text:
NATO's European Allies Won't Fight for Article 5
It will be the Americans and Canadians, not the Europeans, who will defend a NATO ally if attacked by Russia. So much for the alliance's collective defense doctrine.
Between April 6 and May 15, 2015, the Pew Research Center carried out a survey of 11,116 respondents in eight NATO countries as well as in Russia and Ukraine. The NATO countries were Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The respondents from these countries were asked about Ukraine and Russia. Few surprises here. Across all eight nations, a median of 70 percent supported sending economic aid to Ukraine, and 57 percent backed Ukraine joining NATO—although Germany and Italy came out strongly against, with respectively only 36 percent and 35 percent of respondents in favor. On average, 41 percent of all those surveyed supported sending arms to Ukraine, and 50 percent favored Ukraine joining the EU.
Dempsey is a nonresident senior fellow at Carnegie Europe and editor in chief of Strategic Europe.
But when it came to committing to upholding Article 5—the alliance's sacred cow, which requires NATO members to defend an ally if it is attacked—the results were devastating. The Pew poll showed that among Europeans, a median of 49 percent of respondents thought their country should not defend an ally, a response that exposes a lack of commitment to collective defense. Not only that: the majority of Europeans (67 percent), with the surprising exception of the Poles (49 percent), believed the United States would come to the defense of its allies.
Despite war-weariness in the United States and Canada, these are the two countries that are willing to use force if Russia attacks a NATO ally. That was the view of 56 percent of Americans and 53 percent of Canadians. The United States is also proposing to store heavy weapons and equipment for up to 5,000 troops in Eastern Europe. What a commitment to NATO and to Europe.
Of the Europeans polled, the Brits were the most in favor of the use of force to defend their allies (49 percent). As for the Poles, of whom a whopping 70 percent saw Russia as a major military threat to neighboring countries, only 48 percent of those surveyed supported military action in case of an attack.
What that could reveal is that Poland's decision in February 2015 to beef up its military spending to the equivalent of 2 percent of GDP was aimed at the country's own defenses and was not particularly designed to strengthen NATO.
In addition, Poland now seems more interested in developing closer military cooperation with the Baltic states (also members of NATO) and with Finland and Sweden (nonmembers), rather than depend entirely on NATO. It's as if Poland doesn't completely trust NATO as a collective alliance, as the poll confirms. But the country doesn't seem to trust the United States either.
Only the #US and #Canada are willing to use force if Russia attacks #NATO.
That aside, the biggest response against using force against Russia came from Germany. Only 38 percent of Germans, the lowest score among the eight NATO allies polled, would use force to defend an ally.
This seems to jar with Germany's decision to become involved in training exercises in Poland. Germany has joined NATO's Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a spearhead force created in September 2014 that is to be deployed to Eastern Europe. Berlin intends to send 1,000 troops to a 5,000-strong brigade. Prior to its agreement to participate in this operation, Germany had opposed NATO deploying permanent bases in Eastern Europe. Maybe this is a compensation gesture.
If it is, then it calls into question statements by the German president, foreign minister, and defense minister about the need for the country to take more responsibility for security and to stop using the past as an excuse for passivity.
Bruce Stokes, Pew's director of global economic attitudes, told Carnegie Europe that the survey results for Germany "suggest that the scars of the Cold War remain." Older Germans, he said, were less likely than younger ones to be willing to confront the Russians.
And a generation after the country's 1990 reunification, "Germany is still a divided country when it comes to public opinion. When it comes to Russia, Ukraine, and NATO, Germans in the former East just think differently than Germans in the former West," Stokes added.
Yet Germany's pacifism, its ambivalent relationship with the United States (including NATO), and a deep-seated Ostpolitik (or Eastern policy) based on cooperation with Russia all have an impact too.
Combined with the Pew findings, these traits and trends show the vulnerability of German Chancellor Angela Merkel's policies. As the European leader who has rallied the EU behind sanctions against Russia and who is trying to support a very fragile ceasefire in eastern Ukraine, she has managed to carry the German public with her.
That support cannot be taken for granted. The Pew survey showed that only one in five Germans wanted more economic pressure applied to Moscow. And Germans (29 percent) are the most likely among the NATO allies polled to want to reduce the sanctions against Russia.
Overall, the depressing aspect of the Pew poll is how, once again, the Europeans take the United States as their security guarantor for granted. Why successive U.S. administrations tolerate this is hard to fathom. Europe is prosperous. It should be confident enough both to take care of its own security and to contribute to a greater role in burden sharing. It does neither.
Europeans have developed a sense of entitlement to U.S. #defense.
Furthermore, despite so many criticisms of the European allies from former U.S. defense secretaries, Europeans have developed a built-in dependence culture and a sense of entitlement to U.S. defense. Because they assume the Americans will come to their defense, why should the Europeans bother to build up a strong security and defense policy?
This is as shortsighted as it is dangerous for the transatlantic relationship. The longer the Europeans refuse to even consider the use of military force to protect their allies, the more NATO's sense of collective defense and solidarity will weaken. The inexorable outcome is the demise of Article 5. What then is NATO for?
Bennie Martinali
I personally feel that at the core there is a fundamental cultural problem. Honor and shame are concepts many europeans laugh at. There is nothing wrong in the eyes of many Europeans to betray your allies, take advantage of them, and in the end let them be massacred. I fear it is fundamentally impossible to have a meaningful alliance with Europe. The US understands this, but accepts it because letting Europe slip under Moscow's influence is unacceptable. Europe understands the US' stance and gleefully takes advantage of it. Should the US pull its support, Europe will fragment and many of its states will 'cut a deal' with Russia. Sorry if this sounds overly harsh, this is just my assessment, as someone who lives in the Netherlands.
"Honor and shame are concepts many europeans laugh at." Probably these words have been used in the past to justify all kinds of military expansionism, atrocities and power politics. At least in Germany. You can't expect these words to mean anything when they have been so comprehensively devalued and abused.
I really do not agree with your opinion, I would like to see the "brave" US citizens afteer two world wars.... and more than half of the population dead...It is very easy to talk when you are provoquing wars far away from you country. But the afraid you are after 09/11...and you US are about to start a third world war but of course in Europe not in Alaska.
Honour & shame were not present in the US over their invasions & bombings of Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq & Serbia, where many more civilians than fighters were killed.
rkap7
Since when has honor been a big part of US Political and Home Culture. Personally I think Churchill summed up the USA well when he said something like this. "The USA will normally do the right thing in the long term but not until they try every other option first." In other words the USA is always driven first of all by self interest. Not out of concern for others. Exactly how the USA acted in WW2. Avoided and dodged when Europe was struggling to defeat the NAZI's. It was not until the USA was attacked and there own survival was at stake it finally decided to do the honorable thing. Was it honorable to support the overthrow the first democracy in the Middle East and support the installation of a dictator in Iran for financial reasons. Honorable to support Right Wing dictatorships in South America. Honorable to turn a blind eye to the continual support of Terrorists by the Saudi's in order to ensure your own Oil supplies and keep the Saudi's compliant with US interests. Honorable to support the Taliban to power in Afghanistan. Honorable to lie about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq etc. Just to name a few.
Just two quick bones of contention I have with the poll: 1.) Several sites have already published criticism of the wishy-washy wording of the question. It is indeed open to personal interpretation and the results should be taken with caution. 2.) In Germany specifically phone polling has an abysmal reputation and most people refuse to participate (which is also why phone marketing has been outlawed a few years ago). It is therefor at least questionable what kind of people actually answered the survey. Maybe PEW got a thousand "teutonic Hillbillies"? ;) Now, one more bone of contention, but this time with the article. "If it is, then it calls into question statements by the German president, foreign minister, and defense minister about the need for the country to take more responsibility for security and to stop using the past as an excuse for passivity." Dear Mrs Dempsey ... These calls were always empty rhetorics, are empty rhetorics and will be empty rhetorics. Why? Because the politicians aren't really interested in risking their careers in order to force a debate about the topic that even deserves the title. What happened in Munich last year was the emission of a trainload of hot air, never intended to be backed up with any sort of capabilities. Even when Steinmeier talked of "more engagement" he thought of more diplomacy, not more military efforts. Merkel remains aloof, she learned her lesson in 2002 when support for the US war in Iraq cost her party an election they had considered won already. And people? Have been overwhelmingly and consistently against any such "military adventurism". I said this back then, I say this now: Germany has been demilitarized completely and any call for "more engagement" in the military arena comes from the outside. It has absolutely no echo inside Germany (apart from a few pundity who have little influence).
US army retired
It does not surprise me in the least that the majority of US residents are willing to defend our NATO allies against any Russian military threat. As Russians increase their aggressive stance towards the United States I expect these numbers supporting the use of force to defend European nations to increase not decrease. Judy was correct noting in passing that the U.S. is in the planning stages for storing a company's worth of equipment, enough for 150 US soldiers, in each of the three Baltic nations: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Enough equipment for a company or possibly a battalion, or about 750 soldiers, would also be located in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and possibly Hungary. It will be interesting to see if either Hungary or Bulgaria get cold feet in relation to this proposal. Russian defense ministry official General Yuri Yakubov said today the Russian response was likely to include speeding up the deployment of Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave bordered by Poland and Lithuania, and beefing up Russian forces in ex-Soviet Belarus. This in my opinion was the hoped for response from the Russians to the US Army's largely symbolic proposal. It shows how aggressive Putin's Russia has become. NATO and Russia sides spent years negotiating the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe, or CFE, which entered into force in 1992. The treaty placed limits on the conventional military equipment and forces of NATO and the Russians to prevent major military attacks and created a verification system to prevent cheating. Putin withdrew from the CFE Treaty in 2007, citing "extraordinary circumstances." Then on March 10, 2015, Russia, claiming NATO's de facto breach of the Treaty, formally announced it was "completely" halting its participation in it as of the next day. This is a problem of Russian making not of the United States.
B. Campbell
Not a massive surprise here, I remember a former Canadian public affairs officer, a Lt-Commander who had been to Afghanistan, telling me that there were only a handful of NATO countries that were doing anything against the Taliban, including USA, Canada, U.K. However, the German figures for NATO, Article 5 support are pretty astounding. Clearly, many Germans don't believe they need NATO following German reunification. But one also has to wonder if there are not other underlying issues. For instance, do Germans accept their 1945 borders? I once heard a German military attaché, a naval commander, talking about Alsace-Lorraine and its connection to Germany! To say nothing of their eastern borders. Germany is a country that operates on a number of different levels. There may be some comparison with Ireland regarding attitudes towards NATO: Mr FitzGerald said the original decision for Ireland not to join Nato had nothing to do with its objectives but was because it protected existing borders and "Irish people, with their country divided and occupied by another Nato member, could not serve in an organisation with this objective in its chapter".
"For instance, do Germans accept their 1945 borders?" Yes, and those who do not are nutters who form a tiny minority not even worth mentioning. It's not even a political question - there is zero societal debate, not even within the confines of one's home. It's a non-issue.
Tom K
What is interesting to imagine is how a protracted cold war with frozen conflicts such as what is essentially happening in Ukraine will impact NATO. It's understandable that the views of the US (to maintain hegemony) and Europe (to prevent conflict) would necessarily diverge, and if the Kremlin is canny, it won't be so difficult to divide at least the populations of Europe from any commitment their governments might want to keep with NATO. If the people of the European Union states continue their slow but inexorable motion toward a revolt in hope of regaining sovereignty, I think a necessary part of that will ironically be the rebirth of dormant nationalism, and with that, a desire to move away from international entanglements. Such actions will spawn and empower isolationist tendencies within North America also, and see the decline and removal of many of these arrangements which made more sense in an ideological world we don't see today. America will intervene until the last to make sure there isn't a global power to threaten it, but I suspect it will be drawn more toward Asia and if Europe decides to go their own way and cut a deal with the Bear, no one here will really stop them. I just hope for the many people in Eastern Europe that they are prepared for what that could mean, and hope also that Russia realizes the world of today isn't one where changing borders often makes sense.
davelnaf2.0
It's disheartening that successive administrations have tolerated the European sense of defense entitlement. But the expectation that American troops would be sent to the frontline in the event of a conflict is probably the most dangerous of European delusions. Were any US commander to implement a frontline European defense his credibility within the military would plummet like a rock. It's much more likely he would do everything possible to make the Europeans bear the brunt of an attack on their territory. This would include implementing as slowly as possible any POTUS order to put US troops on the front line of a European defense posture. It's quite understandable why the Europeans would want the US to continue defending them and bear the brunt of an attack. But this same explanation also shows how feckless and rather despicable they have become.
What is NATO for is really only part of the question. Quo Vadis Europe? is the question. Does Europe have any values which, according to Europeans, are worth defending? Can the criminal, neo-fascist Russia become a part of European family in exchange for oil and gas, and enrichment of select few in European elites who would be admitted to the Grand Kleptocratic Circle?
Tom Swift, USA
Polls should always, ALWAYS, be taken with a grain of salt. Pew is a respected polling organization, but it should not sway anyone's opinion on what is the correct thing to do in foreign policy, especially in these times of 'Hyper-Propaganda'.
jgets
I find the poll results very encouraging. They show that the average European is far more rooted in reality than his ruling elites are. Who, in his right mind, would attempt to invoke article 5 if 99% ethnically Russian Narva sought self-determination and decided to secede from Estonia? NATO should abide by its agreements, specifically the NATO-Russia founding act, and consider upgrading it to a treaty. That would go much further to diffusing tensions in eastern Europe than any of the tools (sanctions, pseudo-temporary force rotations and exercises) currently being applied to the the problem. Ceasing to mislead the east Europeans, that anyone would come to their defense and invite turning their own homelands into radioactive ash, would be helpful as well.
Oddstar
Why on earth should NATO fight for Eastern Europe. I'm sorry, but expanding NATO eastward was stupid, and the commitment to defend Eastern Europe was never credible. What American or Western European interest is at stake in Eastern Europe? Why should Americans, or Britons, or Frenchmen, die for Lithuania? What national interest of ours is at stake?
JohnofAlexandria
An active, cooperating alliance is much more effective against a growing Russian army funded by organized crime than a bunch of squabbling states that can be bullied and destroyed one by one. You and I have a better life because in 1939-1945, a lot of countries and their peoples united to push back totalitarianism. Do you really believe that this problem will go away if you ignore it? It didn't then, and it won't now.
Howard for The US House of Representatives from Ohio's 10th District
I believe that Europe is, always was and will forever be Europe! North, East, South or West it does not mean anything if divided into pieces! We have gone through that nightmare many times before! I lost my family and my life was forever changed while serving in your Europe! I was just an American volunteer soldier. I returned to The United States with a lot less than when I arrived there.
So why was it in Western Europe's interest to fight Germany when it invaded Czech, Poland etc. ....oh yes I seem to remember that Germany attacked Western Europe also. .... But I suppose you don't see a historical comparison.
Mike Donnigan
Time for the Europeans to move out of their parents' basement, put on their big boy pants, and defend themselves. If they care to. If not, then why should the US be concerned? The US lost over 300,000 young men in Europe's wars last century, and have little to show for it. We should not repeat that mistake this century.
saychoss
Oldest non-funny joke in the book--what does NATO stand for? Needs America To Operate. Europeans are not the basket cases they were after WWII--they need to step up and take responsibility for their own defense.
Loachdriver
Once a soldier in America's 7th Army in Germany, I strongly agree that the Europeans should take responsibility for their own defense.
European Realist
The US providing military protection for Europe is part of a package deal. The US was granted the 'exorbitant privilege' after WW2, where the dollar's status as the world's reserve currency allows the US to rack up infinite deficits. As long as the dollar is accepted as payment, even when having no backing, the US can just print as much as they need and never run out. But in exchange for this arrangement, the US is expected to provide security for the world. These two things go together, as part of America's hegemony. The day Europe starts taking full responsibility for its own defense is also the day the American Empire ends and the US has to start balancing its budgets. That day will eventually arrive, of course, but it will be painful. Careful what you wish for!
The countries (US & Canada) who support war against Russia are the 2 furthest away from Russia and neither were invaded or occupied by Nazi Germany, during WW2. Much of same applies to the UK. Memories of WW2 are long in eastern Europe and short in North America.
Edm DR
Canada and the U.S. border Russia to the north. Alaska is only 85 km from the Russian mainland, with some of the regions islands even closer. Canada & Russia (Along with Denmark & the U.S.) are involved in a maritime border dispute. The stakes of Russian aggression are high not only in Europe but in North America as well. North American boys died side by side with Europeans ousting the Germans in both World Wars. Check out the Menin Gate in Ypres, France. Thousands of Canadians honored there.
Army grutn
March 30, 20164:25 am
You notice how far Alaska is Russia ?
Europeans unlike Americans have learnt the lessons of war: it does not solve anything, it does not work and it kills people. Americans are totally self absorbed with their exceptionalism that it blinds them to the realities on the ground
If your characterization of the Europeans is correct, then the United States should certainly withdraw from NATO at once. If war doesn't solve anything, then I have no idea why we "self-absorbed," "blind" Americans should lift one finger to defend them from military threats from Russia or anyone else. If they're so certain war solves nothing, then why should they want America fighting a war to defend them?
Ric Mendieta
The poll reflects data which might be even worse if people, on the Ukraine's issue, were better informed of the expansionist moves we have been making against Russia since the early 90´s. These moves were well described by profesor Brzezinsky in his "The Grand Chessboard" of..... 1997! My circle is made primarily of professional center working people. What might be considered the typical western middle class with right & left leanings depending of the issue. Yet I know of No One that buys the War Propaganda headlines of western media. The loss of credibility is the biggest one I've seen in my life. People are well aware of the real situation in Ukraine. For instance the real fear felt in ther bones by the Jewish community in Odessa, and are very concerned that absolutely nazi ideologies are in power in that country and actively supported by western and european resources including US mercenaries in Mariupol. To complicate matters, the downing of MH17 and the silly attempt to make it pass for a SAM attack from the east (with all cockpit holes coming from above and the west) did not help either and in fact did a lot of damage even in the higher echelons of the military many of which have served with NATO. This means that nobody bought the oficial western press story. In short, it is no so much the willingness of proactively defend ourselves, far from it. The issue is, rather, that to fight you have to fight for decent and moral causes. No way this can be the case in today's Ukraine. We need to regain common sense. Best regards.
The truth is that Eurpean citizens do not want to support US policies in Ukraine and, furthermore, european public opinion has become aware of the geopolitics involved and the USA and some European leaders, unfortunatelly, do not come out of it well.
Patriot of United States and her allies!
August 08, 201511:21 pm
The poles may be suprising however article 5 will be upheld if an attack were to happen to one nation in the 28 NATO countries then 28 NATO countries would go to war with said attacker not to mention other allies joining the fight. An attack on one is an attack on all and any country that would do this would lose any war NATO has too many powful militaries including where I'm from the U.S. and we have the most powerful military this world has ever seen!
The result is not surprising especially in Germany. A very practical nation of people. Most when polled would have been thinking of the present crisis in Ukraine and all the counterproductive interference by the USA around the world over recent decades aimed in the main at extending the US area of influence and control. I am certain Germany and Italy would be there in a real conflict. Not a conflict caused by US Imperialistic actions.
Did it ever occur to you that Europeans (esp. Germans) don't want to fight a war with Russia over false pretenses created by the US? Maybe Europeans are less gung ho because they would be the ones to actually suffer the consequences of a war with Russia while you sit safely 4,000 miles away? Germans remember how it ended last time they fought Russia and would understandably like to avoid a repeat. Back then the US was allied with Stalin's Russia and helped them to take over half of Europe, including Poland - which supposedly was the whole reason the war was fought in the first place. Most people in Europe don't want Ukraine in the EU and don't support the coup which the US/EU leaders carried out. So it's understandable that they don't want to fight a war over it when they know that their own countries are the ones in the wrong. Source - a European.
The conclusion is a bit to obviously derived from a unquestioned preasumption, a very typicall angelsaxion manner: Russia is not nesseceraly a danger. Do you believe, the Russions will conquer midle europe: no. And with good relations not even east europe or the balts. Do you think, the USA will use the first cause to ("counter"-)attack Russia: yes. So, there are not defending europe. They want to make war(s) here same as elsewhere. For these oddness in german polls, I as german give you a little hint: The current government and the people is anything but the same, and the questions do not cover the complexity of the situation.
Europe will fight to the last American


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text:
Q: Reading from a File in current User appdata folder for C# I'm trying to read from a file inside the current user's appdata folder in C#, but I'm still learning so I have this:
int counter = 0;
string line;

// Read the file and display it line by line.
System.IO.StreamReader file = new System.IO.StreamReader("c:\\test.txt");
while ((line = file.ReadLine()) != null)
{
    Console.WriteLine(line);
    counter++;
}

file.Close();

// Suspend the screen.
Console.ReadLine();

But I don't know what to type to make sure it's always the current user's folder.

A: I might be misunderstanding your question but if you want to to get the current user appdata folder you could use this:
string appDataFolder = Environment.GetFolderPath(
    Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData);

so your code might become:
string appDataFolder = Environment.GetFolderPath(
    Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData
);
string filePath = Path.Combine(appDataFolder, "test.txt");
using (var reader = new StreamReader(filePath))
{
    string line;
    while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) != null)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(line);
    }
}

or even shorter:
string appDataFolder = Environment.GetFolderPath(
    Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData
);
string filePath = Path.Combine(appDataFolder, "test.txt");
File.ReadAllLines(filePath).ToList().ForEach(Console.WriteLine);

A: Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.LocalApplicationData)

A: Take a look at the Environment.GetFolderPath method, and the Environment.SpecialFolder enumeration. To get the current user's app data folder, you can use either:

*

*Environment.GetFolderPath( Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData ) to get application directory for the current, roaming user. This directory is stored on the server and it's loaded onto a local system when the user logs on, or

*Environment.GetFolderPath( Environment.SpecialFolder.LocalApplicationData ) to get the application directory for the current, non-roaming user. This directory is not shared between the computers on the network.

Also, use Path.Combine to combine your directory and the file name into a full path:
var path = Path.Combine( directory, "test.txt" );

Consider using File.ReadLines to read the lines from the file. See Remarks on the MSDN page about the differences between File.ReadLines and File.ReadAllLines.
 foreach( var line in File.ReadLines( path ) )
 {
     Console.WriteLine( line );
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
#!/bin/bash -eu
# Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
################################################################################

cd 'tests'

export LDO=$CXX
export LDFLAGS="$CXXFLAGS $LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE"
export CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -MMD"

if [[ "$ARCHITECTURE" == "i386" ]]; then
	# Force static link
	rm -v /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libcrypto.so* || :
fi

# Specific to hostap's rules.include: set empty, as we directly set required
# sanitizer flags in CFLAGS and LDFLAGS (above).
export FUZZ_FLAGS=

for target in fuzzing/*; do
  [[ -d "$target" ]] || continue

  if [[ "$SANITIZER" == "dataflow" ]]; then
	  # libcrypto seems to cause problems with 'dataflow' sanitizer.
	  [[ "$target" == "fuzzing/dpp-uri" ]] && continue || :
	  [[ "$target" == "fuzzing/sae" ]] && continue || :
  fi

  (
    cd "$target"
    make clean

    if [[ "$target" == "fuzzing/tls-server" ]]; then
      export CFLAGS="$CFLAGS -DCERTDIR='\"hwsim/auth_serv/\"'"
    fi

    make -j$(nproc) V=1 LIBFUZZER=y
    mv -v "${target##*/}" "${OUT}/"

    if [[ -d 'corpus' ]]; then
      (cd 'corpus' && zip "${OUT}/${target##*/}_seed_corpus.zip" *)
    fi
  )
done

# Copy required data.
cp -a "hwsim" "${OUT}/"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I have finally figured out how to make a thick, rich crust on a loaf of bread. The devil, as usual, is in the details. Many recipes talk about putting a few ice cubes into the oven at the start of baking. I find that isn't enough.
Instead, I put a pan of water into the oven when I turn it on. This pan, which is made of cast iron, was close to full when I started and ended up about half full. The greater amount of water allows the steam to maintain itself.
I cook my rustic breads in my cast iron dutch oven. The shape of the pan helps to maintain the shape of the bread. The sides also radiate some heat back.
The result is this thick, tasty crust. The combination of the thick crust and spongy crumb makes for great French toast, by the way.


text:
Tennis bids farewell to the star-crossed David Nalbandian
Marianne Bevis looks back at the career of David Nalbandian after the Argentine announced his retirement from tennis this week
Wednesday 2 October 2013, 18:54 UK
David Nalbandian announced his retirement on Tuesday Photo: Marianne Bevis
Perhaps it was written in the stars back in May when the charismatic David Nalbandian disappeared once again to undergo surgery.
For the 31-year-old Argentine—a Wimbledon finalist at the age of 20, a semi-finalist in the other three Grand Slams, champion at the Masters Cup in 2005 and multiple winner over Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal—had been through operations before and been sidelined by injury countless times.
Always he returned to scramble back up the rankings with, it seemed, the minimum of match-play. Five times he ended the year in the top 10, reaching a career-high No3 in 2006. He ended 2009 at 64, yoyo-ed between 27 and 153 in 2010, and between 64 and 38 in 2011. Last year, he broke the top 40 but had been on the slide ever since.
This time, though, it sounded ominous from the start—two lots of surgery in one hit to right shoulder and right hip, and when he postponed a news conference last week, it simply delayed the inevitable. This week, ranked 231, he has decided to draw a line under the career of one of the most compelling tennis players the decade.
He cited his shoulder as the cause: "I can play matches, but my shoulder won't let me continue my career. It's tough because I have to announce my retirement from the sport that gave me so much. I'm very grateful."
He will be sorely missed by tennis fans across the world and across the generations. For there has been a special something about Nalbandian that brought a smile to the face and a lift to the spirits whenever he played. That 'something' was one part personal charisma, one part patriotic fervour, and yet another part was his almost balletic multi-faceted talent.
It all started so well. He beat Federer to claim the US Open Junior title before going on to beat him in their first five tour matches: in Masters, on Federer's home turf of Basel, and twice in Grand Slams in 2003. He reached the Wimbledon final the year before Federer won it, and achieved his biggest title, the Masters Cup, in a quite stunning five-sets, having lost the first two in tie-breaks.
Among his 11 titles, perhaps the most memorable were his back-to-back Masters in Madrid and Paris in 2007. In both, he beat Federer and Nadal, as well as Tomas Berdych, David Ferrer and Novak Djokovic along the way.
During 2008, he reached five more finals, scoring two titles, but it 2009 before that he met Nadal again, in a rivalry that was low on numbers but heavy on quality—and would become a great friendship.
In those two 2007 matches, Nadal had managed to win just three and four games respectively, and there was soon a buzz in Indian Wells when Nalbandian again went a set and a break up.
The Argentine's tight, compact action and light footwork make tennis look deceptively easy. He enjoys taking the initiative, coming forward, striking the ball on the rise or out of the air or below the net. And he uses his skills with tactical intelligence, swinging the ball from one corner to the other, hitting ever wider, with more acute angle and spin, before picking off a floating return with a volley, or throwing in a drifting drop shot or leaping—literally—into a backhand winner.
In their 2009 contest, he had four match points on Nadal's serve as well as one on his own: He had Nadal all but beaten for the third consecutive time. But few have been able to snatch defeat from the jaws of success as effectively as Nalbandian.
While fans enjoyed his athletic chess, his was always a demanding and energy-sapping formula. Without the fitness levels of a Nadal, it was tough to maintain. Nadal winkled out enough points to win the second set and, not for the first time, Nalbandian faded quickly in the decider.
A month later, Nalbandian faced a career-changing blow: hip surgery that took him out for the rest of the year. More injury setbacks saw him miss six straight Grand Slam tournaments until the 2010 US Open. Even so, he bumped into Nadal again, this time in Miami, and once again took the first set before losing in three.
He started 2011 with a fine win over Lleyton Hewitt in the first round of the Australian Open in a replay of one of the most memorable matches ever seen in Melbourne—the 2005 quarter-final that went Hewitt's way, 10-8, in the fifth set. This time, as the clock ticked past 1am and four-and-three-quarter hours, it was Nalbandian who won, 9-7 in the fifth. But he was forced to retire from his second match and went under the knife again, this time for a groin injury.
He made his return on the summer grass but finished 2011 without a title for the first time since 2004. So he hit the comeback trail in 2012, and at Indian Wells, who should he draw but Nadal—though few thought he would reach a quarter-final face-off. But that was to underestimate the Argentine gifts. He did indeed win four matches, taking out the likes of Marin Cilic, Janko Tipsarevic and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the process. This time, though, Nadal won the first set—only for Nalbandian to level in the second but finally acquiesce, 4-6, in the third after two hours 40 minutes.
Memories are made of such matches, such rivalries, such shot-makers. 2012 would offer this fan two more chances to soak up the Nalbandian vibe, now all the more valued in the light of this week's news.
The first was in Rome where the Argentine, still outside the seedings, again drew a Goliath, Andy Murray, in the second round.
Murray played near-perfect tennis to take the first set 6-1, but that was just the start of match coloured by brilliant tactical rallies of guile and variety through its entire two and a half hours.
Nalbandian broke at 5-4 in the second set with a tennis masterclass—now a soft forehand slice played short, now pushing Murray wide to ghost into the net, finally outmanoeuvring the younger, taller man to force the error. And he was the first to break in the third to the delight of an entranced crowd. But Murray levelled and broke at the last to win, 7-5.
Weeks later, it was Queen's. The tournament, and Nalbandian's part in it, will always be tainted by the red mist that descended on the Argentine as he was broken by Cilic in the second set of the final. Already a set up, Nalbandian raced after a ball, lost the point, and kicked a board surrounding the line-judge's chair, drawing blood.
He was disqualified on the spot, missing the chance to win his first ever grass title in his first grass final since bursting onto the tennis stage at Wimbledon in 2002.
He clearly did not intend injury, as the referee afterwards conceded, but this hugely gifted man has as often been the victim of his own undoing as of the stars.
Queen's was one such occasion. A peculiar change of tactics as he served for the match against Nadal in Indian Wells in 2009 was another. And perhaps a less-than-100 percent work ethic away from tennis was the most damaging—though nothing ever prevented him from throwing body and soul into one special campaign: the pursuit of the Davis Cup.
He played a leading role for his country throughout his career, won 39 rubbers, and played in all three finals, in 2006, 2008 and 2011—but never the Cup.
Nalbandian's final appearance is to be an exhibition match against, appropriately, Nadal on 23 November in Buenos Aires. This fan's final memory, though, is rooted in Queen's—but not that final match.
It was late, on an outside court, where most of his matches had been consigned in a rain-affected week. Despite the hour, the court was packed and, as is the way with fans watching tennis, comments drifted between neighbours: "I just love David's tennis."
"You, me, and a million others."
Yes, he may have retired without a Grand Slam and without the Davis Cup, but he played a beautiful game of tennis.
And for proof, check out his match against Federer at the Masters Cup or his defeat of Nadal at the Paris Masters.
Milos Raonic sets sights on ATP World Tour Finals spot
Beijing champs Williams & Jankovic have something else in common

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are a few moral conundrums drug dealers have to brush off for their line of work but the environment, apparently, is no longer one of them.
2018 was the year we all became obsessed with plastic – or rather, a desire to get rid of it. Inspired by devastating scenes in Blue Planet II, images of seahorses riding Q-tips, and stories of whales washing up with 6 kilograms (13 pounds) of plastic in their bellies, we – as a society – decided it was time to get our act together and tackle the plastic crisis currently choking our oceans. One that could see seas with more plastic than fish by 2050, if we're not careful.
In response, countries and cities including India, the UK, and Seattle have announced bans on single-use plastic bags, single-use plastic straws, and, in some cases, single-use plastic full stop. There has been so much attention given to the cause of late that Collins Dictionary even awarded "single-use" word of the year in November.
Now, it appears Birmingham's drug dealers are in on the action. According to reports in the Metro, some of the city's dealers are making valiant efforts to package goods in reusable containers to appear more eco-friendly. This means that instead of a bog-standard baggie or a clingfilm wrap, customers in Birmingham, UK, will be able to pick up their drugs in plastic vials, which can then be washed out and refilled.
Not everyone sees the point. One cocaine user in Birmingham told the Metro he thought his dealer was joking when he was handed a gram of cocaine in a plastic pod.
"I thought he was joking but he was serious, he reckoned they used so many plastic baggies and paper and a reusable container would be easier than wrapping up individual wraps," he said.
He has a good point. Plastic-use aside, the drug industry has a poor track record when it comes to the environment. If you were to also neglect the extremely high human cost of cocaine for example, there is still the alarming rate of deforestation, the dispersal of toxic chemicals, and the damage done to local wildlife (not to mention our health and the surrounding land) to consider. According to one report, drug trafficking is directly responsible for up to 30 percent of deforestation in Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala.
But hey, at least you can now buy your coke in reusable containers.


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Chhoti Sarwan
Villages in Chhoti Sarwan taluk, Banswara district
List of villages in Chhoti Sarwan taluka or tehesil is listed below. Please click on a village link to view every detail of the village. Chhoti Sarwan is under the Banswara district in the state of Rajasthan in India.
Bagtalab
Bagtalab Bagtalab is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 19 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 462 KM from State...
Bari Bari is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 14 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 5 KM from Sarwan ...
Chhayan Bari
Chhayan Bari Chhayan Bari is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 19 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 462 KM fr...
Danakhari
Danakhari Danakhari is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 19 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 462 KM from Sta...
Danpur
Danpur Danpur is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 30 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 11 KM from Sarwan...
Gagarwa
Gagarwa Gagarwa is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 22 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 15 KM from Sarwan...
Ghori
Ghori Ghori is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 29 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 18 KM from Sarwan ...
Harnathpura
Harnathpura Harnathpura is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 19 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 462 KM from...
Jahanpura
Jahanpura Jahanpura is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 31 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 12 KM from Sarw...
Katumbi
Katumbi Katumbi is a Village in Chhoti Sarwan Tehsil in Banswara District of Rajasthan State, India It belongs to Udaipur Division It is located 17 KM towards East from District head quarters Banswara 2 KM from Sarwan...
Sangaria | Jalore | Jayal | Suwana | Jhunjhunun | Behror | Dhariawad | Jaisalmer | Sadulshahar | Balesar | Rashmi | Amet | Bassi | Lunkaransar | Chhoti Sarwan | Todaraisingh | Nagaur | Bansur | Reni | Desuri | Bhainsrorgarh | Sardarshahar | Shahpura | Bhopalgarh | Jhalrapatan | Bichiwara | Sindhari | Deoli | Sojat | Anta | Banera | Taranagar | Sanganer | Peepal Khoont | Lachhmangarh | Didwana | Pilibanga | Kishanganj | Simalwara | Rajgarh |


Qantas has today announced a new codeshare agreement with Bangkok Airways which will significantly improve travel options for Qantas customers travelling across South East Asia.
Qantas International Chief Executive Officer Simon Hickey said the agreement was another step forward in delivering on the airline's strategy to offer the best options for customers travelling between Australia and Asia.
"This partnership is great news for our customers travelling to resort destinations in Thailand.
"The new codeshare services will allow customers to connect to their holiday destination via Bangkok or Singapore, with more opportunities to earn frequent flyer points and have their luggage checked straight through to their final destination," said Mr Hickey.
Qantas and Bangkok Airways are working towards a reciprocal agreement which will enable Bangkok Airways customers to book on Qantas international services from Bangkok and Singapore to Australia, and on a number of routes on Qantas' domestic network.
This announcement follows other recent initiatives to boost the strength of Qantas' offering into Asia, including a new codeshare with China Southern, new premium lounges in Singapore (April 2013) and Hong Kong (March 2014) and a major upgrade of the airline's A330 fleet starting from end-2014.


Sully is an outgoing and friendly guy who loves people and belly rubs. He's about 2 years old and he was surrendered to us from a home with his friend Zap. These two are not bonded but we would love to see them find a family to go home with together!
Sully is a current resident of Franklin County Animal Rescue in St. Albans. Call: (802) 524-9650 or email: info@fcarpets.org for more information.


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Kangaroos hold final training run before RLWC final
Sat 30 Nov 2013, 11:00 AM
After four weeks of competition and months of planning, the Rugby League World Cup will be decided tonight at Old Trafford in Manchester.
The Australian Kangaroos and New Zealand Kiwis will battle it out for the title, with the Kangaroos looking to avenge their loss to NZ in the 2008 World Cup final.
Kangaroos captain Cameron Smith says after six weeks on tour and all their training, it all comes down to this one game.
All that matters now is tomorrow nights 80 minutes, it doesnt matter whats happened in the past six weeks, and were ready for it, he said.
All the boys are really excited to have given ourselves this opportunity, and hopefully we can go out there and do the very best we can.
A capacity crowd is expected for the game, with great crowd numbers supporting all the teams throughout the entire competition.
Its going to be a very physical game, we caught a bit of their semi-final last week and the Kiwis came out firing, but the English stuck it to them and got on top of them in periods of the game, Smith said.
So what weve been doing well is playing for full 80 minutes, were not playing in patches, were playing the full 80 minutes, and thats what well need to do against the Kiwis.
Good luck to Dyldam Parramatta Eels star Jarryd Hayne who will be running out for the Kangaroos, were cheering for you back at Parramatta HQ!
Click here to see our Rugby League World Cup hub, with the latest photos, news and videos from the United Kingdom!


You will be asked to provide your name, date of birth and driver license or identification card number. Address changes are free. There is a $12 charge if you request a replacement driver license or ID card.
When you change your address on ServiceArizona.com, the address on your driver license record and on each vehicle record where you are designated to receive the registration will be updated, except if the vehicle is titled in the name of a trust or business. The address associated with that trust or business will need to be updated separately at an MVD or Authorized Third Party office.
Arizona law requires all driver license and identification card holders to report a change of name to MVD within 10 days.
MVD is required to verify your Social Security number before your record can be updated. Therefore, you must first contact the Social Security Administration online or at 800.772.1213 (toll-free TTY number: 800.325.0778) for information on how to change your name on their records.
Certified copies must be certified by the issuing agency.


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30℉ Mostly Cloudy
Down East Latest News | Three Tides | Bangor Metro | Central Maine Power | Today's Paper
Officer who shot two people was new to Marine Patrol
By Callie Ferguson, BDN Staff • December 13, 2017 5:35 pm
The law enforcement officer who shot two people in Machiasport on Saturday had just joined the Marine Patrol in October, according to the Department of Marine Resources.
Matthew Carter of Marshfield was the officer who wounded Jason Jackson and Tiffany Smith inside the duplex where Smith lives on Corn Hill Road, said DMR spokesman Jeff Nichols.
Carter, who has been placed on paid administrative leave, refused Wednesday to discuss the shooting.
"At no point will I be giving any statement to any media," he said. "It's not because I don't like you. It's just not our policy."
Carter grew up around Machias and is stationed in Lubec. He is a former Washington County Sheriff's deputy and also serves as a military police officer in the Maine Army National Guard, according to DMR. The Marine Patrol is a law enforcement branch of DMR charged primarily with enforcing the state's fisheries and marine regulations in coastal and tidal areas.
Carter's identity was withheld for several days to shield him from public scrutiny, Nichols said.
"Colonel [Jonathan] Cornish wanted to allow Officer Carter to focus on interviews conducted by the [Attorney General's] Office, which are part of the initial investigation process, rather than questions from the public," Nichols said Wednesday.
Carter and Washington County deputies went to Smith's home on Saturday after an arrest warrant was issued for for Jackson, Smith's former boyfriend. He was wanted in connection with a home invasion earlier that afternoon, according to Andrew Roth-Wells of the Attorney General's Office.
Officials with Marine Patrol, the Washington County Sheriff's office and the Attorney General's Office have refused to detail the events leading to the shooting of Jackson and Smith — other than to say that an armed confrontation preceded it.
Smith and Jackson were both hospitalized. Smith is recovering from several gunshot wounds, according to her lawyer. Jackson is now facing kidnapping charges, according to Washington County Sheriff's Deputy Michael Crabtree.
The attorney general's office is investigating the shooting, believed to be the first in Maine to involve a Marine Patrol officer.
Smith, Jackson and law enforcement officers were not the only people in the duplex when the shooting occurred. Smith's 26-year-old neighbor, Shanee Stevens, said she lives in the other half of the duplex and that the shooting took place inside her apartment.
Stevens said that around 8 p.m. Saturday she was celebrating her 2-year-old daughter's birthday at home when she heard sirens. She said she looked out and saw Jackson drive up, followed by police cars.
Five minutes later, Smith burst through her door, asked her to look after her two young children, then left, Stevens said.
Several minutes later, Stevens heard shouting erupt upstairs. She started to head outside with the four children and two other adults who had been in her home. At the doorstep, a police officer told the group to go wait inside a car in the driveway, she said.
About two hours later an officer approached the car to tell the group they would be moved to "a secure location," she said.
"Not even five minutes later is when we heard the gunshots," Stevens said, "at least six to eight."
Stevens and her daughter were not allowed back inside their blood-splattered home until Tuesday afternoon, she said.
Follow the Bangor Daily News on Facebook for the latest Maine news.
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RUSTY METAL FARM
I found zero effort gardening for the anti-gardener and it's glorious
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In Klobuchar's past, questions about a teen jailed for life


A 85-year-old debilitated nursing home resident was found to have pressure ulcers. He has no evidence of bacteremia or osteomyelitis. Which of the following is an acceptable treatment?
removed and granulation tissue is present.
Poland Syndrome- A Rare Congenital Disorder.


President, Leonard Bentch called the meeting to order at 5:30 p.m.
Bruce Reeh moved to accept the September minutes as e-mailed. The motion passed.
Total sales for the week were $30,765 compared to the same week in 2011 that were $19,959.
Of this total $3,200 were membership fees.
Our two week total is $66,202 versus $38,399 for the same two week period in 2011.
The amount accounts for 69% of our budgeted revenue for October.
We did 715 rounds last week that brings our total to 1,419 rounds for the first two weeks.
In 2011 we did 602 rounds and the same two week period in 2011 was 1,184.
Of this weeks rounds we hosted 181 rounds from out of county residents.
Food & Beverage for the week was $7,895 versus $5,919 in 2011.
That is $11.04 per round versus $9.83 per round in 2011.
Cart usage continues to be above prior year in the last week we were 76% ridership compared to 54% in 2011.
The yield per round was $14.29 compared to $12.12 in 2011.
Appreciation tournament (120) on Thursday.
Alan responded to questions concerning erosion, bunker maintenance, use of part time employees, role of seasonal employees, design issues affecting maintenance, signage and distance markers.
Green Committee: Ron Moerbe reported that the Green Committee will meet the fourth Wed of each month. Agenda items include plans for bunker maintenance, yardage signs on sprinkler heads, marshaling, erosion issues and early signs of wear areas due to carts and golfers.
Handicap Committee: Leonard reported for Jimmy Lukacs that the committee had not yet met.
Junior Committee: Buzz Rowe reported that he has been researching history of local Junior Golf programs. He plans to meet during the next month with Alan, Edwin Dickens, Emil Hale, Janie Schneider and others involved in current programming. Goal is to develop a long term plan for junior programing.
The 2012 Annual Report to City Council was submitted to City Council and the City Manager.The CM, Kent Myers, has read the report but not heard any comments from Council members. The CM noted the report is helpful and should be continued on an annual basis. With regard to formal Council "acceptance" , the CM stated that if the Council recognizes the report in public session, the document would be available under the "Freedom of Information Act". Board discussion followed. Motion made by Jerry Fischer and seconded by Bruce Reeh to take no position on whether or not the Council choses to publically accept the document.
Harris Greenwood donation: The Board agreed to allow the Harris Greenwood donation to be accepted under the FOLB Foundation 501C3 . Jerry presented a draft which was discussed with suggestions for changes to reflect need for documentation of donor intent, tax exempt status of FOLB Foundation, and limit of discretionary use of funds. Leonard will discuss with Mr. Greenwood and schedule a meeting to include Mr. Greenwood, Janie Schneider (FISD Golf Coach), Alan, and others as necessary.
UTSA School of Bjusiness: Dr. David Bojanic provided students who performed intercept and exit surveys, provided exit survey forms, and submitted a marketing plan document in 2010-2011. The Parks Director had agreed to "donate" $2000 to the UTSA in recognition of the student services. This amount was never paid to the University. Jerry pointed out that it was the city and not FOLB which had committed to providing the financial support. Leonard reported that he had discussed this issue briefly with the CM. Discussion also included importance of maintaining good relationship with the UTSA School of business and that further help from students might be helpful to the marketing project in the future. Motion was made, seconded, and passed to authorize Leonard Bentch to send Documentation of Lady Bird Johnson Golf Course Survey to the City Manager.
General membership meeting: Leonard Bentch reported that the next General Membership Meeting will be held in January, 2013. The Board of Directors functions as the nominating committee. Four (4) members of the Board terms will have expired and thus four new board members will be needed. All current board members were asked to consider new board members. Jerry noted that the board has no specific ideology or agenda other than to support Lady Bird Golf Course and that new ideas are welcomed.
Jerry Fischer moved to adjourn , seconded by Ron Moerbe. Motion passed.
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Fascism and Antifascism: Finsbury Park and the 1930s
Dr Paul Jackson, 06 July 2020
This blog by Dr Paul Jackson, Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Northampton, provides an introduction to his Heritage Talk which can be seen in full on YouTube.
Clashes between fascists and antifascists are often in the news.
In the wake of the Black Lives Matter protests, Donald Trump talked about antifascists being 'terrorists', while at the same time behaving favourably to those who seem to support contemporary fascist agendas in America. Clashes between fascists and racists on the one hand, and those who speak out against racism on the other, are not new and episodes in the history of racist politics can help us think about these issues today. This blog reflects on confrontations between fascists and antifascists occurred regularly in 1930s Britain, including in Finsbury Park.
There were a wide range of groups and organisations promoting fascist agendas in interwar Britain. These included the British Fascisti, set up in 1923 by Rosa Lintorn Orman. This groups shows us that the first openly fascist leader in Britain was a woman, and as historians such as Julie Gottlieb point out, the gender history of fascism is often more complex than clichés would first suggest. Other fascist groups also included the Imperial Fascist League, a small but extraordinarily antisemitic group led by Arnold Leese. Contemporary neo-Nazism in Britain can be traced back to the influence of this virulent propagandist for Nazism.
However, the most significant of the fascist groups in Britain was Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists (BUF), created in 1932 and reaching a height of perhaps 50,000 members by 1934. From the mid-1930s it developed a closer allegiance to Nazi Germany, changing its name to British Union of Fascists and National Socialists, and by the later 1930s was reinventing itself again as an ostensibly pacifist movement opposed to a new war with Germany. The BUF is often remembered as a failure, yet historians credit it with being able to develop a sustained fascist sub-culture in interwar Britain, one capable of offering activists a genuinely British fascist way of life – even though it was far from any political power.
By the 1930s, antifascists came in many varieties too, from Jewish groups concerned at the rise in antisemitism, to communists who saw fighting fascists as part of fighting for the revolution. There were also liberal and even conservative voices who saw dangers in fascist activism. Leading historian of antifascism, Nigel Copsey, highlights that a fundamental distinction between the fascist and antifascist outlook is their views on democracy. While fascists oppose democracy in any meaningful form, and believe in a world that is inherently unequal, antifascists defend democracy, even if they choose militant tactics to do so. The two are quite different; they are not opposing sides of the same coin.
As antifascists confronted the BUF in the 1930s, clashes between the two became a regular feature. This included, on 21 June 1936, at a BUF rally that began at Finsbury Square at 3.30pm and culminated with a speech by Mosley in Finsbury Park at around 6.00 pm. By this time, such events were leading to a significant policing cost, and the rally led to questions in the House of Commons.
Mr Frederick Montague, Labour MP for Islington West, gave a very vivid picture of the nature of such rallies, asking the Home Secretary if he was aware of the:
number of mounted and other police drafted into Finsbury Park yesterday on the occasion of a Fascist demonstration and upon whom falls the cost of these, with police cars, lorries, and ambulance wagons and refreshment tent erected in the children's playground; whether he is aware that the only violence exhibited was that of Sir Oswald Mosley's supporters; that the demonstration was organised in military fashion with uniformed men and appropriately distinguished officers, that military formations were conducted and military orders given by loud speakers, although loud speakers of a perfectly peaceful rival meeting were ordered to be toned down; and will he take steps to see that, while safeguarding free speech, such extremely provocative private army organisation is forbidden in future?
Here we see a picture of fascism as militaristic and threatening. Why was the state defending the rights of such people to protest in such an overtly paramilitary way, Montague wondered? Surely the law should be changed?
Conveying the reasoning behind the police response, Home Secretary John Simon, replied:
… I am informed by the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis that 573 foot police and 59 mounted police were on the ground. So large a number of police was employed because the police had reason to believe from past experience that the presence of Fascists and anti-Fascists in the park, unless adequately policed, was likely to give rise to disorder and breaches of the peace … The House will appreciate how difficult the task of the police is when rival organisations demonstrate in the same locality. While it is the duty of the police to deal with any conduct which is likely to lead to breaches of the peace, such drastic measures as those proposed by the hon. Member would require legislation, and, as at present advised, I am not satisfied that there is sufficient ground for proposing so far-reaching a change in the law.
The Government response argued the need for policing was the consequence of antifascists, as well as fascists, quite different from the Labour perspective. Simon added in the exchange: 'The difficulty is that this is a free country, and the best thing we can do is to appeal to everyone on all sides to show a certain amount of reasonableness.' This raises the awkward but necessary question of whether one could expect a group like the BUF – whose ideology was based on antisemitic conspiracy theories and racism – to be 'reasonable'?
This was not the only perspective to place blame on antifascists for creating a dynamic where disorder was likely. As a quote from a local news report of the time added, 'We have no sympathy for the Blackshirts, but it is our opinion that the Fascists' meeting would have been peaceful if there had been no counter demonstration.'
Interestingly, the ostensibly insurmountable difficulties of changing the law to ban political uniforms and militaristic style of public politics were overcome only a few months later, following what has become known as the Battle of Cable Street. Here, the BUF decided to hold a march though the East End, on 4 October 1936, yet were greeted by thousands of anti-fascist supporters. Police tried to allow BUF marchers to carry out their event, but the size of the antifascist protest was too large, and so eventually the march was called off. This high-profile event has fallen into Britain antifascist mythology as an example of a crucial victory over a fascist movement.
The Battle of Cable Street led to the passing of the Public Order Act of 1936, largely directed at stymieing the BUF. This Act banned uniformed political movements and placed a range of other limitations on the BUF's style of politics. In 1940, the BUF was closed down by the Government, under Defence Regulation 18b, as it was seen as a security threat, as were other fascist groups.
Should fascist marches be tolerated, as part of protecting the freedom of speech? If so, should antifascists be able to protest too? If they do protest, is it right that they are dismissed as part of the same problem? Can a credible political response to racism be for all sides to 'be reasonable'?
Perhaps one key lesson to take from the clashes between fascists and antifascists of the 1930s is that tenacity and standing for democracy, and against racism, will yield results, even if you have to endure some criticism from some sections of the press and some politicians.
Paul Jackson is the author of Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement: Hitler's Echo (Bloomsbury, 2017), and editor of Bloomsbury's Modern History of Politics and Violence book series.
See the full talk here.


Minni is maxing out with the studio's first-ever adult workshop!
Grown ups of all ages, artistic abilities and inclinations are welcomed to Wine + Weave - Circle Looms, an evening of sips and summer camp throwbacks in the form of well-guided instruction on a rather relaxing craft project: weaving with embroidery hoops. We'll begin with the basics and – using an assortment of recycled and reclaimed materials – take a mini hand-woven work from start to finish. All steps of the process will be clearly explained; all participants will be encouraged to unwind and enjoy.


in the August 2010 slaying of security guard John "Andy" Mick outside River Village Apartments near downtown.
Floyd Gene Perkins, 19, and Kenya Ali Hyatt, 21, also are charged with armed robbery and conspiracy to commit armed robbery, according to the Genesee County Prosecutor's Office.
Prosecutors allege that around 4 a.m. on Aug. 14, 2010, the duo tried to rob Mick and a struggle ensued, and Mick was shot to death.
The two were charged with the crime on Friday. They are lodged in the Genesee County Jail.
Flint police, Michigan State Police, and the University of Michigan-Flint police investigated the case.


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Q: Charset changes in nested html I load an HTML file using jQuery.load(test.html). But when I do, the charset changes from UTF-8 to something that doesn't know umlauts (ä,ö,ü). Text in the root HTML file appears to be displayed correctly.
My header in the root html-file is:
<html lang="de">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <title>Hotspot Nöttingen</title>
    <meta name="description" content="Alle Termine, Berichte und Aktuelles vom Hotspot" />
    <meta name="keywords" content="just, some, keywords" />
    <meta name="language" content="de" />

    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(max-width: 500px)" href="css/mobile.css" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="(min-width: 500px)" href="css/style.css"  />

    <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

</head>

The child html-file starts with:
<html lang="de">
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <meta name="language" content="de" />
</head>

EDIT: I am now using $.ajaxSetup() to set the charset before loading:
// Load site
$.ajaxSetup({
    "beforeSend" : function(xhr) {
        xhr.overrideMimeType("text/html; charset=UTF-8");
    },
});
$("#load_container").load(site, function() {
    $(".pending").hide();
});

This is what I get:

A: Do you have access to change encoding type of child html file.

A: I finally figured out what the problem has been:
I'd written the child HTML using Notepad++ with ANSI. But the root HTML was written in UTF-8. So the problem was the editor setting.


Shinghar Eyebrow Threading and Beauty Salon performs the best eyelash extensions and tinting in the area and we are eager to show you exceptional results. We are certified extensionists, specializing in NovaLash and possessing years of experience in this area. We will provide you with the voluminous extensions you deserve. To explore our services for eyelash extensions and tinting, please contact us at Shinghar Eyebrow Threading and Beauty Salon or visit our salon, today.


How to: Click on the title of the paper of your interest to get more information about the paper, including an abstract, publication data, and a downloadable version (if available). Please send me an email to report any problems with the download or errors in text.
10. Gao F., Li Z. Q., Tong H. Q.
14. Bacterial Foraging Optimization Oriented by Atomized Feature Cloud Model Strategy, The Proceedings of the 32nd Chinese Control Conference, Xi'an, China, July 26-28, 2013, 8032-8036.
Fei Gao, Feng-Xia Fei, and Ilangko Balasingham.


Thanks for a marvelous posting! I actually enjoyed reading it, you might be a great author. I will remember to bookmark your blog and will come back later in life. I want to encourage one to continue your great job, have a nice day!


A while back I read a novel called "Demon of Undoing," at first glance a sword-and-sorcery-type thing that is later revealed to be taking place on an alien planet called Imkaira, which is at a medieval stage of development. The "demon" of the title is a stranded human explorer. The alien society was described in considerable detail, including the symbols of its various feudal clans--the arms of several are given.
I wouldn't recommend the book--it read like a middling imitation of C.J.Cherryh, whom I don't like either. It was also the worst-proofread example of printed matter I have ever come across, on par with the average 6th-grade book report.
"Above the tallest mast hung a bit of cloth. The wind whipped it out flat even as he stared, revealing a green field crossed by a yellow and white flower. 'It's Chalig,' he said, resigned."
It is shown in the paperback's profoundly cheesy cover though the illustrator made the flower all-white.
There is also a "Red Banner of the Chalig," a quasi-religious item under which the clan is led to war, but no description is given.


Christmas 2016, Toyah attended a ceremony to be inducted into the Birmingham Walk Of Stars.
The Kings Heath born singer and actress was awarded a star on Birmingham's Walk of Stars in Broad Street.
Singer and actress Toyah Willcox was last night Sunday December 11, awarded a star on Birmingham's Walk of Stars in Broad Street. The 58 year old was awarded the star along with Brum born comedian Don Maclean who appeared in BBC television series Crackerjack with Michael Aspel, Peter Glaze and Jan Hunt in the 1970s.
The pair were awarded their stars during a special show hosted by Walk of Stars' chairman Jasper Carrott at the Birmingham Rep Theatre. Toyah who was born in Kings Heath, shot to fame playing Monkey in the 1979 cult classic Quadrophenia. She also had a successful music career spanning 30 years including hits "It's a Mystery", "Thunder in the Mountains" and "I Want to Be Free" as well as 20 top selling albums. Toyah studied at Old Rep Drama School in Birmingham.
Toyah talks to ITV Central ahead of being presented with a star on Birmingham's Walk of Stars.
Birmingham Council leader, Councillor John Clancy, will present Walk of Stars Awards to singer and actress Toyah and comedian and actor Maclean. Both artists will also perform at the show.
• Continue reading at the Express and Star.
Toyah Willcox gets emotional talking about being honoured with a Broad Street star… Toyah is being recognised for her work in music, film and television.
A special Birmingham Walk of Stars gig at Birmingham Rep, Sunday 11th December.
Join host Jasper Carrott as Toyah Willcox and Don Maclean take their place on the Birmingham Walk Of Stars. Birmingham Council Leader, Councillor John Clancy, will present Walk of Stars Awards to singer and actress Toyah Willcox and to comedian and actor Don Maclean. Both artists will also perform at the show.
• See further info at www.birmingham-rep.co.uk.
Punk princess Toyah Willcox and panto dame Don Maclean are the latest celebrities to be given a star on Birmingham's Walk of Stars in Broad Street.
The pair will be awarded their stars during a special show hosted by Walk of Stars' chairman Jasper Carrott at the Birmingham Rep from 2.30pm on Sunday, December 11. As well as performing at the show, Toyah and Don will receive their stars from Birmingham City Council leader Coun John Clancy.
• Continue reading at the Birmingham Mail.
Birmingham Mail: Who Will Be The Next Star?
Could Toyah be the next star on another Midlands "Walk of Fame"? There's a possibility it may happen.
Who will be the next star on the Birmingham Broad Street Walk of fame?
Front-runners include athlete Denise Lewis, members of Duran Duran, TV presenter Cat Deeley, singer Toyah Willcox – and surely there must be a place for Led Zeppelin soon.


Happy Hump Day! You've made it this far – just keep going. That's what we're saying about those new year's resolutions too.
Eh who needs dry January anyway?
On-field performance – The former backup quarterback to the great Brett Farve is one of the hottest players in the NFL with his team on a seven game winning streak. During that time, he's thrown 19 touchdowns with 0 interceptions. Rodgers was named the league MVP in 2011 and 2014. We'll see how he holds up this weekend against the Dallas Cowboys.
Rodgers' go to touchdown dance involves imitating a WWE wrestler putting on a championship belt. When he won the Super Bowl the WWE sent him an actual World Heavyweight Championship belt. Everyone wins.
His girlfriend, actress Olivia Munn, had no idea who he was when they first met, even though he had previously won a Super Bowl and Super Bowl MVP title. Now that's a blow to the ego. She should've at least known him from his Allstate "Discount Double Check" commercials.
His younger brother and former NFL quarterback, Jordan Rodgers, won the Bachelorette but not before airing the Rodgers family dirty laundry to the nation. Aaron wasn't thrilled with the reporter questions that followed and refused to disclose any details. Glad we didn't have to attend that holiday gathering.
He's more than football smart. In 2015, he appeared on Jeopardy and beat astronaut Scott Kelly. What like it's hard?
That was epic. The last game of the college football season did not disappoint. Clemson and Alabama played a game for the ages. Alabama led most of the game but Clemson took the lead when it mattered, with one second left in the game. This is Clemson's first championship in 35 years. Their quarterback Deshaun Watson was named the game's MVP for his great performance in the last game of his college career.
Shout out to our Last Night's Game Bowl Game Challenge winner, Russ. Nice picking. Congrats to you!
Sports Illustrated announced that gold medal gymnasts Aly Raisman and Simone Biles will be gracing the pages of this year's swimsuit edition.
FIFA announced in 2026 that the World Cup will expand from 32 teams to 48 teams. Perhaps it'll give Team U.S.A. a chance to make the tournament? (They are very close to not qualifying for the 2018 World Cup).
Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo won the distinction of the World's Best Player from FIFA (in English - International Federation of Association Football). Upon receiving the award his son yelled at his dad "You're the best in the world!" Queue hearts everywhere melting.


text:
Q: AudioContext on Safari Yesterday, I had a question about the noteOn method of the AudioContext object.
I've gotten myself all turned around now on this AudioContext object.
Here's what I've tried and their associated error messages in Safari on my desktop:

 var ctx
// ctx = new(AudioContext || webkitAudioContext); // ReferenceError: Can't find variable: AudioContext
// ctx = new(audioContext || webkitAudioContext); // ReferenceError: Can't find variable: audioContext
// ctx = new(window.AudioContext || webkitAudioContext); // ReferenceError: Can't find variable: webkitAudioContext
 ctx = new(window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext);
// TypeError: 'undefined' is not a constructor (evaluating 'new(window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext)')

Q: How do I define myAudioContext such that it works on all browsers?

A: Browser support limitations
The Web Audio API (id est AudioContext) is not supported by all the browsers. Some browsers may have it prefixed with their vendor prefix, but older browsers do not support it at all. Therefore, to answer your question: you cannot use the AudioContext on all the browsers.
Nonethless, you can still use the Web Audio API on supported browser using feature detection (see below), or just check if your browser supports it here. Take a look and find your Safari version: this site tells you if the feature is available and, if prefixed, which prefix you'll have to use.
AudioContext feature detection
To be sure you can use the Web Audio API on any browser which supports it, you can use feature detection with relative fallbacks to the vendor-prefixed objects. In case the AudioContext object is not supported, you'll halt the execution of your script and alert the user. Here's an example:
var AudioContext = window.AudioContext // Default
    || window.webkitAudioContext // Safari and old versions of Chrome
    || false;

if (AudioContext) {
    // Do whatever you want using the Web Audio API
    var ctx = new AudioContext;
    // ...
} else {
    // Web Audio API is not supported
    // Alert the user
    alert("Sorry, but the Web Audio API is not supported by your browser. Please, consider upgrading to the latest version or downloading Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox");
}

Note that as of now webkit is the only existing vendor-prefixed AudioContext, because Mozilla and Opera use the regular unprefixed object, and IE doesn't support the Web Audio API yet.

A:   var AudioContext = window.AudioContext // Default
      || (window as any).webkitAudioContext;// Safari and old versions of Chrome

    this.audioContext = new AudioContext();


For all Cup series and standard motorsport cars with lower exhaust temperatures (less than 950 degrees centigrade), HJS offers a special 100 CPSI (cells per square inch) catalyst which combines the high quality of all their regular motorsport catalyst but with at a lower cost.
The catalyst WRC 1112-10 Cup is designed for all cars up to 2000 ccm / 240 hp, and the catalyst WRC 1279-10 Cup is for all cars up to 2000 ccm and 300 hp.
The Cup catalyst is based on the well-established HJS product line of the motorsport catalysts which guarantees the best quality and reliability that race team require.


text:
Patrick Willis Embed This
Inside Linebacker	Age: 34 Exp: 8 Years
Drafted: Round 1 (#11 overall), 2007	College: Mississippi	Agent(s): Relativity Sports
- More 49ers - Al-Shaair, Azeez Alexander, Kwon Armstead, Arik Beathard, C.J. Blair, Ronald Bosa, Nick Bourne, Kendrick Breida, Matt Brunskill, Daniel Buckner, DeForest Celek, Garrett Coleman, Shon Coleman, Tevin Day, Sheldon Dwelley, Ross Edwards, Chris Ford, Dee Garland, Ben Garoppolo, Jimmy Givens, Kevin Goodwin, Marquise Gould, Robbie Greenlaw, Dre Harris, Tim Harris, Marcell Helm, Daniel Hurd, Jalen James, Richie Johnson, Dontae Jones, D.J. Juszczyk, Kyle Kindred, Derrick Kittle, George Kongbo, Jonathan Lauderdale, Andrew Lee, Elijah McGlinchey, Mike McKinnon, Jerick Mitchell, Earl Moore, Damontre Moore, Tarvarius Moseley, Emmanuel Mostert, Raheem Mullens, Nick Nelson, Kyle Nzeocha, Mark Person, Michael Pettis, Dante Poindexter, Shawn Reed, D.J. Richburg, Weston Samuel, Deebo Sanders, Emmanuel Sherman, Richard Skule, Justin Staley, Joe Street, Kentavius Tartt, Jaquiski Taylor, Trent Taylor, Jullian Thomas, Solomon Toilolo, Levine Tomlinson, Laken Verrett, Jason Ward, Jimmie Warner, Fred Wester, Leonard Williams, K'Waun Wilson, Jeff Wishnowsky, Mitch Witherspoon, Ahkello Zettel, Anthony
49ers – The Athletic
Jan 19, 2020 | Marcus Thompson II
Sunday Randomness: Stephen Curry's targeted return date, Raheem Mostert is fearless, Tom Brady in Vegas and more
Jan 19, 2020 | David Lombardi
Exploring the hidden keys and numbers for the 49ers, looking to repeat their success against the Packers
Jan 19, 2020 | Matt Barrows
Barrows: Ranking the 10 best moves that led the 49ers to the NFC Championship Game
Jan 19, 2020 | Steve Berman
The 49ers run defense hasn't missed a beat without D.J. Jones, and Deebo Samuel describes his QB's demeanor
49ers vs. Packers predictions: Mitch Wishnowsky is still mastering kickoffs, but conditions should be ideal Sunday
Jan 19, 2020 | The Athletic NFL Staff
Beat writer breakdown of NFL championship weekend
Player Status: Retired
Patrick Willis signed a 5 year, $50,000,000 contract with the San Francisco 49ers, including a $15,500,000 signing bonus, $20,300,000 guaranteed, and an average annual salary of $10,000,000. In , Willis will earn a base salary of , a signing bonus of , a roster bonus of , a signing bonus of , a restructure bonus of , a workout bonus of and a incentive bonus of , while carrying a cap hit of and a dead cap value of .
Contract Terms:	5 yr(s) / $50,000,000 Signing Bonus	$15,500,000 Average Salary$10,000,000 GTD at Sign:- Total GTD:$20,300,000 Free Agent:2017 / UFA
Signing Bonus $15,500,000
Average Salary $10,000,000
Total Guarantees $20,300,000
Guaranteed at Signing -
2010 25 $1,098,000 $500,000 - $1,060,000 - - $195,000 $2,853,000 - $16,793,000($16,793,000)
2015-2015 Dead Money
Dead Cap Hit
2015 - $843,500 - $843,500 -($0)
To see the rest of Patrick Willis contract information, plus gain access to all of Spotrac's Premium tools, sign up today.
2007 $285,000 $3,000,000 $865,000 - - - - $4,150,000
2008 $370,000 - - - - $5,300,000 $2,145,000 $7,815,000
2009 $500,000 - $100,000 - - - $195,000 $795,000
2010 $1,098,000 $15,500,000 - - - - $195,000 $16,793,000
2011 $1,594,455 - $145,625 - - - $195,000 $1,935,080
2012 - - $1,200,000 $500,000 - - - $1,700,000
2013 - - $750,000 $500,000 $1,687,000 - - $2,937,000
8 seasons $9,132,455 $18,500,000 $3,716,875 $1,500,000 $1,687,000 $5,300,000 $2,730,000 $42,566,330
8 seasons $9,132,455 $18,500,000 $3,716,875 $1,500,000 $1,687,000 $5,300,000 - $42,566,330
Solo Tackles
Ast Tackles
2014 SF 6 6 6 343 0.595 34 29 5 1
2013 SF 14 14 14 863 0.814 3 104 82 22 2
2012 SF 16 16 16 987 0.944 0.5 120 88 32 2 2
2011 SF 13 13 13 2 97 74 23 4 1
2010 SF 15 15 15 6 128 101 27 2
2009 SF 16 16 16 4 152 114 38 3 3
Totals 112 112 112 2,193 - 21 950 733 217 16 8
Jan 19, 2020 Marcus Thompson II
Jan 19, 2020 David Lombardi
Jan 19, 2020 Matt Barrows
Mar 10 2015Retired from Professional Football
Apr 26 2013Restructured 2013 base salary from $2.4 million to $715,000 with San Francisco (SF)
May 5 2010Signed a 5 year $50 million extension with San Francisco (SF)
Jul 29 2007Signed a 5 year $16.7 million contract with San Francisco (SF)
Apr 28 2007Drafted by San Francisco (SF): Round 1 (#11 overall)
Related 49ers Views


DAILY FILE – The mood of voters showed that the opposition People Democratic Party, PDP, is likely to win tomorrow's march 23,2019 rerun polls in Benue,Bauchi states as the ruling APC will clinch Plateau state.
In Benue State, Dr. Samuel Ortom of the PDP leads with 410,576 votes, and he is closely followed by Mr. Emmanuel Jime of APC with 329,022 votes. The total cancelled votes was 121,019, while 81,554 votes was the margin between them. A survey conducted by DAILY FILE showed that it will be difficult for APC to overturn the results. According to voters especially in Tiv speaking areas,they may likely vote massively for Ortom of PDP again against Jime of APC if the rerun poll is free,fair and credible.
Plateau State: Simon Lalong, governor of Plateau state, the APC candidate set to win the rerun based on the reality on ground.
Lalong had said since he is a sitting governor, it will be impossible for him not to secure 3,000 votes to make up the 49,000 required by INEC to declare him the winner.
" They said registered voters were 49,000 but the votes were not up to 20,000 but people were still saying we need 49,000 and I was already on top with 45,000 votes.
"So we are going to get the 49,000. How can you imagine that a sitting governor can not getting 3,000 votes out of 39,000 in an area that I have well dominated for a very long time. So for me, election is as good as concluded in Plateau State" Lalong said.
Bauchi state: The crisis facing APC in the state may likely aided the opposition PDP to win the state. Already,the Bauchi State Commissioner for Finance and Economic Development, Hon. Garbi Mohammed Akuyam, has resigned his appointment few hours to the governorship rerun.
In a copy of the resignation letter obtained by our correspondent, the former Commissioner said he is compelled to resign in view of recent developments and political realities of present day Bauchi State.
Hon. Garba Saki,who was the Director General of the campaign team of Bauchi State Governor, Mohammed Abubakar in 2015 now team up with Speaker House of Representatives, Hon.Yakubu Dogara to crown Bala Muhammed,former minister of the Federal Capital Territory, FCT, who is candidate of the PDP as governor.


text:
Q: Tikz externalize issue when using pdflatex with -output-directory When using pdflatex with -output-directory I run into issues when externalizing tikz figures. While the .md5 files are created where I expect them the command creating the externalized picture files (.pdf, .log, .dpth) fails. My assumption is that this happens because the pdflatex to create these files does not inherit the -output-directory option and thus fails to create the files in the right spot.
This is a minimal example showing the behavior.
main.tex:
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{external}
\tikzexternalize[prefix=tikz/]
\begin{document}
Test externalize in combination with -output-directory

\tikzsetnextfilename{testpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \node {Node};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

bash:
mkdir -p build/tikz
pdflatex -output-directory build -shell-escape main.tex

error:
===== 'mode=convert with system call': Invoking 'pdflatex
-shell-escape -halt-on-error -interaction=batchmode -jobname
"tikz/testpicture" "\def\tikzexternalrealjob{main}\input{main}"'
======== This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16
(TeX Live 2015/Debian) (preloaded format=pdflatex)
\write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
! I can't write on file `tikz/testpicture.log'.

resulting directory structure (output of tree):
.
├── build
│   ├── main.aux
│   ├── main.auxlock
│   ├── main.log
│   ├── main.pdf
│   └── tikz
│       └── testpicture.md5
└── main.tex

So again, as far as I understand the log file creation fails due to the lack of a tikz directory in the working directory of the pdflatex command executed by the externalization.
Are my assumptions correct? If they are, how should how I should proceed with this?

A: As far as I have found out the easiest solution is to create a symlink in your main folder to the tikz folder inside build. Like so: ln -s build/tikz .
This was the solution I found in the documentation of another tikz externalizing library.

A: tikzexternal does not detect the -output-directory argument. Hence you have to modify the call to the compiler of the externalized images and add this argument by your own.
This also holds true for the inclusion of the image. You have to prefix the image here with the path of the output directory.
Those two points can be seen in the following MWE:
\documentclass{minimal}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{external}
\tikzexternalize[prefix=tikz/]

\makeatletter
    \tikzset{%
        external/system call={%
            pdflatex %
                \tikzexternalcheckshellescape %
                -halt-on-error %
                -interaction=batchmode %
                -output-directory="build" %
                -jobname "\image" %
                "\texsource"%
        },
        /pgf/images/include external/.code={%
            \includegraphics{build/#1}%
        },%
    }
\makeatother

\begin{document}
    Test externalize in combination with -output-directory

    \tikzsetnextfilename{testpicture}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
        \node {Node};
    \end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Some additional notes:

*

*You can find the relevant code in pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikzexternalshared.code.tex

*If your tex file is in a sub directory or you use -jobname you have to replace "\texsource" with something like "\string\def\string\tikzexternalrealjob{\tikzexternal@realjob}\string\input{path/to/tex/file/\tikzexternal@realjob}"
Edit
There is a shorter way to do this: Instead of setting external/system call, you can also set external/shell escape={-shell-escape\space-output-directory=build}. This will end up in \tikzexternalcheckshellescape.
For both methods (the original and the shorter one) to work with LuaLaTeX, you need \usepackage{shellesc}.

A: It could be a question with regards to the permissions as well.
Try with
chmod 777 tikz

right after you create the folder.
You could also try to move your main.tex file into the build folder to see if that changes things.

A: I found that symlinking as suggested by Artemis is indeed the easiest option, i.e.:
mkdir -p build/fig
ln -sf build/fig .
pdflatex -shell-escape -output-directory=build main.tex

Additionally, if you use \tikzexternalize[mode=list and make], you will also notice that the generated build/main.makefile can't be used as is either, because it uses files both in the base folder and in the build folder. To make it work, again, symlinking seems to be the easiest option, this time the file main.figlist (alternative would be copying files or modifying the makefile). The full process now looks as follows:
# Run once to create list of externalize figures:
mkdir -p build/tikz
ln -sf build/tikz .
pdflatex -output-directory=build main.tex

# Build externalized figures:
ln -sf build/main.figlist .
make -f build/main.makefile

# Run again to include externalized figures into document:
pdflatex -output-directory=build main.tex

# Cleanup:
rm tikz main.figlist

Furthermore, if you encounter problems with other packages you may need to also take into account Phobos' answer to ensure that the build directory is also known while building the individual figures, i.e.:
\tikzexternalize[
    prefix=tikz/,
    mode=list and make,
    shell escape={-shell-escape\space-output-directory=build},
]


We're pleased to be offering Hospitality places for our Carabao Cup third round fixture against Premier League opponents Swansea City on Tuesday 19th September.
Another fixture under the floodlights, and another opportunity to enjoy the match in style in either the Royal Suite or the 1871 Bar.
It's an 8pm kick-off on the evening, with a place in the last 16 of the competition on offer for the winner. But whatever the result, you're assured of an enjoyable evening by joining us in Hospitality.


text:
News Sports Counties Business Music USA TODAY Obituaries eNewspaper Legals
Nashvillian knits pink uterus for Haslam to protest abortion law
Jen Todd
jtodd1@tennessean.com
Gov. Bill Haslam will soon get an unexpected package in the mail — a pink knitted uterus.
Juliette Vincent of Antioch plans to mail knitted uteri to all male Tennessee lawmakers, beginning with Haslam, in rebuttal to the new law requiring women to wait 48 hours after counseling to get an abortion.
"It's all an effort to focus on good things for our state rather than this," Vincent said.
"It just makes it harder for women who don't have the means. They're not getting pregnant and saying, 'Oh, let me get an abortion.' There's a lot of thought going into this."
An avid knitter, she came up with the idea after a discussion on Facebook with a friend. Vincent then made the uterus during a crafting social event with friends.
Her message: "Let me give you a toy to play with. Let me remind you this is not important to you," she said. "This is perfectly fine to leave alone."
She hopes to "bring more attention to the idea more of the people making these laws first off are men and have no connection to this whatsoever," she said.
Vincent sent Haslam's uterus midday Friday, and assures other lawmakers will get their own uteri, too.
"I'm sending them to everyone, whether you're in favor or against it," she said. "If you're a man, you get one."
A spokesman for Gov. Haslam's office was not immediately available for comment.
Vincent's full letter reads:
"Dear Gov. Haslam,
In light of your signing the new law into effect that requires a 48 hour waiting period between the mandatory counseling and the abortion procedure, I have made you a gift.
I have knitted you a uterus of your very own.
Now that you have one of your own to play with, kindly stop signing laws that affect other people's.
Don't worry, I'll be knitting and sending one to every male lawmaker in Tennessee.
These will be your uteri. Please stop making decisions that affect mine.
Juliette Vincent"
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Enjoy the very best of Marlborough with the Marlborough Icons Tour. Indulge in Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc, the Marlborough Sounds and fresh local seafood with this full-day tour. A Marlborough wine tour in the morning is followed by a delicious Marlborough Sounds waterfront lunch, then a relaxing seafood cruise for the afternoon, accompanied by fresh local seafood and Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc as you cruise the stunning Marlborough Sounds.
Numbers: Minimum two people | maximum ten people (road touring part).