How do I buy whisky on WhiskyInvestDirect's markets?
Why can I not use my credit/debit card on-line?
Can I get physical custody of my whisky?
Where does WhiskyInvestDirect whisky come from?
Is it always WhiskyInvestDirect with whom I trade?
Am I dependent on WhiskyInvestDirect quoting prices?
Might no-one be bidding a fair price for my whisky when I want to sell?
Can I use my whisky as collateral?
There are three steps to owning whisky in WhiskyInvestDirect. Most people can complete the process in about 15 minutes of their own time.
Just go to our getting started procedure and follow it through.
You must first open your account at WhiskyInvestDirect.
Your money will go to one of WhiskyInvestDirect's client bank accounts with Wells Fargo or Lloyds Bank.
If your WhiskyInvestDirect account currency is set to British Pounds (£) and you bank within the UK you can send funds to Lloyds Bank via BACS or Faster Payments (usually free — typically used for smaller, non-urgent payments) or CHAPS (usually with a charge — used for larger or more urgent payments). Generally speaking the sensible threshold for switching to a CHAPS as opposed to a BACS payment is somewhere between £10,000 and £20,000, but you should choose for yourself, depending on the urgency with which you want to buy whisky.
Wire transfer — the fastest and most secure method, using the Federal Reserve's FedWire system. The sending bank will typically impose a charge to send funds by wire.
Electronic bill payment — a common feature of online banking (sometimes called BillPay). This service is available from all US banks, and is usually free or with a small nominal fee on the order of $0.50. This method of payment is typically slower than a wire, but can depend on how it is processed by the sending bank.
Check — free, but much slower than other methods available to you.
From other countries, or if you want to send a different currency, you can send SWIFT transfers electronically through the global SWIFT network, which has grown over 30 years to be easily the largest, most trusted and most reliable means of international bank to bank payment. Your money's successful transfer is fully guaranteed by SWIFT's participating banks.
After your money is received by the bank it will be credited by them into our account, as named and numbered on the payment instruction generated for you on the WhiskyInvestDirect site. We in turn are advised of the receipt of your money and the quoted reference — your WhiskyInvestDirect username — which was on the instruction. We then credit your account at WhiskyInvestDirect with your money, and your funds are guaranteed — so there is no clearance delay.
Within hours you will be able to buy your whisky.
Like all western banks operating within modern money laundering regulations Lloyds Bank is responsible to the banking community for verifying the legal identity of those who seek to bank with them. They have verified both the legal identity of the corporate entity in charge of WhiskyInvestDirect and the individuals with responsibility for managing the accounts.
The banks look after WhiskyInvestDirect's customers' money in these accounts. WhiskyInvestDirect's company accounts are kept separate from customers' money.
Client money is managed by WhiskyInvestDirect strictly according to the Terms of Business agreed between WhiskyInvestDirect and you, which limits the uses to which money in that client account can be put. Lloyds Bank and you have been fully informed of these Terms of Business.
Once you have opened your account and funded it you are ready to buy whisky. You can manage the buying and selling of whisky on WhiskyInvestDirect's order board.
There are many points within the WhiskyInvestDirect system from which a few mouse clicks create an order on the market order board for you.
There are several possible procedures.
Click here for an explanation of how to beat the best buying price - in which your patience and willingness to offer the best price to a seller might be rewarded with cheaper whisky.
Your order details are transmitted to the WhiskyInvestDirect order board. The instructions are processed in the strict sequence in which they are received. So, If your order can be executed in full you will buy whisky there and then. We call this matching.
For order board trades, settlement occurs instantaneously upon deal execution which is possible because WhiskyInvestDirect retains control over the resources of both sides settling a whisky trade.
The only result of you spending money is buying whisky at a fair market price.
You cannot accidentally sell whisky you do not have. The system will reject your order.
You will never receive a margin request - i.e. a demand for additional money from us to cover the risks in your trading position. No such payment will ever be required, because there is no credit in the WhiskyInvestDirect system.
WhiskyInvestDirect avoids credit in any form. A purchase of whisky within WhiskyInvestDirect's rules absolutely requires your cleared funds in the WhiskyInvestDirect Client A/C.
Credit and debit card operators guarantee to provide funds in due course, but they hold on to the money and earn interest from it, sometimes for as long as 30 days. During this period merchants only have their guarantee of payment. WhiskyInvestDirect does not accept guarantees of payment, because they expose whisky sellers to default.
With commissions up to 2% credit/debit cards are much better suited to retail shopping than whisky purchases. Retailers sell goods on high margins from which a payment services providers share of 2% is considered acceptably small. WhiskyInvestDirect provides customers with access to trade whisky on low margins. Most of our customers recognise that the small inconvenience of arranging a SWIFT transfer saves a worthwhile capital sum.
Yes, all users have a right of withdrawal. But there are good reasons to leave your property inside the bonded warehouse - where it could not be physically safer - pending exceptional economic or financial circumstances.
Holding your whisky inside bonded warehouses in barrel means it retain maximum resale value. Because there is no physical movement when you deal, there are no shipping fees. Transaction costs are further reduced because if your whisky remains in bond you don't pay any manufacturing costs, duty or VAT. Nor do you suffer the hassle, risks or costs of trying to care for your whisky yourself outside these bonded facilities.
It is highly unlikely privately held whisky will ever be bought back by the professional whisky market, and loses value proportionately.
Privately held whisky is physically less safe than warehoused whisky, and very much more expensive to insure.
Using WhiskyInvestDirect overcomes these problems. It is very efficient for those people who want whisky for financial and safety reasons. Taking possession of whisky is, of course, possible. (See the charges.) Spirit can be removed before it reaches three years old, but it cannot be bottled as Scotch whisky as the legal minimum age for Scotch whisky is three years old. It must be labelled as 'spirit'.
All bottling will be done by WhiskyInvestDirect or an appointed agent. All whisky will be bottled under the WhiskyInvestDirect brand name with a small degree of label personalisation permitted. This will include details of the owner and a description of the product. We will follow the strict labelling rules and regulations for Scotch whisky as determined by the Scotch Whisky Association.
WhiskyInvestDirect buys whisky up front with our own money from both large corporate and small independent distillers at the then dealing price. The whisky is already in the distiller's bonded warehouse when we buy it.
Once purchased by us this whisky forms part of our official whisky inventory.
We add the delivered whisky, measured in Litres of Pure Alcohol (LPA) to our own trading account in our WhiskyInvestDirect property records. Once it is in our inventory we can sell it to whisky buyers via the order board.
Along with all other WhiskyInvestDirect users we can offer it for sale on the WhiskyInvestDirect exchange. Quite often we offer the cheapest whisky, and when customers buy our whisky the net effect is an inflow of whisky into private hands in the WhiskyInvestDirect marketplace.
Whether or not customers compete in offering whisky prices is entirely a matter for them, but it is important that they can. Anyone who wants to sell (which could include you as soon as you have bought) can offer new buyers a price slightly cheaper than ours. Then rather than buying whisky from us customers will be buying it from another customer who happens to offer the cheapest whisky.
As with any other WhiskyInvestDirect transaction, the resources used to initiate an order will be reserved, but will not be deducted from your account until settlement is complete.
No. You only trade with WhiskyInvestDirect if we were first to post the price which is better for you than any other WhiskyInvestDirect seller - who might be another individual such as yourself making use of the order board to get the best possible price when he wants to sell.
WhiskyInvestDirect gets no trading priority over other participants. In fact if you choose to offer the best price, and we subsequently match your price on the order board, then you get priority over us, because you were there first. This is the same for all participants and is true both for buying and selling.
If we run out of a particular type of whisky, then - just like any other Customer - we are prevented by the system from selling what we don't own. But we are only one potential seller of whisky. Whether we are selling or not, other willing sellers will be setting prices for buyers too. Only if we are able to purchase from willing sellers on the platform or possibly purchase more from the distiller, can we sell that particular whisky on the platform again.
Moreover when we run out of whisky inventory - in times of heavy demand - there might be a tendency for the offer price to be slightly higher than is reflected in professional whisky markets. Obviously this is an opportunity for those who own whisky to sell it at an attractive price.
At absolutely no time can any WhiskyInvestDirect customer - including our own trading arm - sell whisky which is not already held securely in the bonded warehouse and owned outright by the customer.
Lots of people quote prices on the WhiskyInvestDirect order board. The spread is the difference between the bid and offer prices, i.e. the difference between the price at which whisky can be immediately sold and the price at which it can be immediately bought.
Market conditions decide the size of the spread. If the market is very quiet active traders can make profits on narrow spreads, because in the time between buying and selling whisky the price is unlikely to have moved out of their profit range. Conversely, if the market is very volatile the risk of owning whisky for the period between buying and selling with different Customers increases. Then traders need to increase their spreads.
No. Any customer's limit orders will appear on the WhiskyInvestDirect order board. In the absence of WhiskyInvestDirect quoting prices other users will be happily competing to offer you prices too. They do this (and you can too) regardless of whether WhiskyInvestDirect itself is able and willing to trade.
On matching a sale order on the WhiskyInvestDirect order board your WhiskyInvestDirect account is immediately credited with cleared funds. At the same instant the buyer is debited. The buyer's money was held in the pooled segregated bank account prior to the purchase, and at the instant of trade the entitlement to that segment of the pool transfers to you, just as your whisky transfers to them. There is no actual bank movement of money.
You can re-invest instantly. You would probably leave your money on account if you were looking to re-invest at some near future date. You can sell and buy repeatedly on WhiskyInvestDirect without ever incurring the cost of a cash settlement to your own bank.
As with any other WhiskyInvestDirect transaction, the whisky for sale will be reserved, but will not be deducted from your account until settlement is complete.
When you require payment we will return the money to you by bank transfer (e.g. BACS or CHAPS within the UK, or by SWIFT transfer internationally).
All repayments from WhiskyInvestDirect are carefully examined and authorised by our staff, and transmitted during UK banking hours.
No. If your quarterly interest entitlement would ordinarily exceed £100 or equivalent contact us via email and enquire about a commercial discount on your future commissions. This is operationally more efficient for us, and saves you paying tax on your interest only to then pay us commissions out of taxed money.
No. Absolutely never. WhiskyInvestDirect's efficiencies come about partly through the elimination of the risk of a default by someone who might execute a trade without an available cleared cash balance.
No. Absolutely never. WhiskyInvestDirect requires that all incoming monies come from a source which has been validated in the banking world. Each account only accepts monies from its original funding source, and only remits funds back to that source.
WhiskyInvestDirect is committed to avoiding any suspicion that it is a useful utility for money launderers.
There is no specific objection to using WhiskyInvestDirect whisky as collateral against debts outside WhiskyInvestDirect, but the arrangements have to be concluded between you and whoever requires a charge over your whisky. WhiskyInvestDirect does not itself become involved in such a situation.
There is no maximum, subject to the availability of stock.


The terrorist attack on the US consulate in Karachi leaves no doubt that Pakistan is now a major target of groups linked to al Qaeda. Officials may well say that the current wave of terrorism is the price Pakistan is having to pay for supporting the United States since September 11 last year. But in fact, the price Pakistan is paying may be for allowing militants from all over the Muslim world to transit to and from Afghanistan since 1979.
Officials have mentioned the possibility of Indian complicity in the bombing. But playing the traditional South Asian blame game without substantive evidence serves no purpose except to divert attention from the Al Qaeda linked groups. It is time to prepare Pakistani public opinion for the hard truth about terrorism, whether home-grown (sectarian groups) or imported from the Middle East. Instead of facing the challenge squarely, officials have shied away from admitting the presence of al Qaeda in Pakistan. During the anti-Soviet resistance, militants from all over the Muslim world transited through Pakistan to participate in the jihad.
Some of them created covert networks within Pakistan, taking advantage of poor law enforcement and the state's ambiguity towards pan-Islamic militancy. Now that the al Qaeda and Taliban's base in Afghanistan have been disrupted, they are using their former transit station as a temporary staging ground.
If General Pervez Musharraf's commitment to opposing terrorist groups is irreversible (as it appears to be), there is no reason for government spokesmen to deny the existence of terrorist groups within the country. Terrorist attacks in Pakistan have not started merely because of Musharraf's policies, though the post-September 11 shift in the country's stance has increased their frequency and intensity. Al Qaeda's ally, Egyptian Jihad, bombed and destroyed the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad on November 19, 1995. A few months earlier, on March 8, 1995, two employees of the US Consulate in Karachi, Gary Durell and Jacqueline Van Landingham were killed in a terrorist attack on a consulate van.
On April 22, 1996 explosive devices were hurled on the US Information Service building in Lahore. Four Americans and two Pakistanis working with the Union Texas oil Company were killed on November 12, 1997, again in Karachi. On November 12, 1999 rocket attacks targeted offices of the United States government as well as the United Nations in Islamabad.
It is obvious terrorism has been at work in Pakistan before and is now menacing the country with a vengeance. Musharraf's decision to fight a multi-pronged battle—against domestic political rivals, India and terrorism—could give the terrorists an advantage. They have nothing to protect, only targets to destroy.
The diminishing of the recent stand-off with India has given General Musharraf some breathing space. But despite lessening of tensions, India appears unwilling to withdraw its troops from the border. The recent reduction in India-Pakistan tension is based on US verification of an end to Pakistani support for Kashmiri militancy. Indigenous Kashmiri groups will most probably keep up their fight, as will those al Qaeda types who are already inside India or in Jammu and Kashmir. But helped by US intelligence, India is expected to know the extent and nature of Pakistani support for the militants.
Pakistan could soon find that it is having to clamp down on the militants without necessarily securing a discussion over the future of Jammu and Kashmir. Musharraf has a tough act on his hands, one that requires political skills that he is not known to possess. He will have to roll back the jihadi movement without seeming to do so on American or Indian orders and without getting an immediate quid pro quo over Kashmir. He will probably face defiance from militants and religious parties, as well as from ideologues within the establishment.
He could pull through if he reached out to mainstream political parties and if India eased pressure on him. The problem is that General Musharraf hates Pakistan's politicians almost as much as he dislikes India. Believing as he does in his good luck he could be tempted to take on the militants and Islamist ideologues without cutting a deal with mainstream politicians at home. He could also try to keep up his anti-India rhetoric at least in public which may not go down too well with hardliners on the other side of the border. The breathing space provided by the Armitage and Rumsfeld missions could evaporate in a very short time.
The world continues to see Kashmir in terms of militancy and terrorism instead of as an issue of self-determination. The legal, moral and political merit of Pakistan's position continues to be ignored despite considerable focus—call it internationalisation—on the question of Kashmir's future. The reason for this lies in factors that General Musharraf, as a military man, may not be able to comprehend or accept. Pakistan has consistently neglected non-military aspects of national power, such as economic growth and diplomatic potential. It has an effective military but is ineffective in most other realms. The greatest tool in statecraft, political skills, cannot evolve in a country where politics remain suspended for long periods.
General Muhammad Moosa, Chief of Pakistan's Army during the 1965 war went on to become Governor of then West Pakistan. After his retirement he was asked why he failed so miserably as governor after such an illustrious career as a soldier. Musharraf would do well to pay attention to General Moosa's reply: ''In the army,'' he said, ''I was trained to locate the enemy and liquidate the enemy. In politics I discovered that things are more complex. It is not always easy to locate who the enemy is and sometimes you discover that you can't liquidate him even if you locate him''.


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Case and MC Questions Part I case & Part II: Multiple Choice Questions
Part-I-Case-solution.xlsx Part 1: Refer to the attachment for a case question. Part 2: Refer to the attachment for a MC questions and answer it. Part II: Multiple Choice Questions 1.	The account Discount on Notes Payable is: a.	a contingent liability. b.	an asset because it has a debit balance. c.	a contra liability. d.	amortized to reduce interest expense over the life of a note. 2.	On July 1, Tau, Inc., purchased a machine for $12,000 and issued in payment a one-year note payable for $13,200. On August 31, the company's fiscal year-end, the proper entry would be: a.	Interest Expense	200 Discount on Notes Payable	200 b.	Machinery	200 Interest Expense	200 c.	Discount on Notes Payable	200 Interest Expense	200 d.	Notes Payable	200 Discount on Notes Payable	200 3.	Moore Realty just completed the purchase of an apartment complex on August 1 for $100,000 down and an 11%, 20-year, $400,000 mortgage note. The note requires monthly principal and interest payments of $4,129, with interest computed on the unpaid note balance. The entry to record the September 1 payment would be: a.	Mortgage Note Payable	4,129 Cash	4,129 b.	Interest Expense	2,064 Mortgage Note Payable	2,065 Cash	4,129 c.	Interest Expense	454 Mortgage Note Payable	3,667 Cash	4,129 d.	Interest Expense	3,667 Mortgage Note Payable	462 Cash	4,129 4.	On March 1, 19X4, Grand Junction Railroad issued $50,000 of 8%, 10-year bonds dated March 1 for $43,769. Interest is payable on March 1 and September 1. If Grand Junction uses the straight-line method of amortization, how would these bonds appear on the September 1, 19X4, balance sheet? (Round all calculations to the nearest dollar.) a.	Long-term liabilities: Bonds payable	$50,000 Less: Discount on bonds payable	6,231	$43,769 b.	Long-term liabilities:	Bonds payable	$43,769 Plus: Discount on bonds payable	6,231	$50,000 c.	Long-term liabilities: Bonds payable	$50,000 Less: Discount on bonds payable	5,919 $44,081 d.	Long-term liabilities: Bonds payable	$44,081 Plus: Discount on bonds payable	5,919 $50,000 5.	Milton Corporation has 20,000 shares of $5 par-value common stock and 60,000 shares of 9%, $2 par-value preferred stock issued and outstanding. The preferred stock is cumulative. How much are preferred dividends per year? a.	$10,800. b.	$120,000. c.	$100,000. d.	$9,000. 6.	Media Services' accounting records reflected the following journal entry: Nov. 1	Cash	14,000 Common Stock ($1 Par)	2,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value	12,000 From the entry, one can conclude that the company: a.	earned $14,000 of revenue. b.	has a $12,000 gain on the sale of its stock. c.	has a $12,000 increase in total paid-in capital. d.	sold 2,000 shares of common stock at $7 per share. 7.	How is treasury stock shown in the financial statements? a.	As an asset. b.	As a reduction of paid-in capital. c.	As a reduction of total stockholders' equity. d.	It depends on the reason that the treasury stock was acquired. 8.	Prost Products has excelled on past treasury stock transactions, selling the stock at above cost resulting in a balance of $1,250 in Paid in Capital from Treasury Stock account. Currently, the company is holding 460 shares of its $2 par-value common stock, reacquired for $2,000. If the stock is reissued for $500, what journal entry will the company's accountant make? a.	Cash	500 Treasury Stock	500 b.	Cash	500 Loss on Treasury Stock	1,500 Treasury Stock	2,000 c.	Cash	500 Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock	1,500 Treasury Stock	2,000 d.	Cash	500 Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock	1,250 Retained Earnings	250 Treasury Stock	2,000 9.	The following journal entry was found in the accounting records of the Sullivan Corp.: Retained Earnings	10,000 Dividends payable	10,000 On what date would the entry have been made? a.	Date of declaration. b.	Date of record. c.	Ex-dividend date. d.	Date of payment. 10.	Luther Lumber Corporation has 1,000,000 shares of common stock authorized, of which 550,000 shares are issued and outstanding. The common stock has a $10 par value, a $12 book value, and a $13 market value when the corporation declared a 10% stock dividend. What journal entry is required on that date? a.	None. b.	Retained Earnings	550,000 Dividends Payable	550,000 c.	Retained Earnings	660,000 Stock Dividend Distributable	550,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value	110,000 d.	Retained Earnings	715,000 Stock Dividend Distributable	550,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value	165,000 11.	Gilbert Corporation's board of directors approved a 2-for-1 common stock split. The common stock had a $10 par value before the split. At what amount should retained earnings be reduced for the additional shares issued? a.	Retained earnings is not affected by a stock split. b.	Par value of the new shares. c.	Market value of the new shares on the declaration date. d.	Market value of the new shares on the distribution date. 12.	Which of the following items is included on the statement of retained earnings? a.	The effects of extraordinary items. b.	The effects of discontinued operations. c.	The effects of a change in accounting principle. d.	Prior period adjustments. 13.	Depreciation is a process of: a.	Accumulating replacement funds. b.	Cost replenishment. c.	Cost accrual. d.	Cost allocation. 14.	On-time Trucking reported the following data for 19X4: Beginning stockholders' equity	$32,000 Capital stock issued	20,000 Revenues	70,000 Expenses	25,000 Dividends paid	9,000 The company's ending stockholders' equity for 19X4 would be: a.	$36,000. b.	$45,000. c.	$66,000. d.	$88,000. 15.	Which of the following pairs of accounts are usually current liabilities? a.	accounts payable, accounts receivable. b.	prepaid expenses, wages payable. c.	income taxes payable, unearned revenue. d.	notes receivable, bonds payable. 16.	If beginning inventory is understated, then: a.	goods available for sale will be overstated. b.	gross profit will be overstated. c.	net income will be understated. d.	stockholders' equity will be correct because the error will have been reversed. 17.	When preparing a bank reconciliation, deposits in transit are: a.	added to the balance per bank statement. b.	subtracted from the balance per bank statement. c.	added to the balance per company records. d.	subtracted from the balance per company records. 18.	CC owns a $600,000 building that was purchased four years ago. The firm was recording depreciation under straight line method, estimating a 20-year service life and a $40,000 residual value. At the beginning of this, the 5th year, CC determined that the residual value should be $60,000. As a result of this revision, depreciation in the current year would be: a.	$24,250. b.	$26,750. c.	$27,000. d.	$30,500. 19.	Using the income statement approach, an estimate of uncollectible accounts may be calculated by taking a percentage of: a.	net income. b.	allowance for doubtful accounts. c.	outstanding accounts receivable. d.	credit sales. 20.	The following data have been taken from the 19X4 accounting records of Kirby Corp.: Dr.	Cr. Total sales for 19X4	$450,000 Credit sales for 19X4	360,000 Accounts receivable, 12/31/X4	$63,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, 12/31/X4	3,000 Kirby estimates that 6% of its accounts receivable will be uncollectible. How much should Kirby record as bad debt expense for 19X4? a.	$780. b.	$2,700. c.	$3,780. d.	$6,780. 21.	On November 1, 19X8, Forte Company received a $12,000, 3-month, 10% note. How much interest revenue should be reported in 19X8 on this note? a.	$100. b.	$200. c.	$300. d.	$1,200. 22.	Host, Inc., stocks a variety of inventory items. The company began to stock item no. 675 in February of the current year and made the following purchases: Feb. 9	200 units at $10.00 June 8	500 units at $10.50 Oct. 3	300 units at $10.75 If Host uses the first-in, first-out method of inventory valuation and 350 units were on hand as of December 31, the firm's cost of goods sold would amount to: a.	$3,575. b.	$3,750. c.	$6,725. d.	$6,900. 23.	Oxford Company had a beginning inventory of 700 units that cost $9.00 each. Purchases were made in June (3,600 units) and October (5,800 units) at costs of $9.50 and $9.80, respectively. If Oxford uses LIFO and a physical count revealed 1,100 units on hand, the company's balance sheet would disclose an ending inventory valuation of: a.	$10,100. b.	$10,780. c.	$86,560. d.	$87,240. 24.	Jackson's inventory cost on the balance sheet was lower when using first-in, first-out than when using last-in, first-out. Assuming no beginning inventory, in which direction did the cost of purchases move during the year? a.	Up. b.	Down. c.	Steady. d.	Cannot be determined. 25.	Palmer Products purchased a new delivery truck. The truck had a manufacturer's listed retail price of $14,000 and a negotiated purchase price of $13,200. The purchase was subject to terms of 2/10, n/30, but Palmer did not remit payment until 22 days after the purchase. At what amount should Palmer record the truck on its books? a.	$12,936. b.	$13,200. c.	$13,720. d.	$14,000. 26.	Hanley Manufacturing purchased a new machine on January 1, 19X4, for $47,000 plus $8,000 of freight and installation costs. Hanley uses the double declining method of recording depreciation, and estimates the machine will last 10 years and have a residual value of $5,000. What amount of depreciation will Hanley record in 19X5? a.	$6,720. b.	$8,800. c.	$7,520. d.	$8,000. 27.	Glouchester Associates sold office equipment for cash of $142,000. The accumulated depreciation at date of sale amounted to $138,000, and a gain of $18,000 was recognized on the sale. The original cost of the asset must have been: a.	$262,000 b.	$260,000 c.	$280,000 d.	$156,000 28.	For the month ended January 31, Ponzi Plastic Co. had net sales of $100,000, total goods available for sale of $70,000, and an estimated gross profit percentage of 40%. Ponzi's estimated inventory at the end of January is: a.	$10,000 b.	$30,000 c.	$40,000 d.	$60,000 29.	The fair market value of Lewis Company's net identifiable assets is $5,000,000. Martin Corporation purchases Lewis' entire business for $5,800,000. Which of the following statements is not correct? a.	Martin Corporation paid $800,000 for goodwill generated by Lewis Company.	b.	Martin feels that Lewis Company has the ability to generate earnings in excess of a normal return on net identifiable assets. c.	Martin will record amortization expense over a period not to exceed 40 years. d.	Martin Corporation will record $800,000 to goodwill, an intangible asset, which will be reported in its balance sheet 30.	On March 1, 19X5, Curtis Corporation accepted a $20,000, 6 month, 10% note on account from Gloria Lawless. Assume that Gloria defaults on the note on August 31. The entry to reflect the default will include: a.	Debit note receivable $21,000. b.	Debit accounts receivable $21,000. c.	Debit note receivable $20,000. d.	Debit accounts receivable $20,000. Answers for Multiple Choice questions:
Case and MC Questions (Anders)
Part I: Multiple Choice Questions Part II: Multiple Choice Questions
questions_and_answers
Part-II-Multiple-Choice-Questions.docx Part 1: Refer to the attachment for a case question. Part 2: Refer to the attachment for a MC questions and answer it.
Part 1: Refer to the attachment for a case question. Part 2: Refer to the attachment for a MC questions and answer it.
Part-II-Multiple-Choice-Questions-converted.pdf Part 1: Refer to the attachment for a case question. Part 2: Refer to the attachment for a MC questions and answer it. Case and MC Questions Part I case & Part II: Multiple Choice Questions
FINAL EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 13,14,16, AND 17 FINAL EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 13,14,16, AND 17) FINAL EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 13,14,16, AND 17) CHAPTER 13 Connect 1. Web Source International, an American company, is planning to enter South Korea. While the company has operations abroad, it has no experience with Asian markets. To limit its exposure to this foreign market, Web Source International needs a type of entry that allows the company to collect information and learn about the South Korean market. Which of the following types of entry is most suitable? 2. High transportation costs, the threat of tariff barriers, and potential problems with local marketing agents are disadvantages of: 3. In which mode of market entry does a contractor agree to handle every detail of the operation for a foreign client, and hand over the operation once it is fully functional? 4. One disadvantage of licensing as a mode of entry into foreign markets is that: 5. Hexagon Corporation, an American high-tech company, wants to set up operations in a foreign country to profit from its core competency in technological know-how. Therefore, the company needs to select an entry mode that offersprotection of technology. Which of the following entry modes is most suitable for Hexagon Corporation? 6. Tasty Pasta is an American fast food restaurant chain with locations in 20 countries. When the company enters a new foreign market, it usually selects a combination of franchising and master subsidiaries. These master subsidiaries are joint ventures with local partners because of the advantages joint ventures bring to Tasty Pasta. Specifically, joint ventures are politically more acceptable and they: 7. Setting up wholly owned subsidiaries is preferable to joint-venture arrangements because wholly owned subsidiaries: 8. Which of the following is a common reason for the failure of an acquisition? 9. The _____ postulates that top managers typically overestimate their ability to create value from an acquisition, primarily because rising to the top of a corporation has given them an exaggerated sense of their own capabilities. 10. American-based Xylor Company has decided to establish a wholly owned subsidiary in Chile. To decide whether to acquire an enterprise in the market or to establish a Greenfield venture, the company evaluated the pros and cons of each strategy. In the end, Xylor Company opted to establish a Greenfield venture. Which of the following likely was a major point in favor of Greenfield ventures? NO CHAPTER 13 PRACTICE QUESTIONS CHAPTER 14 Connect 1. The document that states that the bank will pay a specified sum of money to a beneficiary, normally the exporter, on presentation of particular, specified documents is called the: 2. Which of the following documents issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise serves as a receipt, a contract, and a document of title? 3. The agency of the U.S. government whose mission is to assist in the financing of U.S. exports of products and services to support U.S. employment and market competitiveness is called the: 4. An alternative means of structuring an international sale when conventional means of payment are difficult, costly, or nonexistent is a: 5. ChipRight Company sold 10,000 computers to the government of Pabul. Instead of receiving cash, the company received crude oil as payment. This is an example of: 6. BigTire Company, a U.S.-based car manufacturer, sold cars to the country of Bealand. Bealand paid BigTire Company in dollars, but in exchange, BigTire Company agreed to spend some of its proceeds from the sale on electronic equipment produced by Bealand. Which type of countertrade arrangement does this example illustrate? 7. An agreement to purchase goods and services with a specified percentage of proceeds from an original sale in that country from any firm in the country is called: 8. The use of a specialized third-party trading house in a countertrade arrangement refers to: 9. SteelPro Corporation negotiated a deal with the Republic of Monaslu under which SteelPro would build three steel plants in the country, and as partial payment, the company would receive steel over a 10-year period. This is an example of: 10. Which of the following is a drawback of countertrade? Mary Warner, the sales manager for a medium-sized apparel company, is facing a tremendous challenge in convincing her boss to get the company to export. As she 1. reflected on this challenge, she realized that many medium-sized firms like hers are not proactive in seeking export opportunities because: 2. Unhappy with the speed with which the company's export initiative was going, the CEO called Mary Adams, the person in charge of exports at Ambient Products, to understand the reasons for the company's delay. Which of the following is a valid defense that Mary Adams can use? 3. John Ciro, the CEO of Ciro Products, a small manufacturer, told his employees that he is part of a group that was going abroad along with representatives of the U.S. Department of Commerce and other U.S. businesspeople to meet with qualified agents, distributors, and customers. Ciro was most likely talking about the: 4. The Forlan Group is an export management company (EMC). It has found that potential clients are often confused as to what an EMC does. Which of the following is a function of an export management company such as The Forlan Group? 5. Florida Jet skis, based in Miami, want to export, but being a small third generation family business is cautious, particularly with respect to financial risk. The CEO, Armand Millard, is contemplating the firm's approach to exporting. Which of the following is a strategic step that you would advise Florida Jet skis to take to increase its probability of exporting successfully? 6. Delios Trading is exporting for the first time to Japan and has contracted with Abe Imports in Tokyo for an initial order valued at $110,000.00. Delios Trading wants Abe Imports to secure a document from a Tokyo bank that would indicate that the bank would pay Delios Trading $110,000.00 upon presentation of specified documents by the exporter. What is the name of the document that Delios Trading is asking for? 7. Financing aid that will facilitate exports, imports, and the exchange of commodities between the United States and other countries is provided by the: 8. To cater to the growing demand for luxury cars, Terabithia Republic agreed to buy 5,000 cars from MotoSporto Inc. in exchange for 5,000 barrels of oil. Due to a lack of trust, Terabithia decided to make it a one-time-only deal. Which of the following forms of countertrade is the country most likely to use? 9. From an exporter's perspective, why is an offset more attractive than a straight counter purchase agreement? 10. TruWorth Petroleum negotiated a deal with a foreign country in which TruWorth would build several ammonia plants in the foreign country and receives ammonia as a partial payment over a 20-year period. This is an example of: CHAPTER 16 Connect 1. Which term refers to identifying distinct groups of consumers whose needs, wants, and purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways? 2. Japan, with a high population density and a large number of urban centers that grew up before the automobile, has a retail system with many small stores serving local neighborhoods and to which people frequently walk. However, none of these stores has a major share of the market. According to this information, which kind of a system does Japan have? 3. Silver Spoon Company sells its products in the country of Kusoko through an import agent, which then sells to a wholesaler. In turn, the wholesaler sells to several retailers that ultimately sell to the consumer. In this example, the amount of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer suggests that the channel is: 4. Which term refers to the expertise, competencies, and skills of established retailers in a nation and their ability to sell and support the products of international businesses? 5. The country of Cadmia is known around the world for the high-quality wine it produces. Consumers who do not know much about wine tend to rate the wines from Cadmia more favorably than the wines from Chile, even when independent analysis shows that Cadmian wines are actually inferior. Which of the following barriers to international communication provides an explanation to this situation? 6. Which of the following barriers to international communication refers to the number of other messages competing for a potential consumer's attention? 7. Which of the following factors favors a push strategy? 8. In terms of the communication strategy of a company, which of the following factors favors a pull strategy? 9. _____ Occurs when an individual or business capitalizes on a price differential for a firm's product between two countries by purchasing the product in the country where prices are lower and reselling it in the country where prices are higher. 10. _____ Refers to the fact that a firm's pricing strategy in one market may have an impact on its rivals' pricing strategy in another market. Connect 1. John, a U.S. citizen, is a product manager who moved to Argentina to work at the South American office of Ridmore Corporation, an American company. Based on this information, John is a(n): 2. In the Canadian company Hourglass Inc., Canadian nationals hold all the important positions in the foreign subsidiaries. According to this information, what is the staffing policy pursued by Hourglass Inc.? 3. Which of the following is an advantage of adopting a polycentric staffing policy? 4. Which of the following is a disadvantage of adopting a geocentric staffing approach? 5. Which of the following strategies is compatible with a polycentric staffing policy? 6. A citizen of India who works for a multinational company moves to the United States to work at the headquarters for the multinational company. This person would be classified as a(n): 7. According to the results of a seminal study by R.L. Tung, what was the most important reason for expatriate failures for U.S. multinationals? 8. Among the four dimensions that seem to predict success in a foreign posting, the attributes of _____ enhance the expatriate's ability to interact effectively with host-country nationals. 9. Ryan, an American manager working in a foreign subsidiary, tends to treat foreign nationals as if they were home- country nationals. As a result, he has been experiencing significant management problems and considerable frustration with his overseas assignment. According to Mendenhall and Oddou, which of the following dimensions that predict success in foreign postings is lacking in this situation? 10. Which approach to expatriate pay equalizes purchasing power across countries so employees can enjoy the same living standard in their foreign posting that they enjoyed at home? "Serving the world's poor profitably" PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1. The bottom of the pyramid (Bop) market consists of approximately _____ billion people. 2. Bop population is generally defined as people whose income is about US$ _____ per day or less. 3. One of the misconceptions regarding the Bop market is: 4. Bop strategy intends to: 5. Which one of the following is not a strategy for serving the Bop markets? 6. One real challenge to serve the Bop market is that: 7. Ericsson's mini-GSM cellphone service provides stand-alone networks for up to 5 thousand users within a 35km (21.88 mile) radius. Capital costs to the operator, usually a local entrepreneur, can be as low as $4 when cell phones are shared in communities. This is an example of: 1. Relationship between core competences and entry mode
FINAL EXAM REVIEW (Anders)
FINAL EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 13 · 14 · 16 · AND 17) FINAL EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 13 · 14 · 16 · AND 17) · 1. Web Source International · an American company · is planning to enter South Korea. While the company
Part i: multiple choice questions part ii: multiple choice questions Part 1: refer to the attachment for a case question. part 2: refer to the attachment for a mc questions and answer it. Case and mc questions part i case & part ii: multiple choice questions Final exam review (chapters 13 14 16 and 17) final exam review (chapters 13 and 17) 1. web source international an american company is planning to enter south korea. while the company

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Undersized St. Louis always made big impression
by Adam Kimelman
Nearly two decades later, Craig Ramsay still remembers the smallest player on the ice at the start of Ottawa Senators training camp in 1997.
Ramsay was an assistant coach, and there among Alexei Yashin, Daniel Alfredsson, Vinny Prospal and Alexandre Daigle, was this pint-sized, undrafted training-camp invitee speeding all over the ice. Before Ramsay could figure out who he was, however, he wasn't there anymore.
Memories of Martin
Former teammates shared their thoughts on Martin St. Louis' retirement with Pierre LeBrun of ESPN.com and on Twitter:
"In terms of the player and person I became today, everything is directly influenced from Martin St. Louis. You can't totally express in words what he meant to my career." -- Steven Stamkos
"Congrats @mstlouis_26 on an amazing career! The way you competed every day was inspiring. Good luck with your next chapter in life! #26" -- Henrik Lundqvist
"I played with him for 12 years, what a great teammate and obviously a great friend. It's tough to see him leave, but I'm happy for him." -- Vincent LeCavalier
"He was a great role model for everyone in the locker room, because you saw how much he wanted it and how hard he worked to get it." -- Brad Richards
"He's always been one of those guys, even though he's my age, that I've always looked up to. He keeps you at your best." -- Dan Boyle
"Lucky to play beside my idol @mstlouis_26 and [you] will be missed [because] now I'mm back to [being] the shortest guy on the team." -- Mats Zuccarello
"I never had a chance to work with him other than to notice him because he was pretty noticeable," Ramsay told NHL.com. "He was a nifty, small guy. And then he was gone."
Martin St. Louis was gone from that Ottawa camp, but after a 16-season career that is likely to include induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame, he won't soon be forgotten.
St. Louis accomplished more than anyone who measured 5-foot-8 and 180 pounds should have, especially during an era where men of his size generally weren't given the chance to find out if they could be legitimate, contributing NHL players.
"You look back, there were always guys who were small but they competed," Ramsay said. "They had something special. The key is to have the heart to fight through it. You're going to be bothered, big guys will try to run you and test you. You have to battle your way through hooking and holding, clutching and grabbing. Marty was a powerful, small man, he was quick as could be, and he was determined and he was not going to be stopped.
"You're going to run into difficult situations, and it's how do you handle it? Do you complain and whine? Or do you go out and compete a little harder? With his quickness and his power and being so explosive, he was able to battle through it."
Battling was hard-wired into St. Louis' DNA.
"I always believed that Marty spent every day of his professional hockey career waiting for someone to tap him on the shoulder and say, 'You're going down; you're done,'" said Jay Feaster, who was general manager during most of St. Louis' time with the Tampa Bay Lightning. "That motivated him to be the guy that trained the hardest, that worked the hardest."
It didn't happen right away; St. Louis had to challenge Lightning coach John Tortorella for ice time.
"He was a healthy scratch a couple times, got 3 to 4 minutes a couple games, and he was upset," Feaster said. "He went to see [Tortorella] and he said, 'I'm better than this, I can do more than this and you need to start using me.' … [Tortorella] loved that. The player that would come in and challenge him, and as John likes to say, he turns it back and puts it on the player, 'I'm going to start playing you, you better deliver,' and that's exactly what he did."
St. Louis delivered enough to become the face of the Lightning when they won the Stanley Cup in 2004, literally and figuratively. One of the lasting images is St. Louis with blood streaming down the middle of his forehead with 1:02 left in Game 7 against the Calgary Flames after being hit in the face by the stick of Flames defenseman Andrew Ference.
That famed intensity is what drove St. Louis, but it also drew teammates to him.
"He's the best teammate I've ever played with, without a doubt," Dominic Moore, who played with St. Louis with the Lightning and the New York Rangers, told Sportsnet 590. "… Marty is one of a kind. He's as character of a guy as you'll ever meet, on and off the ice, and just kind of brought passion to his game every day [with] the way he approached it."
Ramsay, who was an assistant coach with the Lightning from 2001-07, said players would do whatever they could to play alongside St. Louis.
"Everyone wanted a day with Marty, at least on their line," Ramsay said.
When St. Louis' mother died the day of Game 4 of the Rangers' 2014 Eastern Conference Second Round series against the Pittsburgh Penguins, teammates were in awe that he never missed a game and was a key contributor in the Rangers' rally to win after trailing the series 3-1.
"He gets to the rink [for Game 5] and he's standing there ready to go," Rangers defenseman Marc Staal said that night. "Can't say enough about the guy. Comes in and doesn't want to leave us out to dry. Comes and wants to compete with us and try to win the hockey game. Can't imagine what he's going through, what he's feeling like. It's an emotional lift. You want to play hard for a guy like that who's coming from such a tragedy. You want to rally around it."
Days later, the entire team spent the day between Games 1 and 2 of the Eastern Conference Final with St. Louis in Laval, Quebec, at his mother's funeral. St. Louis knew most of his teammates for less than three months, but that's how quickly he was able to create a bond.
Feaster saw the same thing. He was living in Calgary in January 2014 after he was fired as general manager of the Calgary Flames when the Lightning came through. Feaster wanted to take some of the behind-the-scenes staffers who were there for the Cup win in 2004 out for a special dinner when he got a call from Nigel Kirwan, the Lightning video coach.
"He said is it OK if we add one more to the list for dinner," Feaster said. "I said, 'Sure, who do you have?' He said, 'Marty St. Louis asked what we're doing in Calgary and he said Jay said he's taking the guys that used to work for him out to dinner with his family.' He said Martin said, 'I used to work with Jay. Can I go to?' So Marty came to dinner. I thought it was pretty cool he did it that way."
The devotion to team and the tenacity to win is what drove St. Louis as a player and made him a role model.
"We never had any problems saying to players coming into our organization, 'Model yourself like Marty,'" Feaster said.


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Home > Featured Blogs > COVID-19 Didn't Break Your Business — Data Did
COVID-19 Didn't Break Your Business — Data Did
Michele Goetz, VP, Principal Analyst
If you really want to see the health of your business, watch what happens when a market shuts down.
What did you wish you knew?
What should you have been tracking?
If you knew these things, could you have prepared differently?
Could you have recovered differently?
If your response is "How could anyone predict a pandemic?" I say, think again.
Peering into enterprise technology investments and implementations, the story is clear. Instead of data leading strategy, plans, and processes, it followed the centuries-old industrial practices of lean automation. Lean automation is linear, defined, rigid. The only lever to pull is the one that drives profitability and does more with less. The data, even in the age of machine-learning-driven automation, is simple and contained to a handful of data points and 1–2 metrics. The coronavirus demonstrated immediately from shutdown to treading water to reopening that our overoptimized businesses failed. There was no elasticity because the process defined the data, rather than data defining the process.
Not every enterprise stumbled, nor did every government. The defining factor wasn't how digital these public and private entities were. These surviving enterprises and governments embraced the data both pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19.
Test and trace: In April, German Chancellor Angela Merkel announced to the world how she was going to balance opening up the country and economy based on infection rate and hospital capacity. Chancellor Merkel was able to state not only the metric (R0) for infection rate but she also communicated specifically how the change in the infection rate of .1 would indicate what would be opened, closed, and the social distancing orders to follow. Additionally, this rate indicated the capacity to treat COVID-19-positive patients as well as provide emergency and critical care to the rest of citizens. To do this, Germany had to put in place a broad testing and tracing approach to track infection and spread. This served as a model for New York, as Governor Andrew Cuomo is replicating much of this data-driven strategy.
Master the supply chain: Amazon was at the edge of the personal protective equipment (PPE) panic purchasing. Analysis of its partners quickly showed how demand spikes were translating into price gouging and PPE outages for medical workers. Additionally, Amazon was tuned into the broader purchasing patterns as governments implemented stay-at-home orders and business shutdowns. Analysis of data gave Amazon a window into quickly delisting price-gouging vendors, segmenting PPE sales to the needs of care communities, and optimizing sales and shipping to support essential products. It retooled its retail and logistics operations in a matter of days and scaled.
Master the market shifts: On the surface, stepping away from car manufacturing and sales to trucks only in the US seems radical. But Ford has pushed forward on a business transformation driven by data and analytic excellence. Recognizing changing customer needs as well as the nuances of various markets let Ford expand car production and sales in some global locations and still be confident of pulling back in the US. After COVID-19, Ford is practicing elastic manufacturing in response to new coronavirus safety practices and cases emerging on its plant lines, as well as bottlenecks from parts partners. It is able to model production to manage and predict the output to match economic opening, anticipate and measure contraction from shutdowns, and optimize practices to get plants open and running again after shutdowns.
Build everything for anything: Tesla and Dyson are innovation- and science-driven companies. For every product they engineer, they take into account how parts and engineering may transfer to new products and solutions. Tesla expanded its knowledge of batteries to its solar power products. Dyson has moved from vacuums to hand dryers and hair products, all on the same suction engineering. During COVID-19, each company was able to immediately translate its engineering knowledge to building ventilators. That doesn't seem like a data story, but it is. Properly capturing, maintaining, and sharing engineering specs, tests, and versions of emerging, older, and existing products allows these companies to more rapidly transition and build solutions for new needs and opportunities.
The post-COVID-19 world is a data-driven world. It is also a much more complex world, going against the grain of the "simple is best" aspect of the pre-COVID-19 viewpoint. Capturing all the data, in all its forms and formats, whether enterprises know they need it or not, is the new normal to survive. While businesses put plans in place for any global, economic, industry, and biological events they can imagine, it is the data they collect and can access that will bring strategic elasticity when needed for the things the C-suite doesn't see.
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European Predictions 2022
Visit our resource hub to discover the key trends impacting European businesses in 2022.
J.P. Gownder	5 days ago
On January 13, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Biden administration's vaccination-or-test mandate for private businesses employing 100 or more workers could not be enforced by OSHA — the federal agency that covers private sector employers and workers in all 50 states. Ultimately, the ruling takes enforcement out of OSHA's hands and puts it […]


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Lady GaGa - Paparazzi, Music Video Extravaganza
Perez Hilton himself premiered the lavish new music video by the eccentric and grandiloquent Lady GaGa. The subject is "Paparazzi," GaGa's latest UK single. The song is easily the most personable track on The Fame, but far from my favorite. In his premiere blog post, the self-anointed Queen of All Media exclaims:
It is her strongest work to date. It is a mini-film. It is art. It is visual pornography. It is satire. It is commentary. It is brilliant!
Aside from the visual pornography remark (what the hell is that Perez?), Queen P is not far off the mark. This indeed is GaGa's strongest video to date. It is certainly an entertaining mini-film, reminiscent of Michael Jackson's love affair with 15-minute-film making. The video is definitely commenting on what it is to be famous in this day and age, and Lady GaGa makes fun of the silly idea by busting a Britney.
Hopefullym with this video GaGa finally got her point across — the same statement that is riddled throughout her album:
This idea of 'The Fame' runs through and through. Basically, if you have nothing—no money, no fame—you can still feel beautiful and dirty rich. It's about making choices, and having references—things you pull from your life that you believe in. It's about self-discovery and being creative. The record is slightly focused, but it's also eclectic. The music is intended to inspire people to feel a certain way about themselves, so they'll be able to encompass, in their own lives, a sense of inner fame that they can project to the world, and the carefree nature of the album is a reflection of that aura. I like to funnel interesting ideas to the rest of the world through a pop lens.
Random GaGa song I like a lot — "Paper Gangsta" listen to it below.
Lady GagaMusicMusic Videos
Lady GaGa - Bad Romance (Music Video)
Lady GaGa - Bad Romance
Lady GaGa "Telephone" (feat. Beyonce) Music Video
Lady Gaga - "Born This Way" Music Video
Lady Gaga - "Burqa / Aura"
Lady GaGa - "Alejandro" (Music Video)
Lady Gaga - "Venus"
Lady Gaga - "Applause"
ON DECK: Andre 3000, Lady GaGa, of Montreal
Album Stream: Lady Gaga - ARTPOP


a. 1. Fully known; generally known or acknowledged.
A church well known with a well-known rite.
Adj. 1. well-known - widely or fully known; "a well-known politician"; "well-known facts"; "a politician who is well known"; "these facts are well known"
2. well-known - frequently experienced; known closely or intimately; "a long-familiar face"; "a well-known voice reached her ears"


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Q: Python multiprocessing ForkingPickler issue I'm working a socket client well really 2 clients, one sends messages and the other receives messages. There are two socket server, one is listening for commands and the other is providing responses.
I'm trying to write a double client, which allows me to send messages and will spin up another process to receive messages from response server. They aren't always synchronous. I create this little class that I'd like it to spin up a process to listen responses, but I'm stuck with this error when I run it:
ForkingPickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
TypeError: can't pickle module objects

The little program is as follows:
import socket
import logging
import time
from multiprocessing import Pool, Process, Manager, Pipe
import traceback
import re

class Geisy3:
    received_messages = []
    dbg_process = None

    def __init__(self):
        print('hello')

    def connect(self, ip, port):
        s = socket.socket()
        logging.basicConfig(filename="geisy-3.log", level=logging.INFO,
                            format='%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s')
        logging.info('Icci debug IP: %s, cmd port: %s', ip, port)
        s.connect((ip, port))
        logging.info('Socket connection established on %s:%s', ip, port)

        with Manager() as manager:
            self.received_messages = manager.list()
            self.dbg_process = Process(target=self.socket_receiver, args=(self, s, self.received_messages, logging))
            self.dbg_process.start()
            self.dbg_process.join()

        print('Debug process started')

    def socket_receiver(self, soc, received_messages, logging):
        try:
            while 1:
                logging.debug('Socket listener is awaiting message')
                raw_response = soc.recv(256)
                logging.debug('RAW Msg recv [%s]: %s', 20001, raw_response)

        except Exception as e:
            logging.FATAL('Exception %s:', e)
            logging.FATAL('Debug listner exception occured %s', traceback.format_exc())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    i = Geisy3()

    i.connect('98.1.24.40', 20001)
    time.sleep(500)

I can't figure out why I'm getting this error. Is it because windows spawns rather than forks?
Can I actually have a method in the class that starts, joins and then effectively another that kills the process ?

A: There are 4 parts (I only control 2 on my end). I'm getting this on my end while trying to setup a listener. This code works as soon as I take it outside of the class. I'm having trouble wrapping my head around on how this should be implemented inside a class. The sender from end we can actually ignore completely (it works fine and its another class). The sever to which the above listener connects sends heartbeat messages, so I should be able to have the process running and have it print those messages.
Like I said as standalone script without class it works great, jut the problem is that I need to embedded that within another program hence I thought of putting it inside a class to have little more control from that other program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Galileo Summer School will be held from Wednesday, June 10- Wednesday, July 15, 2015. Galileo will be the Summer School site for graduating seniors. Summer School Gradation will be held on Wednesday, July 15, 2015 at 11:00am in the Galileo Auditorium. Bell schedule and summer school schedule to follow.


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text:
Q: $AA^{t}=A^{t}A$ in this case? Let $M$ be a square matrix such that $M_{i,j}=c$ if $i\not=j$ and $d$ if $i=j$. Also, $0<c<d$ (note that this is a strict inequality). That is, $M$ look like this:
$\begin{pmatrix}d & c & \ldots & \ldots & c & c\\c & d & \ldots & \ldots & c & c\\\ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots\\\ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots\\c & c & \ldots & \ldots & d & c\\c & c & \ldots & \ldots & c & d\\\end{pmatrix}$
If $A$ is a square matrix such that $AA^{t}=M$ is it necessarily the case that $A^{t}A=M$?
(we are working in $\mathbb{R}$; actually the actual question is meant for $\mathbb{Q}$ but I am trying to gain some insight by looking at the easier situation)
This is clearly true if we allow $c=0$, and is clearly false if we allow $c=d$. But I have not been able to do it in this case. I suspect it is false but have not been able to find a counterexample.

A: Here's a two-dimensional counterexample:
$$A = \left[\begin{array}{cc}0 & 5\\3 & 4\end{array}\right].$$

A: I think perhaps this serves as a counterexample.
If $c < \frac{d}{n-1}$, then the matrix is Hermitian and strictly diagonally dominant with positive entries, and hence is positive semi-definite. Therefore, it admits a unique Cholesky factorization, $U^TU = M$ (equivalently $LL^T = M$). However, it is not necessarily true that $UU^T = M$. For example, let $$M = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 &3 \end{pmatrix}.$$
Then, $$U \approx \begin{pmatrix}1.7321 &   0.5774   & 0.5774\\
         0    & 1.6330    & 0.4082 \\
         0         & 0    & 1.5811 \end{pmatrix}$$
and it can be seen that $U^TU = M$ but not $UU^T$.

A: Even for the case $c=d$ it can be valid, as
$$
\textbf{A} = \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
\sqrt{c/n}&\sqrt{c/n}&\cdots&\sqrt{c/n}\\
\sqrt{c/n}&\sqrt{c/n}&\cdots&\sqrt{c/n}\\
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
\sqrt{c/n}&\sqrt{c/n}&\cdots&\sqrt{c/n}\\
\end{array}
\right],
$$
has the property that
$$
\textbf{A} \textbf{A}^T = \textbf{A}^T \textbf{A} = \textbf{M},
$$
where
$$
\textbf{M} = \left[
\begin{array}{cccc}
c&c&\cdots&c\\
c&c&\cdots&c\\
\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
c&c&\cdots&c\\
\end{array}
\right],
$$


text:
Андро́ново  — деревня в Андреапольском районе Тверской области. Входит в Волокское сельское поселение.

География
Расположена примерно в 3 верстах к юго-западу от деревни Волок на реке Бросница.

История
В конце XIX - начале XX века на деревня входила в Холмский уезд Псковской губернии. Имела два разных названия Андроново и Большое Замошье.

Население

Примечания

Ссылки
 Карта O-36-113. Масштаб 1:100000. Состояние местности на 1987 год. Издание 1992 года.

Населённые пункты Андреапольского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
1-я истребительная югославская эскадрилья (), в составе ВВС Великобритании — 352-я эскадрилья Королевских ВВС () — югославское авиационное подразделение Королевских ВВС Великобритании, а затем и Военно-воздушных сил Народно-освободительной армии Югославии. Первое в истории коммунистической Югославии официальное подразделение военно-воздушных сил.

История
22 апреля 1944 на аэродроме Бенина (ныне Ливия) было сформировано первое югославское подразделение ВВС Великобритании — 352-я истребительная югославская эскадрилья. Это также было первое подразделение, сформированное на побережье Средиземного моря. Основу эскадрильи составляли истребители Hawker Hurricane, позднее заменённые в июне на Supermarine Spitfire. В августе 1944 года эскадрилья перебазировалась в Италию в состав 281-го авиакрыла. Она выполняла задачи по прикрытию истребительно-бомбардировочных эскадрилий и участвовала в атаках сухопутных подразделений. Базой служил остров Вис, ставший официальной базой с 1 января 1945.

Эскадрилья делилась на два отряда A и B, в каждом из которых были по 8 истребителей «Спитфайр». Обслуживающий персонал был набран из служащих Королевских ВВС Югославии, а экипаж состоял из персонала 1-й авиабазы НОАЮ. Первую оперативную миссию эскадрилья начала выполнять 18 августа 1944. Командовал эскадрильей капитан Милета Протич, на должности политрука состоял майор Франьо Клуз (у него уже был опыт полёта на трофейных французских самолётах, которые партизаны отбили у немцев). Подразделениями A и B командовали также капитаны Ратко Йованович и Аркадий Попов. Все офицеры погибли в боях, не дожив до конца войны; память о Протиче и Попове увековечена на мемориале в Мальте, Йованович похоронен в Белграде. После гибели командного состава эскадрилью возглавил Хинко Шоич при поддержке Бранко Крауса и Джуро Иваншевича.

За годы войны 352-я эскадрилья ВВС Великобритании совершила 1210 вылетов, выполнив 367 заданий, куда входила воздушная поддержка наземных войск, прикрытие авиационных групп, разведывательные полёты и так далее. В качестве авиабаз использовались базы в Каннах, на острове Вис и в Земунике. Эскадрилья понесла потери в размере 27 пилотов, из них 10 погибли в бою.

Штаб-квартира была перенесена в Югославию из Италии в апреле 1945 года. После завершения войны 16 мая 1945 эскадрилья была исключена из состава ВВС Великобритании: 18 мая после объединения со 2-й югославской эскадрильей был создан 1-й истребительный авиаполк, которым стал командовать Джуро Иваншевич.

Авиапарк

Штаб

Командование
 Командиры: Милета Протич (майор), Хинко Шоич (лейтенант, с 19 декабря 1944)
 Политрук: Мирко Дворник (лейтенант)

Отряд A
 Командиры: Ратко Йованович (майор), Бранко Краус (майор, с 4 октября 1944), Неделько Пайич (капитан, с 22 ноября 1944)
 Заместители: Милан Срджанович (лейтенант)

Отряд B
 Командиры: Аркадий Попов (майор), Джуро Иваншевич (майор, с 16 октября 1944)

См. также
 2-я истребительная югославская эскадрилья
 Список эскадрилий ВВС Югославии

Ссылки

 Official history of no. 352 squadron
 Aircraft and markings of no. 351 squadron
 1st Fighter Squadron of NOVJ

Военно-воздушные силы Великобритании
Военно-воздушные силы Народно-освободительной армии Югославии
Воинские части и формирования, созданные в 1944 году
Воинские части и формирования, расформированные в 1945 году


text:
Q: Batch rename files, merge columns .csv? I have .csv file with 3 columns, delimiter is "|", .
I need to use it to rename files, last(3rd) column is current filename. First two field joined should be new file name.
As in example, some fields contain space, don't know is that could be a problem or not.
Files are in folder C:\all\ as well in sub folders in C:\all.
example:
New|Name 1|CurrentName1

CurrentName1> New Name 1
@echo off
for /f "tokens=1,2,3  delims=|" %%A in (C:\all\c.csv) do (
  for /R "C:\all\" %%C in ("%%~C") do (
ren "%%~C" "%%A %%B"
  )
)
:END

when I test, it started renaming sub folders, not files. I don't want to rename sub folders only files, how to fix that?

A: A for [/R] loop accesses the file system only when there is at least a wildcard * or ? in the set (that is the part in between parentheses behind the keyword in). So for example, for %%I in (test.txt) do echo %%I will always return test.txt, independent on whether or not such a file exists in the current working directory.
Instead of for /R to find a certain item in a directory tree you could use the dir command, which does not require a wildcard to actually check the file system:
for /F "usebackq tokens=1-3 delims=| eol=|" %%I in ("C:\all\c.csv") do (
    for /F "delims=" %%F in ('dir /S /B /A:-D "%%K" 2^> nul') do (
        ECHO ren "%%F" "%%I %%J"
    )
)

This code check the full file name against the list file. If you want to check the base name only, replace "%%K" in the dir command line by "%%K.*". If you want to keep the original file extension, replace "%%I %%J" in the ren command line by "%%I %%J%%~xF".
After having tested the code, remove the upper-case ECHO in front of the ren command.


text:
A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource)
The instance A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource) represents a material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Manitoba Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Instance, Electronic.
The Resource A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource)
http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?contentSet=ECCOArticles&docType=ECCOArticles&bookId=1047500200&type=getFullCitation&tabID=T001&prodId=ECCO&docLevel=TEXT_GRAPHICS&version=1.0&source=library&userGroupName=univmanitoba
More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks
A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks
London, sold at the Chapel, Tottenham-Court-Road; and at the Tabernacle, Near Moorfields, 1798
After imprint in square brackets: entered at Stationer's Hall
Braces in title
Large 120: final word on p.iii: "eloquence"
Reproduction of original from British Library
With an index at the beginning and contents at the end
(Uk-ES)006227556
(CU-RivES)ECCOT28494
Context of A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource)

 Data from A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource) - University of Manitoba Libraries

Data Citation of the Instance A collection of hymns for social worship : More particularly designed for the use of the Tabernacle and Chapel congregations. By George Whitefield, Late of Pembroke College, Oxford, and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Countess of Huntingdon. Corrected and enlarged, with some original hymns, a new table of contents, and a sketch of Mr. Whitefield's life. By M. Wilks, (electronic resource)
http://link.lib.umanitoba.ca/resource/EDrpr7OP3gI/
http://library.link/resource/EDrpr7OP3gI/


Free market could use some help. Please research the article's assertions. Whatever is credible should be sourced, and what is not should be removed.
A free market is a type of market where the prices of goods are determined only by the interaction of consumers and producers, without the intervention of third parties, like the government. The opposite of a free market is a regulated market, where a third party, usually the government, intervenes through various methods, such as tariffs, taxes, and inflation, to restrict trade and regulate the prices.
The ideology advocating for absolute free market is called Laissez-faire, from the French "let them do".
""The labour and time of the poor is in civilized countries sacrificed to the maintaining of the rich in ease and luxury. The landlord is maintained in idleness and luxury by the labour of his tenants. The moneyed man is supported by his exactions from the industrious merchant and the needy who are obliged to support him in ease by a return for the use of his money. But every savage has the full enjoyment of the fruits of his own labours; there are no landlords, no usurers, no tax gatherers.
The misuse of the word "free" is paralleled by that of its English synonym, liberty, which is derived from Latin rather than proto-German. The Roman direct equivalent of the proto-Germanic verb frijaz (lit. 'be a friend' and 'not be a slave'), libertas (lit. 'not be a slave'), changed in meaning as the Empire polarised between powerful creditor and weak debtor classes following the abolition of Debt Jubilees in the Second Century A.D.. Rather than meaning "not to be a slave", the word legally and in its scholarly usage came to mean the freedom of all men including slaves "to do absolutely anything they're actually permitted to do". All slaves, debtors, and creditors were therefore equally libertas before the gods. Hence, libertas was considered the freedom of the powerful to exercise power over the weak, unrestrained by other powerful people. Thus there was no incongruity in Medieval lords possessing the "liberty of the gallows" - the right to maintain their own private armies, laws, and places of execution within their domains free from the "tyranny" of any other lord who believed that "eating aquatic creatures lacking fins or scales" e.g. mussels was not a valid grounds for execution just because it's in the bible.
""The distribution of the income of society is controlled by a natural law, and this law, if it worked without friction, would give to every agent of production the amount of wealth which that agent creates.
From the mid-19th century onward, Classical Economics' selective blindness to certain types of economic rent became outright rejection of the whole concept. This occurred in response to two developments. One was that the economists' banker and business owner patrons had supplanted or merged with the landed aristocracy and developed their own monopolies, and so the critiques of their new income streams had become irksome. The other development was far more troubling: Karl Marx had taken the work of Smith et al. to its logical conclusion and concluded that all unearned incomes were economic rents. Faced with this argument, economists found it easier to deny that economic rent existed at all than apply it to some forms of unearned income and not others. Clark was the first to deny its existence, by working from the assumption that nobody would allow it to. Of course, rather than stating this extremely questionable assumption clearly he tried to make it sound logical by using Pseudostatistics and condemning anyone who criticised this logic as a bomb-throwing anarchist Marxist. By the time that Austrian school and Chicago school economists appeared in the 1920s-50s, they had little difficulty in using a combination of Quote mining and Lying by omission to 'prove' that the Classical Economists had wanted government to be "free" from "government intervention". This even extends to the "invisible hand" metaphor which is taken completely out of context. Of course, even the most basic reading of the actual works of Smith or Mill contradicts this misinterpretation, and so Neoclassicists no longer read or teach economic history.
""How 'free' a market is cannot be objectively defined. It is a political definition.
""And the whole idea of classical economics from Quesnay's Tableau Economique to all the way through Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill was to look at the finance sector and the landlord sector and monopolies as unnecessary [...] to tax away all the land's rent or else nationalize the land [...] to have public enterprises as basic infrastructure so that they couldn't be monopolized.
Yet it is worth noting that the original interpretation of the Classical Economists including Adam Smith was that society should be freed from economic rents - unearned incomes - which came from increases in the value of land over time and the ownership of monopolies. In response to the Socialist call to free society from all economic rents including those from the ownership of finance and industry, the Classical interpretation was abandoned in favour of the redefinition made by Herbert Spencer in the 1870s and then used by Anarcho-Capitalists, Austrians, and Chicago-schoolers. Yet in the wake of the Great Recession, modern Keynesian and Heterodox economists such as "rock star economist" Thomas Piketty have become popular for their calls to once again "free" markets from economic rents rather than control by government.
"Free market fundamentalism" is the term sometimes given to a strain of libertarianism that proposes that government can do no right when it comes to commerce, and that market pressure will weed out any bad products or corrupt businesses (the term used is laissez-faire, translating from the French approximately as "let it happen"). Liberals have largely abandoned laissez-faire capitalism as a dead end, believing the idea to be too easily abused by the amoral and dishonest.
It's worth noting that Adam Smith's works, like other texts invoked by fundamentalists, are rarely read in their entirety by those who expound the doctrine they think it outlines. Smith did see a place for governmental regulation in a healthy marketplace. For example, without government regulation, companies such as British Airways would have had free rein to collude with their rivals and fix prices when setting their fuel surcharges, and Microsoft could continue its anti-competitive practices in Europe, thereby allowing it to maintain artificially high prices for its Office products. Or, in the case of the South Korean shipping industry, you don't want the market to kill off all its customers.
""A rising tide lifts all boats.
In theory, in a society with no government and a "true" free market the price of goods and services will reach a natural equilibrium. A truly free market, however, is virtually unattainable given crime, social attitudes, imperfect information, finite resources, and the constraints imposed by geography and physics.
In modern society, laws are required to maintain competition. This includes active prosecution of fraud cases, such as to prevent producers from lying directly or by omission about the ingredients in their products. No law requires people understand what the ingredients are so we have people worried about dihydrogen monoxide poisoning. In cases where fraud is more financial than edible, the Government requires public accountants are trained by professional bodies and follow certification schemes. Without a third-party assessor, more unethical-leaning companies will hire their own auditors to sign off on their cooked books. Eroding what little trust companies have amongst themselves we've seen manifest in the real world with the 2007 Banking crisis. With a little regulation the free market can go a long way on a short leash.
If they don't compete, they don't penalized customers for changing services, they can get good information on their services or products, and they want to make the most financially sound decision and there are several businesses in a market based on voluntary trade, a customer can refuse to buy from a business that provides worse service or shoddier goods than the others. When this happens it can acts as an incentive for companies to keep service (or at least to appear to do so). Nevertheless the quality of service is generally higher under these conditions than when a firm has a natural and/or legal monopoly.
In theory, free markets put minimal restraints on innovation: if you have a bright idea and can finance its development, or get any one of the large number of venture investors to do it for you, you can develop your bright idea without being stopped by harrumphing or political meddling from a regulatory bureaucracy. If patents (another form of government regulation) are removed, you don't even have to worry about patent trolls; however, mega-corporations will be free to copy your idea and out-compete you.
Throughout history, the existence of free markets, or mostly free markets, has coincided with arguably the most productive moments in human history. Examples of civilizations that define this trend: the Roman Republic, the enlightenment-era city states, the British Empire, the American Republic, etc. Just ignore coincidently these were far from utopia and have histories of colonialism while having your lunch as ideas can work in the abstract but the reality is far messier for how they play out.
""So if you're gonna use a phrase like "a rising tide will lift all boats", you need to add something to that phrase. Something like, "a rising tide will lift all boats, which is great as long as you have a boat!!"
Those offering jobs have always had an easier time of it than those seeking them. This is why trade unions exist wherever and whenever they're legal.
Political economy is largely concerned with the "business cycle," where too many loans are made to businesses or individuals who will default in a time of lesser activity (the boom). When the growth in activity slows, the rate of defaults increases and lending is curbed in response, causing enterprises to stop hiring or begin firing employees, reducing the populations' capacity to consume and thereby increasing defaults, etc whereupon the amount of activity plateaus and then starts decreasing. This causes a lot of unhappiness as people don't like being poor and/or unemployed. John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments could keep the booms from being too big so that the shocks when they went bad weren't so big either, and could employ people when they did. While definitely not a dirty red with a sweet moustache as advocates of other economic schools have made him out to be, his proposals were accepted in his lifetime and considered responsible for what's called the Golden Age of Capitalism.
Economists from considerably less reputable schools consider his proposals a slippery slope to Fascist/Communist Totalitarianism so they should be ignored in favor of doing absolutely nothing, because eventually it will all sort itself out. Very few societies like to let economists use them as a laboratory to test their theories. Despite empirical difficulties, Keynes' detracters are cocksure that modern economic instability shows that Keynesianism failed to accomplish what it sets out to do: correct the boom-bust cycle.
In most cases the assumption that a free market means universal competition does not hold up. Many sectors are "natural monopolies" — public utilities, which have large fixed costs that prevent anyone short of an oil baron from entering the market, would be an example — in which an unrestrained market will lead to or maintain a cartel or monopoly. Hence why utilities are often nationalized or run as collectives owned by the workers in the monopoly. Even an industry that is not a natural monopoly may be dominated by a cartel or oligopoly that make competition impossible (see the Gilded Age for the most well-known example) and hold the consumer by the balls, if not permanently then at least for a few years; more creative monopolists may attempt to conceal this with the use of multiple brand names for products produced by the same company. Unfortunately, businesses don't like competition; they'd prefer to drive their rivals out in order to eat up as much profit as possible. That is, after all, the driving force in capitalism.
A business community — comprised without exception — of farsighted, patient, and completely rational people of uncompromising self-restraint and discipline, committed to the maintenance of stability and sustainability even at the expense of short-range profit.
When a market does not produce the most efficient possible outcome, this is called "market failure" in economics. The existence of these is acknowledged by all but the most faithful believers in Supply side economics.
Sheer cost of entry or operation. The potential returns to building and operating a new rail line or undersea cable or private police service tend to be lower than simply buying out existing ones.
Human nature. People tend to cooperate to benefit themselves and those like them, and hence tend to make agreements on zones of operation or set prices or organise mergers rather than compete to their mutual detriment.
There are various ways in which monopolies arise and some even argue that completely unregulated free markets naturally tend towards monopolies, pointing to the Gilded Age (which gave us the very term "antitrust") as an example. Monopolies, wherever they exist and are not subject to regulation, will set prices at a higher level than would ensue in maximum competition. Similarly, monopolies tend to be less willing to innovate or invest as there are few outside forces making them do it.
Classic examples for monopolies besides those arising from one company buying out or outlasting competition are the so-called "natural" monopolies. A classic "natural" monopoly would be a bridge — whoever wants to cross the river has to use the bridge. There is little reason to build another bridge and all the owner of the bridge has to do to keep his monopoly is to not charge an amount that would encourage a competitor to build another bridge. Analogous situations occur with other public infrastructure like power lines or railways. This is one of the reasons why such infrastructure is publicly owned and/or tightly regulated in most of the world.
Another problem with completely unregulated free markets that most economists admit exists are so called "externalities", i.e. effects of economic activity that are not paid for by those that decide on said activities. While externalities can be positive and negative, negative externalities are discussed much more often. Let's give some examples.
If a person lives in an old house, the retention of the house and embellishing its facade creates a positive externality - people who pass by that house are delighted by its facade, more tourists come to visit and so on. The owner of the house may have some small benefit from that beauty himself, but mostly he is forced to bear the costs and will not benefit much from the external effects he generates. Thus he may be tempted to let the facade fall into disrepair or to replace an old and aesthetically pleasing house with a newer, cheaper house. In many cities local zoning ordinances or heritage protection laws partially ensure that owners provide those positive externalities, thereby regulating the free market.
On the other hand, negative externalities are more often discussed as there are many more immediately obvious examples. Driving a car for example creates noise, air pollution and endangers pedestrians, costs which drivers don't or only partially bear. In an unregulated free market, people will thus drive more cars than would be optimal in a perfectly rationally planned and organized society. Another example is environmental pollution in general. Unless some entity regulates, businesses and individuals will pollute more than would be optimal.
There are some economists who argue for "market-based" solutions to externalities and that a perfectly free market could find a solution where people make contracts regarding externalities, but overall most economists agree that some sort of state intervention is needed to promote activities that create positive external effects and to discourage activities that create negative external effects.
""The hidden hand of the market will never work without a hidden fist.
↑ Black, Hashimzade, and Myles (2009). A Dictionary of Economics.
↑ Competition Law, Wikipedia provides through origins of the Sherman act, and the article on Signalling in Game Theory elaborates more on when companies choose to accommodate rather than compete with one another.
↑ Natural Monopoly, Natural Monopolies are formed entry into the market is high, once a Capitalist is set up his business his monopoly is natural as long as their would-be competitors are unable to acquire the funds for their own enterprise.
↑ East India Company, Britain wasn't the best trading partner to its former colonies.
↑ Pinochet's Chile, for its reputation as the dismal science, not screwing up and around with economics is vital to a nation's health.
This page was last modified on 21 February 2019, at 00:39.


Antique/Vintage Canadian Pacific hand woven wicker/wood basket with metal hardware. 24" x 16" x 16"
Selling Two Champiro Ice Pro 205/65R15 with rims. Tread depth is 9/32nds. Came off a 2006 Camry. Text 7806864026.
2 BEDROOM CONDOS FOR RENT DOWNTOWN!
Brand new, never used. Pure Garden Plastic Tree. 150 cm tall. From non-smoking home. (wrong gift).


text:
Q: Opensips is listenning port 5060, but NMap shows 5060 is closed, Opensips can't receive REGISTER I got Opensips on an Ubuntu Cloud Server, it is listenning the port 5060.
sudo netstat -lpn | grep opensips
tcp        0      0 42.123.76.60:5060       0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      5177/opensips
udp        0      0 42.123.76.60:5060       0.0.0.0:*                           5177/opensips
But I test on the remote pc client with tools, and shows that the 5060 was closed:
enter link description here to checking the port status!!
nmap -p5060 42.123.76.60
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
5060/tcp closed sip
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.21 seconds
I am wondering that will it results to nothing received from sip clients
Jitsi on my pc sended REGISTER, meanwhile, the remote Opensips got nothing.
Thanks for your attention, I really appreciate your help!

A: Have you implemented any firewall? Try "iptables -F"


text:
Q: Why won't \ifx match on list element of a foreach list if that element is a macro? I have the following:
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

\def\nend{6}
\def\rb{1.5mm}

\draw (0,0) -- (\nend,0);

\foreach \x in {0,...,\nend} {%
    \coordinate (\x) at (\x,0);
}

\foreach \x in {\nend,0} {%
\ifx\x\nend
    \draw[fill] (\x) circle[color=blue,radius=\rb] node[blue,below=2mm] {$x_{n}$};
\else
    \draw[fill] (\x) circle[radius=\rb] node[black,below=2mm] {$x_{\x}$};
\fi
}

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

I get this:

I expect the last node to be x_n, but it is not. I have seen the answers to this question, but I am working with an integer already so I would expect things to match. This happens whether \nend is first or last in the list.
This example does work:
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}

\def\nend{6}

\pgfmathparse{\nend-1}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\nm}{\pgfmathresult}

\def\nf{3}

\def\rb{1.5mm}
\def\rs{1mm}

\draw (0,0) -- (\nend,0);

\foreach \x in {0,...,\nend} {%
    \coordinate (\x) at (\x,0);
}

\foreach \x in {1,...,\nm} {%
\ifx\x\nf
    \draw[fill,color=blue] (\x) circle[radius=\rb];
\else
    \draw[fill] (\x) circle[radius=\rs] node[below=2mm] {$x_{\x}$};
\fi
}

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

The moment I try to match on the last element, though, it fails.

A: In the second loop, \foreach does, successively,
\def\x{\nend}<loop code>
\def\x{0}<loop code>

Now, \ifx\x\nend will return false in both cases: in the case you would it return true the comparison is between a macro expanding to \nend and the macro \nend, which are different. You have to define a macro expanding to \nend in order to get true:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\def\nend{6}\def\isnend{\nend}
\def\rb{1.5mm}
\draw (0,0) -- (\nend,0);
\foreach \x in {0,...,\nend} {%
    \coordinate (\x) at (\x,0);
}
\foreach \x in {\nend,0} {%
  \ifx\x\isnend
    \draw[fill] (\x) circle[color=blue,radius=\rb] node[blue,below=2mm] {$x_{n}$};
  \else
    \draw[fill] (\x) circle[radius=\rb] node[black,below=2mm] {$x_{\x}$};
  \fi
}

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}