text:
//================================================================
// RS_RefreshManager.js
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// The MIT License
// Copyright (c) 2016 biud436
// ---------------------------------------------------------------
// Free for commercial and non commercial use.
//================================================================
/*:
 * @plugindesc This plugin allows you to change the plugin configuration during the game. <RS_RefreshManager>
 * @author biud436
 *
 * @param Save File ID
 * @type number
 * @desc Specify the filename that saves the current game status.
 * @default 1
 *
 * @param Show Preview Window
 * @type boolean
 * @desc if true, the preview window will file's contents show after saving the file named plugins.js
 * @default false
 *
 * @param Auto Reload
 * @type boolean
 * @desc Loads a map faster after saving the file named plugins.js
 * @default true
 *
 * @param Auto closing time
 * @type number
 * @desc The preview window can be hided automatically after some seconds take.
 * (1000ms = 1s)
 * @default 2500
 *
 * @param Target Path
 * @desc Specify the file path that is saved the plugin configuration.
 * @default /js/plugins.js
 *
 * @param Save Path
 * @desc Specify the file path that would be saved the plugin configuration.
 * @default /js/plugins.js
 *
 * @help
 * This plugin allows you to change the plugin configuration during the game.
 * You can change the configuration of a specific plugin that didn't use during
 * the game without restarting the program.
 *
 * To change a plugin configuration scene, you need to call below plugin command.
 *
 *    RefreshManager open
 *
 * it can create a new plugin configuration and then it loads a map faster without
 * starting the title scene.
 *
 * Note that this tool can be used only in PC platform and this tool is for game
 * developers, not game user.
 *
 * If you change a plugin configuration without selecting the plugin in the plugin
 * configuration window, You must call the script code, as follows.
 *
 * PluginManager.refreshStatus("Community_Basic", false);
 *
 * In the script command,
 * if you are execute it safety after exiting the current event, you can call below code blocks.
 *
 * setTimeout(function() { PluginManager.refreshStatus("Community_Basic", false); }, 0);
 *
 * =============================================================================
 * Change Log
 * =============================================================================
 * 2016.05.16 (v0.0.1) - Beta
 * 2016.05.23 (v1.0.0) - Added new function and Fixed a bug.
 * 2016.05.23 (v1.1.0) - Added the window auto reload function and the preview
 * window that could be able to show the json file.
 * 2016.07.12 (v1.1.01) - Added two plugin parameters about File Path.
 * 2016.07.20 (v1.1.02) - Added hyphen(-) and three plugin parameters.
 * 2016.07.21 (v1.1.03) - Fixed the bug that is separating wrong identifier.
 * 2016.07.25 (v1.1.04) - Fixed default save file id.
 * 2016.08.07 (v1.1.05) - Fixed save bug.
 * 2016.12.08 (v1.1.08) - Added code to remove references to URL objects.
 * 2017.01.08 (v1.1.1) - Converted sources to ES6
 * 2018.02.27 (v1.1.2) : (RMMV 1.6.0)
 * - Now that it will be restored as the previous plugins.js file after exiting the game.
 * - Fixed an encoding of of text in the preview window.
 * 2019.09.19 (v1.2.0) :
 * - Fixed the bug that is not parsed the plugin parameter that is written with Korean.
 * - Removed the unstable JSON parser that I've written while studying the compiler theory.
 * 2020.01.13 (v1.2.1) :
 * - Fixed the bug that is not working a function called 'PluginManager.refreshStatus("Community_Basic", false);'
 * - Fixed the issue that can't show the content of preview window.
 */
/*:ko
 * @plugindesc 플러그인 구성 파일을 게임 실행 도중 변경합니다. <RS_RefreshManager>
 * @author 러닝은빛(biud436)
 *
 * @param Save File ID
 * @text 세이브 파일 ID
 * @type number
 * @desc 현재 게임 상태를 저장하기 위한 세이브 파일의 이름을 지정하세요.
 * @default 1
 *
 * @param Show Preview Window
 * @text 미리보기 창 보기
 * @type boolean
 * @desc 설정 변경 이후 미리보기 창에 js/plugins.js 내용을 표시합니다.
 * @default false
 *
 * @param Auto Reload
 * @text 자동으로 다시 불러오기
 * @type boolean
 * @desc 게임을 재시작하고 자동으로 동일한 지점으로 복귀합니다.
 * @default true
 *
 * @param Auto closing time
 * @text 미리보기 창 닫기 딜레이
 * @type number
 * @desc 미리보기 창이 몇 초후에 자동으로 숨겨집니다.
 * (1000ms = 1초)
 * @default 2500
 *
 * @param Target Path
 * @text 타겟 경로
 * @desc 플러그인 구성 파일의 경로를 지정하십시오.
 * @default /js/plugins.js
 *
 * @param Save Path
 * @text 저장 경로
 * @desc 플러그인 구성 파일을 저장 할 경로를 지정하십시오.
 * @default /js/plugins.js
 *
 * @help
 * 이 플러그인을 사용하면 게임 실행 도중에 플러그인 구성 파일을 변경할 수 있으며,
 * 게임 프로그램을 종료하지 않고 게임 도중에 특정 플러그인의 사용 여부를 변경할 수 있습니다.
 * 이 플러그인은 PC 플랫폼에서만 동작합니다.
 *
 * =============================================================================
 * 플러그인 명령에 대해...
 * =============================================================================
 * 다음 플러그인 명령을 호출하면 RefreshManager가 열립니다.
 *
 * RefreshManager open
 *
 * 플러그인 설정 변경은 RefreshManager에서 가능합니다.
 *
 * 수동으로 변경하시려면 다음과 같이 하시기 바랍니다.
 *
 * PluginManager.setStatus(pluginName, status);
 *
 * 예를 들면, 다음과 같습니다.
 *  ex) PluginManager.refreshStatus("Community_Basic", false);
 *
 * 스크립트 커맨드에서 현재 실행 중인 이벤트가 종료된 후, 코드를 실행하려면 아래와 같이 하세요.
 *
 * setTimeout(function() { PluginManager.refreshStatus("Community_Basic", false); }, 0);
 *
 */

var Imported = Imported || {};
 Imported.RS_RefreshManager = true;

var RS = RS || {};

(function() {

  "use strict";

  var parameters = $plugins.filter(function (i) {
    return i.description.contains('<RS_RefreshManager>');
  });

  parameters = (parameters.length > 0) && parameters[0].parameters;

  let fastLoadFileId = Number(parameters['Save File ID'] || 1);
  let nClosingTime = Number(parameters['Auto closing time'] || 2500);
  let isPreviewWindow = Boolean(parameters['Show Preview Window'] === 'true');
  let isAutoReload =  Boolean(parameters['Auto Reload'] === 'true');
  let _previewWindow = null;

  let fs = require('fs');

  class RefreshManager {

    static localFilePath(fileName) {
      if(!Utils.isNwjs()) return '';
      var path, base;
      path = require('path');
      base = path.dirname(process.mainModule.filename);
      return path.join(base, fileName);
    }

    static makeTempPlugins() {
      let self = this;
      let path = this.localFilePath(self._savePath);
      let tempPath = this.localFilePath(self._savePath.replace("plugins", "temp_plugins"));
      fs.readFile(path, function (err, data) {
        if (err) throw err;
        fs.writeFile(tempPath , data, function(err) {
          if (err) throw err;
        });
      });
    }

    static restoreTempPlugins() {
      let self = this;
      let path = this.localFilePath(self._savePath.replace("plugins", "temp_plugins"));
      let tempPath = this.localFilePath(self._savePath);
      fs.readFile(path, function (err, data) {
        if (err) throw err;
        fs.writeFile(tempPath , data, { "encoding": "utf8", "mode": 0o666, "flag": "w+" },
          function(err) {
          if (err) throw err;
          fs.unlink(path, function (err) {
            if (err) throw err;
          });
        });

      });
    }

    static makePlugins(texts) {
      let self = this;
      let path = this.localFilePath(self._savePath);
      fs.writeFile(path , texts, function(err) {
        if(err) throw new Error(err);
        let finText = `
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
          <head>
            <meta charset="utf-8">
            <title></title>
          </head>
          <body>
            <pre>${texts}</pre>
          </body>
        </html>
        `;
        let blob = new Blob( [finText], {endings:"native",type:"text/html;charset=utf-8"});
        let url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
        if(isPreviewWindow) {
            _previewWindow = window.open(url, '_blank');
            _previewWindow.onclose = function() {
                URL.revokeObjectURL(this.location.href);
            };
        }
        RefreshManager._changed = true;
      });
    }

    static isChanged() {
      let self = this;
      return self._changed;
    }

  }

  RefreshManager._path = parameters['Target Path'] || '/js/plugins.js';
  RefreshManager._savePath = parameters['Save Path'] || '/js/plugins.js';

  //============================================================================
  // PluginManager
  //
  //

  /**
   * 이 함수는 변경된 플러그인의 상태를 plugins.js 파일에 반영합니다.
   * 하지만 변경된 플러그인의 내용은 게임 프로그램을 완전히 재시작해야만 반영됩니다.
   * @param  {String} pluginName
   * @param  {Boolean} status
   */
  PluginManager.setStatus = function(pluginName, status) {

    for(var i in $plugins) {
      if($plugins[i]["name"] === pluginName) {
        $plugins[i]["status"] = status;
      }
    }

    RefreshManager.makePlugins("var $plugins = \r\n" + JSON.stringify($plugins, null, '\t'));

  };

  /**
   * plugins.js 파일을 수정하고 세이브 파일을 만든 후 게임을 완전히 재시작합니다.
   * 이전에 저장해뒀던 세이브 파일이 있으면 타이틀이 스킵되고 이전의 세이브 파일을 바로 로드합니다.
   * @param  {String} pluginName
   * @param  {Boolean} status
   */
  PluginManager.refreshStatus = function(pluginName, status) {
    PluginManager.setStatus(pluginName, status);
    $gameSystem.onBeforeSave();

    if (DataManager.saveRefreshGame(fastLoadFileId)) {

      StorageManager.cleanBackup(fastLoadFileId);

      setTimeout(function() {

        if(_previewWindow) {
          _previewWindow.close();
        }

        RefreshManager._changed = false;

        if(_previewWindow) {
          _previewWindow = null;
        }

        window.location.reload();

      }, nClosingTime);

    }

  };

  //============================================================================
  // Window_PluginDesc
  //
  //

  class Window_PluginDesc extends Window_Help {
    constructor(numLines) {
      super(numLines);
    }
    processNormalCharacter(textState) {
      let w = this.textWidth(textState.text[textState.index]);
      if(textState.x + (w * 2) >= this.contentsWidth()) {
        textState.index--;
        this.processNewLine(textState);
      }
      super.processNormalCharacter(textState);
    }
    textWidthEx(text) {
      return this.drawTextEx.call(this, text, 0, this.contents.height);
    }
  }

  //============================================================================
  // Window_PluginManager
  //
  //

  class Window_PluginManager extends Window_Selectable {

    constructor(x, y) {
      super(x, y, Graphics.boxWidth, Graphics.boxHeight - Window_Base.prototype.fittingHeight(2));
      this._data = [];
      this._index = 0;
      this.initToken();
    }

    initToken() {
      let _this = this;

      for(var i in $plugins) {
        var plugin = $plugins[i];
        this._data.push({
          'name': {text: plugin["name"]},
          'status': {text: plugin["status"].toString()},
          'description': {text: plugin["description"]},
        });
      }

      this.refresh();
      this.activate();
    }

    windowWidth() {
      return Graphics.boxWidth;
    }

    windowHeight() {
      return Graphics.boxHeight - this.fittingHeight(2);
    }

    maxItems() {
      if(this._data) {
          return this._data.length;
      } else {
         return 1;
      }
    }

    item(index) {
      if(this._data) {
          return this._data[index];
      } else {
        return {'name': {text: 'No Plugin'},
                'status': {text: 'false'},
                'description': {text: 'No Description'}};
      }
    }

    itemHeight() {
      let clientHeight = this.height - this.padding * 2;
      return Math.floor(clientHeight / this.numVisibleRows());
    }

    numVisibleRows() {
      return 8;
    }

    drawItem(index) {
      this.drawScript(index);
    }

    drawScript(index) {
      let rect = this.itemRect(index);
      let item = this.item(index);
      this.drawText(item.name.text, rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, 'left');
      this.drawText(item.status.text, rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, 'right');
    }

    processOk() {
      try {
        let item, name, enabled;
        if (this.isCurrentItemEnabled()) {
            this.playOkSound();
            this.updateInputData();
            this.callOkHandler();
            item = this.item(this.index());
            name = item.name.text;
            enabled = (item.status.text !== 'true');
            item.status.text = enabled.toString();
            PluginManager.setStatus(name, enabled);
        } else {
            this.playBuzzerSound();
        }
      } catch(e) {

      }
    }

    drawScript(index) {
      let rect = this.itemRect(index);
      let item = this.item(index);
      this.changeTextColor(this.normalColor());
      this.drawText(item.name.text, rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, 'left');
      if(item.status.text === 'true') {
        this.changeTextColor(this.mpGaugeColor1());
      } else {
        this.changeTextColor(this.hpGaugeColor1());
      }
      this.drawText(item.status.text, rect.x, rect.y, rect.width, 'right');
    }

    select(index) {
      super.select(index);
      try {
        let item = this.item(this.index());
        let name = item.name.text;
        let description = item.description.text;
        this._helpWindow.setText(description);
      } catch(e) {
      }
    }

  }

  //============================================================================
  // Scene_PluginManager
  //
  //

  class Scene_PluginManager extends Scene_Base {

    constructor() {
      super();
    }

    create() {
      super.create();
      this.createBackground();
      this.createWindowLayer();
      this.createAllWindows();
    }

    start() {
      super.start();
    }

    update() {
      super.update();
      if(RefreshManager.isChanged() && this._windowPluginManager) {
        this._windowPluginManager.activate();
        this._windowPluginManager.refresh();
        this.onSavefileOk();
        RefreshManager._changed = false;
      }
    }

    terminate() {
      super.terminate();
      this._windowLayer.removeChild(this._windowPluginManager);

      this._windowPluginManager = null;
    }

    createBackground() {
      this._backgroundSprite = new Sprite();
      this._backgroundSprite.bitmap = SceneManager.backgroundBitmap();
      this.addChild(this._backgroundSprite);
    }

    createAllWindows() {
      this._helpWindow = new Window_PluginDesc(2);
      this._windowPluginManager = new Window_PluginManager(0, this._helpWindow.y + this._helpWindow.height + 1);
      this._windowPluginManager.setHelpWindow(this._helpWindow);
      this._windowPluginManager.setHandler('ok', this.onButtonOk.bind(this));
      this._windowPluginManager.setHandler('cancel', this.onCancel.bind(this));
      this._windowLayer.addChild(this._helpWindow);
      this._windowLayer.addChild(this._windowPluginManager);

      this._windowPluginManager.select(0);
    }

    onButtonOk() {

    }

    onCancel() {
      this.popScene();
    }

    onSavefileOk() {
      $gameSystem.onBeforeSave();
      if (DataManager.saveRefreshGame(fastLoadFileId)) {
          this.onSaveSuccess();
          if(_previewWindow) {

            setTimeout(function() {

              _previewWindow.close();

              if(isAutoReload) window.location.reload();

              _previewWindow = null;

              RefreshManager._counter++;

            }, nClosingTime );

          } else {

            // Decide whether or not to reload the game.
            if(isAutoReload) window.location.reload();

          }
      } else {
          this.onSaveFailure();
      }
    }

    onSaveSuccess() {
      SoundManager.playSave();
    	StorageManager.cleanBackup(fastLoadFileId);
      this.popScene();
    }

    onSaveFailure() {
      SoundManager.playBuzzer();
    }

    static onLoadfileOk(fastLoadFileId) {
      if (DataManager.loadGame(fastLoadFileId)) {
        this.onLoadSuccess();
      } else {
        this.onLoadFailure();
      }
    }

    static onLoadSuccess() {
      Scene_PluginManager.reloadMapIfUpdated();
      SceneManager.goto(Scene_Map);
      $gameSystem.onAfterLoad();
      try {
          if(StorageManager.exists(fastLoadFileId)) {
            StorageManager.remove(fastLoadFileId);
          }
      } catch(e) {

      }
    }

    static onLoadFailure() {
      SoundManager.playBuzzer();
    }

    static reloadMapIfUpdated() {
      if ($gameSystem.versionId() !== $dataSystem.versionId) {
        $gamePlayer.reserveTransfer($gameMap.mapId(), $gamePlayer.x, $gamePlayer.y);
        $gamePlayer.requestMapReload();
      }
    }

  }

  //============================================================================
  // Game_Interpreter
  //
  //

  var alias_Game_Interpreter_pluginCommand = Game_Interpreter.prototype.pluginCommand;
  Game_Interpreter.prototype.pluginCommand = function(command, args) {
    alias_Game_Interpreter_pluginCommand.call(this, command, args);
    if(command === "RefreshManager") {
      switch (args[0]) {
      case 'open':
        SceneManager.push(Scene_PluginManager);
        break;
      }
    }
  };

  //============================================================================
  // Game_Temp
  //
  //

  Game_Temp.prototype.setRefreshMode = function (b) {
    this._refreshMode = b;
  };

  Game_Temp.prototype.isRefreshMode = function () {
    return this._refreshMode;
  };

  //============================================================================
  // DataManager
  //
  //

  var alias_DataManager_makeSavefileInfo = DataManager.makeSavefileInfo;
  DataManager.makeSavefileInfo = function() {
      var info = alias_DataManager_makeSavefileInfo.call(this);
      if($gameTemp.isRefreshMode()) info.refresh = true;
      return info;
  };

  DataManager.saveRefreshGame = function (fastLoadFileId) {
    $gameTemp.setRefreshMode(true);
    return DataManager.saveGame(fastLoadFileId);
  };

  DataManager.existsRefreshVariable = function (saveFileId) {
    var info = DataManager.loadSavefileInfo(saveFileId);
    if(info && info.refresh) {
      return true;
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  }

  //============================================================================
  // Scene_Boot
  //
  //

  var alias_Scene_Boot_start = Scene_Boot.prototype.start;
  Scene_Boot.prototype.start = function() {
    if(DataManager.existsRefreshVariable(fastLoadFileId) && StorageManager.exists(fastLoadFileId)) {
      Scene_Base.prototype.start.call(this);
      SoundManager.preloadImportantSounds();
      this.checkPlayerLocation();
      DataManager.setupNewGame();
      Scene_PluginManager.onLoadfileOk(fastLoadFileId);
      document.title = $dataSystem.gameTitle;
    } else {
      RefreshManager.makeTempPlugins();
      alias_Scene_Boot_start.call(this);
    }
  };

  var _nw = require('nw.gui');
  var win = _nw.Window.get();
  _nw.Window.get().on('close', function () {
    this.hide();
    this.close(true);
  });

  window.RefreshManager = RefreshManager;

})();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The first beta test (which, in some respects, is more of an alpha test) is scheduled to start on Monday, November 10th 2008. Saxophonist, improviser, theorist and veteran of technological arts, Franziska Schroeder will be working with io++ (or components that will make up that machine), and we'll see more clearly what work needs to be done.
Thanks to the Arts Council of Ireland for supporting this project, the UCC Department of Music for providing a space in which to carry out this work, and to Franziska for taking time to do this.
This entry was posted in beta test, construction, hardware, performance, software, theory and tagged Arts Council of Ireland, beta test, Franziska Schroeder, Stet Lab, UCC Department of Music. Bookmark the permalink. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.


text:
PIKE AND PERCH: WITH NOTES ON RECORD PIKE AND A CHAPTER ON THE BLACK BASS, MURRAY COD AND OTHER SPORTING MEMBERS OF THE PERCH FAMILY. By Alfred Jardine. The Angler's Library Volume III.
BAITMAKER'S DELIGHT. By C.W. Thurlow Craig.
FINE ANGLING FOR COARSE FISH: The Lonsdale Library Vol. IV. By Eric Parker and others.
(1930) 1947 reprint. 8vo (150 x 220mm). Pp352. B/w photograph plates, illustrations. Quarter buckram over brown cloth, gilt monogram to upper board.
Chapters by Eric Parker, J.H.R. Bazley, Antony Bridges, Edward Ensom ("Faddist"), F.H. Heald, Stephen Hill, A.E. Hobbs, J.A. Milne, J.C. Moore, A.J. Rudd, Eric Taverner, Dr W.J. Turrell, F.W.K. Wallis and Alban Bacon. Turrell's "Pike fishing" and Ensom's "Roach and dace fishing" were reprinted from this book. F.W.K. Wallis' chapter, "The modern light float cast from the reel: Nottingham style," is of particular interest. "...covers all the coarse fish and almost every aspect of coarse fish angling, not excluding dry-fly fishing, scale-reading and fishery management. It has been termed the 'coarse-fish angler's Bible' and is lavishly illustrated. This book contains a masterly chapter on 'The 1941). Chapters include: The literature of coarse fishing, Eric Parker; The roach (7 chapters), Edward Ensom ("Faddist"); The dace, Edward Ensom; The perch, Edward Ensom; The rudd, Antony Bridges; The tench, Stephen E. Hill; The bream, Edward Ensom; Gudgeon, bleak and pope, Edward Ensom; The carp, Steven E. Hill; The barbel, A. Edward Hobbs; The chub, Edward Ensom; The pike; Pike fishing (2 chapters), Dr. W.J. Turrell; The eel, Eric Parker; Dry fly fishing for coarse fish, Edward Ensom; Knots and splices, wax and varnish, Eric Taverner; The modern light float cast from the reel Nottingham style, F.W.K. Wallis; Broadland fishing, A.J. Rudd (Clerk to the Norfolk Fishery Board); How to make the best of a bad river, John C. Moore; Match fishing, J.H.R. Bazley; Coarse fish scales, J.A. Milne; Fishery management, F.H. Heald (Clerk to the Trent Fishery Board); The legal aspect of fishing, Capt. Alban F. Bacon.
Parker (Eric). (1870-1955). and others.
B000Q9RSEQ.
Inscription, some use. Good copy in tape-repaired dust-wrapper.
Seeley Service and Co.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Admissions
"At Inglemoor we care for all patient's, resident's and families as if they were our own family"
"We are the industry leaders in quality outcomes, customer service and employee excellence, we continue to maintain our 5 Star Rating by CMS"
"At Inglemoor, it is our commitment to provide a welcoming, safe, and caring environment for our patient's, resident's and families every day."
"We always strive to improve and change with the times, but the one thing that will never change is our passion for Excellence in Service and quality."
The Admissions team works closely with families, physicians, hospital discharge planners, geriatric care managers and other social service agencies to arrange for a smooth and orderly transition to Inglemoor Rehabilitation and Care Center. The facility accepts admissions 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Inglemor Rehabilitation and Care Center accepts Medicare, Medicaid, HMO and private insurances as well as private pay.
For admission information, or to arrange for a tour please call 973-994-0221 or email your request at info@inglemoor.com
Full time Nurse case manager on-site to review and evaluate all patients for potential admission to the facility.
2 full-time Admissions staff to assist with the referral process, including verifying insurance and explaining benefits, bed management and assisting families with the transition.
Tours available 7 day a week, walk-ins welcome.
Visit Livingston Skilled Nursing Facilities Photo Tour page to see what life looks like at Inglemoor Rehabilitation & Care Center.
Nondiscriminatory Policy
In accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the ADA, no one will be discriminated against, denied admission, or employment on the basis of race, color, religious creed, national origin, ancestry, sex, handicap or disability.


Monica Seles was born on the 2nd December 1973, in Novi Sad, then Yugoslavia, of Hungarian ancestry. She is a former tennis player who rose to the No. 1 ranking in the WTA. During her career she won the following Grand Slams titles: Open Australia championship four times (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996), the French Open at Roland Garros three times (1990, 1991, 1992), and the United States Open twice (1991, 1992). Monica Seles was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2009.
How rich is the former tennis player? It has been estimated that the overall size of Monica Seles' net worth is as much as $12 million, as of the data given in mid-2016. Seles has accumulated most of her net worth being active in professional tennis from 1989 to 2008.
To begin with, Monica started playing tennis when five years old, and was coached by her father. She played her first professional tournament being only 14 years old, and it evolved into a very successful and profitable career, which added huge sums to the total size of Monica Seles net worth.
Concerning her professional career, Monica Seles won nine tournaments Grand Slam, managing to reach the number one ranking position. On the 30th April 1993, a fan named Parche, obsessed with Steffi Graf, assaulted Seles by stabbing her in the back on court – he claimed wanting to regain the No.1 for rival Steffi Graf. The attack changed the course of tennis history, as thereafter security measures were significantly strengthened. Seles was out of tennis for 28 months, and meanwhile Parche was charged but was not jailed because of mental instability and was sentenced to two years probation and psychological treatment. Because of this attack, Seles did not play again in Germany.
On returning to the tennis circuit in 1995, Seles won the Canadian open championship. The same year, Seles and Graf met again in the final of the Open of the USA, Seles losing the match 7-6, 0-6, 6-3. In 1996, Seles had a good start, winning the the Australia Open title for the fourth time, beating Anke Huber in the final with a score of 6-4, 6-1. Afterwards, she reached the final of the USA Open, and the final of Roland Garros in 1998. Despite these good results Seles seemed to be neither strong nor consistent, apparently struggling to keep fit and regain lost mobility. In addition, Seles had to participate in the struggle of her father and coach Karolj Seles against cancer – he died in 1998 (a few weeks before the French Open final, which Monica lost to Arantxa Sánchez Vicario).
After obtaining USA citizenship, Monica helped the US team win the Federation Cup in 1996 and 2000. She also won the bronze medal at the Olympic Games in 2000 held in Sydney, Australia. In 2003, Seles suffered a foot injury that left her out of the loop; she hasn't played an official match since then. At the beginning of 2005, Seles played two exhibition matches against women's tennis legend Martina Navratilova in New Zealand. On the 15th February, 2008 he formally announced her retirement.
Finally, in the personal life of the tennis player, Monica Seles is engaged to Tom Golisano. She resides in Florida.
4 Became a naturalized US citizen in 1994.
5 Elected into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 2009.
6 Born to Karóly and Esther Seles, ethnic Hungarians from Serbia.
7 Has an older brother, Zoltan.
8 In 1998, she had further psychological problems when her father and first coach, Karolj, died of cancer.
9 She is of Hungarian descent.
10 While playing Magdalena Maleeva in the quarter-finals of the Hamburg Open, Seles was stabbed in the back during a changeover by Günter Parche, a 38-year-old fan of Steffi Graf's. Seles, who was off the court for 27 months, blamed her binge-eating disorder on the incident. (30 April 1993).
11 Tennis player who was ranked number one in the world at the end of 1991, 1992 and 1995. She won 9 grand slam titles and 44 other tournaments. She didn't officially retire although she has not played since 2003, in May, when she lost in the first round of Roland Garros.


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One thousand years ago the nations and peoples of Europe, western Asia, and the Middle East held differing cultural and religious beliefs. For hundreds of years tensions and conflicts had divided these clusters of nations. Tensions eventually came to a boiling point in November 1095, when the pope of the Catholic Church, Urban II, called for a Crusade to the Middle Eastern nation of Palestine to reclaim for Christianity the holy city of Jerusalem.
A full understanding of the Crusades requires an understanding of these different cultural groups. Each had its own history, and all shared an interest in the holy places in and around Jerusalem. The groups that would play a role in the Crusades were the Europeans, the peoples of the Byzantine Empire, the followers of the religion of Islam, and the Jews.
Despite their many differences, the countries of Europe, also known as the "West," shared a belief in Christianity. The version of Christianity that dominated Europe was that of the Catholic Church, centered in Rome. The leader of the Christian church was the pope, who often wielded more power than the kings of Europe, or at least tried to. Because the peoples of Europe spoke so many different languages, the Christian church conducted its affairs in Latin. Latin was the language of the old Roman Empire that had ruled these nations for centuries. It thus became the common language not only of Christian priests, monks, and bishops but also of nearly all educated people in Europe, who generally received their education through the church. Accordingly, this group of European countries was often referred to as "Latin Christendom." It included such nations as England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, and northern Spain as well as the countries of Scandinavia and the "Low Countries," such as Holland.
A second major cultural-religious center was the Byzantine Empire. This empire was formed out of the remains of the Roman Empire in the East. The name comes from the empire's ancient capital city, Byzantium, although the city's name was later changed to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul, in Turkey). Because it was more unified, this empire, which stretched from portions of Italy through southeastern Europe and into western Asia, was more powerful than the separate and often quarrelsome nations of the West.
Like the West, the Byzantine Empire was Christian, although the version of Christianity practiced in this region was called Eastern Orthodox or, frequently, Greek Orthodox. The primary language of the church was Greek, but many other languages were used locally. Unlike the nations of the West, which fell into a period of backwardness and turmoil with the end of the Roman Empire, the East developed a rich and complex culture and amassed a great deal of wealth.
1095 Islam was the dominant religion in the countries of the Middle East as well as in parts of Asia. (Europeans called this region the Middle East to distinguish it from the countries of Asia, which were farther away and therefore called the Far East.) The Middle East extends roughly from northeastern Africa through the Arabian Peninsula and into western Asia. At the time of the Crusades it included such countries as Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.
From its beginnings in the seventh century, the Islamic world expanded from its roots in the city of Mecca (in today's Saudi Arabia) to include much of North Africa, Arabia, western Asia, and even parts of Europe. Also converting to Islam were the peoples of central Asia, whom the Byzantines referred to as Turks. The Turks in time became powerful militarily, and eventually they overran many of the other Muslim nations, including Syria and Persia.
A final group that played a role in the Crusades was the Jews. Unlike Muslims and Christians (both Latin Christians and Eastern Orthodox Christians), the Jews did not have a homeland in any specific country or group of countries. They were widely spread throughout all three regions and preserved their cultural identity through ancient religious practices and a common language, Hebrew. Because they often remained separate from the cultures surrounding them, and because those cultures saw them as different, Jews were often subjected to harsh persecution (prejudice), particularly in the West.
The historical journey that these cultural and religious groups followed and that eventually brought them into conflict before and during the Crusades was long and complex. It started during the early history of Judaism and continued through the first centuries of the Christian era.
From a historical perspective, the first seeds of the Crusades were sown as far back as the tenth century b.c.e. (Before the Common Era). At that time the Israelites, or the Jews, under the leadership of the Old Testament king Solomon, constructed a magnificent temple (a place of worship for Jews) in the city of Jerusalem. In a room called the Holy of Holies, the temple housed the Ark of the Covenant. The ark contained the tablets on which the Ten Commandments, delivered to the Old Testament prophet Moses, were carved. Within the temple was a bare rock called the Foundation Stone. According to the Old Testament, Abraham, the biblical father of the nation of Israel, was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to God on this stone. As God's "chosen people," the Jews regarded both the temple and the city of Jerusalem as their most holy site and the center of their faith.
The Temple of Solomon survived for four hundred years. Then, in 586 b.c.e., it was destroyed by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, who drove the Jews into exile. The Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt the temple in 515 b.c.e., and this "Second Temple" survived until c.e. 70. By this time, though, two new claimants to Jerusalem were on the scene.
One set of claimants was the Romans. The Roman Empire lasted for about five centuries. It began in 27 b.c.e., after years of civil war, when the Roman senate confirmed Gaius Octavius as the sole emperor. The empire had its roots much earlier, however. During the period historians call the Roman Republic, which dated from 527 to 509 b.c.e., Rome had taken over other parts of Italy and nearby territories. Rome expanded greatly during the period of the empire. In time, it dominated the entire area around the Mediterranean Sea, including much of Europe.
In referring to dates, historians distinguish between the Common Era, beginning with the year 1, and the time before year 1, or Before the Common Era. Many texts use the initials a.d., which stands for the Latin expression anno Domini, or "the year of our Lord," in referring to the Common Era. They use b.c., which means "before Christ," to refer to the era before the birth of Christ. Many modern writers, however, believe that these designations seem to exclude people who are not Christian, so they prefer designations referring to the Common Era. Thus, instead of a.d. they use c.e., and instead of b.c. they use b.c.e. By convention, b.c.e. is placed after the year, while c.e. is placed before the year.
In 63 b.c.e. Jerusalem and the surrounding nation of Palestine fell under the control of Rome. In the decades that followed, life under Roman rule became increasingly difficult for Jews, who were persecuted and forced to pay high taxes to Rome. At about the beginning of the Common Era, a radical Jewish group known as the Zealots formed. In c.e. 66 the Zealots launched a revolt against Rome, known in Jewish history as the Great Revolt. The revolt ended in the year 70, when Roman troops laid siege to Jerusalem, massacred the Jews, and destroyed the Second Temple. In 132 the Romans built on the site their own temple to their god Jupiter.
The other new group that took an interest in Jerusalem in the first century was the early Christian church. Early Christianity, which formed around the teachings of Jesus Christ, began as a sect of Judaism and shared many of its beliefs. But as time went on Christians separated themselves from Jewish traditions and practices. The Christian church laid claim to Jerusalem as its holy city, for it was the site of many of the key events in the life of Christ. (For this reason, the region around Jerusalem and Palestine is often called the Holy Land.) In particular, it was the site of the Holy Sepulchre, the tomb of Christ. Rescuing the tomb of Christ from the Muslims would become a key motivator for many of the Crusaders hundreds of years later.
As Christianity spread and its influence over the people in the region grew, it became more and more of a threat to Rome, which practiced a pagan religion, worshiping many gods. For three centuries Christians suffered from persecution at the hands of the Romans. This persecution ended abruptly when the Roman emperor Constantine I, who ruled from 306 to 337, could see that Christianity was gaining in power and influence. In 313 he converted to Christianity, declared it the official religion of the empire, and ruled from the eastern capital of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople in his own honor. Some historians believe that his conversion was sincere; others believe that he converted only to retain power over the empire. In 391 and 392 the emperor Theodosius I made Christianity the sole legal religion in the empire. These events gave Christians more control over Jerusalem and enabled Christianity to spread throughout the region.
By the fifth century the Roman Empire's boundaries stretched from England in the northwest across Europe and into Asia. Such a large empire was expensive to maintain and hard to control and defend. Communication over these long distances was difficult, and the economic demands of ruling such a large empire weakened Rome.
In the fifth century the Roman Empire finally collapsed. The last ruler of a united Roman Empire was Theodosius I, who reigned from 379 to 395. Just before his death in 395, he divided control of the empire between his two sons, and at this point the empire was united in name only. The western realms continued to be ruled by the emperor in Rome, the capital city, but the throne was weakened by a series of child emperors over the next several decades. The eastern part, called the Byzantine Empire, was ruled by an emperor in the capital city of Constantinople. No emperor was ever again able to control both the eastern and western halves.
In the years that followed this division, the empire in the West was almost immediately attacked and overrun by warlike tribes, including the Vikings from the north and various Germanic tribes from the east. These invasions further weakened the western empire. In 476, when the Germanic warlord Odovacar defeated the last western emperor, the Roman senate declined to name a new emperor. In this way, the Roman Empire ceased to exist in the countries of western Europe.
What followed was a period of turmoil and warfare but also a period when the individual nations of Europe began to unify and grow stronger. Many of these nations, though, were not really nations. Rather, they were loosely connected federations of provinces and regions that shared common languages and cultures but lacked a sense of national identity and purpose. That would begin to change in the centuries preceding the Crusades.
Among the most important of these nations was the Frankish kingdom (known today as France) in the region Rome had called Gaul. After the Romans withdrew, the Frankish kingdom was relatively weak. By the eighth century it included a number of loosely related provinces, including Aquitaine, Burgundy, and large parts of modern-day Germany. But Charles Martel, who reigned as king from 714 to 741, and his son Pepin the Short, who reigned from 741 to 768, formed strong alliances with the Frankish nobles and the church in Rome, and the empire began to become stabler.
The kingdom blossomed under Pepin's son, Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, who ruled from 768 to 814. Charlemagne, a skilled military commander and beloved leader, expanded the boundaries of the kingdom. Under Charlemagne the kingdom dominated western Europe and became a center of learning and culture, as he attracted scholars and artists to his court. Beginning in the tenth century further unification took place under the so-called Capetian kings of France, named after the first, Hugh Capet. He and his successors, especially King Louis VI ("Louis the Fat"), subdued many of the less important nobles who tried to defy them, claimed and enforced a hereditary (usually passed down from father to son) right to the throne, and turned the Frankish kingdom into a major nation-state.
Meanwhile, in the north, the Vikings from the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden joined the Germanic invasions of Europe in the fifth century. Because of the cold climate of extreme northern Europe, there was not enough farmland to support the population, so this southward migration resumed in full force in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Vikings began to raid England in 787, and in 841 they plundered London, starting an era of conquest of the British Isles. Throughout the ninth century the "Northmen" continued to conduct raids down the Atlantic coast in Normandy (a coastal region of France), around the coastline of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), and into the Mediterranean Sea. They also expanded into the Slavic regions of eastern Europe. While the Scandinavians initially were not as strongly Christian as the rest of Europe, many eventually converted to the Christian faith.
While the reign of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, predated the Crusades by more than two centuries, he was an important background figure. His life contributed to the ideology, or philosophy, of crusading. For centuries he remained a hero whom many Christian Crusaders strove to imitate.
To his Frankish warriors he was the ideal chief, tall and stout, animated and commanding, with flashing blue eyes and aquiline nose, a mighty hunter before the Lord. That he loved the old Frankish songs, used Frankish speech, and affected the traditional costume of his race—the high-laced boots, the cross-gartered scarlet hose, the linen tunic, and square mantle of white or blue—that he was simple in his needs, and sparing in food and drink were ingratiating features in a rich and wholesome character.
During his reign, Charlemagne fought for Christianity against the Danes, the Lombards, the Saxons, the Slavs, the Muslims in Spain, and others. In doing so, he helped cement the position of the Christian church, making it a stabler and more powerful institution throughout Europe. In recognition of his role as a fighter for Christianity, the patriarch of Jerusalem (that is, the chief Greek Orthodox cleric) sent him the keys to the holy places in the city, telling Charlemagne that he relied on the king for their defense. This, plus his many victories over enemies of the Christian church, planted a seed that would grow into the Crusades—the belief that it was God's will that Christendom extend its realm and that Europe might one day be called on to rescue the holy city. The legends that surrounded Charlemagne contributed to a way of thinking. In the minds of many Christians, the most heroic person imaginable was a Christian knight bearing the cross and willing to fight and die to protect the faith from nonbelievers.
England and France, though, was complex. These English kings held as part of their domain large portions of western France. For this reason, England and France were in a near-perpetual state of warfare.
A final western power that would play a role in the Crusades was the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was formed in 962 when the German king Otto I was crowned. It lasted until 1806, when the final emperor, Francis II, gave up his title. The Holy Roman Empire had been founded by Charlemagne, who believed that the Roman Empire had not truly ended in the fifth century but rather was suspended. He and his followers, as well as the pope, wanted to restore it to power, so in 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the new Roman emperor.
For the next century and a half, the title was more of a personal honor and carried little political authority. That changed with the coronation of Otto, and for the next nine hundred years the Holy Roman Emperor ruled over a kingdom that consisted largely of Germany but also, at various times, of Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, part of northern Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The emperor was always a German king who, technically, was elected by the German princes and had to be confirmed by the pope. In time, the crown became hereditary.
The political justification for the formation of the empire was that just as the pope represented God in spiritual affairs, the emperor represented God in temporal (earthly) affairs. The emperor, therefore, claimed to be the supreme monarch, or ruler, of all of Christendom. While the Holy Roman Emperor held considerable power, he was never recognized as a supreme temporal ruler of all the Christian nations. Christian countries such as England, France, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Spain, and others never fell within the boundaries of the empire. One Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I, or Frederick Barbarossa ("Red Beard"), would lead an army of German knights during the Third Crusade. At the center of the Sixth Crusade was his grandson, Frederick II, who negotiated with the Muslims and won Jerusalem back for Christendom—at least briefly (see "The Third Crusade" and "The Sixth Crusade" in Chapter 6).
In contrast to western and northern Europe, the Byzantine Empire not only survived the breakup of the Roman Empire but also, in the centuries that followed, grew in power and influence. Constantinople became a major world capital, the center of great wealth, learning, and cultural development. Trade flourished from the empire's port cities, especially the capital itself, and the surviving architecture and other artifacts (the man-made objects of a civilization) from the region show its past as a stable, prosperous empire.
In time the political separation of the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire led to religious separation as well. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, both parts of the empire remained Christian. In the West the withdrawal of the Romans left behind a power void that was filled by the church. Without strong temporal rulers or fully unified nations, the church became, in effect, the ruler of much of Europe. The concept of a Christian state, often referred to by the Latin phrase Res Publica Christiana, was widely accepted. While the separate nations of Europe warred with one another in the centuries that followed, the Christian church became the dominant social, cultural, educational, and political institution.
In the East, the church fell under the authority of the Byzantine emperor. In the centuries that followed, tensions between the two branches of Christianity emerged. Part of the division was cultural. As noted earlier, the West relied on Latin, not just in the church but also in law, government, and learning. The Latin language enabled people educated by the church to communicate with one another, even if they came from different countries or spoke different dialects of the same language. In the East, by contrast, church affairs were conducted primarily in Greek and other local languages. Not speaking the same language, the two branches of the church drifted further and further apart.
By this time, too, the Byzantine Empire had surpassed the West in power, learning, and influence. Without the support of Rome, western Europe plunged into a period of backwardness, leading many historians to refer to the Middle Ages in Europe as the Dark Ages. For this reason, the Byzantines tended to look down their noses at the Romans. As Terry Jones and Alan Ereira quote in Crusades, at one time a high-ranking member of the eastern church told a Roman clergyman that Rome was home to "vile slaves, fishermen, confectioners [candy makers], poulterers [dealers in poultry and game birds], bastards [children born out of wedlock], plebeians [lower classes], and underlings [inferior commoners]"—in other words, that they were all common, lower-class laborers and shopkeepers. For their part, Europeans tended to share the view of one bishop (also quoted by Jones and Ereira) who had visited Constantinople and found the inhabitants "soft, effeminate, long-sleeved, be-jewelled and begowned liars, eunuchs [castrated men] and idlers [lazy people]"—that is, they were all weak, lazy, unmanly people who lounged about in fancy clothing. In this climate of distrust and mutual scorn, the two branches of the church competed fiercely over converts to the faith, particularly among the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe. Rome also resented Byzantine churches in its own backyard in southern Italy.
Finally, in 1054, these tensions reached a snapping point. The eastern branch of the church refused to recognize the authority of the pope in Rome. In response, the pope excommunicated, or expelled, one of the highest-ranking clergymen of the eastern church. (This excommunication was eventually lifted, but not until 1965.) The clergyman had actually been provoking the division by declaring to the other patriarchs (leaders of the eastern church) that supporters of the Roman church were heretics, or believers in false doctrine.
The result was the Great Schism (or split), creating two separate Christian churches. In the West was the Roman Catholic, or sometimes Latin, Church. In the Byzantine Empire was the Eastern, or often Greek, Orthodox Church. In time, various nations developed their own brand of Eastern Orthodoxy, so reference is made to, for example, Russian Orthodox or Armenian Orthodox Christians.
It is important to remember that this division did not lead to bitterness or permanent ill feeling. Despite their differences, the eastern and western churches, like quarreling siblings, retained a kinship with each other that would play a role in the Crusades, particularly the First Crusade, when East and West were initially allies in the fight against the Turkish Muslims. In the meantime, however, Jerusalem fell under the control of the Christian Byzantine Empire.
As if the political and religious situation in the Middle East were not complicated enough, a new claimant to the Holy Land emerged in the seventh century: Islam. Islam was founded in the early seventh century by an Arabic preacher named Muhammad (c. 570–632). In 610 Muhammad heard the voice of the angel Gabriel, which revealed to him the words and prophecies of Allah (from the Arabic al-ilah, meaning "the One True God"). In the years that followed, Muhammad, who regarded himself as the last in a line of prophets that began with Abraham and included Jesus, spread these revelations to his followers. These revelations became the basis of the Islamic faith, and a follower of Muhammad became known as a Muslim, from the Arabic expression bianna musliman, meaning "submitted ourselves to God." In time these revelations and prophecies were written down in the Islamic sacred text, which is called the Qur'an, usually spelled "Koran" in English texts; the present version of the Koran was written in 651 and 652.
The holiest place for Islam was and still is Mecca (in today's Saudi Arabia), where Muhammad was born and experienced his revelations. Also regarded as a holy place is the city of Medina, 270 miles (434.5 kilometers) to the north of Mecca. Medina was originally named Yathrib, but its name was changed to Medina from the Arabic phrase Madinat al-Nadi, or "city of the Prophet." It was at Medina that Muhammad developed his beliefs and first began attracting converts. Jerusalem also held an important place in Islam because it was the site of the Foundation Stone, where Muhammad made a miraculous flight to heaven. In 691 the Muslims built a sacred mosque (place of worship), al-Aqsa Mosque, on a site adjacent to the Foundation Stone. The mosque is next to the site of the Temple of Solomon, which remains sacred to Jews.
The name Muhammad is spelled in various ways, including Mohammed and, especially in older texts, Mahomet. Many words and names associated with Islam and the Middle East have alternative spellings in different English texts. These words are usually Arabic or Persian, and these languages do not use the Roman alphabet. The words, then, have to be transliterated, meaning that they are converted into the Roman alphabet. This process often leads to different spellings, especially because there may be different pronunciations of the words.
These different spellings can become a problem, especially with Internet searches. For example, the Turkish clan that drove the Crusaders out of Jerusalem just before the Seventh Crusade was the Khwarismians. Sometimes, though, the name is spelled Khwarizmians or even Khoreszmians. The Muslim caliph, or ruler, who seized Jerusalem in the seventh century was Umar, but many texts spell the name Omar. Even western names written in the Roman alphabet pose a problem. The name of one Crusader castle referred to in the literature of the time is spelled thirteen different ways. Internet researchers need to take alternative spellings into account when entering key words. In books, these names may be found in different places in an alphabetical index.
Older texts written from a western perspective often refer to Islam as Muhammadanism or Mohammedanism. Muslims regard these words as offensive, because they suggest that Muhammad was a deity, or god, rather than a prophet.
about rather than settling in one location—that competed and fought with one another. The Arabs had played a small role in world history, but after Muhammad, these clans and tribes were united under one banner, with a deep sense of purpose and historical mission, though tensions came to divide Muslims. They believed that they were the successors to the Jews as Allah's chosen people and that Allah required them to spread their faith through conquest.
Under the first four caliphs, or Muhammad's successors, the Muslims spread their faith with great efficiency. (One major sect, or subgroup, of Islam did not recognize the caliphs as legitimate successors to Muhammad. See Chapter 5 on the division of Shiite and Sunni Muslims.) By the 640s they had seized most of the Byzantine province of Palestine (where Jerusalem was located) and Syria, conquered Persia, and overrun Egypt. In 638, after a lengthy siege, the second caliph, Umar, accepted the surrender of the city of Jerusalem, which was now in Muslim rather than Byzantine hands (see "Muslims and Jerusalem" in Chapter 2). By the year 700, from their capital of Damascus in Syria, the Muslims ruled an empire that stretched across northern Africa and into central India.
Not content, the Muslims turned their attention to the West. In the early 700s they captured the southern regions of the Iberian Peninsula, which included the countries of Spain and Portugal. From there they crossed the Pyrenees into the kingdom of the Franks, but they were driven back at the city of Tours by Charles Martel exactly one hundred years after Muhammad's death. In the early 800s Muslims conquered the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica and then added the island of Sicily to their empire in 902. Beginning in the 800s they attacked cities in southern Italy and even advanced on Rome, though they were repelled in the 900s and 1000s by armies led by the popes.
During these same years Spanish Christians were limited to the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula, while Muslims occupied the southern regions. Muslims, whom the Spanish called Moors, dominated most of the south from its caliphate, the Umayyad caliphate, based in Córdoba, Spain. (A caliphate is a region or domain ruled by a caliph. "Umayyad" is the name of a family dynasty.) Spanish Christians began to push south to recapture their land. This conflict lasted until the early fifteenth century. At the Battle of las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, a Christian army met and defeated an invading Muslim army from North Africa, and by 1225 only the region around Granada, a city in the far south of Spain, remained under Muslim control. Muslims were finally driven out of Granada in 1492. In the meantime, Spanish Christian kings actively recruited Christian settlers for the re-conquered territories, often giving them generous grants of land. This process of recapture and settlement in Spain is known to historians as the Reconquista.
What is important about these events in Italy, France, and Spain is that for more than three centuries, European Christians had come to regard Muslims as enemy invaders and had already engaged in armed conflict with them many times. Christians, both in the East and in the West, believed that Muslims were occupying their holy ground, the same ground to which the Jews also laid claim. Cultures that were in large part defined by religion were clashing, and these clashes would eventually give rise to the Crusades.
Chambers, Mortimer, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore Rabb, Isser Woloch, and Raymond Grew. The Western Experience. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Fisher, H. A. L. A History of Europe. Vol. 1, Ancient and Mediaeval. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935.
MacMullen, Ramsay. Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100–400). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984.
Ostrogorsky, George. History of the Byzantine State. Translated by Joan Hussey. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell, 1968.
Halsall, Paul. "Crusades and European Expansion." Introduction to theMedieval World.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/lect/med15.html (accessed on August 11, 2004).
Sloan, John. "The Crusades in Levant (1097–1291)." Xenophon Group Military History Database.http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/crusade2.htm (accessed on August 11, 2004).
"Geographical Worlds at the Time of the Crusades." The Crusades Reference Library. . Encyclopedia.com. 19 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


Paramount, and Disney. His work as a photo editor includes the books Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema and Buster Keaton Remembered. He resides in Los Angeles, CA.
Natasha Gregson Wagner has led an unorthodox career for the descendent of Hollywood royalty. Since making her film debut in 1992's Fathers and Sons, the actress established her place in the indie film world with titles such asAnother Day in Paradise, High Fidelity, Two Girls and a Guy,, and David Lynch's Lost Highway, and she has received acclaim for her stage work and television appearances in Ally McBeal, House MD, and Chicago Hope. She recently completed work on the independent film Anesthesia. Wagner resides in Los Angeles.


text:
Checkatrade Trophy
Checkatrade Trophy Final: Accreditation Notice
Football DataCo, on behalf of the EFL, is now receiving applications for media accreditation to the Checkatrade Trophy Final between Portsmouth and Sunderland at 2.30pm on Sunday 31 March 2019 at Wembley Stadium...
Please read the instructions below before making your application.
WRITTEN MEDIA, PHOTOGRAPHERS AND BROADCASTERS (Non-rights holders)
All applications for accredited journalists, photographers and broadcasters (non-rights holders) must be made via the Internet Press Booking System (i-PBS), which is accessed via the Football DataCo website, www.football-dataco.com.
Single match requests should be directed to accreditations@football-dataco.com.
All applications must be received by 5.00pm on Wednesday 20 March.
Applicants will receive an e-mail confirming whether the application has been successful at the beginning of w/c Monday 25 March.
For more information, contact: Kelly Buckley Football DataCo Tel: 020 7864 9163 / kbuckley@football-dataco.com
BROADCASTERS (Rights Holders)
Broadcast rights holders (television and radio) will be contacted today with relevant accreditation forms to apply. All forms must be submitted by midday on Thursday 14 March.
For any queries relating directly to broadcast rights holders' accreditation, please contact:
Beverley Smith
EFL Broadcast and Operations Manager
bsmith@efl.com
Only journalists and photographers representing organisations licensed by the EFL and/or Premier League will be admitted.
Passes will be issued to WORKING JOURNALISTS and PHOTOGRAPHERS ONLY. No under-16s will be admitted to working areas.
Kelly Buckley, Football DataCo, Tel: 020 7864 9163, kbuckley@football-dataco.com
All accredited broadcasters, journalists and photographers are required to bring valid proof of identity to the match.
Only the following forms of identification are considered acceptable:
EFL/Premier League Identity Card • UK Press Card • AIPS Card
TELEPHONE / ISDN LINES
All press & photographers will be given broadband internet access at their desks/ pitch side and in their work rooms.
To request an ISDN or phone line, please complete the order form and send to btb.wembley.events@bt.com by no later than 5.00pm on Wednesday 13 February.
Unfortunately, we cannot provide media parking at Wembley Stadium for this match, but passes are available to purchase at www.wembleyofficialparking.com


Around the world, the copper industry contributes toward job and wealth creation, poverty reduction and a more sustainable, Better Economy.
Copper promotes employment in both local and regional communities, where job markets are often limited. The industry creates jobs downstream of the mining sector for a wide range of skilled workers, such as plumbers, electricians, automotive workers and electronic equipment manufacturers.
Copper helps to keep energy prices low by reducing losses and increasing energy efficiency. Copper's use as a sustainable material is widely applied across the energy, transportation and green building sectors.
Copper's life cycle is a compelling example of the circular economy: once extracted, copper can be infinitely recycled and reused over and over again.


I'm getting ready for my first speaking engagement since baby Cohen was born and as excited as I am, it's proving to be pretty challenging.
When Alex and I found out we were pregnant it was the most exciting news! However, I had just quit my full time teaching job in order to pursue a speaking and writing ministry. It was a huge faith step because I gave up a salary, pension, benefits, etc, and all for a passion that really isn't a money-maker.
Now that I'm getting ready for my first weekend youth retreat post-baby, I'm a little nervous. Usually when I prepare for a weekend like this, I take hours at a time to study the theme passages and plan out my talks clearly and concisely.
Well doing anything for "hours at a time" doesn't happen much these days. I don't even sleep for "hours at a time"! So my prep happens ten minutes here and twenty minutes there. And as I'm rocking or feeding or changing or bathing the boy, my mind wanders to a mental outline of each talk – trying to piece together fragmented thoughts into a clear message.
Alex will come with me and in between talks I'll be rocking and feeding and changing and bathing (not Alex – Cohen!) Thankfully I have the most incredible husband who is willing to support me in this way and for that I'm so grateful.
This verse assures me I can put aside my nerves and trust that all God needs from me – from any of us – is our willingness and availability to be used by His Spirit.
How do other moms and dads out there balance work and parenting? Lately I've been prepping during his naps, but I have a lot of other things to do during those times – like shower! And often his naps are short.
Oh Shelley, you just brought tears to this hormonal mommies eyes! I love you and your whole bunch too! Thanks for your encouragement. You are awesome. p.s. I want to hang out with you more – seriously!
ahh, don't be nervous, i know you will do amazing at your talk! and you will find the best way to balance between parenting and work!
Thanks Emily. Good advice and guess what? I really miss you! Wish I could come and visit – maybe one day!
I like what Shelley wrote! It's so true – God's strength and knowledge and words have even more of a chance to shine through you now!
I think that really, you'll be better than ever, because being a mom has already expanded your experiences, and who you are, and how you relate to God and others. It will be exciting to see how God takes all of that new stuff, and uses your growth to teach more fully through you.
Wishing you all the best as you prepare/desperately need Him!
What a beautiful post! You're darling and I love your strength and faith as you begin this new journey into the speaking world!
Hey there! Just stumbled upon your blog and found this really old post… which is exactly what I needed to read tonight! I think God is so groovy that way! I am a stay-at-home mother of 3 and it seems the Lord has been opening door after door for me… Next Wednesday, I have been asked to speak at a youth camp about human trafficking. I am super excited and super nervous!! I have the pleasure and honor of working with a ministry here in my city that rescues women who have been sexually exploited or trapped in human trafficking. This will be different speaking to youth… but reading your words… they are just exactly what I needed to hear! I just wanted to say- thank you!


text:
Events from the year 2020 in Finland

Incumbents
President: Sauli Niinistö
Prime Minister: Sanna Marin
Speaker: Matti Vanhanen (until 9 June), Anu Vehviläinen (from 9 June)

Events

January
January 27 – Following the developments of COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China, Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs advised citizens to avoid unnecessary travel to Hubei province.
January 28 – Finnair announced it would be suspending its five weekly routes to Nanjing and Beijing Daxing until the end of March.
January 29 – COVID-19 pandemic in Finland: 1st confirmed case. A 32-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan sought medical attention in Ivalo and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. She had travelled from Wuhan. She was quarantined at Lapland Central Hospital in Rovaniemi.
January 30 – Finland's health officials estimated that up to 24 people may have been exposed to the virus.

February
February 5 – 3 of the 24 people suspected of being exposed have left Finland by this date, and 14 of the remaining 21 have been quarantined.
February 26 – Finland's health officials confirmed the second case, a Finnish woman, who made a trip to Milan and was back in Finland on 22 February, tested positive at the Helsinki University Central Hospital.
February 28 – a Finnish woman who had traveled to Northern Italy, tested positive by the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District and was advised to remain in home isolation.

March

 March 6 – Blind Channel released their 3rd studio album "Violent Pop".

 March 13 – the remaining part of the 2019–20 Liiga season was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.

April

May

June

July

August

 August 1 - Prime Minister Sanna Marin married her long-time partner Markus Räikkönen at Kesäranta.

September

October

 October 21 – The Vastaamo data breach case began with an unknown person or group releasing online some of the data on patients and their histories that they had acquired from the Vastaamo psychotherapy centre. Among the affected were politician Kirsi Piha.

November

December
 4 December – Three underage boys murdered a 16-year-old boy in an act of protracted violence in Helsinki.

Unknown date
 The Finns Party decides to cut ties with Finns Party Youth due to the perceived ethno nationalist support.

Deaths

January

20 January – Reijo Kuistila, 88, Finnish Olympic equestrian.
23 January – Kalevi Tuominen, Hall of Fame basketball player, coach and executive (b. 1927)
30 January – Jörn Donner, writer, film director and politician (b. 1933)

February

28 February – Stig-Göran Myntti, football and bandy player (b. 1925)

March

5 March – Susanna Majuri, photographer (b. 1978)
7 March – Karri Käyhkö, Olympic swimmer (b. 1937)
11 March – Aarne Kainlauri, Olympic steeplechaser (b. 1915)
12 March – Juha Harjula, Olympic basketball player (b. 1942)
19 March – Max Engman, historian and translator (b. 1945)
26 March – , professor and politician, Liberal People's Party member of parliament 1972–1975 (b. 1935)

April

4 April – Pertti Paasio, politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs 1989–1991 (b. 1939)
5 April – Pentti Linkola, writer, ornithologist and ecologist (b. 1932)
12 April – Mikko Kaasalainen, mathematician (b. 1965)
15 April – Vesa Törnroos, Olympic sports shooter (b. 1982)
26 April – Kauko Juhantalo, Centre Party politician (b. 1942)

May

8 May – Ritva Valkama, actress (b. 1932)
9 May
 Timo Honkela, computer scientist (b. 1962)
 Kari Karanko, diplomat (b. 1941)
26 May
 Johanna Ehrnrooth, painter (b. 1958)
  Jon Hellevig, lawyer and businessman (b. 1962)

June

3 June – Veli Lehtelä, rower, Olympic bronze medalist (b. 1935)
24 June – Gösta Ågren, poet (b. 1936)
27 June – Arja Tuomarila, singer and continuity announcer (b. 1941)

July

12 July – Jarno Sarkula, musician (Alamaailman Vasarat) (b. 1973)
18 July – Jope Ruonansuu, actor, musician and stand-up comedian (b. 1964)
20 July – Mirja Jämes, 95, Finnish Olympic hurdler (1948).

August

14 August – Kalevi Oikarainen, 84, Finnish cross-country skier, world champion (1970), Olympic bronze medalist (1968).
25 August – Erik Allardt, 95, Finnish sociologist, Chancellor of Åbo Akademi University (1992–1994).
28 August – Jan Klenberg, admiral, Chief of Defence 1990–1994 (b. 1931)

September

8 September – Vexi Salmi, lyricist (b. 1942)

October

16 October – Marjatta Väänänen, politician, Minister of Culture 1972–1975, Education 1976–1977 and Social Affairs and Health 1982–1983 (b. 1923)

November

1 November – Tuomas Gerdt, military officer, last surviving Mannerheim Cross recipient (b. 1922)
3 November – Matti Laakso, Olympic wrestler (b. 1939)
5 November – Ossi Runne, trumpeter, orchestra leader and composer (b. 1927)
6 November – Sakari Paasonen, Olympic shooter (b. 1935)
14 November – Osmo Ala-Honkola, Olympic shooter (b. 1939)
20 November – Hannu Lahtinen, Olympic wrestler (b. 1960)
25 November – Paul Nyman, Olympic racing cyclist (b. 1929)

December

11 December – Richard Tötterman, diplomat (b. 1926)
14 December – Seppo Vainio, Olympic ice hockey player (b. 1937)
28 December – Jyrki Heliskoski, football coach (b. 1945)
31 December – Olli Lehto, mathematician (b. 1925)

References

2020s in Finland
Years of the 21st century in Finland
Finland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Piddington Roman Villa is both one of the longest running excavations in Britain – now in its 33rd year – and also a fine example of a Roman villa.
Model of the Piddington Roman Villa. Note the corridor running along the front of the main building, and the bathhouse at the far right.
It is essentially the classic winged corridor villa with the main suite of rooms being fronted by a corridor. However the wings at either end form a another two suites of rooms so that it becomes virtually a courtyard villa – evidence for the garden in the courtyard has been excavated. There is a small bathhouse in the main villa itself and a larger bathhouse behind the East Wing.
Roy and Liz Friendship Taylor on the new excavations on the far side of the stream at the Piddington Roman Villa
The villa was excavated in the 1980s and 1990s and has now been backfilled. The current excavations are on the other side of the stream, where further buildings are being excavated together with evidence for a possible military installation. Iron Age roundhouses were discovered under the villa itself, giving evidence for early for an original Iron Age occupation.
The Piddington museum, in a re-used Methodist chapel
The villa also has a museum in the village of Piddington itself, a mile away from the excavations. This was originally a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel which by the 1990s had become disused, and so the Upper Nene Archaeological Society was able to purchase it and with the help of a lottery grant had turned it into a museum and workshop where the finds from the excavation are stored and processed. It also provides a well used facility for local schoolchildren.
It will be possible to visit both the museum and the excavations after the conference.
The 2017 conference was held at Sharpes Pottery Museum, Swadlingcote, Derbyshire on Sunday 22nd October 2017


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Sorry, we cannot guarantee delivery dates.
You may order a pre-production proof of the item you ordered. There is a charge for this and it varies from product to product and from manufacturer to manufacturer.
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text:
2012 Access Lecture
Sir Martin Harris delivers the 2012 Univ Access Lecture entitled 'Reflections on seven years as Head of OFFA'.
Ironing The Ocean - exploring the ocean iron and carbon cycles aboard the RRS discovery in the south atlantic
Gideon Henderson, Professor of Earth Sciences and fellow of University College, gives a talk on his research on iron content in the atlantic ocean and its necessity for life in the ocean.
The Challenge of Fair Access to Selective Universities: which approaches seem successful, and the way forward
Professor Ebdon, Director of the Office for Access (OFFA) gives the 2013 Access in University College. The lecture is on the challenge of fair access to selective universities.
Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/
Sir Martin Harris
Department: University College
Apple Podcast Video Apple Podcast Audio Audio RSS Feed


We come from a long line of automotive enthusiasts and we are admirers of all things mechanical.
Decades of study and behind-the-scenes participation in all aspects of the empire has guided us to an intense appreciation of the absolute best craftsmanship, quality, design, engineering, and manufacturing.
It's this obsession that has driven us to disturb the status quo.
This obsession that has driven us to partner with only those who share our passion and compulsion for perfection.
There exists a plateau; a stagnation of fresh vision, that has resulted in industry-wide mediocrity. We are here to fill the broad gap we see in the aftermarket world. A gap clouded with marketing smoke and decorative mirrors.
With an overwhelming array of inconsistent manufacturing options, we didn't just go to anyone with a C.N.C. machine, we went to the industry leader in the development of custom wheels.
Top of the line Machinery featuring robotic automation is just a small part of what makes us here to stay. Evolving daily to bring the most influential combination of quality, design, and fitment to each one of our clients.
With a modern, global outlook and "SoCal", USA manufacturing we aim to be an unparalleled choice in the aftermarket wheel marketplace.
We are nothing short of excellence – We are ANRKY.


text:
El Nino brings drought to Indonesia, and warmer weather to almost the entire globe. Reuters/Romeo Ranoco
The tropical steam-engine: how does El Niño warm the entire globe?
Nicholas Tyrrell, Dietmar Dommenget, Monash University
Nicholas Tyrrell
PhD candidate, Monash Weather and Climate, Monash University
Dietmar Dommenget
Senior Lecturer, Climate Dynamics, Monash University
Dietmar Dommenget receives funding from ARC. He is affiliated with the ARC Centre of Excellence in Climate System Science.
Nicholas Tyrrell does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Monash University provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU.
We regularly hear about how El Niño events raise the temperature across much of the planet, contributing to spikes in global average temperature such as the one witnessed in 1998, with severe bush fires, droughts and floods.
Indeed, the extra warmth is typically much more apparent over land than in the oceans, despite El Niño being chiefly thought of as an ocean temperature phenomenon.
How is it that an event predominantly characterised by a warm blob of water in the tropical eastern Pacific can have such a pervasive effect on global land temperatures?
Consider the following: in your home you have a heater that warms all of the rooms. If you increase the heater's temperature by one degree you would expect that the rest of your home also warms a bit, but probably less than one degree, and that the most remote rooms would warm least of all. Surprisingly, this is not what happens when you warm the tropical oceans in our climate system. This heater heats up all the "rooms" by more than itself.
It turns out that if we were to warm all of the oceans on Earth by 1C, the land would, as a direct result, warm by 1.5C. On average, the land always warms more than the ocean. The key difference here is that when you warm the tropical oceans you also release additional water vapour into the atmosphere by evaporation from the oceans' surface.
When the warm air over the oceans rises to higher levels in the atmosphere, the moisture in the air rains out, releasing extra heat – called "latent heating of condensation". This leads to extra warming of the air.
The temperature above the land comes into balance with the warmer higher-level temperatures above it and, because the land surface is much drier it warms right away without surface evaporation cooling it.
Where El Niño comes in
In a study we published last year, we used climate models to perform simulations in which we raised and lowered the temperature of the oceans to see how the land would respond. As expected, we found that land temperatures varied more than ocean temperatures, and changes in ocean temperature were amplified over the land.
To explore how an El Niño or La Niña event would affect this land/ocean contrast, we then introduced the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) into our model as the main source of temperature variability in the oceans.
This time, instead of assigning the whole ocean a uniform temperature, we simulated El-Niño/La-Niña conditions. We made the tropical Pacific Ocean warm and then cool over a period of four years (in the real world, ENSO is much less regular than this but the oscillation typically lasts about that long). We then watched to see how the rest of the ocean and land would respond.
Remarkably, the global land surface temperature still responded with increased variability, relative to the ocean. If the ocean surface temperature increased or decreased by 1C, the land temperature increased or decreased by almost 1.5C. Essentially, we found that the global land temperature can be altered simply by changing the temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Surface temperature response to an El Nino forcing, using the ACCESS climate model. Authors
You might ask: what if you changed the temperature of the Southern Ocean, or the North Atlantic, or some other bit of ocean instead? Would you get the same result? The answer is no.
Why is the tropical Pacific so influential?
The answer is because of tropical convection – the tendency for warm air and moisture to rise high into the atmosphere.
The atmospheric temperature above land and ocean in the tropics (relative to changes in ocean temperature). The pressure on the y-axis indicates the altitude; 1000hPa is the surface and 200hPa is 10-15km high.
Atmospheric convection in the tropics reaches up to about 5-10km above the ocean, taking the warmth into the mid-to-upper troposphere. This is fuelled by the heat release from the condensing moisture in the tropical air. The colder oceans do not have the capacity to evaporate that much water vapour and therefore to generate the kind of convection that reaches this high.
Warm air penetrates the troposphere's upper levels (as opposed to the lower troposphere immediately above the surface) and in the tropical upper atmosphere air can flow freely and easily distribute heat, so regional differences in temperature are evened out. The warm temperatures above the Pacific Ocean spread out and encircle the tropics. The warmth from tropical ocean convection can also spread out of the tropics and influence atmospheric temperatures in the mid-latitudes.
What does this mean for the years ahead?
We know that land and ocean temperatures fluctuate around an average value. However, that average value is increasing as a result of global warming resulting from human carbon dioxide emissions.
At the same time, we currently have a large, potentially record-breakingly hot El Niño brewing in the Pacific Ocean, which is expected to keep growing at least through to January.
As the current El Niño combines with the background warming of climate change, we can expect land temperatures to continue to spike, potentially surpassing last year's global record average. This warmth is likely to persist through and slightly beyond the period of the El Niño, increasing the likelihood that 2015 and 2016 will be very warm years indeed for the planet.


text:
Kodeks 0181 (Gregory-Aland no. 0181), Pap. Vindobonensis K. 39778 – grecki kodeks uncjalny Nowego Testamentu na pergaminie, paleograficznie datowany na IV lub V wiek. Przechowywany w Wiedniu. Do czasów współczesnych zachowała się jedna karta kodeksu. Cytowany jest w wydaniach krytycznych greckiego Nowego Testamentu.

Opis
Do dzisiaj zachowała się jedna karta kodeksu, z tekstem Ewangelii Łukasza 9,59-10,14. Karta kodeksu ma rozmiary 15,4 na 13,6 cm. Szerokość marginesów wynosi od 1 do 3 cm. Pergamin strony recto ma barwę brunatną i zachował się w nie najgorszym stanie, z nielicznymi uszkodzeniami. Dziury w środku pojawiły się na skutek zginania karty. Strona verso zachowała się w złej kondycji i nosi ślady uszkodzeń dokonanych przez wodę. Pergamin jest koloru matowobrunatnego, atrament wypłowiał.

Tekst pisany jest jedną kolumną na stronę, w 26 linijkach w kolumnie. W jednej linijce mieści się zazwyczaj 28 liter. Litery są regularne, kształt greckich liter przypomina spotykany w Kodeksie Aleksandryjskim. Skryba popełnia błędy itacyzmu i inne błędy wynikające z błędnej interpretacji fonetycznego brzmienia greckich słów.

Nomina sacra (imiona święte) pisane są skrótami (κε, ις, θυ, κς), również liczby zapisywane są skrótami (οβ – 72).

Tekst
Tekst fragmentu reprezentuje aleksandryjską tradycję tekstualną. Kurt Aland zaklasyfikował go do kategorii II, co oznacza, że jest ważny dla odtworzenia oryginalnego tekstu NT. Zawiera niewiele wariantów tekstualnych.

W Łk 9,62a przekazuje wariant εἶπεν δὲ ὀ Ἰησοῦς (powiedział zaś Jezus), w czym jest zgodny z tekstem papirusów Chester Beatty I, Papirus Bodmer XIV-XV, Kodeks Watykański oraz z minuskułem 700. Kodeks Synajski, Aleksandryjski, Efrema i Waszyngtoński przekazują wariant εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αυτὸν ὀ Ἰησοῦς (powiedział zaś do niego Jezus).

W Łk 9,62b przekazuje wariant akcentowy ἑπιβάλλων (nakładający) zamiast ἑπιβαλών. Wariant rękopisu potwierdza Bodmer XIV-XV, Kodeks Aleksandryjski, Regius i Waszyngtoński.

W Łk 10,3 przekazuje wariant ἰδοὺ ἑγώ ἀποστέλλω (oto ja posyłam) zamiast ἰδοὺ ἀποστέλλω (oto posyłam). Wariant rękopisu potwierdzają: Kodeks Efrema, Bezy, Regius, Waszyngtoński, Koridethi, Zacynthius, Athous Lavrensis, f1, f13, 33 oraz rękopisy reprezentujące bizantyjską tradycję tekstualną.

W Łk 10,4 brakuje spójnika καί (i), w czym jest zgodny z Kodeksem Synajskim, minuskułem 28, 33 i 2542.

W Łk 10,10 przekazuje unikatowy wariant ἑπιέρχησθη (wejdziecie). Wariant ten nie został uwzględniony przez Alanda, który wliczył rękopis do grupy wspierających wariant εἰσέρχησθη (wejdziecie). Są to rękopisy: Aleksadryjski, Nitryjski, Waszyngtoński, Koridethi, Athous Lavrensis oraz rękopisy tradycji bizantyjskiej. Krytycy tekstu za poprawny wariant uważają εἰσέλθητε (wejdziecie), wspierany przez: Chester Beatty I, Bodmer XIV-XV, Kodeks Synajski, Watykański, Efrema, Bezy.

Historia

W oparciu o kształt liter paleografowie datują ten fragment na IV lub V wiek. W taki sposób datuje go INTF. Powstał w Egipcie i tam został znaleziony (prawdopodobnie w El-Aszmunejn).

Na liście rękopisów Nowego Testamentu umieścił go niemiecki biblista Ernst von Dobschütz w 1924 roku i oznaczył go za pomocą siglum 0181.

Faksymile kodeksu opublikował w 1911 roku austriacki paleograf Karl Wessely. Tekst rękopisu został opublikowany w 2008 roku przez Stanleya E. Portera oraz Wendy J. Porter. Porterowie poprawili błędy Wessely'ego (np. w Łk 9,59 dyftong νγ, a nie γγ).

Rękopis jest cytowany w wydaniach krytycznych greckiego Nowego Testamentu. W 27 wydaniu Nestle-Alanda (NA27) zaliczony został do grupy rękopisów cytowanych w pierwszej kolejności.

Rękopis jest przechowywany w Austriackiej Bibliotece Narodowej (Pap. K. 39778) w Wiedniu.

Zobacz też
 Lista kodeksów majuskułowych Nowego Testamentu

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne

0181
Manuskrypty biblijne z IV wieku
Austriacka Biblioteka Narodowa


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After the FA Cup 5th round draw, Arsenal's February and March schedule is very tough.
In February, the Gunners will play Liverpool at Anfield in the Premier League, before playing three home games against Manchester United (Premier League), Liverpool again (Premier League), then host Bayern munich (UEFA Champions League).
In March, Gunners will play Bayern Munich away in the Champions League, then visit Tottenham Hotspur before playing Chelsea at Stamford Bridge and facing Manchester City at the Emirates.
Well, if you are a top team and you want to challenge for trophies, you have to play these big matches.