text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:label}
\vspace{0.25cm}
\input{intro}

\section{Attacks against Black-box Semantic Segmentation Models}
\label{sec:attacks}
\input{attacks}

\section{Defenses}
\label{sec:defenses}
\vspace{0.12cm}
\input{defenses}

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conc}
\vspace{-0.25cm}
\input{conclusion}

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsubsection*{Acknowledgement}
\input{acknowledgement}
\clearpage
\bibliographystyle{splncs04}

\subsection{Methods}
\label{subsec:methods}
Our approach infers image-level membership information based on observing predictions of segmentation models and correct labels.
In this section, we describe our membership inference pipeline based on per-patch analysis, as summarized in Algorithm~\ref{alg:membership_train} and~\ref{alg:membership_inference}.
Further, several design choices are discussed that significantly contribute to the success of the attack and help to understand the essence in attacking semantic segmentation models with structured outputs.

\myparagraph{Notation.} We define the notation used through the paper. Let $\mathcal{D}^{\{V,S\}}=\{(\text{X}_i,\text{Y}_i)\}_i$ be two datasets including images $\text{X}\in\mathcal{R}^{H\times W\times 3}$ and densely annotated GTs $\text{Y}\in\mathcal{R}^{H\times W\times C}$ with one-hot vectors, where $C$ is the number of predefined labels.
For each dataset, we partition it into two parts for proving different membership status, i.e., $\mathcal{D}^{\{V,S\}}=\mathcal{D}_{in}^{\{V,S\}}\cup \mathcal{D}_{out}^{\{V,S\}}$.
The victim model, which is trained on $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}$ and we aim for attacking, is denoted as \textbf{V}.
To achieve attacks, we build a shadow semantic segmentation model \textbf{S} with $\mathcal{D}_{in}^S$, for training an attacker.
Let $\text{P}$ be the posterior of a segmentation output, i.e., $\text{P}=\textbf{S}(\text{X})$ or $\textbf{V}(\text{X})$, depending on the stages of membership inference. Our per-patch attacker is denoted as \textbf{A}$_{\textbf{P}}(\text{P} , \text{Y})$, taking $\text{P}$ and $\text{Y}$ as the inputs and outputs a binary classification score for membership status. Finally, the image-level attacker is denoted as \textbf{A}.

\myparagraph{Training.} Our method is built upon a per-patch attacker $\textbf{A}_\textbf{P}$, as described in Algorithm~\ref{alg:membership_train}. In line with previous work on membership inference~\cite{shokri2017membership,salem2019ml}, we construct a shadow model {\bf S} that is to some extent similar to {\bf V} and therefore is expected to exhibit similar behaviour and artifacts w.r.t. membership. In addition, {\bf S} aims to capture semantic relations and dependencies between different classes in structured outputs and provide training data to the patch classifier with known membership labels.
We prepare a dataset $\mathcal{D}^{S}$ with the same label space to $\mathcal{D}^{V}$, and then {\bf S} is trained on $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}$. The exact assumptions of our knowledge on {\bf V} that inform the construction of {\bf S} are detailed in~\ref{sec:settings}.

\myitparagraph{Construction of per-patch attacker.}
\textbf{S} provides training data for the per-patch attacker \textbf{A}$_{\textbf{P}}$, as we have complete membership information of \textbf{S}. This allows us to train \textbf{A}$_\textbf{P}$ by achieving the binary In/Out classification on the data pairs from $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{S}$ and $\mathcal{D}_{out}^{S}$.
\textbf{A}$_{\textbf{P}}$ can be any architecture taking image-like data as inputs, and we discuss different data representations to train it as follows.

\myitparagraph{Data representation.}
We apply two representations of a data pair $(\text{X},\text{Y}
)$ over segmentation models, as the inputs of a per-patch attacker. In other words, we train a classifier to compare the differences between P={\bf S}(\text{X}) and Y to determine the membership status of $(\text{X},\text{Y}
)$ in training the classifiers.

1. {\it  Concatenation.} We concatenate P and Y over the channel dimension, leading to a representation with size $H\times W\times 2C$.

2. {\it  Structured loss map.} The structured loss map ($\text{SLM}\in\mathbf{R}^{H\times W\times 1}$) computes the cross-entropy loss values at all the locations ($i$, $j$), where $\text{SLM}(i,j) = -\sum_{c=1}^{C}\text{Y}(i,j,c)\cdot \log(\text{P}(i,j,c))$.
Previous work~\cite{white_vs_black} shows the success of applying a threshold on the loss value of an image pair for image classification, and this method can be easily applied to semantic segmentation.
Despite this, we show keeping structures of loss maps is still crucial to the success of attacking semantic segmentation.

\myparagraph{Testing.} Given a data pair $(\text{X},\text{Y}
)$ to determine if it was used to train $\textbf{V}$ (i.e., $(\text{X},\text{Y}
)\in\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}$), we are able to crop a patch $(\hat{\text{X}},\hat{\text{Y}})$ from the pair, and thus the inference result is \textbf{A}$_{\textbf{P}}(\textbf{V}(\hat{\text{X}}),\hat{\text{Y}})$ according to the representation used in the training.
In order to further amplify the attack, we aggregate the information of the per-patch attack on an image-level, therefore, the final inference result is calculated by

\begin{equation}
  \textbf{A} = \frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N} \textbf{A}_\textbf{P}(\textbf{V}(\hat{\text{X}}^i) , \hat{\text{Y}}^i),
  \label{eq:image_level_attacker}
\end{equation}
where ($\hat{\text{X}}^i$, $\hat{\text{Y}}^i$) is the $i$-th cropped patch from $(\hat{\text{X}},\hat{\text{Y}})$.

\myitparagraph{Selection of patches.} As our method is based on scoring each patch, the selection of patches plays an important role in obtaining stronger attacks. Besides, it also helps us to understand which patches are particularly important for determine the membership status of an example. Therefore, we study the influence of different patch selection schemes with the following choices:

1. {\it Sliding windows.} We crop patches on a regular grid with a fixed step size.

2. {\it Random locations.} We sample patches uniformly across the image.

3. {\it Random locations with rejection.} We emphasize the importance of different patches for recognizing membership is not alike, therefore, this scheme aims to reject patches, which do not contribute to final results or even provide misleading information. We observe the patches with very strong confidences or very small loss should be omitted. For example, road area counts for most pixels of an image and are segmented very well, therefore, this scheme tends to select the bordering areas between a road and other classes, instead of the center of a road.

As summarized in Algorithm~\ref{alg:membership_inference}, we construct image-level membership inference attacks according to per-patch attacks, allowing us to leverage distinct patches for successful attacks. Our pipeline is flexible  to image sizes and aspect ratios if different image sizes exist in a dataset and even cross multiple datasets.

\vspace{-0.1cm}
\subsection{Attack Settings}\label{sec:settings}
In our method, we train a shadow segmentation model $\textbf{S}$ and an attacker $\textbf{A}$ for attacking a victim segmentation model $\textbf{V}$.
Our two attack settings differ in the knowledge on  data distribution and model selection for training $\textbf{V}$ and $\textbf{S}$.

\myparagraph{Data \& model dependent attacks:}  This attack assumes that the victims model can be queried at training time of an attacker. Besides, this setting allows to train a shadow model with the same architecture to the victim.
Specifically, $\textbf{S}$ and $\textbf{V}$ have the same learning protocol and post-processing techniques during inference. Further, this attack assumes the data distributions of $\mathcal{D}^{V}$ and $\mathcal{D}^{S}$ are also identical, which comes from the same database. Last, query with a victim model is allowed to split $\mathcal{D}^{S}$ into $\mathcal{D}^{S}_{in}$ and $\mathcal{D}^{S}_{out}$, as listed in the $1$-st line of Algorithm~\ref{alg:membership_train}, that we use the examples with stronger confidences to build $\mathcal{D}^{S}_{in}$.

\myparagraph{Data \& model independent attacks:} For this attack, we only know the victim model's functionality and a defined label space. There is no query process for constructing training set for $\textbf{S}$, instead, $\textbf{S}$ is able to be trained with a dataset of the different distribution, which leads to a cheaper and more practical attack. Furthermore, the model configuration and training protocol of the victim are unknown. The goal of the shadow model is to capture the membership status for each example, and provide training data for attack model $\textbf{A}$.
Particularly, model and data distribution are completely different to victims, even there is no query process, which might be detected on the server. Therefore, we highlight the severity of information leakage in this simplified attack.

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsection{Evaluation Methodology}
We evaluate the performance of membership inference attacks with \textbf{precision-recall} curves and receiver operating characteristic (\textbf{ROC}) curves.
We regard the images used during training as positive examples, and negatives if not.
Therefore, given a testing set with $M$ image pairs used to train a model and $N$ pairs not used, random guess with probability 0.5/0.5 for both classes is able to achieve precision $\frac{M}{M+N}$ and recall 0.5.
We set different thresholds in a classifier and compare its precision-recall curve to the random guess performance, to observe if attacks are successful.
Similarly, we draw the random guess behavior in a ROC curve, which is the diagonal of a plot.
Furthermore, to compare different attacks quantitatively, we apply maximum \textbf{F-score} ($\frac{2\cdot \text{precison}\cdot \text{recall}}{\text{precison} + \text{recall}}$) in precision-recall curves and \textbf{AUC-score} in ROC curves to evaluate attack performance.
Last, our method is based on per-patch attacks, therefore, we employ the same metrics for per-patch evaluation, to help us understand and compare different attacks, as well as defense methods in section~\ref{sec:defenses}, exhaustively.

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsection{Evaluation Results}
\label{subsec:exp}
\myparagraph{Data and architectures.}
We conduct the experiments on street scene semantic segmentation between various datasets, including \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace \cite{cordts2016cityscapes}, \textit{BDD100K}\xspace \cite{yu2018bdd100k} and \textit{Mapillary Vistas}\xspace \cite{mapillary2017iccv}, which are captured in different countries under diverse weathers and image qualities, providing multiple domains.
Besides, we apply {PSPNet}\xspace~\cite{zhao2017pyramid}, {UperNet}\xspace~\cite{xiao2018upernet}, {Deeplab-v3+}\xspace~\cite{chen2018deeplab_v3plus} and {DPC}\xspace~\cite{chen2018dpc_nips} as our segmentation models.
For per-patch attacker \textbf{A}$_{\textbf{P}}$, we train a ResNet-50 \cite{he2016resnet} from scratch, allowing us to visualize the regions contributing to the recognition of membership for an example by class activation mapping~\cite{zhou2016cam_cvpr}. In detail, the size of inputs for ResNet-50 is 90$\times$90 in spatial, corresponding to 713$\times$713 image patches.

\myparagraph{Comparison methods.}
To demonstrate the effectiveness of specific considerations for segmentation models,
we compare our pipeline to previous attackers for classification models~\cite{white_vs_black,salem2019ml}.
For~\cite{salem2019ml}, we adapt their shadow model based
attacker, by regarding each location as a classification problem. We also test their learning-free attacker by only considering the mean of confidence scores of a prediction. Besides, we compare the proposed method with~\cite{white_vs_black}, which employs a threshold on the loss value.

\myparagraph{Setup for data \& model dependent attacks.} For dependent attacks, we conduct experiments with \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace and {PSPNet}\xspace (a.k.a. PSP$\xrightarrow{}$PSP). We split \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace into four parts, i.e., $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}$, $\mathcal{D}_{out}^{V}$, $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{S}$ and $\mathcal{D}_{out}^{V}$, where the sizes of those sets are as follows: $|\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}|=$1488, $|\mathcal{D}_{out}^{V}|=$912, $|\mathcal{D}_{in}^{S}|=$555 and $|\mathcal{D}_{out}^{S}|=$520. We train a victim model from ImageNet~\cite{deng2009imagenet} pretrained models and lead to 59.88 mean IoU (mIoU) for segmentation. For evaluation of per-patch attacks, we sample 29760 patches from $\mathcal{D}_{in}^{V}$ and 30096 patches from $\mathcal{D}_{out}^{V}$. Therefore, this setting leads to $62\%$ and $49.7\%$ precision for image-level and per-patch attacks in random guess. The resulting F-scores for image-level and per-patch attacks are 55.36\% and 49.85\% respectively, which are drawn in Fig.~\ref{fig:ablation_patch}.

\begin{table}[t]
\tiny
\caption{Data and model descriptions of victim and shadow models for independent attacks.
}
 \centering
   \begin{tabular}{lcccc}
   \toprule
     Dataset & Model  & Backbone & In / Out \\
    \cmidrule(lr){1-1}\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
    \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace (Victim) & \tabincell{c}{{PSPNet}\xspace \cite{zhao2017pyramid} \\ {UperNet}\xspace \cite{xiao2018upernet}}    & ResNet-101 \cite{he2016resnet} & 2975 / 500  \\
    \cmidrule(lr){1-1}\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
    \tabincell{c}{\textit{BDD100K}\xspace (Shadow) \\ \textit{Mapillary} (Shadow)} & \tabincell{c}{{Deeplab-v3+}\xspace \cite{chen2018deeplab_v3plus} \\ {DPC}\xspace \cite{chen2018dpc_nips}}    & Xception-71 \cite{szegedy2016xception} & \tabincell{c}{4k / (3k+1k) \\ 10k / (8k+2k)}  \\
    \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-0.45cm}
\label{tab:data_model_overview}
\end{table}

\begin{table*}[t]
\caption{Comparison of different attackers (in \%). We compare our attackers to previous methods, including the learning-based attacker~\cite{salem2019ml}$^*$ and learning-free attackers by applying a threshold on a confidence score~\cite{salem2019ml}$^+$ or a loss value \cite{white_vs_black}.  ``$\xrightarrow{}$" means the attacks with a shadow model of the left, and the victims are the right, which can be {PSPNet}\xspace~\cite{zhao2017pyramid}, {UperNet}\xspace~\cite{xiao2018upernet}, {DPC}\xspace~\cite{chen2018dpc_nips} or {Deeplab-v3+}\xspace~\cite{chen2018deeplab_v3plus}. }
\tiny
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{5pt}
 \centering
   \begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
   \toprule
    \multirow{3}{*}{{\scriptsize Methods}}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize Dependent}} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{{\scriptsize Independent}} \\
    \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-11}
     & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize \cite{zhao2017pyramid}$\xrightarrow{}$\cite{zhao2017pyramid}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize \cite{chen2018deeplab_v3plus}$\xrightarrow{}$\cite{zhao2017pyramid}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize \cite{chen2018deeplab_v3plus}$\xrightarrow{}$\cite{xiao2018upernet}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize \cite{chen2018dpc_nips}$\xrightarrow{}$\cite{zhao2017pyramid}}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{{\scriptsize \cite{chen2018dpc_nips}$\xrightarrow{}$\cite{xiao2018upernet}}} \\
    \cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-11}
     & {\scriptsize F}  & {\scriptsize AUC} & {\scriptsize F}  & {\scriptsize AUC} & {\scriptsize F}  & {\scriptsize AUC}  & {\scriptsize F}  & {\scriptsize AUC} & {\scriptsize F}  & {\scriptsize AUC} \\
     \cmidrule(lr){1-1}\cmidrule(lr){2-3}\cmidrule(lr){4-11}
    Adapted \cite{salem2019ml}$^*$ & 77.2  & 67.2 & 92.4  & 63.5 & 92.3  & 62.6   & --  & --  & --  & --  \\
    Adapted \cite{salem2019ml}$^+$ & 77.4 & 62.0 & 92.3 & 63.4 & 92.3 & 59.2 & 92.3 & 63.4 & 92.3 & 59.2 \\
    Adapted \cite{white_vs_black} & 82.2 & 74.9 & 94.4 & 81.4 & 93.0 & 72.4 & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{94.4}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{81.4}} & 93.0 & 72.4 \\
    Ours (C+GT, Full)  & 80.6 & 81.2 & 94.5 & 85.0 & 92.8 & 71.8 & 93.2 & 73.5 & 92.6 & 68.8 \\
    Ours (Loss, Full)  & \underline{84.2} & 82.6 & \textbf{95.7} & \underline{89.1} & 93.2 & 76.3 & 93.1 & 73.5 & 92.4 & 68.3 \\
    Ours (C+GT, Random)  & 83.4 & 82.7 & \underline{95.0} & 86.1 & 95.4 & 88.5 & 92.9 & 74.9 & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{94.4}} & \textbf{85.5} \\
    Ours (Loss, Random)  & \textbf{84.8} & \textbf{84.6} & \textbf{95.7} & \textbf{90.8} & \textbf{95.8} & \textbf{94.3} & \underline{94.0} & \underline{77.7} & \underline{93.3} & 79.4 \\
    Ours (C+GT, Rejection)  & 83.3 & \underline{83.0} & 94.9 & 86.3 & \underline{95.3} & \underline{91.2} & 93.5 & 76.3 & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{94.4}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{86.1}} \\
    Ours (Loss, Rejection)  & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{86.7}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{87.1}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{95.9}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{91.1}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{96.2}} & \textcolor{red}{\textbf{94.9}} & \textbf{94.1} & \textbf{77.8} & \textbf{93.5} & \underline{82.0} \\
    \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-0.45cm}
\label{tab:comparions_representations}
\end{table*}

\myparagraph{Setup for data \& model independent attacks.} For independent attacks, we employ different segmentation models for shadow models and victims, as summarized in Table~\ref{tab:data_model_overview}.
Particularly, \textit{BDD100K}\xspace has completely compatible label space to \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace of 19 classes, but \textit{Mapillary Vistas}\xspace has 65 labels. We merge the some classes from \textit{Mapillary Vistas}\xspace into \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace, and ignore the others. For victim models, we train a {PSPNet}\xspace and an {UperNet}\xspace using the official split of \textit{Cityscapes}\xspace, leading to 79.7 and 76.6 mIoU for segmentation.  For shadow models, we apply our splits with balanced In/Out distribution to train a binary classifier. In the end, the F-score of random guess for image-level independent attack is 63.13\%. Comparing it to the numbers in Table~\ref{tab:comparions_representations}, we observe all the attackers obtain much higher F-score than 63.13\%, which shows the severe information leakage of semantic segmentation models.

\myparagraph{Results.}
Results of the different versions of our model as well as comparision to previous work in presented in Table~\ref{tab:comparions_representations}.
While previous work on membership inference targets classification models~\cite{salem2019ml,white_vs_black}, we facilitate a comparison to these approaches by extending them to the segmentation scenario.
\cite{salem2019ml} proposes a learning-based attacker and a learning-free attacker.
We train their learning-based attacker with 1$\times$1 vector inputs, and test on all pixel locations. Final image-level attacks are obtained by averaging the binary classification scores of all locations. Similar to our method, we test different settings, and it fails to achieve attacks with the shadow model {DPC}\xspace~\cite{chen2018dpc_nips} in Table~\ref{tab:data_model_overview}. Besides, we test their learning-free attacker by averaging the confidence scores of all locations. Equally, we facilitate a comparison to \cite{white_vs_black} where we use the loss map for the segmentation output.
For our methods, we report the numbers for last two patch selection strategies with sampling 10 patches.
Besides, we also perform attacks with full image inputs using our binary classifiers, which have a global average pooling in the end and are able to handle different sizes of inputs.
We emphasize that the ratio of In/Out testing examples are different for dependent and independent attacks, therefore, the numbers between them cannot be compared.
We conclude that recent models for semantic segmentation are susceptible to membership inference attacks with AUC scores of the attacker up to 87.1\% in the dependent and 94.9\% in the independent setting.
Overall, we observe that our loss-based method with rejection scheme performs best in most settings and measures.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}l@{}l@{}l}
   \includegraphics[width=0.2125\linewidth]{./patch_level_f_score_confidence.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.2125\linewidth]{./patch_level_f_score_loss.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.225\linewidth]{./image_level_auc_score_confidence.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.225\linewidth]{./image_level_auc_score_loss.eps} \\
   \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \vspace{-0.4cm}
   \caption{Evaluation of the {\bf importance of spatial structures} for PSP$\xrightarrow{}$PSP, starting from our final model (Size 90).
   \vspace{-0.3cm}
   }
\label{fig:ablation_patch}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}r@{}r@{}r@{}r@{}r}
   \includegraphics[width=0.2\linewidth]{./patch_selection_f1.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.1975\linewidth]{./patch_selection_f2.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_f3.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_f4.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.2075\linewidth]{./patch_selection_f5.eps} \\
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_auc1.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_auc2.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_auc3.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.198\linewidth]{./patch_selection_auc4.eps} &
   \includegraphics[width=0.199\linewidth]{./patch_selection_auc5.eps}
   \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \vspace{-0.4cm}
   \caption{Image-level comparison results w.r.t. {\bf patch selection} and {\bf data representations}, under varying patch numbers.}
   \vspace{-0.7cm}
\label{fig:ablation_patch_selection}
\end{figure*}

\vspace{-0.06cm}
\myparagraph{Importance of spatial structures.}
Key to strong attacks is exploiting the structural information of an output from a segmentation model.
Hence, we conduct attacks with gradually reduced structural inputs in our dependent attacks in order to  analyze the importance of this structural information for our goal.
Our final model takes 90$\times$90 blocks as inputs for per-patch attackers.
Therefore, we crop sub-blocks from our final model with input sizes of 60, 45, 30, 15 for providing different level of structures.
We compare the precision-recall curves for per-patch attacks and ROC curves for image-level attacks in Fig.~\ref{fig:ablation_patch}.
We note that all the feature vectors in the blocks of different sizes have the same scale of receptive fields.
We apply the same architecture of per-patch attacker for sizes 90-30, but modify the ResNet-50 with fewer pooling operations for size 15, because its spatial size is too small.
First, we compare the per-patch attack performance, and are able to observe that attacks become harder with decreasing patch sizes, where smaller patches provide less structures. Second, we compare image-level attacks for them, where random selection strategy is applied to integrate all patches. We sample 5, 20, 20, 30, 30 random patches for size 90, 60, 45, 30, and 15 to integrate image-level results.
Consequently, size 90 achieves the best performance, even though other attackers obtain very close image-level results. Last, we highlight that our concatenation-based attacker degenerates to previous work~\cite{salem2019ml} with 1$\times$1 vector inputs. We observe that 1$\times$1 inputs keep this decreasing trend and achieve worse results than size 15, which can be found in Table~\ref{tab:comparions_representations}.
From this results, we conclude that structures are of great importance in membership inference attacks for semantic segmentation, so that an attacker is able to mine some In/Out confidence or loss patterns over an array input.

\vspace{-0.15cm}
\myparagraph{Analysis of patch selection and data representation.}
We test our three sampling strategies and two representations as depicted in section~\ref{subsec:methods}. Fig.~\ref{fig:ablation_patch_selection} plots the image-level comparison results.
For sliding windows, we sample at least 6 patches to guarantee an entire image can be covered. For random locations, we sample different numbers of patches for image-level attacks to observe the influence of patch numbers, starting from one patch. We conduct this experiments for 3 times and report the mean. In summary, we observe these two strategies achieves comparable performance when the same numbers of patches are used.
Specifically, sliding windows perform better on dependent attacks with loss maps, and random locations are better for independent attacks ({Deeplab-v3+}\xspace$\xrightarrow{}$PSP, and {Deeplab-v3+}\xspace$\xrightarrow{}$Uper), which may be caused by inconsistent data distributions or different behaviors of segmentation models.
Last, we test our random locations with rejection strategy. To avoid the affect of random seeds, we sample the same locations to previous random locations if a patch is not rejected. We can see clear improvements if we sample very few patches, whose results are sensitive to sampled locations. In street scenes, road has a large portion of pixels, therefore, it tend to sample a road patch, which has the highest accuracy over all the classes and less discrimination for In/Out classification. After ignoring those patches, performance is improved because the rejection helps us avoid those less informative patches. To conclude, not all the regions contribute to successful attacks for segmentation, that we need a regime to determine membership status of an image, instead of processing the whole like previous work for classification.

Comparing our patch-based attacks to the full image attacks, we realize using full images as inputs makes performance significantly decreased, even though the same classifier is applied. The classification for full images may be affected by misleading areas. Hence, partitioning an image into many patches helps focus on local patterns and makes a better decision. Besides, we observe that our rejection scheme achieves better performance than random scheme, which further supports our argument on the difference between segmentation and classification. In addition, our concatenation-based attacker outperforms ~\cite{salem2019ml}, which demonstrates the importance of spatial structures, similar to Fig.~\ref{fig:ablation_patch}.
From our results, \cite{white_vs_black} is able to obtain acceptable performance but worse than our structured loss map-based attackers, which hold the structural information.  Finally, our novel structured loss maps achieve better results than concatenation and other methods~\cite{salem2019ml,white_vs_black} in most cases.

\subsection{Methods and Results}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\myparagraph{Argmax.} It only returns predicted labels instead of posteriors for an image. We use one-hot vectors to complete attacks for our methods and others~\cite{salem2019ml,white_vs_black}.
Obviously, previous learning-free attacker~\cite{salem2019ml} based on confidence scores fails to recognize membership states, because every example has confidence 1.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:defense_argmax}, we show the comparison results for all the other methods.
Because argmax is very easy to be noticed, we train binary classifiers for independent attacks with argmax operation as well.
In general, argmax only reduces membership leakage in segmentation models a little for all the attackers.
A model already leaks information when it only returns predicted labels.
To conclude, we highlight the difference to protecting classification, that argmax cannot successfully protect the membership privacy for segmentation.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}r@{}r@{}r}
   \includegraphics[height=2.25cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_argmax1.eps} &
   \includegraphics[height=2.25cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_argmax2.eps} &
   \includegraphics[height=2.25cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_argmax3.eps}
   \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \vspace{-0.6cm}
       \caption{Performance comparison for {Argmax defense}.}
          \vspace{-0.7cm}
\label{fig:defense_argmax}
\end{figure}

\myparagraph{Gauss.} To hide overfitting artifacts or patterns, we add Gaussian noises on the posteriors with different variances, varying from 0.01 to 0.1 with step 0.01 for independent attacks.
To further test the defense for dependent attacks, we add very strong noises to variance 0.4.
After noising, we set the values into 0 in case they are smaller than 0, and then normalize each location individually.
Segmentation performance is decreased with stronger noises, therefore, we show the joint privacy-segmentation plots in Fig.~\ref{fig:defense_overall}(a) to observe the defense behaviors as well as the maintained utility of the segmentation method. First, we observe Gauss protects PSPNet and UperNet in independent attacks successfully, which reduces AUC-scores from ~0.9 to less than 0.6, while only losing 0.2 mIoU. Second, we observe our loss-based attackers are more sensitive to Gaussian noises. Despite stronger attacks of structured loss maps, they are easier to protect with Gaussian noises.
Finally, we realize this defense is hard to mitigate leakage for dependent attacks. Even though we employ very strong noises for this, losing mIoU from 59.88 to 23.17, it still has more than 0.75 AUC-scores for both attacks. To conclude, Gauss is hard to protect a model when the noises of the same distribution are added to victim and shadow models, and binary classifiers can pick useful information from noisy inputs.

\myparagraph{Dropout.} It is used to avoid overfitting in training a deep neural networks, that we applied in training our victim model with dropout ratio 0.1. However, it does not hide membership from our studies in section~\ref{sec:attacks}. Therefore, we enable dropout operation during testing to blur a prediction.
We realize a network still produces decent results when we use a different dropout ratio. Hence, we apply dropout ratio 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 to obfuscate a prediction at different degrees.
We show the joint plots in Fig.~\ref{fig:defense_overall}(b). From our study, we observe enabling dropout during test is able to slightly mitigate membership leakage, but segmentation performance decreases a lot when a large ratio is applied.

\myparagraph{DPSGD.} Differential Privacy SGD (DPSGD)~\cite{abadi2016deep} adds Gaussian noises on the clipped gradients for individual examples of a training batch, in a way that the learnt parameters and hence all derived results such as predictions are differentially private.
We apply DPSGD in our study to protect a model. Before training, we collect gradient statistics over entire training data for different layers of a network, and set individual clipping factors for all the layers. Next, we train PSPNet with Gaussian variances 10$^{\text{-3}}$, 4$\times$10$^{\text{-3}}$ for dependent settings, and variances 10$^{\text{-3}}$, 4$\times$10$^{\text{-3}}$, 8$\times$10$^{\text{-3}}$ for independent settings. For UperNet, we train with 10$^{\text{-6}}$, 10$^{\text{-3}}$, 3$\times$10$^{\text{-3}}$, 6$\times$10$^{\text{-3}}$.
Theoretically, the Gaussian noises used in our model is not enough to guarantee a tight differential privacy bound~\cite{dwork2008dp_survey}. However, there is a gap between theoretical
garuantees and emperical defenses. prior work has shown practical
defenses from small gaussian noise and hence loose bounds~\cite{jayaraman2019evaluating}.
In our work, we demonstrate this in semantic segmentation models and show the utility-privacy plots in Fig.~\ref{fig:defense_overall}(c). We observe that DPSGD successfully protect memberships in all the settings, in particular, it will not hamper the utility of segmentation models which only reduces 1.12, 1.36 and 0.75 mIoU when noises with 1e-6 are applied in three rows. Therefore, we recommend DPSGD to train a segmentation model for protecting membership privacy in practise.

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.66\textwidth}
\vspace{-0.65cm}
\centering
\scalebox{1}{
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_gauss1.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_dropout1.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_dpsgd1.eps}\\
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.665cm]{./defense_gauss2.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.665cm]{./defense_dropout2.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.565cm]{./defense_dpsgd2.eps}\\
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.665cm]{./defense_gauss3.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_dropout3.eps}&
\includegraphics[height=2cm,width=2.475cm]{./defense_dpsgd3.eps}\\
(a) Gauss &
(b) Dropout &
(c) DPSGD
\end{tabular}
}
\vspace{-0.15cm}
\caption{ Joint plots for different defenses. $x$-axis is the AUC-score for membership protection and $y$-axis is the mIoU for segmentation utility. optimal defenses achieve 0.5 AUC-score while preserving segmentation utility, as drawn with the red diamond.
}
\vspace{-0.45cm}
\label{fig:defense_overall}
\end{wrapfigure}

\myparagraph{Summary of defenses.}
In spite of the success of membership inference under various settings, we point out feasible solutions which can significantly reduce the risk of information leakage. (1) Adding Gaussian noises helps prevent leakage in independent settings from unknown attackers. Tradeoff between model degeneration and information leakage is able to be considered to choose a suitable noise level.  Hence, we recommend this method as a basic protection without further costs to prevent potential independent attacks, which are very cheap to implement.
(2) For neural networks, we suggest applying DPSGD to train a model, which mitigates the leakage in all the settings with limited model degeneration, even though it adds  noises on the gradients during training and hence requires increased training time.

\vspace{-0.2cm}
\subsection{Interpretability}
One of difference between attacking segmentation and classification is on the input form of the binary classifier, where the input of segmentation can be regarded as an image. Hence, our method can provide interpretations for different examples, indicating important regions for recognizing membership status. Besides, interpretations also help us to understand and compare different defenses. We apply class activation maps (CAMs)~\cite{zhou2016cam_cvpr} to highlight the areas that help to detect examples/patches from training set in Fig.~\ref{fig:cam_loss_attack}. Besides, we also compare the activation areas before and after defenses with structured loss maps.

First, we observe our attacker is able to mine some regions with specific objects or intersections between two classes, even our attacker has no interaction with a victim. Second, we compare the attacker's different behaviors for those defenses. We can see argmax can simply change the CAM to different intensities, but still hold the major layout of the original CAM.
For Gaussian noises, we employ variance 0.1 here, and can apparently observe noises on the structural loss map for all the pixel locations, therefore, it makes all the examples have a similar CAM. For dropout, it will change structured loss maps in many places and then change the CAM. In particular, it changes the locations with strong loss values more than others. For DPSGD, we can see it has very similar loss maps to the original model. The only differences are on some regions hard to segment. Even DPSGD changes the loss maps a little, the final CAMs are able to change a lot for some examples, therefore, it helps defend stealing memberships while preserving segmentation performance very well.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\scalebox{1}{
\centering
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{0.06cm}}c@{\hspace{0.06cm}}c@{\hspace{0.06cm}}c@{\hspace{0.06cm}}c@{\hspace{0.06cm}}c}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Argmax}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Gauss}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Dropout}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{DPSGD}\\
\vspace{-0.1cm}
\rotatebox{90}{   CAMs}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_no.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_argmax.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_gauss.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_dropout.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_dpsgd.eps}\\
\rotatebox{90}{   SLMs}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_no_loss.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_argmax_loss.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_gauss_loss.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_dropout_loss.eps}&
\includegraphics[width=0.15\linewidth]{./cam_02801_dpsgd_loss.eps}\\
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{Class activation maps (CAMs) and structured loss maps (SLMs) for independent attack {Deeplab-v3+}\xspace$\xrightarrow{}$Uper.
}
\vspace{-0.6cm}
\label{fig:cam_loss_attack}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Contributions}
Our main contributions are as follows. (1) We present the first work on membership inference attacks against semantic segmentation models under different data/model assumptions. (2) We show structural outputs of segmentation have severe risks of leaking membership. Our proposed structured loss maps achieve the best attack results. (3) We present a range of defense methods to reduce membership leakage. In the end, we show feasible solutions to protect against membership attacks. (4) Extensive comparisons and ablation studies are provided in order to shed light on the core challenges of membership inference attacks for semantic segmentation.

\newpage

\subsection{Related Work}
\input{related}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Decision handed down in Rowe v Rose  WADC 38. Ms Rose successful and awarded $191,194.75. We acted for the widow and two children of a 41 year old man who was killed after a car collided with him while crossing a road outside his Bicton home in 2013.


Happy Monday darlings. It's been quite a long time I wore a skirt not for work but for pleasure. I specifically haven't worn a flirty midi or long skirt in forever. Fashion trends have since the 60's celebrated the modern woman's feminine independence with increasing shorter hemlines, silhouette dresses, body contouring staples and, of course, pants. While I loved the fashion freedom, to be whatever I feel like, I missed the sheer fun, freedom and playfulness of wearing "flirty skirts.
The dynamism of the flirty skirt is unique in the sense that it fit practically all body shapes or sizes and can be dressed up or down. You can be the carefree gypsy, ultra-chic entrepreneur, bookworm, sassy colleague or sensual sophisticate by pairing it with the right ensembles.
About The Designer: Nigerian Womenswear design label ZirconsbyAdebisi is one of Nigeria's emerging fashion houses, that caters exclusively to the style lover comfortable in her skin and ready to take on the world, one stylish ensemble at a time. From trendy pieces to timeless classics, your every style need is met and exceeded at ZirconsbyAdebisi.
Address: 93 Fabgenro Street, Off Randle Avenue, Surulere – Lagos| Instagram: Zirconsbyadesbisi |Tel:234-816-817-7709, 234-807-065-0955.
you already know i love this look. flirty skirts have always been a go to for me because of my body and you couldn't have said or worn it better.
Thank you dee mi luv and Thanks again for the dope photography! muahhh!
Love the skirt, the cut out is so creative.
Thank you Bookie. as in! it was love at first sight.
Looking very beautiful. I want the skirt!


Fasting, Feasting was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1999.
The book begins in India, telling the story of Uma, the eldest daughter of a close-knit family. Uma struggles to find a suitable husband, and becomes trapped at home, effectively a slave to her oppressive parents. Although set in a different continent, it reminded me of Purple Hibiscus . The character development was excellent, and all the sights and sounds of an Indian village came to life.
The second part of the book follows Uma's brother, Arun, as he crosses the world to begin life with a middle-class family in America. Arun observes many of problems associated with the developed world, including materialism and eating disorders. I found this section of the book disappointing in comparison to the parts set in India. The characters failed to come to life, and I began to lose interest as this section progressed.
Many important issues were raised in this book, including arranged marriage and the effective imprisonment of women in a household. Comparisons between lives in the two different cultures were made, but no real conclusions were ever drawn.
Overall, the writing was simple, but beautiful. The book began well, but failed to develop to it's full potential. It was OK, but nothing special.
I'm glad you reviewed this. I've not heard of it, but I think I'd like to check it out.
I'd like to read this – at least the first part. I find Indian culture fascinating.


Senses Cultural's traveling photography exhibition, Enduring Power: The Middle Eastern and Iranian Women's Story, is scheduled to be displayed at a new location to kick-off the upcoming year. The UCSC Women's Center, which recently relocated to the Cardiff House, will play host to this powerful exhibition of female photographers as part of the Sister Solidarity 2016 event. Senses believes that the Women's Center mission statement – "to affirm the dignity and diversity of all women" – will be strongly supported and celebrated by the Enduring Power exhibition, and is very proud to be collaborating with this organization. Coordinated by Women's Center director Sonia Montoya, the exhibition will be on display from February 18th until March 11th, 2016.
Senses' traveling photo exhibition, Enduring Power: The Middle Eastern and Iranian Women's Story, features the stunning work of seven female photographers. Their intimate, honest and often vulnerable work allows viewers to step into the everyday struggles and celebrations of the Middle Eastern and Iranian woman.
Photographer Hamideh Zolfaghari world renown and winner of many gold medals (http://www.hamidehz.com/htmls/biography.php) is a talented contributor to Senses Cultural. Her works has been featured heavily in Senses Cultural's photography exhibition Enduring Power.
Curated by LA-based photographer, Sina Araghi, and produced by Senses Cultural founder, Tata Monfared, Enduring Power has been met with great interest and support since the initial showing at UC Davis in October 2014.


Makeup Revolution seems to be *the* new brand at the moment. I saw a lot of people talking about the brand, and decided to explore the brand a bit. Everything is really affordable, and seems to offer a really wide range of exciting stuff – bright colours, Urban decay dupes and lots of other stuff that looks good. I went for a baked blush, an eyeshadow palette & 5 lipsticks.
Scandalous lipstick collection – £4 for the five.
The baked blusher – really nice. So soft and finely milled, this one adds a pretty glow. Lasts a good 8 hours on my cheeks before fading. Impressed. The colour reminds me of MAC Full of Joy, but maybe a little bit more wearable. The packaging is a bit meh, but it seems sturdy enough.
The eyeshadow palette. It looks very pretty! I saw that the brand has some pretty obvious Naked palette dupes (the 'iconics'), but I wanted to try something I don't have a copy of. Romantic smoked is a really nice palette, with mattes and shimmers. It has a good variation of shades, and seems nicely thought out. The arrangement of the shades annoys me though – there's a light one right at the end, and they aren't lightest to darkest.
The packaging is pretty okay – it's a little plain, but it feels really sturdy.
The shadows are nicely pigmented – the shimmers are better than the mattes, as I expected. When I used a primer (paint pot), they lasted until I took them off, with a bit of fading. There was a substantial amount of fall-out… I found it best to pat the shadow on, rather than swoosh it on. The shades don't have any names, but in numerical order using the photo above, 2, 3 & 6 are my favourites.
The Scandalous lipstick collection… So bright! So very bright. I got the whole set, because you get them for £4 that way… I didn't want the yellow or blue, but the idea of a full collection pleased me. Left to right we have Felony / Depraved / Immoral / Crime / Vice.
The packaging on these is SO bad. They are exactly like the MUA lipsticks, except these are not good. On 3 of them, the lids fall off so easily… on the yellow one in particular the lid falls off if I tip it upside down. The blue one can't even be wound up unless you use some brute force. Disappointing.
The colours are good though – opaque. They feel fairly creamy, and wear comfortably on the lips. Neither drying nor hydrating. Not sure how one could wear the blue/yellow on it's own… the blue will be useful for mixing I think. Depraved, Crime and Vice are all really nice colours and look nice on. The formula on these is prone to going patchy though, so using a liner and a brush will give the best finish. Crime wore the best.
To sum up – the baked blusher is very nice.
The palette is impressive for £4, and worth checking out.
The lipsticks are fun, but the quality did not impress me.


Established in the mid-forties Denny Plastics use the latest fabrication techniques and offer up to the minute laser engraving/cutting and CNC machining. Keeping on top of industrial demand along with the extensive experience and skill of our workforce ensures we continue to build on our reputation of excellence. Our commitment to friendly and dedicated customer service, as well as our competitive prices, have long been the key to our success.


Custom Order- 1.31ct Natural Grey Diamond Solitaire Ring in 14k Yellow Gold for N.Y.
This listing is for your 14k yellow gold diamond solitaire ring featuring a 1.31ct round natural grey diamond.. The ring will be in the style of the photos attached, and with a plain rounded band about 1.8-1.9mm in diameter. It will be in a polished finish, and an appraisal is included in this listing.
Size: 1.31ct natural round grey diamond, SI clarity. It measures 6.75x4.5mm.
Clarity: The stone has natural smoky cloud inclusions but overall is a brilliant, sparkling stone. It does not have black "salt and pepper" inclusions, but has an indented natural inclusion on the girdle which we can cover by a prong, and a needle inclusion which reaches the surface. Both small! Not noticeable from a normal distance.


text:
Why are the rich a problem?
20 misconceptions about inequality
Philip Richard
Released on March 09, 2022
By working hard, everyone can become rich; The rich consume and invest; The rich create jobs; The more rich there are, the fewer there are poor; The rich pay a lot of taxes...
Philippe Richard, doctor in economics, thus analyzes some twenty preconceived ideas about the most fortunate and social inequalities. By dissecting the economic data, the author provides factual elements on the liberal doxa. The reality is that the wealthiest consume little, they invest little in France and create no jobs, even though their fortune is progressing like never before.
Beyond this observation, the author asks crucial questions for the future of our society: Is it a good thing that a minority sees its fortune explode while poverty and precariousness grow? Do the rich represent an opportunity for our country or, on the contrary, a threat to the balance of our democracy? Can our society survive with such inequalities?
The author has been a consultant to employee representatives at Syndex for 20 years. He has been reflecting on the limits of the right to individual property for several years.
Why are the rich a problem? is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Holidays are stressful. In fact, in a recent study it was discovered that over a quarter of Americans report "extreme stress" during holiday season and a remarkable 45% would prefer to skill the holidays altogether (1).
Holidays can also be exciting, entertaining and even an opportunity for much needed relaxation with family and friends (especially if they're some you haven't seen in a while). However, there's no denying that the stress can pile up especially if you're someone who's already experiencing anxiety.
While the Hallmark Channel and having dinner with loved ones can be fun, the holidays also lead to the feeling of a never-ending to-do list. There's the responsibility of entertaining guests, cooking, shopping and often times traveling. Additionally, almost all of these occurrences cost money and after a while those little costs here and there may add up to what can feel like a financial burden.
On the other end, often times the holidays can feel extremely lonely. It's no secret that each family has their own arguments, disagreements and imperfect ways of coping so coming together in forced harmony and peace can easily become not enjoyable.
The holidays are a great place to practice the Cognitive Behavioral Skills you may have learned in therapy. Interacting with family members is a great place to practice reframing.
In a Pyschology Today article by Hal Shorey PhD, shares some top tips for reframing interactions with family members.
Consider lowering your expectations to match the world as it is, instead of your dream of how it should be.
Take responsibility for what you are thinking and what you are saying to yourself in your head. Change the way you think and you will change your emotions and how you behave.
Allow each person that is unpleasant or unhealthy for you to be a chance to practice your coping skills and communication. Let's face it; we're not going to enjoy everyone we need to be around all the time. Therefore, if we can use the moments where we are in this position to run-through positive techniques, we'll become more equipped and confident for the next time we're faced with this dilemma.
If you're away from family that you want to see, open the door for new ways to communicate. Think of possibly Face Timing these family members for dessert or even creating a Facebook Live session where multiple family members can join in. Often, there are other people in our social networks that are away from family as well, such as coworkers. Taking a chance with someone you may not normally spend as much time with could end up being an unexpectedly pleasant experience.
Stick with your daily routines and ultimately, do less of the "mandatory" holiday obligations. Work with your therapist or talk to someone about better prioritization.
Prioritize what is important to you during the not-holiday season, such as working out or spending your Wednesday nights catching up on your favorite TV shows. Studies show that our brains actually thrive off of habits and routines; therefore, it may help to reduce some stress if you continue to do what feels comfortable. While we often go overboard during the holidays- an abundance of shopping, sending out cards and attending each and every event we get an invite to- pick one responsibility that feels too much and tell yourself "no" this year. Use the time you would have spent on this event/activity to do something for YOU instead.
First, think of some of the small things you can incorporate into your days to decrease some of the anxiety/depression you may be experiencing- such as going for a run, practicing meditation and getting adequate sleep. However, if your mental health is feeling like "too much" and these coping skills aren't significantly reducing your worries and concerns, talk to a mental health professional. With New Years coming up, now is the ideal time to make the commit to begin to address your mental health with therapy.
Most importantly don't be afraid to ask for help.
If you're traveling and will be away from the area during this holiday season while still seeking support, we currently offer video sessions and will be happy to meet online.


the talk is a conversation platform to discuss critical issues. BIG IDEAS is a micro magazine with content rich stories and interviews that covers the entire gamut of entrepreneurial eco system and strategies for growth . BIG IDEAS will be a great knowledge source for the Startups & SMEs who is looking for Ideas & Insights to Scale Up . The Micro magazine reaches to all the stake holders like startup & sme entrepreneurs , corporates , experts , speakers & government through the event platform that " the talk " has built in the last one and half years.


text:
Q: Have a different Display Value, but sort by original value DataTables jQuery I'm having a slight issue, I am using DataTables and I have the following data in a column
1-2
3
4
5
6
7-8
9

and so on. Currently, these are being treated as strings, and so the sorting is messed up. When I change their values to integers, the sorting is fine, however, I loose the information, instead of showing 1-2 it shows 1 and instead of 7-8 it shows 7 and so on.
I am wondering if I can have a "Displayed" value and a "sorting value". Making it so DataTables displays it as strings, but uses the values that I have changed into integers for sorting. It would be great it someone could help me with this!

A: This topic is discussed in the DataTable documentation. It involves including the natural sorting plugin with your other JavaScript code and specifying the "sType" as "natural":
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery.dataTables.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="naturalSort.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
    jQuery.fn.dataTableExt.oSort['natural-asc'] = function(a, b) {
        return naturalSort(a, b);
    };
    jQuery.fn.dataTableExt.oSort['natural-desc'] = function(a, b) {
        return naturalSort(a, b) * -1;
    };
    $(document).ready(function() {
        $('#example').dataTable( {
            "aoColumns": [
                null,
                null,
                { "sType": "natural" },
                null
            ]
        } );
    } );
</script>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Wayland is a small town with a big heart. Located within easy commuting distance to Boston by car, Wayland is home to the first free library in Massachusetts and the world. A semi-rural community located among the small towns of Lincoln, Sudbury and Weston, and bordering the larger communities of Natick and Framingham, Wayland's 13,500 residents take pride in protecting the town's natural resources, open spaces, heritage as a caring community with a tradition of philanthropy and volunteerism.
Wayland's award-winning school system includes three elementary schools, one middle school and one senior high school. The town's 15.9 square miles offer a wide array of parks, playgrounds and conservation land, numerous recreational facilities and programs, and include a public beach and Wayland's water supply and purification and distribution system.
Known as an exclusive community with historic roots and a culture of civic engagement, Wayland offers a balance of open space and thoughtful development to its resident population. The average income of families living in Wayland is over $200,000 per year, and the median residential sales price is slightly under $620,000. As such, 86% of Wayland's residents are homeowners.


Faith, Hope and Art: Are you an "inch deep and a mile wide" or a "mile deep and an inch wide" person?
Are you an "inch deep and a mile wide" or a "mile deep and an inch wide" person?
If you have read even a couple of my blog posts, you know that I have a great love of learning and that I am all about figuring out something new.
I have recently figured out that not everyone thinks like this.. :) And this got me thinking and wondering..
Are you an "inch deep and a mile wide"
or a "mile deep and an inch wide" kind of person?
This "inch deep and a mile wide" philosophy guides my teaching style as well. I really want my students to experience all kinds of art so that they can move into the next phase of their lives saying that while they may not know much about something, they at least have had first hand experience with a technique or art medium.
To that end, I am having one of my art 1 classes learn how to make slip, pour molds and make ceramic pieces.
It is messy and fun and so cool to watch students who have been given the freedom to learn, create, FAIL and then finally succeed!
Maybe that is why I am such a proponent of the "inch deep and a mile wide" philosophy... When you are willing (or required) to learn new things, you have to understand that failure is part of the process. But if you only do what you already know how to do, you don't have to worry about the possibility of failure.
That's not to say that choosing to get really good at one thing is bad. We need both kinds of people to make the world work. But my question for those of you who are "mile deep and an inch wide" people is.. don't you get bored? It's a real question. I'd love to know your insights!


Love Ean Golden performing on his Midi Fighter, now you too can achieve the same magic on your nanoPAD2. Check out the layout and download the classic Midi Fighter mappings for your nanoPAD2 for free.
Midi Fighter is an awesome controller, and the arcade buttons make it super easy to work with. But we don't have one. Instead we have a nanoPAD2 which is also pretty good. Since Midi Fighter has 16 buttons and nanoPAD2 too has 16 buttons we thought of porting the midi fighter classic mapping onto the nanoPAD2. BTW The credit for this mapping goes to Ean Golden, he really created a masterpiece.
The original Midi Fighter has four rows of four buttons (4 x 4) and nanoPAD2 has two rows of eight buttons each (2 x 8). We shifted the mapping as shown above. So now the what we have is, the effect and play settings on the left side of the nanoPAD2 and Cue points on the right side of it. This allows you to play it with both the hands if you want to.
The mappings allows you to control all four decks.
We worked really hard to create this mapping from scratch. It took countless hours in studying each and every keypress, values, and logic to come up with a workable mapping that can independntly capture almost all functions of the more advance midi controller. Therefore we request you to please purchase our mapping at just $1. This will not only be our thank you token but will help us to put more effort into coming up with more such advance mappings!
1. Download the MF mappings for nanoPAD2 from MidiFighter Classic Mappings for nanoPAD2.
2. Open 'MidiFighterMappingsfornanoPAD2.nanopad2_data' file. Korg Editor opens up, in it go to communications tab and click 'Write Scene Set' and hit Ok.
3. Now open Traktor and load the 'nanoPAD MF mappings.tsi' file in controller manager.
4. Go ahead and experience the power of MIDI Fighter on your nanoPAD2.
You can achieve the same results with this mapping on your nanoPAD2.
UPDATE: Check out and download the Instant Gratification mappings for your nanoPAD2 at our latest post Instant Gratification with nanoPAD2.
Thanks for the support! Let us know what more should we include in this mapping for really taking it to the next level.


text:
Usher's Father Passes Away; Plus Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan, Foxy Brown, Amy Winehouse, Paramore & More, In For The Record
Spears spends two hours in deposition; Lohan gets rough justice; Winehouse shows up at courthouse after husband pleads innocent.
MTV News Staff mtvnews 01/18/2008
Usher's father, Usher Raymond III, passed away at an Atlanta hospital on Friday, a rep for the singer confirmed to MTV News. The cause of death was not immediately known; People.com reported that the funeral will take place this week at the Taylor Funeral Home in Chattanooga, Tennessee. ...
Britney Spears spent more than two hours at the Los Angeles office of Kevin Federline's lawyer, Mark Vincent Kaplan, on Monday (January 21) for an ongoing deposition in the former couple's custody battle, according to People.com. Spears was videotaped driving up to the office, accompanied by friend Sam Lufti, at around 10:40 a.m. PT and left at around 1:20 p.m. The deposition is expected to continue on Tuesday.
Lindsay Lohan has gotten a harsh assignment as part of her community service for misdemeanor drunk driving. The Associated Press reported that the 21-year-old actress will be working two four-hour days at a morgue as part of her court-ordered program meant to show drivers the real-life consequences of drunk driving. Lohan — who must serve 10 days of community service as part of her plea deal — worked at an American Red Cross blood-services facility in a Los Angeles suburb in November. She has also been ordered to spend two days working in a hospital emergency room. ...
A New York judge told Foxy Brown on Thursday that she's going to have to provide medical proof for why she should be let out of jail to repair her defective cochlear implant, a surgically implanted hearing device. AP reports that acting Manhattan Criminal Court Judge Melissa Jackson told the rapper (born Inga Marchand) that she needs more information before deciding if she can let Brown out of jail to fly to California for treatment and a repair of the implant. Brown, who was sentenced to a year in jail in September for probation violation, recently petitioned the court via a handwritten letter to allow her to travel for treatment, saying that her hearing condition is worsening in jail and that she faces serious, potentially permanent hearing loss if the issue isn't resolved. Assistant District Attorney Cindy Chung had objected, saying Brown had not shown any proof that the procedure could not be done in New York and calling the request a "desperate and frivolous petition." Before being led out of court, Brown reportedly told the judge she had done a lot of thinking in jail about how to control her emotions and make better decisions, saying, "I have too much talent to throw it away. ... I know I will make you proud and my family proud." The seemingly nonplussed judge replied, "I'm glad you're learning some very hard lessons that needed to be learned." ...
Britney Spears, who has done little to promote her Blackout album aside from appearing in the tabloids on a daily basis, has landed a paying gig. Spears will host a party for the Scandinavian Style Mansion at a private residence in Beverly Hills, California, on February 16, party organizer Claus Hjelmbak confirmed. "She's going to do the press line and be there for a few hours," Hjelmbak told MTV News. She was a guest for a similar party for the Mansion featuring items from luxury brands on December 1. "Even though she wasn't the host, she was so sweet to everybody and so generous with her time," Hjelmbak said. "She made all these little kids and all my clients feel amazing." ...
Amy Winehouse's husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, was in court Friday (January 18) to enter a plea of innocent to charges of assault and conspiracy. According to The Associated Press, Winehouse was not in the London courtroom to hear Fielder-Civil confirm his name and enter the plea, but she did show up afterward in a silver BMW, surrounded by bodyguards who shielded her from the paparazzi. Despite rumors that the couple could be headed for divorce, Winehouse was seen whispering, "I love you handsome ... gorgeous one," to her husband as he was led away. Fielder-Civil, 25, who is accused of attacking a pub landlord, and then later conspiring along with several other men to convince the man to withdraw as a witness in the trial, has been in jail since November. Fielder-Civil is due back in court on February 29 to enter a plea on the charge of obstructing justice. AP reports that the landlord in the case, James King, denied the conspiracy charge during his appearance on Friday. ...
Dreams come true: Paramore are set to co-headline a tour with their idols Jimmy Eat World. The trek will launch in March, with dates to be announced shortly. "If it all ends tomorrow, we will be happy knowing that we got a tour with the band that gave us a reason to play music," Paramore singer Hayley Williams said in a statement. "We got to know them last December while playing festivals together. They put on a great show and we think it's going to be an awesome bill," added Jimmy Eat World singer Jim Adkins. ... Every Time I Die, Chiodos, Motion City Soundtrack, Meg and Dia, Thrice and the Bled are featured on the audio portion of the Take Action! Volume 7 CD/DVD compilation, which is scheduled for a March 4 release. ...
The National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. — the site of a recent bid by talk-show host Stephen Colbert to have his portrait enshrined alongside some of America's legendary presidents — is about to unveil an exhibition honoring hip-hop. "Recognize! Hip Hop and Contemporary Portraiture" will open February 8 and feature photographer David Scheinbaum's portraits of famous rappers, paintings by Kehinde Wiley of LL Cool J and Ice-T based on famous European and American paintings from the 17th-19th centuries, and a poem by Nikki Giovanni that will be transcribed onto the walls of the exhibition by artist Shinique Smith. There will also be four portrait murals created by a pair of Washington graffiti artists that will be featured in the hallway between the galleries. ...
Velvet Revolver's Slash recently told Illinois' Northwest Herald that the band will begin working on its next LP in April. Slash is also planning to record a solo album sometime in the next year or two, he said. ... Staind frontman Aaron Lewis' three-night solo acoustic run at the Mohegan Sun Arena and Cabaret in Uncasville, Connecticut, next month will be filmed for the rocker's first-ever solo DVD. There's no word yet on when the effort will be ready for mass consumption, but we'll keep you posted. ... Chevelle and Finger Eleven will hit the road together next month for a spate of live gigs. The first is set for February 19 in Flint, Michigan, and so far, shows are booked through March 18 in Providence, Rhode Island. More dates will be revealed in the coming weeks. ...
Hard as it may be to believe, Sonic Youth guitarist Thurston Moore has recorded the score to an adult film, according to Wired. "Extra Action (And Extra Hardcore)," which hits stores March 18 and was directed by Richard Kern, is an hourlong film that features "unpretentious, unadorned and definitely undressed" women, asked to "roll around and do something interesting for a few minutes." ...
Seal has signed on as the headliner of Musicians on Call's fourth annual Benefit Concert & Auction, which will take place January 29 at the Hard Rock Cafe in New York's Times Square. Among the items up for bid from the organization, which brings music to patients in health-care facilities, are two front-row concert tickets and a one-on-one piano lesson from Gavin DeGraw, a Fender bass signed by Sting, an acoustic guitar signed by Bon Jovi, and a meet-and-greet and two tickets for a Daughtry or Carrie Underwood/ Keith Urban show. ... Against stiff odds, Tanya Andersen has beaten the Recording Industry Association of America again. The single mother, who became a folk hero among the thousands of targets of the association's downloading lawsuits when the RIAA dropped its 2005 suit against her for lack of evidence, got word on Tuesday that a judge had ruled in her favor once more. Wired News reports that an Oregon judge ordered the RIAA to pay the 42-year-old Andersen's legal-defense fees from the copyright-infringement case, upholding a September ruling that the organization had appealed.
Mary J. Blige "lives" again: The R&B singer belted out two songs — "Just Fine" and "Hurt Again" — along with her band and taped appearances for upcoming episodes of "One Life to Live." In the eps, slated to air February 15 and 18, Blige acts as a surprise guest at a birthday party for one of the show's characters. "It's absolutely amazing to be integrated into a soap opera I've watched since I was a little girl," she said in a statement. Blige previously performed songs on the soap in summer 2006. ...
Remy Ma's case was adjourned again on Thursday (January 17), because her lawyer is ill. The hearing for the rapper, who is facing charges of charges of gang assault and witness tampering, had originally been scheduled for January 10. ...
Universal Motown has fine-tuned its new-releases schedule, and some of the year's most anticipated albums are right around the corner. Coming down the pipe are Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III (March 18), David Banner's The Greatest Story Ever Told (March 25), Q-Tip's The Renaissance (March 11), Ashanti's The Declaration (March 25), Erykah Badu's New Amerykah (February 26) and, finally, Nelly's Brass Knuckles (June 24). ...
Christmas trees have been tossed out and menorahs packed away for next year, but Amy Winehouse and super-producer Mark Ronson — who teamed for Winehouse's lauded Back to Black album — are sketching out plans for a holiday album, according to Rolling Stone. "We're talking about making a holiday record, with Christmas songs on one side and Hanukkah songs on the other," Ronson told the mag. "She's got songs called 'Kosher Kisses' and 'Alone Under the Mistletoe.' " Winehouse and Ronson both have Jewish roots. "She's writing songs, and we talked about getting a studio," he added. "I have to finish a few other things first, but I imagine we'll go into the studio this year." One of those "things" is apparently Daniel Merriweather's yet-untitled new album, according to a separate Ronson interview with BBC News. ... BBC News. ... The pressure is on. The Directors Guild of America reached an agreement with the major studios on Thursday, turning up the heat on the Writers Guild of America to settle their walkout, which began in November, according to the Los Angeles Times. The three-year directors' contract was an improvement over what the studios had originally offered writers, and now that it is complete, there is pressure for the WGA to use the agreement as the basis for its own new contract. ...
Scarlett Johansson is the latest celeb to pay a visit to troops overseas. The "Nanny Diaries" actress will hang with soldiers in the Persian Gulf for five days, signing autographs and visiting military installations along the way, as part of a United Service Organizations/ Army Morale Welfare Recreation entertainment tour. "I've wanted to go over and visit for some time, and now my moment has arrived," Johansson said in a statement. "It's one thing to reply to a letter or extend your thanks to service members in a speech, but it's another thing to visit them and spend time with those that do so much for us back home." ... Zac Efron, Denzel Washington, Emile Hirsch, Forest Whitaker and father-to-be Matthew McConaughey will present trophies at the Screen Actors Guild Awards on January 27. The show, which has a waiver from the striking Writers Guild of America, will air January 27 on TNT and TBS. ...
John Legend sure is busy. In addition to performing at a MusiCares event on February 8 and at the Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo in March, the singer/pianist will also play an acoustic set mid-flight onboard Delta Air Lines' new Grammy plane. The Recording Academy, Delta and CBS — the network that is due to air the Grammys on February 10 — have put together a contest that starts Thursday, with winners flying from New York to Los Angeles for the ceremony, and also catching rehearsals beforehand. To enter the sweepstakes, which ends January 29, check out the Web site of your local CBS TV affiliate and see if it is one of the 16-plus participating stations. ... The new season of "American Idol" is under way, of course — but don't forget about last year's winner, Jordin Sparks. The 18-year-old singer is continuing to promote her self-titled debut, which was released in late November, with a chat and performance of "Tattoo" on Fox's "Talkshow With Spike Feresten" on Saturday night. Jordin Sparks has had a poor outing, barely cracking the Billboard albums chart's top 10 in its first week of release. ...
These are the worst of times for EMI. Shortly after news broke that up to 2,000 staffers at the beleaguered major label might be laid off soon, Reuters reported that one of the label's biggest veteran acts, the Rolling Stones, have inked a deal to release a film soundtrack on a different label. The one-off pact with rival Universal Music Group for the soundtrack to Martin Scorsese's upcoming documentary on the band — "Shine a Light," which is due in March — has prompted speculation that the Stones may be the latest act to jump ship from EMI. ... Your time-wasting days may be over. Hasbro, the company behind the game Scrabble, has asked Facebook to remove its popular version of the word game Scrabulous, claiming that it infringes on Hasbro's copyright. ... Clap Your Hands Say Yeah will donate the proceeds from their Tuesday concert at NYC's Bowery Ballroom to Planned Parenthood of New York City, according to Pitchfork. ...
Ginuwine still has beef with King Music Group Inc. The R&B star — who sued the record label in early October, claiming he was tricked into signing a contract with a label that didn't even exist — has filed a breach-of-contract and fraud complaint against the company and its purported founder, Michael Bourné. Ginuwine had previously reached a settlement with King Music Group, according to the complaint, but now he says the terms of that agreement have also been breached, in addition to his original contract. "King Music Group and Bourné's latest breaches have resulted in significant damages and numerous lost professional opportunities for Ginuwine, as well as his inability to record new material," the complaint states. According to Ginuwine, per the terms of his original contract, he was to receive $1.75 million, including a $500,000 advance, to record his first album for King Music. But he claims he didn't receive any payment from the label, and that there was no corporate record for King Music Group Inc. anywhere in New York, California, Florida or Tennessee. ...
While Britney Spears is "happily dating" one paparazzo, Adnan Ghalib, some others aren't so lucky. Four photographers were arrested for reckless driving after chasing the pop singer's car in Southern California on Wednesday night, according to The Associated Press. Los Angeles police offers also pulled over Spears and interviewed her, but let her go after her license checked out OK. Authorities said the four paps were following too closely behind Spears' Mercedes, were driving at unsafe speeds and made multiple dangerous lane changes, according to AP. ... Kiefer Sutherland, who started serving a 48-day jail sentence for DUI and probation violation December 5, will be released Monday, according to "Entertainment Tonight." The "24" actor celebrated his 41st birthday, on December 21, behind bars. ...
Live Nation has been slapped with a lawsuit by a man who alleges he was beat up by a member of Mötley Crüe and security during the band's concert with Aerosmith in Tampa, Florida, on November 22, 2006, according to The Tampa Tribune. Gerald Schneeman of Rockford, Illinois, reportedly claims that while standing in front of the Ford Amphitheatre stage, he was hit in the head with a guitar by a Mötley Crüe bandmember — who was not named in the suit — after which the musician leapt off the stage and took down Schneeman. The suit goes on to say that once Schneeman was on the ground, security assaulted him and dragged him from the venue. Schneeman alleges he suffered bodily injury, scarring and disfigurement, although details of his injuries were not listed in the suit, according to the Tribune.. ...
Michael Derderian, the co-owner of the Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, where 100 people were killed in a 2003 fire during a Great White show, was granted early release from prison by a state parole board on Wednesday, according to an AP report. Derderian, 46, who went to prison in September 2006, is set to be freed in October 2009, after serving more than three years of a four-year sentence. Families of some of the victims had asked the parole board to force Derderian — who has been disciplined several times for breaking rules at his work-release job and in prison — to serve his entire sentence because he ran a dangerous business and allegedly did not show enough remorse for his role in the deadly fire.


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Man died after family bust-up which saw brother arrested on suspicion of manslaughter
Darren Richards had taken a 'significant amount' of cocaine before the New Year's Day incident and was acting abnormally during his 'comedown'
Gareth Hughes
Pont Wen in Caia Park Wrexham (Image: Google Maps)
A Wrexham man who allegedly stole £1,000 from his mother to fund his drug habit died after a struggle with his two brothers.
Craig Richards was brought in for questionning after the death of his 41-year-old brother, Darren on New Year's Day, but no action was taken against him after a post-mortem examination revealed that Darren's death was drug-related.
Home Office pathologist Dr Brian Rodgers told an inquest hearing in Ruthin that Richards had taken a "significant amount" of cocaine before the incident on Pont Wen and during his "comedown" was acting abnormally in an acute psychotic episode.
Richards, of Connor Crescent, Caia Park, Wrexham, died at the Maelor Hospital shortly after the incident on January 2, 2020, and Dr Rodgers gave the cause of death as hypoxic brain injury - a lack of oxygen to the brain - due to complicated cocaine abuse.
John Gittins, coroner for North Wales East and Central, read the statement made to police by Craig Richards after his arrest.
County hall in Ruthin
In it he described how their mother called him to say that Darren - known as "Dazzy" - who lived with her, had initially stolen £200 and then £1,000.
Craig Richards said he drove around the town trying to find his brother. He eventually spotted him and chased after him, shouting: "Just give me the f*****g money."
Darren denied having the money and a struggle ensued, which Craig Richards described as "pushing each other like two girls".
While Craig waited for their other brother Anthony to arrive he held Darren against a fence and when he slipped to the floor he held his arm behind his back.
Craig told two passers-by to call the police and when Darren stopped breathing Anthony carried CPR until officers arrived. He was taken to hospital but did not recover consciousness.
Man's tragic death on New Year's Day no longer treated as suspicious
Delta variant now 'dominant strain' of coronavirus in Wales with community transmission 'evident'
Toxicology tests showed that Darren had a high level of cocaine metabolites in his blood, indicating that he had taken the drug some time earlier, possibly the previous day, which resulted in his excitable behaviour.
Dr Rodgers said Darren's heart was healthy and the struggle was not a contributory factor, adding: "The main factor was the exercise - the running away - and sudden physical exertion.......it was a combination of factors."
The inquest heard that Darren had been engaging with the substance abuse services over many years for his addiction to heroin and though he had been "clean" for a considerable time he admitted to them that he occasionally had "blowouts" on cocaine.
The coroner recorded a conclusion of a drug-related death.
Have your say on this story using the comments section below.
Man dies after after being swept out to sea from North Wales river
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Ruthin


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2021 MEPRA Majlis Speakers Call For Innovation In Communications Industry Or Risk Being Left Behind
By Communicate StaffThu, May 20 2021
7th MEPRA Leadership Majlis urged the importance of innovating in order to survive in the industry.
The Middle East Public Relations Association (MEPRA) wrapped up its seventh Leadership Majlis this week, which was held virtually for the second time since the pandemic. The event, which brought together more than 200 industry professionals, included a series of live session over one afternoon with communication leaders from the Middle East and abroad. Speakers explored the theme 'fit for the future' and addressed the importance of organisations reinventing and reimagining their brand strategies as audiences continue to evolve.
Hosted by MEPRA Chair and Director of Corporate Communications at EWEC, Taryam Al Subaihi, the event welcomed speakers from the UAE Federal Government, Expo 2020 Dubai, Mastercard, Mubadala Investment Company, Majid Al Futtaim, New Media Academy, APCO Worldwide, Memac Ogilvy, Brazen MENA, Four Communications, Hanover Communications, PageGroup, Kingston Stanley, The Lighthouse Arabia and PRovoke Media.
The opening keynote speaker, His Excellency Omar Sultan Al Olama, Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy and Remote Work Applications, encouraged the adoption of AI technologies within the communications industry: "I personally believe that every single person needs to upskill on AI technologies to be part of the future of their industry, just as my generation needed to upskill on using computers, everyone who wants to thrive in their industry need to understand and work with AI."
Discussing how the Expo 2020 Dubai team plans to reconnect the world for a better tomorrow and align with the rapid transition to digital life, work, and learning we saw as a result of the pandemic, Sconaid McGeachin, Senior Vice President of Communications Expo 2020 Dubai said: "Expo 2020 Dubai's theme Connecting Minds, Creating the Future is more relevant today than it ever was before. The world has changed dramatically, and Expo will be the first mega event held since the start of the pandemic where people can come together, focus on key world challenges, discover ideas and innovations, and really look at things that are going to change our future."
You can read our exclusive interview with Sconaid McGeachin on their revised communication strategy for Expo 2020 here
Mastercard Global Chief Marketing Officer Raja Rajamannar discussed how communicators and marketers needed to prepare for the 'tsunami' of emerging technologies coming their way: "There are two dozen breakthrough technology coming at us like a tsunami. These will dramatically change consumer lives and usher marketing into the Fifth Paradigm. Modern marketers need to quickly educate themselves on a range of emerging technologies or risk becoming redundant."
Umayma Abubakar, Director of Executive Communications & Corporate Center, Mubadala Investment Company joined a panel discussing the importance of prioritising the 'Employee Experience', she said: "The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought with it challenges for all industries, where decisions and communications needed to be carried out efficiently and in real-time. At Mubadala, our priority is to ensure our employees' safety and well-being. We also focused on safeguarding our operations and ensuring that we were making decisions that were in line with our corporate values. As an organization, we have benefitted from investing in leadership engagement in relation to our employees, enhanced our efforts to listen to our peoples' feedback and proposing data-driven solutions to reinforce that our human capital are our top priority. This has allowed us to also accelerate major changes across the board which we successfully implemented throughout the pandemic."
MEPRA Vice Chair and CEO of New Media Academy joined a panel to discuss how to best nurture the next generation of communications professionals and prepare them for the future of the industry: "In terms of upskilling, the absolute biggest opportunity for the PR industry today especially in this region is storytelling and script writing. We need to develop the talent of writing into the art of storytelling particularly for digital content. That is the industry's biggest weakness at the moment and that's where we need to focus our attention."
Speaking on the success of the event, MEPRA Chair and Director of Corporate Communications at EWEC, Taryam Al Subaihi said: "This year marks the 20th anniversary since MEPRA was formed. That's 20 years of supporting communication professionals in the Middle East through knowledge sharing, skill development and promoting best practice. The UAE MEPRA Majlis serves as a platform to achieve just that. This year's Majlis has been no exception as we brought together regional and international communication leaders, and professionals to address the industry's biggest challenges and opportunities."
During the event two MEPRA Fellows were inducted. MEPRA Fellowship is the highest grade of membership awarded for outstanding contribution to the public relations profession in the Middle East, through excellence in achievements and adherence to the highest professional standards. The inductees included Her Excellency Hend Al Otaiba, Director of Strategic Communications, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and Tony Christodoulou, Founder and Chairman of Action Global Communications.
The 2021 Virtual MEPRA Leadership Majlis was supported by Mubadala Investment Company, Majid Al Futtaim, APCO Worldwide and CARMA.


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Q: How to use query sql for show parent table in laravel How to display room rates using mysql query?
I have 2 tables, namely the room table and the rental rate table, I want to display the rental rates for each room.
table room
table rental rate
How to call it with mysql query ? i have tried using grouping, join. But it didn't work. Please help

A: In your Room model add this relationship:
    public function rates()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(RentalRate::class);
    }

In Controller call:
$rooms = Room::with('rates')->get();

Read more about Laravel Relationships


The Wednesday Lotto draw 3839 was on 30th Jan 2019 in Australia.
Australian Wednesday Lotto Results of draw 3839, 2019-01-30, with following Wednesday Lotto results: 11, 28, 37, 40, 41, 42, , With Complimetary balls numbers: 18, 29.
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draw 3839 on Wednesday, 30th January 2019 in Australia.	The WEDNESDAY LOTTO draw was transmitted live on TV.
Draw Number 3839, was held on 2019-01-30, with following WEDNESDAY LOTTO results:	11, 28, 37, 40, 41, 42, With Complimetary balls numbers: 18, 29. Total Winnings for this draw was: $1,033,766,417.91.
-Each Winners' Lotto Result Prize: $523.70.
-Each Winners' Lotto Result Prize: $31.45.
-Each Winners' Lotto Result Prize: $17.90.
Australia OZ Draw jackpot is around 1.00, and will be held on 2019-02-06.
Australia OZ draws number: 11, 28, 37, 40, 41, 42, With Complimetary balls numbers: 18, 29.
Australia OZ draw will be held on Wednesday, 6th February 2019.