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The Data Abstraction Layer: Software Architecture's Great Frontier
Abstraction has meaningfully permeated almost every layer of modern software architecture except for the data layer. This lack of abstraction has led to a myriad of data-related problems perhaps the most of important of which is significant data duplication and inconsistency throughout most large enterprises. Companies have generally responded to these problems by building elaborate and expensive enterprise application integration (EAI) infrastructures to try and synchronize data throughout an enterprise and/or cleanse it of inconsistencies. But these infrastructures simply perpetuate the status quo and do nothing to address the root cause of all this confusion: the lack of true abstraction at the data layer. Fortunately, the status quo may soon be changing thanks to a new generation technologies designed to create a persistent "data abstraction layer" that sits between databases and applications. This Data Abstraction Layer could greatly reduce the need for costly EAI infrastructures while significantly increasing the productivity and flexibility of application development.
Too Many Damn Databases
In an ideal world, companies would have just one master database. However if you take a look inside any large company's data center, you will quickly realize one thing: they have way too many damn databases. Why would companies have hundreds of databases when they know that having multiple databases is causing huge integration and consistency problems? Simply put, because they have hundreds of applications and these applications have been programmed in a way that pre-ordains each one has to have a separate database.
Why would application programmers pre-ordain that their applications must have dedicated databases? Because of the three S's: speed, security and schemas. Each of these factors drives the need for dedicated databases in their own way:
1. Speed: Performance is a critically important facet of almost every application. Programmers often spend countless hours optimizing their code to ensure proper performance. However, one of the biggest potential performance bottlenecks for many applications is the database. Given this, programmers often insist on their own dedicated database (and often their own dedicated hardware) to ensure that the database can be optimized, in terms of caching, connections, etc., for their particular application.
2. Security: Keeping data secure, even inside the firewall, has always been of paramount importance to data owners. In addition, new privacy regulations, such as HIPPA, have made it critically important for companies to protect data from being used in ways that violate customer privacy. When choosing between creating a new database or risking a potential security or privacy issue, most architects will simply take the safe path and create their own database. Such access control measures have the additional benefit of enhancing performance as they generally limit database load.
3. Schemas: The database schema is the essentially the embodiment of an application's data model. Poorly designed schemas can create major performance problems and can greatly limit the flexibility of an application to add features. As a result, most application architects spend a significant amount of time optimizing schemas for each particular application. With each schema heavily optimized for a particular application it is often impossible for applications to share schemas which in turn makes it logical to give each application its own database.
Taken together, the three S's effectively guarantee that the utopian vision of a single master database for all applications will remain a fantasy for some time. The reality is that the 3 S's (not to mention pragmatic realities such as mergers & acquisitions and internal politics) virtually guarantee that large companies will continue to have hundreds if not thousands of separate databases.
This situation appears to leave most companies in a terrible quandary: while they'd like to reduce the number of databases they have in order to reduce their problems with inconsistent and duplicative data, the three S's basically dictate that this is near next to impossible.
Master Database = Major Headache
Unwilling to accept such a fate, in the 1990's companies began to come up with "work arounds" to this problem. One of the most popular involved the establishment of "master databases" or databases "of record". These uber databases typically contained some of the most commonly duplicated data, such as customer contact information. The idea was that these master databases would contain the sole "live" copy of this data. Every other database that had this information would simply subscribe to the master database. That way, if a record was updated in the master database, the updates would cascade down to all the subordinate databases. While not eliminating the duplication of data, master databases at least kept important data consistent.
The major drawback with this approach is that in order to ensure proper propagation of the updates it is usually necessary to install a complex EAI infrastructure as this infrastructure provides the publish & subscribe "bus" that links all of the master/servant databases together. However, in addition to being expensive and time consuming to install, EAI infrastructures must be constantly maintained because slight changes to schemas or access controls can often disrupt them.
Thus, many companies that turned to EAI to solve their data problems have unwittingly created an additional expensive albatross that they must spend significant amounts of time and money on just to maintain. The combination of these complex EAI infrastructures with the already fragmented database infrastructure has created what amount's to a Rube-Goldberg like IT architecture within many companies which is incredibly expensive to maintain, troubleshoot, and expand. With so many interconnections and inter-dependencies, companies often find themselves reluctant to innovate as new technologies or applications might threaten the very delicate balance they have established in their existing infrastructure.
So the good news is that by using EAI it is possible to eliminate some data consistency problems, but the bad news is that the use of EAI often results in a complex and expensive infrastructure that can even reduce overall IT innovation. EAI's fundamental failing is that rather than offering a truly innovative solution to the data problem, it simply "paves the cow path" by trying to incrementally enhance the existing flawed infrastructure.
The Way Out: Abstraction
In recognition of this fundamental failure, a large number of start-ups have been working on new technologies that might better solve these problems. While these start-ups are pursuing a variety of different technologies, a common theme that binds them is their embracement of "abstraction" as the key to solving data consistency and duplication problems.
Abstraction is one of the most basic principles of information technology and it underpins much of the advances in programming languages and technical architectures that have occurred in the past 20 years. One particular area in which abstraction has been applied with great success is in the definition of interfaces between the "layers" of an architecture. For example, by defining a standardize protocol (HTTP) and a standardized language (HTML), it has been possible to abstract much of the presentation layer from the application layer. This abstraction allows programmers working on the presentation layer to be blissfully unaware of and uncoordinated with the programmers working on the application layer. Even within the network layer, technologies such as DNS or NAT rely on simple but highly effective implementations of the principle of abstraction to drive dramatic improvements in the network infrastructure.
Despite all of its benefits, abstraction has not yet seen wide use in the data layer. In what looks like the dark ages compared to the presentation layer, programmers must often "hard code" to specific database schemas, data stores, and even network locations. They must also often use database-specific access control mechanisms and tokens.
This medieval behavior is primarily due to one of the Three S's: speed. Generally speaking, the more abstract and architecture, the more processing cycles required. Given the premium that many architects place on database performance, they have been highly reluctant to employ any technologies which might compromise performance.
However as Moore's Law continues its steady advance, performance concerns are becoming less pronounced and as a result architects are increasing willing to consider "expensive" technologies such as abstraction, especially if they can help address data consistency and duplication problems.
The Many Faces of Abstraction
How exactly can abstraction solve these problems? It solves them by applying the principles of abstraction in several key areas including:
1. Security Abstraction: To preserve security and speed, database access has traditionally been carefully regulated. Database administrators typically "hard code" access control provisions by tying them to specific applications and/or users. Using abstraction, access control can be centralized and managed in-between the data layer and the application layer. This mediated access control frees programmers and database administrators from having to worry about coordinating with each other. It also provides for centralized management of data privacy and security issues.
2. Schema Abstraction: Rather than having programmers hard code to database schemas associated with a specific databases, abstraction technologies enable them to code to virtual schemas that sit between the application and database layers. These virtual schemas may map to multiple tables in multiple different databases but the application programmer remains blissfully unaware of the details. Some virtual schemas also theoretically have the advantage of being infinitely extensible thereby allowing programmers to easily modify their data model without having to redo their database schemas.
3. Query/Update Abstraction: Once security and schemas have been abstracted it is possible to bring abstraction down to the level of individual queries and updates. Today queries and updates must be directed at specific databases and they must often have knowledge of how that data is stored and indexed within each database. Using abstraction to pre-process queries as they pass from the application layer to the data layer, it is possible for applications to generate federated or composite queries/updates. While applications view these composite queries/updates as a single request, they may in fact require multiple operations in multiple databases. For example, a single query to retrieve a list of a customer's last 10 purchases may be broken down into 3 separate queries: one to a customer database, one to an orders database and one to a shipping database.
The Data Abstraction Layer
With security, schemas and queries abstracted what starts to develop is a true data abstraction layer. This layer sits between the data layer and the application layer and decouples them once and for all freeing programmers from having to worry about the intimate details of databases and freeing database administrators from maintaining hundreds of bi-lateral relationships with individual applications.
With this layer fully in place, the need for complicated EAI infrastructures starts to decline dramatically. Rather than replicating master databases through elaborate "pumps" and "busses", these master databases are simply allowed to stand on their own. Programmers creating new data models and schemas select existing data from a library of abstracted elements. Queries/updates are pre-processed at the data abstraction layer which determines access privileges and then federates the request across the appropriate databases.
Data Servers: Infrastructure's Next Big Thing?
With so much work to be done at the data abstraction layer, the potential for a whole new class of infrastructure software called Data Servers, seems distinctly possible. Similar to the role application servers play in the application layer, Data Servers manage all of the abstractions and interfaces between the actual resources in the data layer and a set of generic APIs/standards for accessing them. In this way, the data servers virtually create the ever elusive "single master database". From the programmer's perspective this database appears to have a unified access control and schema design, but it still allows the actual data layer to be highly optimized in terms of resource allocation, physical partitioning and maintenance.
The promise is that with data servers in place, there will be little if any rationale for replicating data across an organization as all databases can be accessed from all applications. By reducing the need for replication, data servers will not only reduce the need for expensive EAI infrastructures but they will reduce the actual duplication of data. Reducing the duplication of data will naturally lead to reduced problems with data consistency.
Today however, the promise of data servers remains just that, a promise. There remain a number of very tough challenges to overcome before Data Servers truly can be the "one database to rule them all". Just a couple of these challenges include:
1. Distributed Two-Phase Commits: Complex transactions are typically consummated via a "two phase commit" process that ensures the ACID properties of a transaction are not compromised. While simply querying or reading a database does not typically require a two phase commit, writing to one typically does. Data servers theoretically need to be able to break-up a write into several smaller writes, in essence they need to be able to distribute a transaction across multiple databases while still being able to ensure a two-phase commit. There is general agreement in the computer science world that, right now at least, it is almost impossible to consummate a distributed two-phase commit with absolute certainty. Some start-ups are developing "work arounds" that cheat by only guaranteeing a two-phase commit with one database and letting the others fend for the themselves, but this kind of compromise will not be acceptable over the long term.
2. Semantic Schema Mapping: Having truly abstracted schemas that enable programmers to reuse existing data elements and map them into their new schemas sounds great in theory, but it is very difficult to pull off in the real world where two programmers can look at the same data and easily come up with totally different definitions for it. Past attempts at similar programming reuse and standardization, such as object libraries, have had very poor results. To ensure that data is not needlessly replicated, technology that incorporates semantic analysis as well as intelligent pattern recognition will be needed to ensure that programmers do not unwittingly create a second customer database simply because they were unaware that one already existed.
Despite these potential problems and many others, the race to build the data abstraction layer is definitely "on". Led by a fleet of nimble start-ups, companies are moving quickly develop different pieces of the data abstraction layer. For example, a whole class of companies such as Composite Software, Metamatrix, and Pantero are trying to build query/update federation engines that enable federated reads and writes to databases. On the schema abstraction front, not many companies have made dramatic progress but companies such as Contivo are trying to create meta-data management systems which ultimately seek to enable the semantic integration of data schemas, while XML database companies such as Ipedo and Mark Logic continue to push forward the concept of infinitely extensible schemas.
Ultimately, the creation of a true Data Server will require a mix of technologies from a variety companies. The market opportunity for whichever company successfully assembles all of the different piece parts is likely to be enormous though, perhaps equal to or larger than the application server market. This large market opportunity combined with the continued data management pains of companies around the world suggests that the vision of the universal Data Server may become a reality sooner than many people think which will teach us once again to never underestimate the power of abstraction.
April 7, 2004 in Database, EAI, Middleware | Permalink
Apr 7, 2004 8:45:31 AM
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The thoughts and opinions on this blog are mine and mine alone and not affiliated in any way with Inductive Capital LP, San Andreas Capital LLC, or any other company I am involved with. Nothing written in this blog should be considered investment, tax, legal,financial or any other kind of advice. These writings, misinformed as they may be, are just my personal opinions.
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4. Manias, Panics and Crashes
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Research Team Examines the Impacts of Seattle's Minimum Wage Ordinance on Household-Level Poverty
By: Emily F. Keller
Research about the relationship between poverty and the minimum wage in Seattle has often focused on examining the economic circumstances of individual workers. One of the projects of the Data Science for Social Good (DSSG) summer program at the University of Washington is expanding this lens to create data that views workers as household members, to provide greater context about the role of individual wages in reducing poverty in the region.
The project, "Tracking family and intergenerational poverty using administrative data," is one of four projects hosted this year by the eScience Institute. The DSSG program brings together students, stakeholders, data scientists, and domain researchers to work on project teams for 10 weeks each summer. The project team consists of four student fellows from universities around the country, a data scientist at the eScience Institute, and the project lead, Jennie Romich, a Professor of Social Welfare at the UW School of Social Work and Faculty Director of the West Coast Poverty Center.
The project builds on Romich's prior work on the UW Minimum Wage Study that examines how Seattle's $15 minimum wage policy, which took effect in 2015, impacted employment and earnings. The project utilizes the Washington Merged Longitudinal Administrative Data (WMLAD), which Romich developed with seven other faculty members, through partnerships with seven state agencies, beginning in 2014, to examine employment and earnings outcomes. Romich led a 2021 DSSG project as well. The goal this summer is to capture the household status of workers in the data.
Working with administrative state data brings unique ethical responsibilities. The WMLAD database contains data on 10 million people from 2010-2016. The data are housed by the UW Data Collaborative at the Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology, and accessed through a secure remote enclave. The data are derived from unemployment insurance, birth certificates, voter registrations, drivers' licenses, arrests, and benefit receipts from the Washington State Department of Social & Health Services. To protect privacy, residential addresses are identified only by their associated Census block levels.
Data Scientist Jessica Godwin, Statistical Demographer and Training Director for the UW Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology, said, "Working with administrative data poses many challenges: it's messy, it's huge, and it contains highly sensitive information. The biggest challenge, however, is ensuring that any aggregation or statistical analysis is done with the humanity of those that comprise the data in mind, as well as their needs and privacy."
The team met with multiple stakeholders to help guide their approach. They met with a senior researcher in the Department of Social & Health Services (DSHS) unit that administers anti-poverty programs, to understand how the department analyzes data, how their data was put together for WMLAD, and how households are defined in comparison to families within different programs. The team met with a policy analyst at a nonprofit to learn more about the data analysis that was used to advocate for the $15 minimum wage. They also spoke to a Ph.D. candidate in public policy who studies poverty issues, to learn more about household-level geocoding for the region, and the importance of having multiple definitions for households.
Fellow Zhaowen Guo, a Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at UW, said, "Meetings with stakeholders allowed me to better understand the data-generating process and how to analyze the data while navigating ethical considerations." This experience, along with her prior work with large and complex data, has informed her research as part of the DSSG team. "I've learned how we can lean on each other's expertise to achieve our project goals," she said.
Fellow Betelhem Aklilu Muno, a Master of Public Health Student in Epidemiology in the UW School of Public Health, said, "One thing I've been thinking about is the need to continuously evaluate how we approach data, data analysis and how we are representing people in our society. This has been a big part of the goals of the Tracking Poverty team as it requires us not just question our own approach but think about the factors that went into creating the administrative datasets we are using to consider households. I plan on taking this form of questioning and evaluation in my own work and the work spaces I enter while I do epidemiological work in public health."
From Individuals to Households
Constructing household data using administrative records is a complicated task for many reasons. State programs often provide benefits on an individual rather than household basis, and those that focus on households may define them differently. Birth certificate data for Washington excludes transplants. Voting activity is only recorded in election months. Licensed drivers don't always update their addresses right when they move. There are data gaps and variability of available information on individuals, depending on whether they are workers, drivers, or participants in state-run programs. Some data sources do not include children, making it harder to determine if a worker is supporting others. When children are present, they may be part of either one or two separate households. Households are fluid over time.
Multiple data sets are needed to better assess whether an individual worker is supporting others or being supported by others. For example, a minimum wage worker may be the sole earner for themselves and their dependents, or they may be secondary earners in non-poverty households, such as high school students or spouses.
Project lead Jennie Romich said, "The team is tackling a deceivingly complex question – what is a household? And how do we operationalize a household based on sporadic interactions with public institutions? It's really fun to see how the different perspectives and strengths of the data fellows each contribute to the whole – and it's really important to have a mix of perspectives as we're working simultaneously on parsing social meaning, questioning dominant assumptions about human life, thinking backwards and forwards in time, and designing efficient-enough code that we can make sense of our massive data."
Fellow Ihsan Kahveci, a Ph.D. student in Sociology at UW, said, "When the challenges of data science and the complexity of human behavior are combined, even the seemingly trivial task of creating households requires meticulous work and informed decisions."
Fellow Eliot Stanton, a recent graduate in Data Science and Analytics at Simmons University, said their prior work for the U.S Census and their academic work interrogating the harm that administrative systems can cause marginalized people, has helped guide their work at the DSSG. "As a team, with help from the researchers and civil servants we've met as stakeholders, we have spent a substantial amount of time understanding the many different ways people show up in our data. While we cannot feasibly account for every household scenario, we do our best to avoid systemic oversight of certain populations and we are clear about the limitations of our methods," they said.
The final DSSG presentations will take place on Wednesday, August 17th via Zoom from 1:00 to 3:00 p.m. Pacific. The event is open to the public. Registration is required.

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1878 Hattie Caraway, first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.
1901 Clark Gable, American film actor (Mutiny on the Bounty, Gone With the Wind).
1931 Boris Yeltsin, The first president of the Republic of Russia and prime minister of the Russian Federation.


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Lanvin Appoints Bouchra Jarrar As Artistic Director for Women's Collections!
By Erika Palmer 03/13/16 at 08:22 AM
Photo courtesy of Lanvin
Bouchra Jarra and Lanvin chief executive officer Michèle Huiban
Months of speculating as to who would take over as artistic director at Lanvin after Alber Elbaz was let go back in October came to an end today - Bouchra Jarrar will take over as the artistic director of women's collections at the oldest Paris fashion house starting Monday. She is expected to show her first collection for the brand this fall.
Bouchra Jarrar joins Lanvin with an impressive resume! Graduating from the Paris' Duperré School of Applied Arts in 1994, Jarrar went on to design Jean Paul Gaultier's licensed jewellery collection, then worked as studio director for Nicolas Ghesquière at Balenciaga, and as head of couture design for Christian Lacroix. She launched her signature house in 2010.
Unlike Elbaz, Jarrar will only head the women's collections at Lanvin, and the appointment announcement was made shortly after this season's women's wear collection, designed by the internal design team, received a poor reception last week during Paris Fashion Week.
"Her timeless style is in agreement with the style and values of our house. Her talent, her rigour, her mastery of the body and materials will bring to the house of Lanvin a freshness and modernity while respecting its historic couture soul, a symbol of French elegance." Lanvin chief executive Michèle Huiban said on Friday, after announcing Jarrar's new position.
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1972 Detroit Tigers season
1972 Detroit Tigers
1972 AL East Champions
American League (since 1901)
Tiger Stadium (since 1912)
Detroit, Michigan (since 1901)
John Fetzer
Jim Campbell
Billy Martin
(George Kell, Larry Osterman)
WJR
(Ernie Harwell, Ray Lane)
The 1972 Detroit Tigers won the American League East division championship with a record of 86–70 (.551), finishing one-half game ahead of the Boston Red Sox. They played one more game than the Red Sox due to a scheduling quirk caused by the 1972 Major League Baseball strike—a game which turned out to allow them to win the division. They lost the 1972 American League Championship Series to the Oakland A's three games to two.
1972 ALCS Detroit Tigers vs Oakland A's 10-8-1972
1972 ALCS Game 4 - Tigers 4 A's 3 (10 innings)
1972 ALCS Game 5 - A's 2 Tigers 1
1972 ALCS Game 3 - Tigers 3 A's 0
Wild last inning of 1972 ALCS A's at Tigers
2.3 Season summary
2.4 Season highlights
2.6 Roster
4 Awards and honors
4.1 All-Stars
4.2 League top ten finishers
4.3 Players ranking among top 100 all time at position
5 Postseason
5.1 American League Championship Series
5.1.1 Game 1
5.2 Postseason player stats
5.2.1 Batting
5.2.2 Pitching
6 Farm system
7 See also
January 12: Tigers owner John Fetzer announced plans to build a $126 million domed stadium on the Detroit riverfront. Lawsuits' a failed bond issue' and the construction of the Pontiac Silverdome eventually killed the idea.
April 5: The Major League Baseball season was delayed due to a players' strike. A total of 86 games were lost to the strike.
March 24, 1972: César Gutiérrez was purchased from the Tigers by the Montreal Expos.[1]
AL East
Detroit Tigers 86 70 0.551 — 44–34 42–36
Boston Red Sox 85 70 0.548 ½ 52–26 33–44
Baltimore Orioles 80 74 0.519 5 38–39 42–35
New York Yankees 79 76 0.510 6½ 46–31 33–45
Cleveland Indians 72 84 0.462 14 43–34 29–50
Milwaukee Brewers 65 91 0.417 21 37–42 28–49
1972 American League Records
Sources: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Baltimore — 7–11 6–6 8–4 8–10 10–8 6–6 10–5 6–6 7–6 6–6 6–6
Boston 11–7 — 8–4 6–6 8–7 5–9 6–6 11–7 4–8 9–9 9–3 8–4
California 6–6 4–8 — 7–11 8–4 5–7 9–6 7–5 7–8 4–8 8–10 10–7
Chicago 4–8 6–6 11–7 — 8–4 5–7 8–9 9–3 8–6 7–5 7–8 14–4
Cleveland 10–8 7–8 4–8 4–8 — 10–8 6–6 5–10 8–4 7–11 2–10 9–3
Detroit 8–10 9–5 7–5 7–5 8–10 — 7–5 10–8 9–3 7–9 4–8 10–2
Kansas City 6–6 6–6 6–9 9–8 6–6 5–7 — 7–5 9–9 7–5 7–11 8–6
Milwaukee 5–10 7–11 5–7 3–9 10–5 8–10 5–7 — 4–8 9–9 4–8 5–7
Minnesota 6–6 8–4 8–7 6–8 4–8 3–9 9–9 8–4 — 6–6 8–9 11–7
New York 6–7 9–9 8–4 5–7 11–7 9–7 5–7 9–9 6–6 — 3–9 8–4
Oakland 6–6 3–9 10–8 8–7 10–2 8–4 11–7 8–4 9–8 9–3 — 11–4
Texas 6–6 4–8 7–10 4–14 3–9 2–10 6–8 7–5 7–11 4–8 4–11 —
Season summary
After having a losing record in 1970, the Tigers were reinvigorated in 1971 and 1972 by their fiery manager, Billy Martin.
The 1972 Tigers were an aging team whose best hitters (Al Kaline and Norm Cash) were both 37 years old. Together with the late-season acquisition of 38-year-old slugger Frank Howard, this led to a group of Tigers batters who were past their prime, and the team finished the year with an anemic .237 batting average—seventh in the AL. Light-hitting third baseman Aurelio Rodríguez led the team with 142 hits, and the 37-year-olds Kaline and Cash led the way in batting average (Kaline hit .313), RBIs (Cash had 61), and home runs (Cash had 22).
The strength of the 1972 team was pitching. The team's ace, Mickey Lolich, won 22 games, struck out 250 batters (2nd best in the AL), and had a 2.50 ERA. Joe Coleman had 19 wins and 222 strikeouts, and the early August acquisition of Woodie Fryman proved to be a key element in a tight pennant race. Between August 1 and 17, the Tigers went 5–12, and three of the team's wins were by Fryman. Excluding Fryman's wins, the Tigers were 2–12 in the first half of August. In the final two months of the season, Fryman had a 10–3 record with a 2.06 ERA (Adjusted ERA+ of 154).
Defense also played an important role in the team's success. Rodríguez led AL third basemen with 150 putouts and 348 assists, and shortstop Ed Brinkman won the Gold Glove award and led AL shortstops with a .990 fielding percentage (33 points above the league average). Brinkman set a record going 72 games and 331 total chances without an error from late May through early August. Despite a .205 batting average, Brinkman won the "Tiger of the Year" award from the Detroit baseball writers and finished ninth in the American League MVP voting.
The 1972 Tigers outscored their opponents 558 to 514. The pennant race came down to the final series, a matchup between the first place Red Sox and the second place Tigers. The Tigers won two of three games and finished a half game ahead of the Red Sox. (Because of cancellation of games missed during the early-season strike, the Tigers were scheduled for one game more than the Red Sox.)
Detroit's attendance total of 1,892,386 was tops among the twelve American League teams and second in the majors behind the New York Mets.
April 15: On Opening Day in Detroit, the Tigers beat the Red Sox, 3–2. Mickey Lolich got the win, and Ed Brinkman hit a two-run home run for the Tigers.
April 20: The Tigers lost to the Orioles, 1–0, despite a two-hitter by Detroit pitchers Tom Timmermann and Chuck Seelbach. Paul Blair hit a solo home run for the game's only score.
April 25: Mickey Lolich held the Rangers to four hits, as the Tigers won, 4–1. Second baseman Tony Taylor hit a two-run triple in the second inning.
April 28: Tom Timmermann held the White Sox to three hits and no runs, as the Tigers won, 12–0. Ed Brinkman went 3-for-4 with two doubles and four RBIs, and Norm Cash went 3-for-5 with a home run and four RBIs. Having scored more than eight runs for the first time of the season, the Tigers would not do so again until August 12.
April 29: The Tigers beat the White Sox, 6–1, as Mickey Lolich struck out nine batters for his third win. Mickey Stanley, Bill Freehan, and Willie Horton all hit home runs.
May 17: Tom Haller hit a three-run home run in a 6–1 Detroit victory over Baltimore. Mickey Lolich held the Orioles to four hits and struck out seven for his seventh win.
May 21: Mickey Lolich shut out the Indians, 5–0, and struck out seven for his eighth win. Mickey Stanley hit a two-run triple to break a scoreless tie in the sixth inning, and Norm Cash added a home run.
May 27: Surprise hitting star Ed Brinkman had an RBI single and scored the game's only other run, as Detroit beat the Yankees, 2–1. Joe Coleman got the win to extend his record to 7–2.
June 16: Joe Coleman struck out ten as the Tigers beat the Angels, 3–0. Mickey Stanley and Dick McAuliffe both hit home runs.
June 18: Norm Cash and Jim Northrup hit solo home runs to help Mickey Lolich win his eleventh game. Lolich struck out eight and pitched a complete game shutout, 2–0, over the Angels.
June 24: The Tigers beat the Orioles, 2–1, in 12 innings. The game was a pitching duel between Joe Coleman and Mike Cuellar. Coleman struck out eleven and held the Orioles to four hits through eleven innings. Ed Brinkman hit a sacrifice fly in the 12th inning, and Norm Cash scored the winning run. Future Tiger Doyle Alexander took the loss for Baltimore.
June 26: Pitcher Bill Slayback made his major league debut for the Tigers and allowed no hits through seven innings against the Yankees. Johnny Callison broke up the no-hitter with a single in the eighth inning, but the Tigers hung on to win, 4–3.
June 27: Aurelio Rodríguez' Al Kaline' and Willie Horton hit back-to-back-to-back home runs in the first-inning. Mickey Lolich, pitching on two days' rest, won his 12th game, 5–2.
July 1: The Tigers beat the Orioles, 2–0, in a pitching duel between Dave McNally and Mickey Lolich. Al Kaline won the game with a home run off McNally.
July 6: Joe Coleman won his tenth game and shut out the Royals, 7–0. Ed Brinkman hit an RBI single and walked with the bases loaded for a second RBI, and Bill Freehan hit a two-run double in the sixth inning.
July 8: Eighteen months after suffering a heart attack, Detroit reliever John Hiller returned to the mound in a 5–2 loss to the White Sox.
July 16: Bill Slayback pitched a five-hit shutout as the Tigers beat the Royals, 2–0. Norm Cash and Aurelio Rodríguez both hit home runs.
July 20: Slayback struck out 13 batters and allowed 5 hits in a 5–1 victory over the Rangers.
July 21: Mickey Lolich won his 17th game, a 3–1 victory over the Rangers. Dick McAuliffe and Norm Cash homered for Detroit.
July 22: The Tigers beat the Rangers, 6–2, as Joe Coleman won his 12th game. At the All-Star break, Lolich had 17 wins, and Coleman had 12.
July 25: Mickey Lolich held the National League to one hit and no runs in the fourth and fifth innings of the All-Star Game. Bill Freehan caught the first five innings and scored in the third inning. When Lolich and Freehan left the game at the end of the fifth inning, the American League was ahead, 1–0.
July 31: The Tigers beat the Red Sox, 5–2, as Mickey Lolich won his 18th game, and Aurelio Rodríguez and Bill Freehan hit home runs. After a tremendous start, Lolich won only one game between July 31 and September 6.
August 1: The Tigers lost to the Brewers, 9–0, in a six-inning game called due to rain. As rain threatened to end the game before it became official, Detroit manager Billy Martin employed stall tactics, and umpire Frank Umont recommended a $1,000 fine for Martin.
August 4: The Tigers claimed catcher Duke Sims off waivers from the Dodgers. Over the last two months of the season, Sims hit .316 with four home runs and 19 RBIs and played in four of five games of the 1972 American League Championship Series.
August 5: Detroit shortstop Ed Brinkman committed an error, ending his major league record streak of 72 games and 331 total chances without an error.
August 9: The Tigers beat the Yankees, 6–0, behind the shutout pitching of newly acquired starter Woodie Fryman. Fryman held the Yankees to six hits in nine innings. Aurelio Rodríguez went 3-for-5 with 3 RBIs, and Gates Brown went 2-for-2 with two RBIs.
August 13: The Tigers beat the Indians, 3–2, behind the second straight strong pitching performance by Woodie Fryman. With the Tigers in a skid through the first half of August, manager Billy Martin picked his starting lineup out of a hat in an attempt to halt the Tigers' skid. As a result of Martin's unusual tactic, Norm Cash hit in the leadoff spot, and shortstop Ed Brinkman hit in the cleanup spot.
August 17: Woodie Fryman pitched his third straight complete game victory since joining the Tigers at the beginning of August.
August 18: The Tigers beat the Angels, 2–0, as Mickey Lolich won his 19th game. It was Lolich's only win in the month of August. Nolan Ryan was the losing pitcher for the Angels.
August 20: The Tigers beat the Angels, 11–9. After the Angels scored nine runs in the fourth inning, Detroit scored eight runs in the sixth inning. Aurelio Rodríguez had a double and a three-run home run in the Tigers' big inning.
August 27: Joe Coleman pitched an eleven-inning complete game shutout, as the Tigers beat the Twins, 1–0. Aurelio Rodríguez hit a home run in the 11th inning for the win. This was the third consecutive game in which the Tigers won with 11th-inning home runs. Rodriguez hit one to start the streak, and Willie Horton hit one in the middle game.
August 31: The Tigers acquired 36-year-old slugger Frank Howard from the Texas Rangers. Howard had seven RBIs in 14 games for the Tigers in 1972.
September 6: In a matchup between the AL's best starting pitchers, Mickey Lolich got his 20th win over Jim Palmer and the Orioles, 4–3. Lolich had failed in five prior starts to win his 20th.
September 8: Woodie Fryman continued his hot pitching, holding the Orioles to two hits and one run, while striking out eight batters. The Tigers won, 2–1. Gates Brown hit a first-inning home run off Pat Dobson, and Ed Brinkman added a run-scoring double in the seventh.
September 12: The Tigers beat the Orioles, 3–2, as Woodie Fryman won his sixth game since joining the team in August.
September 16: The Tigers beat the Brewers, 2–1, as Woodie Fryman won his seventh game. Ed Brinkman had the game-winning RBI with a single in the fourth inning.
September 20: Woodie Fryman won his eighth game as the Tigers beat the Indians, 4–1.
September 21–24: The Tigers and the Red Sox split a four-game series as the two teams battled for the lead in the American League East. In the opener, the Tigers won, 10–3, to move the Tigers into a tie for the lead in the AL East. Joe Coleman struck out 10 and had three RBIs.
September 27: Trailing 5–1 to the Yankees' the Tigers scored three runs in the eighth inning and two more in the ninth to beat the Yankees and keep their pennant hopes alive.
September 28: The Tigers lost to the Yankees, 3–2. Roy White hit a home run in the 12th inning to win it for New York.
September 29 – October 1: The Tigers swept the Brewers in a three-game series in Detroit, to keep the Tigers in a tight pennant race with the Red Sox. In the first game, the Tigers scored 12 runs, as Ed Brinkman hit a three-run home run in the first inning, and Al Kaline went 4-for-5 with a home run, a double, two runs, and two RBIs. In the third game, John Hiller pitched a complete game five-hitter against for his first win since suffering a heart attack in 1970.
October 2: The Tigers and Red Sox started a three-game series in Detroit with Boston ahead by a half game. In the first game, Mickey Lolich struck out 15 Red Sox batters. Detroit won, 4–1, in front of a crowd of 51,518 at Tiger Stadium. Al Kaline and Aurelio Rodríguez both hit home runs, and the Tigers moved ahead of the Red Sox by a half game.
October 3: The Tigers clinched the American League East championship as they beat the Red Sox, 3–1, in front of another sell-out crowd at Tiger Stadium. Woodie Fryman got the win, compiling a 10–3 record after joining the Tigers in early August. Boston's only run was unearned on a fielding error by Dick McAuliffe. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Al Kaline hit an RBI single to tie the score, 1–1. Bill "Spaceman" Lee pitched in relief of Luis Tiant, and Al Kaline scored on a fielding error by Carl Yastrzemski. Rookie Chuck Seelbach pitched a 1–2–3 ninth inning for the save. The game ended on a fly ball hit by future Tiger Ben Oglivie that was caught by Al Kaline in right field.
October 4: In the final game of the regular season, Joe Coleman had a chance to win his 20th game, but the Red Sox beat the Tigers, 4–1.
June 6, 1972: Jerry Manuel was drafted by the Tigers in the 1st round (20th pick) of the 1972 Major League Baseball Draft.[2]
August 2, 1972: Woodie Fryman was claimed by the Tigers off waivers from the Philadelphia Phillies.[3]
August 31, 1972: Frank Howard was purchased by the Tigers from the Texas Rangers.[4]
38 Les Cain
15 Joe Coleman
45 Jim Foor
38 Woodie Fryman
36 Bill Gilbreth
18 John Hiller
35 Mike Kilkenny
30 Lerrin LaGrow
48 Don Leshnock
29 Mickey Lolich
47 Phil Meeler
19 Joe Niekro
16 Ron Perranoski
39 Fred Scherman
37 Chuck Seelbach
44 Bill Slayback
46 Bob Strampe
28 Tom Timmermann
35 Chris Zachary
11 Bill Freehan
14 Tom Haller
33 Gene Lamont
12 Duke Sims
8 Ed Brinkman
25 Norm Cash
40 John Gamble
33 Frank Howard
31 Paul Jata
7 John Knox
3 Dick McAuliffe
4 Aurelio Rodríguez
42 Joe Staton
10 Tony Taylor
22 Ike Blessitt
26 Gates Brown
9 Ike Brown
42 Wayne Comer
23 Willie Horton
6 Al Kaline
43 Marvin Lane
5 Jim Northrup
24 Mickey Stanley
2 Dalton Jones
1 Billy Martin
50 Art Fowler
51 Joe Schultz
52 Charlie Silvera
53 Dick Tracewski
C Bill Freehan 111 374 98 .262 10 56
1B Norm Cash 137 440 114 .259 22 61
2B Dick McAuliffe 122 408 98 .240 8 30
3B Aurelio Rodríguez 153 601 142 .236 13 56
SS Ed Brinkman 156 516 105 .203 6 49
LF Willie Horton 108 333 77 .231 11 36
CF Mickey Stanley 142 435 102 .234 14 55
RF Al Kaline 106 278 87 .313 10 32
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Jim Northrup 134 426 111 .261 8 42
Gates Brown 103 252 58 .230 10 31
Tony Taylor 78 228 69 .303 1 20
Tom Haller 59 121 25 .207 2 13
Duke Sims 38 98 31 .316 4 19
Ike Brown 51 84 21 .250 2 10
Paul Jata 32 74 17 .230 0 3
Frank Howard 14 33 8 .242 1 7
John Knox 14 13 1 .077 0 0
Wayne Comer 27 9 1 .111 0 1
Dalton Jones 7 7 0 .000 0 0
Marvin Lane 8 6 0 .000 0 0
John Gamble 6 3 0 .000 0 0
Joe Staton 6 2 0 .000 0 0
Ike Blessitt 4 5 0 .000 0 0
Gene Lamont 1 0 0 --- 0 0
Note: pitchers' batting statistics not included
Note: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Mickey Lolich 41 327.1 22 14 2.50 250
Joe Coleman 40 280.0 19 14 2.80 222
Woodie Fryman 16 113.2 10 3 2.06 72
Les Cain 5 23.2 0 3 3.80 16
Fred Holdsworth 2 7 0 1 12.86 5
Tom Timmermann 34 149.2 8 10 2.89 88
Bill Slayback 23 81.2 5 6 3.20 65
Joe Niekro 18 47 3 2 3.83 24
Note: G = Games pitched; W= Wins; L= Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Chuck Seelbach 61 9 8 14 34 2.89 76
Fred Scherman 57 7 3 12 27 3.64 53
John Hiller 24 1 2 3 8 2.03 26
Chris Zachary 25 1 1 1 9 1.41 21
Ron Perranoski 17 0 1 0 5 7.71 10
Lerrin LaGrow 16 0 1 2 6 1.32 9
Jim Foor 7 1 0 0 1 14.73 2
Phil Meeler 7 0 1 0 2 4.32 5
Bob Strampe 7 0 0 0 4 11.57 4
Bill Gilbreth 2 0 0 0 0 16.20 2
Don Leshnock 1 0 0 0 1 0.00 2
Mike Kilkenny 1 0 0 0 1 9.00 0
Ed Brinkman, Rawlings Gold Glove Award for shortstop
1972 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
Bill Freehan, starter, catcher
Joe Coleman, reserve
Mickey Lolich, reserve
Norm Cash, reserve
League top ten finishers
Ed Brinkman
Led AL shortstops in fielding percentage (.990)
Led MLB in games played (156)
Joe Coleman
#3 in AL in sacrifice hits (15)
#5 in AL in strikeouts per 9 innings pitched (7.14)
#4 in AL in home runs allowed (23)
#2 in AL in bases on balls allowed (110)
Woodie Fryman
Led AL in winning percentage (.769)
Fred Holdsworth
Youngest player in AL (20)
Al Kaline
4th oldest player in AL (37)
Mickey Lolich
Led the AL in home runs allowed (29)
#2 in the AL in strikeouts (250)
#3 in the AL in wins (22)
#3 in AL in innings pitched (327-1/3)
#2 in MLB in games started (41)
#2 in the AL in complete games (23)
#2 in MLB in hits allowed (282)
#2 in AL in strikeout to walk ratio (3.38)
#3 in MLB in hit batsmen (11)
#3 in AL in batters faced (1321)
Aurelio Rodríguez
Led AL third basemen in putouts (150)
Led AL third basemen in assists (348)
#4 in AL in game played (153)
#3 in AL in at bats (601)
#3 in AL in outs (484)
Chuck Seelbach
#7 in AL in games as pitcher (61)
Mickey Stanley
#2 in AL in sacrifice flies (8)
Players ranking among top 100 all time at position
The following members of the 1972 Tigers have been ranked among the Top 100 of all time at their position in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:
Bill Freehan: 12th best catcher of all time
Norm Cash: 20th best first baseman of all time
Dick McAuliffe: 22nd best second baseman of all time
Aurelio Rodríguez: 91st best third baseman of all time
Willie Horton: 55th best left fielder of all time
Al Kaline: 11th best right fielder of all time
Mickey Lolich: 72nd best pitcher of all time
American League Championship Series
Main article: 1972 American League Championship Series
The Tigers lost to the Oakland Athletics in the 1972 American League Championship Series, losing three games to two. The A's were 93–62 in the regular season and went on to beat the Cincinnati Reds in the 1972 World Series.
October 7, 1972, at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Detroit 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 2
Oakland 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 10 1
W: Rollie Fingers (1–0) L: Mickey Lolich (0–1)
HR: DET – Norm Cash (1), Al Kaline (1)
Game 1 was a pitching duel with 20-game winners, Mickey Lolich (22–14) and Catfish Hunter (21–7). Norm Cash hit a solo home run in the second inning to put the Tigers ahead, but the A's struck back in the third inning as Bert Campaneris walked, moved to third on a single, and scored on a sacrifice fly by Joe Rudi. The score remained tied, 1–1, through ten innings. In the top of the 11th inning, Al Kaline hit a solo home run off Rollie Fingers to put Detroit ahead. After Sal Bando and Mike Epstein singled to open the bottom of the 11th, Chuck Seelbach came on in relief of Lolich who had pitched 10 innings. Gonzalo Márquez singled to right, driving in two runs to give the A's the win in Game 1.
Detroit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1
Oakland 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 X 5 8 0
W: Blue Moon Odom (1–0) L: Woodie Fryman (0–1)
HR: None
Game 2 was a lopsided 5–0 win for the A's, as Blue Moon Odom (15–6) pitched a complete game shutout and held the Tigers to three hits. Woodie Fryman (10–3), who had been virtually unhittable in August and September, gave up four runs in 4-1/3 innings. Bert Campaneris singled in the first inning, stole second and third on successive pitches, and then scored on a single by Joe Rudi. Campaneris singled again in the third inning, and singled and scored again in the firth inning. When Campaneris came to bat in the seventh inning, Lerrin LaGrow's first pitch hit Campaneris in the ankle. Campaneris staggered for a moment, glared at LaGrow and then flung his bat toward the mound. The bat spiraled at LaGrow five feet off the ground, but LaGrow ducked, and the bat narrowly missed LaGrow, landing a few feet behind the mound. A bench-clearing brawl ensued, and Tigers manager Billy Martin had to be restrained by umpires and teammates to prevent him from going after Campaneris. Both LaGrow and Campaneris were suspended for the rest of the ALCS.[5]
October 10, 1972, at Tiger Stadium
Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0
Detroit 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 X 3 8 1
W: Joe Coleman (1–0) L: Ken Holtzman (0–1)
HR: DET – Bill Freehan (1)
The Series moved to Detroit for the final three games. In Game 3, Joe Coleman (19–14) pitched a complete game shutout and set an ALCS record by striking out 14 A's batters. The Tigers won, 3–0, as Ike Brown hit a single in the 4th inning that drove in Al Kaline and Bill Freehan. Freehan also hit a home run in the 8th inning to complete the scoring. Ken Holtzman (19–11) was the losing pitcher for the A's.
Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 9 2
Detroit 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 10 1
W: John Hiller (1–0) L: Bob Locker (0–1)
HR: OAK – Mike Epstein (1) DET – Dick McAuliffe (1)
Game 4 was the most exciting game of the Series and was rated by The Sporting News as one of the five greatest games ever played at Tiger Stadium.[6] The game featured a rematch of Game 1 – Mickey Lolich for Detroit and Catfish Hunter for Oakland. Detroit took the lead in the 3rd inning on a solo home run by Dick McAuliffe, and Lolich held the A's scoreless through six innings. The A's tied the game, 1–1, on a Mike Epstein home run in the 7th inning, and the game went into extra innings with the score tied, 1–1. In the top of the 10th inning, Chuck Seelbach replaced Lolich and gave up two runs. With the Tigers on the verge of elimination, the Tigers staged a dramatic comeback in the bottom of the 10th inning. Dick McAuliffe and Al Kaline opened the inning with singles, and Gates Brown walked to load the bases with nobody out. Bill Freehan bounced a double play ball to third, but Sal Bando's throw to second baseman Gene Tenace was dropped, allowing McAuliffe to score. Norm Cash walked, and Kaline scored to tie the game at 3–3. Jim Northrup ended it with a walk-off game-winning single, as Gates Brown scored the winning run.
W: Blue Moon Odom (2–0) L: Woodie Fryman (0–2) S: Vida Blue (1)
The decisive Game 5 was another pitching duel between Blue Moon Odom and Woodie Fryman. Both teams combined for only nine hits, and the only extra-base hit was a double by Odom. The Tigers scored first in the bottom of the first inning, as Dick McAuliffe singled, moved to second on a walk, moved to third on a passed ball, and scored on a groundball by Bill Freehan. The A's tied in the top of the second inning, as Reggie Jackson walked, stole second base, advanced to third on a fly ball, and then stole home. In the fourth inning, George Hendrick reached base on a controversial throwing error (umpire John Rice ruled that first baseman Norm Cash had pulled his foot off the bag but replays showed otherwise).[7] He advanced to second on a bunt, and scored on a Gene Tenace single to left field. Neither team scored a run after the top of the fourth, and the A's won the game, 2–1. In the 9th inning, Norm Cash singled, but pinch hitter Mickey Stanley hit into a fielder's choice and Tony Taylor hit a fly ball to center for the final out. Odom and Vida Blue combined to hold the Tigers to five hits. Despite allowing only one earned run, Fryman took the loss.
Postseason player stats
Norm Cash 5 16 4 .250 1 2
Willie Horton 5 10 1 .100 0 0
Al Kaline 5 19 5 .263 1 1
Dick McAuliffe 5 20 4 .200 1 1
Jim Northrup 5 15 5 .333 0 1
Aurelio Rodríguez 5 16 0 .000 0 0
Duke Sims 4 15 3 .200 0 0
Tony Taylor 4 15 2 .133 0 0
Bill Freehan 3 12 3 .250 1 3
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Mickey Lolich 2 19.0 0 1 1.42 9
Woodie Fryman 2 12.1 0 2 3.65 8
Joe Coleman 1 9.0 1 0 0.00 14
John Hiller 3 3.1 1 0 0.00 1
Lerrin LaGrow 1 1 0 0 0.00 1
Chuck Seelbach 2 1 0 0 18.00 0
Fred Scherman 1 0.2 0 0 0.00 1
Chris Zachary 1 0.0 0 0 inf. 0
AAA Toledo Mud Hens International League Johnny Lipon
AA Montgomery Rebels Southern League Fred Hatfield
A Rocky Mount Leafs Carolina League Len Okrie
A Lakeland Tigers Florida State League Stubby Overmire
A Clinton Pilots Midwest League Jim Leyland
Rookie Bristol Tigers Appalachian League Joe Lewis
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Montgomery, Bristol
Baseball portal
1972 in Michigan
Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles, eds. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (2nd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. ISBN 978-0-9637189-8-3.
Detroit Tigers 1972 Regular Season Statistics
1972 ALCS Statistics, Box Scores and Play by Play
^ César Gutiérrez page at Baseball Reference
^ Jerry Manuel page at Baseball Reference
^ Woodie Fryman page at Baseball Reference
^ Frank Howard page at Baseball Reference
^ Lerrin LaGrow page at Baseball Library Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2007. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Jim Northrup at the SABR Baseball Biography Project, by Jim Sargent, Retrieved Oct 14, 2013.
BaseballLibrary.com Game by Game Summary of 1972 Tigers season
American League East champions
1982: Milwaukee Brewers
2008: Tampa Bay Rays
Detroit Tigers
Based in Detroit, Michigan
Bennett Park
Tiger Stadium
Comerica Park
Spring training: Whittington Park
Plant Field
Bosse Field
Henley Field
Joker Marchant Stadium
"Detroit Rock City"
"The Bird"
The Bird: The Life and Legacy of Mark Fidrych
One in a Million: The Ron LeFlore Story
Magnum, P.I. (reboot)
Tiger Town
For Love of the Game
Bless You Boys
"The Singing Hot Dog Man"
1910 Chalmers Award
Disco Demolition Night
2009 AL Central tie-breaker game
28-out perfect game
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Guardians
Kansas City Royals
Minnesota Twins
Hall of Fame members
Sparky Anderson
Ty Cobb
Mickey Cochrane
Sam Crawford
Charlie Gehringer
Hank Greenberg
Harry Heilmann
Hughie Jennings
George Kell
Heinie Manush
Jack Morris
Hal Newhouser
Alan Trammell
Ford C. Frick Award recipient
Ernie Harwell
BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients
Joe Falls
Tom Gage
H. G. Salsinger
Triple-A: Toledo Mud Hens
Double-A: Erie SeaWolves
High-A: West Michigan Whitecaps
Low-A: Lakeland Flying Tigers
Rookie: FCL Tigers West
FCL Tigers East
DSL Tigers 1
Owner: Christopher Ilitch
General Manager: Al Avila
Manager: A. J. Hinch
American League pennants (11)
American League: 1907
East: 1972
Central: 2011
TV: Bally Sports Detroit
Matt Shepard
Kirk Gibson
Radio: Detroit Tigers Radio Network
WXYT
WXYT-FM
Dan Dickerson
Jim Price
History: List of Detroit Tigers broadcasters
· 1900 1901 · 1902 · 1903 · 1904 · 1905 · 1906 · 1907 · 1908 · 1909
This page was last edited on 15 January 2022, at 19:17


The College Of West Anglia, Higher education, listed under "Higher Education" category, is located at Tennyson Avenue Kings Lynn Norfolk, PE30 2QW, United Kingdom and can be reached by (01553) 761144 phone number. The College Of West Anglia has currently 0 reviews.
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In any major home renovation or remodeling project, it is often necessary to hire the services of a home contractor to make sure that you get the best possible results. While you can do the project yourself, the workmanship of a true professional is simply unmatched. With complete equipment and the technical knowledge on managing your projects, new home builders provide a good value for your money.
The question is: How do you find or choose the ideal home contractor for your needs?
Before going on a search, you need to have an estimate of your budget. While this doesn't need complicated computations to get an accurate estimate, it's best to know how much you'll be spending. You can compare similar projects to have an idea. Cougar Homes and other known home builders say that another good way is to limit how much you are willing to spend. This can help you narrow down the list of your choices.
Ask your friends, colleagues and relatives if they know a home contractor who can work within the budget you have in mind and has the necessary license and insurance. Ask even your friendly neighborhood warehouse shop who may have contacts with general contracting businesses. Ask your neighbors or experts on forums and social medias, as well.
Use your knowledge of Internet search and check out locally-listed home contractors in your area. Take time to understand them and the services that they provide. Make sure that the company is duly licensed as well as insured and bonded.
Create a shortlist of the home contractors that you have searched and received as recommendations from other people. Get in touch with each of these companies and briefly ask them what they can do for you with respect to what you want. Don't make the mistake of telling them your working budget because that should be one of your personal parameters in your choice. Strike out any company that is offering you way beyond your budget.
Once you have chosen the most suitable home contractor for your project, make sure to lay down all the guidelines that you want followed through a contract. This legally binds you and the home contractor to abide by your agreement.
Finding the best home contractor is quite easy if you know where to look. The point is for you to use every available source of information you can find, but only after you already have an idea of how much you are willing to pay in the first place.
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With Wisdom Comes Pain: Should You Have Your Wisdom Tooth Removed?


text:
Daily News for Commercial Real Estate & Business – July 31, 2012
July 31, 2012 by Nick Miner, CCIM No comments Filed Under: Daily News
Here are the news articles you might find interesting today for commercial real estate and business:
2 Closings in 1 Day!
SOLD: Former TDC Corporate HQ in Tempe After a successful marketing strategy, the former corporate headquarter office building closes escrow. Nick Miner, CCIM and Leroy Breinholt exclusively represented the seller in this transaction. View article…
SOLD: Bella Vista Village in Queen Creek After a successful marketing strategy, Bella Vista Village closes escrow. Nick Miner, CCIM / Dave Verwer, CCIM / Homer Savard, CCIM exclusively represented the seller in this transaction. View article…
Village Diamante in Glendale sells for $6 million A 69-unit Glendale apartment community sold for more than $6 million, a broker involved in the deal said Friday. Marcus and Millichap Real Estate Investment Services announced the sale of Village Diamante, which was owned by First International Bank and Trust. JHL Real Estate LLC in Scottsdale purchased the property, at 8050 N. 61st Avenue in Glendale, for $6.7 million. View article…
Coffee shop 'breastaurant' coming to Scottsdale "Breastaurants" like Tilted Kilt and Hooters have generally catered to the beer-drinking, sports-loving crowd, but now the concept is coming to a coffee shop in Scottsdale. Barista Caf is set to open Aug. 12 as a "bikini" coffee shop and restaurant serving breakfast and lunch. View article…
Whiskey Row building that burned to be demolished A building on Prescott's famed Whiskey Row that burned nearly three months ago will be demolished. The Daily Courier reports that demolition work will begin within the next week or so on the building that housed Pearl's Place Caf, The Bird Cage Saloon and the Prescott Food Store. View article…
Trepp Reports Another All-Time High for CMBS Delinquency Rates The delinquency rate for commercial real estate loans reached another all-time high in July, according to a report from Trepp. Spiking up another 18 basis points, the CMBS delinquency rate stood at 10.36 percent, up from 10.16 percent in June and 10.04 percent in May. Last year at this time, the rate was 9.88 percent. View article…
Summit Builders to be acquired by Pittsburgh's Dck Worldwide Summit Builders Construction Company, a Phoenix general contracting firm, will soon be acquired by Pittsburgh-based construction firm Dck Worldwide LLC. Until the takeover is complete, the duo has formed a joint-venture company, Summit Dck LLC, that will handle all incoming projects, Summit announced late last week. View article…
Phoenix expedites building process Phoenix is fast-tracking its process for building-plan reviews and inspections, eliminating red tape and making the city a magnet for new companies, supporters of the move say. The changes have been widely praised by business leaders who say they give Phoenix a competitive edge in attracting employers looking to open their doors quickly and for less money. Few cities around the country have pursued similar outsourcing. View article…
Rosewood Homes plans luxury infill development in Phoenix Rosewood Homes, a Scottsdale-based luxury home developer, paid $2.05 million in cash this month to acquire an infill parcel in the Camelback Corridor where blueprints call for an 18-luxury home neighborhood that is slated to begin opening next spring, company representatives announced Monday. View article…
Phoenix Prices Gain as Foreclosure Resales Dwindle: DataQuick After being known as one of the hardest-hit cities, Phoenix has been gaining recognition for its rapidly rising prices. DataQuick reported the median sale price of a home in the Phoenix metro area in June rose for the seventh month in a row to $152,000, the highest level since late 2008. The figure is a 23.1 percent yearly increase from $123,500 in June 2011. In May 2012, the median sale price was $150,000. View article…
Check out the Market Reports section of my webpage! The market reports that I review on a regular basis will be archived here. I would like to know your feedback after looking at the page. Send feedback by click here…
CURRENT FOR SALE OPPORTUNITIES:
Bella Vista Retail Center (SOLD) Investment, multi-tenant retail center. For a brochure, click here…
Former SunTykes Property in Tempe Arizona – Owner/User Opportunity. For more information, click here…
Freestanding Auto in Mesa, Arizona – Owner/User Opportunity. For more information, click here…
+/- 43,000 SF Leased Industrial Building in Southern Gardens – Single Tenant Investment opportunity. For more information, click here…
1 Industrial Condos in Bahia Business Park (UNIT 104-SOLD – 105 Still available) Owner/User opportunity to purchase 1 industrial condos. For more information, click here…
Former TDC Corp HQ – 6515 S Rural Road, Tempe, AZ (SOLD) – Former Corporate HQ for TDC in Tempe, AZ For Sale. For more information, click here…
7320 N Dreamy Draw – Freestanding Office Building in Squaw Peak Corridor-great owner/user opportunity. For a brochure, click here…
6677 W Thunderbird – BANK OWNED – Grey shell office condo in Glendale. For a brochure, click here…
Kokopelli Springs in St. David, AZ – Investment, 56 unit mobile home park. For a brochure, click here…
2 Acres of Land – Owner/User opportunity to purchase 2 acres of land off of I-10 & 40th Street. For a brochure, click here…
3.64 Acres of Land – BANK OWNED – Infill Development opportunity in Surprise. For a brochure, click here…
Feel free to contact me regarding any of these stories, the current market, distressed commercial real estate opportunities or your property.


text:
"""DLKit Services implementations of id service."""
# pylint: disable=no-init
#     osid specification includes some 'marker' interfaces.
# pylint: disable=too-many-ancestors
#     number of ancestors defined in spec.
# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods,too-many-public-methods
#     number of methods defined in spec. Worse yet, these are aggregates.
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
#     method and class names defined in spec.
# pylint: disable=no-self-use,unused-argument
#     to catch unimplemented methods.
# pylint: disable=super-init-not-called
#     it just isn't.

from . import osid
from .osid_errors import Unimplemented, IllegalState, InvalidArgument
from dlkit.manager_impls.id import managers as id_managers

DEFAULT = 0
COMPARATIVE = 0
PLENARY = 1
FEDERATED = 0
ISOLATED = 1
ANY_STATUS = 0
ACTIVE = 1
UNSEQUESTERED = 0
SEQUESTERED = 1
AUTOMATIC = 0
MANDATORY = 1
DISABLED = -1

class IdProfile(osid.OsidProfile, id_managers.IdProfile):
    """IdProfile convenience adapter including related Session methods."""
    pass

class IdManager(osid.OsidManager, osid.OsidSession, IdProfile, id_managers.IdManager):
    """IdManager convenience adapter including related Session methods."""

    def get_id_batch_manager(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Pass through to provider unimplemented"""
        raise Unimplemented('Unimplemented in dlkit.services')

    id_batch_manager = property(fget=get_id_batch_manager)

class IdProxyManager(osid.OsidProxyManager, IdProfile, id_managers.IdProxyManager):
    """IdProxyManager convenience adapter including related Session methods."""

    def get_id_batch_proxy_manager(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Pass through to provider unimplemented"""
        raise Unimplemented('Unimplemented in dlkit.services')

    id_batch_proxy_manager = property(fget=get_id_batch_proxy_manager)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


International style, also known as the Modern movement, is a primarily American offshoot of Bauhaus architecture that was exported to various parts of the world. International style was a major architectural trend in the 1920s and 1930s and is considered the most minimal form of modernism.
Many of its ideas and ideals were formalized by the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne. Some of its most important architects (including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe) fled the upcoming Nazi regime in Germany in the 1930s and moved to the United States, which caused the International Style to spread worldwide.
The term international style came from the title of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, written in 1932. In that same year, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City spread the ideals of the style, making it one of the dominant architectural movements of the mid-20th Century.
Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous/notorious manifestations include the United Nations headquarters and the Seagram Building in New York.
Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from strictly geometrical designs.
This page was last modified 20:15, 20 May 2005.


text:
Electric Kick Scooters on Track to Spread in Japan
Society Culture Sep 4, 2022 14:43 (JST)
Tokyo, Sept. 4 (Jiji Press)--The use of electric kick scooters is likely to spread in Japan as a convenient means of transportation following recent deregulation while experts call on authorities to take steps to prevent traffic accidents involving them.
In April, the country enacted a revision to the road traffic law to ease restrictions regarding electric kick scooters.
Currently, such scooters are categorized as motorcycles, requiring users to have a driver's license and wear a helmet while driving.
Under the revised law, people aged 16 or over will become able to use such scooters without a license before April 2024. They will be allowed to run on sidewalks as long as their speed is limited to 6 kilometers per hour or less.
"We're developing a new vehicle," said Daiki Okai, president and CEO of Luup Inc., which provides electric kick scooter sharing services in Tokyo and other major cities.


text:
What are examples of food production systems?
1 What are examples of food production systems?
2 What are the three types of food production systems?
3 What are the 4 components of a food system?
4 What are the 5 stages of the food system?
5 What is the meaning of food systems?
6 What is food production management system?
7 What are the 4 types of production?
8 What is the current food system?
9 What are the 10 methods of food processing?
10 What is the food production process?
11 What is a good food system?
12 What is the goal of the food system?
13 What is industrial food system?
14 What are the types of food service system?
[Possible examples for contrasting terrestrial food production systems include North American cereal farming and subsistence farming in Southeast Asia, or intensive beef production in South America and the Maasai tribal use of livestock.
What are the three types of food production systems?
Types of production systems There are three common types of basic production systems: the batch system, the continuous system, and the project system.
What are the 4 components of a food system?
Production, processing, distribution, and consumption – food systems require many steps, each with a variety of inputs and outputs….
Step 1: Production. …
Step 2: Processing. …
Step 3: Distribution. …
Step 4: Consumption.
What are the 5 stages of the food system?
The term food system or supply chain describes this series of interdependent links, including the people and resources involved at each stage. In this curriculum, we frequently refer to five major stages along the supply chain: production, processing, distribution, retail and consumption.
What is the meaning of food systems?
Food systems are the sum of actors and interactions along the food value chain—from input supply and production of crops, livestock, fish, and other agricultural commodities to transportation, processing, retailing, wholesaling, and preparation of foods to consumption and disposal.
What is food production management system?
Food Production Management. Managing processes and techniques of quantity food production in commercial and institutional food systems.
What are the 4 types of production?
Four types of production
Unit or Job type of production.
Batch type of Production.
Mass Production or Flow production.
Continuous production or Process production.
What is the current food system?
The current food system is the product of a historic development pathway. Global food and agricultural production have increased significantly since the end of WWII spurred by a combination of population and economic growth along with technological and cultural shifts in production practices.
What are the 10 methods of food processing?
Food processing Methods
Peeling off the outer layers of the raw materials.
Chopping or slicing.
Mincing.
Liquefaction.
Fermentation.
Emulsification.
Cooking.
Mixing.
What is the food production process?
Methods of Food Production
Chopping or slicing of vegetables.
Curing food.
Grinding and marinating.
Food fermentation.
Fermenting beer at brewing industries.
Boiling, broiling, frying, grilling, steaming and mixing.
Pasteurization.
What is a good food system?
The Good Food Systems model supports sectors (community leaders, store boards, store associations, the public health nutrition community, and the government and non-government sector) to work together to tackle nutrition at the community level.
What is the goal of the food system?
Responsible consumption and production Sustainable food systems reduce waste and spoilage and empower consumers to make smart choices in their food shopping.
What is industrial food system?
Industrial agriculture is currently the dominant food production system in the United States. It's characterized by large-scale monoculture, heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and meat production in CAFOs (confined animal feeding operations).
What are the types of food service system?
There are basically four types of food service systems—conventional, commissary, ready prepared and assembly/serve.
Is York University part of the Russell Group?
What are some questions for science?
What are critical business processes?


The FTA provides trace data sets using a common format. This format is described in detail on the FTA format page. Each trace data set is made available in raw format, tabbed-delimited format, and mysql format.
If you use these traces, please cite the original creator of the trace shown above, and this archive. Also, the list of publications which have used the data sets are available on the Publications page.


Wedding planning is often far from a stress-free process. Between coordinating wedding parties and getting all of the menus in order, you may end up prioritizing some things and forgetting others. Before you cross your T's and dot your I's, make sure you remember to cover these wedding planning do's.
Your transportation to your ceremony, venue, and hotels should be booked as soon as you know where each location is and how many people you'll need to move back and forth. Now, of course, this means you'll have to get a head count earlier on, which never hurts to do anyway.
Not only will booking your transportation sooner give you peace of mind, but you'll likely have a larger fleet to choose from.
Just because a hairstyle looks good in an Instagram photo, it doesn't mean it's the best option for your wedding day hairstyle. You should always schedule a hair and makeup trial several weeks before your big day so you know exactly how beautiful you'll look. You may realize during your trial that you don't actually want a full up-do or that a smokey eye may not be the best makeup choice, so you can make changes for your big day.
Sure, you can get a little stressed out deciding what color you want your bridesmaids' dresses to be and configuring your 100+ guest seating chart, but don't remember to sit back for a second and enjoy it all. Your wedding is one of the happiest days of your life, so make sure to find joy in planning it.


text:
AMF Chicopee Lanes
Bowling 291 Burnett Road, Chicopee, MA 01020 MoreLess Info
Featuring 40 lanes, AMF Chicopee Lanes provides both bowling and food options. The center has a separate lounge with three flat-screen televisions showing sports and a game room with air hockey and driving games.
Lenox Judaica
Combining the founder's two passions, art and Judaism, Lenox Judaica is a collection and gallery of Jewish inspired artwork and many ceremonial items. Some available items include candles, art, Ellis Island dolls, dreidels, and gifts for Bar and Bat Mitzvahs.
First Lenox Library
Libraries Lenox, MA MoreLess Info
Constructed in 1815 in the Greek-revival architectural style, the Lenox Library today functions as a reference center with its extensive collection of books on a variety of topics, in addition to the numerous cassettes and videos that make up the music section.
Pleasant Valley Sanctuary
Nature & Wildlife Areas 472 W Mountain Rd, Lenox, MA 01240 MoreLess Info
Located along the slopes of Lenox Mountains, Pleasant Valley Sanctuary comprises of many acres of forest, wetlands, meadows and brooks with numerous walking and hiking trails which weave through the sanctuary's hummingbird garden, hemlock gorge and much more.
Lenox Mountain
Hiking Trails Lenox, MA MoreLess Info
Lenox Mountain is a scenic green mountain that is home to a wide variety of plant and animal species. The hiking trails that surround and lead up the mountain offer striking views of the surrounding area.
Specialty Museums 135 Main St, Lee, MA 01238 MoreLess Info
Offering hands-on exhibits and demonstrations, AniMagic is a museum dedicated to computer-generated art, animation, and special effects. Highlighting especially the contributions of this media to modern motion pictures, they specialize in activities geared towards children and adults alike.
Lee Library
Libraries Lee, MA MoreLess Info
Choose from a wide selection of books, magazines and newspapers at Lee Library. Chairs and tables are offered for reading, or guests can check materials out to bring back later. Computers with Internet access are also available.
Historic Buildings Lee, MA MoreLess Info
Constructed in 1874, Memorial Hall is the location of the city's town offices and police station. A Civil War memorial is located within the hall, listing the names of the local resident soldiers whose lives were lost in the bloodshed.
Animagic Museum of Animation Special Effects & Art
Specialty Museums 135 Main Street, Lee, MA 01238 MoreLess Info
The Animagic Museum of Animation Special Effects & Art offers a journey through the world of animation. Visitors can take a tour highlighted with models and technologies from famous films and can even make their own animated movies.
Good Purpose Gallery
Art Gallery 40 Main St, Ste 1, Lee, MA 1238 MoreLess Info
Showcasing the paintings of various artists, Good Purpose Gallery offers fine art for its visitors to view and purchase. The gallery has a special program where part of its exhibits feature work from young adults with autism.


So, I wrote that the Fed Ex truck which over-turned on I-5 should have been pushed over to the side of the road, instead of taking four frickin' hours to upright. Seems someone down at Washington Department of Transportation is wasting their time reading my stuff. However it happended, when the next truck over-turned on 167 about a week ago, lo and behold, they brought in a bulldozer to move it out of the way.
But alas, dear reader, there on the video were about a half dozen Washington State Patrol troopers milling around the dozer as the operator moved the wreck. Not one was wearing a hard-hat. One came within three feet of being hit when the blade swung around. Those of you who have never worked around heavy machinery might think 'three feet is plenty' have no idea of how fast 'three feet' turns into 'contact'. And 'contact' with dozers is never 'not much'.
–The operator doesn't need six people telling him what to do. I think even 'one' is too many, unless that trooper has a bulldozer operator certificate in their back pocket. Back well away; at least one bull dozer length away. You are doing no good standing near.
–Use your walkie-talkies to communicate with the operator. If no walkie-talkies are available, use your cell phones. Yelling over the roar of diesel engines and scraping metal is not the way to do it.
–Don't watch the dozer; watch for some drunk driving down the highway who has (incredably) missed the twenty cones, five flares and somehow weaved between the six or seven cop cars. The dozer will do fine without you watching but oh those DUIs.
I really try to 'give 'em a brake'. Now you should give us a break. If you are 'working' around heavy equipment, you should dress and act like you care about your safety.
It was revealed that a 29 year old ex-CIA/Booz-Allen empolyee leaked the juice about the data mining. And like the Manning case, the intelligence community will come down on him like a ton of data.
In both cases, low ranking employees had access to every single secret that their agency had. Just how stupid are these so-called intelligence people? Why in the world would you ever write the station location, personal and mission on a single media–in this case and the Manning situation, on a single DVD. These young men copied it (how does THAT happen?) and walk out the door like they are going for pizza.
The fact that Edwin Snowden is exposing a clearly illegal, unconstitutional and morally wrong action is almost beside the point.
I suspect that Snowden will be put away forever. And no one will be demoted for being boneheaded enough to put all their eggs in one basket and then, not watching that basket.
Let's try something completely different: let's stop the spying, the drones and the invasions. Let the terrorists do their worst. Let them come over. Nine times out of ten they are inept, easily spotted and stopped (think Times Square Bomber–who 1) failed to ignite his bomb and 2) left his cell phone in the car carrying his non-exploding bomb).
Yes, I read the papers. I know we had two bombs go off at the Boston marathon. Even there, ineptitude reigned. First, the FBI dropped the ball on the suspect. Second, if the bombers had placed the duffel bags on top of the mailbox instead of at the bottom, it would have been much, much worse. Don't bother telling me that 'someone would've noticed the bag on top of the mailbox–bages are left out in public all the time. Nearly everyone at a marathon is carrying bags. Besides, the bomb went off shortly after it was placed.
Osama Bin Laden had the idea that America would bankrupt itself fighting terrorism. We are walking right into his trap. We could back out and remain free.
The Seattle City Council wants a tax increase to begin public financing of campaigns. Not a bad idea. But the Seattle Times wrote that people were discouraged by the high cost of running for office–and that is true. But there is also the fact that many people choose not to run because, while they could raise the money, they completely understand what you must do to generate campaign contributions. The candidate must silently agree to support the interest of their contributors. Or they must hound 'family and friends'. Either route is distasteful. Good people choose not to run because what they must do to garner contributions.
There are other reasons, too. As a former candidate, there were so many 'must attend' forums, debates, editorial boards, you must either be independently wealthy or on sabbatical from a government job (few private jobs would grant three-to-six months off to run for office; maybe really big law offices) in order to have the time to go to every event. Then, there is the fun part of driving across town, sit in a stiffling hot church basement for three hours and they grant you three minutes of time to speak. Or better, (like at the Mayor's art and culture debate) they ask to name your favorite book. Or what's on your ipod, reducing the race to the level of American Bandstand.
Mayoral candidates were quizzed on how to make the Seattle Art Museum, the Woodland Park Zoo and the Aquarium more available to the general public. Not one candidate pointed out that the people of Seattle, through their elected officials, no long control those institutions. They have been given over to foundations, lock, stock and barrel.
Just to clue in candidates and voters as to how 'power' actually works: if you suggest anything at all to these foundations, they will do the opposite so fast it will make a cheetah look like a coach potato. If you posses power, that is what you must do. If you accept the advice, pleadings or cajolings of the City Council or even the Mayor, your power is dimimished.
Same with the Seattle schools. Let's say the City Council pumps ten milion into the Schools for 'art education'. I will promise you, that money will be spent anwhere except 'art education'. And what are you going to do about it? Take the money back ("It's gone and we have no more money!")?
'Perfect' as far as the politician is concerned.


text:
Q: DevExpress Gridview FocusedRowHandle setter does not set new value The setter for a DevExpress.XtraGrid.Views.Grid.GridView's FocusedRowHandle does not seem to set the value, it remains the same. Both the row with the old and new handle exist. I do not seem to get an exception either. Why does it not work? The grid is multiselect if that matters.
[...]
for (int i = this.GetMasterView().DataRowCount - 1; i > -1; i--)
                {
                    var row = this.GetMasterView().GetRow(i);
                    if (Equals(row, focused))
                    {
                        this.GetMasterView().FocusedRowHandle = i;
                        this.GetMasterView().ClearSelection();
                        this.GetMasterView().SelectRow(i);
                        ret = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
[...]

public static GridView GetMasterView(this GridControl gridControl)
        {
            return (GridView) gridControl.MainView;
        }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Phlegra cinereofasciata är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Simon 1868.  Phlegra cinereofasciata ingår i släktet Phlegra och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppspindlar
cinereofasciata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


KHARTOUM, A Boeing 737 aircraft carrying 120 passengers and eight crew landed safely here Wednesday morning after a warning was received that it was carrying a bomb on board, the spokesman of Khartoum International Airport, Mohamed Al-Mahdi Nasr-Eddin Abdoun, said.
He told the media that the Control Tower at the airport had stated that it had received a false message from an unknown person that there was was bomb on board the aircraft which was coming to Khartoum from Nyala in southwestern Sudan, about 900 kilometres away.
The Control Tower then called for the emergency measures to be taken and in place for the plane to land.
After the plane landed, it was subjected to a search, which revealed no real security threat.


The 1912 J. W. Walker organ at The Sacred Heart Wimbledon is a rare survivor of instruments in Britain. Unlike most instruments of its era, it remains almost unaltered, retaining its original pneumatic action.
Until relatively recently, the treatment of an organ retaining its pneumatic action, would have been for it to be electrified as a matter of course. Even at the time of this restoration, electrification was considered and other firms tendering for the work were advocating it. In this respect, attitudes to preservation still lag behind principles, which have been long established and accepted in Continental Europe.


text:
By Sarah Townsend
Thu 3 Nov 2016 09:35 AM
Amazon 'weighing bid for Dubai's Souq.com'
Internet retailer said to be considering 30% stake as part of Middle East expansion
Amazon is reportedly looking to buy a minimum 30 percent stake in Dubai-based e-commerce website Souq.com.
The bid is part of Amazon's strategy to expand in the Middle East – a region in which it does not currently operate – sources reportedly told Bloomberg.
The holding could put Souq.com's value at upwards of $1.2 billion, the sources said.
They said Souq.com appointed Goldman Sachs to appoint a buyer for the stake sale.
Existing investors Tiger Global Management and South Africa-based Naspers were said to be open to selling part of their holdings – although Tiger Global reportedly declined to comment and a spokeswoman for Naspers refused to confirm or deny involvement any deal.
The stake sale is reportedly also drawing interest from private equity firms and family-owned companies in the Middle East seeking to expand into online retail.
However, no final decisions have been made and the company has yet to agree a deal with any of the parties, Bloomberg reported.
Arabian Business has contacted both Souq.com and Amazon for comment.
The e-commerce sector has seen rising demand in the Gulf in recent months, with Dubai-based businessman Mohamed Alabbar, chairman of Emaar Properties, announcing $1 billion plans to launch a string of major digital and e-commerce ventures in the UAE shortly after he snapped up Aramex founder Fadi Ghandour's stake in the firm in June.
Sarah Townsend
Bahrain's Batelco sees 26% slump in Q3 net profit
Dubai ruler approves final design for UAE's Mars Hope probe
Careem says planning to expand into more Saudi cities
Dubai's Emaar hires new boss to lead new digital strategy
Dubai's du expects to maintain dividends despite profit drop
Emirates counts cost of diversions caused by Dubai drone activity


The country's long haul truck drivers keep the wheels of industry, consumerism and the economy rolling. But nearly a third of all truckers are living with a sleep disorder that could impact their alertness, according to a University of Pennsylvania study cited by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Sleep apnea is a breathing-related sleep disorder that causes brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. The FMCSA said it's a potentially life-threatening condition that often goes unrecognized and undiagnosed. Risk factors for sleep apnea include family history, being overweight, large neck size and age.
While current government regulations do not specifically address sleep apnea, the FMCSA said a person with a history or clinical diagnosis of any condition likely to interfere with their ability to drive safely cannot be medically qualified to operate a commercial motor vehicle.


A recent study used machine learning technology to analyze eight leading models of human origins and evolution, and the program identified evidence in the human genome of a "ghost population" of human ancestors. The analysis suggests that a previously unknown and long-extinct group of hominins interbred with Homo sapiens in Asia and Oceania somewhere along the long, winding road of human evolutionary history, leaving behind only fragmented traces in modern human DNA. The study, published in Nature Communications, is one of the first examples of how machine learning can help reveal clues to our own origins. By poring through vast amounts of genomic data left behind in fossilized bones and comparing it with DNA in modern humans, scientists can begin to fill in some of the gaps of our species' evolutionary history.


Institutional repositories and digitized special collections are unique and valuable resources. These collections, created to capture and preserve the intellectual output of your academic community, are increasingly becoming important tools within the digital research landscape. Key to connecting researchers with your unique content is making the materials in your repositories discoverable.
Many libraries already take advantage of the Summon™ service to expose their users to resources available in their own repositories and digitized special collections. But did you know that you can easily expand the resources discoverable by your researchers beyond your library's collections?
The Summon™ service makes it easy for you to provide your researchers more valuable content by including repositories and special digital collections from other libraries in your default Summon search. This enables users to discover and link to the full artifacts available in these unique collections, broadening the reach of their research—all from your library's single search box.
As of December 2010, over 90 repositories from 63 different institutions representing over 1.2 million records have been ingested into the Summon™ service. These repositories are hosted on a number of software platforms including DSpace, CONTENTdm, EPrints, Fedora, LUNA and many more.
If you have any questions, or would like to learn more about institutional repositories and digitized special collections in the Summon™ service, contact us as info@serialssolutions.com.