text:
Home > Politics
UP Elections 2017 Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Results Bihar Election Results 2020 GHMC Election Results 2020 Huzurabad Election Results 2021
BMC polls: NCP to meet on March 3 and 4, introspect about its poor performance
Thu 02 Mar 2017, 15:29:58
After its poor performance in the recently held municipal corporation and zilla parishad (district council) elections, Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) members have decided that they need to introspect why the party lost and have thus called for meetings to discuss the current political situation.
On March 3, the party will hold a core committee meeting, while all its senior leaders will meet on March 4. Both meetings will be headed by party chief Sharad Pawar.
Party spokesperson Nawab Malik said the state's political situation in the aftermath of the civic polls will be discussed during these meetings.
The development assumes significance as the buzz in political circles is that the Congress and the NCP will move a no-confidence motion in the upcoming budget session of the state legislature, with the help of the Shiv Sena.
The NCP may also discuss whether it should extend its support to the Shiv Sena in the Brihanmumbai Corporation (BMC) to keep the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) at bay.
The NCP, known for its strong base in western Maharashtra, was left red-faced after citizens chose its rivals in the state's urban and rural areas.
The party has lost power in four municipal corporations, including Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad, which come under the state's western region. It has also lost two other municipal corporations, Solapur and Amravati, where it had ruled with its ally, the Congress.
The NCP dropped from the top slot to the second position in the zilla parishad elections, despite its reputation as a party that has a strong rural base.
Most viewed from Politics
Former Punjab minister Joginder Mann joins AAP party...
UP Politics: Big set back to BJP as another minister quits the party...
New political party Punjab Lok Congress alloted hockey stick, ball as election symbol ...
KT Rama Rao described BJP as 'Bakwas Jumla Party....
Karnataka Congress chief DK Shivakumar scolds party supporter for attempting to click self...
AAP's 'Victory march' in Chandigarh on December 30, Arvind Kejriwal to lead ...
TRS alerts sitting MLAs ministers, Don't fall for 'mind games' on early Assembly polls ...
CM K Chandrashekhar Rao declares all out war against Centre on paddy procurement...
No candidates from Congress, BJP in Nalgonda LAC...
Unable to bear 'humiliation', Chandrababu Naidu breaks down at a news conference...
Mumbai drug case, Nawab Malik alleges Fadnavis protected fake currency racket...
KCR warns Bandi Sanjay,Will cut your tongue if you don't refrain from loose talk,...


How safe is train travel during pregnancy?
What precautions should I take when travelling by train?
Now that I'm pregnant, how can I make my train journey more comfortable?
What care should I take about my food and drink?
Many pregnant women find it more comfortable to travel by train whenever possible than by car, bus or plane. Read on to find out how to make your train journey a safe and enjoyable one.
If your pregnancy is maturing normally and you take the right care then train travel is quite a safe way to travel.
If you do have pregnancy related complications like high blood pressure , diabetes, placental problems or a previous premature delivery, then it is advisable to check with your doctor before travelling.
If you have been suffering from morning sickness in your first trimester then you may find it easier to travel in the second trimester. By this time the rocking motion of the train is probably not going to make you nauseous.
If you are travelling alone pack only as much as you can carry or choose a suitcase with wheels (strolley) which doesn't have to be lifted. Any heavy lifting may hurt your back.
Reconfirm the departure time for the train before you leave home. Reach the station well in advance of the departure time and platform. This way you don't have to rush through a crowd to find your compartment. This will also help you find some space for your luggage to be stowed away under your seat where it will be easier reach it.
If you need to cross a foot-over bridge to get to the platform, you could hire a porter (coolie) to carry your luggage.
Carry a chain and lock to secure your luggage so that you don't have to worry about it at night and while visiting the toilet.
Try not to get down at stations unless you are sure there is going to be a long halt.
Do not try to board a running train.
It may be a good idea to have a travelling companion to help you get about especially if there is an emergency.
You may find it useful to carry some medication for common bugs such as a cold or stomach infection. Check with your doctor about which ones to buy and avoid any over the counter medicines.
It's best not to cross over bogies, coaches or compartments, particularly when the train is on the move.
Make sure your mobile is fully charged and your SIM works during the journey. You may want to carry a spare battery for your mobile in case it loses charge through your journey.
Carry a copy of your medical information and also keep your doctor's contact number handy.
For short trips, try to find a seat facing the direction of travel if that makes you feel more comfortable.
For longer journeys, you'll find the lower berth a more comfortable option. The Indian Railways provides a quota of 2 lower berths in AC3, AC2 and sleeper coaches. You can avail this by submitting a certificate of pregnancy by licensed doctor. If you can't get a lower berth, try speaking to the concerned railway official or ticket teller (T.T.) on board. He may be able to arrange for someone to swap berths with you.
Try booking on Rajdhani, Shatabdi and InterCity trains. They have fewer stops so they reach their destination faster. They are available on most routes.
You may like to try centrally air conditioned sleeper coaches or chair car coaches with reclining seats. They are a costlier but make travel more comfortable.
Trains make it easier to walk around than other modes of transport so try to get up every hour and stretch your legs. If you're sitting or standing, extend your leg, heel first, and gently flex your foot to stretch your calf muscles. When you're sitting, rotate your ankles and wiggle your toes.
Wear comfortable and sturdy footwear like sneakers or flats which make it easier to maintain your balance in a moving train. Watch out for stray shoes, spilt water and food, and pieces of luggage when you're walking.
Loose cotton clothing is best while travelling though you may need to carry a light shawl if the air-conditioning gets too cold for comfort. Overnight journeys in the air conditioned classes usually come equipped with blankets and pillows, but if you are not comfortable using them you can carry your own bedding instead.
When you visit the toilet, be careful about maintaining your balance. It is best to use the squat toilet to maintain hygiene and always wash your hands well afterwards.
In order to avoid any last minute rush, move towards the exit with your luggage ten minutes before your final stop. That will give you the time to get off easily when you arrive, especially if the train is stopping for only for a few minutes.
Carry enough bottled water so that you don't need to get off the train to buy water. Also, the vendors who sell water on the train may carry cheaper brands which may not meet the hygiene and safety standards.
It is safer not to buy food from station vendors or platform hawkers. You can't be sure if the food had been store and prepared properly. If you do choose to eat food served by the railways, opt for well cooked piping hot food. Avoid salads, curd, paneer and milk based preparations as they spoil easily. Read more about eating out when pregnant.
If you are carrying food, then make sure it is stored properly. Food prepared in the morning and kept unrefrigerated through the day tends to spoil easily. So choose foods which will keep for longer periods of times. Find out more about food hygiene in pregnancy.
It is important to eat well for you and your unborn baby. So carry snacks and meals from home. You could pack dry fruits, fresh fruit such as bananas, oranges or apples, khakras or roasted namkeens and protein biscuits to keep you going. For longer journeys where you need a meal or two, you can pack food such as idlis, theplas, paranthas/chapatis and pickle, puri and dry aloo ki sabzi, lemon rice, and steamed rice which will not spoil.
Drink a lot of water to stay hydrated. Limit the amount of tea, coffee and aerated drinks, as they can make you need the toilet even more often which may dehydrate you.
Check expiry dates of packaged juices and foods before having them.
Will you travel during your third trimester? Vote now!
Is it safe to travel by a two wheeler/scooter during the first trimester?
Pregnant and planning to travel? Chat with other expectant parents, on our community forums.
Is it safe to travel by train in the last two months of pregnancy?
Hiii im 7weeks pregnant through ivf.is it safe to travel by train in my first trismter.
i m 8 and half months pregnant. On 27 Nov 2015, m going to travel to my hometown of 35 hrs train journey. can opt for travelling. plse guide me.
Till what week travelling in train is safe?
is it safe to travel in 8th month of pregnancy either by air or train from hyderabad to new delhi and further 5 hours distance by car ?
Is a Babymoon for you?


This project was created and runs real time in Unreal Engine 4. The terrain was made in World Machine using GeoGlyph 2.0. Most of the models textures are my own with a few mega scan assets in use, and 1 base rock model from Epic that I retextured. Substance Designer, Photoshop, and Maya were used in the creation of the assets.


text:
An Update on RIT's Newest (and Heaviest) Acquisition
This fragment was discovered after removing the old packing on the tympan of the Kelmscott/Goudy Albion Press.
The Kelmscott/Goudy Albion press arrived at RIT on January 13, 2014. It had been expertly packed and carefully shipped 300 miles from Manhattan to Rochester, making what would hopefully be its last long-distance journey. The press has received a warm welcome at the Cary Graphic Arts Collection, with classes, friends, and reporters visiting to catch a glimpse of the famous machine, even while still disassembled. We custodians of the K/G Press are thrilled with the reception and are enjoying sharing the press' remarkable history. Since January we have been taking our own scholarly journey, learning every bit we can about the restoration, use, and care of such a machine as we prepare it for the next phase of its life.
Seeking to preserve the K/G press as a working machine while also preserving its historical nature, we have been considering carefully the minutiae of the wear of various metals, fastidiously marking every bolt and its location as it is removed, weighing the pros and cons of paint and rust stripping. Our decisions are benefiting greatly from the generous consultation a wonderful group of experts in all things about iron hand presses. In short, the reassembly of the Kelmscott/Goudy Albion is taking longer than we had expected in order to get it to be the working dynamo it had once been! So a dedication, once planned for April 2014, will now be postponed until October 2014, coinciding with the 45th anniversary exhibition of the Cary Collection at RIT. What better way to fête this press, as one of the Cary's greatest acquisitions, a culmination of decades of collecting?
Follow the progress we are making on the Kelmscott/Goudy Press through the Cary's Facebook posts.
Steven Galbraith and Amelia Hugill-Fontanel
Carl Montford 1 April, 2014 at 12:20 pm
Paul..as you know I have restored many Ironhand presses, am very interested on following your progress on this famous pressaube even help if needed.
Amelia Hugill-Fontanel
Amelia J. Hugill-Fontanel is associate curator at the Cary Graphic Arts Collection at Rochester Institute of Technology. She is also a letterpress printer and an APHA board trustee who wrote the article "Arts et Métiers Graphiques: The Graphic Design Magazine of the Deberny et Peignot Type Foundry" in Printing History, Whole Number 49 (Volume 25, No. 1) 2006 and "Multitudinous Tints: An Inventor's Pursuit of Instantaneous Multicolor Printing in New Series 24 (2018).
More by Amelia Hugill-Fontanel
Stephen O. Saxe, A Partner in Printing History, (1930–2019)
Mind Your Thorns & Eths: A Letterpress Travelogue
Jerry Kelly, the 28th RIT Goudy Award Winner
Wells College Lecture to Feature APHA Fellow
2015 Conference Speakers Announced
2015 APHA Conference Update
Call for Proposals 2015
Nineteenth-Century Paper I: Paper Objects
Founding Member to Deliver Lieberman Lecture
Navigating Print Identification with Graphics Atlas
A Gift to the "Typographic World"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Manatees and Pancakes Social – January 13, 2018 – we will travel by motor coach to Blue Springs State Park, the winter home of the Florida manatee. Stroll along the boardwalk while spending some time with these gentle fresh water creatures. Visit the gift shop before we continue on to DeLeon Springs State Park where we'll brunch at the Old Spanish Sugar Mill restaurant. If you haven't cooked pancakes on your table, don't miss it! Each table has its own built-in grill, and you'll have two types of pancake batter to pour, cook, and eat. There are syrups provided, and butter, and you can purchase sides. After our meal, we'll board a sightseeing boat and travel down the river seeing Florida woods in the winter, and hopefully catching sight of gators, birds, and other small creatures that might be out. This is a "True Florida Experience!". Cost is $90 per person, check made to Becky Hall to be received no later than December 18, before the Luncheon. We will depart from the Kohl's parking lot at 7am, returning approximately 5:30pm. Please park at the front edge of the parking lot closest to Old St Augustine Rd. If you have any questions about cancellation penalties or anything else, call Becky Hall or Barbara Petty.


text:
Feudalismus (wie "feudal" zu  'Lehen') bezeichnet in den Sozialwissenschaften vor allem die Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsform des europäischen Mittelalters.

Begriffsgeschichte
Der Begriff wurde in Frankreich im frühen Zeitalter der Aufklärung geprägt, durch Montesquieu 1748 bekannt gemacht und insbesondere von Voltaire erläutert. In der Französischen Revolution 1789 spielte er als Kampfbegriff zur Charakterisierung der früheren Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnung eine große Rolle. Im deutschsprachigen Raum kam der Ausdruck Feudalismus Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts auf. Später klassifizierte Karl Marx den Feudalismus als notwendige Vorstufe des Kapitalismus.

Merkmale
Eine idealtypische feudale Gesellschaft kann durch folgende Merkmale beschrieben werden:

 Ein Landesherr überlässt seinen militärischen Gefolgsleuten zu deren materieller Versorgung die Nutzung von Teilen seines Landes, einschließlich der darauf befindlichen Bewohner.
 Das feodum ist ein zum Lehen (also ein im anfänglichen Grundprinzip nur zur Leihe) übertragenes beneficium, also eine Wohltat im Sinne eines Liegenschaftsvermögens, welches nach seiner Bodenbeschaffenheit sowie personellen Ausstattung (samt der damit einhergehenden baulichen und gerätschaftlichen Ausstattung) dazu geeignet und bestimmt ist, Erträge zum Unterhalt des Lehnsinhabers zu erwirtschaften.
 Im Anschluss an die Lehensgüter entwickeln sich mit der Zeit herrschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten, die verrechtlicht werden und die den Personenkreis, der zur Landbewirtschaftung bestimmt ist (Bauern), von der gesellschaftlichen Organisationsgestaltung im Sinne einer staatlich-politischen Willensbildung ausschließen und die gleichzeitig nach oben hin, zum obersten Landesherrn, der Entstehung einer geschlossenen Staatsverwaltung entgegenwirken.

Streng genommen beinhaltet der Begriff Feudalismus daher zwei voneinander getrennte Dimensionen:
 das Verhältnis des obersten Landesherrn zur Kriegerklasse und deren Gefolgschaftstreue sowie die
 Herrschaftsverhältnisse der mit Lehen ausgestatteten Klasse nach unten zu der nicht belehnten Bevölkerung.

Die Produktion des Feudalismus war stark von der Naturalwirtschaft geprägt. Die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung bestand aus Bauernfamilien. Sie waren aber nicht Eigentümer des von ihnen bestellten Landes. Dieses Land war Eigentum der wenigen Grundherrn. Die Bauern befanden sich im Zustand der Hörigkeit, sie waren also persönlich abhängig vom Grundherrn und unfrei.

Das bedeutet:
 Sie waren an die Scholle (das zu bestellende Land) gebunden (glebae adscripti) und hatten nicht das Recht, sie zu verlassen, weil sie als Bestandteil der Wirtschaftsgüter des Lehnsgutes galten.
 Sie waren der Rechtsprechung ihres Herrn unterworfen.
 Sie schuldeten dem Grundherren Abgaben, sowohl in Form von Arbeitsleistungen (Fron) auf dem direkt vom Grundherren bestellten Land (Salland), als auch in Form von Naturalabgaben, die aus demjenigen Stück Land aufgebracht werden mussten, das sie selbst bewirtschafteten (Zehnt). Die Frondienste oder die Naturalabgaben konnten im Verlauf der Entwicklung auch durch Geldabgaben abgelöst werden.

Allerdings konnten Teile dieser Rechte auch in verschiedenen Händen sein, beispielsweise als getrennte Gerichts- und Grundherrschaft. Der Grundherr war gegenüber den Hörigen auch nicht vollkommen souverän in der Erteilung und Entziehung des Rechtes auf Landnutzung. Wesentliche bekannte Formen sind ein erbliches Nutzungsrecht innerhalb der Familie des Hörigen, ein Nutzungsrecht auf Lebenszeit oder auf mehrere Jahre sowie als für die Hörigen unsicherste Form ein jederzeit widerrufbares Nutzungsrecht.

Das Eigentum des Grundherrn war auch nur bedingt, denn er hatte es als Lehen von einem höhergestellten Adligen erhalten, dem er dafür Kriegsdienste schuldete und dessen Vasall er war. Allerdings konnten auch Landesherren oder der König unmittelbar als Grundherren auftreten. Tendenziell waren Landes- und Grundherr im frühen Feudalwesen häufiger identisch. Im weiteren Zeitverlauf nahmen mittelbare Grundherrschaften zu, während die Domänen oder Kammergut als Reste unmittelbarer landesherrlicher Grundherrschaft verblieben.

Zur Beurteilung des Feudalismus als Wirtschaftssystem gehört auch die Beobachtung, dass ein Teil der Einnahmen des Feudalherrn wieder verteilt wurde, als patriarchalisches Almosen, als Geschenk an "treue" Vasallen o. ä. Es war nämlich Teil der Aufgabe des Feudalherrn, für einen Ausgleich zu sorgen (die allerdings in der Realität von den Feudalherren nur selten voll erfüllt wurde – außerdem wich das damalige Gerechtigkeitsideal zuweilen recht deutlich vom heute verstandenen ab). Das Interesse der Feudalherren an möglichst großen Überschüssen der bäuerlichen Haushalte führte zu einer allgemeinen Produktivitätssteigerung. Dies hatte gesamtgesellschaftlich auch die Folge eines größeren Potenzials für nicht-landwirtschaftlich produktive Menschen, insbesondere Handwerker an Herrensitzen und in Städten.

Die Kette dieser abhängigen, mit Kriegsdienst verbundenen Lehen reichte bis zum König, dessen hoheitliche Domäne letzten Endes alles Land war. In der mittelalterlichen Vorstellung war er allerdings auch nur ein Vasall, er war Gott unterstellt. Die politische Souveränität war nach unten hin quasi parzelliert und das Feudalsystem damit der Träger von Machtausübung, öffentlicher Ordnung und Verwaltung bis hinab zur örtlichen Ebene. Der König war in diesem System nur das Oberhaupt seiner Vasallen, an die er durch gegenseitige Bande der Lehnstreue gebunden war, aber er hatte keinen direkten Zugang zu einem Großteil seiner Untertanen.

Hieraus ergibt sich eine bestimmte Entwicklungsdynamik:
 Aus der germanischen Zeit überlebte lange Zeit das dörfliche Gemeindeland, die Allmende. Die Zersplitterung der Souveränität erschwerte die Aneignung dieses Landes durch die Feudalherren und stärkte die Stellung der Bauern.
 Die Parzellierung der Souveränität unterstützte die Existenz und Entwicklung von Städten. Die Stadtbürger beschäftigten sich mit Handwerk und Handel und erkämpften mit der Zeit die Autonomie (siehe auch unter Kommunen).
 Die Zersplitterung der Souveränität kann zu chaotischen Zuständen führen und damit den Bestand des feudalen Staates gefährden. Deshalb waren die Könige bestrebt, ihre Rechte über die reinen Feudalbeziehungen hinaus auszuweiten und direkte Beziehungen zu ihren Untertanen zu etablieren, zum Beispiel in Form des Rechtes der Steuererhebung. Dadurch gerieten sie in einen Gegensatz zum Adel.
 Die Kirche, im Altertum ein Bestandteil des Staatsapparates, wurde im Mittelalter eine selbstständige Institution, die sich ebenfalls feudalisierte. Daraus resultieren häufige Spannungen zwischen weltlichen und religiösen Herrschaften, die zu einem Riss in der feudalen Legitimität führen konnten. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der Investiturstreit.

Einzelne Aspekte des Feudalismus konnten sich mancherorts für lange Zeit in Gesellschaften erhalten, die insgesamt nicht mehr feudal geprägt waren. So folgte das schottische Immobilienrecht noch bis 2002 einem als feudal tenure bezeichneten System, in dem etwa der Käufer eines Grundstücks formell Vasall eines Lehnsherrn wurde.

Entstehung und Geschichte
Die feudale Gesellschaft entstand im Frühmittelalter durch eine Verschmelzung der sich auflösenden antiken Gesellschaft und der keltischen und germanischen Gesellschaften. Dabei dürfte das römische Kolonat mit seinen halbfreien Bauern, das vor allem außerhalb Italiens verbreitet war, eine wesentliche Quelle für das Feudalsystem gewesen sein. Möglicherweise war auch die antike Sklaverei bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt und später wiederholt durch die Rezeption römischer Überlieferungen ein Vorbild. Auch die heute nicht mehr klar fassbare keltische Vasallität mag sich fortgesetzt haben. Die persönliche Gefolgschaft dürfte dabei das wesentliche von den Germanen übernommene Element gewesen sein, auch wenn es mit dem Patronat auch ein ähnliches römisches System gab.

Nach der Völkerwanderung entstanden auf dem Gebiet des ehemaligen Römischen Reiches mehrere germanische Königreiche. Die oben beschriebenen feudalen Institutionen entwickelten sich aber erst nach dem Jahr 800 im Reich der Franken, als eine vormals zum Teil freie Bauernschaft durch ständige Kriege und Invasionen der Wikinger, Sarazenen, Magyaren usw. ökonomisch ruiniert und so in die Abhängigkeit von den Feudalherren gezwungen wurde. Der Eingang in die Vasallität bot auch eine Möglichkeit, die persönliche Teilnahme an kostspieligen Kriegszügen zu vermeiden. Anfangs dürfte der rechtliche Status sich nicht wesentlich von dem der Freien unterschieden haben, im Verlauf der Jahrhunderte wurde die persönliche Freiheit aber immer weiter eingeschränkt. Es gab aber auch gewaltsame Einverleibungen durch Feudalherren (beispielsweise Stedingerkrieg).
 In heute zu Deutschland zählenden Gebieten liegen die Anfänge des Feudalismus im 9. Jahrhundert und erreichen im 12. Jahrhundert mit der vor allem von der marxistischen Literatur so bezeichneten Entstehung der Ersten Leibeigenschaft ihre hochmittelalterliche Ausprägung. Im 16. Jahrhundert kommt es zu einer Neubewertung der Herrschaftsverhältnisse, welche in Deutschland östlich der Elbe zur sogenannten Zweiten Leibeigenschaft führen, während in anderen Teilen Deutschlands der Absolutismus die symbolische Aufladung des Landesherrn und Adels mit Macht demonstrativ vorantreibt, gleichzeitig aber eine Vereinheitlichung des Staates von oben herab initiiert wird. Die bürgerliche Revolution von 1848 gilt in Deutschland als Ende feudaler Herrschaftsprinzipien (mit Ausnahme Mecklenburgs: dort 1918).
 Die Kernregion des europäischen Feudalismus war der Norden des heutigen Frankreich, das dem idealtypischen Feudalsystem sehr viel mehr als jede andere Region entsprach. Hier existierte eine einzigartig dichte Lehnshierarchie mit vielfältigen Ebenen der Subinfeudation.
 In Südeuropa (Spanien, Languedoc, Italien) waren die Überbleibsel der Antike stärker. So war verhältnismäßig sehr viel mehr Land absolutes, nicht lehnsgebundenes Allod (Eigentum). Zudem verschwanden die Städte nicht so weitgehend wie in Nordeuropa und sie erlebten im Languedoc und in Italien bereits ab dem 10. Jahrhundert eine neue Blütezeit.
 In Nordeuropa (Sachsen, England, Skandinavien) mit stärkeren Überresten der germanischen Gesellschaften dauerte es viel länger, bis es zur Etablierung der Leibeigenschaft kam. In Sachsen und teilweise auch in anderen Gebieten Deutschlands bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Dort kam es nicht zu einer langsamen Entwicklung des Feudalsystems. Vielmehr wurde das in den fränkischen Kernlanden bereits etablierte System in Gänze "importiert". In Schweden konnte sie sich nie vollständig durchsetzen, in Norwegen überhaupt nicht. In England wiederum verschwand die autonome Volksgerichtsbarkeit nie vollständig. Aus ihr entwickelte sich das Common Law.

Im Verlauf des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit veränderte sich der Feudalismus nicht nur aufgrund der immer stärkeren Rechtsstellung der Feudalherren gegenüber den Hörigen, sondern auch wegen der Entwicklung des gesamten Wirtschaftssystems. Im Bereich des späteren Deutschland beschränkten sich die Wirtschaftsverhältnisse bis etwa 1150 weitgehend auf die Leistungserbringung innerhalb der Villikation oder allenfalls in regionalen Bezügen. Daran anschließend entstanden erste Handelsbeziehungen im Rahmen der sich entwickelnden Geldwirtschaft, meist auf regionale städtische Zentren bezogen. Von etwa 1470 an weitete sich der Handel mit Agrarprodukten hin zu europaweiten, später interkontinentalen Handelsströmen hin aus.

Refeudalisierung

Nach Günter Vogler gerieten Deutschland und Europa Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts in die Epoche des Übergangs vom Feudalismus zum Kapitalismus, wodurch die konstituierenden Merkmale für den Typus frühbürgerliche Revolutionen erreicht wurden.
Europa trat damit in die Epoche bürgerlicher Revolutionen ein, in denen sich das Bürgertum schrittweise die politische Macht erkämpfte. Während sich in den Niederlanden und England die bürgerliche Klasse allmählich etablieren konnte, behielt der Adelsstand im zentralen und östlichen Europa bis ins fortgeschrittene 19. Jahrhundert seine Machtpositionen, und das Bürgertum wurde zurückgedrängt.

Refeudalisierung im engeren Sinne bedeutet die Wiederherstellung einer feudalen Ordnung, also die Rückkehr zu originären Formen feudaler Organisation von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, wie sie im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert in Süd- und Südosteuropa vorkam.

Neo-Feudalismus

Neo-Feudalismus bedeutet die teilweise oder umfassende Einführung feudalismus-analoger Organisationsformen in Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft während der Hochphase der kapitalistischen Entwicklung. Zu Vertretern dieser These im Hinblick auf die USA gehören Emmanuel Todd, Joel Kotkin und Vladimir Shlapentokh, der diese Tendenz auch für Russland nach 1991 konstatiert.

Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft
Der amerikanische Historiker Robert Lewis Koehl prägte – orientiert am Feudalismus-Konzept – den Begriff "Neofeudalismus" zur Charakterisierung der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft insbesondere im deutsch besetzten Osten, wo die deutsche Herrschaft personalisiert war und örtliche Befehlshaber eine absolute Machtfülle besaßen. Hinweisend auf Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den charismatischen Elementen mittelalterlicher und nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft versuchte er damit, die irrationalen Aspekte des Nationalsozialismus zu verdeutlichen. Koehls Annahme, diese feudalistischen Machtbeziehungen wären der atavistischen Ideologie des Nationalsozialismus entsprungen, folgt die neuere Forschung jedoch nicht.

Inszenierung von Öffentlichkeit
Angesichts aktueller Entwicklungen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert sprechen Sozialwissenschaftler wie Jürgen Habermas heute von einer Refeudalisierung der Gesellschaft. Es

Charakteristika seien unter anderem die zunehmende Ungleichheit der Vermögensverteilung, die bloße Inszenierung von Öffentlichkeit, das Darstellen von Partikularinteressen von Personen oder Verbänden als Allgemeininteressen, der Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit bei Entscheidungen von öffentlichem Interesse, soziale Herkunft als entscheidender Faktor für Wohlstand.

Ererbter Status, Managerklasse
Im Finanzmarktkapitalismus werden nach Auffassung des Hamburger Soziologen Sighard Neckel Einkommen und Macht nach vormodernen Mustern verteilt. "Während auf der einen Seite die Zahl derjenigen beständig wächst, die unter Bedingungen arbeiten, die eher an Leibeigenschaft und Sklaverei erinnern als an bürgerlich-kapitalistische Vertragsverhältnisse, werden in der Beletage die Privilegien nach ebenso vormodernen Methoden verteilt: Reichtum wird vor allem vererbt, eine ständisch organisierte Managerklasse schanzt sich exorbitante Gehälter zu." In die gleiche Richtung argumentiert der Historiker Olaf Kaltmeier für Lateinamerika, der hier im frühen 21. Jahrhundert eine Tendenz zur Refeudalisierung ausmacht. Eine solche vom großen Kapital getriebene Tendenz sieht auch Vladimir Shlapentokh für die USA und das postkommunistische Russland.

Neoreaktionäre Bewegung

Die neoreaktionäre Bewegung strebt die Umwandlung von Staaten in neofeudale Aktiengesellschaften an, welche von Anteilseignern und einem Geschäftsführer beherrscht werden sollen.

Siehe auch
 Bauernbefreiung
 Bauernrechtsliteratur
 Grundherrschaft
 Personenverbandsstaat
 Mehrfachvasallität

Literatur
 Perry Anderson: Von der Antike zum Feudalismus. Spuren der Übergangsgesellschaft (Originaltitel: Passages from antiquity to feudalism). Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1981, ISBN 3-518-10922-7.
 Harold J. Berman: Recht und Revolution. Die Bildung der westlichen Rechtstradition. 2. Auflage. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-518-28803-0.
 Marc Bloch: Die Feudalgesellschaft (Originaltitel: La societé féodale). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-608-91234-7.
 Otto Brunner: "Feudalismus". Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsgeschichte (= Abhandlungen der geistes- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur in Mainz. Jahrgang 1958, Nr. 10).

 Georges Duby: Die drei Ordnungen. Das Weltbild des Feudalismus (Originaltitel: Les trois ordres ou l'imaginaire du féodalisme). Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 3-518-28196-8.
 Natalie Fryde (Hrsg.): Die Gegenwart des Feudalismus (Originaltitel: The presence of feudalism). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-525-35391-X.
 Alain Guerreau: L'avenir d'un passé incertain. Quelle histoire du moyen age au XXI siècle. Édition Le Seuil, Paris 2001, ISBN 2-02-049697-6.
 Alain Guerreau: Fief, féodalité, féodalisme. Enjeux sociaux et réflexion historienne. In: Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. Bd. 45 (1990), S. 137–166.
 Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning: Deutsche Agrargeschichte des Mittelalters. 9. bis 15. Jahrhundert. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3092-0.
 Hans Kammler: Die Feudalmonarchien. Politische und wirtschaftlich-soziale Faktoren ihrer Entwicklung und Funktionsweise, Böhlau, Köln 1974, ISBN 3-412-02474-0.
 Ludolf Kuchenbuch: Marx, feudal. Beiträge zur Gegenwart des Feudalismus in der Geschichtswissenschaft, 1975–2021. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-320-02390-4.
 Max Weber: Agrarverhältnisse im Altertum (3. Fassung). In: Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Band 1, 3. Auflage. Jena 1909, S. 52–188.

Weblinks

 Archiv für Feudalismus in Sachsen
 Sighard Neckel: »Refeudalisierung« – Systematik und Aktualität eines Begriffs der Habermas'schen Gesellschaftsanalyse. In: Leviathan – Berliner Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft 1/2013, S. 39 bis 66

Einzelnachweise

Historischer Materialismus
Lehnswesen
Soziale Klassen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
These Photos Of Olivier Rousteing's Nike Collab Will Get You So Stoked For The Collection — PHOTOS
By Jessica Thomas
Rob Kim/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
The high fashion and athletic fashion worlds are actually excited about the same thing right now, and it's the Olivier Rousteing x Nike collaboration that's due to hit stores June 2. The Balmain creative director is collaborating with the athletic company on a collection that's known as NikeLab x OR, and it includes clothes and shoes for both men and women that are super stylish, just like the designer. These photos of Olivier Rousteing x Nike will get you so excited for this collaboration.
Both the designer and NikeLab have been teasing pics of the collection on Instagram, and it's full of gorgeous pieces in a mostly black and gold color theme. The NikeLab website also has pictures of 12 pieces from the collection, which look totally chic paired together. From black and gold sneakers to a totally unexpected and chic dress/jacket hybrid, the collection is a little more high fashion than Nike normally is, and I totally love it. But what else would you expect from a designer who's a Fashion Week darling and Kardashian favorite?
The collaboration comes out Thursday, June 2 and will hit NYC stores, the NikeLab site and the NikeLab app, so you'll be able to get your hands on a piece even if you're not an NYC local. And with pieces this chic, you're going to want to be ready to hit buy.
Here's Rousteing with lots of pieces from the collection, for both men and women. As you can see, the black and gold theme is prevalent in all the pieces.
Here's a good look at how the women's items will pair together. The jacket, tank and pants all look amazing together and separately.
How chic is this combo? Those jogger pants are to die for.
The men's looks are amazing as well, especially that jacket.
NikeLab has also been posting pictures of the collab. This is a closeup of the jacket, which is long enough to wear as a dress.
Considering Rousteing posted this photo of model Riley Montana on his Instagram, I'm betting he approves of wearing the jacket as a dress.
Model Doutzen Kroes also got in on the action, and she wears the cropped hoodie and women's pants super well.
The collab includes four pairs of sneakers, and they're all different (despite being the same color theme).
Loving the strong gold detailing on this pair of shoes. Check out the NikeLab website for more pics of the collection, but be prepared for it to sell out quickly. With looks this amazing, it's bound to.
Images: olivier_rousteing/Instagram; Courtesy of Brand


This month-long residential intensive has had many names: Bodhidharma , Misfit city Holidays, Giggleshock, Googooplex, Osho's Delight, Melting, and now it is called the WOW.
This group is one of the most intense life experiences you can give to yourself. It will take you to the depths of your being and to the ecstatic heights of your consciousness. This is a heart to heart encounter and it is guaranteed to change your life for the better and forever.
The WOW is the highlight of our year led by Geetee and Isha assisted by a team of talented staff who are personally familiar with all aspects of personal growth.
You will live together on the Humaniversity campus, and for this one month it becomes your home. As a consequence, you will not only experience growth and transformation, you will also learn about relationships and the incredible power of living together. The WOW is a 24 hour-a-day experience, in which you are constantly stimulated to see yourself through the eyes of others. It is a lot of fun and very exciting, because everything that you do together becomes a valuable learning experience for the rest of your life.
The WOW includes: Darshans (questions and answers), AUM Meditation and learning the Art of Being Human, Bodywork and Bio-energetics, Celebration and Creativity, Communication Exercises and Feedback Evaluation, Dancing and Dating, Emotional Expression and Encounter, Friendship Meetings and Fun, Innovative Therapeutic Techniques and Concepts, Marathons and Meditation, Sensitivity Work and Sexuality Awareness, Time-Free Zone and Teamwork, and much more.
Be ready to be surprised!
You will experience a sense of great amazement, joy and appreciation for life. You will fall in love with yourself, with others, and with the world. Simply WOW!
Participation is for the full month.


Vegan Protein contains 15 grams of protein, 31 vegetable, superfood and fruit extracts and only 98 calories per shake. Vegan Protein is the vegetable protein shake with almost ideal nutritional values in your low carb protein diet, for fanatical athletes or as a deliberately chosen snack.
Vörunúmer: BF-1089541 Flokkar: Vegan, Fæðubótarefni, Prótein.
The Vegan Protein contains 15 grams of protein, 31 vegetable, superfood and fruit extracts and only 98 calories. Vegan Protein is the vegetable protein shake with almost ideal nutritional values in your low carb protein diet, for fanatical athletes or as a protein rich snack.
What makes Vegan Protein protein shake so good?
Vegan Protein is ideal for everyone and highly recommended if you are on a diet and for fanatical athletes. Delicious at any time as a basis for breakfast, in between or after exercise. Vegetable with all the benefits of protein. .
Low carb and protein diet – 15 grams of protein, only 2.5 grams of carbohydrates and 98 kcal. Vegan Protein an excellent protein shake at any time of the day in any low carb or protein diet.
Muscles – do you exercise a lot? Endurance or strength sports? That does not really matter. If you regularly sport then you have a higher protein requirement, a protein shake is a very useful supplement. Our smart Vegan Protein contains a combination of the best vegetable proteins. Proteins support strong muscles, maintenance of muscle mass and muscle recovery.
Pea protein isolate – the big advantage of pea protein is that it has a complete and balanced amino acid profile. It naturally contains a high content of important amino acids such as arginine, essential amino acids and BCAAs. Pea protein even contains 20% bcaa.
Hemp protein – the protein of the popular superfood hemp. Hemp protein powder is obtained by grinding hemp seeds after a cold pressing into a fine powder. Hemp protein naturally has a high protein content, is delicious in taste and gives a delicious creamy texture.
Rice protein – this protein is obtained from unpolished rice. It is processed into powder at a low temperature, so that all good properties are retained. This natural source of protein is easily digested, a source of fiber and is rich in essential amino acids.
Lupine protein – high quality vegetable protein of Dutch origin. Lupine protein contains all essential amino acids, is rich in fiber and is virtually free from carbohydrates.
Pumpkin seeds protein – high quality protein extracted from pumpkin seeds. This protein is produced at low temperature while retaining all nutrients.
VitaVeggie – a combination of 31 vegetable superfoods and fruit extracts including broccoli, spinach, carrot, green pepper, celery, sprouts and kale.
Mix per shake 1 scoop Vegan Protein with 250 ml of water. In addition to the daily diet, take 1-3 shakes a day. Tip; our Smart Vegan Protein is also delicious with almond or coconut milk.
Blandið 1 skeið við 250ml af vatni, möndlumjólk, kókosmjólk eða annan vökva.


text:
nature, nature|trees, nature|weather, photography, photography|landscape, running, running|adventures, trails, trails|san gorgonio, weather, weather|southern california
home » nature » San Gorgonio Mountain: Dry Lake – Fish Creek Saddle – Dollar Lake Loop
San Gorgonio Mountain: Dry Lake – Fish Creek Saddle – Dollar Lake Loop
first published August 3, 2013 & last updated December 4, 2019 Gary Valle
Sky High Trail a Mile from the Top of San Gorgonio Mountain
Time flies when you're having fun, and except for kayaking the upper Santa Ana River and a ski ascent or two, the last time I'd been on the north side of San Gorgonio was before Poopout Hill closed in 1988. Curious to refresh my memory of the area and compare a South Fork trail run to those on the Forest Falls side of the mountain, I started thinking about what would be an interesting route to do.
Running in shorts and short sleeves, I'd left the South Fork trailhead about 7:30 and was now about a half-hour into the run. Up ahead was the turn-off to Poopout Hill and not far beyond that the wilderness boundary. I'd been doing a mix of fast hiking and running and enjoying the morning. A black-capped chickadee had stopped on a branch to say hi, and a Steller's jay was complaining loudly from the top of a pine. Earlier I'd passed Horse Meadows, an iconic scene with sunlight filtering through the trees, green meadows and rustic brown cowboy cabins.
About a quarter mile past Poopout Hill my jaw dropped as I rounded a corner and was suddenly in a sizable avalanche path. A tumult of interleaved firs and pines lay in a hundred yard wide swath that extended thousands of vertical feet up the mountain.
This avalanche likely occurred within a few days of January 23, 2010, following (or during) a multi-day rain and snow event in Southern California. Over the seven day period from January 17 to January 23, the rain gauge at Mill Creek recorded 7.82 inches of precipitation. According to a NWS report, Mt. Baldy recorded 7′ of snow at the 8600′ level. The source area of the avalanche appears to have been in a cirque near peak 10,230.
Working up the hill toward South Fork Meadows I stopped to chat with a Ranger, who checked my wilderness permit and mentioned a group of day hikers had left South Fork very early and were ahead of me.
At the Dry Lake/Dollar Lake fork at South Fork Meadows I turned left onto the Dry Lake Trail. I already heard water, so one question was answered — there was plenty of water at South Fork Meadows. Comments on the Water Info Collector had said Lodgepole Spring was low, but "flowing OK," so the plan was to top off my water there.
Dry Lake was indeed dry, but the meadow in its place and backdrop of sculptured mountains was still impressive. The next stop was Lodgepole Spring; I just had to find the use trail leading to it. This was one of those situations where it's important to note the details of the topography. There are two areas that people camp at Dry Lake (noted on a sign) and the use trail is in the drainage above the second, more southerly camp.
After talking to some campers I followed the trail around the east side of Dry Lake and into the primary camping area. After working up the drainage a couple tenths of a mile I found a small spring flowing out of some willows. Rather than taking the time to use a UV pen, I used a makeshift cup to fill a one liter collapsible water bottle with a built-in filter. Hopefully that, and what was left in my pack, would get me up to the peak and back down to South Fork Meadows.
The "use" trail from Lodgepole Spring was not too difficult to follow and it took about 30 minutes to get up to Fish Creek Saddle. The trail between Fish Creek Saddle and Mineshaft Saddle more or less follows the 9880′ contour line and was reasonably runnable. It passes through an area of lodgepole pines killed by the mountain pine beetle.
In a few minutes I rejoined the regular Dry Lake route at Mine Shaft Saddle and started up the increasingly scenic Sky High Trail. About a mile up the trail from Mine Shaft Saddle is wreckage and a memorial to the personnel of a Douglas C-47 that crashed in a snowstorm on December 1, 1952. The C-47B "Gooney Bird" was a military version of the venerable DC-3 airliner.
The Sky High Trail earned its name as it switchbacked up to 11,000′, and wrapped around the south side of Gorgonio's summit. From the airy trail there are stunning views past The Tarn to Banning Pass and Mt. San Jacinto. The Sky High Trail joined the Divide Trail a little east of the Vivian Creek Trail junction and in a couple of minutes I was jogging east across the summit plateau to the blocky summit of San Gorgonio Mountain.
According to the Trail Mileage Handout (PDF) from the San Gorgonio Wilderness Association the descent from the summit by way of Dollar Lake Saddle and the Dollar Lake Trail is about 10.7 miles — which is a little shorter than the 11.4 miles listed using the regular Dry Lake route. (Mileage doesn't include the side trip to Lodgepole Spring.) Even so, I think the Dry Lake route is the preferred route from South Fork Meadows. It's more scenic and aesthetic.
The running was technical, but good down to Dollar Lake Saddle. Below Dollar Lake Saddle the trail was often very rocky. This lightning-scarred pine was on one of the last switchbacks before South Fork Meadows. I was happy to get down to South Fork Meadows, get some water, and get onto a better trail! By about 3:30 pm I was back at the car and enjoying an ice cold bottle of water.
Some related posts: Falls Creek Loop 2012, San Gorgonio High Line 2009
Previous PostSplit Rocks, Squeeze Chimneys and the Steck-SalathéNext PostSan Gorgonio Mountain: Falls Creek Loop August 2013


text:
blogging, Writing
Do You Nerd?
Let's be a bit clear… okay a lot clearer. I'm somewhat of a wannabe, everything. For a while it was all about the writing business. Good idea, great plan except I suck at anything which remotely seems like a writing…
By Rebecca A Emrich January 27, 2019
Re-Create and Learn
A long time ago, I would say in 2009, I wrote on the website HubPages, and while it was good, it also had some serious drawbacks to it. One of them was as long as I produce some sort of…
By Rebecca A Emrich March 12, 2016
Creative Burnout or Rebirth?
We've talked about being creative, and we've talked about the illusion that everything can be okay when it's not. What we don't talk about, even to each other is who can make a change when it's not something you might…
By Rebecca A Emrich December 28, 2015
Review: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl
Me and Earl and the Dying Girl by Jesse Andrews was published in 2012 by Amulet Press. With the release of the movie adaptation this past June, the interest of he book has sky rocketed. The book being touted as another…
By Anne March August 2, 2015
Book Review: The Seven Sisters by Lucinda Riley
I read The Seven Sisters by Lucinda Riley and I'm not sure how I feel about it as I write this review. I was aware of the premise of the book from the description on the back, but when I…
By Anne March May 22, 2015
book review, Writing
Book Review: An Invisible Thread By Laura Schroff and Alex Tresniowski
In the last few posts I have read and reviewed: the plight of women in Ascent of Women by Sally Armstrong, I tried to organize the chaos that is my desk with The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up by Marie…
By Anne March April 9, 2015
If You Don't have Anything on Your Blog, You Can Forget about Traffic I've heard this theme a lot, and this is true when it comes to blogging. Traffic, or readers, can be hard to come by, loyal, but also…
By Rebecca A Emrich April 6, 2015
Quality Alert? Writers and The Internet
A writer must consider quality content above all else. It's a great statement when you first glance at it. It is one of these 'think positive' type of messages we all love to hear or read about. I agree with…


FREE PASS Fire Extinguisher Use and Fire Safety Poster Download.
FREE - PASS Fire Extinguisher Use and Fire Extinguisher Types chart Safety Poster download. Our fire extinguisher use awareness safety banners & posters help in a fire emergency.
CLICK an image below to down load it.
These PASS Fire Extinguisher use posters might also be appropriate to give to your employees for home safety.
CLICK HERE for our MOST POPULAR Safety Banners.
PASS Fire Extinguisher Use is the most popular method of using a fire extinguisher. Our free PASS fire extinguisher use poster download fits perfectly on an 8 1/2" x 11" piece of paper. Down load it now for free and place one wherever you have a fire extinguisher. Fire safety and fire extinguisher use is an important part of every facility and home safety program.
SafetyBanners.Org, manufacturers of High Impact Safety Banners and safety products to Promote On The Job Safety. All images and designs are the property of New Tech Graphics and may not be reproduced without written permission. Manufactured on demand by New Tech Graphics - located in MEMPHIS, Tennessee, the Heart & Soul of Rock & Roll.
Have Questions? Email us, use the email us button top center, or call us at 901-759-0932 Central Time.


This may sound ominous, but that's the way it is around my neighborhood. Soccer moms, up-and-coming executives, seasoned directors and vice-presidents... all preoccupied with what is considered by them to be THE most important problem of the world. All others come second, and that includes you AND your family.
With the current single babyseat occupying the center of the rear bench, at least there was the element of 'crush-space' that was working in our favour, but the thought of having a second kid and being forced to move the baby seats outward to right beside the rear doors left me with many a sleepless night. No way that thin little door would have a chance against such massive vehicles as the minivan or SUV, in a side impact. Combined with the need for more comfort for rear passengers while the baby seat was installed (we had visitors scheduled to spend a few weeks with us) and the need to search out an automatic transmission-equipped winter car (the thought of a 4cylinder automatic was scary as well), we arrived at the choice to purchase this car. But it was a convoluted road to this decision, indeed!
Travelling was once a very crucial part of my job, before I decided to focus mostly on my family. As such, the rental car was an important part of my life, and being a car fanatic, I usually paid a little extra out of my pocket just to allow myself the opportunity to sample some automobiles I otherwise would never have had a chance to drive. My all-time favorite rental cars since 1994 came down to 3 choices: the early 90s Mitsubishi Diamante (for class and comfort), the late 90s Volvo S70 (for handling), and the mid 90s Lincoln Mark VIII (for sheer acceleration fun!).
All this changed in the summer of 2002. Having previously rented a Volvo S80 and being totally disappointed at the lack of power, the harsh suspension, and the annoying road noise transmitted into the cabin, I decided to try out a Lincoln LS V8. The Lincoln LS V8 is built on the same chassis as the new Thunderbird, including the all-new small 3.9 liter V8. I had hardly even heard of the car, but was totally and pleasantly surprised.
In fact, I was totally smitten. Good power, great 'big car' comfortable ride with the added bonus of good handling, fantastic luxury... I was constantly being reminded of the great driving experiences I had with the old beloved 1985 Parisienne, described elsewhere on this site. This car planted the seeds of upgrading the family winter car to something really nice.
Fast forward to the 2003 International Auto Show in Montreal, where I immediately gravitated to the black LS V8 on the display floor. The price tag was a little off-putting but then again we weren't seriously looking to buy a car anyway. My wife was more interested in the Town Car, though. I really disliked the previous Town Car styling, but I had to admit the redesign for 2003 resulted in a very handsome automobile! The full perimeter frame with body-on-frame construction seemed like the hot ticket for the anti-SUV defense I was so desperately after.
Again, the price tag shocked us into reality. As I was just getting into the 'big car' thing (the reasons listed up above), I suggested we look at the Grand Marquis as the cheaper alternative. Based on the same frame, it offered a fair amount of luxury (something my wife was really interested in) and handsome styling (also slightly redesigned for 2003, mostly on the front end).
OH MY GOD! What is THIS?? I had no idea the Mercury Marauder was being made available in Canada (it was introduced to the Canadian market in late 2002, six months after the US availability). I drooled over this car as I walked around it, fascinated by the large 18 inch wheels and the shiny dual exhaust pipes. This CLEARLY looked better than any Impala SS I'd ever seen! Truly well executed, and the price tag being less than the Town Car made it even more interesting to me.
But alas, my wife had absolutely no interest in the car. I walked away with brochures and pictures, but no hope of ever considering a purchase of this car. Looking back, I should have realized it offered EXACTLY what I was after... handling, safety, solidity, a kickass motor, and LOOKS!!! Here was a car being built BRAND NEW that was totally reminiscent of what the old Parisienne looked like, but with tons more horsepower (using more-or-less the same motor the Mustang Cobra had used in 2002 - a 4.6 liter double-overhead-cam (DOHC) motor).
Fast forward to January 2003... on business in San Diego, I was about to rent another Lincoln LS V8 but at the last minute I changed my mind. One customer came back to the counter to complain his reserved car was just too big... a new 2003 Lincoln Town Car. Here was my chance... I could evaluate this car for one whole week and if I liked it, I'd shift my attention towards the Town Car as a possible purchase.
Upon returning home, I eventually tracked down a Marauder for a test drive, and was pleasantly surprised but not overwhelmed. It seemed docile enough for the intended purpose: a family hauler with a little attitude. Luckily I was not totally put off by the docility of the engine's low-RPM performance, because the engine does really wake up as it breaks in. Even with such little mileage on the car, it sounded heavenly and the suspension was just about perfect: damped just right, but not too harsh. However, the dealer was totally unwilling to negotiate a price, which I found bizarre because US dealers were being offered crazy incentives to move the car, and another dealer had shown a willingness to negotiate a lower-than-sticker purchase price. Unfortunately, the other dealer that HAD been willing to negotiate was unable to deal since his in-stock Marauder had a deposit on it. This left a poor taste in my mouth, and I promised not to give any business to the arrogant dealership.