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Fukushima-derived radionuclides in the ocean and biota off Japan
Ken O. Buesseler, Steven R. Jayne, Nicholas S. Fisher, Irina I. Rypina, Hannes Baumann, Zofia Baumann, Crystaline F. Breier, Elizabeth M. Douglass, Jennifer George, Alison M. Macdonald, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Jun Nishikawa, Steven M. Pike, and Sashiko Yoshida
aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry and
bDepartment of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543;
cSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794; and
dAtmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
PNAS April 17, 2012 109 (16) 5984-5988; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120794109
Ken O. Buesseler
Steven R. Jayne
Nicholas S. Fisher
Irina I. Rypina
Hannes Baumann
Zofia Baumann
Crystaline F. Breier
Elizabeth M. Douglass
Jennifer George
Alison M. Macdonald
Hiroomi Miyamoto
Jun Nishikawa
Steven M. Pike
Sashiko Yoshida
Edited by Karl K. Turekian, Yale University, North Haven, CT, and approved February 24, 2012 (received for review December 19, 2011)
The Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011, resulted in unprecedented radioactivity releases from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plants to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Results are presented here from an international study of radionuclide contaminants in surface and subsurface waters, as well as in zooplankton and fish, off Japan in June 2011. A major finding is detection of Fukushima-derived 134Cs and 137Cs throughout waters 30–600 km offshore, with the highest activities associated with near-shore eddies and the Kuroshio Current acting as a southern boundary for transport. Fukushima-derived Cs isotopes were also detected in zooplankton and mesopelagic fish, and unique to this study we also find 110mAg in zooplankton. Vertical profiles are used to calculate a total inventory of ∼2 PBq 137Cs in an ocean area of 150,000 km2. Our results can only be understood in the context of our drifter data and an oceanographic model that shows rapid advection of contaminants further out in the Pacific. Importantly, our data are consistent with higher estimates of the magnitude of Fukushima fallout and direct releases [Stohl et al. (2011) Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 11:28319–28394; Bailly du Bois et al. (2011) J Environ Radioact, 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.11.015]. We address risks to public health and marine biota by showing that though Cs isotopes are elevated 10–1,000× over prior levels in waters off Japan, radiation risks due to these radionuclides are below those generally considered harmful to marine animals and human consumers, and even below those from naturally occurring radionuclides.
The loss of power and subsequent overheating, meltdowns, and hydrogen explosions at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plants (NPPs) resulted in airborne fallout over land and the ocean that peaked in mid-March 2011 (1⇓–3). In addition to atmospheric fallout, waters used to cool the reactors that subsequently leaked from NPP buildings provided a direct path for contamination of the oceans (4). Concentrations at the NPP ocean discharge channels peaked in early April at more than 50 million times preexisting ocean levels of 137Cs (5). Though considerable data have been released in Japanese reports regarding the concentration of selected radionuclides in the air, soil, and coastal discharge sites, large uncertainties remain, including even the magnitude of total atmospheric releases (6) and direct discharges (7). There is also little information on radionuclide distributions offshore to help assess contamination and transport in the North Pacific and for independent confirmation of whether the levels are of human health concern.
We report here on a comprehensive analysis of radionuclide concentrations off Japan in surface and subsurface waters as well as for mesopelagic fish and plankton collected from the R/V Ka'imikai-o-Kanaloa at 50 stations June 4–18, 2011 (Fig. S1). We used standard oceanographic methods to collect water and biota followed by laboratory processing and detection of marine radionuclides using high-purity germanium spectroscopy (Methods and SI Methods). This report describes the presence of the gamma-emitting isotopes 134Cs (t1/2 = 2.07 y), 137Cs (t1/2 = 30.07 y), and 110mAg (t1/2 = 250 d). With their shorter half-lives, any 134Cs and 110mAg seen in our samples could only be derived from the 2011 Fukushima NPP releases.
Cesium is a highly seawater soluble radionuclide whose primary source to the ocean before March 2011 has been from weapons testing in the 1960s, with lesser amounts from Chernobyl fallout in 1986 and intentional discharges such as from European nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities at Cap de la Hague (France) and Sellafield (United Kingdom) (8). Before 2011, 137Cs levels off Japan were ∼1–2 Bq⋅m−3 (9) (1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second).
In June 2011, surface-water concentrations of 134Cs were highly elevated in near-shore areas, although not necessarily at stations closest to the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPPs (Fig. 1A and Table S1). The highest 134Cs activities, 3,900 Bq⋅m−3, were associated with a semipermanent eddy, seen here in the surface drifter data centered on 37°N 142.5°E (Fig. 2B). Activities up to 325 Bq⋅m−3 were found more than 600 km from the NPPs (Table S1). The 134Cs:137Cs ratio was close to 1 in all samples clearly indicating a Fukushima NPP source (5) (calculated end-member ratio of 0.975; Fig. S2); the exception to this are the southernmost stations, where we see 137Cs at preexisting levels of 1–2 Bq⋅m−3 and no detectable 134Cs. In our samples, < 0.1% of total Cs was caught on a 1-μm filter, consistent with its more soluble nature (SI Methods).
(A) Concentrations of 134Cs in surface water (Bq⋅m−3), (B) 134Cs in biological samples (Bq⋅kg−1 dry weight), and (C) 110mAg in biological samples (Bq⋅kg−1 dry weight). Biological samples were separated into mixed zooplankton, crustaceans, and fish as indicated by legend (SI Discussion). Red star is location of Fukushima NPPs. Gray shaded area in A shows approximate position of Kuroshio Current during the cruise (Fig. S1). Dashed lines in A are areas used to calculate near-shore and offshore Cs inventories.
(A) Tracks of surface drifters released at the sampling stations, from time of release through October 26, 2011. Trajectories are color coded: blue drifters traveled north of the Kuroshio, red were advected east in the Kuroshio, green went south of the Kuroshio, and magenta stayed close to the coast. (B) Expanded view of coastal region showing more clearly the near-shore eddies and coastal transport.
It is evident that the Kuroshio Current forms a southern boundary for the transport of these Fukushima-derived radionuclides (at least in the western North Pacific), because samples at this boundary or to the south had 134Cs activities <3 Bq⋅m−3 (our detection limit for 134Cs was 1.5 Bq⋅m−3). This finding is supported by the tracks of our surface drifters, most of which traveled east along the Kuroshio or northeast (Fig. 2A, blue and red lines). However, several drifters moved westward toward the coast, with one drifter transiting along the coast to the south of our study area (Fig. 2B, magenta lines), suggesting a potential pathway for contaminated water. Although we have no Cs measurements this close to shore, this is consistent as well with the coastal model of Tsumune et al. (4).
137Cs and 134Cs in biota ranged from below detection to 56 Bq⋅kBq⋅kgg−1 dry weight (Fig. 1B and Table 1), depending primarily on the sampling location but also on the biological composition of the sample. As in the water, 134Cs:137Cs ratios were essentially 1. The only other artificial gamma-emitting radionuclide detected consistently in biota was 110mAg (Fig. 1C), which was detected in zooplankton samples with concentrations up to 23.6 Bq⋅kg−1 dry weight, but was undetectable in all three fish samples (Table 1). Overall, Ag is known to be highly particle-reactive in seawater and greatly concentrates in both phytoplankton, at the base of the food chain, and zooplankton (10), consistent with the data in Table 1. The 110mAg concentrations in plankton samples north of the Kuroshio were lowest in samples more distant from Japan. The source of the 110mAg measured in zooplankton is unclear; no direct releases to the coastal ocean have been reported, but soils collected near the power plants did show trace levels of 110mAg (11). In zooplankton, 134Cs:110mAg ratios ranged up to 4.7, with most values 0.8–2. Gelatinous zooplankton, collected at one station, had about half the radioactivity of crustacean zooplankton at that same station for either Cs isotope or 110mAg.
Concentrations of naturally occurring 40K and Fukushima-derived radionuclides (137Cs, 134Cs, and 110mAg) in marine organisms collected off Japan's coast (Bq⋅kg−1 dry weight)
Concentration factors—essentially the degree of radionuclide enrichment in biota relative to ambient water—are used to evaluate the radiological risks associated with seafood consumption and were determined by dividing the radionuclide concentration in biota by the dissolved concentration in surface water. Median values were 44 for 137Cs and 36 for 134Cs, comparable to the recommended International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) value of 40 for zooplankton (10). Concentration factors for 110mAg were not calculated because dissolved concentrations could not be measured using our seawater method, which was specific to Cs isotopes only.
The median concentration of 137Cs in micronektonic fish (secondary consumers) was less than that in zooplankton (primary and secondary consumers) and about 150-fold below the Japanese legal limit for fish of 500 Bq⋅kg−1 wet weight. Compared with oceans that were most heavily impacted by Chernobyl, our 137Cs values in fish are equivalent to those found in the Black Sea, but less than in the Baltic Sea, where fish concentrations varied with locations (12). The combined gamma radioactivity of 134Cs, 137Cs, and 110mAg in biota ranged from 1% to 54% (typically 10–30%) of total radioactivity attributable to naturally occurring radionuclides, of which 40K contributed >99% of the total (Table 1).
The surface ocean Cs data leads to several key conclusions regarding the impact of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPPs on the ocean. First, Fukushima-derived 134Cs and 137Cs were measured at up to 1,000× higher activities than existed previously and were found throughout a 150,000-km2 area of the Pacific Ocean off Japan. Second, though elevated, substantial dilution had occurred between the discharge channels at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPPs, where 137Cs activities averaged 33,000 Bq⋅m−3 in June (5) and our closest samples 30 km offshore, which were on average 50× lower (600–800 Bq⋅m−3). Our Cs activities are thus consistent with the Japanese reporting in June "below detection" for 134Cs and 137Cs 30 km off-shore [Japanese Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)], because their methods had a higher detection limit of 10,000 Bq⋅m−3 (5). As a result of ocean stirring and mixing processes, all 137Cs activities offshore have been reduced to well below the Japanese regulatory limits for the ocean (90,000 Bq⋅m−3) and are below the levels of the most abundant natural radionuclide in the ocean, 40K (∼12,000 Bq⋅m−3).
We measured 134Cs activities decreasing with depth, and as with the surface data, activities in the subsurface are generally higher near-shore than offshore (Fig. 3). Prior studies show penetration of 1960s fallout radionuclides, including 137Cs, down to 1,000 m in this area (9), but in the short time here since its release, Fukushima-derived Cs does not generally penetrate below ∼100–200 m. Over time, we expect to see deeper penetration and lateral mixing for Cs and other soluble Fukushima isotopes, providing a means to study the rates of vertical and horizontal mixing processes in the Pacific.
Profiles of 134Cs (Bq⋅m−3) vs. depth for offshore (gray solid lines; mean, gray circles) and near-shore stations (black dashed lines; mean, black circles).
Cesium profiles are essential to calculate ocean contamination for comparison with land, and to calculate the total Cs inventory in our study area for comparison with the widely varying source estimates. When integrated vs. depth, aerial inventories of 137Cs at different locations in the near-shore area range from 7,000 to 80,000 Bq⋅m−2, decreasing to 200–14,000 Bq⋅m−2 in the offshore stations (areas denoted in Fig. 1A; Methods). Preexisting 137Cs inventories in these waters would be ∼200–300 Bq⋅m−2 (down to 200 m) (9). It is important to note that our highest values are still 40× lower than the highest estimated aerial burdens on land within 30 km of the NPPs (3 million Bq⋅m-2 137Cs; ref. 13, http://radioactivity.mext.go.jp/en/1750/2011/08/1750_083014.pdf).
There has been considerable debate about both the total radionuclide releases and the extent of atmospheric fallout vs. direct discharges from the Fukushima NPPs. Total atmospheric releases of 137Cs have been estimated by several Japanese groups and official sources to range from 10 to 13 PBq (1 PBq = 1 × 1015 Bq; Table S2), with peak discharges delivered March 15–25, 2011 (1, 2). From the 10-PBq total atmospheric source, Morino et al. (2) suggest that 22% fell on land in Japan and 10% (1 PBq) in their ocean domain (defined out to 145°E), with about 50% advecting farther east over the ocean. A more recent study by Stohl et al. (6) found a similar fraction on land, but suggested much higher total atmospheric releases for 137Cs of 36 PBq (23–50 PBq).
Direct discharges were an additional radionuclide source to the ocean, dominated by a leak from Dai-ichi reactor 2 April 1–6, 2011. Similar to atmospheric fallout, there is a considerable range of release estimates, from 3.5 PBq (4) to as high as 22 PBq (Table S2). We measured a total inventory of Fukushima-derived 137Cs of 1.9–2.1 PBq in our study area (Methods), which is lower because most of the 137Cs delivered either as fallout in March or direct discharges in April would have been transported out of the study area by June.
To quantify this transport and assess if our data support the higher or lower release estimates, we modeled the spreading of contaminated waters by ocean currents (Methods and SI Discussion). The model reproduced the measured 137Cs distribution in June, with the largest concentrations associated with a near-shore cyclonic eddy, and intermediate concentrations at stations closest to shore, resulting from later stages of direct discharges, and the southern edge of contaminated waters aligning with the Kuroshio (Fig. S3). The model predicts an inventory of ∼0.4 PBq (using the lowest atmospheric and direct discharge source estimates) to ∼2.0 PBq (using the highest estimates) in our study area in June (SI Discussion). Thus, if we include realistic transport, our measured inventory in June agrees better with what is predicted using the largest release estimates; this is important, but needs to be supported by additional data over larger areas of the North Pacific. However, at present, such data are extremely limited and insufficient to make a basin-wide inventory calculation. A more complex 3D ocean model would also be helpful to quantify transport processes and predict long-term concentration trends expected throughout the Pacific.
In terms of potential biological impacts, radiation doses in marine organisms are generally dominated by the naturally occurring radionuclides 210Po (an alpha emitter) and 40K, even when organisms are exposed to anthropogenic radioactivity discharged to coastal waters (14). To be comparable just to doses from 210Po, 137Cs levels in fish would need to range from 300 to 12,000 Bq⋅kg−1 dry weight, some 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than what we observed ≥30 km off Japan. Thus, radiation risks of these isotopes to marine organisms and human consumers of seafood are well below those from natural radionuclides (SI Discussion). Further, we can calculate an external dose to humans if immersed/swimming in these waters of <0.01 μSv⋅d−1 at 134Cs and 137Cs levels of 1,000 Bq⋅m−3, which is <0.3% of the average Japanese dose of about 4 μSv⋅d−1 from all radioactivity sources. Finally, these levels are several orders of magnitude lower than those used in one study that assumed exposure to the most heavily impacted water discharged from the Fukushima NPPs to predict marked reproductive effects and possible mortality in marine biota (15).
Several other gamma-emitting fission products (e.g., 106Ru, 103Ru, 144Ce, and 141Ce) were detected after Chernobyl in biota and sinking particles (16), but were not seen here in biota (or on filters), or by others in soils around the Fukushima NPP (11). These refractory isotopes were prevalent from Chernobyl due to the massive explosion and release of core materials in addition to radioactive gases and volatiles. The Fukushima accident was characterized by core overheating that led to the venting of radioactive gases, hydrogen explosions, and fires associated with spent fuel rods; this resulted in the preferential release of more volatile radionuclides, such as Cs, and gases to the atmosphere. However, the salt and fresh water used to cool the Fukushima NPPs and acidic conditions in the core provide possible pathways to mobilize refractory radionuclides from the core that may have subsequently been discharged to the ocean but have yet to be assessed. Ultimately, though the radionuclide levels of 137Cs and 134Cs offshore are currently low with respect to human health effects, any assessment of radiation dose should also consider long-term exposure if the NPP remains a continued source of radionuclides (5) and if, as has been reported, coastal sediments are contaminated with multiple radionuclides.
Details of sampling, analytical methods, transport model, and calculations of dose are provided in SI Discussion, with a brief summary below.
Method for 134Cs and 137Cs in Seawater.
Seawater samples were extracted onto an ion exchange resin made of the organic polymer polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) (17). Resin was gamma counted for 134Cs and 137Cs isotopes using high-purity germanium well detectors in the laboratory. Resin extraction recoveries were determined from initial and final sample aliquots containing stable Cs added as a yield monitor. Calibration standards were run using archived water from the Sargasso Sea and an International Atomic Energy Agency Irish Sea water reference report (IAEA-443) (18). The concentration of Cs isotopes in water is reported in units of becquerels per unit volume (Bq⋅m−3). All activities are decay corrected to April 6, 2011, the date of the maximum direct radioactivity discharge into the ocean (5).
Biota Sampling and Analysis.
We obtained samples of the zooplankton and nekton community by double-oblique tows of Bongo nets (0.6 m diameter, 0.3 mm mesh) and Methot trawls (2.5 × 2.5 m frame, 4 mm mesh). Aliquots (1–10% of total volume) of the fresh samples were preserved with formalin and sorted into higher taxa, enumerated, and converted to abundance (details in SI Methods). Remaining samples were immediately frozen and later freeze-dried before radioanalysis by gamma spectrometry using a low-energy germanium detector. Radionuclide calibrations were made against a certified IAEA fish standard (19). Radioactivity was decay corrected to April 6, 2011, similar to seawater. Radionuclide concentration factors were based on surface-water concentrations because these animals were exposed to higher 134Cs and 137Cs concentrations while feeding at night in the surface, and because these animals were mostly caught during night tows. Dose estimates are discussed further in SI Discussion.
Drifter Methods/Data Source.
A total of 24 surface drifters were deployed at 20 of the stations. The drifters, manufactured by Pacific Gyre, are drogued at 15 m, and also measure sea-surface temperature. The locations of the drifters were relayed numerous times per day using the Argos satellite tracking system and archived at the Global Drifter Program Drifter Data Assembly Center (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/dac/dacdata.php).
Transport Model.
The velocity fields used to simulate the spreading of contaminated waters were derived from satellite altimetry data and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis products. The Ekman velocities due to winds were added to the geostrophic velocities. To estimate the spreading of contaminated waters, we used the Lagrangian advection scheme with a variable-step Runge–Kutta 4 (20) integration and a bilinear interpolation in time and space between grid points. Further details of the transport model are provided in SI Methods. Also, as discussed in the text and further in SI Methods, the source function to the model is either atmospheric deposition to the coast north of the NPP peaking March 17–20, 2011 (red rectangle in Fig. S3 A–D), or direct ocean discharges using at point source at the Fukushima NPP and the measured time-series of input reported in Buesseler et al. (5) that peaked on April 6, 2011 (Fig. S3 E–H).
Inventory Calculations.
Ocean inventories of 137Cs were determined by simple trapezoidal integration of the 137Cs vs. depth profiles, and these averaged 26,000 Bq⋅m−2 and 6,200 Bq⋅m−2 for near-shore and offshore areas in Fig. 1A, respectively. When multiplied by the area of each, we obtained a total inventory of 1.25 PBq for the near-shore area (50,000 km2) and 0.62 PBq for the offshore area (100,000 km2), or a total of 1.9 PBq in our study area. Alternatively, with the exception of two stations, there is a significant linear relationship between total 137Cs inventory and the surface activities [surface 137Cs (Bq⋅m−3) × 42 = 137Cs inventory (Bq⋅m−2); R2 = 0.63], and if we use this relationship and the better aerial coverage provided by the larger set of locations where we have surface 137Cs data only, we come up with a similar total inventory of 2.1 PBq. Thus, for this article, we use 2.0 PBq as the measured total inventory of 137Cs in our study area.
We thank J. Holdren, J. Miller, S. Fetter (US Office of Science and Technology Policy), E. Tirpak, and colleagues (US Department of State); A. Emig (the US National Science Foundation); the shore-based ship support groups at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and the University of Hawaii; and the captain, crew, and scientific support team on the R/V Ka`imikai-o-Kanaloa. The efforts of the other scientists on the ship were also critical in the collection of these samples (full list at http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=67816). Key scientific gear was provided by L. Centurioni and C. McCall for the surface drifters; and E. Horgan, B. Humphreys, and C. Gobler for plankton sampling gear. We thank our scientific colleagues in Japan, including M. Uematsu (University of Tokyo), M. Aoyama (Meteorological Research Institute), M. Honda (Japan Agency for Marine Earth Science and Technology), and D. Tsumune (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry). We also acknowledge early discussion on Fukushima release data with E. Bosc, I. Osvath, H. Nies, and M. Eriksson (IAEA, Environment Laboratories) and editing assistance from K. Kostel (WHOI). Thanks to C. Chandler and her group, data from this cruise is available from the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office, http://osprey.bcodmo.org/project.cfm?flag=view&id=186. Funding was provided primarily from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and also the Chemical Oceanography Program of the US National Science Foundation, and WHOI.
↵1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kbuesseler{at}whoi.edu.
Author contributions: K.O.B., S.R.J., and N.S.F. designed research; K.O.B., S.R.J., I.I.R., H.B., Z.B., C.F.B., J.G., A.M.M., H.M., J.N., S.M.P., and S.Y. performed research; C.F.B. and S.M.P. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; K.O.B., S.R.J., N.S.F., I.I.R., H.B., Z.B., C.F.B., E.M.D., J.G., A.M.M., H.M., J.N., S.M.P., and S.Y. analyzed data; and K.O.B., S.R.J., N.S.F., and I.I.R. wrote the paper.
Data deposition: Data reported in this paper and from the cruise is available from the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office, http://osprey.bcodmo.org/project.cfm?flag=view&id=186.
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Fukushima radionuclides in ocean
Ken O. Buesseler, Steven R. Jayne, Nicholas S. Fisher, Irina I. Rypina, Hannes Baumann, Zofia Baumann, Crystaline F. Breier, Elizabeth M. Douglass, Jennifer George, Alison M. Macdonald, Hiroomi Miyamoto, Jun Nishikawa, Steven M. Pike, Sashiko Yoshida
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2012, 109 (16) 5984-5988; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120794109


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Home / 31 Days of Halloween Extravaganza / Cover Love / #coverlove :: The Big Bad Wolf
#coverlove :: The Big Bad Wolf
AFTanith 10/01/2017 31 Days of Halloween Extravaganza, Cover Love
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Welcome to #coverlove, a weekly round-up of the best book covers the literary world has to offer. To kick off #31DaysofHalloween, our theme for the week is the big bad wolf!
The Wolf's Boy by Susan Williams Beckhorn
An outcast boy and a young wolf against an Ice Age winter...
Kai burns to become a hunter and to earn a rightful place among his people. But that can never be. He was born with a clubfoot. It is forbidden for him to use or even touch a hunter's sacred weapons.
Shunned by the other boys, Kai turns to his true friends, the yellow wolves, for companionship. They have not forgotten the young human they nurtured as an abandoned infant. When Kai discovers a motherless cub in the pack, he risks everything to save her, bringing her back to live with him.
But as winter draws near, Kai's wolf grows ever more threatening in the eyes of the People. When the worst happens, Kai knows that they must leave for good. Together, they embark on a journey into the north-a place of unimaginable danger-that tests the power of friendship and the will to survive.
Simon Thorn and the Wolf's Den (Simon Thorn, #1) by Aimee Carter
Twelve-year-old Simon Thorn's life has never been normal--especially since he's been keeping a big secret: he can talk to animals.
But when his mom is suddenly kidnapped by a herd of New York City rats, Simon finds out that he, his mom, and his uncle are all Animalgams--someone born with the ability to change into an animal at will--and suddenly talking to animals doesn't seem so crazy after all.
In search of his mom, Simon discovers that Animalgams belong to an ancient world made up of Five Animal Kingdoms (Mammals, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, and Underwater) which are now under attack... and Simon just may be the only one who can save them all.
Rise of the Wolf (Mark of the Thief, #2) by Jennifer A. Nielsen
Nic may have escaped enslavement in the mines outside of Rome, but his troubles are far from over. The Praetor War -- the battle to destroy Rome from within -- is in full force, and Nic is caught in the crossfire. The secretive Praetors are determined to unlock a powerful amulet -- one sure to bring the empire to its knees. Worse, the Praetors believe Nic holds the key to finding this amulet, and they will stop at nothing to steal it, even if that means harming the people Nic holds most dear.
When the Praetors capture Nic's mother, Nic knows he must do anything to save her. He challenges the Praetors to a chariot race. If he wins, they will release his mother. But if he loses, he must hand over a magic that will certainly bring about the end of Rome -- as well as his own life. Can Nic once again harness his magic and gather the strength to defeat his enemies? Or will he lose his mother and bear witness to Rome's destruction?
Loki's Wolves by (The Blackwell Pages, #1) K.L. Armstrong & M.A. Marr
While thirteen-year-old Matt Thorsen has always known he's a modern-day descendent of Thor, he's been living a normal kid's life. In fact, most people in the small town of Blackwell, South Dakota, are direct descendants of either Thor or Loki, including Matt's classmates Fen and Laurie Brekke. No big deal.
But now Ragnarok is coming, and it's up to the champions to fight in the place of the long-dead gods. Matt, Laurie, and Fen's lives will never be the same as they race to put together an unstoppable team, find Thor's hammer and shield, and prevent the end of the world.
Cry Wolf (Alpha & Omega, #1) by Patricia Briggs
Anna never knew werewolves existed until the night she survived a violent attack…and became one herself. After three years at the bottom of the pack, she'd learned to keep her head down and never, ever trust dominant males. But Anna is that rarest kind of werewolf: an Omega. And one of the most powerful werewolves in the country is about to recognize her value as a pack member—and as his mate.
Cover Love
Labels: 31 Days of Halloween Extravaganza, Cover Love
[First Paragraph] Kitten in the Candy Corn by Ben ...
#coverlove :: All Things Eerie
#coverlove :: Oh My Goth!
#coverlove :: Magical Reading
#coverlove :: Which Witch is Which?
[Book Review] The Jumbies by Tracey Baptiste

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Xavi Hernandez is a Spanish football player who plays as a midfielder for FC Barcelona. Widely considered among the finest play-makers in the world, Xavi was named the official Man of the match of the 2009 Champions League Final as he helped Barcelona defeat Manchester United to win their third Champions League title. He was named Player of the Tournament by UEFA at UEFA Euro 2008. In all he has been capped 98 times for the Spanish national team, with whom he won the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


Family-friendly places like Nuuksio National Park and Linnanmaki Amusement Park will thrill your kids. There's lots more to do: deepen your knowledge of military history at Sea Fortress Suomenlinna, make a trip to Senate Square, take in the spiritual surroundings of Rock Church, and take in the architecture and atmosphere at Helsinki Cathedral.
To see maps, where to stay, and tourist information, read our Helsinki vacation planner.
If you are flying in from Singapore, the closest major airport is Helsinki Vantaa Airport. In December in Helsinki, expect temperatures between 3°C during the day and -3°C at night. Finish your sightseeing early on the 13th (Fri) so you can travel back home.


Are you looking for GED® testing in Halifax MA? The exam is only given in pencil and paper format. Typically in order to take the GED® test the student must be older than 17 years old. The GED® examination fee in the state of Massachusetts typically varies from $40-$90.
The exam covers five tests: reading, writing, mathematics, science and social studies. Each test awards a score between 200 and 800. Many states require students to obtain a score of 410 on each of the five topics and an overall average of 450 for the GED® test to pass.


In the video CiCi rocks dark shades, a bandana around her neck, a black leather bikini top with matching black leather baggy pants giving off Aaliyah vibes.
"You're the greatest love I've ever seen. Where you are, I'm gonna be," she sings on the hook.
The Atlanta star has several outfit changes, and shows off her dance moves per usual.
"I asked God to take everything toxic out of my life, and baby he did it" the sultry singer sings. "Tell me won't he don't if you're going through it. Baby don't worry. He will."
The track is clearly an ode to Ciara's husband, Russell Wilson, who is a quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks.
906.1k Likes, 7,564 Comments - Ciara (@ciara) on Instagram: "Lead and I'll Follow Baby... ❤ #NFLHonors #ATL"
In the song she references how Wilson took her son in as his own, and how she can see her husband's love when she looks at their daughter.


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Norfolk Cosmo Club Awarded "Top Club" in North America
Did you know? The Cosmopolitan Club of Norfolk was awarded the "Medal of Merit Award" which is recognition for being the top...
Norfolk Cosmopolitan Foundation Votes to Support Local Charities
The Club's Foundation has voted unanimously to support through financial means these charities for FY 2017-18: Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters...
Norfolk Cosmo & Retired Navy Capt. Dexter Rumsey Guest of Honor for the U.S. Navy
We are proud that former Norfolk Cosmopolitan Club member and Retired Navy Capt. Dexter Rumsey is the guest of honor at the...
Welcome New Member, Claudio Caprio
We are always excited to welcome new members to our Club. Please extend best wishes to Claudio as he brings his excitement...
The Future In The Fight Against Diabetes Is Bright!
With new medical breakthroughs every day, the future is bright when it comes to the fight against diabetes. One of the reasons...
Welcome New Member, Pablo Yepez
We are always excited to welcome new members to our Club. Please extend best wishes to Pablo as he brings his excitement...
Congratulations To Our New 2017-2018 Officers
Recently, we gathered for our annual cookout where we enjoyed a great time together, but one of the highlights was the swearing...
Guest Speakers announced for Feb 16th Cosmo Luncheon: Joe LaFond & John Garrett, Friends of the Elizabeth River Trail Foundation
We are proud to let you know that our Cosmo of the Day for the February 16th Club luncheon, Ken Meek, has...
Guest Speaker announced for Feb 2nd Cosmo Luncheon: Brittany Lavalleur, Virginia Symphony
We are proud to announced that our Cosmo of the Day for the February 2nd Club luncheon, Allan Reynolds, has announced his...
PRESS RELEASE: James (Jim) B. Oliver, Jr. Named Recipient of the 2016 Distinguished Service Medal as Norfolk's First Citizen in Civic Affairs
Norfolk VA, December 21, 2016: The Cosmopolitan Club of Norfolk will present James (Jim) B. Oliver, Jr. with the 2016 Distinguished Service...
Guest Speaker announced for Jan 19th Cosmo Luncheon: Jamie Mitchell, HRSD
We are proud to announced that our Cosmo of the Day for the January 19th Club luncheon, Joe Wilder, has announced his...
Welcome new member, Mike Phelps
The Club recently celebrated new member, Mike Phelps, with a pinning and swearing-in ceremony at the Norfolk Yacht & Country Club. Join...
2016 Norfolk's First Citizen Award Announced: James (Jim) B. Oliver, Jr.
The Cosmopolitan Club of Norfolk has announced the recipient of the 2016 Norfolk's First Citizen Award. Congratulations to Jim Oliver! James (Jim)...


text:
Title 40. Protection of Environment
Chapter I. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Subchapter U. AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS
Part 1048. CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES
Subpart B. Emission Standards and Related Requirements
Section 1048.101. What exhaust emission standards must my engines meet?
40 CFR § 1048.101 - What exhaust emission standards must my engines meet?
§ 1048.101 What exhaust emission standards must my engines meet?
The exhaust emission standards of this section apply by model year. You may certify engines earlier than we require. The Tier 1 standards apply only to steady-state testing, as described in paragraph (b) of this section. The Tier 2 standards apply to steady-state, transient, and field testing, as described in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section.
(a) Emission standards for transient testing. Starting in the 2007 model year, transient exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed the Tier 2 emission standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the applicable transient test procedures described in subpart F of this part.
(2) The Tier 2 HC + NOX standard is 2.7 g/kW-hr and the Tier 2 CO standard is 4.4 g/kW-hr. For severe-duty engines, the Tier 2 HC + NOX standard is 2.7 g/kW-hr and the Tier 2 CO standard is 130.0 g/kW-hr. The following engines are not subject to the transient standards in this paragraph (a):
(i) High-load engines.
(ii) Engines with maximum engine power above 560 kW.
(iii) Engines with maximum test speed above 3400 rpm.
(iv) Constant-speed engines and severe-duty engines.
(3) You may optionally certify your engines according to the following formula instead of the standards in paragraph (a)(1) of this section: (HC + NOX) × CO 0.784 ≤8.57. The HC + NOX and CO emission levels you select to satisfy this formula, rounded to the nearest 0.1 g/kW-hr, become the emission standards that apply for those engines. You may not select an HC + NOX emission standard higher than 2.7 g/kW-hr or a CO emission standard higher than 20.6 g/kW-hr. The following table illustrates a range of possible values under this paragraph (a)(3):
Table 1 of § 1048.101 - Examples of Possible Tier 2 Duty-cycle Emission Standards
HC + NOX
(g/kW-hr)
(b) Standards for steady-state testing. Except as we allow in paragraph (d) of this section, steady-state exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed emission standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the applicable steady-state test procedures described in subpart F of this part:
(2) The following table shows the Tier 1 exhaust emission standards that apply to engines from 2004 through 2006 model years:
Table 2 of § 1048.101 - Tier 1 Emission Standards (g/kW-hr)
General emission standards
Alternate emission standards for severe-duty engines
Certification and production-line testing
4.0 50.0 4.0 130.0
In-use testing
(3) Starting in the 2007 model year, steady-state exhaust emissions from your engines may not exceed the numerical emission standards in paragraph (a) of this section. See paragraph (d) of this section for alternate standards that apply for certain engines.
(c) Standards for field testing. Starting in 2007, exhaust emissions may not exceed field-testing standards, as follows:
(1) Measure emissions using the field-testing procedures in subpart F of this part:
(2) The HC + NOX standard is 3.8 g/kW-hr and the CO standard is 6.5 g/kW-hr. For severe-duty engines, the HC + NOX standard is 3.8 g/kW-hr and the CO standard is 200.0 g/kW-hr. For natural gas-fueled engines, you are not required to measure nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions or total hydrocarbon emissions for testing to show that the engine meets the emission standards of this paragraph (c); that is, you may assume HC emissions are equal to zero.
(3) You may apply the following formula to determine alternate emission standards that apply to your engines instead of the standards in paragraph (c)(1) of this section: (HC + NOX) × CO 0.791 ≤16.78. HC + NOX emission levels may not exceed 3.8 g/kW-hr and CO emission levels may not exceed 31.0 g/kW-hr. The following table illustrates a range of possible values under this paragraph (c)(2):
Table 3 of § 1048.101 - Examples of Possible Tier 2 Field-testing Emission Standards
(d) Engine protection. For engines that require enrichment at high loads to protect the engine, you may ask to meet alternate Tier 2 standards of 2.7 g/kW-hr for HC + NOX and 31.0 g/kW-hr for CO instead of the emission standards described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section for steady-state testing. If we approve your request, you must still meet the transient testing standards in paragraph (a) of this section and the field-testing standards in paragraph (c) of this section. To qualify for this allowance, you must do all the following things:
(1) Show that enrichment is necessary to protect the engine from damage.
(2) Show that you limit enrichment to operating modes that require additional cooling to protect the engine from damage.
(3) Show in your application for certification that enrichment will rarely occur in use in the equipment in which your engines are installed. For example, an engine that is expected to operate 5 percent of the time in use with enrichment would clearly not qualify.
(4) Include in your installation instructions any steps necessary for someone installing your engines to prevent enrichment during normal operation (see § 1048.130).
(e) Fuel types. The exhaust emission standards in this section apply for engines using each type of fuel specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart H, on which the engines in the engine family are designed to operate, except for engines certified under § 1048.625. For engines certified under § 1048.625, the standards of this section apply to emissions measured using the specified test fuel. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in this section based on the following types of hydrocarbon emissions for engines powered by the following fuels:
(1) Natural gas-fueled engines: NMHC emissions.
(2) Alcohol-fueled engines: THCE emissions.
(3) Other engines: THC emissions.
(f) Small engines. Certain engines with total displacement at or below 1000 cc may comply with the requirements of 40 CFR part 90 or 1054 instead of complying with the requirements of this part, as described in § 1048.615.
(g) Useful life. Your engines must meet the exhaust emission standards in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section over their full useful life. For severe-duty engines, the minimum useful life is 1,500 hours of operation or seven years, whichever comes first. For all other engines, the minimum useful life is 5,000 hours of operation or seven years, whichever comes first.
(1) Specify a longer useful life in hours for an engine family under either of two conditions:
(i) If you design, advertise, or market your engine to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended hours until rebuild may indicate a longer design life).
(ii) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life.
(2) You may request in your application for certification that we approve a shorter useful life for an engine family. We may approve a shorter useful life, in hours of engine operation but not in years, if we determine that these engines will rarely operate longer than the shorter useful life. If engines identical to those in the engine family have already been produced and are in use, your demonstration must include documentation from such in-use engines. In other cases, your demonstration must include an engineering analysis of information equivalent to such in-use data, such as data from research engines or similar engine models that are already in production. Your demonstration must also include any overhaul interval that you recommend, any mechanical warranty that you offer for the engine or its components, and any relevant customer design specifications. Your demonstration may include any other relevant information. The useful life value may not be shorter than any of the following:
(i) 1,000 hours of operation.
(ii) Your recommended overhaul interval.
(iii) Your mechanical warranty for the engine.
(h) Applicability for testing. The duty-cycle emission standards in this subpart apply to all testing performed according to the procedures in §§ 1048.505 and 1048.510, including certification, production-line, and in-use testing. The field-testing standards apply for all testing performed according to the procedures of subpart F of this part.
[67 FR 68347, Nov. 8, 2002, as amended at 70 FR 40466, July 13, 2005; 73 FR 3613, Jan. 18, 2008; 73 FR 59232, Oct. 8, 2008]


1. Follow An Ayurvedic Diet.
2. Take The Help Of Herbs For Brain Health.
If you follow an Ayurvedic diet, chances are that you are already eating all the power foods for the brain! Ayurveda encourages eating satvik food. This means including food that is: fresh, organic, mildly sweet, light, and lubricating. Satvik food is known to have nourishing, calming, and strengthening effects on the brain. It naturally sharpens the mana (mind), smriti (memory), and buddhi (intellect).
Brahmi (bacopa monnieri): It improves memory, relaxes the mind, and also soothes depression.
Ginkgo (ginkgo biloba): It helps nourish the brain by increasing blood flow and can treat diseases like Alzheimer's.
Gotu kola (centella asiatica): It prevents brain damage, helps energise the organ, and boosts memory as well as concentration.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera): It reduces the effects of stress on the brain, boosts memory, sharpens the mind, and promotes relaxation.
Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra): It refreshes, repairs, and calms the brain. It boosts overall brain function by increasing blood circulation.
Vacha (Acorus calamus): It improves the functioning of the nervous system and is known to be an excellent remedy for amnesia.
Caution: Please take herbs only after a proper consultation with a doctor!
Plenty of studies confirm the effects of yoga on brain health. Yoga is an excellent stress buster. It boosts blood circulation towards the precious organ. It also calms anxiety. Yoga brings better balance in both brain hemispheres. It reduces blood pressure. And it can also promote repair in the brain as well as prevent degeneration.
When we speak of brain nutrition, we mostly think of food. But most of us forget about a very crucial thing – relaxation. We're missing out on something far more nourishing for the human brain: silence.
Ayurveda encourages practising meditation since it's a powerful way to silence the mind's chatter. When this happens, your brain reaches a state of deep relaxation. So, this helps is function at its best.
Another important thing is to get at least 7 hours of sound sleep every night. These Ayurvedic tips for better sleep will certainly help your brain get the peaceful rest it needs.


text:
Reflecting on 8 Years of Prison Divestment
Merrill Liddicoat
Intern Merrill Liddicoat joined the Enlace team earlier this summer to research the impact of the Prison Divestment Campaign on the media landscape and in CoreCivic and GEO Group business plans. Here's what she found out.
Since Enlace launched the Prison Industry Divestment Campaign in 2011, the media has begun covering the private prison industry more critically and addressing a wider scope of issues. The Campaign, led by immigrants, Black people and low-wage workers most impacted by criminalization, exposed the industry and gained a media following in the process. Instead of continuing the narrative that private prisons are the right choice due to their supposed cost effectiveness, the media has moved toward questioning the morals of the private prison system and exposing the individuals who are profiting off of them the most.
The media has drawn on reports from Grassroots Leadership, In The Public Interest, and the ACLU to investigate the financial incentives that motivate private prison corporations to lobby for harsher criminal and immigration policies.
The shift in the media narrative has also been spurred by pressure from organizers demanding that institutions divest from private prisons. Large victories for this movement, such as Columbia University and the UC system divesting from private prisons in 2015 after months of pressure from student organizers, opened the media narrative up to the idea of divestment. Both of these campaigns were supported by Enlace.
Attention from the media and the public around the issue of private prisons propelled politicians, including 2016 presidential candidates Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton, to address their stance on private prisons in their campaigns and introduce legislation restricting the growth of the industry. Political attention to the private prison industry has in turn increased media coverage, prompting the media to investigate the possibilities/role of the government in restricting private prisons. In August 2016, former-President Obama announced through his department of justice that they would begin phasing out the use of privately run federal prisons, marking a political victory for the movement for divestment and decriminalization. However, after Donald Trump was elected, the new DOJ reversed these policies. They plan to contract more private prisons to house the growing numbers of incarcerated immigrants who are jailed under the administration's the harsher immigration policies.
Trump's blatant support of private prisons spurred the media to further investigate and critique their lobbying power. State politicians, like Democratic senators Cory Booker and Chris Van Hollen, took notice of this new support that private prisons are receiving from the Trump administration. In a letter to Attorney General Jeff Sessions, in which Booker and Van Hollen demand that the Trump Administration explain their decision to re-establish contracts with private prison companies, they point out that GEO Group, CoreCivic, and Management and Training Corporation donated over $750,000 to Super PACs that supported Donald Trump's presidential campaign. This pushback at the state level gathered coverage from the media that considered the impacts of private prisons more comprehensively, following the lead of the questions raised in the letter. This article from Vox that reports on the letter examines the direct dangers that private prisons cause to those incarcerated and those who are employed by them while also considering the cost of private prisons and their influence on policy.
Some mainstream media sources, such as the Huffington Post and the LA Times, have begun highlighting the experiences of immigrants who are being affected by harsher the immigration policy that the private prison industry is lobbying for. They have also covered the organizing that has taken place in opposition to these policies.
The divestment campaign and its media coverage have also influenced what the companies like CCA and GEO tell their investors. Some of CCA's more recent reports mention the threat of legal action against new government policy of detaining migrant families. They write in their most recent report:
In the past, legislation has been proposed in the United States Congress to prohibit the federal government from entering into contracts with private prison operators, and to eliminate state and local contracts for privately run prisons. Such legislation runs contrary to our primary business purpose and, if passed, would have a material adverse impact on our business. Moreover, the belief or market perception that such legislation could be passed could have a negative impact on our stock price.
In this report they seem to be anticipating future legislation prohibiting private prison contracts proposed on the state and local level, noting the negative affect this could have on their business. Although their support at the federal level remains strong, private prison corporations are aware of the local resistance that is building. They are in a position of being visibly supported, yet this also places them in the spotlight of media coverage and critique. The current administration's support of private prisons has galvanized the public and politicians to notice the inequity that this system is perpetuating and to take action against it.
Enlace's work has inspired people at a local level to imagine what a world free of private prisons and all prisons could look like, giving them the tools to organize and use this new consciousness that has been forming in relation to private prisons and mass incarceration.


text:
Dr. R. Kenneth Marcus
Provost Home
Provost Awards
2020 Road Map
2020Forward
Research at Clemson
Welcome to Marcus Research Lab
The Marcus group has two unique research focuses in analytical chemistry. The first area of research is the development of a novel atmospheric pressure glow discharge source, the Liquid Sampling - Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (LS-APGD). The source was originally developed as an excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy but the utility has expanded to encompass several different applications. Current efforts are directed at the development of the LS-APGD as a spectrochemical source for optical emission and mass spectrometric analysis. The sources are being developed in efforts to affect field deployable platforms for applications in the nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear safeguards arenas. Current funding comes from DTRA and the NNSA through the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
The second area of research is focused on protein separations using novel capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phases. These C-CP fibers can be extruded from simple commodity polymers, including polypropylene, polyester, and nylon. In their native states, the fibers can affect separations in reversed phase, ion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction modes. Extensive efforts are directed at the development of straight forward, on-column surface modification chemistries that add selectivity to the excellent mass transport properties of C-CP fiber columns. Current funding comes from the NSF.
Ethics/Safety Line
Clemson University on Google+
Clemson University on YouTube


Dreaming my dreams with you (4:28).
hoopla:MWT10941933|eMusic|Music||English|New Rounder (CAN),|1999.|1 online resource (1 audio file (40 min.)) : digital., ils:.b13664062|Music Recording|Music||English|Rounder,|p1999.|1 sound disc : digital ; 4 3/4 in.


text:
December NBA Power Teams
December 27, 2014 Posted in NBA BasketballTagged Basketball, Best players, CBS Sports, ESPN, Hoops, NBA, Sports betting, VegasTopDogs
by Jim Feist of VegasTopDogs.com
Preseason prognosticators and handicapping analysis focuses in on what they expect to happen, based on the draft and offseason moves, but there are always surprises at the start of each season. Here's a look at some of the early NBA teams off to impressive starts.
Raptors: With LeBron leaving Miami and Indiana losing its best player to an offseason injury, there's a vacuum in the East. A young Toronto team has gotten off to a fast start, top 10 in points scoring and points allowed. 25-year old 6-7 DeMar DeRozan and 28-year old Kyle Lowry lead the backcourt and the team in scoring.
The middle is being manned by 22-year old Jonas Valanciunas who has been scoring and rebounding giving this team balance. They are also top 10 as a team in free throw shooting, a key edge in close games (and for late spread covers). The team has been on a recent 18-8 run over the total, including 13-5 over at home.
Wizards: The young, athletic Wizards have battled injuries the last two seasons, but appear healthy and formidable early on. Guard John Wall pushes the team while newcomer Paul Pierce is trying to teach the kids how to get to the next level. The inside game looks primed for the long haul with 7-footer Marcin Gortat and Nene Hilario.
Washington is playing some defense early on, including Top 10 in field goal shooting allowed. The one weakness, though, is they are soft at defending the three-pointer. The Wizards had a nice stretch at 11-4 ATS in their last 15 games playing on one day's rest.
Warriors: Steve Kerr inherited a good team and they have been playing even better. Golden State can run with anyone, Top 5 in the NBA in scoring behind Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson. This team can play defense, too, Top 5 in field goal shooting from the field and from long range.
Young Draymond Green was forced in last year and play well in the frontcourt, while 7-footer Andrew Bogut has been healthy — knock wood. Golden State was on a recent 19-7 ATS run, including 16-5 ATS against a team with a losing record. And they are better on defense than many think: The under is 39-15 in the Warriors last 54 after allowing 100 points or more in their previous game.
Pelicans: 21-year old Anthony Davis has always been real good, but he appears to be developing confidence alongside his growing experience. All of which makes him an incredible inside force and this young New Orleans team is reaping the benefits.
With Omar Asik and Tyreke Evans, this team has been tough at rebounding and scoring easy buckets, Top 10 in scoring. Despite the shot blocking Davis this is still not an elite defensive team and note that the over is 35-15-1 in the Pelicans last 51 games vs. a team with a winning percentage below .400.
Grizzlies: Memphis continues to be a matchup nightmare in the low post, a defensive dynamo that is Top 5 in the league in points allowed and Top 10. Zach Randolph is a beast in the low post when his mind is focused on playing, Marc Gasol is a handful, while Tony Allen and Mike Conley anchor a deep and flexible backcourt. The Grizzlies started 9-3 over the total at home.
Blazers: Portland was all about running and gunning last year, but this year's team looks better as they are focusing on defense augmenting a dynamite uptempo attack. This is a terrific frontcourt with LaMarcus Aldridge, Robin Lopez, Chris Kaman and Nicolas Batum, a group that can pound the glass with anyone.
They've been playing great defense at home, on a recent 7-2 under the total at the Rose Garden. However, are they ready for prime time? The Blazers started the season 3-9 ATS against a winning percentage above .600.
How much of a factor could WR Kenny Britt be in St. Louis?
Is Stephen Curry the best player in the NBA?


text:
Q: How to restart EC2 instance using terraform without destroying them? I am wondering how can we stop and restart the AWS ec2 instance created using terraform. is there any way to do that?

A: As you asked, for example, there is a limit on the comment, so posting as the answer using local-exec.
I assume that you already configure aws configure | aws configure --profile test using aws-cli.
Here is the complete example to reboot an instance, change VPC SG ID, subnet and key name etc
provider "aws" {
  region              = "us-west-2"
  profile             = "test"
}

resource "aws_instance" "ec2" {
  ami                         = "ami-0f2176987ee50226e"
  instance_type               = "t2.micro"
  associate_public_ip_address = false
  subnet_id                   = "subnet-45454566645"
  vpc_security_group_ids      = ["sg-45454545454"]
  key_name                    = "mytest-ec2key"
  tags = {
    Name = "Test EC2 Instance"
  }
}
resource "null_resource" "reboo_instance" {

  provisioner "local-exec" {
    on_failure  = "fail"
    interpreter = ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
    command     = <<EOT
        echo -e "\x1B[31m Warning! Restarting instance having id ${aws_instance.ec2.id}.................. \x1B[0m"
        # aws ec2 reboot-instances --instance-ids ${aws_instance.ec2.id} --profile test
        # To stop instance
        aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids ${aws_instance.ec2.id} --profile test
        echo "***************************************Rebooted****************************************************"
     EOT
  }
#   this setting will trigger script every time,change it something needed
  triggers = {
    always_run = "${timestamp()}"
  }

}

Now Run terraform apply
Once created and you want later to reboot or stop just call
terraform apply -target null_resource.reboo_instance
See the logs

A: I have found simpler way to do it.
provisioner "local-exec" {
command = "ssh -tt -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
                   someuser@${aws_eip.ec2_public_ip.public_ip} sudo 'shutdown -r'"
}

A: Using remote-exec:
  provisioner "remote-exec" {
    inline = [
      "sudo /usr/sbin/shutdown -r 1"
    ]
  }

-r 1 is to delay the reboot and prevent remote-exec command exiting with non-zero code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Curator anticipates 'Art of Surviving' show
Agata Maruszewski comes from a family of makers, designers and engineers.
Curator anticipates 'Art of Surviving' show Agata Maruszewski comes from a family of makers, designers and engineers. Check out this story on redding.com: http://reddingne.ws/2oAqegK
Redding Published 6:00 p.m. PT April 4, 2017 | Updated 3:16 p.m. PT April 6, 2017
"The Captain" in charcoal by Agata Maruszewski.(Photo: Contributed photo)
"Most of my family members had the common sense to secure respectable, 'normal' jobs. I'm the first one to attempt to make art my career," Maruszewski said.
Ever curious about the workings of things, the idea to make the arts her profession persisted. She sought admission to the Academy of Fine Arts in her home city of Poznan, Poland. After she was rejected on her first attempt, she took a year to polish her life drawing and painting skills, study art history, and attend exhibition openings. After being accepted in 2004, Maruszewski spent five years in intensive study, which culminated in two Master's degrees in 2009.
Shortly after graduating, Maruszewski moved to the U.S. where her career took an unexpected turn. In 2012, she started volunteering for the Shasta County Arts Council, which later resulted in a job offer. She has been the curator of the gallery at Old City Hall since 2014. "Admittedly, I always thought that sculpture rather than art critique/promotion would be my profession," Maruszewski said.
Can you tell us about this exhibit you are curating?
"The Art of Surviving" is an event to bring awareness, safety, prevention and resources to our community. Artists were encouraged to express what victim's rights represent to them through art (photography, paintings, sculptures, poems, etc.). I'm very curious to see what I will be working with.
What kind of art do you create?
My medium of choice is sculpture — bronze, in the lost wax technique, though recently, paper has been the material of choice. I have also discovered some useful computer software, which paired with 3D printing could fetch interesting results.
How did you become interested in sculpture?
I think it all started with Lego and model planes, Plasticine and other miscellaneous materials. I would put together figurines of characters from books or short stories I came up with. It wasn't until about high school that I started to study the techniques seriously. I hadn't really studied sculpture until my university years.
What have you found surprising or unexpected about your artistic journey?
A sculpture by Agata Maruszewski. (Photo: Contributed photo)
I set out having a completely different medium in mind — I was initially intending to study animation. It was only because of the structure of the course that I discovered some hidden 'talent' for sculpture. I didn't consider my childish play with models and Plasticine to be anything approaching the subject.
Do you have advice for aspiring artists?
You must put yourself and your work out there and mingle, meet people. Go to show openings, talk to people, don't wait for shows or galleries to discover you. If you want to try a medium — try it. YouTube may be as valuable a resource as a live class with an instructor. Practice as often as you can, you don't need fancy tools.
Agata Maruszewski's work can be viewed on her Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Agata-M-Maruszewski-301125426618337/. She also has a drawing on display at ARTsMART Creative Studios, 244 Hartnell Ave. in Redding.
The Art of Surviving: Strength · Resilience · Justice
Presented with assistance from the Shasta County District Attorney's Office - Crime Victims Assistance Center, as part of Crime Victims Rights Week.
An untitled work by Agata Maruszewski. (Photo: Contributed photo)
Old City Hall Art Gallery
1313 Market St., Redding
Show runs April 7-28.
Opening reception 4-6 p.m. April 7
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text:
Point Udall is at the east end of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. It is the easternmost point (by travel, not longitude) of the United States including insular areas. It was named in 1969 for Stewart Udall, United States Secretary of the Interior under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.

A sundial known as the Millennium Monument was built above Point Udall for the New Year's celebration in 2000 — it marks the azimuth of the first U.S. sunrise of that year. From the monument an informal trail of moderate difficulty leads down to the point, which is composed primarily of uplifted and rotated volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous origin.

The westernmost point of the United States by travel, not longitude, which is in Guam, is also named Point Udall, in honor of Stewart's brother, Morris Udall. In a 1987 statement in regards to H.R. 2434, the legislation which led to the naming of the point in Guam, Denny Smith and Guam's nonvoting congressional delegate Ben Blaz said "If our legislation is approved, America's day would begin and end at a Point Udall."

When Mo Udall died in 1998, President Bill Clinton issued a statement saying in part "It is fitting that the easternmost point of the United States, in the Virgin Islands, and the westernmost point, in Guam, are both named 'Udall Point.' The Sun will never set on the legacy of Mo Udall." This was also noted in the Congressional Record by Rep. George Miller of California.

See also
 Extreme points of the United States
 Udall family

References

External links
St. Croix Tourism
Review from Fodor's

Landforms of the United States Virgin Islands
Landforms of Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What do you do when you want to replace the exhaust on a 1944 P-51D Mustang warbird and you also happen to be a pioneer in additive manufacturing? You work with Concept Laser and PADT to can and print a replacement stainless steel part. In "Metal Additive Manufacturing Keeps Legend Flying" Engineering.com details the project that involved blue light scanning and 3D Printing of new metal part in modern Stainless Steel, replacing the three-piece weldment with a single part.
If you would like to learn how PADT can help you reverse engineering your legacy geometry and recreate it using Additive Manufacturing, contact us.
Artificial Intelligence is one of those technologies that you hear about a lot, but may not notice. In "The future of artificial intelligence: The machines are taking over" I look at what AI is an how it is impacting businesses today and what to look for in the near future for this important technolgy.
you comming to the meeting?
Instant messaging has moved from a personal communication tool to an important part of business communication. But if we use it like email, it will loose its impact. "Intant messaging and business communication" looks at the topic.
It started with kids and texting, but now emoticons can be a possitive part of business communciation :-O In "Emoticons as a way to communicate in business" I look at soem examples and why I think its a good thing ;-).
While installing our new metal 3D Printer we learned a couple of important lessons on working with local inspectors. In "Installing a metal 3-D printer was a lesson on working with regulators" we share what we captured.


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Welcome to Herbalife Nutrition Fitness. This is your one stop shop for all your fitness needs whether you are a beginner, intermediate or advanced. We're excited to announce we're working with industry experts so you can find activities in yoga or pilates, new mom fitness, functional training and dance.


LTE deployment using a network overlay for rapid wide area deployment is a more efficient approach than adding LTE support as part of an overall cell site upgrade using single radio access network (RAN). In this article, I'll review both options and share projected implementation data that supports choosing the overlay model.
Among the 1st things to consider is the difference in market potential between deploying 3G and LTE. When 3G arrived there were very few 3G phones available, but today a big percentage of new phones are already LTE-enabled -- even in markets without LTE service. This means that an operator might have a big potential market of LTE users waiting even before he begins to offer LTE service.
Other considerations include the mix of feature versus smart phones and pre-paid versus post-paid service contracts which, when taken together, will give a good indication of the number of users who will jump to LTE once service is launched. Also the legacy network design and equipment age.
Another issue is whether or not there are any regulatory requirements. For example, are there any minimum coverage rules associated with the new LTE licenses?
And do you have a large data traffic load from LTE-ready dongles? Then it's probably a good time to rapidly deploy LTE to shift off a big part of your data traffic and free up legacy capacity for voice services.
In terms of network design, how much spectrum do you have and how much refarming can you potentially do? Spectrum is a key factor. For LTE coverage it's good to have a low band, while for adding capacity it's useful to also have a high band.
Where do small cells figure in your planning?
Do you have lots of cell sites in high traffic areas?
Do your sites have enough room for additional LTE kit?
How old is your legacy 2/3G radio gear?
Can you keep it in place to carry the remaining legacy users while you switch investment to LTE? Or are you going to be forced to also swap out 2/3G radios despite declining traffic loads?
Likewise, there are 2 distinct ways to install LTE at a cell site. LTE can be added as an overlay while leaving the legacy gear in place. Or the existing legacy network infrastructure can be replaced with a new radio system that can carry 2G, 3G, and LTE – the single RAN approach.
Single RAN renovation is often used during gradual rollout approaches while LTE overlay provides a faster path to achieving rapid deployment.
Gradual rollout using single RAN With this option, the operator deploys LTE into the cell sites where extra capacity is needed while continuing to grow the 3G network.
In a nutshell, it's more work.
However, there is a trade-off here. Since you now have more modern equipment in place, you'll expect to see a reduction in OPEX on your 2G and 3G service. But you also have to think about how long you'll leave your legacy kit switched on for as traffic declines, how much longer it will take to do this 2-step process, and how much you really will save compared to how much more you have to spend on upgrades.
Rapid wide area deployment using network overlay This method involves a "big bang" deployment, where the operator seeks to cover as much ground as possible as quickly as possible. With this option, operators actively move as many subscribers as they can onto LTE – and so may rapidly stop the need for continued CAPEX on legacy access technologies.
What overlay means in real terms is that you leave your legacy 2G and 3G gear in place and add new LTE gear to the network. You don't need to reengineer anything beyond potentially freeing up legacy bands like 1800 MHz for refarming.
This deployment method means you don't negatively impact ongoing operations, and the well-defined interworking processes mean you ensure seamless mobility. It's a way of rapidly deploying LTE while at the same time stopping legacy CAPEX spending on your RAN. And it's the method that most of our tier 1 customers have used.
This is the LTE overlay approach. It targets fast rollout, getting to sites quickly, and adding LTE service. It's also about investing in the future and lets the operator quickly halt legacy CAPEX spending.
We can see this case illustrated in the following graphs showing our estimates for 2010-2018 for subscriber mix, LTE rollout, and the corresponding change in relative annual investment on radio gear.
With this approach, overlay, the migration path is fast and LTE is also getting to a large number of sites very quickly.
Alternatively, a European operator took the opposite approach: A slow rollout driven by capacity relief, slow adoption route with minimal marketing, and a single RAN network design. They swapped legacy gear in about 50% of cell sites — with the net effect of continuing traffic growth on 3G that required continued investment in legacy gear while also investing in LTE.
The graphs below show these estimates.
To further clarify the impact of this strategy, we then looked at what would happen if this operator had taken a different track -- with accelerated adoption and rollout and an LTE overlay approach. The following charts illustrate the change.
What this means is that the operator would have ceased 3G investment sooner and could have gone from 38% total investment in LTE to almost 46% while reducing the peak spending rate by 30%.
Ultimately, we come down on the side of overlay for deploying LTE most effectively.
Single RAN takes longer to deploy – at least an extra year -- and in the meantime traffic on your 3G network will keep climbing. The net effect is higher costs. You need to swap out your legacy gear for single RAN, increase your 3G capacity to handle the delayed rollout, and still invest in LTE.
If you choose overlay for LTE deployment, you maximize your CAPEX for the long-term, and you don't have to touch legacy networks either – meaning a faster, more efficient rollout, more immediate benefits, and a genuine ROI.
Alistair URIE is currently Architecture Strategy Director and lead for 5G Strategy in the Alcatel-Lucent Wireless Product Division and Bell Labs Fellow. His main interests include 5G mobile systems, LTE/EPC networking, legacy and IMS interworking, small cell systems, cellular/WLAN interworking and spectrum management. He has previously worked in Alcatel-Lucent on end-to-end network solutions, network strategy, hybrid terrestrial-satellite broadcast networks, standardisation management, mobile systems product strategy and international research programmes (European RACE Programme) for GSM and UMTS systems. Prior to joining Alcatel in 1991 he had been involved in both line and radio transmission system research at the Telecom Australia Research Laboratories and had also worked at the Dept. of Science Antarctic Division in Australia. Mr. URIE was Vice-Chair of the ETSI Board and Chair of ETSI OCG. He has published numerous papers in conferences, IEEE magazines, Alcatel Telecommunications Review (ATR) and Bell Labs Technical Journal (BLTJ) and was guest editor for special editions of both ATR and BLTJ.


You still haven't answered the most important part for me.... IS THIS GONNA BE AN ALLIANCE ALERT? Will it be VOICED? Will it have a dynamic camera? Or is it the much maligned setup that the other alliance alerts share?
Yes, it will be an Alliance Alert. However, it will be a cinematic and not a "KOTOR-style" conversation like the other alerts.


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The authorities of the US capital banned the work of all enterprises "not essential"
BY Flyn Braun	 March 25, 2020 12:53 pm GMT+0300 180 Views
The decree of the mayor of Washington will be valid from March 25 to April 24.
Washington mayor Muriel Bowser issued an Executive order temporarily closing all businesses that are not of primary importance, and banned gatherings of ten or more people in connection with the spread of the coronavirus in the District of Columbia. The decree was published on the website of the District of Columbia administration.
The city authorities have temporarily banned all city travel agencies, gyms, health clubs, spas and massage establishments; theaters, cinemas, auditoriums, night clubs, hairdressers and nail salons, tattoo parlors, retail clothing stores and other non-essential businesses.
1/ Today, to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), I ordered the temporary closure of the on-site operation of all non-essential businesses and prohibited gatherings of 10 or more people. pic.twitter.com/gpJ8tVoj03
— Mayor Muriel Bowser (@MayorBowser) March 25, 2020
The decree will take effect from 22: 00 on March 25 until April 24.
In addition, on the evening of March 24, metro officials decided to close 17 Washington metro stations starting on March 26 in order to "preserve critical resources and protect the health and safety of metro employees and the public." Two stations were already closed last week.
Now, passenger traffic in the Washington metro has decreased by 90%. After closing, 72 of 91 capital metro stations will continue operating.


In a large bowl, mix together olive oil, lime juice, garlic, and cilantro.
Add shrimp and mix together until shrimp is coated with the marinade; refrigerate for 5-10 minutes.
Lay out cucumber slices - the cucumber "coins" - onto a serving tray in a single layer.
Place cream cheese into a plastic Ziplock bag with one corner cut. You can also use a fancy icing piper for this to create a pretty pattern.
Gently squeeze out about a tablespoon full of the herb cream cheese onto each cucumber coin.
Top with one medium pre-marinated shrimp.
Using a melon baller or small spoon, carefully scoop out the center of each cucumber piece, taking care not to scoop through to the bottom.
Place cream cheese into a pastry bag with fancy piping tip or into a ziplock bag with a corner cut out. Fill each cucumber cup with cream cheese, just past the top of each slice.
Top each filled cucumber cup with 1-3 bay shrimp and one green onion piece.
You can use frozen pre-cooked shrimp that is thawed, buy pre-cooked shrimp from your grocery store's meat & seafood department the day you are serving this, or you can even buy pre-cooked, pre-marinated shrimp at the grocery store. I love the lime garlic shrimp at the Costco deli!
Option #2: Makes approximately 15-20 individual canapés.
You can usually find pre-cooked bay shrimp in your grocery store's seafood department. You can also use frozen pre-cooked bay shrimp instead; just make sure you thaw it out accordingly before serving.


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