About 3% of these are stainless steel pipes, 2% are sheet metal fabrication, and 1% are cast & forged. A wide variety of stainless steel v2a options are available to you, such as stainless steel, metal, and steel. MENU . MENU . ... Australian standard V2A decorative handrail steel pipe . US $2500-3000 / Ton .
Company Introuce Donrex was founded in 2002, specialized in stainless steel stair railing products and wrought iron products. We can supply all the fittings of stair railing,such as various of tubes, brackets,connectors,glass clamps,bar holder, endcap, and rope clip,etc.
plastic handrail capping & plastic handrail capping online Wholesalers - choose plastic handrail capping from 700 list of China plastic handrail capping Manufacturers.
By supplying a single length of corrugated stainless steel pipe, the number of pipe joints was greatly reduced. In switching to stainless steel pipe, the reliability of the water supply has increased and the leakage rate has been reduced by 86% from 15.4% (1980) to 2.2% (2013).
Just like standard steel, stainless can get marked up by fingerprints and grease, develop discoloration, and eventually rust. The difference is resilience. Stainless steel can withstand much more time and abuse before showing signs of wear.
Stainless steel is the material of choice to specify for severe weather conditions. The overhead netting of Perth Zoo's Australian Wetlands and Penguin Plunge Exhibit was badly damaged when a severe hailstorm and winds of up to 128km/h swept through Perth in March 2010.
[LIST] Horizontal sliding wall with single-point stainless steel fixings Ideal for Shopfront, Shopfront with thermal insulation requirements, internal room partition The HSW-GP is characterised by the use of MANET single-point fixings in combination with a standard track rail.
THE BALUSTRADES consist of flat steel posts, a handrail of hollow round steel, ROR (48 mm ø), both of V2A with eight stainless steel 18/8 horizontal wires, approx. 8 mm in diameter.


text:
Are you ready to Boogie at Studio 25?
Our largest annual fundraiser, Boogie, is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. The event, which raises more than $200,000 every year to support survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault in rebuilding their lives, will take place on Saturday, March 24 at The Stafford Centre.
To mark its special anniversary, Boogie will be turning The Stafford Centre into Studio 25 and bringing disco back! In addition to great tunes from DJ Rock N Robin, guests can also enjoy a variety of food from local restaurants, silent and live auctions, and Boogie's famous Purse-A-Nality.
Classic Chevrolet Sugar Land is returning as Boogie's presenting sponsor and a range of other sponsorship packages are available, starting at $500.
Vita Goodell, Fort Bend Women's Center CEO said: "We are so excited to be celebrating this milestone anniversary at this year's Boogie. The event's continuing success is a real testament to the work of the many volunteers and sponsors who have supported Boogie since 1993. We are incredibly grateful to everyone who has been part of Boogie's history, and we hope that Studio 25 will attract new friends this year.
"While Boogie is a great night of fun, food and friendship, it does serve a serious purpose. Without the amazing community support for our events, we could not continue to provide our lifesaving services for survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault and their children. Over the last 25 years, Boogie has helped us bring healing and hope to hundreds of families, helping them build new lives, free of violence and fear.
"We look forward to celebrating that success with old and new friends on March 24th."
Individual tickets ($75) and sponsorship packages for Boogie – Studio 25 online – click here to purchase. For further information about Boogie, please contact Patty Holt, Events Manager at 281-344-5761.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Beautifully engraved certificate from the Martin Marietta Corporation. This historic document was printed by the American Banknote Company and has an ornate border on the left of it with a vignette of a woman holding a globe. This item has the printed signatures of the Company's Chairman, and Secretary, and is over 29 years old.


text:
Верхняя Канада () — британская колония в Северной Америке, которая существовала с 1791 года по 1841 год. Находилась на территории современной Канады, на юге провинции Онтарио. Столицей провинции были Ньюарк (1791—1797), а затем Йорк, который был переименован в Торонто в 1834 году.

В XVII—XVIII веках эта территория является частью Новой Франции. По Парижскому договору 1763 года Канада переходит под власть Великобритании. По Квебекскому акту 1774 года берега Великих Озёр присоединяют к провинции Квебек. После признания независимости Соединённых Штатов в Канаду переселяются тысячи американских лоялистов. Поскольку берега реки Святого Лаврентия (современный Квебек) уже были заселены франкоканадцами, большинство новоприбывших осело там, где теперь находится юг провинции Онтарио. Их не устраивало французское законодательство и землеустройство («сеньориальная система»), всё ещё существовавшие в провинции Квебек. Поэтому в 1791 году провинцию Квебек разделили на две части — Верхнюю Канаду и Нижнюю Канаду.

1 февраля 1796 года было принято решение перенести столицу Верхней Канады в Йорк, для уменьшения риска нападения со стороны США.

Верхняя Канада почти полностью англоязычная (в отличие от Нижней, франкоязычной). В 1837—1838 годах в обеих Канадах начинается вооружённая борьба за независимость. В обоих случаях повстанцы терпят поражение. Чтобы уменьшить недовольство населения и ускорить ассимиляцию франкоканадцев, Верхнюю и Нижнюю Канаду объединяют в единую колонию — Объединённую провинцию Канада — и придают ей реальное внутреннее самоуправление. В 1867 году Канада вновь была разделена на Верхнюю (Онтарио) и Нижнюю (Квебек), после чего обе провинции вошли в новообразованную Канадскую конфедерацию, существующую до сих пор.

История Онтарио

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


La Marie Brow Club is a professional microblading and permanent cosmetic studio located inside of Lady Moon Tattoo in Pittsburgh's trendy neighborhood of Lawrenceville. We strive to enhance women's natural beauty by creating the right brow shape for their face, skin tone, and hair color. The studio was created to provide clients with a one on one experience in a calm, sterile, and comfortable environment. No two eyebrows or clients are the same, and we do not take it lightly that you are trusting us with your beautiful face. All appointments are scheduled with plenty of time for us to do a thorough consultation, as well as to take all necessary precautions to ensure your comfort during the procedure with topical anesthetic. You will be provided with the knowledge to properly take care of your eyebrows, as well as our custom aftercare cream to take home.


text:
Christopher Clive Langton Gregory (13 May 1892 – 24 November 1964) was a British astronomer, who established the University of London Observatory.

Gregory was born in Parkstone, Dorset and lived in Swanage, Dorset in 1911 and in Hendon, Middlesex in 1939. He died in Crookham-with-Ewshott, Hampshire.

His son by his first wife, Helen Patricia (née Gibson), was the psychologist Richard Gregory (1923–2010). His second wife was Anita (née Kohsen).

The National Portrait Gallery has a photograph of Gregory taken in 1939.

References

External links
Obituary at Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7, p. 81, by E. Margaret Burbidge

1892 births
1964 deaths
People from Parkstone
20th-century British astronomers


Typically supplying Type 316 due to its non-corrosive qualities making this a highly popular material for outdoor signage in areas of high levels of salt water (coastal areas etc). Bright polished and dull (brushed) polished available from stock. Type 304 available upon request.


Summer 1967: 12-year-old kids, Pawel, Piotr, Szymek, and Elka, meet a fascinating, mysterious Jewish boy. David Weiser opens for them a new world – of miracles and mystique. He is scheming something unusual. However, at the very last moment an accidental explosion occurs. Weiser disappears without a trace and despite investigation neither his body nor his clothes can be found.


FARC/ELN and the Colombian government and other outside natural resource producing companies is really about the distribution and ownership of land in Colombia. In the 16th and 17th centuries in North America, the British quickly began to grant ownership of parcels of land to everyone from the wealthy who owned large tracts of land down to local farmers who took personal ownership of property that they could sell or pass down to future generations. At the same time in countries like Colombia (then part of Spanishcontrolled New Granada), the country of Spain was primarily interested in extracting whatever valuable resources they could from the land and exporting it back to Europe, and they saw the people of Latin America as slaves to be used in that work. The Spanish approach to land distribution in Latin American led to the land being held in the hands of tiny groups of elites as determined by the Spanish crown which laid the groundwork for the conditions that still exist in Colombia today. FARC and ELN's development were a direct reaction to the people of Colombia being taken advantage of at first by Spain, but even later by Columbian elites that lingered on after the country had been liberated from the Spanish in 1819 (Demir, 2018). It was the Communist groups FARC and ELN that pushed back against elites in Colombia that had held onto their land since the time of Spanish rule by taking control of that land to allow peasants to grow crops, raise cattle, and have a piece of land that they controlled. Indigenous groups gaining control of land they had lived on for years was a major part of the 2016 Colombian peace agreement, but with FARC's pull-back the indigenous peoples lost some of their protection which opened some parts of Colombia to private paramilitary groups who often work for people connected to oil companies and other outsiders looking to extract natural resources and drugs off the land (Klein, 2017).
The Spanish conquest of Latin America and it's focus on resource extraction from the continent set the long-term direction for the entire region and Colombia is but a microcosm of how land in Latin America today is often controlled by elites and others that do not live on or work the land. With the rise in the price of commodities in the 21st century what is above the land, coca plants, and below the land, large amounts of oil and gas, generates lots of revenue for the owners of the land and that stream of money that is generally not going to locals who live on the land has driven much of the conflict in Colombia. In addition to the historical reasons why local peoples have not had control of the land they have lived on for generations there are three other factors that add to the historical problems that have led to conflicts (Lavaux, 2006): 1.
2. the presence of neighboring countries considered to be sources of destabilization and distrust 3.
in the Putumayo region of Colombia which has a long history of growing coca to make cocaine for export (Leech, 2007), and today is a rapidly growing area for oil and gas production. The Putumayo department of Colombia rests in the Amazon basin in the southwest part of the country and shares a long border with Ecuador and Peru along the eastern flank of the Andes mountains.
long-simmering issues of inequality and environmental damage to areas where natural resource companies and those cultivating coca for cocaine still exist. Locals do now have a say in whether natural resource companies will have the right to extract gas and oil off their lands which has led to number of new conflicts as people in the region weigh the benefits of new jobs against the potential for environmental destruction. Often the choice for people in the Putumayo region is to work for groups cultivating the coca plants or work with multinational companies extracting oil and gas that in some communities are taking on many of the roles that a government would normally play such as building infrastructure, funding schools and supporting local institutions (Tate, 2018). The 2018 Colombian Presidential election saw Ivan Duque, the conservative protégé of former President Alvaro Uribe, elected to the Presidency and now serving a four-year term that began in early August 2018. Duque has been critical of some parts of the 2016 peace agreement with FARC/ELN and the Colombian government and has promised changes in the agreement such as requiring former rebels to admit their wrongdoing before they assume political office. Duque defeated Humane Movement party member Gustavo Petro in a second-round runoff with Petro running on a leftist progressive platform that was developed over time as Petro moved from M-19 rebel leader in his youth, to member of the Colombian House of Representatives, to a contentious time as mayor of Bogota which included removal and then reinstatement to the position. Gustavo Petro vehemently opposed the policies of former Colombia President Alvaro Uribe which made for a contentious showdown against Uribe's protégé Ivan Duque in the 2018 Presidential election which will continue forward as Petro will now return to the Colombian Senate (AP, 2018).
have lived on the land for centuries. Those issues make the political situation on the ground in Colombia little different than what many Western countries now face as a battle between public and private, the company and the individual, the land owner and the land user rage on which is fight that is as old as humans have fought each other over the available limited resources which stretches back to at least 80,000 years ago when human beings first emerged from Africa (Gugliotta, 2008). The direct connection between the control of natural resources and the armed conflict that flows from who controls the land and thus those resources (Lavaux, 2006) is even in the aftermath of the 2016 peace agreement between FARC/ELN and the Colombia government a defining reality of Colombia today which played itself out in the political debates around the 2018 Colombian Presidential election. In the last century, Latin American countries like Colombia have vacillated between right and left governments with progressive parties often gaining control through democratic elections and proclaiming their independence from the U.S. and other Western interests that have played a large role in the ups and downs of many countries in the region. During the post-World War II period, the U.S. CIA has been involved in overthrowing a number of leftist governments in Latin America (Talbot, 2016) that either nationalized the assets of American companies or impeded the ability of those companies to operate without governmental interference (Tablot, 2016). In more recent years Americans trained in U.S. police forces have moved into many Latin American countries like Colombia working with conservatively elected governments to tamp-down violence of rebel groups (Langguth, 2018), and possibly even to target social critics that speak out against the government (Baca & Jimenez, 2018).
The Chilean poet and diplomat Pablo Neruda who lost his way in celebrating the rise of Communism and the victory of the people over capitalistic forces in the rise of the Soviet Union and China in the 20th century, and later recognized the evils of the likes of Lenin, Stalin and Mao (Feinstein, 2004) also recognized the evils that flow from humans love for money which in Latin America was exemplified by the pursuit of natural resources such as oil and gas. In his 1940 poem Standard Oil Company Neruda identified the essential issues that are still playing out across Latin America today as governments pursue economic development, often at the expense of the people and the environment (Neruda, 1940): Standard Oil Company, Pablo Neruda When the drill bored down toward the stony fissures and plunged its implacable intestine into the subterranean estates, and dead years, eyes of the ages, imprisoned plants' roots and scaly systems became strata of water, fire shot up through the tubes transformed into cold liquid, in the customs house of the heights, issuing from its world of sinister depth, it encountered a pale engineer and a title deed. However entangled the petroleum's arteries may be, however the layers may change their silent site and move their sovereignty amid the earth's bowels, when the fountain gushes its paraffin foliage, Standard Oil arrived beforehand with its checks and it guns, with its governments and its prisoners. Their obese emperors from New York are suave smiling assassins who buy silk, nylon, cigars petty tyrants and dictators.
They buy countries, people, seas, police, county councils, distant regions where the poor hoard their corn like misers their gold: Standard Oil awakens them, clothes them in uniforms, designates which brother is the enemy. the Paraguayan fights its war, and the Bolivian wastes away in the jungle with its machine gun. A President assassinated for a drop of petroleum, a million-acre mortgage, a swift execution on a morning mortal with light, petrified, a new prison camp for subversives, in Patagonia, a betrayal, scattered shots beneath a petroliferous moon, a subtle change of ministers in the capital, a whisper like an oil tide, and zap, you'll see how Standard Oil's letters shine above the clouds, above the seas, in your home, illuminating their dominions.�
The leaders of Colombia and other Latin American countries need to find agreement with all people and groups that have a stake in the future of their countries at the point where "the attainable – the next best" is achieved because that is the point where the countries can move forward together while not leaving any behind, while protecting the environment, and while doing what it is never too late to do, which is doing what is right.


SeoToaster CMS is now available on the Softaculous auto-installer, enabling SeoToaster install in just one click.
With this new auto-install feature, you can now install or upgrade SeoToaster CMS directly on your desktop with AMPPS, a software stack enabling Apache, Mysql, MongoDB, PHP, Perl, Python and Softaculous auto-installer on a desktop.
To start building and using your website, use www.yourwebsite.com/go and enter you admin email and password.


text:
ejwagner-crimehistorian.com
Casino Cheaters
August 1, 2017 July 4, 2017 by Karen
Everyone knows that casinos have some of the most advanced security systems in the world. You'd have to have a special kind of genius, or perhaps insanity, to beat these systems. Here are eight of the biggest and most impressive casino cheaters in history.
Tommy Glenn Carmichael
Tommy Glenn Carmichael gained millions of dollars over four decades in Las Vegas, by pulling one of the biggest gambling cheats on slot machines of all time. He was a television repairman, and so rigging slot machines so they worked in his favour came naturally. Slot machines changed a great deal over the years, so he had to change his methods as well. He was notorious, and even collaborated with other cheaters on several occasions. He was caught and released several times over the years, before eventually earning a jail sentence in 1996 and reforming his ways. He even helped develop an anti-cheating device for slot machines.
Richard Marcus
The self-proclaimed inventor of some of the best casino cheats ever, Richard Marcus, was never charged with anything. He spent over 20 years visiting casinos ll over Las Vegas and finding tricks to cheat them out of millions of dollars. His signature move was a way to win $500 000 on the roulette table if he won, and only lose $5-10 if he lost. If he lost he would quickly move his chip away, and if the dealer saw him he would act drunk and apologetic, and replace the chip, but with a $5 or $10 chip he had hidden in his hand. He had many other casino scams for blackjack, baccarat, poker and roulette, all involving sleight of hand and psychological manipulation (the kind of trick you could never pull on online or mobile casino games!). He was arrested several times but the courts never had enough evidence to charge him. However, he has been blacklisted at all casinos in Nevada. He is notoriously boastful about his and has even written a book.
Dominic LoRiggio
Dominic "The Dominator" LoRiggio was a master at casino cheats at the craps tables. He practiced for years, and finally mastered a technique of rolling the dice so he could control where they landed. The utmost care is needed for this: the dice need to be set a certain way, gripped precisely, tossed up together into the air and land as softly as possible against the back of the craps table, all while looking perfectly natural. This is in fact not illegal and LoRiggio is still gambling, but many casinos know him and force him to throw differently. But he will be always be known as "The Man with the Golden Arm", master of gambling cheats that use the laws of physics.
Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo
Gonzalo Garcia-Pelayo is the most famous at roulette cheater ever. He had a theory that roulette wheels were not random, and so spent hours recording roulette results and analysing them with the help of a computer programme, to figure out the probabilities of the game. He realized that each wheel had imperfections that led it to land on some numbers more often than others. On one of his first nights using this method, he won over 600 000 euros. After amassing over $2 million dollars over the early 1990s, he was banned from casinos. However, the supreme court ruled that nothing he did was illegal, and so he was never charged. And yet, his roulette casino cheats are the reason casinos today constantly test and monitor their roulette wheels – so don't think you can pull a copycat trick today.
MIT Blackjack Team
You've heard of the film 21 – immortalizing one of the most famous casino scams in history. A team of nerdy blackjack players from MIT developed a strategy that used statistical tactics to take card-counting to new levels. They used a variety of techniques and disguises that kept them from getting caught, and their teamwork strategy won them thousands of dollars every weekend. They gradually began to be identified by casinos, leading members to start quitting. New students would replace those that quit, but casinos began to get much better at identifying card counters, and the team had to retire, but not without their profit of over $5 million.
Edward Thorpe
Edward Thorpe may not be as famous as the MIT blackjack team, but they would not exist if it were not for him, as he invented card-counting. As a mathematics professor, he became convinced there was a mathematical way to beat the game. He studied it for years, using a computer programme to simulate billions of blackjack hands. This was the 1960s, so the computer filled an entire room. His findings boiled down to the fact that smaller cards were more advantageous to the dealer, so when they left the deck players should bet more, and larger cards were more advantageous to the player, so when they left the deck players should bet less. Using this method, the player could gain a 1%-5% edge against the house. Thorpe was no mere theorist: he and his wife on a typical weekend could win $700 000 in today's money. After a while, casinos asked Thorpe to leave simply because he was winning too much – but they could not work out how. He let the world find out when he published a book in 1962. He was one of the first gambling cheats to be inducted into the Blackjack Hall of Fame.
We end this list with another genius of slot-machine casino scams. He was a computer programmer employed by the Nevada Gaming Control Board for 12 years as a gaming device evaluation specialist. He had to identify flaws in the software that powered casino games at casinos all over Las Vegas. This gave him access to the source code, and a way to rig slot machines in a much more modern way. He modified certain slot machines to pay out large sums of cash whenever a certain number of coins in a certain sequence was put into the machine. From 1993-1995, he and an accomplice proceeded to rob Las Vegas casinos blind. He later developed a programme to cheat at Keno. However, his partner was caught after he arose suspicion by winning $100 000 at Keno and showing little emotion. Harris served two years in jail. Today he is blacklisted and can never gamble again.
You Can't Cheat Forever
History is full of clever cheaters who managed to win millions before getting caught, or whose method of cheating cannot actually be charged. Casino cheaters come in all shapes and sizes – computer and maths geeks, mechanics, psychological manipulaters and those with deft sleight of hand. They all have something in common though – greed. They don't play for fun, they play to get rich. Some of them are reformed and some are still blowing their own horns. But all of them eventually get banned from casinos.
Categories Casino Crime Post navigation
What Is Money Laundering?
Assessing the Impact of Casino Gambling on Crime
Casino Crime
Sports Betting Crime
Casino Security
Gambling Laws
Get To Know Some Of The Worlds Gambling Rules
5 Red Flags of Fake Online Casinos
Money Laundering In Casinos
How Good Is Las Vegas Casino Security?
Casino Mysteries That Were Never Solved
Actions To Take After Being Caught Gambling Illegally
Gambling Safely And Securely Online
Possible Future Changes In US Gambling Laws
The Most Common Rules In Land-Based Casinos
What Is The Law On Gambling In The UK?
The Clear Link Between Gambling and Crime
Perhaps it's the flashing lights, the discordant cacophony of sounds, or the massive amounts of money that exchanges hands on a daily basis, but land-based casinos often bear the brunt of player frustration when it comes to losing. However, the perpetrators soon realise that crime and casinos don't really mix and anyone who has ever felt tempted to take out their frustrations on fellow players or casino staff or property would be wise to remember that there is generally a decent sized team of burly men tasked with keeping the casino floor safe at all times.
EjWagner-CrimeHistorian.com takes a special interest in gambling and crime and anyone who shares this interest will find many fascinating true crime stories amongst our hallowed halls and gambling laws.


Finally we were able to show the Oracle 12c results on Exalytics. One of worlds first implementations using the Inmemory Database 12c on a extreme machine: Exalytics.
At a great place: Dubai, Thanks to my sponsor Mark Rittman!
Een beknopte versie van de presentatie zoals ik die heb gegeven in San Francisco (Oracle Open World 2014) op het BI Symposium te Bussum.


*The Champion pieces are published in FLAME Issue no.19 and are also reproduced here.
and it's really freaking me out!
Or a witch? What is it?
Something terrible, there's no doubt!
so fierce it might tear me into pieces!
I thought I could take a look at Jesus!
The fear is driving me insane!
and also something to protect my brain!
to end all the horrors and frights.
"I'm just using the loo for the night!"
I had a quarrel with Fred. Fred and I lost a tennis doubles match. He clenched his fist and beat the ground with his racket fiercely.
"If it were not for you, I would've won the match, Jason!" Fred barked.
"I've tried my best already. How come you said something like this?" I shouted, rubbing my tears with my navy blue handkerchief.
A week later, everybody in class received Fred's invitation to his birthday party, except me! I was furious. Why was Fred so mean to me?
Suddenly, a sharp beam of light was cast upon me. There came a fair lady dressed in a white robe. I was shocked.
"Don't be afraid! I am a fairy. Take this invisibility cloak and you may go to Fred's party without an invitation," said the fairy.
So I went to Fred's party under the invisibility cloak. I wanted to give Fred a lesson for not inviting me. I had planned to break a glass, to activate the fire alarm or to throw the cake onto Fred's face. I could do whatever I wished as nobody was able to see me.
Tears went down my face. I rubbed my eyes with my handkerchief. I started to feel that everybody's eyes were cast in my direction. Oh, they heard me cry! I had better go. I ran towards the door but carelessly dropped my handkerchief onto the floor. I fled.
Fred picked up the navy blue handkerchief, meditating, and gave a big smile.
Nowadays, people cannot go out without their smartphones. Even primary school students bring their smartphones when they go out. But, are smartphones good for primary school students? Let's find out.
First, let us check out the benefits of using smartphones. You can use smartphones to connect anyone anytime using phone, SMS, or whatsapp. Also, they give you many apps to use, such as map, camera and GPS. You can use them to watch movie or listen to music. By the way, you can also finish your online homework by using smartphones.
It seems that smartphones are very convenient for students in many ways. But let's take a look at the bad side. Using smartphones for a long time is harmful to our heath.
One of the problems is called the "computer vision syndrome". According to Wikipedia, this is a temporary condition resulting from focusing the eyes on a smartphone for a long period, your eyes will get fatigue, strained and dry.
The other problem is called the "monophobia". To simplify, it means "no mobile-phone phobia". The fear of being "alone" without your phone. Well, it might sound a little weird, but it does usually happen to students.
Worse still, primary school students easily indulge in playing games such as "minecraft" and the "tower of saviors"…etc. It might affect their studies.
Overall, I think that smartphones are good for students as long as they use their smartphones in the right ways.
Many people claim that smartphones allow children to access their parents or other family members in case of an emergency. They would also allow parents to reach their kids. However, if you take in-depth consideration, it is not a real case. Why? It is because we can use a simple mobile phone instead of modern smartphones to achieve this goal.
For me, I highly disagree with primary school students having smartphones. Actually, it is a terrible idea!
Smartphones are no doubt a wonderful invention. With the use of smartphones, we are able to play games, watch videos, go to Facebook and Whatsapp. Because of these, primary school students can easily get addicted to smartphones. Thus, they get so caught up with their games and texting (FB and Whatsapp). Finally, they will lose themselves in the virtual world. Actually, allowing primary school students to constantly use a smartphone means they stop interacting with their friends, peers and even family! In addition, smartphones may cause problems like cyber-bullying, it is a serious social problem that affects the students. Moreover, many real cases indicate that there are many smart students that have excellent academic result and because of overuse of smartphones, their grades have dropped immensely!
Last but not least, smartphones emit radiation. This harmful radiation can have an adverse effect on the developing brain cells, which may deform their growth. As a result, it may lead to brain tumours. Furthermore, smartphones are bad for the eyes of students. Some eye problems such as short-sightedness will result!
In conclusion, with reference to the above rationales, it is unnecessary, unhealthy and unsafe for primary school students to have smartphones.
What will be my best treasure? Will it be a toy, a shirt or a photo? No, you are wrong. My best treasure is my cello. I love my cello very much which is why I treat it as my best friend.
Playing cello is an enjoyable thing. When I am sad, I will become better after practicing cello. It lets me be comfortable and all the problems and difficulties will be kicked out of my mind for a while. It is just an excellent way for me to relax. I will play my cello especially during examination weeks. It is a magical medicine for me to reduce my stress. Cello lets me make more friends, too! It enriches my social life. I make friends from different schools and some of them are even secondary schools students! This helps improve my communication skills. There are a lot of advantages for me. He is my friend because I can communicate with him during playing it. We can perform the pieces well and wonderfully. The music themes and melodies are from books that can tell us about the composer's life and feelings. Some children don't like to practise but it is an interesting thing to do.
I just love music and my beloved cello. It is so amazing that it can give me the power to do things. It is an incredible treasure to me. I hope I can develop my music skills during my secondary school life. I hope I can remember, or even live with, my most treasurable treasure till the end of my life!


In the Arena, grew intuitively by intersecting physical play with scripted dialogue. The performers, myself included, were reminded to make a scene; to register a credible emotion, while highlighting the ambiguity of gesture and spoken word, once taken out of context.
These works should only be perceived as fragments of a larger whole, where still photographs, texts and motion pictures situate a romantic relationship. In the process, the enamorates negotiate distance and separation as well as reunion and relearned communication.
Casting was the initial decision, provoked by an American perception of ethnic ambiguity, the characters suggest a Latin emotion. Admittingly then, this narrative and the motivations to depict it, stem from personal encounters with racial misidentification; often I am not the Mexican, people expect to recognize. In being perceived as another, I take liberty to embrace my actual life as an improvised fiction.


text:
Approved Muscle Supplements
Home » Reviews » Laxogenin 100
Laxogenin 100
By Mark Stephens (Senior Reviewer)
Page updated Apr 12, 2018.
First published Mar 4, 2018.
Anabolic supplements are typically amongst the most controversial supplements out there. As most directly affect the body's natural balance of hormones (particularly testosterone), steroidal supplements are notorious for causing side effects and for triggering tests intended to detect the presence of banned substances or prohormones. Any substance that could theoretically claim to offer the benefits of an anabolic supplement (increased strength output and boosted protein synthesis) whilst avoiding these drawbacks would theoretically be highly desirable for many athletes and bodybuilders.
Below we take an in-depth look into Laxogenin 100, to see its unusual key ingredient, 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin, can provide this sought-after balance.
Laxogenin 100 Pros
Customer reviews remain happy with the mild effects provided by this steroidal saponin
Key ingredient quantity clearly listed
Unlike other anabolic ingredients, this will not trigger steroid/prohormone tests
Laxogenin 100 Cons
Key ingredient is of questionable effectiveness, and may need to be stacked
Manufacturer has no money back guarantee or returns policy of any kind
Manufacturer is known for using misleading advertising and dangerous ingredients
WATCHDOG TIP: See the TOP PERFORMING SUPPLEMENTS
What You Need To Know About Laxogenin 100
Laxogenin 100 is a bodybuilding supplement that uses one key ingredient, 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin. Laxogenin is an anabolic supplement that has the unusual distinction of being naturally synthesized from a plant source. Though highly under-researched, the experiences posted by former users online suggest that the ingredient tends not to affect hormone levels, instead providing mild strength-boosting effects that come with fewer side effects and drawbacks.
Laxogenin 100 is manufactured by Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, a US-based supplement store based in the USA. Hi-Tech Pharma (as they are often called) are known mainly for their extraordinary history of litigation, having fought long and protracted legal battles with the FTC, FDA, respected university professors, medical authorities, and rival companies. The company is currently fighting to overturn the FDA's existing ban on the dangerous stimulant DMAA, and continues to sell DMAA-based products until the legal point is clarified. The company is also associated with its selling of a useless form of ephedra and other products that attempt to mimic and impersonate illegal steroids. As of 2018, the company's chances of winning their legal battles have been greatly hampered following another government raid, this time to confiscate $19 million worth of prohibited substances and to arrest the company's CEO.
What Are The Side Effects Of Laxogenin 100?
The true outcomes of using Laxogenin 100 are not known, as no human trials have ever been conducted to check that the ingredient remains safe/effective to use. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it may cause headaches, increased hair growth, or increased aggression if used at the dosages provided by Laxogenin 100.
How Much Does Laxogenin 100 Cost?
Laxogenin 100 costs roughly what you would expect for a product of this type. On most 3rd party retailer websites (such as A1 Supplements and Best Price Nutrition), a 60-capsule supply costs $34.95. Customers may have to pay a little more on DPS Nutrition ($39.99) but the really high costs are reserved for Hi-Tech Pharma's own website, where the same one-month supply costs $54.95.
Our Verdict On Laxogenin 100
Laxogenin 100 suffers from the same problems that plague many of the various designer drugs that have infected the world of bodybuilding – there is little to no research on whether this ingredient always works as you expect it to, and it is difficult to know the boundaries of its safety.
In articles like these, we make every effort to provide you with all the information on ingredients and how researchers (not advertisers) think that they work. But this is impossible with laxogenin! Instead, we have to rely on individual testimonies of ordinary bodybuilders, many of whom choose to stack Laxogenin 100 with a number of other testosterone-boosters and anabolic supplements.
Although these testimonies are hardly authoritative, the consensus appears to be that Laxogenin 100 is fairly mild. It's relatively free from side effects when compared to chemically-similar substances (such as the banned oxandrolone), and appears to be mainly useful for injured athletes or those cycling off stronger alternatives. Most of the former customers we found are habitual fans of anabolic supplements, and opt for stacking the relatively weak effects of Laxogenin 100 with a number of other products.
Taking Laxogenin 100 is obviously a risk and we wouldn't recommend it in any case. If you would still like to give it a whirl, we would advise trying another manufacturer selling it, as Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals provide nothing in the way of a returns policy, create simple products that are more expensive than competitors, and seem to have failed to create an appropriate delivery system for this notoriously poorly-absorbed ingredient.
Overall, we do not recommend Laxogenin 100 to our readers.
Laxogenin 100 Review
Laxogenin 100 is a bodybuilding supplement that contains a single natural anabolic ingredient (5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin). Chemically similar to a prohibited artificially-synthesised substance called oxandrolone, this plant-based ingredient presumably works by boosting strength output and testosterone, although there is very little research out there to confirm its precise effects.
Laxogenin 100 Facts
Manufactured by Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals
Contains 60 capsules per bottle
Single-ingredient natural anabolic supplement
Laxogenin 100 is produced and sold by Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals, an American manufacturer of various sports, weight loss, and sexual enhancement supplements. Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals' website is surprisingly poorly written and hard to understand for an English-speaking company, giving an unprofessional appearance that fails to inspire confidence in the quality of the products.
How to Take Laxogenin 100
The directions for use are as follows:
Take 2 capsules daily.
As of 2018, Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals is far more well-known for its legal battles with American authorities and university professors than for its effective and high-quality supplements. In late 2017, the company suffered an astonishing blow when its facility was raided and its CEO, Jared Wheat, was arrested (again). During the raid, over $19 million worth of prohibited substances was confiscated, all of which contained a drug called lovastatin (which is illegal to sell as a supplement despite its obvious natural origins). The company is also locked into a huge and expensive lawsuit with the FDA over the right to sell the banned and dangerous substance, DMAA. The company can be contacted via the contact details provided on the website.
Laxogenin 100 Concerns:
No money back guarantee
Key ingredient is not thought to be as effective or as bioavailable as others
What Does Laxogenin 100 Claim To Do?
Hi-Tech Pharma claim that Laxogenin 100 is a bodybuilding supplement that is appropriate for anyone who "wants to build muscle and/or enhance athletic performance". It can apparently be paired or stacked with other growth-related supplements, and reportedly comes with fewer side effects than other similar ingredients. The manufacturer also states that this supplement is suitable for women, as it does not cause androgenic side effects, but also states that some levels of testosterone/androgen is needed to be present in the body for the full effects to be seen.
Does Laxogenin 100 Work?
Judging the effectiveness of laxogenin is little more than a guessing game, as no human trials have ever been conducted to examine how safe/effective it really is. Anecdotal evidence suggests that it affects strength output directly rather than affecting the body's hormonal balance (such as testosterone levels etc.), but its effects are thought to be relatively slight compared to its banned cousins. Fans of anabolic ingredients generally recommend it for injury recovery rather than for bulking up, as its low rate of bioavailability often means that it's simply too weak to cause the dramatic effects we see with other ingredients. It is thought that this ingredient would work better trans-dermally (i.e. through the skin) than orally; as this product is oral, expect its effects to be relatively weak compared to laxogenin's supposed potential.
The customer reviews we could find were generally positive, although it must be added that there weren't many to check. Customers often acknowledged that Laxogenin 100 was a relatively mild anabolic, but a few seemed drawn to that as a benefit of using it.
What Are The Ingredients of Laxogenin 100?
The key ingredient found in Laxogenin 100 are listed below. The ingredient quantity listed is correct for 1 tablet (or one half-serving).
5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin 100mg: Although chemically similar to banned substances like oxandrolone, laxogenin actually works in a slightly different way, affecting strength and recovery more than hormonal balance. Virtually no studies have been conducted to examine its effects or safety profile, although circumstantial evidence suggests that it suffers from a lack of bioavailability. Most of the claims made about this ingredient are sourced from the group that attempted to patent it, and it is not entirely clear how they sourced their own data. Source
Does Laxogenin 100 Have Any Side Effects?
Very little is known about laxogenin or its potential for short or long-term effects. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some athletes suffer from headaches when supplementing this ingredient at the dosage used in this product.
Not suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding women. Not suitable for anyone under the age of 18. If you are taking any medications or are unsure about the suitability of this supplement for you, consult your doctor before purchase.
Are There Any Customer Reviews For Laxogenin 100?
Laxogenin 100 has attracted praise from former customers, although there aren't too many reviews out there to check. The majority of customers recognise that laxogenin is a relatively weak anabolic compared to others, but seem to rely on this fact in order to stack it with their other favourite bodybuilding supplements. A few side effects have been mentioned from time to time.
I'm almost through my first bottle of this, and can definitely feel the difference. I have noticed better muscle endurance, even on my heavy lift days, and my recovery has been better as well.
Two weeks in and I am noticing lift increases. It's not as powerful as say a PH but there is a noticed difference in my recorded log data (which I am very strict about recording). I intend to keep using it for 8 weeks to see where it goes – but so far I would say thumbs up.
I stacked this with Bulasterone and Arimiplex and saw massive strength gains across the board with few side effects besides mild hair growth and increased aggression. Muscle feel pumped up even 48 hours after a hard workout. Max bench went up 40%, leg press max more than doubled and muscles have a hard, defined and rock hard feel and look to them.
Feels like a pretty mild anabolic but does the job. I'd Stack it with superdrol or testosterone-1 for more enhanced, lean muscle growth fast
Does Laxogenin 100 Offer a Money-Back Guarantee?
On the official Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals website, no mention is made of a money back guarantee or a returns policy of any kind.
Where Can I Buy Laxogenin 100?
Laxogenin 100 can be purchased from a number of independent online retailers (although Hi-Tech Pharma products have long been discontinued on more mainstream outlets like Amazon and Walmart, mainly due to the manufacturer's unfortunate reputation for churning out unsafe products).
The cheapest place we found Laxogenin 100 available to buy from was All Star Health, who sell a 60-capsule bottle for $28.99 (although the product was listed as out-of-stock when we visited). The standard price appears to be $34.95 (the price listed on A1 Supplements and Best Price Nutrition) although higher prices are charged at DPS Nutrition ($39.99) and the official Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals webstore (a whopping $54.95).
Summary: Laxogenin 100
Laxogenin 100 Rating
The Muscle Watchdog does not recommend Laxogenin 100.
Price / Guarantee
About the Author: Mark Stephens
Having spent a number of years in coaching roles for various sports teams, Mark has developed a wealth of knowledge that he now uses to help us sort the good supplements from the bad.
As well as keeping up the coaching, Mark plays hockey and football most weekends, and has recently taken up judo.
Top Performing Supplements 2020
Hunter Test
MAN Sports Beta-Alanine
Review Watchdog Review Watchdog Review Watchdog Review
Purpose Cutting body fat, endurance, thermogenesis. Testosterone booster. Pre-workout, endurance.
Clinically Proven Ingredients
Disclaimer: Our reviews and investigations are based on extensive research from the information publicly available to us and consumers at the time of first publishing the post. Information is based on our personal opinion and whilst we endeavour to ensure information is up-to-date, manufacturers do from time to time change their products and future research may disagree with our findings. If you feel any of the information is inaccurate, please contact us and we will review the information provided.
We'd love to get your opinion. Please keep it clean and stay on topic, no spamming. Comments are moderated before being made live. Your email address will not be published.
We cannot give advice about medical conditions or prescription drugs. Please direct specific medical questions to your doctor.
Get the conversation started by leaving your comments using the form above.
See the Best Testo Supplements for 2019
The information provided on this site is of a general nature only and is not meant to replace the advice of your doctor or pharmacist. We do our best to maintain accurate and complete information that is kept up to date, but we cannot (and do not) provide any warranty of the accuracy of any information provided on this website. For more details, please see our disclosure policy.
© 2020 Watchdog Reviews Inc. All rights reserved.
Enter your search term above


J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):1-12.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):13-23.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):25-37.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):39-50.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):51-58.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):59-71.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):73-83.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):85-96.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):113-125.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):127-135.
J. Korean Home Econ. Assoc. 2008;46(2):137-153.


Download and print this sequenced Bible coloring page to teach the story of Paul's conversion. You can use it as a teaching illustration, or pass it out to the children as a coloring page activity sheet. Click here to let us know how you will use this free resource.
Directions: Use the following links or click on the preview images. The PDF file will be easier to print and a smaller download. The jpeg image is easier to edit.
The inspiration of this story comes from Paul's experience on the road to Damascus. He was on his way to persecute Jesus' followers when God dramatically got his attention. The whole story of Paul's conversion is found in Acts 9.
Optional: Watch a video clip about Saul's Conversion from the Jesus Storybook Bible. We've also created a Bible lesson about Paul's conversion.
Click above to download this storyline sheet.
You came to my rescue. I am teaching K-2 Sunday School tomorrow morning. I also teach in a private Methodist based K-8 school so I am excited to find an extension to my classroom lessons (1st grade) throughout the school year.
I'm trying to show my kids how God can change the stoniest heart into something beautiful. Last week we cut hearts from various grades of sandpaper and then used crayons to color over those hearts onto paper, creating beautiful artwork. I will use Mandy's book to reinforce this teaching further. Thanks.
I am using it for my sunday school class tomorrow! Thank you!
I'm going teach about Paul and i looking for coloring page and i think i got it. I really need it for sunday school.
Ms. Teresa from OBC says "Thank You" Very Much for being willing to do the hard work and then share.


text:
Animated Jigsaws: Beautiful Japanese Scenery Review
Lewis Baglow - No Longer Writes for Bonus Stage April 4, 2018
It can't be denied that jigsaw puzzles have long provided a relaxing pastime for young and old alike. From quaint sceneries to action depictions, this form of entertainment can provide many hours of amusement towards a final goal of compiling its many pieces into one grand portrait or landscape. Animated Jigsaws: Beautiful Japanese Scenery, a new Nintendo Switch title developed by DICO and BottleCube, with publishing by Rainy Frog, offers a different premise to the usual formula of jigsaw puzzling; providing a unique take with its moving images that brings the genre to life.
Animated Jigsaws brings you ten differing puzzles, each one depicting a scene from Japanese culture that incorporates famous locales such as Mount Fuji, Kinkakuji Temple and Matsumoto Castle to name but a few. The natural beauty from this intriguing country is further enhanced with scenes that are taken during different phases of the seasons; such as spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each of the puzzles contains an animation that plays on a loop, whether it be boats rowing along a blossom-lined river in Tokyo, clouds passing over the rippling waters in Nagano or snow monkeys enjoying a bathe in a natural hot spring. These moving images provide a nice backdrop upon which to build and provides a really nice aesthetic to the final product.
Each of the puzzles comes in three sizes; sixty, one-hundred and twenty and two-hundred and forty pieces, with each increment and puzzle becoming unlocked after each respective completion. This number of varying puzzle pieces provides a good challenge that passes the time at your own pace, as well as offering a calming way with which to unwind after a hard day. The screen presents a layout that sees a tray containing the all of the pieces, set above a main board onto which you build the puzzles. A gutter runs down the right-hand side which can be used for storing pieces and the left side of the screen displays a referencing picture as well as an options menu and a timer which records the time taken for each puzzle.
As well as these features, the screen also incorporates an option to change the background colour of your building board and various selections in how you sort and display the puzzle pieces along the top of the screen. The colour-changing aspect of the main board is purely a cosmetic feature and doesn't add anything to the game, however, it does provide a form of personalisation and a way of distinguishing between the board and puzzle should any of the pieces, or picture, clash or blend with the background selection. The option to organise your puzzle pieces is a nice inclusion though, with selections that separates bordered and inner pieces into two neat and distinct piles.
The whole presentation of Animated Jigsaws is neatly done, with a very easy-to-use interface that will have you building in no-time at all. Each of pictures within the puzzles are crisp, clear and concise, as are the animations within them. Everything is neatly placed from menu selections to puzzle pieces. Incorporating both touchscreen and conventional control schemes, including pro-controller support, this is a nice, relaxing title that can be played either at home or out-and-about. A soundtrack of traditional Japanese music plays throughout, although I found this to be a very distracting feature. Thankfully, the option to mute the musical score has also been included.
Building each of the puzzles is also a simple affair in the execution of the game's mechanics. It's simply a drag-and-drop affair, with each piece slotting into its respective place upon the board and with each other; you can even build segments which can be put aside for use later on in the puzzle's development. There's no fiddling around trying to get pieces to fit or scrambling through a graphical mess of jumbled pieces. With its automatic saving capabilities, the game can also keep track of your progress mid-build, ready for you to carry on from where you left off at a later, or more convenient, time. The whole presentation from start to end has been very expertly done and well thought out.
Completing each of the puzzles presents you with a gallery, in which you can view your finished creations, along with their animations, to your heart's content. These galleries also contain information for each of the puzzles; ranging from the pictures descriptive title and the time spent building the puzzles under each relevant tile number. The game also incorporates a local-multiplayer function in which up to four players can work together in the building of each of the puzzles; a nice inclusion that can help in bringing people together.
Overall, there really isn't a lot wrong with Animated Jigsaws. Its presentation and interface are easy to digest and as a jigsaw puzzle builder, it provides a suitable experience that is both relaxing and enjoyable. Although it only offers ten different varieties of puzzles, its inclusion of three different totals of puzzle pieces adds a surprisingly good challenge, as well as provide a form of longevity to the title and replayability. Video gaming doesn't always have to be about blasting aliens, dungeon crawling and endless adventures. It can also be about creativity, problem-solving and relaxation; there's no seat-of-your-pants excitement here. However, what is does offer is something that should be incorporated into whatever style, or genre, of game you are playing; and that is escapism, and in that respect, Animated Jigsaws is a title that certainly delivers.
Lewis Baglow - No Longer Writes for Bonus Stage
Lewis Baglow no longer writes for Bonus Stage. We would like to thank him for contributing 465 Reviews during his trial period with us. Reviewers are an essential part of Bonus Stage and therefore we sincerely appreciate all contributions from reviewers/writers who in-turn help to contribute to Bonus Stage's success. We wish him every success with his next venture.
Tags:Animated Jigsaws, Beautiful Japanese Scenery, BottleCube, Dico, multiplayer, Nintendo Switch Review, party, Puzzle, Rainy Frog, Rating 8/10, Switch Review, Training
Higurashi: When They Cry – Ch. 5 Meakashi Review
Football Manager 2019 Touch Review
Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts Review
Maria The Witch Review


text:
package io.bootique.metrics.health.writer;

import io.bootique.metrics.health.HealthCheckOutcome;
import io.bootique.metrics.health.sink.ReportSink;

import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Writes formatted health check report to the provided "sink". Report format is defined by the implementation.
 */
public interface ReportWriter {

    void write(Map<String, HealthCheckOutcome> result, ReportSink out);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


RGDSN has organized a special event at CoolSpringz Jump Center. Below are the details. If you would like to attend, please RSVP below and submit the form.
Cost: Individuals with DS are free courtesy of RGDSN. Friends and Family Jumpers are $9 to be paid at door. Spectators are Free.


text:
"Sicarius" redirects here. For The terrorist group named after the Sicarii, see Sicarii (1989). For other meanings of the word, see Sicarius (disambiguation). For the Haredi gang named after the Sicarii, see Sikrikim. For the Roman-era laws concerning the usurping occupant of lands in Judea, see Sicaricon (Jewish law).
The Sicarii (Modern Hebrew: סיקריים siqariyim) were a splinter group of the Jewish Zealots who, in the decades preceding Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE, strongly opposed the Roman occupation of Judea and attempted to expel them and their sympathizers from the area.[1] The Sicarii carried sicae, or small daggers, concealed in their cloaks.[2] At public gatherings, they pulled out these daggers to attack Romans and Hebrew Roman sympathizers alike, blending into the crowd after the deed to escape detection.
The Sicarii are regarded as one of the earliest known organized assassination units of cloak and daggers, predating the Islamic Hashishin and Japanese ninja by centuries.[3][4] The derived Spanish term sicario is used in contemporary Latin America to describe a hitman working for a drug cartels.
In Latin, Sicarii is the plural form of Sicarius "dagger-man", "dagger-wielder". Sica, possibly from Proto-Albanian *tsikā (whence Albanian thikë, "knife"), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- ("to sharpen") possibly via Illyrian.[5][6] . In later Latin usage, "sicarius" was also the standard term for a murderer (see, e.g., the Lex Cornelia de Sicariis et Veneficiis),[7] and to this day "sicario" is a salaried assassin in Spanish[8] and a commissioned murderer in Italian.[9] Sicário in Portuguese.[10]
See also: Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70) and Zealot Temple Siege
Victims of the Sicarii are thought to have included Jonathan the High Priest, although it is possible that his murder was orchestrated by the Roman governor Antonius Felix. Some murders were met with severe retaliation by the Romans on the entire Hebrew population of the country. However, on some occasions, the Sicarii would release their intended victim if their terms were met. Much of what is known about the Sicarii comes from the Romano-Jewish by Josephus, who wrote that the Sicarii agreed to release the kidnapped secretary of Eleazar, governor of the Temple precincts, in exchange for the release of ten captured assassins.[11][12]
At the beginning of the First Roman-Jewish War, the Sicarii, and (possibly) Zealot helpers (Josephus differentiated between the two but did not explain the main differences in depth), gained access to Jerusalem and committed a series of atrocities in an attempt to incite the population into war against Rome. In one account, given in the Talmud, they destroyed the city's food supply, using starvation to force the people to fight against the Roman siege, instead of negotiating peace. Their leaders, including Menahem ben Yehuda and Eleazar ben Ya'ir, were notable figures in the war, and the group fought in many battles against the Romans as soldiers. Together with a small group of followers, Menahem made his way to the fortress of Masada, took over a Roman garrison and slaughtered all 700 soldiers there. They also took over another fortress called Antonia and overpowered the troops of Agrippa II. He also trained them to conduct various guerrilla operations on Roman convoys and legions stationed around Judea.[4]
Josephus also wrote that the Sicarii raided nearby Hebrew villages including Ein Gedi, where they massacred 700 women and children.[13][14][15][16]
The Zealots, Sicarii and other prominent rebels finally joined forces to attack and temporarily take Jerusalem from Rome in 66 AD,[17] where they took control of the Temple in Jerusalem, executing anyone who tried to oppose their power. The local populace resisted their control and launched a series of sieges and raids to remove the rebel factions. The rebels eventually silenced the uprising and Jerusalem stayed in their hands for the duration of the war.[18] The Romans finally came to take back the city, and they led counter-attacks and sieges to starve the rebels inside. The rebels held for some time, but the constant bickering and the lack of leadership led the groups to disintegrate.[17] The leader of the Sicarii, Menahem, was killed by rival factions during an altercation. Soon, the Romans regained control, and finally destroyed the whole city in 70 AD.
Eleazar and his followers returned to Masada and continued their rebellion against the Romans until 73 AD. The Romans eventually took the fortress and, according to Josephus, found that most of its defenders had committed suicide rather than surrender.[4] In Josephus' The Jewish War (vii), after the fall of the Temple in 70 AD, the sicarii became the dominant revolutionary Hebrew faction, scattered abroad. Josephus particularly associates them with the mass suicide at Masada in 73 AD and to the subsequent refusal "to submit to the taxation census when Cyrenius was sent to Judea to make one" (Josephus) as part of their rebellion's religious and political scheme.
Judas Iscariot, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament, was believed by some to be a sicarius.[19][20] This opinion is objected to by modern historians, mainly because Josephus in The War of the Hebrews (2:254–7) mentions the appearance of the Sicarii as a new phenomenon during the procuratorships of Felix (52–60 AD), having no apparent relation with the group called Sicarii by Romans at times of Quirinius.[21] The 2nd century compendium of Jewish oral law, the Mishnah (Makhshirin 1:6), mentions the word sikrin (Hebrew: סיקרין), perhaps related to Sicarii, and which is explained by the early rabbinic commentators as being related to the Greek: ληστής (= robbers), and to government personnel involved with implementing the laws of Sicaricon.[22] Maimonides, in his Mishnah Commentary (Makhshirin 1:6), explains the same word sikrin as meaning "people who harass and who are disposed to being violent."[23]
^ Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations (2008,:407) talks of sicarii practicing "reverse terrorism within Hebrew society".
^ Paul Christian Who were the Sicarii?, Meridian Magazine, June 7, 2004
^ Pichtel, John, Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response, CRC Press (April 25, 2011) p.3-4. ISBN 978-1439851753
^ a b c Ross, Jeffrey Ian, Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge (January 15, 2011), Chapter: Sicarii. ISBN 978-0765620484
^ Orel, Vladimir (1998). Albanian etymological dictionary. Brill. pp. 477–478. ISBN 9004110240.
^ Havers, Wilhelm (1984). Die Sprache. A. Sexl. p. 84.
^ "Definition of sicarius (noun, LNS, sīcārius) - Numen - The Latin Lexicon - An Online Latin Dictionary". Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ http://dle.rae.es/?id=Xmzval0
^ http://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_italiano/S/sicario.shtml
^ https://www.priberam.pt/dlpo/sicario
^ Smallwood 2001, p. 281f.
^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. Translated by Whiston, William. 20.9.3 – via PACE: Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement. (Wikisource)
^ Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome; Cunliffe, Barry. The Holy Land. Oxford Archaeological Guides (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 378–381.
^ The Wars of the Hebrews, or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem, by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston, Project Gutenberg, Book IV, Chapter 7, Paragraph 2.
^ Flavius Josephus, De bello Judaico libri vii, B. Niese, Ed. J. BJ 4.7.2
^ Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels; Was the siege really so heroic, asks Patrick Cockburn in Jerusalem, The Independent, 30 March 1997
^ a b Levick, Barbara (1999). Vespasian. London: Routledge, pp. 116–119. ISBN 0-415-16618-7
^ Josephus, War of the Hebrews II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5
^ "Judas Iscariot". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Bastiaan van Iersel, Mark: A Reader-Response Commentary, Continuum International (1998), p. 167.
^ "Zealots and Sicarii". Archived from the original on 2014-11-18. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Rabbi Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot, cited in Babylonian Talmud (Niddah Tractate), s.v. Mishnah Makhshirin 1:6; also in The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon, vol. 2, Berlin 1924, s.v. סיקריקין.
^ Yosef Qafih (ed.) Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary (vol. 3), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1967, s.v. Makhshirin 1:6 (p. 393) [Hebrew].
Smallwood, E.M. (2001). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations. Biblical Studies and Religious Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-391-04155-4. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Brighton, Mark Andrew (2009). The Sicarii in Josephus's Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations. Early Judaism and Its Literature, 27. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589834064. OCLC 758719597.


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe AttributeFilter::ActiveModel do
  describe "sanitization" do
    class User
      include AttributeFilter::ActiveModel

      def initialize(options = {})
      end
    end

    class UserFilter < AttributeFilter::Filter
    end

    it "sanitizes using the filter" do
      mock_filter = mock
      mock_filter.expects(:sanitize).once
      UserFilter.expects(:new).returns(mock_filter)
      User.new.sanitize_attributes({}, UserFilter)
    end
  end
end


The opening ceremonies of international entry-exit checkpoints at the Tamu- Moreh and the Reedhorda-Zowkhawtar borders between Myanmar and India were concurrently held yesterday at the particular places.
This is an implementation of landmark Land Border Crossing Agreement between India and Myanmar, signed on 11 May 2018.
The opening ceremony of Tamu-Moreh entry-exit border checkpoint was held yesterday at the archway of the checkpoint near the Myanmar-Indian Friendship Bridge in Tamu Township, Sagaing Region, in which U Aye Lwin, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Myanmar explained the reasons of opening international entry-exit checkpoints between Myanmar and India.
Afterwards, Consul General of India in Myanmar Mr. Nandan Singh Bhaisora and Tamu District deputy commissioner U Myint Thin Aung delivered speeches.
The Permanent Secretary, Consul General and District deputy commissioner then cut the ceremonial ribbon to open the checkpoint after which they observed the immigration process at the gate.
Following the opening ceremony at the India-Myanmar Friendship Bridge, the Myanmar delegation was given a tour of the Integrated Check Post (ICP) facilities in Moreh, India.
Myanmar's delegation for the ceremony yesterday morning at Reedhorda was led by U Salai Lian Lwal, Chief Minister of Chin State, Government of Myanmar, while the Indian side was led by Shri Pu H Rohluna, Minister of Commerce and Industries, Government of Mizoram, India. The chief minister of Chin State thanked India External Affairs Minister Smt. Sushma Swaraj for opening the border posts. This was followed by a tour of the immigration check post at Rihkhawdar.
The opening of these checkposts will facilitate travel on both sides, as people holding passports and a valid visa will be allowed to enter and exit through these border check posts.


text:
"""
load parcel data and get coordinates
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import
import os
import numpy
from myconnectome.utils.load_parcel_data import load_parcel_data
from six.moves import range

basedir=os.environ['MYCONNECTOME_DIR']

def get_parcel_coords():
    parceldata=load_parcel_data(os.path.join(basedir,'parcellation/parcel_data.txt'))
    coords=numpy.zeros((len(parceldata),3))
    for i in range(len(parceldata)):
        p=parceldata[i+1]
        coords[i,:]=[p['x'],p['y'],p['z']]
    return coords


Trying to sell your home in the winter can require brightening up your space.
When it's cold outside and most people have their minds on the holidays, trying to sell your home probably doesn't seem like a wise idea. While it is true that there are generally fewer buyers on the hunt in the winter months, that doesn't mean you can't sell your home for a fair price before spring.
You will need to make sure your home is appealing during the colder part of the year though. Use these staging tips to help you sell your home in the winter for a fair price.
In the winter months, your driveway and walkway can easily become covered in snow. That doesn't make your property very appealing for people on the hunt for open houses. If you have extremely cold weather in your area, you need to continuously shovel snow and clear your driveway whenever possible.
During an open house, you'll also want to use sand on walkways to ensure guests don't slip. Footprints on snow will also turn to ice fairly quickly, making your walkway a real danger for potential buyers.
Making shoppers go through a hazard area isn't an ideal way to make that perfect first impression you're hoping for. You can also put a rubber mat and weather resistant bin by your front door or in the entry to hold wet shoes and umbrellas. Having a rack out for coats is also a smart move.
Trying to sell your home in the winter can require brightening up your space. One of the best things you can do is to give everything a bright white or off-white coat of paint in your interior.
Neutral tones like soft cream and taupe can work well too. Just avoid colors that are too bold since they may not appeal to all buyers.
You don't want to open your windows to let the cool air in during the winter, but you do want to let as much natural light in as possible. If you have window treatments hanging, pull them to expose the outside when there's natural light to be had.
In rooms with lots of windows, keeping some curtains closed can help your space feel a bit warmer in the winter. Rooms that offer no view, or showcase a bad one, also require you to keep those draperies, shades or blinds closed when trying to sell your home.
If your home has a fireplace, lighting it to show it off only makes sense. Whether it's wood burning or a gas fireplace, it's a major selling point for anybody looking at your home. If you have more than one, light and maintain multiple fires whenever you're showing your space.
Lighting a fire in your home will also make your space feel quite cozy during the winter months. When it's cold outside, people will welcome the comforts that a fire can offer them. They'll also see that your house is an excellent home base during the colder parts of the year.
Winter isn't the most comfortable of seasons, but indoors, you can create a cozy space that seems like a haven from the cold weather. Do this by adding small touches like throw blankets, seasonal candles and extra pillows on sofas and beds.
You want people visiting your home to be able to imagine curling up with a favorite movie or book and getting a good night's sleep in the bedrooms. Even modern homes can do with soft, cozy touches when it's freezing outside.
Removing items like family portraits is smart when you're trying to sell your home. After all, you want the people visiting to be able to imagine themselves living there. Depersonalizing your space in the winter is a little different than in the spring or summer though.
Instead of generic pictures or decorative items, try photos of how the home looks in the spring and summer. If you have a garden or outdoor space, make sure you show off how wonderful it is when the sun is shining.
Many people are focused on buying presents and airline tickets in the winter, but that doesn't mean you can't sell your home in a timely fashion for a good price. Just make sure your space is cozy and vibrant despite the weather outside.
You might even find that your home sells quickly because other sellers simply don't make the effort to perfect their home for the winter market.


text:
Q: Rails caching not working for manual query? I'm trying to cache a lot of data (100 000) that i took with an SQL query, but the caching is not working (take about 30sec to write into the cache and the same amount of time to read it) What I'm I doing wrong? my config variable is already set to true
    query = "SELECT inscriptions.`id`, banners.`id`, banners.`name`, inscriptions.`registered_at`,
                inscriptions.`synched_at`, inscriptions.`state`
         FROM inscriptions
         JOIN firm_offices
         ON inscriptions.`firm_office_1_id` = firm_offices.`id`
         JOIN firms
         ON firm_offices.`firm_id` = firms.`id`
         JOIN banners
         ON firms.`banner_id` = banners.`id`
         GROUP BY inscriptions.`id`"

result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(query)
Rails.cache.fetch 'huge-array' do
  data = []
  result.each do |r|
    data.push({ :id => r[0],
                 :banner_id => r[1],
                 :banner_name => r[2],
                 :registered_at => r[3],
                 :synched_at => r[4],
                 :state => r[5]})
  end
  data
end
@data = Rails.cache.read("huge-array")

A: Move it all inside your fetch block:
@data ||= Rails.cache.fetch 'huge-array' do
  query = "SELECT inscriptions.`id`, banners.`id`, banners.`name`, inscriptions.`registered_at`, inscriptions.`synched_at`, inscriptions.`state`
     FROM inscriptions
     JOIN firm_offices
     ON inscriptions.`firm_office_1_id` = firm_offices.`id`
     JOIN firms
     ON firm_offices.`firm_id` = firms.`id`
     JOIN banners
     ON firms.`banner_id` = banners.`id`
     GROUP BY inscriptions.`id`"
  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(query)
  data = []
  result.each do |r|
    data.push({ :id => r[0],
             :banner_id => r[1],
             :banner_name => r[2],
             :registered_at => r[3],
             :synched_at => r[4],
             :state => r[5]})
  end
  data
end

Notes:

*

*You don't need to actually move all of it into the block, just the expensive parts (e.g., execute(query)).

*Your big SQL query looks like it could translate pretty easily into an AR query. You might want to translate it into an AR query, and then use to_sql if that turns out to be more efficient.

A: There's no need to run the query and the fetch block each time this function is called. Try something like
@data = Rails.cache.read("huge-array")

if @data.empty?
  result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(query)

  @data = []

  result.each do |r|
    @data.push({ :id => r[0],
             :banner_id => r[1],
             :banner_name => r[2],
             :registered_at => r[3],
             :synched_at => r[4],
             :state => r[5]})
  end

  Rails.cache.write("huge-array", @data)
end

return @data

This way you only have to do the expensive query + array creation if the data does not already exist in cache.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}

In the present  paper, we study the limit sets $\Delta_{\pm}$ of the almost periodic functions
\begin{equation}f(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_{k}e^{ix\lambda_k} \quad ({\lambda}_k\in {\mathbb R},\,\, c_k\in {\mathbb C}),\label{1.1}
\end{equation}
where ${\mathbb R}$ is the real axis and ${\mathbb C}$ is the complex plane.

We proved the following assertion:

If the real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...\lambda_n$ are linearly independent over the field of rational numbers, then $\Delta_{\pm}$ coincides with the ring $r\leq|z|\leq{R}$, where $r=\inf|f(x)|$ and $R=\sup|f(x)|$.

It is interesting, that $r$ and $R$ may be expressed in the exact form  in terms of the absolute values $|c_k|$:
\begin{equation}R=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|,\quad r=\min\left|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\right| \quad (\varepsilon_k=\pm{1}),\label{1.2}\end{equation}
for $f$ of the form \eqref{1.1}.
The formula \eqref{1.2}  for $r$ coincides with the well known partition problem formula (compare \eqref{1.2} and \eqref{2.45}).
The equality $r=\inf|f(x)|$ presents a new analytical method for solving this  partition problem.
In particular, we consider  Example \ref{Example 3.9} of the partition problem where $n=5$ in \eqref{2.45}. The
solution of the partition problem in Example~\ref{Example 3.9} is $m=0.$
The well-known Karmarkar--Karp algorithm (see \cite{BoMer}) gives the answer $m=2$, and our method gives the correct
solution.
In the last section~4, we consider the  case where
\begin{equation}f(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}c_{k}e^{ix\lambda_k},\label{1.3}\end{equation}
and study the sequence $m_{n}=\min|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)|$ for $n{\to}\infty$.
The figures presented in Appendix illustrate  our results.
\section{Definitions and properties of almost periodic functions}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
1. Now, we introduce the main notions and properties of the almost periodic functions \cite{Bes, Bor, LZ}.
\begin{Dn}\label{Definition 2.1}The set $E\subseteq {\mathbb R}$ is called relatively dense  if there exists a number $L>0$ such that any interval of length $L$ contains at least one number from
$E$.\end{Dn}
\begin{Dn}\label{Definition 2.2} Let $f(x)$ be  defined on ${\mathbb R}$. The number $\tau$ is called
a translation number of $f(x)$ belonging to the given $\varepsilon{\geq}0$ if
\begin{equation}|f(x+\tau)-f(x)|{\leq}\varepsilon \quad (-\infty<x<\infty).\label{2.1}\end{equation}\end{Dn}
We denote the set of all the translation numbers of a function $f(x)$ belonging to $\varepsilon$ by $E\big(\varepsilon,f(x)\big)$.
\begin{Dn}\label{Definition 2.3}A continuous function is uniformly almost periodic if for any $\varepsilon$
the set $E\big(\varepsilon,f(x)\big)$  is relatively dense. \end{Dn}
\begin{Dn}\label {Definition 2.4}A finite set of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2...\lambda_n$ is called linearly independent over the field of rational numbers if the equality
\begin{equation}\sum_{k=1}^{n}r_k\lambda_k=0, \label{2.2}\end{equation}
 for rational $r_{k}$, implies that all $r_k$ are equal to zero.\end{Dn}
\begin{Tm}(Kronecker's theorem) Let two sets of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2, \ldots  , \lambda_n$ and $\theta_1,\theta_2, \ldots , \theta_n$ be given.  Then, the inequalities
\begin{equation}|\lambda_k\tau-\theta_k|<\delta \quad (\mod \,2\pi)\quad (1\leq k\leq n)\label{2.3}\end{equation}
have a consistent  real solution $\tau$ for any positive number $\delta$ if and only if the numbers
$\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...\lambda_n$ are linearly independent over the field of rational numbers.\end{Tm}
2. Further, we investigate  the almost periodic function of the form
\begin{equation}f(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_{k}e^{ix\lambda_k}.\label{2.4}\end{equation}

Let us introduce the limit sets  $\Delta_{+}$ and $\Delta_{-}$ for the function $f(x)$ in a  precise way.
Namely, the number $\alpha$ belongs to $\Delta_{+}$ if there is a sequence ${x_k}$ such that
$$\alpha=\lim_{k\to\infty}f(x_k), \quad x_k{\to}+\infty.$$
The number $\alpha$ belongs to $\Delta_{-}$ if there is a sequence ${x_k}$ such that
$$\alpha=\lim_{k\to\infty}f(x_k), \quad x_k{\to}-\infty.$$
The set of all limit points is denoted by
$\Delta:=\Delta_{+}{\cup}\Delta_{-}$.
The following theorem is valid for the limit sets of the almost periodic functions  $f$ of the form \eqref{2.4}.
\begin{Tm}\label{Theorem 2.6}Let the set  of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots ,\lambda_n$ be linearly independent over the field of rational numbers and let $f(x)$ have
the form \eqref{2.4}. Then, each point $z$ on the circle $|z|=|f(x)|$ belongs to the limit  sets $\Delta_{-}=\Delta_{+}=\Delta$ for $f$.\end{Tm}
\emph{Proof.} We assume that all $\theta_k$ are equal to $\theta.$ Then we have
\begin{equation}|e^{i\theta}f(x)-f(x+\tau)|{\leq}\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}||e^{i\theta}-e^{i\tau\lambda_k}|.\label{2.5}\end{equation}
If $\delta_N{\to}0$  then $f(x+\tau_N){\to}e^{i\theta}f(x)$ (see \eqref{2.3}-\eqref{2.5}). The theorem is proved.\\

Let us introduce the following notations:
\begin{equation}r=\inf|f(x)|,\quad R=\sup|f(x)| \quad (-\infty<x<\infty).\label{2.6}\end{equation}
Theorem \ref{Theorem 2.6} implies the assertion:
 \begin{Cy}\label{Corollary 2.7} Let the conditions of Theorem \ref{Theorem 2.6} be fulfilled. Then,
 the limit set $\Delta$ of the function $f(x)$ coincides with the ring
 \begin{equation}r{\leq}|z|{\leq}R.\label{2.7}\end{equation}\end{Cy}
 \begin{Ee}\label{Example 2.8} Consider the case
 \begin{equation}f(x)=e^{ix}+e^{i\sqrt{2}x}, \quad -\infty<x<\infty.\label{2.8}\end{equation}\end{Ee}
 The function $f(x)$ can be represented in the  parametric form
 \begin{equation}x=\cos{t}+\cos\sqrt{2}\, t,\quad y=\sin{t}+\sin{\sqrt{2}\, t}. \label{2.8+}\end{equation}
  The corresponding parametric plot is illustrated by Figure 1 in Appendix.
We see that
 \begin{equation}r=0,\quad R=2.\label{2.10}\end{equation}
  \begin{Ee}\label{Example 2.9}. Consider the case
 \begin{equation}f(x)=e^{ix}+(1/2)e^{i\sqrt{2}x}, \quad -\infty<x<\infty.\label{2.11}\end{equation}\end{Ee}
 The function $f(x)$ can be represented in the  parametric form
\begin{equation}x=\cos{t}+(1/2)\cos\sqrt{2}\, t,\quad y=\sin{t}+(1/2)\sin{\sqrt{2}\, t}.
 \label{2.12}\end{equation}
  The corresponding parametric plot is illustrated by Figure 2 in Appendix.
We see that
\begin{equation}r=1/2,\quad R=3/2.\label{2.13}\end{equation}

Note that $\lambda_1=1$ and $\lambda_2=\sqrt{2}$, which are considered in   Examples \ref{Example 2.8} and \ref{Example 2.9}, are linearly
independent over the field of rational numbers.

3. \emph{Now, we will  study the behavior of the radii $r$ and $R$.}
\begin{Tm}\label{Theorem 2.10} Let the set of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2, \ldots , \lambda_n$ be linearly independent over the field of rational numbers and
let $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4}. Then,
\begin{equation}R=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_k|.\label{2.14}\end{equation} \end{Tm}
\emph{Proof.} We assume that all $\theta_k=-\arg(c_k)$. Then we have
\begin{equation}|g(x)-f(x+\tau)|{\leq}\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}||e^{i\theta_k}-e^{i\tau\lambda_k}|,\label{2.15}\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}g(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|e^{ix\lambda_k}.\label{2.16}\end{equation}

If $\delta_N{\to}0$  then $f(x+\tau_N){\to}g(x)$ (see \eqref{2.3},\eqref{2.15}, \eqref{2.16}).
Hence
\begin{equation}\sup|f(x)|=\sup|g(x)|=g(0)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_k|.\label{2.17}\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\inf|f(x)|=\inf|g(x)|.
\label{2.18}\end{equation}
The theorem is proved.\\

\begin{La}\label{Lemma 2.10}
Let the set of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2, \ldots , \lambda_n$ be linearly independent over the field of rational numbers and  let $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4}.  Then,
\begin{equation}r{\leq}\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{2.19}\end{equation}\end{La}
\emph{Proof.}  The values of the radii r and R depend only on the modules $|c_k|$ (see \eqref{2.17} and \eqref{2.18}).
Hence the function
\begin{equation}G(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|{\varepsilon_k}e^{ix\lambda_k},\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm1\label{2.20}\end{equation} has the same r as the function $f(x)$. We have
\begin{equation}G(0)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|{\varepsilon_k},\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm1\label{2.21}\end{equation}
Relation \eqref{2.19} follows from equality \eqref{2.21}. Lemma is proved.
\begin{La}\label{Lemma 2.12}Let the set of real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\dots\lambda_n$ be linearly independent over the field of rational numbers,
let $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4}, and assume that $r>0$. Then,
\begin{equation}r{\geq}\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{2.22}\end{equation}\end{La}
\emph{Proof.} We shall consider the case where $\varepsilon_k=1.$ In this case, $G(x)=G(x,\lambda)$ has the form
\begin{equation}G(x,\lambda)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|e^{ix\lambda_k},\label{2.23}\end{equation}
where $\lambda=(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots,\lambda_n)$.
 Here, $\lambda=(\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots,\lambda_n)$ and $x$ are fixed.

It follows from the relation \eqref{2.23} that
\begin{equation} |G(x,\lambda)|^{2}=A^{2}(x,\lambda)+B^{2}(x,\lambda), \label{2.24}\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} A(x,\lambda)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\cos(x\lambda_k),\quad B(x,\lambda)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\sin(x\lambda_k).\label{2.25}\end{equation}
 To find the extremal points of $|G(x,\lambda)|$ we consider the relations
\begin{equation}\frac{\partial}{\partial{\lambda_j}}|G(x,\lambda)|^{2}=-2xA(x,\lambda)|c_{j}|\sin(x\lambda_j)+
2xB(x,\lambda)|c_{j}|\cos(x\lambda_j)=0.\label{2.26}\end{equation}
According to our assumption, the functions $A (x,\lambda)$ and $B (x,\lambda)$ cannot be equal to zero simultaneously. We begin with the case where
$$A(x,\lambda)=0,\quad B(x,\lambda){\ne}0.$$
We have
$\cos(x\lambda_j)=0.$ So, in this case,  the stationary points of the function $G(x,{\lambda})$ are defined by the relations
$x\lambda_j=\pi/2+n_j\pi$,
 where $n_j$ are integer numbers. In the stationary points, the function $G(x,\lambda)$ takes the values
\begin{equation} G(x,\lambda_{st})=i\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\varepsilon_k,\quad \varepsilon_k=(-1)^{n_k}.
\label{2.27}\end{equation}
Now, we assume that $B(x,,\lambda)=0,\,A(x,\lambda){\ne}0.$
We have
$\sin(x\lambda_j)=0.$ So, in this case  the stationary points of the function $G(x,,\lambda)$ are defined by the relations
$x\lambda_j=n_j\pi$,
 where $n_j$ are integer numbers. In the stationary points, the function $G(x,\lambda)$ takes the values
\begin{equation} G(x,\lambda_{st})=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\varepsilon_k,\quad \varepsilon_k=(-1)^{n_k}.
\label{2.28}\end{equation}
The last case: $A(x,\lambda){\ne}0,\,B(x,\lambda){\ne}0.$ It follows from \eqref{2.26} that
\begin{equation}\tan(x\lambda_j)=B(x,\lambda)/A(x,\lambda).\label{2.29}\end{equation}
Hence, we have
\begin{equation}x\lambda_j=\alpha(x)+n_{j}\pi,\label{2.30}\end{equation}
where $n_j$ are integer numbers. Thus, in view of \eqref{2.23}, the function $G(x,\lambda)$  satisfies in the stationary points the relation
\begin{equation} G(x,\lambda_{st})=e^{i\alpha(x)}\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\varepsilon_k,\quad \varepsilon_k=(-1)^{n_k}.
\label{2.31}\end{equation} We found all the stationary points. All extremal points are stationary points.
Hence, it is proved that
\begin{equation}r=\inf|G(x,\lambda)|{\geq}\inf|G(x,\lambda_{st})|=\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|\varepsilon_k\Big|.
\nonumber\end{equation}where $-\infty<x<+\infty.$
 We obtained the assertion of the lemma.
\begin{Cy}\label{Corollary 2.13}Let $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4} and set
\begin{equation}M=\sup|f(x)|,\quad m=\inf|f(x)|\quad (-\infty<x<+\infty).\label{2.32}\end{equation}
Then,
\begin{equation}M{\leq}\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|,\quad m{\geq}\min|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{2.33}\end{equation}\end{Cy}
Let us return to the case where the real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots, \lambda_n$ are linearly independent.
Relations \eqref{2.14}, \eqref{2.19} and \eqref{2.22} imply the assertion:
\begin{Tm}\label{Theorem 2.14}
Let the set of the real numbers $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,\ldots,\lambda_n$ be linearly independent over the field of rational numbers and let $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4}. Then,
\begin{equation}M=R=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|,\quad m=r=\min|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{2.34}\end{equation}\end{Tm}
\emph{Proof.} The first equality in \eqref{2.34} was proved in Theorem \ref{Theorem 2.10}.  The second equality in \eqref{2.34} follows (for $r>0$) from Lemmas \ref{Lemma 2.10} and \ref{Lemma 2.12}. Hence, this relation is valid for
$r=0$ as well. The theorem is proved.\\

In the qualitative theory of differential equations, the limit sets of trajectories are studied  in the proof of Poincare-Bendixson theorem (see \cite{Lef}). Applying these arguments to our case, we obtain the assertion:
\begin{Pn}\label{Proposition 2.15}Let the function $f(x)$ be of the form \eqref{2.4}. Then, the corresponding sets $\Delta_{+}$ and  $\Delta_{-}$ are closed, connected and nonempty.\end{Pn}
4. \emph{Periodical case.}
Assume that $f(x)$ has the form:
\begin{equation}f(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_{k}e^{ixk\alpha},\quad n{\geq}2.\label{2.35}\end{equation}
The numbers $\lambda_k=k\alpha$ are linearly dependent and the corresponding function $f(x)$ is periodic:
$f(x)=f(x+2\pi/{\alpha})$.
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 2.16} Consider the case where
\begin{equation}f(x)=e^{ix} +ae^{2ix}, \quad a>0.\label{2.36}\end{equation}\end{Ee}
Let us set
\begin{equation}A(x)=\cos(x)+a\cos(2x),\quad B(x)=\sin(x)+a\sin(2x).\label{2.37}\end{equation}
Hence, the equality
 \begin{equation}|G(x)|^2=A^2(x)+B^2(x)=1+a^2+2a\cos(x)\label{2.38}\end{equation}
holds. Relation \eqref{2.38} implies that
\begin{equation}M=1+a,\quad m=|1-a|.\label{2.39}\end{equation}
The function $f(x)$ may be represented in the  parametric form
\begin{equation}x=\cos{t}+a\cos{2t},\quad y=\sin{t}+a\sin{2t}.
 \nonumber\end{equation}
The corresponding parametric plot is illustrated, for $a=2$, in Appendix (see Figure 3).
We see that
\begin{equation}r=1,\quad R=3.\nonumber\end{equation}
5. Equality \eqref{2.39} suggests that the following fact holds:
\begin{Tm}\label{Theorem 2.17}Let the function $f(x)$ have the form \eqref{2.4}. Then,
\begin{equation}M=\sum_{k=1}^{n}|c_{k}|,\quad m=\min|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{2.40}\end{equation}\end{Tm}
\emph{Proof.} We introduce the functions
\begin{equation}f_{\ell}(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_{k}e^{i\lambda_{k}(\ell)x},\label{2.41}\end{equation}
where the  real numbers $\lambda_1(\ell),\lambda_2(\ell),\ldots,\lambda_n(\ell)$
are linearly independent over the field of rational numbers and $\lambda_k(\ell){\to}\lambda_k$
when $\ell{\to}\infty$. Hence we have:
\begin{equation}\sup|f_{\ell}(x)|{\to}\sup|f(x)|,\quad \inf|f_{\ell}(x)|{\to}\inf |f(x)|,\quad \ell{\to}\infty.
\label{2.42}\end{equation}
The values $\sup|f_{\ell}(x)|$ and  $\inf|f_{\ell}(x)|$ are the constants $M_{\ell}$ and $m_{\ell}$
(see Theorem \ref{Theorem 2.14}).The assertion of the theorem follows from \eqref{2.42}.
\begin{Cy}\label{Corollary 2.18} The equalities  \eqref{2.40} are valid, in particular, for a periodic $f(x)$.\end{Cy}
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 2.19} Consider the case where $f(x)$ has the form
\begin{equation}f(x)=e^{ix}+e^{2ix}+(1/10)e^{i\sqrt{3}x}.\label{2.43}\end{equation}\end{Ee}
The example under consideration is  intermediate in the following sense: the function $f(x)$ is not periodic, but the system $\lambda_1=1,\,\lambda_2=2,\,\lambda_3=\sqrt{3}$
is not linearly independent. Taking into account \eqref{2.40}, we have:
\begin{equation}M=2.1,\quad m=0.1.\label{2.44}\end{equation}
The function $f(x)$ may be represented in the  parametric form
\begin{equation}x=\cos{t}+\cos{2}t+(1/10)\cos\sqrt{3}t,\quad y=\sin{t}+\sin{2}t+(1/10)\sin\sqrt{3}t.
 \label{2.12+}\end{equation}
The corresponding parametric plot is illustrated by Figure 4.

\section{Partition problem}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
\subsection{Problem and examples}
Let a number set $\{c_1,c_2,...,c_n\}$ be given.  The  partition problem is the problem of finding the following minimum:
\begin{equation} m=\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1},\label{2.45}\end{equation}
where the minimum is taken among the values obtained for various choices of $\{\varepsilon_k\}$.
It is known that the  partition problem is important in number theory, in theoretical computer science and in statistical physics
\cite{BoMer}. In the present paper, we showed that the   partition problem plays  an essential role in the theory of almost periodic functions (see section 2). Further, we give some
useful examples, where the partition problem has explicit solutions, and compare our approach with the well known Karmarkar--Karp algorithm.

\emph{The following procedure is used in Karmarkar--Karp method of solving partition problem \cite{BoMer}.
A list of $n$ positive numbers is considered. The two largest ones are replaced by their difference, which yields a new list of $n-1$ numbers. Iterating this operation $n-1$ times we obtain a single number - either approximate or precise solution of the problem.}
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 3.1} Consider the set  $\{|c_1|,|c_2|\}$ $(n=2)$.\\
Then, we have  $m=\big|[|c_1|-|c_2|]\big|.$ \end{Ee}
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 3.2}  Consider the set  $\{|c_1|,|c_2|, |c_3|\}$ $(n=3)$ where $|c_1|{\geq}|c_2|{\geq}|c_3|$.\end{Ee}
Clearly, the corresponding partition problem \eqref{2.45} may be reduced to one of the two partition problems for $n=2$.
Either it is the partition problem for the set $\{|c_1|-|c_2|,|c_3|\}$ or for the set $\{|c_1|+|c_2|,|c_3|\}$.
Using Example 3.1 we obtain
$m=\big|[|c_1|-|c_2|-|c_3|]\big|$ in the first case and $m_1=\big|[|c_1|+|c_2|-|c_3|]\big|$ in the second case.
It is easy to see that $m_1{\geq}m.$ Hence, we proved that
\begin{equation}m=\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{3}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|=\big|[|c_1|-|c_2|-|c_3|]\big|.
\label{3.2}\end{equation}
\begin{Rk}\label{Remark 3.3} Thus, in the case of three positive numbers, we take the largest number and subtract two others.
The absolute value  of the obtained expression equals $m$. \end{Rk}
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 3.4} Consider the set $\{|c_1|,|c_2|, |c_3|,|c_4|\}$ $(n=4)$, \\
where $|c_1|{\geq}|c_2|{\geq}|c_3|{\geq}|c_4|.$ \end{Ee}
Similar to the Example \ref{Example 3.2}, the corresponding partition problem may be reduced to one of the
two partition problems for  $n-1=3$ numbers, that is,
1) for the set $\{|c_1|-|c_2|,|c_3|, |c_4|\}$ or 2) for the set $\{|c_1|+|c_2|,|c_3|,|c_4|\}.$

In the first case, using Remark \ref{Remark 3.3}, we obtain
$m=\big|[(|c_1|-|c_2|)-|c_3|-|c_4|]\big|$ if $|c_1|-|c_2|{\geq}|c_3|$ and
$m=\big|[|c_3|-(|c_1|-|c_2|)-|c_4|]\big|$ if $|c_1|-|c_2|{\leq}|c_3|$.

In the second case,  we have
$m_1=\big|[|c_1|+|c_2|-|c_3|-|c_4|]\big|$
It is easy to see that $m_1{\geq}m.$ Hence, the following proposition is  proved for Example \ref{Example 3.4}.
\begin{Pn}\label{Proposition 3.4}If $|c_1|-|c_2|{\geq}|c_3|$, then  $m=\big| |c_1|-|c_2|-|c_3|-|c_4|\big|$.\\
If $|c_1|-|c_2|{\leq}|c_3|$, then $m=\big| |c_3|-|c_1|+|c_2|-|c_4|\big|$.\end{Pn}

 The precise solutions $m$ of the partition problems for the cases $n=2,3,4$ were  found  using  Karmarkar--Karp method.
\begin{Rk}\label{Remark3.5} For the cases $n=2,3,4,$  the Karmarkar--Karp method gives the precise results. \end{Rk}

\begin{Ee}\label{Example 3.6}  Let us consider the case $n=5$ and the set
$\{5,5,6,7,9\}$ \end{Ee} In this case, the Karmarkar--Karp method gives an approximate  result $m=2$.
The  precise result for the solution of the partition problem  is $m=0$.
(See the details in Example \ref{Example 3.9}.)
\begin{Rk}\label{Remark 3.6} For $n{\geq}5$, the Karmarkar--Karp method gives the approximate results. \end{Rk}.

\subsection{Analytic solution}
Recall the equality \eqref{2.24} for $G(x)=G(x,{\lambda})$ given by \eqref{2.23}, $A(x)=A(x,{\lambda})$ and  $B(x)=B(x,{\lambda})$:
\begin{equation} |G(x)|^{2}=A^{2}(x)+B^{2}(x). \label{3.4}\end{equation}
According to Theorem \ref{Theorem 2.17}, we have
\begin{equation}
 \inf{|G(x)|}=\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|,\quad -\infty<x<+\infty,\quad \varepsilon_k=\pm{1}.\label{3.5}\end{equation}
Thus, the problem of discrete analysis (Partition problem) is reduced to the problem of continuous analysis
($\inf|G(x)|$).
\begin{Ee}\label{Example 3.9} We return to the set  $\{5,5,6,7,9\}$ $(n=5)$ mentioned in Example \ref{Example 3.6}.
\end{Ee}
Let us introduce the function
\begin{equation} f(x,a)=5e^{ixa}+5e^{ixa\sqrt{2}}+6e^{ixa\sqrt{3}}+7e^{ixa\sqrt{5}}+9e^{ixa\sqrt{7}}.\label{3.4+}
\end{equation}
The calculation shows, that
\begin{equation}m=\min|f(x,a)|=0,\quad a>0,\quad  -\infty<x<+\infty.\label{3.5+}\end{equation}
Although the Karmarkar--Karp method gives the approximate  result $m=2$,
the precise  solution of the partition problem is $m=(9+7)-(6+5+5)=0$. Our analytic method gives (see \eqref{3.5+}) the same result $m=0$.
\section{Limit theorem}
\setcounter{equation}{0}
Let us consider the almost periodic functions of the form
\begin{equation}f(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}c_{k}e^{ix\lambda_k},\quad f_{n}(x)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}c_{k}e^{ix\lambda_k},
\label{4.1}\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}|c_{k}|<\infty.
\label{4.2}\end{equation}It follows from  \eqref{4.1} and \eqref{4.2} that
\begin{equation}|f(x)-f_{n}(x)|{\leq}\sum_{k=n+1}^{\infty}|c_{k}|{\to}0,\quad n{\to}\infty.
\label{4.3}\end{equation}
Using \eqref{4.3} we obtain
\begin{equation}\inf|f_{n}(x)|{\to}\inf|f(x)|,\quad \sup|f_{n}(x)|{\to}\sup|f(x)|,
\label{4.4}\end{equation}where $-\infty<x<+\infty,\quad n{\to}\infty.$
Taking into account \eqref{2.40} and \eqref{4.4} we derive our next assertion
\begin{Tm}\label{Theorem 4.1}Let the conditions \eqref{4.1} and \eqref{4.2} be fulfilled. Then,
\begin{equation}\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|{\to}\inf|f(x)| \quad (-\infty<x<+\infty)\quad {\mathrm{for}} \quad n{\to}\infty.
\label{4.5}\end{equation} \end{Tm}
\begin{Rk}\label{Remark 4.2} In the proof of  Theorem \ref{Theorem 4.1}, we use the interrelations between the almost periodic functions theory and the partition theory.
In our opinion, it would be  essentially more difficult to prove the existence of
$$\lim_{n{\to}\infty}\min\Big|\sum_{k=1}^{n}(|c_k|\varepsilon_k)\Big|$$
staying within the framework
of the partition theory.\end{Rk}
\textbf{Acknowledgements}
I am deeply grateful to I. Tydniouk for the fruitful discussions, useful comments, and for the essential help in  charting and calculations. I am very grateful to A. Sakhnovich for
the  important help with the references, for a very productive discussion and for the improvements in the stile of this paper.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv