A weekly foray into graphite and cedar.
Some may think that adding a bunch of numbers and the word "Super" to the title of a product is a bit ostentatious, but the Kita-boshi 9500 Super Drawing Pencil earns every title it has been given. Kita-boshi Pencil Company is located in Katsushika, Japan and started out as a lumber company. When one of its customers, Tsukiboshi Pencil Company filed bankruptcy, what is now known as Kita-boshi shouldered the debt and got into the pencil making business. Even though demand for the wooden pencil is down (not by the looks of it to me), Kita-boshi still prides itself on creating quality products. This week, I take a look at the 9500 Super Drawing Pencil in graphite grade B. The 9500 is quite unassuming with its lack of eraser and jet black lacquer, this seemed to be just another drawing pencil to me. Stamped in gold on one side is "Super Drawing Kita-Boshi 9500" and on the other is "For Retouching and Special Drawing." Since the graphite grade was a B, I wasn't looking forward to wrapping up my semester with a smudgy mess, but I sharpened her up anyway and got to writing. As always, I used The Masterpiece to sharpen and I did not have any difficulty getting the 9500 to a long point.
When I put pencil to paper, I was pleasantly surprised-- the 9500 was smoother than I had expected. The best way to describe it is if a Tombow MONO and a Golden Bear had a child, this is how it would write. Not too scratchy, but not smooth enough to declare it "buttery." My writing experiences this week were on regular copy paper, graph paper, and a Field Notes Shenandoah. I noticed the most smudging with the graph paper, but I was expecting that. As far as erasing is concerned, I struggled a bit-- I used the Pink Pearl and really did not have tremendous luck with lifting all reminders of what once was on the paper. I wouldn't recommend using this pencil for every day writing, but for art or sketching it's quite amazing.
Finally, the 9500 did extremely well with point retention. I used this pencil over the course of two weeks for about 10 out of the 14 days in those weeks. I am just about ready to put my nub in my bullet pencil, so I'd say for the $1.00 you spend per pencil, you get your money's worth. While the Kita-boshi 9500 Super Drawing pencil will not take up residency in my regular pencil roll, I still think it is worth a try.


Did you know each country has their own Christmas celebrations? If you want to learn what other countries do for Christmas, enjoy this episode from Good Mythical Morning where Rhett and Link play a game of throwing darts to the country on a board to where they believe a special Christmas tradition comes from. Enjoy below!


text:
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An American Airlines Flight's Terrifying JFK Takeoff
April 18, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 72
Filed Under: American
Update: An OMAAT reader wrote in sharing her experience on this flight — you'll want to read it.
I saw a headline regarding this last week, but never read the full details of this story until now. The more I read the details, the more shocked I am by what happened. This seems terrifying for those onboard. The NTSB is now investigating this, even going so far as to call it an "accident."
NTSB is investigating the April 10, 2019, accident at JFK International Airport, New York, involving an American Airlines A321, operating as American Airlines flight 300, which experienced a roll during takeoff and hit a runway distance marker with the left wingtip.
— NTSB_Newsroom (@NTSB_Newsroom) April 17, 2019
The story of AA300
On Wednesday, April 10, 2019, an American Airlines A321 was operating flight AA300 from New York JFK to Los Angeles. This was one of American's "A321T" aircraft, in a swanky three cabin configuration with just 102 seats. The flight was carrying 109 people, including 101 passengers and eight crew.
There are two ways you can tell this story — there's the actual order of events, and there's the order in which the pilots processed the events. I think to be as accurate as possible based on the details we know, it makes sense to cover this in the order in which the pilots uncovered the situation.
How the pilots uncovered the situation
After the plane took off and climbed through about 20,000 feet (over halfway to its cruising altitude), the pilot contacted ATC, asking to return to the airport.
"Hey when we departed we had a strong roll to the left and as we're climbing, we have decided that we'd like to return back to Kennedy."
He's asked if the plane is okay and says "the plane is fine right now. We just want to return to Kennedy and have them check it out."
When asked about the details, the pilot says "we were banking, uncontrolled bank 45 degrees to the left."
When asked if he thought it was wake turbulence (where the wake of another aircraft can cause extreme turbulence), the pilot advised he doesn't think that was the case, and once again confirms they had an uncontrolled roll to the left as they rotated.
At that point the plane is vectored back to JFK where it landed about 30 minutes after takeoff.
Here's the full ATC audio, should you want to hear it:
Okay, so two thoughts:
From the ATC audio you'd think this isn't a big deal at all, based on how the pilots downplay the situation; it sounds like at this point the pilots didn't realize what happened to the plane
At the same time, they suggest the plane uncontrollably banked at a 45 degree angle
I'll admit I'm not an A321 pilot, but would a 45 degree bank on takeoff not be cause for serious alarm?! I do question how good the pilots are at angles here, but still…
Anyway, what the pilots apparently didn't realize is that one of the wingtips struck a sign while the plane banked, causing serious damage.
#breaking New pictures obtained by @CBSNewYork show some of the damage to @AmericanAir flt 300 including what was described as a runway "edge light" embedded in the damaged wing. The plane flew for 28 minutes with that light stuck in the wing! More on the @CBSEveningNews tonight pic.twitter.com/owL4peOxgv
— Kris Van Cleave (@krisvancleave) April 17, 2019
Passengers report that during the climb out the pilot told passengers they were returning to JFK due to a "computer malfunction," though obviously that wasn't the case.
Those are all the facts that we have as of now, though it will be interesting to see what the NTSB report on this incident reveals, in particular regarding:
How the pilots didn't realize that they struck something on takeoff, causing serious damage; did the pilots only realize there was damage when they landed, or did someone in the cabin notice it, alert the flight attendants, and they alerted the pilots?
How the pilots thought that the plane banked 45 degrees uncontrollably during takeoff, and didn't think that was serious enough to warrant an immediate return to the airport
Most importantly, what happened to cause the plane to bank uncontrollably after takeoff
Thank goodness the plane landed back at JFK safely. This incident seems like it could have been a lot worse…
At first glance this reminds me a bit of the Qatar Airways incident in Miami a few years ago, where the plane overran the runway due to taking off at the wrong intersection, and then they hit runway lights, but didn't realize they did so.
I'm not saying the American situation is the same, but rather just that the lack of pilots being aware of the situation seems similar.
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April 17, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 118
I wanted to share my experience yesterday upon landing in Beirut, since I ran into a (slight) issue I wasn't anticipating. Yesterday I landed at Beirut Airport, and immigration was a mess. There were only about two dozen people ahead of me, but there…
Last Chance For The Best Deals On Multi-Resort Ski Passes
April 18, 2019 by Steph 36
While most of us have hung up our snow gear for the season (if you live in the midwest, sorry!) spring is the best time to lock in deals for next year's ski season passes. I wrote about this at length last month, so if the world of multi-resort season…
Filed Under: Great Deals, Travel
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July 18, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 11
CES is one of Las Vegas' biggest annual conventions, and airlines often add extra service in light of this. Not only do they often increase frequencies or upgrade aircraft types on existing routes, but sometimes they also temporarily add new routes altogether.…
Video: American Flight Attendants Sing & Dance For Million Miler
I... I... I... I... am speechless. There are some airlines, like Southwest, that are known for their charismatic flight attendants. American Airlines is not one of those airlines, though. You most definitely wouldn't expect this, let alone from what…
Filed Under: American, Videos
It goes without saying that we have a race issue in the US, and some of the stuff we've seen on some high levels in the past week disgusts me. Period. However, there's a story that several readers have sent me, and I'm not quite ready…
July 17, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 168
There's a story going viral at the moment with the title "Dear American Airlines, I Hate You With My Whole Heart." The story contains a lot of bad language, though I think it's actually a good lesson for travelers, because the airline industry is really…
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Ben (Lucky)
About Ben (Lucky)
Ben Schlappig (aka Lucky) is a travel consultant, blogger, and avid points collector. He travels about 400,000 miles a year, primarily using miles and points to enhance his first class experiences. He chronicles his adventures, along with industry news, here at One Mile at a Time.
Read More from Ben (Lucky) »
Richard G says:
I was wondering how none of the passengers noticed, and then I remembered I took off on an AA plane a while back which had all the blinds down. I had no idea this was even a thing!
Apk says:
How were they able to land with all that gas?
Shay Peleg says:
Of course as always AA lies about what happened to the plane
Abe says:
That's why almost all non-US carriers have all window shades up during taxi, take off, and landing which I think is actually a good safety precaution.
If you ever listen to ATC with pilots dealing with really serious situations you'd be surprised how low key they communicate. They are trained to be as calm and articulate as possible and not speculate. They did the right thing in insisting on returning to the airport. The plane was operational in the sense they didn't need emergency equipment. I think this was handled as best it could be. I'd also note, that the co-pilot is in charge of communicating both to the pilot as to any sensors or alerts on the computer front and with ATC, while the pilot is in charge of piloting. So generally there is both a lot going on and a need for the co-pilot to keep communication to the minimum. Just my thoughts. I am a geek and listen a lot of ATC and pilot communications both in and outside emergencies.
Ian Duncan says:
Something isnt adding up here: Banking happens during flight. Judging by the pictures the accident must have happened on the ground (which does call into question why no-one noticed). I think you should clarify.
LM says:
@Apk – Probably because the plane only has 102 seats, meaning the weight isn't as much.
snic says:
@Ian Duncan: I think the idea is that the wing struck the runway light and got damaged, and as a result of that damage, the plane behaved in an unexpected way once it was in flight ("uncontrolled bank").
Aviate, navigate, communicate. Clearly the author of the piece has no idea about flying a plane. Pilots are trained for the unexpected, a cross wind on rotation could have caused the banking. 45 degrees seems like a bit much however, but it was an estimate I'm sure. As for the announcement, what sounds less alarming? Hey guys, we have to return because of a computer glitch or HOLY CRAP!!!! WE HIT SOMETHING AND HAVE TO MAKE AN EMERGENCY LANDING. Also, no mayday call, no pan pan pan call…. nothing. This is being played up as something it is clearly not.
Jesper says:
@Ben
With all due respect, how do you know that the pilots did not believe that the roll came from a computer error?
Since there was no immediate issues, climb out he departure corridors, asses the situation, and then request a return. It see a reasonable approach to the situation based on the information available. Why are you second guessing the pilots based on far less information than they had?
@ Richard G
I too keep wondering why "Blinds up" for take off and landing is not compulsory on US airlines when it is on most Asian and several European carriers. Not that this is a new issue. I was a FA with Air France 50 years ag (B707 and Caravelle) and we were instructed never to open an emergency exit on the side when there may be a fire. Seems obvious that the best way to check is to have the window blinds up. And still, the "blinds up" instruction is fairly new (2-3 years) on airlines which implement it. Same rule applies on all modern planes equipped with "on demand window tint" such as B787 and A350. where central function is automatically on "Bright" before take-off and landing.
Donato says:
I think some of the readers are missing a point. Takeoffs, especially in windy conditions leave the pilots with a desire to get up there quickly. Unfortunately, on a 321 the takeoff angle has to be minimal so as to avoid tail strikes. This might have played into the contact when an unfortunately timed gust hit.
Mitch Cumstein says:
Back in flight school we called this maneuver an Albemarle jelly roll.
Alpha Golf says:
It's defined as an accident if the aircraft suffered "significant damage".
maxraxstax says:
yeah… here's what AA customer service will say
"We don't generally give out compensation for events that are outside of our control. Clearly, we didn't put the runway light there, but we encourage you to fly AA again and thank you for your continued loyalty"…
Not alarmed by their tone. They are professionals. I'm surprised not a single passenger observed the damage.
I'm also surprised none of the passengers (especially those sitting on window seats) noticed. I always try to get a window seat and look at the view during takeoff/landing.
I'm glad no one was hurt though.
Bob Trial says:
Many jurisdictions require window shades up at takeoff and landing. The US lags behind.
Toad Man says:
It will be interesting to learn what the FDR and CVR reveal…..
Jacob Dorn says:
There's no rear view in a commercial jet unless the looked out a passenger window in the cabin
Dave D says:
Pilots are at a critical phase – take-off. They're past V1 – they have to go flying.
The wingtip is a long way from the flight deck – they may not even know or realize they hit something.
An uncommanded roll very well could be a computer issue on a highly automated aircraft such as the A321. Could have also been a wind gust; which was gusting 20 knots at the time.
They flew to altitude to burn off some fuel to avoid an overweight landing.
IMO, pilots did their job. Safety first.
@APK
If I remember correctly, part of the reason there was a full hour between the takeoff and the landing back at JFK, was that they dumped some fuel.
As a passenger, I would want pilots who acted just as professionally as these ones did. They are trained to be cool, calm, and collected. Would you really want someone in control who is not in control of their emotions? As for the damage to the wing, there is so much noise while taking off that it could easily have not been noticed…evidenced by the fact that no one did. As for telling passengers it was a computer issue? These pilots have minutes, even seconds, to figure out what has happened and try to mitigate it. They very well may have believed that it was a computer issue. Seriously, it seems to me that this article was written just to scare people. Give facts, not conjecture. Pilots lives are at stake every time they fly also. I really dont think they are up there with a problem, lying to passengers in order to save the airline some embarrassment. Give these pilots credit where it is due. They made sure they went back to the airport and possibly saved all those lives.
Great. An article written by someone with no pilot experience and further commented on by people with no pilot experience.
How did the pilots not know they hit something? Well, at the speeds they were going, hitting a distance marker is like a big hitting your windshield on the highway; unless it was in your face, you wouldn't notice.
Why were the pilots and ATC calm? Well, it's because they are trained to operate that way. They performed exactly how they were supposed to.
Lack is pilots being aware? Ha! Have you ever been in a cockpit? Field of view is very limited, except to the front where the plane is flying.
I could go on forever, but this article is garbage. Assumptions, theories and uneducated statements; not facts. Find a new job…
docntx says:
Agree… Why does AA always lie, even when there is no need?
Guess it is the culture emanating from the top.
Andy 11235 says:
While a 45-degree roll sounds extreme, as a passenger I'm not sure I'd notice an issue without seeing the wing. Depending on how you take off versus where you need to go, there can be some quick and steep turns while climbing. (Ever take off north from ICN?)
It will be interesting to get the full details as the investigation unfolds. I'm not sure I disagree with the strategy of getting some good distance from the ground if there's concern with controlling the plane. The goal is to return safely, and this doesn't necessarily mean immediately.
So back in 1998 I was flying down to Dallas and got put on ATA. It was during a bad snow storm, took me 3h to get to Midway and somehow I still got in the delayed flight… Which of course almost crashed on takeoff.
Wind sheer event right as we started to lift and I watched the shadow of the wing and wing start coming closer together, I'd say we got to about maybe a few feet or less before the pilot was able to right the plane.
I hope now when a flight attendant ask a passenger to roll up the window shade for take off and landing they won't roll their eyes or act put out about it. We always ask in first rows on my small carrier which us US based. True on international carriers on take off and landing all shades are up. Sorry so if a bit of discomfort of sun in your eyes but there is reason for this request.
Flip mcflip says:
The pilots did exactly what pilots do. The plane was returned to the ground without incident and without causing the passengers harm. They are trained to stay calm. You don't want "alarmed" pilots. Duh
D3KingAmerican says:
Too soon to accuse the pilots of any wrongdoing. Sounds like they were calm and well collected.
How do you know what the pilots knew and didn't know ?
It's all hearsay at this point.
Than again maybe one of the pilots made an error.
That Russian hockey team Yaroslavl lokomotiv crash the plane banked hard on takeoff because one of the pilots was hitting the brake inadvertently.
James mccormack says:
I'd fly with that crew, anywhere. Congratulations.
Marshall Jackson says:
If an airplane receives substantial damage, it's called an "accident" by the NTSB. I'm not convinced the cockpit crew can see the wings from the cockpit, but it sure seems like someone might hear/feel something with that much damage. I'm sure the FDR and CVR have been collected and the CVR will shed some light on what kind of conversation was going on in the cockpit. Interesting one to watch.
Lucky, you do not know what you are talking about.
The pilots duty is to maintain control of the aircraft.
An incident at lift off means the airplane was beyond the point of no return.
The pilots properly leveled the airplane, cleaned it up, and returned to base.
They did everything by the book.
Why don't you take the train next time.
48 year pilot
kris hornung says:
too much plane and not enough wing
Smart asses here do realize Lucky is a pilot right?
First of all, let's all be civil and stop saying Lucky doesn't know what he's talking about. That's a pretty bold statement about someone we don't know, and honestly quite rude.
Secondly, it seems that the crew communicated the facts and opinions they knew at the time. The A321 is a highly computerized aircraft, so assuming a computer malfunction on takeoff would not be out of the ordinary, especially if the aircraft continued to climb and perform normally. From the pictures I've seen of the damage, it does not appear to have impacted hydraulic systems in the wing, so it's possible that no warnings appeared in the cockpit.
It also appears that this flight was at night time. Once the aircraft is in the air, it would probably be difficult for anyone to see the damage that was caused. On the A321, the pilots cannot see the wings from the cockpit, so they wouldn't be able to see the damage either.
We'll have to wait for the NTSB findings to come out, but as a preliminary opinion, it seems that the Captain and First Officer acted professionally and by the book. Hopefully this turns out to be a weather related incident and nothing more. Let's be thankful that no lives were lost and no injuries were reported. Flying is still the safest way to travel, thanks to highly competent flight crews, and incredibly safe aircraft like the A320 family.
Listened to the audio, and as I pilot, I can say they handled the situation by the book. Aviate, navigate, and then communicate. They had already passed V1 when the incident occurred, and the takeoff could no longer be aborted. They got to cruise, worked the problem, couldn't come to a conclusion, so they opted turn back. Kudos to the crew.
nicolas crocco says:
Im an American Airlines employe but my opinions do not reflect the company's.
I invite you to listen to the ATC for Southwest 1380 on you tube which was a very serious accident including loss of life and you'll hear the same calm demeanor.
My 2 cents, Pilots took off, felt it, worked several check lists decided to come back and did it.
Crosswind might have been a cause, NTSB will dig it up good but itll take a few months.
Big bird like that you dont feel everything and 45 degree bank seems like a wrong guess by the pilot but again NTSB will find out.
Search for crosswind landings on you tube and youll get the gist of what happened here…
Keenan Molver says:
The writer of this article is obviously not a commercial pilot. I understand that articles are opinion based but an aircraft is not like a car where you can stop if something is wrong. There is a procedure and checklists that must be followed before requesting to turn back. In this case the pilot had control of the aircraft after the bank so it was plausible that wake was responsible depending on the previous aircraft that took off and at what point. An experienced crew will identify wake and they will discuss the situation before returning to the airport.
I am an extremely nervous flyer, so I clicked on this ink with extreme trepidation. I see nothing here to describe as "a terrifying takeoff" like the headline suggests. In fact, the biggest criticism seems to be that no one noticed the event even happened!
I think this is actually an example of very competent response to an incident, not an indictment of the pilot's lack of awareness.
Airram1 says:
I brake ride on this type of aircraft,and I can tell you looking out the side window that wing is not an easy view- often when doing a piggy back park, I will pop the window open and lean out for a clean view of the wing in relation to the left side aircraft we are parking between. Opening the window and leaning out, or even craning forward to look back probably not the wisest thing on a live flight that has just gotten 50 ft off the ground.
Hassan Wahid says:
A 45 degree bank just as you leave ground effect is a well big cause for alarm. Damage like that would be immediately evident in rate of climb relative to the angle of attack for it. The drag alone would constantly yaw the plane to that side. Definately the pilots were not in the qualified frame of mind at all for flight.
CFI/CFII/MEI says:
45 degree bank at rotation?! The amount of vertical lift that is traded for horizontal, a super critical wing, and it's 35 degree sweep; this would have been quite a dramatic roll for the pax.
Remember, 45 degrees is a "steep" turn and will produce 1.45Gs, uncomfortable for unaccustomed people.
KC says:
The crew would have known the bank was around 45° because the primary flight display would have told them so, although the actual angle of bank would be a guess as the flight display doesn't specify degrees except the descent and ascent angle.
It's highly likely they thought it could have been a gust and likely was that caused the roll. Uncontrolled rolls on takeoff could be a number of things, but they have a number of instruments and if they see the engines are both operating normally and there are no other indications that suggest anything other than a gust, they would continue. Clearly their decision to want to return means something else was going on in the cockpit. They likely did have a computer error they couldn't correct through a checklist (possibly a sensor damaged in the wing), but the flight "felt" ok, but erred on the side of caution and returned but didn't think it warranted assistance upon landing.
As for not knowing they hit something – unless they heard it, felt it, or someone in the cabin saw it, it's unlikely there would be any indication other than the "computer error".
Clearly there's a reason for the uncontrolled roll, but since this an Airbus, there's very little feedback in the side stick like there would be in a yolk. Wx and Doppler records will show what caused it, along with the flight data recorder.
The pilots did their job, and everyone got back ok.
I expect a couple of things from this – the NTSB will mandate an open blinds rule on take off, descent and landing like most of the developed world does, and maybe procedures/checklists may be looked at for specific errors following uncontrolled rolls regardless of when they occur in flight.
ddrabk says:
Two things i have learned from this blog.
Dont take food from a lounge to go. Dont take signs and lights from a runway to go.
🙂 safe travels Lucky!!
The author of this article might fly a lot, but he doesn't know a lot about flying. I can't take someone seriously that speculates without checking their facts and prints an article.
@Andy 11235
Since being argumentative seems to be the tone for this thread, I wanted to speculate that if a plane banked 45 degrees when it was only 50′ off the ground, you would notice. On the other hand, I doubt it was a full 45-degree roll – I don't know how tall the lights are, but from the pictures of where the strike occurred, if the angle was that extreme, it would seem likely there would be grass stains on the bottom of the winglets. Personally, I always watch out the windows during take-off and landing, as it's the most interesting part of the flight for me (I fly foreign, blinds-up carriers almost exclusively), so about that time I would thankful I packed a change of boxers in my carry-on.
Capt billy says:
The pilots EFIS (Electronic flight instrumentation system) gives them a very accurate and easy to read indication of the bank angle. So when they said the plane banked 45 degrees they meant 45 degrees. Also, the A321 is a fly by wire aircraft, meaning computers control the aircraft all the time, so an uncomanded 45 degree bank would quite likely be "a computer problem".
JRMW says:
I'll echo others in saying that the pilot's tone of voice means nothing.
Also, what is unsaid is just as important as what is said
Same issue happens in my job (doctor, non pilot)
When the garbage hits the fan I calmly tell my team what I need them to do
I dont make conjectures
I state what I know, what I plan, and what I need
Everything. I do has a routine, a flow. If I deviate from the typical process everyone conscious in the room knows there's a problem. Screaming doesn't help
I assume this is similar. Simply stating that the plane had to go back indicated to all involved that something wrong happened
That said… how about science!?
Plane flew great with a huge gouge out of the wing!
This is my usually flight I take, but happened to be on vacation that week and on the ground. Reading some of these comments just makes me want to scream at how people are rushing to judgement , esp knowing how highly trained & experienced the crews are who work this flight, and think they know everything. It is never one thing that leads to a crash, but rather is similar to the many holes in a wheel of Swiss cheese that rarely all align to create one big hole. A few things come to mind as someone who regularly takes this A321T flight. 1. It's night time and pitch black outside when this flight operates and many times out of JFK you take off over water, not city, making it even darker outside to see. 2. Only maybe 2 passengers in row 8 or 9 would've been able to see the damage from their Business Class seats that are angled away from the window and face more toward the aisle. 3. Most passengers on this flight are top tier frequent fliers who have had a long day at work, or have come in from overseas, and put their complimentary noise cancelling headsets on and are sleeping before leaving the gate. 4. Did it ever cross anyone's mind that maybe it was a computer issue and they hit a sign while trying to regain control after takeoff? Does anyone not remember Northwest flight 255 that crashed in Detroit in the 1980s? It hit a couple light poles in the rental car parking lot while wobbling out of control while trying to gain lift after takeoff. I commend this amazing Crew who handled this with the utmost skill and professionalism. They are heroes! In the meantime I will wait for the NTSB findings before rushing to judgement.
BrewerSEA says:
This flight departed at 8:25pm, 55 minutes after sunset in New York that day. It's not too surprising there weren't any passengers who noticed anything wrong. Especially as only a handful of J/F passengers actually have a good view of the front of the wing anyway.
Nutjob says:
I think it's amazing how media is made available, Flightaware recordings, and neer do wells can suddenly become the largest group of armchair quarterbacks unqualified to assess aircraft accidents, crashes, terrorist hijackings, car crashes, shootings, et al.
Perhaps as a low time pilot and reading how three of five aircraft in my training school were destroyed with the last crash resulting in two deaths required some patience for the NTSB report to find cause. I already had some ideas but never commented publicly. Second guessing as armchair quarterbacks without any real experience to make decisions while flying separates pilots from pubic comments.
Crosscourt says:
It baffles me how AA have/allow blinds down for take off etc. Think of it as safety awareness, seeing what's happening just in case, heaven forbid. On qantas blinds must up for take off and landing.
There are a ton of miserable people on this site commenting…smh Be grateful you land safely every time.
As the plane rotated there was an "uncontrolled command" – which yes would be considered a computer issue/malfunction. Yeah, you miserable folks can all apologize to AA 😉
Yes the wing made contact with the runway and dragged for quite a bit hitting a breakaway sign.
On climb out (they probably knew something went down) but was not aware of how severe until a passenger in biz class alerted the FA to the visible wing damage, and that's when the pilots started their checks and decided to request a return to Kennedy.
BTW – there is video of an Aeromexico flight suffering what appears to be something very similar 2 days before.
Window shades down? You will never find that on Turkish, Etihad, Thai…..some of the recent flights taken. Take off for sure all windows up and when landing they take your headset, blanket and ask you to open the blinds and put your seat in an upright position!!
You mentioned that you were sure how good the pilots are at estimating angles when it comes to how much they rolled. The primary instrument called the attitude indicator has markings for degrees of roll, no need to estimate.
N1120A says:
My eyes are almost rolling into the back of my head on this. These pilots handled this situation professionally and as is expected of any certificated pilot, from a VFR PPL in a Cherokee to a 747-8 captain at Lufthansa. When a large transport category commercial aircraft is rotating, they are well past the point where they are going to discontinue takeoff – for any reason.
It is entirely possible that the aircraft banked 45 degrees. They didn't say it was in a turn, but a bank. If they'd rotated, then gained some sort of altitude, it would take a 45 degree bank for the winglet to hit a sign on the ground. This isn't some sort of a math error – pilots know what a 45 degree bank is.
Meanwhile, it is entirely likely that they noticed the bank and were concerned, but needed to continue and gain altitude, run checklists and allow some fuel to burn off before coming back. The aircraft was stable and controllable, so there was no reason to try and come back right away.
Oh, and for the person who mentioned saying "mayday" or "pan," in the US, unless it is a situation of serious loss of control/power, you aren't going to hear mayday. When an emergency is declared, that aircraft is the priority of ATC and they will get exactly what they want, when they want. Even an aircraft that asks for priority due to a minor issue will get the Royal treatment. I simply stated my need to make a precautionary diversion last month and I was given a greeting by 2 fire trucks, just to make sure I was ok. These pilots stated what they wanted and were given the level of service needed to get back in safely. It's as simple as that.
Bradley Bahler says:
The pilots did an outstanding job.
The passengers were truly forgiving.
The critics covered every crook and cranny.
A few people mused.
It's all right now baby blue.
Clearly who ever wrote this article needs to do some research on flying or ask a pilot. First off we have no reasion to believe the pilots did anything but there jobs. Yes there was damage. No its not severe. How it got there. We dont know at this time but not enough to down the plane. Believe it or not but a plane such as an a321 can take a punishment and still fly. No the pilots of an aircraft with a mtow of more than 100 tons would not feel the wing tip sraping something. Flying 101. Fly the plane. Alot of fatal accidents have been caused by non critical situations due to crew not simply flying the plane. These AA pilots did the right thing. They flew it. Assessed it. Communicated it and landed it. Lets let the pros tell us after they look into it and see why what and when.
ATP says:
The A321 is "fly by wire". So it is conceivable that there was a computer glitch which caused the plane to bank uncontrollably on takeoff. Also, wake turbulence could have been a factor if the plane took off shortly after a "heavy", which is common at a large airport. What puzzles me are the multiple dents (spead out) on the leading edge. Plus, the aileron doesn't appear to be damaged, eliminating structural damage as the cause for the "bank". It also seems to me that in order for a wing to strike a runway light, it would have happened just as the "gear" left the ground. Who knows? As far as the pilots were concerned, they performed brilliantly.
You clearly have no idea about aircraft and piloting them.
The pilots "guessed" their roll angle via this little thing called the "artificial horizon". There's no guessing, it told them the exact roll angle.
Ethan. I had no idea Lucky is a pilot?
Rosita Alonzo says:
As an American Airline deicer, I saw many, too many take offs and when we check for ice contamination we do check for damage also, especially in the wings, the pilots did check the aircraft before boarding doing a walk around, but they could miss something higher, plus the little window of the cabin only allows to see the end of the wings and that doing on purpose, their seat is to look fotward and not mirrors, so, they acted correctly, when guts of wind hit an aircraft they could bank, lose altitude and go up again, I saw that with a 35mph wind and I prayed because I was scared, the pilot pointed up and gained altitude again…I really admire those people who choose to be pilots! What a responsibility! Never I will critizise them, plus…there are new pilots getting experience…instead pray for them.
I was on this flight. The passengers noticed.
One point I want to make is about how the article framed the lack of pilot awareness. Today's large airliners are not like small cars where you would have to be completely unaware to not notice when you hit something. Wrap your head around the idea that these large airliners are more like moving sky scraper buildings turned on their side. You could be working in an office on one side of the building (or on one floor) and not even know that a car slammed through the wall on the other side of the building (or on a different floor).
The bank angle on takeoff was unusual but it is entirely possible the pilots had no idea the wing made contact with the ground until they were notified by cabin crew, who may not have known until they were notified by passengers sitting near the wing area.
AMT says:
Airbus engineers are now here t JFK deciding weather or not to Junk the airplane due to the damaged left wing…
ericnyc says:
I think it's really great that people are leaving such harsh, angry criticism here. And that it's personally directed at Lucky, like that he should "find a new job."
Because after all, this is a blog by and for professional pilots. And it's reasonable to expect that the writer would have all the knowledge that a commercial pilot with 20+ years of experience would have.
Oh, wait, sorry, this a miles and points blog? Nvm…
(BTW I did find all the pilots' insights above fascinating. It sounds like this crew did exactly what they should have done. But it's troubling that damage like this could happen and the pilots didn't know about it. Maybe that's more of an aircraft design issue than a pilot performance issue. But it's still troubling.)
Ken A says:
Inquiring minds want to know if American Airlines receives a bill from the JFK airport to repair the runway "edge light" embedded in the damaged aircraft wing? After aircraft repair, does the pilot-in-charge get to keep the runway edge light as a souvenir?
I thought shades-up during take off and landing was universal so people's eyes can adjust to outside light in case of an emergency evacuation!
David DeBace says:
Looking at the pictures of the strike, its not that bad. a slat and wing tip. Many of the a/c flown today the crew are unable to see the tip. Hard to say they felt or heard it. Per the Rules they did the right thing to return. but the a/c would have been fine going to LAX . Have seen a lot worst over the years. A/C are tough they can good bad , but can still fly.
I was on the plane. We definately knew we almost went down. It was very obvious.
We saw the wing when we landed.
Pilots lost control 100 percent. Thankfully they regained it before we bounced
David Reed says:
Interestingly it appears from flight aware that this same flight is returning to JFK tonight just 40 minutes after take off. (?) .. No explanations so far. I would also add that another good reason for blinds up during takeoff and landing would be for passengers to see fire on either side of plane in event of emergency exit on the tarmac.
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@2dancingpandas @GreenMochila @perthtravelers @thezeelog @LaceDiaries @LeesaTruesdell @Dreams_Abroad… t.co/HioJedutSJ 3 Hours ago via Hootsuite Inc.
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July 18, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 3
American Express and Hilton have just rolled out new welcome bonuses on their co-branded credit cards, following some minor changes that have been made to some of these cards. Here are the details of these offers: The Hilton Honors™ Card from…
Filed Under: American Express, Credit Cards
British Airways' much anticipated new business class product, called Club Suites, will be flying soon. The first plane to feature Club Suites will be British Airways' very first A350-1000, which is expected to join the fleet next week. That plane will…
Filed Under: British Airways
American Express has just launched their newest business credit card, which is a great option for someone looking to earn cash back with a no annual fee card. While I wouldn't say the card is industry leading, I do think some people will find it to be…
Filed Under: American Express, Credit Card Reviews
If you're into earning points through credit card spending, you shouldn't be earning just a single point per dollar spent. Rather you should be earning anywhere from 1.5-5x points on all of your spending. This is done both by maximizing the points you're…
Filed Under: Chase, Credit Card Reviews
Review: TWA Hotel New York JFK
This past week I finally had the chance to stay at the TWA Hotel JFK. I don't think I've ever been this excited about staying at an airport hotel... or even about staying at any hotel, for that matter. Not only is this hotel an aviation geek's dream,…
Filed Under: Hotel Reviews, Hotels
Review: Air Europa Business Class 787 Madrid To Miami
My layover in Madrid was only about two hours. Madrid is a deceivingly massive airport, and a great place to connect if you're looking to meet your daily quota for steps in one layover. To be honest I actually have no clue what gate we arrived at, though…
Filed Under: Airline Reviews, Other Airlines
Review: Air Europa Business Class 737 London To Madrid
June 22, 2019 by Ben (Lucky) 22
I got to Gatwick Airport at around 7:30AM, plenty early for my 9:55AM flight to Madrid. My flight on Air Europa was departing from Gatwick's South Terminal. The first stop at the airport was The Grain Store, which is the Priority Pass restaurant at the…
Review: Courtyard London Gatwick Airport
I had just under 24 hours in London, as I was arriving from Calgary at around 11AM, and departing the next morning to Madrid around 10AM. While I would have loved to go into London and spend the day walking around, I decided to just book an airport hotel…
Filed Under: Hotel Reviews, Marriott
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Turns Out Carrie Underwood Has 'Savage' Dance Moves [Watch]
Adison Haager Updated: May 29, 2020
Carrie Underwood is a savage. No, she's not literally savage, but she can dance to "Savage" by Megan Thee Stallion with the best of them.
Underwood — who is new to the social media platform TikTok, but adapting quickly — along with her makeup and hair artist Melissa Schleicher, lets loose to the viral hit song by the Houston rapper while mimicking TikTok's specific routine for "Savage." (The dance originated on the platform and launched 'challenge' for others to learn the original choreography by Keara Wilson, spread wide by Megan Thee Stallion.)
Underwood proves that a mama of two can still roll those hips, swinging along to the lyrics: "I'm a savage (yeah) / Classy, bougie, ratchet."
With a mask covering the lower half of her face, Schleicher doesn't seem to pick up the dance moves as fast as Underwood, but she makes the perfect backup dancer.
The singer, 37, knows she much older than the teenagers who are the majority of TikTok users — but that's okay.
"We know we are not, in fact, savage," Underwood writes on top of the video, poking fun at herself and acknowledging that she may not be as hip and cool as she once was.
Carrie Underwood Has Joined TikTok and She's Showing No Mercy!
In addition to her "Savage" routine, the "Cry Pretty" singer shared an adorable throwback video on TikTok — a 'glow up,' if you will — showing pictures from when she was younger, leading up to her American Idol win and throughout her booming career.
"I was a little girl in Checotah, Oklahoma with a big dream of being a country singer," Underwood writes on the video. It's a sweet reminder of not only where she came from, but also an encouragement to anyone else out there chasing a dream.
Who Is Country's Hottest Artist of 2020?
See Pictures of Carrie Underwood's Post-Idol Home:
Source: Turns Out Carrie Underwood Has 'Savage' Dance Moves [Watch]
Filed Under: carrie underwood
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Medieval History Professor Thomas Fudge from the University of New England, will present the lecture "Who was Jan Hus? Myth, Memory and Meaning" at the Embassy of the Czech Republic on December 10, at 6 pm.
The poet Robert Pinsky once said that "deciding to remember and what to remember, is how we decide who we are." Jan Hus was a Czech priest executed for heresy in 1415 during the Council of Constance. This lecture identifies the myths connected to Hus. It examines how Hus has been remembered and understood over the past 600 years (socially, religiously and politically), and suggests ways in which Hus might continue to be important in the twenty-first century.
Dr. Thomas A Fudge undertook his research leading to a Ph.D. in medieval history under the direction of R.W. (Bob) Scribner at Cambridge where he wrote on the subject "Myth, Heresy and Propaganda in the Radical Hussite Movement, 1409-1437." He has worked in many monastic libraries, in archives in Eastern and Central Europe, and in some of the world's great academic libraries such as the Bodley in Oxford, Harvard, and the Vatican. He is one of the founders of the biennial conference The Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice which also publishes a journal by the same name. Volume 10 in that series is currently being edited. Prior to taking up his appointment at the University of New England (UNE), he taught at Warner Pacific College (Portland Oregon), Clark College (Vancouver), the University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand) and in the Texas prison system. Appointed to a university professorial chair in 2003, Dr. Fudge joined the UNE faculty in 2012. He has held ten contestable research grants in the past twenty years and is currently a member of the Research Committee. Dr. Fudge was appointed as Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Officer for the School of Humanities in 2014.
Throughout 2015, as part of the sexcentennial anniversary of the execution of Jan Hus, Dr. Fudge has been presenting lectures around the world including Australia, the United States, Germany, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, England, Canada, and Argentina.
For more information about Professor Fudge, please visit: https://www.une.edu.au/staff-profiles/humanities/tfudge.


text:
Home/Business/Meharry Medical College Gives Students $10,000 To Ease Financial Strain In Holiday Season
Meharry Medical College Gives Students $10,000 To Ease Financial Strain In Holiday Season
Future medical professionals attending Meharry Medical College could have a merrier Christmas after receiving a $10,000 gift from the HBCU.
Presented unconditionally and aimed to ease financial hardship heading into the holiday season, Meharry President Dr. James E.K. Hildreth announced the Thanksgiving gift on Nov. 22 in a video shared with students at the historically Black college in Nashville, Tennessee.
According to the Tennessean, Meharry's 956 students each received the donation. The money came from federal COVID relief funds sent to higher education institutions for financial aid.
The CARES Act dispersed some $14 billion to help schools handle the coronavirus pandemic's financial strain. It also assisted students with academic debts and the clearing of tuition costs. Meharry landed a $20 million grant to be used partly to bolster its medical curriculum with virtual simulation and telemedicine training. The bounteous student gifts applied nearly $9.6 million of those funds.
"In the past year-and-a-half we've all had to learn as it says in scripture to give thanks in all circumstances and keep thankfulness in our hearts," Hildreth reflected as part of a holiday message.
He added, "I'm thankful for you students and the future of healthcare, public health, and research that is entrusted to you. That future looks bright."
Meharry's medical professionals-in-training helped administer COVID-19 tests and provided information and strategies to mitigate further spread of the novel virus throughout 2020. "You heard me right. We're making these gifts out of the Higher Education Emergency Relief Funds, which Meharry received as part of the CARES Act," Hildreth explained.
The money was transferred into the bank accountants of students with direct deposit on Thanksgiving Eve. Others were able to pick up their check on campus. Hildreth advised students to use the money to pay costs tied to their education instead of being tempted to use it for Black Friday shopping.
Students completing up to four years of matriculation in the school of medicine or dentistry graduate with roughly over $280,000 in debt based on an analysis of tuition and fees for the 2021-2022 school year. Several other Black higher education institutions, such as Atlanta's Morehouse College and Clark Atlanta University, sought to help students with their academic-related financial burdens by clearing debts.
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Hello movie fans. As I have been writing about movies since a few years, I decided to add a section on my blog where I review latest and old flicks, usually that are cinematically compelling.
I believe that there wouldn't have been a better place than filmboards to share those reviews' summaries.
Here, I will be sharing with you original summaries of my reviews with all the ratings.
I already asked about it in the "Request" section (https://filmboards.com/board/p/3205957/) of the forum where one of our community member suggested me to go ahead. I will proceed in this Thread once a moderator allows.
I talked to admin Happsty and he said you can ago ahead and do this. Happsty is kind man and he loves us all. Thank you Happsty.
Thanks guys, it is a pleasure to be here. I will try to write my finest.
Raincoat is among the most underrated movies in Bollywood as the audience there like masala movies more. However, it is among the highly praised cinematic movies.
Before watching the movie, I expected it to have something new; an amazing concept. However, Raincoat turned out to be simple yet effective. It may not have an interesting idea; it feels like a usual Love tale from outside. But, the beauty of the movie is its theme and essence of feelings.
The movie is about a debt man named Manoj who decides to go to Kolkata city. There, his heart takes him to the doorsteps of his teenage love Neeru who has been married now.
All seems so usual and predictive till here. But, the movie gets elevated from here just because of its screenplay where the feelings of the duo played by Ajay Devgn and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan are shown.
I grew up watching harry potter and the first movie Philosopher's Stone excites me the most as it shows the root story. I have watched it a few times. A few days ago, I decided to watch it as a reviewer, not audience.
Believe me, Philosopher's Stone impressed me more than ever. I was focusing on logic also and the movie does it really well; it shows logic where the creators make you to notice them. Such as a scene where Ron Weasley is shown playing chess and later his chess skills becomes crucial for the climax.
Along with the idea, the script is really powerful; it keeps building like a chain; there are many call to actions in it that trigger to something new in the story till the end.
Lord Voldemort lost the battle in the movie, though he feels to be a powerful villain where he has a huge reason to keep fighting with Harry.
You make a valid point about acting.
As you may already know that Mughal-E-Azam is among the most popular movies ever made. Along with having the qualities of a wonderful movie, the movie also makes you notice the quality of filmmaking and the efforts done by the director K.Asif.
It is a story of the emperor of India and his beloved son, whom he sends to the battle field in his early days to keep him away from immoral habits. The prince makes his father proud when he returns after years; but when he starts loving a maid in their palace, things get ruined.
I believe that it is a really powerful story that is loaded with drama and emotions, and don't forget that the movie started filming in 1940s.
There are many characters that make an impact on the audience other than the lead ones such as a poor but self-esteemed painter.
The story flows really smooth, though there are a ton of elements in the movie. Once the script triggers to its goal, twists keep taking place and makes it interesting.
The concept of Lagaan feels really passionate and intense that also motivates the audience where a bunch of villagers who have never played the game of cricket prepare to win over British cricket team.
All the elements in the movie compliment the other. The idea makes its screenplay engaging and brings empathy to the villagers.
What makes Lagaan more interesting from the point of filmmaking it its simplicity.
The movie gets its call to action early and then a villager named Bhuvan motives others to join him. What actually move the movie are its characters, a little drama and the huge risk.
Also, the director Ashutosh Gowariker has implemented interesting characters in the movie that makes such boring looking script really entertaining.
In the movie, conflict among the villagers is also focused that evokes more interest in the audience.
It was a good movie, but way too long.
Yes, I like the intensity of the movie. How much would you rate it?
I would give it a 7.5. If they would cut out some of the excess footage, I might go higher.
Missing holds a concept that is not only simple but it suits the thriller genre really well. The movie focuses on a couple whose child gets missing while on a vacation in Mauritius. But, the movie turns interesting when the audience comes to know that they aren't a couple, met a few hours ago before that incident took place.
If you are blaming me that I have ruined the movie for you, it isn't the case; the reality about the couple gets disclosed initially.
What makes the story go is mostly Manoj's character; he keeps trying to make his and the woman's real identity unclosed. So, while the audience gets concerned about the child, Manoj makes the screenplay interesting with his convincing attitude.
But, the movie would have been better, the story doesn't flow smoothly. You feel a lot of patches in it. Also, the director hasn't taken care of logics at all.
Blackmail is a really interesting crime-thriller movie that also has black-comedy in it. The entire idea is about a man named Dev Kaushal who is in debt and on a day seeks an opportunity to fill his debts when he watches his wife with another man.
Not only he blackmails that man and keeps getting money, but he plans more to have a perfect revenge from him that couldn't have been possible on the spot.
There are two more characters in the movie that help the story keep moving and make it feel compelling to the audience.
At the climax you see the total mean face of Irrfan Khan who accomplishes his revenge on his wife's lover.
There are several call to actions in the movie that moves the story along with being really funny.
3 idiots fame Omi Vaidya also has a role in the movie, it doesn't have any influence on the main story but his character makes it entertaining.
Nanu Ki Jaanu doesn't hold a concept to cheer; the movie leads to a chain of events based on the idea that makes it go. After the story gets built, the movie doesn't create a big enough reason to take interest. What saves the movie is its characters and screenplay.
It is a story of a thug named Naanu who along with his gang grabs lands of people. The courageous man turns into a timid after he witness the death of a girl whom he tried to save.
Actually there is nothing much to talk about story; the entire movie focuses on Nanu getting himself rid of the girl's ghost and get back to the thug life.
As I said earlier, the highlight of the movie is its screenplay and characters. The events that take place in the movie feel hilarious and entertaining; they hide most of the cinematic lags.
While watching the movie, I was really impressed by the idea it showed. The movie is about a man who developed an interesting ideology towards truth. From here, I expected it to be an influential movie. However, Ankhon Dekhi's impact turned low if its concept it considered.
So, its idea impacts its story too where the main character (Sanjay Mishra) delivers his ideology more as his habit. But, as an audience when you see the hilarious and some good outcomes of Sanjay's actions, you enjoy.
Also, the movie is set in a rural type area in Delhi and most of the characters in the movie are skilled in their jobs. All these elements make it a realistic movie that connects well with the audience.
Additionally, the climax part may touch you where Sanjay Mishra jumps from a hill in order to feel his desire in reality; but it lags in logic.
Den of Thieves impresses a lot as a crime-action movie; the events that happen in the movie make the audience involved and feel interesting to watch.
However, the movie doesn't bring a fresh idea on the screen; it is a usual tale where a smart and fearless gang is chased by cops.
However, the lag in the idea doesn't let the movie down. Its screenplay and the characters bring a unique theme to it. When you are going to witness a clash between those cops who are also thug types and a well-trained heist gang, it creates a heavy conflict in your mind and makes this old-school story effective.
What I think can be elevated is the gang who is the villain in the movie. The director doesn't show any reason to have empathy for them; the gang is bad to be bad, they don't have any good reason or emotional motive.
But, as an action movie it has won my heart with the large but realistic approach.
Braven is a much predictable movie; after watching its trailer you can get the entire picture in your mind. The movie didn't surprise me either, it all was expected.
There is nothing much fresh to the script and the concept; there is a man who is being haunted by a drug mafia and his goons.
There are two elements that save the day for Braven, otherwise the movie would have been fallen down.
The director Lin Oeding shows the love in the Braven family initially. This not just connects you with them but it results in a high empathy for them. So, when the bad guys try to ruin them, you take interest as a viewer.
Moreover, the action is really fascinating where Jason Momoa's character of Joe takes against the drug goons with his survival skills. He doesn't use arms, instead old school weapons such as bow & arrow and axe. It makes the action unique.
However, there is a huge logic lag in the script. There was a situation in the movie where Braven could have avoided the conflict with the goons; but he calls war instead.
Accident Man becomes compelling because of its style and characters. Scott Adkins who has played Mike Fallon feels like a real life superhero. He is a mean guy with a lot of attitude and style; he is so good with combat skills that he doesn't feel much less than Ryan in Deadpool.
The movie doesn't show much empathy to Scott's character, but because of his personality you connect with the character.
The story flows too slowly and there is nothing good about it. But the events and the theme of the movie keeps you entertained even with such huge lag. I have taken it as the beauty of the movie.
So, in a sum up when the movie ends, you don't care about it. What you take home is Mike Fallon and his style.
Audience has watched countless movies that show a thread to human race and some savior saving lives. Pacific Rim Uprising has that repeated idea but it becomes much fascinating where the movie focuses highly on the giant robots called Jaegers created to take against the odd.
When you see pilots training to operate it and other elements attached to Jaegers; it somewhere feels a fresh movie. For such mainstream cinema, it is a very well done modification.
You witness a nice script with fine twists, but the conflicts make it more compelling till the first half.
In the movie, John Boyega doesn't have an ideology to be a hero; he just wants his comfortable space back. When he is sent to train new pilots, it brings interest.
I expected Dangal to be a great movie. Yes it is, but the movie has surprised me a bit. I was expecting it to be a usual sports flick where passion achieves dreams.
Dangal isn't just about passion of Geeta and Babita; the movie holds emotions, family conflicts, realization of mistakes and women empowerment.
It is a story of Mahavir Singh Phogat who couldn't pursue his wrestling career to an international medal because of poor financial condition of his and the sports in India. He later have hopes from his would be son, however god blesses him with four daughters. But, when is discovers her daughters' wrestling skills, he begins to train them.
In the script, the movie has a lot of conflicts that keep you involved till the very end.
Cinema says that a worthy movie is a one that conveys a message or display us something that affects the society. Swades is one such masterpiece that tells a story that impacts viewers' mind highly by the end.
It is a story of a NRI man named Mohan who works in NASA. While on his visit in India, he comes to know about critical problems of rural India. There, he decides to quit his job and fix things.
In the movie, Shahrukh's character makes a huge change among the villagers and it feels so natural. He is the one who brings electricity to the village, though everything looks realistic.
There are some characters and romance embedded to the main idea, hence you don't get bored. All has been done with a good balance and nothing is overshadowed.
Very interesting movie, I just love the realistic theme of it. During 2000's Bollywood was way far from realistic cinema, but unlike the trend, Vaastav was better.


Helen is a farmer and campaigner. The journey that food makes from the farm to the plate has been central to her life and work.
Born and brought up on the family farm in Wiltshire which she runs today, Helen is also Chief Executive of the Soil Association and has served on the Curry Commission into the Future of Farming. She remains first and foremost a farmer and was awarded the OBE in 1998 for services to farming.
Helen knew from an early age that farming was for her, she told her father she wanted to be a 'proper farmer' aged just 9. In 1986 by the time she was 24 her father had passed the reins on to her and not long after, she began the journey converting Eastbrook Farm to organic.


text:
// Code generated by go-swagger; DO NOT EDIT.

package operations

// This file was generated by the swagger tool.
// Editing this file might prove futile when you re-run the swagger generate command

import (
	"net/http"

	"github.com/go-openapi/errors"
	"github.com/go-openapi/runtime/middleware"
	"github.com/go-openapi/validate"

	strfmt "github.com/go-openapi/strfmt"
)

// NewAddSiteToPoolParams creates a new AddSiteToPoolParams object
// no default values defined in spec.
func NewAddSiteToPoolParams() AddSiteToPoolParams {

	return AddSiteToPoolParams{}
}

// AddSiteToPoolParams contains all the bound params for the add site to pool operation
// typically these are obtained from a http.Request
//
// swagger:parameters addSiteToPool
type AddSiteToPoolParams struct {

	// HTTP Request Object
	HTTPRequest *http.Request `json:"-"`

	/*API access authorization in JWT access token format
	  Required: true
	  In: header
	*/
	Authorization string
	/*pool id to add the site to
	  Required: true
	  In: path
	*/
	Pid string
	/*site id to add to the pool
	  Required: true
	  In: path
	*/
	Sid string
}

// BindRequest both binds and validates a request, it assumes that complex things implement a Validatable(strfmt.Registry) error interface
// for simple values it will use straight method calls.
//
// To ensure default values, the struct must have been initialized with NewAddSiteToPoolParams() beforehand.
func (o *AddSiteToPoolParams) BindRequest(r *http.Request, route *middleware.MatchedRoute) error {
	var res []error

	o.HTTPRequest = r

	if err := o.bindAuthorization(r.Header[http.CanonicalHeaderKey("authorization")], true, route.Formats); err != nil {
		res = append(res, err)
	}

	rPid, rhkPid, _ := route.Params.GetOK("pid")
	if err := o.bindPid(rPid, rhkPid, route.Formats); err != nil {
		res = append(res, err)
	}

	rSid, rhkSid, _ := route.Params.GetOK("sid")
	if err := o.bindSid(rSid, rhkSid, route.Formats); err != nil {
		res = append(res, err)
	}

	if len(res) > 0 {
		return errors.CompositeValidationError(res...)
	}
	return nil
}

// bindAuthorization binds and validates parameter Authorization from header.
func (o *AddSiteToPoolParams) bindAuthorization(rawData []string, hasKey bool, formats strfmt.Registry) error {
	if !hasKey {
		return errors.Required("authorization", "header")
	}
	var raw string
	if len(rawData) > 0 {
		raw = rawData[len(rawData)-1]
	}

	// Required: true

	if err := validate.RequiredString("authorization", "header", raw); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	o.Authorization = raw

	return nil
}

// bindPid binds and validates parameter Pid from path.
func (o *AddSiteToPoolParams) bindPid(rawData []string, hasKey bool, formats strfmt.Registry) error {
	var raw string
	if len(rawData) > 0 {
		raw = rawData[len(rawData)-1]
	}

	// Required: true
	// Parameter is provided by construction from the route

	o.Pid = raw

	return nil
}

// bindSid binds and validates parameter Sid from path.
func (o *AddSiteToPoolParams) bindSid(rawData []string, hasKey bool, formats strfmt.Registry) error {
	var raw string
	if len(rawData) > 0 {
		raw = rawData[len(rawData)-1]
	}

	// Required: true
	// Parameter is provided by construction from the route

	o.Sid = raw

	return nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


VIEWS,VIEWS,VIEWS 360 degree daytime and night time city light views. One of the FINEST VIEWS in Southern California. One of a kind quality built home, by the seller. 3,139 Sq.Ft., 4 bedroom 3 bath home with dual zoned heat and a/c. Amazing Chef's kitchen boasts top of the line stainless steel appliances &Emerald Green Granite counters. The wood floors in the home are 3/4 inch Brazilian Teak hardwood, nailed down,glued and with insulating paper installed. . "" DON'T MISS SUPPLEMENT""


text:
Phylica pustulata är en brakvedsväxtart som beskrevs av Henry Phillips. Phylica pustulata ingår i släktet Phylica och familjen brakvedsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brakvedsväxter
pustulata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We had Blue Sky the first year we were in the Redwood, about the time of the first renewal they changed underwriters, our renewal price was a significant bump in price so we went on the hunt for another source, we found GEICO to be the best choice for us.
Remember though there are so many variables, the biggest is probably where your home base is, we're full timers, our domicile is Florida [GoodSam Mail Service] and we also have our truck insurance with GEICO so we got a break for multi-vehicle and we share the deductible in the event both the truck and rig get damaged.
You have to shop insurance, don't think you'll buy it once and forget about it, the insurance industry is about as unstable as you can get. Do your homework EVERY year!!
Last spring I went through all the insurance stuff and we ended up going back to State Farm. We hadn't had them for several years but this time they came through.
Our Blue Sky premium was great for two years. A few weeks ago, the renewal notice came thru with a 50% increase. We moved to American General with the same coverage and same premium as last year's Blue Sky premium. We were told the Blue Sky increase was related to changes specific to Colorado.
Oh great..... , Can't wait to see a bill.
They are all saying has something to do with vehicles and RV in CO--maybe all the hail damage.
Thanks to all for the feedback, so we ended up with an Allied policy that was real good, but no roadside. So went with Good Sam roadside.
We were shopping for new cars and they got few and far between around here! Even started worrying about our trades surviving!
I imagine that hits the insurance rates pretty hard.
We're GEICO and we fulltime. The only adjustment GEICO makes if you're fulltime is the number of days a year you stay in your RV. I have the auto, RV and all the belongings insured (up to $20K I think) and it runs just under $2K/year.
Which state do you use as your domicile?


The UK doesn't have enough evidence to back votes for 16 and 17-year-olds.
New research suggests people who start volunteering before age ten will keep doing so as they grow up.
The question will now be whether Section 44 of the Constitution needs reform to enable dual citizens who may have a lot to offer to become MPs.
The latest census data confirm it's become more difficult for New Zealanders living in Australia to become citizens.
Malcolm Turnbull is an optimist, or so he always tells us, and he'll be looking at how things could all work out for the best in the best of worlds.
The deputy leader of the Nationals, Fiona Nash, has been found to have dual British nationality.


text:
Announcing our 2021 DIG field program!
We are currently planning to resume the DIG Field School in the summer of 2021! We are planning our program for July 29–August 2, 2021. Applications open March 1, 2021. Applications are due March 22, 2021 at 11:59pm PST.
Please see the "APPLY" tab on the top banner of our website to apply.
Our primary concern is for the safety and health of the entire DIG community, so we will only operate following the guidance of University of Washington and public health officials. We will be monitoring public health guidelines leading up to our 2021 program and update our community accordingly.
2019 DIG Field School participant holding a dinosaur tooth they found
Fossil plant research at the Burke Museum
By: Paige Wilson
Over the past year, the Burke Museum in Seattle has shifted to accommodate new health and safety guidelines to slow the spread of COVID-19. While the Burke's exhibit spaces have been intermittently closed or with reduced capacity, Burke collections staff are still hard at work and finding creative ways to share their research and curation with the public.
Many of our researchers have also shifted to entirely remote work, bringing microscopes and other tools home to study fossils from the safety of their living rooms! However, sometimes fossil work can only be done in person at the museum. I am a paleobotany graduate student and have been visiting the Burke periodically to take pictures of fossil leaf specimens. My photography setup involves a copy stand with a mounted camera and high-powered lights.
The camera set up at the Burke Museum that I am using to photograph fossil leaves in the collection
I am in the process of photographing thousands of individual fossil specimens—if you have the opportunity to visit the Burke Museum, you may see me snapping photos! Once I have taken all of the photos I need, I can continue my data analyses at home. I am using these digital images to measure leaf characters (e.g., leaf size, tooth size, leaf area) that are known to be related to climatic conditions, such as temperature and precipitation. Because plants are stationary, they must be well adapted to the environmental conditions in which they live. These leaf fossils will help me estimate the paleoclimate conditions during the interval before and after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction. My photos will also be uploaded to the Burke's online specimen database so that the general public and researchers around the world can browse our collections, collaborate, and continue collecting data for research projects. This project is an excellent example of how many researchers, including myself, are adapting our work to more virtual-based formats while continuing necessary in-person research as safely as possible.
An example of an image of a fossil leaf from the Tullock Formation (Hell Creek study area) that was taken by me. I am processing images like this to measure characters that will tell me about paleoclimate in the early Paleogene
A visit to a classroom, virtually
By: Henry Fulghum
I recently had the pleasure of giving a virtual presentation to a high school class. I was invited by one of our high school volunteers, Carlos Lopez Diaz, to lead a guest seminar on paleontology at Highline Big Picture High School. All Big Picture students participate in what are called "Off-site Internships". That is, throughout the year, students spend two days a week off-site working in internships in fields of interest. As a budding paleontologist, Carlos reached out to us in 2019, and has been an avid fossil sorter in the Wilson Mantilla Lab ever since.
As part of their internships, Big Picture students develop and teach a high school course with the help of an advisor, complete with readings, presentations, and a fully fleshed-out lesson plan. In Carlos' "Paleontology" elective, he had also planned trips to our lab and the fossil collections at the Burke Museum, but was forced to make some adjustments with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. So, for the past semester, Carlos has been leading his "Paleontology" elective virtually. Some of the topics that Carlos worked into his curriculum included dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation, the evolution and reconstruction of Spinosaurus aegypticus, paleobiogeography, and the breakup of Pangaea. This week's focus was "The Day-to-Day of Paleontology", and in preparation, Carlos had his peers read articles covering paleontological dig sites, the process of fossil curation, and the importance of science communication. As Carlos' off-site advisor, I was invited to present at his virtual seminar to cap off the week's unit. As part of my presentation, I spoke about sediment processing, the Burke museum, the DIG Field School, and my responsibilities as a lab manager – as well as how those responsibilities have changed over the last year.
Going into a virtual classroom, I'm not sure what I expected. However, after months of working from home, I was happily surprised by how meaningful these educational interactions with students could be. Some of my favorite moments came during the Q&A session when I fielded questions like "What does the future of paleontology look like?" and "What advice do you have for students interested in pursuing a future in paleontology?" There was a high level of student enthusiasm and engagement!
Expanding access to science has always been the central goal of the DIG Field School, and perhaps now more than ever, it is crucial that we actively seek to connect and engage with the curious public. If any DIG alumni are interested in having members of the Wilson Mantilla Lab conduct a virtual visit to their classroom, please let us know!
Wilson Mantilla Lab manager and DIG instructor Henry Fulghum pictured in the Wilson Mantilla fossil sorting lab
Microscopic structure of bones provide clues about how ancient mammals grew
By: Luke Weaver (5–10 minute read)
Ever wondered why it takes so much longer for a human to grow up and grow old compared to a dog? Or why elephants are pregnant for 22 months but a mouse is only pregnant for 22 days? Questions like these are a major focus for biologists who study animal life history, the changes an organism goes through from the time it is a developing embryo to the time it dies. Biologists can follow an organism around throughout the course of their life and carefully document all of the changes that occur. But for me, as someone who studies our earliest mammal ancestors that lived alongside the dinosaurs, I want to know when different mammalian life histories evolved and in which ancient mammal groups… and to do that, we need to chop tiny mammal bones to pieces and look at them under a microscope! *insert evil Tim Curry laugh here*
Life history strategies are different among the three major groups of mammals. Monotremes lay eggs and the babies that hatch from them are tiny and poorly developed, growing for a long time outside of the egg. Marsupials give live birth, but their babies are extremely tiny—the young crawl into their mother's pouch where they suckle and develop for a long time. Placentals also give live birth, but their babies are more well developed compared to monotremes or marsupials. Placental babies spend less time suckling and become independent from their mother more quickly.
Monotremes (like the platypus), marsupials (like kangaroos, koalas), and placentals (most mammals you'd think of, humans, dogs, mice, deer) all have very different life history strategies—they are born and grow up differently. There are ongoing debates about when these different life history strategies evolved, so we need fossils to help answer these questions.
Although these life history differences among the three major groups of modern mammals (Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals) are well established, determining when these different strategies evolved and whether one strategy is more "primitive" or "advanced" has remained a topic of major debate in mammal biology research. In very general terms, there are two competing camps: (1) Placentals are advanced, marsupials retain more primitive life history traits vs. (2) Marsupials are advanced, placentals retain more primitive life history traits. (Most everyone agrees that monotremes probably retain the most primitive life history strategy because they still lay eggs). My research is focused on using the fossil record to fill in the gaps between modern marsupials and modern placentals using 66 million year old mammal fossils.
OK, what does this have to do with chopping up bones?
Life history traits—such as how fast an animal grows, it's reproductive strategy, or how old it was when it died—may not be preserved very well on the outsides of bones, but they actually leave a pretty recognizable mark on the inside. Paleontologists use bone histology, or the study of bone tissues, to infer life history traits of extinct animals. They do this by cutting slices of fossil bones, grinding them down really thin, and looking at the microscopic patterns under a microscope. The microscopic structure of bones is governed (in large part) by how fast an animal grows, and those growth rates change throughout an animal's life. Bone growth can also pause during times of stress and leave distinct lines, like tree rings, that can give clues about how old the animal was, when it was born, or whether it lived in a harsh environment. When you hear people talking about how old T. rex was, this is how they know!
Sketch of a mammal femur (A) showing where a cut would be made along the shaft of the bone. Once a chunk is cut out, it is ground down until light can pass through (B). We can then look at the microscopic structure of the bone tissue (C), which preserves clues about the animal's life history.
OK, what does this have to do with chopping up tiny mammal bones?
Most ancient mammals were really small (< 1 kg) and could probably sit in the palm of your hand. Because I am interested in understanding the evolution of mammal life history strategies, and since bone histology is the best way to figure out the life history strategies of extinct mammals, I need to cut up ancient mammal bones, which are really tiny. First I need to understand the "mark" that different life history strategies leave in the bone microstructure of living mammals (in which we can observe and measure their life histories) so that I can interpret the microscopic patterns we see in the bones of extinct small mammals. Since 2016 I have been cutting up the bones of modern and extinct small mammals and creating bone histology slides. Not all by myself, thank goodness—shout out to DIG Instructors Henry Fulghum and Dr. Megan Whitney! I've been working to take detailed measurements from all of our modern mammal slides and compare the patterns I see to the life history variables we already know about the different species.
My desk setup for working from home and doing bone histology research. One perk: I could watch football at the same time!
Much to my delight, we are finding that the life history strategies of modern mammals leave a pretty distinct signature in their bone tissues! Plus, these signatures are different than what we expected with what people have seen in larger animals (such as dinosaurs). We are cautiously optimistic that these differences are meaningful and we think they will shed new light on whether marsupial or placental life history strategies are more advanced. Beyond the specifics of the results, we are now building a new framework for investigating mammal life history evolution. By ground-truthing the histology of modern mammals and integrating them with the fossil data, we are creating a foundation upon which future studies can build.
Publications from DIG instructors!
Paige Wilson, UW graduate student and DIG instructor, along with DIG director Dr. Greg Wilson Mantilla and Dr. Caroline Strömberg publish their study on the floral diversity from a site in eastern Montana! They described Cretaceous plant fossils from the Hell Creek Formation and demonstrated that changes in floras of the western US were roughly occurring at the same time leading up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
Example of gymnosperm plant fossils from the Hell Creek Formation (Modified from Figure 5 of Wilson et al., 2021)
Check out new research on multituberculates mammals from Egg Mountain—a dinosaur nesting site in western Montana— by graduate student and DIG instructor Luke Weaver and DIG director Dr. Greg Wilson Mantilla along with other colleagues! These fossils show the earliest evidence of mammal social behavior, such as group-nesting and burrowing behavior!
Fossils of Filikomys primaevus (multituberculate mammal) found at the Egg Mountain locality in western Montana (Modified from Extended Data Figure 1 of Weaver et al., 2021)
DIG instructors, Dr. Dave Grossnickle and Luke Weaver, and colleagues publish their study on examining the skeletons of different gliding mammals! They found that the different groups of gliding mammals all evolved longer limbs over time, but differences in the skeleton that contribute to the gliding apparatus are distinct and detectable among the groups.
Evolution of gliding behavior in mammals and their close relatives. Gliding evolved independently in these different mammal groups and there is evidence for gliding behavior in the fossil record as well! Extinct taxa are marked by the daggers. (Figure 1 of Grossnickle et al., 2020)
DIG Podcast
We're not able to be in the field this year but listening to our podcast takes us right back to the Montana badlands! To Hell Creek and Back: The Story of the Tufts-Love T. rex paints a beautiful picture of discovery, bringing the specimen back to the Burke Museum, and preparing this specimen for display. Hear first-hand accounts from working in the field to getting this specimen ready to share with everyone from researchers and volunteers! Listen on our website, Spotify, or Apple Podcasts.
It is a story of a world of blistering heat and dirt, a biosphere where 20-foot-tall dinosaurs roamed. Home to Cretaceous creatures that could rip apart their prey with 6-inch serrated teeth! Venture into this landscape to learn how a group of researchers and schoolteachers tracked down the elusive Tyrannosaurus Rex in the sweltering badlands. Follow how the last-minute discovery of a small protrusion of ribs led to the extraction of the savage toothed king! You'll be on the ground in an active paleontological field research site examining fossils from millions of years ago. You'll even discover what it takes to bring a prize scientific discovery into the forefront of research.
PBS Prehistoric Road Trip
Photo credit: PBS/WTTW
By Paige Wilson
DIG instructors are professors, graduate students, undergraduates, and volunteers from across the country who share a passion for paleontology and education. This enthusiasm was on display this past June as two of our DIG instructors, and several DIG research affiliates, were featured in a three part mini-series produced by PBS Chicago along with The Field Museum.
PBS Prehistoric Road Trip, hosted by The Field Museum's Chief Curiosity Correspondent Emily Graslie, took viewers on a tour through 2.5 billion years of Earth history across the western United States. During episode 2, DIG instructors Dr. Tom Tobin (Assistant Professor, University of Alabama) and Paige Wilson (PhD candidate, University of Washington) were interviewed about their work on fossils from the Hell Creek Area in Montana. Tom walked viewers through the importance of studying clams, snails, and other invertebrate fossils to learn more about the climate and ecological impacts of the Cretaceous Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction. Acid rain, wildfire, and massive deforestation following the asteroid impact led to immense climate fluctuations. Tom studies the mass extinction among invertebrate species and uses the specific chemistry of their shells to calculate paleo-temperature. As a geochemist, Tom's work integrates biotic and abiotic evidence to interpret these ancient environments. Paige focused on the story of plant decimation following the mass extinction event. She took the crew to a plant fossil site dated to just after the K/Pg boundary where plant species diversity is extremely low. By collecting plant fossils and identifying extinct plant species, we are able to quantify the impact of the environmental change on plant communities. Widespread environmental degradation would have led to a massive die-off in vegetation, decimating terrestrial ecosystems; understanding the effect among plant communities is crucial to estimate the magnitude of the mass extinction event. The PBS crew also spent time in the Wilson Mantilla lab's research camp at the Hell Creek State Park during their visit, where they interviewed other researchers, learned more about the research we are conducting, and shared stories from their travels. Overall, the PBS Prehistoric Road Trip program covered the evolution of life on Earth from our smallest microscopic ancestors to more familiar modern mammals and plants. The program focused on the rich paleontological history of the western U.S. and included interviews with folks from across the country. The host, Emily Graslie, imparted an enthusiasm for science and paleontology which is infectious!
Emily Graslie (left), host of PBS Prehistoric Road Trip, helps Paige Wilson (right), DIG instructor and UW PhD Candidate, quarry plant fossils. Photo credit: PBS/WTTW
Science communication is a crucial part of our research program at the DIG Field School. We are enthusiastic about sharing our science and interest in the natural world with students and adults, fellow scientists and the public alike. This program is just one of the ways in which we hope to share the amazing fossils we find and also our excitement about the Earth's ancient history. You can learn more about the program and watch clips and interviews at https://interactive.wttw.com/prehistoric-road-trip. We are so excited to have been part of this amazing project, and glad that the PBS Prehistoric Road Trip is shedding light on the diverse folks, fields, and research in paleontology!
Ode to the Volunteers
Volunteers sort through fossiliferous sediment in our sorting lab at the Life Science Building on the UW Seattle campus. Photo credit: Henry Fulghum
By Henry Fulghum
Hi everyone, my name is Henry Fulghum, and I am the Wilson Mantilla Lab manager. In this blog post I wanted to touch on my experiences during quarantine, and more explicitly, recognize the volunteer members of our paleontology community.
In many respects, the Wilson Mantilla Lab has been able to maintain a productive routine since the beginning of quarantine (early March in Seattle). We still hold lab meetings and reading groups, and we even have remote happy hours on Fridays. I feel very fortunate to say that, in large part, my work and research has continued unimpeded through quarantine. Unfortunately, this degree of normalcy and functionality hasn't extended to every aspect of the Wilson Mantilla Lab. The cancellation of fieldwork and the 2020 DIG Field School are some of the stark examples of this; for some lab members, quarantine marks their first break from fieldwork in close to a decade.
As lab manager, one of the hardest parts of quarantine has been the loss of engagement and interaction with our volunteers. Normally, there is a group of 10-20 undergraduates, post-baccalaureates, and general paleo-enthusiasts working in the Wilson lab, but the closure of the University has suspended this program. A large part of the work that we do is contingent upon the processing of fossiliferous sediment; many of our DIG Field School alumni may remember collecting sediment and screenwashing in the Fort Peck Reservoir. Once those samples are transported to Seattle, our volunteers become responsible for the remainder of sediment processing. They screenwash the sediment again, bag it, and then ultimately take on the monumental task of sorting through it for fossils. Many more assist with identification and curatorial work, as well as contribute to research. I don't exaggerate when I say that this group is an essential part of our work.
But I'd like to emphasize more than just what the volunteers contribute research-wise. They bring a curiosity and an infectious enthusiasm to the lab, and getting to work with them is a highlight of my job. I started as a volunteer in the Wilson Mantilla Lab, and that experience fostered a lot of my passion and professional interest in Paleontology. Because of this, the work I do now as a supervisor feels that much more rewarding. The University of Washington recently announced their plan to hold 90% of courses online during the coming school year. As of now, it's unclear what this means for our lab. So to all of our volunteers, current, past, and prospective, I want to express my thanks. You make my job something truly special, and the Wilson Mantilla Lab isn't the same without you around. Stay safe and healthy. We hope to see you soon.
Arizona State University Virtual Field Trips
Screenshot of the ASU Virtual Field Trips website banner.
Looking for a way to experience paleontology field work from the safety of your home? Check out Arizona State University's Virtual Field Trips! From investigating the earliest evidence of life to examining ancient lake environments, these amazing virtual experiences explore the geology and paleontology from around the world. In the Dino Doom trip, keep an eye out for the Hell Creek, MT locations! You can explore our Triceratops dig and Iridium Hill—an important site for studying the K–Pg mass extinction. Don't miss the videos of our DIG founder, Dr. Greg Wilson Mantilla, explaining the importance of Iridium Hill and describing how dinosaurs were affected by the K–Pg mass extinction event!
Recent happenings in paleontology
Brenen Wynd, former Wilson Lab undergrad and lab manager (now PhD candidate at Virginia Tech), along with Dr. Greg Wilson Mantilla and Wilson Mantilla Lab alum Dr. Dave DeMar, Jr. publish their study on the diversity of sharks and rays from the Hell Creek Formation, leading up to the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction!
Shark teeth (Fig.5) from Wynd et al. 2020. Scale bars equal 1 mm.
Check out new research on the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction using data from a fossil locality, Hall's Cave, in Texas here! Their research suggests that climate changed affected this local ecosystem, but may not have been the sole driver of the disappearance of large mammals at the end Pleistocene.
Read about recent research discussing the relative roles of Deccan volcanism and the Chicxulub asteroid impact as kill mechanisms for the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction! These researchers use both fossil occurrence data and paleoclimate models to support that the asteroid impact was the main driver of the non-avian dinosaur extinction.
Email us at admin@digfieldschool.org
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4000 15th Ave NE