancavimsatisahasrika Prajñaparamita
 Simhasutejo'vadana
 Prasenajit-pariprccha
 Prasanta-viniscaya-pratiharya-sutra
 Ajatasatru-parivarta
 Ratnarasi-sutra
 Kasyapaparivarta
 Pitaputrasamagamana-sutra

 Dharmasamgiti-sutra
 Aksayamati-nirdesa-sutra
 Upayakausalya-sutra
 Viradattagrhapati-pariprcchda
 Ratnamegha-sutra
 Dharani-svararaja-pariprccha
 Maitreya-simhanada-sutra
 Mañjusri-vikridita-sutra
 Candrapradipa (=Samadhiraja, Candraprabhaparivarta) sutra
 Niyataniyatavataramudrasutra
 Mañjusri-vikurvana-parivarta
 Sagaramati-pariprccha-sutra
 Ugra-pariprccha-sutra
 Pravrajyantaraya-sutra
 Udayanavatsaraja-pariprccha
 Saddharma-smrtyupasthana-sutra
 Vimalakirti-nirdesa
 Satyaka-parivarta
 Vicikitsasudhvamsa-sutra (posiblemente idéntico al Vimatisamudghata-sutra)
 Suryagarbha-parivarta
 Akasagarbha-parivarta

 Ksitigarbha-sutra
 Adhyasayasamcodana-sutra
 Brahma-pariprccha
 Puspakuta-sutra
 Mahakaruna-(pundarika)-sutra
 Tathagata-bimba-parivarta
 Anupurva-samudgata-sutra
 Tathagatotpattisambhava-sutra
 Lokottara-parivarta
 Lankavatara-sutra
 Mahasamnipata-parivarta
 Avaivartacakra-sutra
 Srimalasimhanada-sutra
 Bhadramayakara-sutra
 Buddhavatamsaka-sutra
 Brahma-visesacinti-pariprccha
 Saptasatika Prajñaparamita
 Ratnasamnicaya-nirdesa-sutra
 Trisatika Prajñaparamita
 Ratnadattamanava-sutra
 Tathagata-kosa-sutra
 Maradamana-parivarta
 Dasabhumika-sutra

Madhyamaka
Según David Seyfort Ruegg, las principales fuentes de sutra de la tradición madhyamaka son los sutras Prajñāpāramitā, Ratnakūṭa y Avataṃsaka. Otros sutras que fueron ampliamente citados por los filósofos madhamika indios son: Vimalakīrtinirdeṣa, el Śuraṃgamasamādhi, el Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, el Daśabhūmika, el Akṣayamatinirdeśa, el Tathāgataguhyaka y el Kāśyapaparivarta.

Ruegg también señala que Candrakīrti (c. 600 - c. 650) cita también los sutras Prajñāpāramitā y también cita: el Akṣayamatinirdeśa, Anavataptahradāpasaṃkramaṇa, Upāliparipṛcchā, Kāśyapaparivarta, Gaganagañja, Tathāgataguhya, Daśabhūmika, Dṛḍhādhyāśaya, Dhāraṇīśvararāja, Pitāputrasamāgama, Mañjuśrīparipṛcchā, Ratnakūṭa, Ratnacūḍaparipṛcchā, Ratnamegha, Ratnākara, Laṅkāvatāra, Lalitavistara, Vimalakirtinirdesa, Śālistamba, Satyadvayāvatāra, Saddharmapuṇḍarīka, Samādhirāja (Candrapradīpa), y el Hastikakṣya.
El Compendio de Entrenamiento (Śikṣāsamuccaya) del erudito madhyamaka del  Śāntideva, cita un total de noventa y siete sūtras Mahāyāna, algunos de los cuales se han perdido. Según Donald López:Śāntideva cita tres pasajes del Sūtra del Loto, en comparación, por ejemplo, con dos del Aṣṭasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā y dos del Laṅkāvatārasūtra. Entre los sūtras más citados están el Akṣayamatinirdeśa (dieciocho citas), el Ugraparipṛcchā (veinte citas), el Dharmasaṃgīti (dieciocho citas) y el Ratnamegha (veinticuatro citas).

En el canon chino

Aunque existen varias ediciones del canon budista chino (Ch: 大藏經; pinyin: Dàzàngjīng), una de las ediciones modernas más difundidas es la japonesa Taisho Tripitaka, redactada durante la década de 1920. Consta de ochenta y cinco volúmenes. Los Mahāyāna Sūtras están contenidos en varias secciones del canon:

 Sección Prajñapāramitā
 Sección Saddharma Puṇḍarīka
 Sección Avataṃsaka
 Sección Ratnakūṭa
 Sección Mahāparinirvāṇa
 Sección Mahāsannipāta
 Sección de la Colección de Sutra

En el canon tibetano
En el canon budista tibetano, las traducciones de los sūtra Mahāyāna se encuentran en el Kangyur (Wylie: bka'-'gyur). Tradicionalmente, se dividen en cuatro divisiones:

 Prajñāpāramitā (Tib. sher phyin), 23 Sūtras.
Buddhāvataṃsaka (phal chen), un solo texto largo que en realidad es una obra compuesta.
Ratnakūta (dkon brtsegs), 49 Sūtras.
Colección general de sūtra (mdo sde), 266 sūtras, variados en longitud, tema, interlocutores y orígenes. La mayoría son obras Mahāyāna, pero unos pocos son textos no Mahāyāna.

Budismo Newar
El budismo newar conserva nueve sutras Mahayana en sánscrito que se consideran los textos clave de la tradición. Son los siguientes:

 Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
 Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
 Suvarṇaprabhāsa Sūtra
 Samādhirāja Sūtra
 Gandavyūha Sūtra
 Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
 Daśabhūmika Sūtra
 Lalitavistara Sūtra
 Tathāgata-Guhyaka

Referencias

Véase también
 Dharma
 Vedas
 Canon Pali
 Textos Budistas


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text:
Join the Odyssey Adventure Club
An Interview with Christi Lynn,
Marketing Director for the
Odyssey Adventure Club
As media use continues to explode among children and teens, parents' concerns about what their children could be uncovering while online increases. On average, children get their first smartphone at age 12, and research suggests kids and teens are spending more than 7.5 hours a day with their electronic devices — and often without a safety net. That's exactly why Focus on the Family is launching the Odyssey Adventure Club, a safe and fun environment where children can explore, create and imagine, all while developing their faith and learning biblical truth.
Q: How is Focus on the Family and the new Odyssey Adventure Club addressing parental concerns about their children's media use?
Media is a way of life for kids today, and we understand that. That's why we created the Odyssey Adventure Club: to provide online, on-the-go delivery of more than 300 hours of safe, biblically-based audio entertainment. For more than 25 years, Adventures in Odyssey has been fostering spiritual and character growth in listeners. Many parents have come to trust us for solid lessons brought to life by fun characters. While we can't monitor how many episodes a child hears, we can guarantee it's an investment into their life every time.
Q: Some research shows that kids from age 8 to 18 spend more than 7.5 hours a day with electronic devices like a computer, phone or TV — why should this be a concern to parents?
We believe kids should be using their imagination and interacting with their family and friends. Many times media today tends to isolate. While the Odyssey Adventure Club is consumed through a computer or mobile device, it doesn't require a child to sit and stare at a screen. Kids can listen to episodes while doing other activities, like coloring, playing with their toys or outside, riding in the car or exercising. The Odyssey Adventure Club also provides activities and devotions meant to be done as a family, encouraging that important interaction. Through the audio dramas, imagination is brought to life for kids within the theatre of the mind.
Q: How can parents leverage media to build a solid Christian worldview in their children?
There are a number of ways in everyday routines that parents can use media to teach their children. For instance, if you're listening to Christian music, you can ask them, "What do you think the lyrics of this song mean?" Or if you're watching a movie or TV show, you can talk with your child about the plotline and how it relates to morality, God and truth.
As parents, we have to equip our children with the knowledge and wisdom to face various situations in life, whether it's something like bullying or lying, or understanding relationships. Adventures in Odyssey has episodes that touch on all of these issues and many, many more. With the Odyssey Adventure Club platform, you can even search for episodes on a subject matter and use it as a teaching tool.
Q: How does the Odyssey Adventure Club help moms and dads make spiritual investments into the lives of their children?
Through the power of story and imagination, Adventures in Odyssey teaches life lessons through the lens of a biblical worldview. This helps a child grow and develop spiritually. All of our episodes with the Odyssey Adventure Club are also connected to a devotional, which will give parents the ability to tie together easily the program to a scripture and a spiritual lesson. Additionally, parents will find a daily devotional on the website that will take their children and their family deeper on their spiritual walk.
Q: What is available to families through membership in the Odyssey Adventure Club?
Families will have access to more than 740 Adventures in Odyssey episodes and videos that highlight some of the real-life stories on which some of the dramas were based. The Web Quests feature hands-on learning and fun activities that enhance the audio dramas. Plus, with the member e-newsletter, parents can engage their child on a deeper level and use daily devotions for family time. They'll also get exclusive new episodes each month, a subscription to Clubhouse magazine and a "behind-the-scenes" blog.
Q: How will this online club be kept safe for kids to explore on their own?
We require a parent to sign their child up, which helps to ensure that parents are aware of their kids' involvement. All comments on the website are pre-moderated, and we do not allow any personally identifiable information to appear on the site.
Q: A portion of the monthly membership fee is being donated to Focus on the Family alliance organizations — why is this an important feature of the Odyssey Adventure Club?
We want to teach our members about giving and enlighten them to great social causes. Through our combined giving, the club can truly impact other ministries. We also hope to spread the word to our members about other great ministries that are doing God's work around the world.
Q: The Adventures in Odyssey program has been sparking the imagination of children for 25 years. Share a few examples of how parents have used these award-winning radio dramas to disciple their children.
There are so many stories I could share of road trips, bedtime stories and devotional times. I
remember one story about a boy who challenged his parents to listen to Adventures in Odyssey before bed instead of watching TV. The dad was so convicted that they started turning off the TV 30 minutes before bed and turning on Adventures in Odyssey instead. He wanted his family to start and end their day thinking about Jesus (Phil. 4:8). We have also heard numerous stories of how children were led to begin a relationship with Christ through listening to Adventures in Odyssey. We are blown away by these examples and feel humbled to play a small part in God's larger story.
To learn more about the Odyssey Adventure Club,
visit www.oaclub.org, Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest.
Adventures in Odyssey Christi Lynn Focus on the Family Odyssey Adventure Club
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Photographs and essays that explore the interconnections between the private and the public in the work of Andy Warhol.
This exhibition catalogue explores interconnections between the private and the public in the work of Andy Warhol (1928–1987) as seen in a group of 151 Polaroid and black-and-white photographs donated to the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art by the Andy Warhol Photographic Legacy Program, a program of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. Among the wide-ranging subjects of these photographs are Warhol's boyfriend Jon Gould; his friend and collaborator, the painter Jean-Michel Basquiat; fashion-world celebrity Diana Vreeland; the influential art critic and curator Henry Geldzahler; and (more surprisingly) landscapes in Aspen, Colorado. Essays focusing on individual photographs shed new light on these and other subjects, on the significance of photography for Warhol, and, more broadly, on the art and culture of the 1970s and 1980s.
This catalogue is the fruit of an innovative collaboration between the SUNY New Paltz Art History Department and the Samuel Dorsky Museum of Art. Students at SUNY New Paltz developed the concept for the exhibition and designed and wrote essays for the catalogue as part of their participation in two related courses taught at the college in spring 2009. The catalogue editor, Reva Wolf, a noted Warhol scholar, oversaw this pioneering project, together with Brian Wallace, curator at the Dorsky Museum.
Reva Wolf is Professor of Art History in the School of Fine and Performing Arts at the State University of New York at New Paltz. She is also the author of Andy Warhol, Poetry, and Gossip in the 1960s and Goya and the Satirical Print in England and on the Continent 1730–1850.


text:
TR Newswire
PR Archives: Latest, By Company By Date
Press Release -- October 16th, 2017
Source: Verizon
Verizon announces tender offers for five series of its notes
Media contact(s)
Bob Varettoni
@bvar
Open PDF of Financial Table
View PDF of this release
NEW YORK – Verizon Communications Inc. ("Verizon") (NYSE, NASDAQ: VZ) today announced the commencement of five separate offers to purchase for cash (the "Offers") any and all of the outstanding series of notes listed below (collectively, the "Notes"), on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase dated October 16, 2017 (the "Offer to Purchase" and, together with the accompanying notice of guaranteed delivery, the "Tender Offer Documents").
Euro Offers
Title of Security
Principal Amount Outstanding
Reference Benchmark
Bloomberg Reference Page
Fixed Spread (basis points)
Financing Condition Euro Acceptance Priority Level
XS1030900168
€1,750,000,000
EUR February 2022 Interpolated Mid-Swap Rate
ICAE 1
EUR June 2022 Interpolated Mid-Swap Rate
EUR 2024 Interpolated Mid-Swap Rate
GBP Offers
Financing Condition GBP Acceptance Priority Level
£850,000,000
UKT 4.50% 09/07/34
FIT GLT10-50
PXUK
The Offers will expire at 4:00 a.m. Eastern Time / 9:00 a.m. British Summer Time on October 24, 2017 (such date and time with respect to an Offer, as the same may be extended with respect to such Offer, the "Expiration Date"). Tendered Notes may be validly withdrawn at any time at or prior to 4:00 a.m. Eastern Time / 9:00 a.m. British Summer Time on October 24, 2017 (such date and time with respect to an Offer, as the same may be extended with respect to such Offer, the "Withdrawal Date"), but not thereafter, unless extended by Verizon. The "Settlement Date" with respect to an Offer will be promptly following the Expiration Date and is expected to be the third business day following the Expiration Date (which would be October 27, 2017) with respect to such Offer, unless extended with respect to such Offer. Notes tendered pursuant to the guaranteed delivery procedures also will be settled on the Settlement Date.
Upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Tender Offer Documents, the consideration for each €1,000 or £1,000, as applicable, principal amount of Notes validly tendered and not validly withdrawn at or prior to the Expiration Date or the guaranteed delivery date pursuant to the guaranteed delivery procedures, and accepted for purchase (the "Total Consideration") will be payable in cash and will be equal to the price, determined in accordance with standard market practice as described in the Offer to Purchase, as determined at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time / 2:00 p.m. British Summer Time on October 23, 2017 (such date and time, as the same may be extended with respect to such Offer, the "Price Determination Date"). Verizon will announce the applicable Total Consideration for each series of Notes promptly after the Price Determination Date.
In addition to the applicable Total Consideration, holders whose Notes are accepted for purchase will receive a cash payment equal to accrued and unpaid interest on such Notes, from and including the immediately preceding interest payment date for such Notes to, but excluding, the applicable Settlement Date (the "Accrued Coupon Payment"). The Accrued Coupon Payment in respect of Notes accepted for purchase will be calculated in accordance with the terms of such Notes and will be paid in cash. Interest will cease to accrue on the Settlement Date for all Notes accepted, including those tendered through the guaranteed delivery procedures. Under no circumstances will any interest be payable because of any delay in the transmission of funds to holders by Euroclear or Clearstream.
Verizon's obligation to accept any series of Notes tendered in the Offers is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions applicable to the Offer for such series described in the Tender Offer Documents, including the applicable Financing Condition (as defined below). Verizon reserves the right, subject to applicable law, to waive any and all conditions to any Offer.
Verizon's obligation to complete the Offers for the 2.375% Notes due 2022 (the "2.375% Notes due 2022"), 0.500% Notes due 2022 (the "0.500% Notes due 2022") and 1.625% Notes due 2024 (together with the 2.375% Notes due 2022 and the 0.500% Notes due 2022, the "Euro Notes" and the Offers for such Euro Notes, the "Euro Offers") is conditioned on Verizon having priced, at or prior to the applicable Expiration Date, in a capital markets financing transaction an offering of new euro-denominated notes with a weighted average life to maturity that is longer than the Euro Notes (the "New Euro Notes") on terms and conditions satisfactory to Verizon in its reasonable judgment (the "New Euro Offering"), including, but not limited to, with respect to each series of Euro Notes, the amount of gross proceeds raised in the New Euro Offering being sufficient to fund the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all Euro Notes of such series, after funding the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all validly tendered and not validly withdrawn Notes of each series having a higher Euro Acceptance Priority Level as set forth in the table above (with 1 being the highest Euro Acceptance Priority Level), validly tendered in the applicable Euro Offer (the "Euro Financing Condition"). Verizon currently expects the New Euro Notes will have intermediate to long maturities.
If the Euro Financing Condition is not satisfied due to a shortfall in gross proceeds from the New Euro Offering, then Verizon will accept for purchase all Euro Notes of each series tendered in accordance with the applicable Euro Acceptance Priority Levels, so long as the amount of gross proceeds from the New Euro Offering is equal to or greater than the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all tendered Euro Notes of such series and each series of Euro Notes having a higher Euro Acceptance Priority Level, as further provided in the Offer to Purchase.
Verizon's obligation to complete the Offers for the 4.750% Notes due 2034 (the "4.750% Notes due 2034") and the 4.073% Notes due 2024 (together with the 4.750% Notes due 2034, the "GBP Notes" and the Offers for such GBP Notes, the "GBP Offers") is conditioned on Verizon having priced, at or prior to the applicable Expiration Date, in a capital markets financing transaction an offering of new GBP-denominated notes with a weighted average life to maturity that is longer than the GBP Notes (the "New GBP Notes") on terms and conditions satisfactory to Verizon in its reasonable judgment (the "New GBP Offering"), including, but not limited to, with respect to each series of GBP Notes, the amount of gross proceeds raised in the New GBP Offering being sufficient to fund the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all GBP Notes of such series, after funding the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all validly tendered and not validly withdrawn GBP Notes of each series having a higher GBP Acceptance Priority Level as set forth in the table above (with 1 being the highest GBP Acceptance Priority Level), validly tendered in the applicable GBP Offer (the "GBP Financing Condition" and, together with the Euro Financing Condition, the "Financing Conditions," and each a "Financing Condition"). Verizon currently expects the New GBP Notes will have intermediate to long maturities.
If the GBP Financing Condition is not satisfied due to a shortfall in gross proceeds from the New GBP Offering, then Verizon will accept for purchase all GBP Notes of each series tendered in accordance with the applicable GBP Acceptance Priority Levels, so long as the amount of gross proceeds from the New GBP Offering is equal to or greater than the aggregate Total Consideration and applicable Accrued Coupon Payment for all tendered GBP Notes of such series and each series of GBP Notes having a higher GBP Acceptance Priority Level, as further provided in the Offer to Purchase.
No series of Notes will be subject to proration pursuant to the Offers.
Verizon has retained Barclays Bank PLC, Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) Limited and Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch, to act as the dealer managers for the Offers. Questions regarding terms and conditions of the Offers should be directed to Barclays Bank PLC, at +44 (0)20 3134-8515 (London) or (800) 438-3242 (U.S. toll-free) or (212) 528-7581 (collect), Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) Limited at +44 (0)20 7883-8763 (London) or (800) 820-1653 (U.S. toll-free) or (212) 325-2476 (collect) or Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch at +44 (0)20 7545-8011 (London) or (866) 627-0391 (U.S. toll-free) or (212) 250-2955 (collect).
Lucid Issuer Services Limited will act as the Information Agent and the Tender Agent for the Offers. Questions or requests for assistance related to the Offers or for additional copies of the Tender Offer Documents may be directed to Lucid Issuer Services Limited at +44 (0)20 7704-0880. You may also contact your broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee for assistance concerning the Offers. The Tender Offer Documents can be accessed at the following link https://www.lucid-is.com/Verizon.
If Verizon terminates any Offer with respect to one or more series of Notes, it will give prompt notice to the Tender Agent and all Notes tendered pursuant to such terminated Offer will be returned promptly to the tendering holders thereof. With effect from such termination, any Notes blocked through the facilities of Euroclear or Clearstream will be released.
Holders are advised to check with any bank, securities broker or other intermediary through which they hold Notes as to when such intermediary needs to receive instructions from a beneficial owner in order for that holder to be able to participate in, or withdraw their instruction to participate in, the Offers before the deadlines specified herein and in the Tender Offer Documents. The deadlines set by any such intermediary and each clearing system for the submission and withdrawal of tender instructions may also be earlier than the relevant deadlines specified herein and in the Tender Offer Documents.
This announcement is for informational purposes only. This announcement is not an offer to purchase or a solicitation of an offer to purchase any Notes. The Offers are being made solely pursuant to the Tender Offer Documents. The distribution of this document in certain jurisdictions (including, but not limited to, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Belgium, the Republic of Ireland and Switzerland) may be restricted by law. The Offers are not being made to holders of Notes in any jurisdiction in which the making or acceptance thereof would not be in compliance with the securities, blue sky or other laws of such jurisdiction. In any jurisdiction in which the securities, blue sky or other laws require the Offers to be made by a licensed broker or dealer, the Offers will be deemed to be made on behalf of Verizon by the dealer managers or one or more registered brokers or dealers that are licensed under the laws of such jurisdiction.
This communication has not been approved by an authorized person for the purposes of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended (the "FSMA"). Accordingly, this communication is not being distributed to and must not be passed on to, persons within the United Kingdom save in circumstances where section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply.
In particular, this communication is only addressed to and directed at: (A) in any Member State of the European Economic Area that has implemented the Prospectus Directive (as defined below), qualified investors in that Member State within the meaning of the Prospectus Directive and (B) (i) persons that are outside the United Kingdom or (ii) persons in the United Kingdom falling within the definition of investment professionals (as defined in Article 19(5) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005 (the "Financial Promotion Order")) or within Article 43 of the Financial Promotion Order, or to other persons to whom it may otherwise lawfully be communicated by virtue of an exemption to Section 21(1) of the FSMA or otherwise in circumstance where it does not apply (such persons together being "relevant persons"). Any New Euro Offering or New GBP Offering may only be made available to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to subscribe, purchase or otherwise acquire any New Euro Notes or New GBP Notes will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on any preliminary prospectus supplement to the New Euro Offering or the New GBP Offering or any of its contents. For purposes of the foregoing, the "Prospectus Directive" means the Prospectus Directive 2003/71/EC, as amended, including pursuant to Directive 2010/73/EU.
In this communication we have made forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but only predictions and generally can be identified by use of statements that include phrases such as "will," "may," "should," "continue," "anticipate," "believe," "expect," "plan," "appear," "project," "estimate," "intend," or other words or phrases of similar import. Similarly, statements that describe our objectives, plans or goals also are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those currently anticipated. Factors that could materially affect these forward-looking statements can be found in our periodic reports filed with the SEC. Eligible holders are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this press release are made only as of the date of this press release, and we undertake no obligation to update publicly these forward-looking statements to reflect new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events might or might not occur. We cannot assure you that projected results or events will be achieved.
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Verizon announces pricing terms of its tender offers for 30 series of notes of Verizon and certain of its subsidiaries
Verizon announces tender offers for 30 series of notes of Verizon and certain of its subsidiaries
Verizon announces results of its tender offers for 30 series of notes of Verizon and certain of its subsidiaries
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The rich Hispanic culture of Northern New Mexico is celebrated at Santa Fe's Annual Spanish Market. The event was sponsored by the Spanish Colonial Arts Society (SCAS) from from 1926 through the mid-1930's, after which it was became a combined event with the Santa Fe Indian Market. In 1965 the SCAS once again sponsored the event, renewing their commitment to support the artistic growth of Hispanic artists native to New Mexico and southern Colorado however it was not until 1972 that the Spanish Market once again became it's own separate event.


text:
Nenzing ist eine Marktgemeinde im Bezirk Bludenz des österreichischen Bundeslands Vorarlberg mit  Einwohnern (Stand ).

Geografie
Nenzing liegt im westlichsten Bundesland Österreichs, Vorarlberg, im Bezirk Bludenz auf 533 Metern Höhe. Mit einer Fläche von 110,31 km² ist Nenzing die viertgrößte Gemeinde Vorarlbergs. 49,3 % der Fläche sind bewaldet, 21,1 % der Fläche Alpen. Mit  ist der Panüler der höchste Berg der Gemeinde. Der Naturpark Nenzinger Himmel liegt auf  und die Alpe Gamp auf

Ortsteile der Gemeinde sind (in Klammer die Einwohnerzahlen mit Stand ):

Nachbargemeinden
Nenzing grenzt im Süden an die Schweiz, und im Südwesten an das Fürstentum Liechtenstein.

Geschichte
Die erste nachgewiesene Dauersiedlung aus der Bronze- und Eisenzeit befindet sich auf dem Scheibenstuhl westlich von Nenzing. Später wurde von Römern eine Befestigungs- und Verteidigungsanlage gegen die Alemannen erbaut.

Die aus dem Schweizer Kanton St. Gallen stammenden Ritter von Ramschwag erbauten im Zeitraum von 1270 bis 1290 die Burganlage Welsch-Ramschwag. Die Burg und das Burggut Welsch-Ramschwag kamen 1360 als Lehen zu Österreich.

In der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts gründeten Walser die Siedlung Nenzingerberg, die bis ins 20. Jahrhundert auf neun Einzelhöfen ca. 50 Einwohner zählte. 1955 verließen die letzten Walser den Nenzingerberg. Die meisten Häuser wurden abgebrochen und durch Alpgebäude ersetzt. Erhalten ist die Kapelle (St. Martinskirche). Von zumindest 1815 bis 1920 (Brand des Schulhauses) bestand am Nenzingerberg eine eigene Schule.

Im Jahre 1474 wurde die Grafschaft Sonnenberg, zu der auch Nenzing gehörte, österreichischer Besitz.

Bei einem großen Brand im Jahre 1633 verbrannten im Dorf Kirche, Pfarrhof und 48 Häuser, die Pest forderte wieder ihre Opfer und der Dreißigjährige Krieg brachte Armut und Hungersnöte. Ein zweites Mal wurden 1724 Teile des Dorfes durch einen Großbrand zerstört und 1762 gab es ein Hochwasser an der Meng. Frastanz und Nenzing bildeten in früherer Zeit eine Art Doppelgemeinde. Bis ins 18. Jahrhundert waren beide Gemeinden als kleine Gnos unter den Bruggen eine steuerliche Einheit. Kirchlich gehören die Nenzinger Ortsteile Motten, Mariex und Mittelberg seit 1785 zu Frastanz.

In den Wirren der Napoleonischen Kriege kämpften auch Nenzinger auf Seiten Andreas Hofers gegen die Bayern und Franzosen.

Die Habsburger regierten die Orte in Vorarlberg wechselnd von Tirol und Vorderösterreich (Freiburg im Breisgau) aus. Von 1805 bis 1814 gehörte der Ort zu Bayern, dann wieder zu Österreich.
Zum österreichischen Bundesland Vorarlberg gehört Nenzing seit der Gründung 1861. 1872 wurde eine Eisenbahnlinie durch die Gemeinde gebaut.

Der Ort war 1945 bis 1955 Teil der französischen Besatzungszone in Österreich. 1993 wurde Nenzing zur Marktgemeinde erhoben.

Am 22. Mai 2016 geriet der Ort in die internationalen Schlagzeilen, nachdem ein 27-jähriger Vorarlberger bei einem Konzert wahllos in die Menge geschossen und dabei zwei Männer und im Anschluss sich selbst getötet hatte. Zwölf weitere Opfer überlebten mit Verletzungen.

Am 4. Dezember 2019 erhielt die Marktgemeinde Nenzing den Austrian SDG-Award und wurde damit als Pionier bei der Umsetzung der UN-Nachhaltigkeitsziele (SDGs) in Österreich ausgezeichnet. Dies war das erste Mal, dass der Senat der Wirtschaft, unterstützt durch den Österreichischen Nationalrat und das Bundesministerium für Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus, den Austrian SDG-Award auch für nachhaltig agierende Gemeinden und Städte in Österreich ausgeschrieben hatte und für Vorarlberg wurde für das Jahr 2019 Nenzing und die Landeshauptstadt Bregenz ausgezeichnet.

Im Zuge der COVID-19-Pandemie in Österreich im Jahr 2020 wurden die Nenzinger Ortsteile Nenzing-Dorf und Beschling am 22. März unter Quarantäne gestellt. Diese Maßnahme, die es den Bewohnern der betroffenen Gebiete untersagte, diese ohne wichtigen Grund zu verlassen, wurde von der Vorarlberger Landesregierung angeordnet, nachdem am Samstag, dem 21. März 2020 in Nenzing 22 Personen positiv auf SARS-CoV-2 getestet worden waren. Am 3. April wurde die Quarantäne-Maßnahme wieder aufgehoben.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Ende 2002 betrug der Ausländeranteil an der Bevölkerung 10,8 Prozent.

Da sowohl Geburtenbilanz als auch Wanderungsbilanz seit Jahrzehnten positiv sind, wächst die Einwohnerzahl der Gemeinde stark.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Bergkastell Stellfeder: Das spätrömische Bergkastell Stellfeder aus dem 4. bis 5. Jahrhundert ist eine Ruine am Ausgang des Gamperdonatales.
 Gampfall (Wasserfall im Gamperdonatal / Mengschlucht).
 Burg Welsch-Ramschwag: Die Burg Welsch-Ramschwag wurde in den Jahren 1270 bis 1290 durch die Herren von Ramschwag, einem Adelsgeschlecht aus dem Kanton St. Gallen erbaut. Die Burg hatte keinen langen Bestand, denn aufgebrachte Walgauer Bauern zerstörten am 28. September 1405 im Appenzellerkrieg die Anlage und seither ist Welsch-Ramschwag eine Ruine. Von 1997 bis 2000 erfolgte eine Restaurierung der Ruine.
 Pfarrkirche Hl. Mauritius: Pfarrkirche Hl. Mauritius, eine Barockkirche mit karolingischen und gotischen Elementen der Vorgängerkirchen und barocker Ausstattung ist in einer der ältesten Pfarren Vorarlbergs. Unterhalb des Chorraumes wurden die Fundamente der ältesten nachgewiesenen Kirche des Landes aus dem frühen 6. Jahrhundert ergraben.
 Martinskirche Beschling: spätgotische Kirche, im Barockstil erweitert, mit spätgotischem Flügelaltar von 1484 und einer Holzbilderdecke aus dem 17. Jahrhundert. Diese Kassettendecke wurde teilweise vom Nenzinger Künstler Christian Lutz gestaltet.
 Kirche Maria Heimsuchens Gurtis: 1791 erbaut
 Kapelle Latz Hl. Valentin und Hl. Magnus: um 1630, während der Pestzeit erbaut, im Jahre 2000 restauriert
 Spinnerei Getzner: Die Spinnereibetriebe wurden 1832 von Christian Getzner errichtet.
 Rathaus: An der Stelle des heutigen Rathauses stand früher der Gasthof Sonne, eine ehemalige Postkutschenstation. Diese wurde abgerissen und 1958 ein neues Rathaus errichtet. In den Jahren 2000 bis 2002 wurde es umgebaut und erweitert.
 Ramschwagsaal: Der Ramschwagsaal wurde von der Gemeinde Nenzing 1992 eröffnet und bietet Raum und Bühne für örtliche Vereine und Veranstaltungen.
 ARTENNE (1841; 2011): Die Artenne ist ein Bauernhaus in der Kirchgasse, das 1841 erbaut und 2011 als Ausstellungs- und Veranstaltungsraum eröffnet wurde. Es erhielt 2011 den Österreichischen Bauherrenpreis der Architektenkammer.
 Europaschutzgebiet Spirkenwälder Innergamp
 Europaschutzgebiet Spirkenwald Oberer Tritt

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur

Im Jahr 2003 gab es 88 Betriebe der gewerblichen Wirtschaft mit 2042 Beschäftigten und 182 Lehrlingen. Im Ort wohnten 2361 lohnsteuerpflichtige Erwerbstätige.

Einer der größten Betriebe ist die Firma Liebherr, die hier Hydroseilbagger, Raupenkrane sowie Spezialtiefbaumaschinen herstellt. Der ehemalige Bereich Schiffs- und Offshorekräne wurde in andere Werke ausgelagert. 2016 arbeiteten rund 1700 Mitarbeiter an diesem Liebherr-Standort.

Verkehr
 Straße: Nenzing hat einen Autobahnanschluss an die Autobahn A14 (Rheintal-/Walgauautobahn) in alle Richtungen (Bregenz und Bludenz), welcher sich nördlich des Gemeindezentrums befindet.
 Bahn: In der Gemeinde liegt die Haltestelle Nenzing, an dieser halten sowohl Züge der Linie S1 als auch REX in Richtung Lindau bzw. Bludenz. Weiters wird die Haltestelle von der Buslinie 76 angefahren, welche an der Haltestelle startet und bis Bludenz fährt. Außerdem gibt es beim Ortsteil Beschling die Haltestelle Schlins-Beschling an welcher die S1 hält.

Bildung
In Nenzing gibt es (Stand Juli 2022) fünf Kindergärten, vier Volksschulen und eine Mittelschule. Insgesamt besuchen dabei (Stand: 2020/21) 277 Schüler eine Volksschule und eine 293 Schüler eine Mittelschule.

Politik

Gemeinderat
Die Gemeindevertretung besteht aus 27 Mitgliedern. Gemeindevertretungs- und Bürgermeisterwahl 2020:
 "FPÖ und Parteifreie Nenzing": 13 Mandate
 "Wir für Nenzing – Volkspartei und Parteifreie": 9 Mandate
 "Grüne Nenzing und Parteifreie": 5 Mandate

Bürgermeister
Bürgermeister ist Florian Kasseroler (FPÖ), welcher das Amt 2003 von Bruno Hummer übernommen hatte und bei der Bürgermeister-Direktwahl 2005, 2010 und 2015 (mit 73,76 % der Stimmen) sowie 2020 (mit 72,7 %) ins Amt gewählt wurde.

Gemeindewappen

Das Gemeindewappen entstand im Jahre 1967 nach einem Entwurf des Schrunser Künstlers und Heraldikers Konrad Honold: Es stellt zwei nach links schreitende, goldgekrönte rote Leoparden dar. Dieses Wappen wurde am 6. Februar 1968 von der Vorarlberger Landesregierung an die Gemeinde verliehen.

Das Wappen ist abgeleitet von jenem des Rittergeschlechts der Herren von Ramschwag.

Persönlichkeiten
Söhne und Töchter:
 Michael Jutz (1859–1940), Nationalratsabgeordneter (CS)
 Edwin Hartmann (1910–1996), in Gurtis geborener nordischer und alpiner Skisportler
 Kurt Kraft (1927–2021), ehemaliger Bürgermeister und ehemaliger Landtagsabgeordneter
 Hermann Gamon (1929–2015), Skirennläufer und Trainer
 Manfred Honeck (* 1958), Dirigent und Bratschist
 Christof Moser (* 1964), Pianist, Komponist, Universitätsprofessor
 Simon Gächter (* 1965), Wirtschaftswissenschaftler
 Claudia Gamon (* 1988), NEOS Politikerin

Personen mit Beziehung zu Nenzing:
 Christian Stooß (1879–1958), Gemeindevorsteher und Landtagsabgeordneter

Ehrenbürger:
 Josef Marte (5. Oktober 1853 bis 21. April 1911) Landwirt, Vorsteher Gemeinde Nenzing, Landtagsabgeordneter, Mitglied des Landesausschusses
 Otto Marte (19. Februar 1893–1982) Landwirt, Bürgermeister Gemeinde Nenzing, Ökonomierat, Kassier der Pfarrei Nenzing durch 50 Jahre
 Georg Schelling (1906–1981), Priester und Journalist
 Karl Gamon (26. Dezember 1918 bis 15. März 2004) Oberstudienrat, Schulleiter Hauptschule Nenzing, Gründungsmitglied des Krankenpflegevereins Nenzing

Weblinks

 Webseite der Gemeinde Nenzing

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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APPLETON, Wis. — Building is what Jason Matousek said he's always wanted to do. The last two years, he's done a lot of it for people looking for new or refurbished decks. What You Need To Know Home improvement businesses at the Fox Cities Home & Garden Show are gearing up for another […]
APPLETON, Wis. — Building is what Jason Matousek said he's always wanted to do. The last two years, he's done a lot of it for people looking for new or refurbished decks.
Home improvement businesses at the Fox Cities Home & Garden Show are gearing up for another busy year
The show runs through Sunday
The National Association of the Remodeling Industry is hosting a similar show near Milwaukee this weekend
"Last year I filled up the whole year. I had no breaks between the decks and this year is looking the same way," Matousek said. "I'm full booked until October right now."
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"I love it. This is what I've always wanted to do. I like building stuff," Matousek said.
He's one of the vendors at the Fox Cities Home & Garden Show this weekend in Appleton.
The show opened Friday and hundreds of people came out to check out different businesses offering everything from replacement windows to decorative lighting systems.
Home improvement has taken off in the last two years as people update their homes and yards or do entire renovations and additions— reflecting changes in the way they use their homes in the pandemic.
Cassie Lambrecht of Kaukauna-based Tundraland Home Improvements said she sees no sign of consumer interest waining.
"In the last couple of months when we're doing these home shows, they're insane," she said. "They're so busy. Just give it a couple of hours and this place will be packed."
She said the business is growing with the surge in interest and is able to take on new customers.
"The more business we get the more installers we're hiring, honestly, the wait time, maybe a few weeks, but we're doing great," Lambrecht said.
The Appleton show isn't alone. The National Association of the Remodeling Industry show runs Friday through Sunday at State Fair Park near Milwaukee.
Matousek — who works by himself — said he doesn't see interest or the number of jobs slowing.
When it comes to a new deck, he suggested customers start planning now for later in the year.
"If you're planning on doing a deck you kind of want to get it scheduled now so you get in the books and ready to go," he said.
The Fox Cities Home & Garden Show runs Friday to Sunday at the Fox Cities Exposition Center. It is open until 7 p.m. Friday. On Saturday, it will be open from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. and on Sunday from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Admission is $3 for adults.
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Zemerge - Part 1 - Duration: 9 minutes, 17 seconds.


Spices are able to completely change the food - well-chosen can add new bright notes, and the unsuccessful choice of seasonings can spoil even the most delicious and favorite dish. But apart from taste, spices also have differentmedical properties, of which very few people know - they can become a prevention of diabetes, cancer and heart disease. We will tell you which spices are best used to eat deliciously and stay young and healthy.
Rosemary for more than a thousand years remainsan irreplaceable assistant to doctors and skillful cooks. It contains many antioxidants, calcium, fiber, iron and a large number of anti-inflammatory substances. This spice is perfectly combined with chicken, fish, soups and various sauces.
Anise has a lovely sweet aroma thatAdds to familiar dishes an unusual smell and taste. In addition, anise helps with bloating, it is also used as a diuretic and cure for the common cold. And it's not surprising - such a rich flavor is able to cope with any cold. And anise is an excellent remedy during diets - it perfectly reduces appetite. Most often this spice is used in homemade sweet pastries.
Basil is one of the mandatory condiments in manyEuropean cuisines, in particular, in Italian. The basil contains a lot of antioxidants, it has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, prevents asthma, fights against diabetes, anesthetizes and relieves swelling. Due to its soft and pleasant taste, this spice is added to many dishes, such as pesto, salads, sauces and even tea.
Different types of mint have different medicinalproperties. For example, peppermint has an anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effect. This spice is perfectly combined with both food and drinks. Recently, unusual sweets with the addition of mint and menthol have gained popularity.
Oregano is a traditional Italian seasoning. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties, which is why it perfectly fights infection. Oregano is often used in the preparation of pasta, pizza, soups and numerous dishes based on tomatoes - with them the spice is especially tasty.
Thyme perfectly treats bronchitis, angina, arthritis,an intestinal disorder, diarrhea, gas and blood pressure. There is a lot of iron in it. Thyme has an unusual and specific taste. This spice well complements sauces for pasta, fish, omelettes and beans. Also, from the thyme, a fragrant soothing tea is prepared.
Ginger works well for colds anddiseases of the intestine. It also eliminates nausea and has increased fat burning properties (all losing weight to the note). Also, the ginger root eliminates the pain along with the known painkillers. Spice perfectly shades the taste of vegetables, salads and meat. Is an indispensable attribute of Japanese cuisine. Also very popular is ginger tea and ginger biscuits.
Curcuma is the main component of curry,because we repeatedly used it, without even guessing about it. Curcumin (a substance in the composition of spices) has strong anti-inflammatory properties and can become a preventive measure of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
In one teaspoon of turmeric is 30% of the daily norm of iron. This spice is often added to chicken soup, fish and rice.
Sage is a great helper for problemsgastrointestinal tract, depression, memory loss and Alzheimer's disease. Women sage helps in reducing menstrual pain. And if you need to eliminate the inflammation of the gums, then you need to chew the sage - it does a good job with gingivitis. Shawls perfectly harmonize with eggs and dishes from them, sauces, fish and chicken.
Forget salt - it is of no use, andits taste is already boring us. Convert your diet and make your body healthier thanks to delicious, fragrant and so useful spices that are always at hand.
Why do not French women get fat?
Immunity fell. What to do?


Professor Dierksmeier's article in the Humanistic Managament Journal got a permanent open access link.
Today's global economic system is in need of a global economic ethos of responsibility so as to assure its social and ecological sustainability. Not all ideas of freedom, however, are equally amenable to conceptions of cosmopolitan responsibilities. This article examines how quantitative versus qualitative notions of freedom respectively respond to this challenge. Simply put, quantitative models hinder the integration of responsibility into models of economic rationality whereas qualitative conceptions advance it. As a consequence, efforts to promote a humanistic paradigm of economics and management fare better when oriented at a qualitative idea of freedom. Cast along the lines of a qualitative conception of freedom, corporate responsibility more readily takes on a cosmopolitan dimension apt to meet the needs of the current age of globality.


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We've smashed our £100,000 target to create a new cancer centre for the Isle of Wight!
The Isle of Wight will get a new cancer support centre after raising an incredible £100,000.
Last March, our Island branch launched its Building for the Future appeal and, following a series of events and donations, the £100,00 target has now been met.
The final £6,000 was raised during a 12-hour cycleathon at Isle of Wight radio this week.
Level 42's Mark King donated £1,000 and was among 60 Islanders who took part. Olympic sailor Shirley Robertson, representatives from the NHS, fire service, school pupils and IW Council's leader Dave Stewart and Chief Executive John Metcalfe also cycled alongside members of the Isle of Wight radio team.
The final donations were made by a number of kind-hearted Island businesses and residents, including ICR Systems, Yarmouth's Muddy Paws Pet Shop, WRS Systems and long-standing supporters of the charity, Chris Jarman and Barbara Ritters.
Events, such as last summer's Inflatable Rainbow Run, also helped raise a large chunk of the total, with £40,000 raised and 1,000 people taking part in its first year.
Our Community Engagement Manager Lorraine White said:
Isle of Wight, you've done it! You've smashed the £100,000 target and your efforts will go a long way in helping us to support Islanders affected by cancer. We've been totally overwhelmed by the support we've received since we launched this appeal. From the bottom of our hearts, thank you to every single one of you that has donated, attended one of our events or helped make them happen. What a year it has been!
We know some of you are still fundraising for the appeal and we can assure you any further donations will only help to make the new centre better than we ever imagined.
It's hoped that the new centre in Newport's Lugley Street will begin on May 1st.
Author: Samantha Bradley
Apprentice star backs our trade-up task
BBC One's The Apprentice contestant, Tom Bunday, is urging budding entrepreneurs to put their skills to the test in our trade-up task 'Zero to Hero' this September.
Simplify Consulting golf day hits £15,500!
The Simplify Consulting charity golf day has raised a record figure for Wessex Cancer Trust.
Try a Tri this August
We've launched 'MyTri', a month-long personal triathlon challenge designed to help you make the most of August, as well as raising vital funds to support local people living with cancer.
Vote for us to bag a share of Tesco's community fund this summer!
We're bidding to bag a massive cash boost from the Tesco Bags of Help Centenary Grant initiative
300 walkers put best foot forward at 'Walk for Hope'
Almost 300 people and 30 dogs stepped up to take part in our third Walk for Hope in the New Forest. Together, they're well on their way to raising £50,000 to help local people living with cancer.
Winchester Starlit Trail is your time to shine!
Winchester is set to host its first ever Starlit Trail on Friday 20th September - a sponsored walk through the City organised by us to raise money for local people living with cancer.
MP pledges support to future of community cancer care
We hosted a visit from Winchester & Chandler's Ford MP, Steve Brine, who praised the way we're developing our services to directly meet changing local need.
Calling all real-life superheroes! We need you for 3km adventure mission...
Calling all real-life superheroes! We need you for 3km adventure mission!
Have your say on the future of cancer support for local people
We've launched a major piece of research to find out what local people need most in terms of cancer support.
Catch Walk for Hope early bird prices before 31 March
Put your best foot forward and sign up for our biggest annual fundraising event before 31 March to take advantage of early bird prices!


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SYDNEY. KAZINFORM How to get maximum health benefits without going to the gym? Short bursts of physical activity like climbing stairs or washing the car could be the key to helping some of us stay healthy, according to an international study released on Thursday.
What the study refers to as High Intensity Incidental Physical Activity (HIIPA), mimics the scientifically proven benefits of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), by incorporating everyday life and tasks, Xinhua reports.


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Westralian Engineering (WE)
Westralian Engineering Services an Apex global engineering Pty Ltd company was founded in 1992 and is 100% Australian owned. The companies vision is to serve the oil and gas industry through its many facets of upstream, downstream and subsea services as well as the power generation, mineral processing, mining and marine industries. with it Strategically situated in the Australian Marine Complex, Henderson, Western Australia. the company has increased capabilities regards large equipment load out and vessel support. Westralian engineering services is an organisation that can cater to the most stringent quality, HSE and environmental requirements of these specialised industries through proven track records which has allowed it to become a globally recognized leader in the engineering and manufacturing fields. With its recent accreditation to the API spec Q1 ninth edition It further proves that WES is committed to quality and safety to take that next level of service above and beyond the end users requirement.
Sector: Oil & Energy
Website: http://www.weseng.com.au/
Join NrgEdge and view the full information about this company
Other Companies:
Atlas Copco (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
Searights Maritime Services Pte Ltd
Draeger Safety Asia Pte Ltd
J. Murphy & Sons
Performance Contracting, Inc.


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We are here to guide you in searching for the right residential detox - there is thought given to the addict's issues and those of their family. Our site exists to make sure you have the right placement. In pretty much every city and state, there exists an addiction treatment center - Drug and Alcohol Treatment will help you overcome your addiction and pursue recovery. Keep in mind that when you are searching for a residential detox in East Orosi, California, you must review the expertise and philosophy of the facility. You need to understand that not all treatment services in East Orosi, California will be helpful, but with time and research, the right center will be located. You will want to be thorough when searching for an addiction treatment center. Addicts and their families often cannot find easy treatment solutions in East Orosi, California, Be sure to utilize our directory of superb treatment and residential centers.
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seems there weren't that many comments on Diom when you delurked.
to be inspired by Verdurian. Is this correct?
is a post-alveolar affricate. Which one is it?
the diphthong /ej/ of 'snake' or is it rather just an /e/ or /E/?
or /Ow/ or is it the 'pure' vowel /o/?
and spiced up with a few irregularities here and there. Great work!


Nyoman Masriadi – Reconfiguring the Body offers a complete review of Nyoman Masriadi's works, his life and inspirations – through the words of art critics, TK Sabapathy and Goenawan Mohamed. Masriadi is currently Southeast Asia's most well-received contemporary artist; the appreciation of his work is a testimonial to his talent as a painter as well as a barometer of the ascendency of South East Asian contemporary art.
The visual imagery and narratives in his paintings are derived from keen and intelligent observations of social life. Reactive against formalism, his early works show him sparring with Western modernism in the guise of cubism but meshing it with caricature, the cutting street language Indonesians use, and graffiti. His technique of overdrawing a finished painting with a marker can best be seen as a means of inscribing himself in or against tradition.


your present prescription. I keep mine in the health file in my own filing cabinet. If you cannot find your prescription, visit wherever you lastly had your eyes examined and demand a copy. Your optician, optometrist, or ophthalmologist is necessary by law release a your eyewear prescription for you. You now need to be aware of a few critical bits of information from your prescription (see example above–click to enlarge). Among other information, you should see three columns on your prescription–sphere, cylinder, and axis.
Inside the example prescription above, you'll see the Pupillary Distance of the individual is 62. Jot down this number also, it is the seventh of your seven critical statistics.
A somewhat less critical quantity is your temple period. If you're blessed, you'll also see a temple period and bridge size in your prescription. If not, don't sweat it, you can amount it out yourself. The temple duration describes the distance of the two bars that connect the eyeglasses to your ears. It really is measured from where the 90-degree curve from your zoom lens structure to the side bars (temples) commences to the very end of the temple, including the curve. It is not assessed from the flex point of the temples, because the "stub" between your flex point and zoom lens structure is not a standard size.
Now, remove some measuring tape (preferably the type of tape used for fitting clothes and sewing, as it is very flexible) and evaluate an existing couple of glasses that fit easily. The average temple period for men is 135mm or 145mm. For girls, 130mm to 140mm is standard. If the tape only has inches wide, measure to the nearest eighth or sixteenth and multiply that number by 25.4 to receive the measurement in millimeters. Temple lengths are usually available in 5mm increments, such as 130, 135, 140, 145, etc. For the most part online eyeglasses stores, temple span is shown within the frame description and is not customizable. Therefore, you need to discover a frame with an appropriate temple size. This sometimes varies if you are in a site specializing in designer glasses, where you have the option to input your own temple size.
Genuinely, temple size is not a huge deal. I've one pair of glasses with 135mm temples and another with 140mm temples. Both pairs fit easily. If for some reason you can't think of a temple measurement, don't let that stop you from making an eyewear purchase online. Instead, simply choose 140mm temples if you are a guy and 135mm temples if you are a woman. It's likely that, this size will fit pleasantly.


Chevalle:� Distinctive Homes.� Distinctive Neighborhoods. On Lake Bavaria in Chaska, Minnesota.
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