Exim is designed to work efficiently on systems that are permanently connected to the Internet and are handling a general mix of mail. In such circumstances, most messages can be delivered immediately. Consequently, Exim does not maintain independent queues of messages for specific domains or hosts, though it does try to send several messages in a single SMTP connection after a host has been down, and it also maintains per-host retry information.
Exim 4 (unlike previous versions of Exim) implements policy controls on incoming mail by means of Access Control Lists (ACLs). Each list is a series of statements that may either grant or deny access. ACLs can be used at several places in the SMTP dialogue while receiving a message from a remote host. However, the most common places are after each RCPT command, and at the very end of the message. The sysadmin can specify conditions for accepting or rejecting individual recipients or the entire message, respectively, at these two points (see chapter 43). Denial of access results in an SMTP error code.
An ACL is also available for locally generated, non-SMTP messages. In this case, the only available actions are to accept or deny the entire message.
When Exim is compiled with the content-scanning extension, facilities are provided in the ACL mechanism for passing the message to external virus and/or spam scanning software. The result of such a scan is passed back to the ACL, which can then use it to decide what to do with the message.
When a message has been received, either from a remote host or from the local host, but before the final acknowledgment has been sent, a locally supplied C function called local_scan() can be run to inspect the message and decide whether to accept it or not (see chapter 45). If the message is accepted, the list of recipients can be modified by the function.
Using the local_scan() mechanism is another way of calling external scanner software. The SA-Exim add-on package works this way. It does not require Exim to be compiled with the content-scanning extension.
After a message has been accepted, a further checking mechanism is available in the form of the system filter (see chapter 46). This runs at the start of every delivery process.
Sieve filters are written in the standard filtering language that is defined by RFC 3028.
Exim filters are written in a syntax that is unique to Exim, but which is more powerful than Sieve, which it pre-dates.
User filters are run as part of the routing process, described below.
Every message handled by Exim is given a message id which is sixteen characters long. It is divided into three parts, separated by hyphens, for example 16VDhn-0001bo-D3. Each part is a sequence of letters and digits, normally encoding numbers in base 62. However, in the Darwin operating system (Mac OS X) and when Exim is compiled to run under Cygwin, base 36 (avoiding the use of lower case letters) is used instead, because the message id is used to construct filenames, and the names of files in those systems are not always case-sensitive.
The first six characters of the message id are the time at which the message started to be received, to a granularity of one second. That is, this field contains the number of seconds since the start of the epoch (the normal Unix way of representing the date and time of day).
After the first hyphen, the next six characters are the id of the process that received the message.
If localhost_number is not set, this value is the fractional part of the time of reception, normally in units of 1/2000 of a second, but for systems that must use base 36 instead of base 62 (because of case-insensitive file systems), the units are 1/1000 of a second.
If localhost_number is set, it is multiplied by 200 (100) and added to the fractional part of the time, which in this case is in units of 1/200 (1/100) of a second.
After a message has been received, Exim waits for the clock to tick at the appropriate resolution before proceeding, so that if another message is received by the same process, or by another process with the same (re-used) pid, it is guaranteed that the time will be different. In most cases, the clock will already have ticked while the message was being received.
If the process runs Exim with the -bm option, the message is read non-interactively (usually via a pipe), with the recipients taken from the command line, or from the body of the message if -t is also used.
If the process runs Exim with the -bS option, the message is also read non-interactively, but in this case the recipients are listed at the start of the message in a series of SMTP RCPT commands, terminated by a DATA command. This is called "batch SMTP" format, but it isn't really SMTP. The SMTP commands are just another way of passing envelope addresses in a non-interactive submission.
If the process runs Exim with the -bs option, the message is read interactively, using the SMTP protocol. A two-way pipe is normally used for passing data between the local process and the Exim process. This is "real" SMTP and is handled in the same way as SMTP over TCP/IP. For example, the ACLs for SMTP commands are used for this form of submission.
A local process may also make a TCP/IP call to the host's loopback address (127.0.0.1) or any other of its IP addresses. When receiving messages, Exim does not treat the loopback address specially. It treats all such connections in the same way as connections from other hosts.
In the three cases that do not involve TCP/IP, the sender address is constructed from the login name of the user that called Exim and a default qualification domain (which can be set by the qualify_domain configuration option). For local or batch SMTP, a sender address that is passed using the SMTP MAIL command is ignored. However, the system administrator may allow certain users ("trusted users") to specify a different sender addresses unconditionally, or all users to specify certain forms of different sender address. The -f option or the SMTP MAIL command is used to specify these different addresses. See section 5.2 for details of trusted users, and the untrusted_set_sender option for a way of allowing untrusted users to change sender addresses.
Messages received by either of the non-interactive mechanisms are subject to checking by the non-SMTP ACL if one is defined. Messages received using SMTP (either over TCP/IP or interacting with a local process) can be checked by a number of ACLs that operate at different times during the SMTP session. Either individual recipients or the entire message can be rejected if local policy requirements are not met. The local_scan() function (see chapter 45) is run for all incoming messages.
Exim can be configured not to start a delivery process when a message is received; this can be unconditional, or depend on the number of incoming SMTP connections or the system load. In these situations, new messages wait on the queue until a queue runner process picks them up. However, in standard configurations under normal conditions, delivery is started as soon as a message is received.
When Exim accepts a message, it writes two files in its spool directory. The first contains the envelope information, the current status of the message, and the header lines, and the second contains the body of the message. The names of the two spool files consist of the message id, followed by -H for the file containing the envelope and header, and -D for the data file.
By default, all these message files are held in a single directory called input inside the general Exim spool directory. Some operating systems do not perform very well if the number of files in a directory gets large; to improve performance in such cases, the split_spool_directory option can be used. This causes Exim to split up the input files into 62 sub-directories whose names are single letters or digits. When this is done, the queue is processed one sub-directory at a time instead of all at once, which can improve overall performance even when there are not enough files in each directory to affect file system performance.
The envelope information consists of the address of the message's sender and the addresses of the recipients. This information is entirely separate from any addresses contained in the header lines. The status of the message includes a list of recipients who have already received the message. The format of the first spool file is described in chapter 56.
Address rewriting that is specified in the rewrite section of the configuration (see chapter 31) is done once and for all on incoming addresses, both in the header lines and the envelope, at the time the message is accepted. If during the course of delivery additional addresses are generated (for example, via aliasing), these new addresses are rewritten as soon as they are generated. At the time a message is actually delivered (transported) further rewriting can take place; because this is a transport option, it can be different for different forms of delivery. It is also possible to specify the addition or removal of certain header lines at the time the message is delivered (see chapters 15 and 24).
A message remains in the spool directory until it is completely delivered to its recipients or to an error address, or until it is deleted by an administrator or by the user who originally created it. In cases when delivery cannot proceed – for example when a message can neither be delivered to its recipients nor returned to its sender, the message is marked "frozen" on the spool, and no more deliveries are attempted.
An administrator can "thaw" such messages when the problem has been corrected, and can also freeze individual messages by hand if necessary. In addition, an administrator can force a delivery error, causing a bounce message to be sent.
There are options called ignore_bounce_errors_after and timeout_frozen_after, which discard frozen messages after a certain time. The first applies only to frozen bounces, the second to all frozen messages.
While Exim is working on a message, it writes information about each delivery attempt to its main log file. This includes successful, unsuccessful, and delayed deliveries for each recipient (see chapter 52). The log lines are also written to a separate message log file for each message. These logs are solely for the benefit of the administrator and are normally deleted along with the spool files when processing of a message is complete. The use of individual message logs can be disabled by setting no_message_logs; this might give an improvement in performance on very busy systems.
All the information Exim itself needs to set up a delivery is kept in the first spool file, along with the header lines. When a successful delivery occurs, the address is immediately written at the end of a journal file, whose name is the message id followed by -J. At the end of a delivery run, if there are some addresses left to be tried again later, the first spool file (the -H file) is updated to indicate which these are, and the journal file is then deleted. Updating the spool file is done by writing a new file and renaming it, to minimize the possibility of data loss.
Should the system or Exim crash after a successful delivery but before the spool file has been updated, the journal is left lying around. The next time Exim attempts to deliver the message, it reads the journal file and updates the spool file before proceeding. This minimizes the chances of double deliveries caused by crashes.
The main delivery processing elements of Exim are called routers and transports, and collectively these are known as drivers. Code for a number of them is provided in the source distribution, and compile-time options specify which ones are included in the binary. Runtime options specify which ones are actually used for delivering messages.
Each driver that is specified in the runtime configuration is an instance of that particular driver type. Multiple instances are allowed; for example, you can set up several different smtp transports, each with different option values that might specify different ports or different timeouts. Each instance has its own identifying name. In what follows we will normally use the instance name when discussing one particular instance (that is, one specific configuration of the driver), and the generic driver name when discussing the driver's features in general.
A router is a driver that operates on an address, either determining how its delivery should happen, by assigning it to a specific transport, or converting the address into one or more new addresses (for example, via an alias file). A router may also explicitly choose to fail an address, causing it to be bounced.
A transport is a driver that transmits a copy of the message from Exim's spool to some destination. There are two kinds of transport: for a local transport, the destination is a file or a pipe on the local host, whereas for a remote transport the destination is some other host. A message is passed to a specific transport as a result of successful routing. If a message has several recipients, it may be passed to a number of different transports.
An address is processed by passing it to each configured router instance in turn, subject to certain preconditions, until a router accepts the address or specifies that it should be bounced. We will describe this process in more detail shortly. First, as a simple example, we consider how each recipient address in a message is processed in a small configuration of three routers.
To make this a more concrete example, it is described in terms of some actual routers, but remember, this is only an example. You can configure Exim's routers in many different ways, and there may be any number of routers in a configuration.
The first router that is specified in a configuration is often one that handles addresses in domains that are not recognized specifically by the local host. Typically these are addresses for arbitrary domains on the Internet. A precondition is set up which looks for the special domains known to the host (for example, its own domain name), and the router is run for addresses that do not match. Typically, this is a router that looks up domains in the DNS in order to find the hosts to which this address routes. If it succeeds, the address is assigned to a suitable SMTP transport; if it does not succeed, the router is configured to fail the address.
The second router is reached only when the domain is recognized as one that "belongs" to the local host. This router does redirection – also known as aliasing and forwarding. When it generates one or more new addresses from the original, each of them is routed independently from the start. Otherwise, the router may cause an address to fail, or it may simply decline to handle the address, in which case the address is passed to the next router.
The final router in many configurations is one that checks to see if the address belongs to a local mailbox. The precondition may involve a check to see if the local part is the name of a login account, or it may look up the local part in a file or a database. If its preconditions are not met, or if the router declines, we have reached the end of the routers. When this happens, the address is bounced.
As well as being used to decide how to deliver to an address, Exim's routers are also used for address verification. Verification can be requested as one of the checks to be performed in an ACL for incoming messages, on both sender and recipient addresses, and it can be tested using the -bv and -bvs command line options.
When an address is being verified, the routers are run in "verify mode". This does not affect the way the routers work, but it is a state that can be detected. By this means, a router can be skipped or made to behave differently when verifying. A common example is a configuration in which the first router sends all messages to a message-scanning program unless they have been previously scanned. Thus, the first router accepts all addresses without any checking, making it useless for verifying. Normally, the no_verify option would be set for such a router, causing it to be skipped in verify mode.
accept: The router accepts the address, and either assigns it to a transport or generates one or more "child" addresses. Processing the original address ceases unless the unseen option is set on the router. This option can be used to set up multiple deliveries with different routing (for example, for keeping archive copies of messages). When unseen is set, the address is passed to the next router. Normally, however, an accept return marks the end of routing.
Any child addresses generated by the router are processed independently, starting with the first router by default. It is possible to change this by setting the redirect_router option to specify which router to start at for child addresses. Unlike pass_router (see below) the router specified by redirect_router may be anywhere in the router configuration.
pass: The router recognizes the address, but cannot handle it itself. It requests that the address be passed to another router. By default, the address is passed to the next router, but this can be changed by setting the pass_router option. However, (unlike redirect_router) the named router must be below the current router (to avoid loops).
decline: The router declines to accept the address because it does not recognize it at all. By default, the address is passed to the next router, but this can be prevented by setting the no_more option. When no_more is set, all the remaining routers are skipped. In effect, no_more converts decline into fail.
fail: The router determines that the address should fail, and queues it for the generation of a bounce message. There is no further processing of the original address unless unseen is set on the router.
defer: The router cannot handle the address at the present time. (A database may be offline, or a DNS lookup may have timed out.) No further processing of the address happens in this delivery attempt. It is tried again next time the message is considered for delivery.
error: There is some error in the router (for example, a syntax error in its configuration). The action is as for defer.
If an address reaches the end of the routers without having been accepted by any of them, it is bounced as unrouteable. The default error message in this situation is "unrouteable address", but you can set your own message by making use of the cannot_route_message option. This can be set for any router; the value from the last router that "saw" the address is used.
Sometimes while routing you want to fail a delivery when some conditions are met but others are not, instead of passing the address on for further routing. You can do this by having a second router that explicitly fails the delivery when the relevant conditions are met. The redirect router has a "fail" facility for this purpose.
Once routing is complete, Exim scans the addresses that are assigned to local and remote transports and discards any duplicates that it finds. During this check, local parts are treated case-sensitively. This happens only when actually delivering a message; when testing routers with -bt, all the routed addresses are shown.
The preconditions that are tested for each router are listed below, in the order in which they are tested. The individual configuration options are described in more detail in chapter 15.
The local_part_prefix and local_part_suffix options can specify that the local parts handled by the router may or must have certain prefixes and/or suffixes. If a mandatory affix (prefix or suffix) is not present, the router is skipped. These conditions are tested first. When an affix is present, it is removed from the local part before further processing, including the evaluation of any other conditions.
Routers can be designated for use only when not verifying an address, that is, only when routing it for delivery (or testing its delivery routing). If the verify option is set false, the router is skipped when Exim is verifying an address. Setting the verify option actually sets two options, verify_sender and verify_recipient, which independently control the use of the router for sender and recipient verification. You can set these options directly if you want a router to be used for only one type of verification. Note that cutthrough delivery is classed as a recipient verification for this purpose.
If the address_test option is set false, the router is skipped when Exim is run with the -bt option to test an address routing. This can be helpful when the first router sends all new messages to a scanner of some sort; it makes it possible to use -bt to test subsequent delivery routing without having to simulate the effect of the scanner.
Routers can be designated for use only when verifying an address, as opposed to routing it for delivery. The verify_only option controls this. Again, cutthrough delivery counts as a verification.
Individual routers can be explicitly skipped when running the routers to check an address given in the SMTP EXPN command (see the expn option).
If the domains option is set, the domain of the address must be in the set of domains that it defines.
If the local_parts option is set, the local part of the address must be in the set of local parts that it defines. If local_part_prefix or local_part_suffix is in use, the prefix or suffix is removed from the local part before this check. If you want to do precondition tests on local parts that include affixes, you can do so by using a condition option (see below) that uses the variables $local_part, $local_part_prefix, and $local_part_suffix as necessary.
If the check_local_user option is set, the local part must be the name of an account on the local host. If this check succeeds, the uid and gid of the local user are placed in $local_user_uid and $local_user_gid and the user's home directory is placed in $home; these values can be used in the remaining preconditions.
If the router_home_directory option is set, it is expanded at this point, because it overrides the value of $home. If this expansion were left till later, the value of $home as set by check_local_user would be used in subsequent tests. Having two different values of $home in the same router could lead to confusion.
If the senders option is set, the envelope sender address must be in the set of addresses that it defines.
If the require_files option is set, the existence or non-existence of specified files is tested.
If the condition option is set, it is evaluated and tested. This option uses an expanded string to allow you to set up your own custom preconditions. Expanded strings are described in chapter 11.
Note that require_files comes near the end of the list, so you cannot use it to check for the existence of a file in which to lookup up a domain, local part, or sender. However, as these options are all expanded, you can use the exists expansion condition to make such tests within each condition. The require_files option is intended for checking files that the router may be going to use internally, or which are needed by a specific transport (for example, .procmailrc).
Some additional features are available in system filters – see chapter 46 for details. Note that a message is passed to the system filter only once per delivery attempt, however many recipients it has. However, if there are several delivery attempts because one or more addresses could not be immediately delivered, the system filter is run each time. The filter condition first_delivery can be used to detect the first run of the system filter.
Each recipient address is offered to each configured router, in turn, subject to its preconditions, until one is able to handle it. If no router can handle the address, that is, if they all decline, the address is failed. Because routers can be targeted at particular domains, several locally handled domains can be processed entirely independently of each other.
A router that accepts an address may assign it to a local or a remote transport. However, the transport is not run at this time. Instead, the address is placed on a list for the particular transport, which will be run later. Alternatively, the router may generate one or more new addresses (typically from alias, forward, or filter files). New addresses are fed back into this process from the top, but in order to avoid loops, a router ignores any address which has an identically-named ancestor that was processed by itself.
When all the routing has been done, addresses that have been successfully handled are passed to their assigned transports. When local transports are doing real local deliveries, they handle only one address at a time, but if a local transport is being used as a pseudo-remote transport (for example, to collect batched SMTP messages for transmission by some other means) multiple addresses can be handled. Remote transports can always handle more than one address at a time, but can be configured not to do so, or to restrict multiple addresses to the same domain.
Each local delivery to a file or a pipe runs in a separate process under a non-privileged uid, and these deliveries are run one at a time. Remote deliveries also run in separate processes, normally under a uid that is private to Exim ("the Exim user"), but in this case, several remote deliveries can be run in parallel. The maximum number of simultaneous remote deliveries for any one message is set by the remote_max_parallel option. The order in which deliveries are done is not defined, except that all local deliveries happen before any remote deliveries.
When it encounters a local delivery during a queue run, Exim checks its retry database to see if there has been a previous temporary delivery failure for the address before running the local transport. If there was a previous failure, Exim does not attempt a new delivery until the retry time for the address is reached. However, this happens only for delivery attempts that are part of a queue run. Local deliveries are always attempted when delivery immediately follows message reception, even if retry times are set for them. This makes for better behaviour if one particular message is causing problems (for example, causing quota overflow, or provoking an error in a filter file).
Remote transports do their own retry handling, since an address may be deliverable to one of a number of hosts, each of which may have a different retry time. If there have been previous temporary failures and no host has reached its retry time, no delivery is attempted, whether in a queue run or not. See chapter 32 for details of retry strategies.
If there were any permanent errors, a bounce message is returned to an appropriate address (the sender in the common case), with details of the error for each failing address. Exim can be configured to send copies of bounce messages to other addresses.
If one or more addresses suffered a temporary failure, the message is left on the queue, to be tried again later. Delivery of these addresses is said to be deferred.
When all the recipient addresses have either been delivered or bounced, handling of the message is complete. The spool files and message log are deleted, though the message log can optionally be preserved if required.
Exim's mechanism for retrying messages that fail to get delivered at the first attempt is the queue runner process. You must either run an Exim daemon that uses the -q option with a time interval to start queue runners at regular intervals or use some other means (such as cron) to start them. If you do not arrange for queue runners to be run, messages that fail temporarily at the first attempt will remain in your queue forever. A queue runner process works its way through the queue, one message at a time, trying each delivery that has passed its retry time. You can run several queue runners at once.
Exim uses a set of configured rules to determine when next to retry the failing address (see chapter 32). These rules also specify when Exim should give up trying to deliver to the address, at which point it generates a bounce message. If no retry rules are set for a particular host, address, and error combination, no retries are attempted, and temporary errors are treated as permanent.
There are many reasons why a message may not be immediately deliverable to a particular address. Failure to connect to a remote machine (because it, or the connection to it, is down) is one of the most common. Temporary failures may be detected during routing as well as during the transport stage of delivery. Local deliveries may be delayed if NFS files are unavailable, or if a mailbox is on a file system where the user is over quota. Exim can be configured to impose its own quotas on local mailboxes; where system quotas are set they will also apply.
If a host is unreachable for a period of time, a number of messages may be waiting for it by the time it recovers, and sending them in a single SMTP connection is clearly beneficial. Whenever a delivery to a remote host is deferred, Exim makes a note in its hints database, and whenever a successful SMTP delivery has happened, it looks to see if any other messages are waiting for the same host. If any are found, they are sent over the same SMTP connection, subject to a configuration limit as to the maximum number in any one connection.
When a message cannot be delivered to some or all of its intended recipients, a bounce message is generated. Temporary delivery failures turn into permanent errors when their timeout expires. All the addresses that fail in a given delivery attempt are listed in a single message. If the original message has many recipients, it is possible for some addresses to fail in one delivery attempt and others to fail subsequently, giving rise to more than one bounce message. The wording of bounce messages can be customized by the administrator. See chapter 49 for details.
Bounce messages contain an X-Failed-Recipients: header line that lists the failed addresses, for the benefit of programs that try to analyse such messages automatically.
A bounce message is normally sent to the sender of the original message, as obtained from the message's envelope. For incoming SMTP messages, this is the address given in the MAIL command. However, when an address is expanded via a forward or alias file, an alternative address can be specified for delivery failures of the generated addresses. For a mailing list expansion (see section 50.2) it is common to direct bounce messages to the manager of the list.
If a bounce message (either locally generated or received from a remote host) itself suffers a permanent delivery failure, the message is left in the queue, but it is frozen, awaiting the attention of an administrator. There are options that can be used to make Exim discard such failed messages, or to keep them for only a short time (see timeout_frozen_after and ignore_bounce_errors_after).


This article continues a series on 3-D habitats and science topics. To learn how to make a brown bag tree, please refer to Part 1.
Today, I am going to share how I use these simple bag trees to construct the four seasons. You can have the children each make their own seasonal tree or make a large class tree out of a grocery sack and create a seasonal setting.
FALL TREE: I prefer to use tissue paper as it is easy to tear and glue. You can also use construction paper.
Apply torn tissue paper with Elmer's glue. A Q-tip works well. I tell the children to "dot" the branch with glue and press the tissue paper into the dot.
It is fun to leave a few torn tissues laying at the bottom of the fall tree!
SPRING TREE: I love to purchase tissue paper on clearance. Here I found a great tissue paper at Target that I used for the Spring Tree. Again, just tear it!
To add the spring gesture – add a few blossoms in the tree. I love the glorious blossoms on trees in spring!
SUMMER TREE: I use dark green tissue paper for the full lush of summer!
WINTER TREE: Make up a batch of snow paint and you have a wonderful winter tree!
Students read text about the four seasons and then create a 3-D representation of their understanding. Additionally, after creating the seasonal tree, the students could write about the season.
Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., use of vocabulary to describe and identify seasons through trees).
Sounds fun – I will pop on over!
I LOVE these trees. I always do a coloring a tree and then add tissue paper to each tree to show the seasons, but this is awesome. I love that it is 3-D. I am going to pin this.
The trees are wonderful. Thanks for sharing.
I did the same thing with my kindergarten class, instead of paint for the winter tree we used wool roving that the kids carded and then glued on to their trees. Then we made small red cardinals out of construction paper, they came out really cute!
What a wonderful idea! I am so doing that! Wool roving is so sweet as a finished piece!
I am definitely adding this winter tee in our classroom and possibly adding something else to it. Thanks for the idea!


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Hastings Wildlife Junction, ON. Photo by Birchbark Media.
www.natureconservancy.ca > Home > Where We Work > Ontario > Featured Projects
Hastings Wildlife Junction
Located in southern Ontario, this 5,000-hectare project is the critical next step to lessen the impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss
The Nature Conservancy of Canada (NCC) has an amazing opportunity to protect and care for 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) of significant forests and wetlands south of Bancroft, Ontario. Located at the junctions of the Algonquin to Adirondacks and The Land Between corridors, a project of this magnitude and ecological significance is staggeringly rare in southern Ontario. The property's features provide essential ecosystem services and will help slow the impact of climate change and biodiversity loss.
The Hastings Wildlife Junction boasts extensive interior forest with an astonishing 98 per cent of natural cover, significant rivers and wetlands. The natural area is adjacent to 30,000 hectares (74,131 acres) of Crown lands that have been specially designated as enhanced management areas.
Location: Hastings County
Habitat type: forests, wetlands, rivers, creeks
Size: 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres), part of a larger 8,000-hectare (20,000-acre) goal
Shoreline: 86 kilometres
Species: wide-ranging mammals, like eastern wolf, black bear, moose, pine marten, successfully reintroduced elk, and several species of rare birds and turtles
Conservation to lessen the impacts of climate change
Crowe River at Hastings Wildlife Junction (Photo by NCC)
The Hastings Wildlife Junction's forests and wetlands provide essential ecosystem services to the region and beyond. This includes carbon storage, removal of air pollution and flood water storage. The carbon sequestration and storage benefits of the property are important in our collective efforts to reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.
This project within the Lake Ontario watershed and headwaters for the Bay of Quinte is particularly critical for maintaining water quality for both aquatic life and downstream communities from Toronto to Kingston.
The property provides an excellent example of the scale we need to work at in order to reduce the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss in Canada and have an unparalleled impact at a national and global scale.
Connecting corridors
Hastings Wildlife Junction property context map - click to enlarge
The Hastings Wildlife Junction is located at the intersections of the Algonquin to Adirondacks and The Land Between Corridors. The Land Between corridor is where the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence lowlands ecoregion transitions to the Canadian Shield. This region is very high in biodiversity and provides some of the best habitat we have left for many species at risk.
By expanding the amount of conserved land within the connection of these two corridors, the Hastings Wildlife Junction will play a vital role in protecting biodiversity by allowing species to move freely from one habitat to another. That is why we have called this area the Central Ontario Corridors Natural Area.
An area under pressure
Deer at Hastings Wildlife Junction. (Photo by Chelsea Marcantonio)
Over the last 150 years, many species and habitats in Canada have been declining. This decline has been more dramatic in southern Canada, especially southern Ontario. This is where much of the province's population is located and where there is a long history of settlement and related agricultural, urban and industrial land uses.
Development pressures are on the rise in the area. In 2021, Bancroft, the business and recreational hub for North Hastings County, was named best spot to buy real estate in Canada by MoneySense.
The area's significant biodiversity and ecosystem benefits, as well as the growing threat of development in this area, make this land a critical step in landscape-scale conservation in southern Ontario.
The landowner has generously agreed to donate the majority of the property. They are working with NCC to have the land certified as an Ecological Gift. Before we can accept a partial donation of lands, we must raise funds to cover the remaining land cost, the associated costs for the acquisition, the creation of a property management plan and investment in a stewardship fund to ensure this ecologically significant property is well cared for over the long term.
The Hastings Wildlife Junction project will be split into two phases. Our immediate goal is to conserve 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) in phase one. NCC needs to raise to raise $3.2 million this winter to complete this phase of the Hasting Wildlife Junction project
Please consider a gift or a multi-year pledge to help us protect and care for the Hastings Wildlife Junction.
For more information or to discuss your donation options, please contact:
Pia Kaukoranta Vahabi
Acting Director, Development and Communications | Ontario Region
pia.vahabi@natureconservancy.ca | 416.220.3784
A natural legacy
When it comes to conserving Canada's most important natural areas, acquiring land is just the beginning. Stewardship — managing the land for the long term — is at the heart of what we do. Each and every property we protect is monitored and managed so that the ecosystems are maintained and species thrive, even if that means leaving them be. This can include mapping and removing invasive species or restoring wetlands, grasslands and forests. It can also mean monitoring for species at risk, planting native species, building trails or installing signage.
To continue to care for the natural areas we protect, NCC has created a Stewardship Endowment Fund. This fund provides annual support for our priority stewardship work across Ontario. Annual benefits from the endowment fund are used to pay the costs necessary to ensure efficient and long-term, science-based management of lands under NCC's care. NCC may explore and/or create carbon market-based mechanisms on new projects, like Hastings, to help fund our conservation work.
NCC may direct all or a portion of gifts committed to this project to NCC's Stewardship Endowment Fund for Ontario. Revenue generated by the Stewardship Endowment Fund provides support for long-term management on properties across the province, including NCC conservation lands in the Hasting Wildlife Junction. In the event that this project becomes fully funded or cannot be carried out, your gift will be allocated to the next urgent priority in the Central Ontario Corridors natural area.
Donations may be made by cheque, stock transfer or credit card through the link below. Cheques should be made payable to "Nature Conservancy of Canada" and mailed to 410-245 Eglinton Ave E, Toronto, ON M4P 3J1. Please indicate either in the memo portion of your cheque or in a note accompanying your donation that your gift is for "Central ON Corridors – Hastings Wildlife Junction." If a U.S. tax deduction could be more advantageous, NCC works in partnership with a registered U.S. charity (American Friends of Canadian Nature) and we would be pleased to explore options with you.
Faces of NCC

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27 Independent Living Communities near Carmichael, CA
Also serving communities of Rancho Cordova.
There are 27 Independent Living Communities in the Carmichael area, with 6 in Carmichael and 21 nearby.
The average cost of independent living in Carmichael is $2,277 per month. This is lower than the national median of $2,550.
To help you with your search, browse the 195 reviews below for independent living communities in Carmichael. On average, consumers rate independent living in Carmichael 4.5 out of 5 stars. Better rated regions include Sacramento with an average rating of 4.6 out of 5 stars.
Caring.com has helped 15 families in Carmichael find high-quality senior care. To speak with one of our Family Advisors about independent living options and costs in Carmichael, call (855) 863-8283.
6 Independent Living Communities in Carmichael, CA
Atria Carmichael Oaks
Provides: Independent Living
8350 Fair Oaks Blvd., Carmichael, CA 95608
"My mom is in the independent living of Atria Carmichael Oaks. My stepdad is in memory care. They have been really happy so far. They like the food, and it's amazing. I mainly moved them from the..." More
The Atrium of Carmichael
5757 Cypress Ave., Carmichael, CA 95608
"My aunt-in-law is into Atrium of Carmichael. The staff is very nice, very polite, and very helpful. The accommodations are very well, it was a nice room, a good size, and the balcony was big. It..." More
Find Local Costs for Carmichael, CA
By clicking "<title>The 10 Best Independent Living Communities in Carmichael, CA for 2020</title>", you agree to our Terms of Use, our Privacy Policy, and our Agreement to be Contacted by Telephone. You also consent that we, or our partner providers, may reach out to you using a system that can auto-dial; however, you do not need to consent to this to use our service.
Winding Commons
6017 Winding Way, Carmichael, CA 95608
"We went to Winding Commons. It was really nice, very welcoming, exactly what my aunt-in-law needed, but it was very expensive. The lady was very nice, the apartments were nice to look at, clean,..." More
The Landing at Carmichael
"The lady who helped me out at The Landing at Carmichael was very knowledgeable, very friendly, and showed me everything. She told me about the extra cost that might incur and that they have a..." More
Eskaton Village Carmichael
3939 Walnut Avenue, Carmichael, CA 95608
"My friend was in the independent living at Eskaton Village Carmichael for six or seven years. It was too expensive, but it was good for him to live a normal life there and have his kids visit him...." More
Atria El Camino Gardens
2426 Garfield Avenue, Carmichael, CA 95608
"Atria Eskaton is the perfect independent living environment for someone I feel very close to who needs the support and protection that Eskaton Atria El Camino Garden's offers. My income is stable..." More
Carlton Senior Living Sacramento
1075 Fulton Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95825
"Carlton Senior Living Sacramento looked good. Somebody in one of their wards had a stroke and that person had to take my sister's slot, so that lost the vacancy for us. The staff was knowledgeable...." More
The Terraces of Roseville
707 Sunrise Avenue, Roseville, CA 95661
"I loved the Terraces of Roseville. They were extremely friendly; the staff was happy and seemed happy to be working there. The place was very clean. The food was superior and delicious. I loved..." More
Summerset Senior Living - Rancho Cordova
2341 Vehicle Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670
"Summerset Senior Living - Rancho Cordova was very nice, but parking wasn't very good. Their rooms were a little bit larger and very nice. The gal who handled me was very good. They had everything..." More
Crosswood Oaks
6650 Crosswoods Circle, Citrus Heights, CA 95621
"Crosswood Oaks is terrific.I like it a lot. I met some of the staff members, they're very nice, the place is very clean, and they have a lot of activities. They have games, exercise classes, and..." More
Roseville Commons
275 Folsom Road, Roseville, CA 95678
"I think that Roseville Commons is excellent, and I like it among all the places we've looked at. Each resident has their own apartment and all of it is enclosed so my mom doesn't have to go..." More
Sierra Regency
1015 Madden Lane, Roseville, CA 95661
"What a place. They feed me,clean my room & make my bed. That way I have time to to use their indoor heated swimming pool & of course the jacuzzi. It is a tough life "BUT" I can handle..." More
Stock Ranch Road Retirement Community...
7418 Stock Ranch Rd, Citrus Heights, CA 95621
"We met with a staff lady there and she was friendly. When we visited they were full so we needed get a chance to look at the rooms, but the place is very clean. They were a lot of residents sitting..." More
Blossom Vale Senior Living
6125 Hazel Avenue, Orangevale, CA 95662
"We offer a home like setting and cheerful smiles from our professional staff who greet you every day. Our caring staff offers the assistance you need while respecting your independence. Our..." More
601 Feature Drive, Sacramento, CA 95825
"River's Edge had nice rooms that were a little larger because it's older. The older ones had larger rooms for the most part. The layout was very nice. The one staff member that I dealt with was..." More
Meadow Oaks of Roseville
930 Oak Ridge Dr., Roseville, CA 95661
"Located in the heart of Roseville, our lovely community is located in a nice, quiet neighborhood. Meadow Oaks of Roseville has a great variety of activities our residents can participate in. With..." More
3415 Mayhew Road , Sacramento, CA 95827
"Everybody at Golden Pond is friendly, and it's close to the VA clinic where my husband goes to a lot. Everything is excellent, so far. We liked it and chose it because it was convenient. We have..." More
Prairie City Landing
645 Willard Drive, Folsom, CA 95630
"I moved into Prairie City Landing, and I like it a lot so far. The staff is wonderful. They have lots of activities, and we just had an event with camping, fishing, and being outdoors. They had..." More
The Chalet
6487 Main Avenue, Orangevale, CA 95662
"I'm am very happy to be hear. It's a very clean safe place to live alone. I love the food . My room /bathrooms are cleaned 2-3times a day.. The staff is always helping everyone and we always have..." More
Eskaton Natomas Manor
2400 Northview Drive, Sacramento, CA 95833
"Eskaton Natomas Manor is very clean and there's always someone at the office to help. The ladies are always nice. There are nurses on duty all the time, and there are cords in the bedroom and the..." More
Sierra Pointe
5161 Foothills Blvd., Roseville, CA 95747
"So far we're really happy with the care that Sierra Pointe is giving to our grandma. The cleaning aspect of the apartment is going well, she said they come in once a week, and that they do a good..." More
Normandy Park Senior Apartments
7575 Madison Avenue, Citrus Heights, CA 95610
"Normandy Park is great and I really liked it. The people that work there are nice, friendly, and helpful. They have maintenance daily, the manager lives onsite, and they have activities every day..." More
Campus Commons Senior Community
22 Cadillac Drive, Sacramento, CA 95825
"I think Campus Commons is a beautiful place. My mother was temporarily in a different facility, but fortunately, a place at Campus Commons opened, so we switched her since the differences between..." More
Albert Einstein Residence Center
1935 Wright Street, Sacramento, CA 95825
"Albert Einstein Residence Center is a such a wonderful facility, and it has been a great experience for us. They have activities, and they provide meals. The apartments are very nice, spacious, and..." More
Arcade Creek Manor
6546 Auburn Boulevard, Citrus Heights, CA 95621
"Arcade Creek Manor was interesting because all of their units had front doors to the outside and a front porch. The units were a good size, although we only saw a model unit. I don't believe they..." More
Auburn Oaks
7501 Sunrise Blvd., Citrus Heights, CA 95610
"Auburn Oaks Senior Living, located in the heart of Citrus Heights, is a newly reopened independent living senior community which has undergone some common area renovations. The community offers..." More
7340 Stock Ranch Road, Citrus Heights, CA 95621
"Vintage Oaks Apartments offers a new concept in affordable housing for active seniors, 62 years plus. Each floor plan and community feature is designed with comfort, convenience and independence in..." More
Independent Living near Carmichael, CA
Other Options in Carmichael, CA
Recent Reviews of Independent Living in Carmichael
Review of The Atrium of Carmichael
Our experience so far with The Atrium of Carmichael seems good, my dad seems to be doing fine there. His accomodation seems good, the food is good and the people are nice. They have a laundry room,... Read more
My aunt-in-law is into Atrium of Carmichael. The staff is very nice, very polite, and very helpful. The accommodations are very well, it was a nice room, a good size, and the balcony was big. It wa... Read more
Review of Winding Commons
We went to Winding Commons. It was really nice, very welcoming, exactly what my aunt-in-law needed, but it was very expensive. The lady was very nice, the apartments were nice to look at, clean, go... Read more
Independent Living Checklist: What to Look for, What to Ask
Nursing Home, Assisted Living, or Independent Living?
The first step to finding the best senior housing for your loved one is to understand what type of care facility is the best fit. There are six main types of residential elder care options: _[Inde...
Independent Living or Assisted Living?
Independent Living Costs Explained
How to Pay for Independent Living
Independent Living near Sacramento County, CA
More Options Near Carmichael, CA
Assisted Living in Sacramento, California
Assisted Living in San Jose, California
In-Home Care in Sacramento, California
In-Home Care in Greenbrae, California
Senior Living in Sacramento, California
Senior Care in Sacramento, California


Can Santa save my career?
This time of year most professionals are more than ready for a little rest and relaxation. After trudging through nearly 12 months of deliverables and deadlines, proposals and projects, visions of sugarplums begin to dance in our heads. But don't go hanging your hat and hunkering down in front of the fireplace just yet.
The holiday season presents endless opportunities to advance your career and grow your network, so grab your jingle and let's start to mingle!
Holiday parties: Forget the water cooler — forge relationships over eggnog and figgy pudding. December offers an endless supply of social gatherings, open lunch blocks, and company holiday parties. Get out and join in the fun to network your way into the New Year.
As you hit the holiday hustle, don't simply stand in the corner chatting with the same ol' office buddies. Instead, challenge yourself to make two to three meaningful connections at each event you attend. If joining a colleague for coffee, step into the conversation with a desired takeaway (referral, new business idea, accountability partner, etc.). Networking with a purpose helps to ensure you walk away with more than a fruitcake.
Holiday cards: 'Tis the season to pass along holiday salutations and well wishes to those you hold dear. This year send holiday greetings with a goal in mind. Use this seasonal tradition to reconnect with key stakeholders — a gift for your favorite vendor, referral partner, boss or top-tier clients.
As you're making your list and checking it twice, consider those clients or contacts who did not generate the level of business expected. Suggest a follow-up meeting after the first of the year to reassess the relationship and provide them with up-to-date information on service offerings, training, etc. Find out how you can serve them better in 2017.
Holiday spirit: Music and mistletoe have even the stingiest of scrooges believing in magic. The holidays leave most people with an attitude of gratitude. Take hold of that holiday spirit and submit any outstanding requests you may have been holding back on.
Make the ask for a promotion, a second look in 2017, or a new project. Reach out to an industry leader and ask for a moment of his/her time. Invite a new prospect to lunch. Spread holiday cheer and making your desires clear. You never know when a wish might be granted.
It's the most wonderful time of the year! Step out this holiday season and lay the groundwork for a prosperous New Year.
Kris McGuigan is Cleveland's only Academy Certified Resume Writer and a trusted career advisor. She is the founder and president of Professional Courage, LLC and would love to connect with readers at www.linkedin.com/in/professionalcourage. She can be also reached at 216-403-5243.
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Kucovlasi (Šepavi Vlasi) /'šepavi'  u prenesaenom smislu označava njihov loš grčki jezik/, jedna od brojnih skupina Aromuna ili Vlaha nastanjeni na području Grčke i Makedonije, danas gotovo potpuno helenizirani. Kucovlasi su po svome govoru najsrodniji Cincarima koji su se također služili grčkim dijalektom, što je dalo povoda grčkim znanstvenicima (Mihail Hrisohu, Antonis Keramopulos, Efros Kurilas i Spiros Papageorgiju) da vlaške skupine smatraju latiniziranim malenim tračkim narodima koji su živjeli na područjima Grčke i susjednim krajevima Balkana. Ove tračke skupine, po njihovom mišljenju, poprimile su latinski jezik i mnoge običaje.

Kucovlasi pripadaju Karagunima. G. Weigand, (u "Die Aromunen, I, Leipzig 1895, 275.) opaža da ovi stočari, misli na Karagune (Kucovlahe) i Faršeriote sebe nazivaju Aromunima. Među sobom razlikuju se Faršerioti od Kucovlaha po bijelim odijelima. Grci ove Faršeriote nazivaju Arvanitovlasima jer sa svojim stadima dolaze iz Albanije, a uz aromunski govore i albanski jezik. Od Kucovlaha su Faršerioti na distanci, pa među njima ne dolazi čak ni do bračnih veza.

Prema socijeldemokratu Henriku Tumi broj Cincara i Kucovlaha iznosio je 1925. godine na području Makedonije 80 000.

Literatura
Mihail Hrisohu, Vlasi i Kucovlasi, 1909

Vanjske poveznice

Vlasi
Etničke grupe Grčke
Etničke grupe Sjeverne Makedonije

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Schizophrenia and the Mental Health System
homeNews & EventsSchizophrenia Facts Sheet
Schizophrenia is a serious, treatable brain disease that drastically affects behaviour. In its acute stages, it deprives a person of contact with reality.
Common symptoms include thought disorders, delusions, hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that do not exist), hostility and extreme suspiciousness or paranoia, social and emotional withdrawal, lack of motivation, difficulty in abstract thinking and depression.
The exact cause of schizophrenia is not known. Two neurotransmitters in the brain are believed to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. Genetic and environmental factors are also believed to be linked with development of schizophrenia.
Who is Affected by Schizophrenia
1 in 100 people will develop schizophrenia in their lifetime. In Ontario that is over 140,000 people.
Schizophrenia strikes men and women equally, and people of all racial, ethnic, class and economic backgrounds.
Schizophrenia generally strikes young people in the prime of their lives, in their late teens and early adult years.
Families are greatly disrupted by schizophrenia. Families are usually the primary care providers of people with schizophrenia. They must cope with the unpredictability of the individual affected, the side effects of medication, and with the frustration and worry about their loved one's future.
Economic Costs
Direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia in Canada are approximately $6.85 billion annually.1
It is estimated that less than 20% of people with schizophrenia are employed in the competitive market place.2
Social assistance programs (Ontario Disability Support Program and Ontario Works) are the main source of income for people with schizophrenia.
Social Costs
Schizophrenia has a profound impact on a person's development and ability to function in all aspects of life including self-care, family and social relationships, education, employment and housing:
Schizophrenia is ranked the third most disabling condition in the world.
Most people with schizophrenia cannot secure and maintain regular full-time employment.
60% to 70% of people with schizophrenia do not marry or partner.3
Approximately 60% of people with schizophrenia live with their families4 and most have difficulties socializing.
People with schizophrenia are over represented among the poor, homeless and prison populations.
Between 30% and 35% of homeless people and 75% of homeless single women in Toronto have a mental illness.5
Substance use/abuse is common among people with schizophrenia. Up to 80% of people with schizophrenia will abuse substances in their lifetime.6
Suicide is the leading cause of premature death among people with schizophrenia. 10% will die from suicide.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Hospital and community based mental health services are both essential for treatment and support of people with schizophrenia. The episodic and cyclical nature of schizophrenia means acute psychiatric services, including hospital stays will always be needed. Although most mental health care is provided outside of hospitals, hospitalization is important for people who remain chronically mentally ill despite treatment advances.
Comprehensive, effective treatment includes a combination of anti-psychotic medication, counseling or therapy, hospitalization if required, family and community education and support, and psycho-social supports such as housing and employment support, recreation and education.
Early diagnosis, intervention and treatment are vital for improving chances of recovery and limiting long-term damage resulting from schizophrenia.
Anti-psychotic medication is the cornerstone of treatment for schizophrenia. Unrestricted access to anti-psychotic medications through both private and public drug plans is essential in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Access to Treatment
People with schizophrenia occupy 1 in 12 hospital beds in Canada. 7 This is the greatest number of beds occupied by a specific condition. Despite this, many families affected by schizophrenia experience difficulties securing treatment for their family members with schizophrenia. Shortages of acute care hospital beds, mental health laws which make it difficult to necessitate treatment, premature discharge and misdiagnosis are barriers to treatment.
The average length of stay in hospital for schizophrenia is decreasing. The length of stay dropped from 38 days per year in 1995 to 27 days per year in 1999.8
People who are chronically and severely mentally ill often remain symptomatic after discharge from hospital and would continue to benefit from hospitalization.
Hospital discharge planning could be improved to avoid discharge without family consultation or plans for essential follow-up services by the hospital or other services. Clinicians discharge approximately three of four patients back to their families.9
Studies show that when community mental health programs such as ACT teams and case management are in place, they reduce hospitalizations, emergency room visits and crisis. ACT programs have been shown to reduce hospitalization.
Bill 68, also known as Brian's Law, was passed in 2000 making provisions for Community Treatment Orders (CTOs). CTOs are contracts issued by physicians that define treatment programs or the conditions under which someone with a mental illness may live in the community.
CTOs can only be issued for people with a prior psychiatric history. They do not assist families in securing treatment or care for their loved ones for the first time.
Violence and Mental Illness
There is a tendency in the media and among the public to associate violence with mental illness. The majority of people who are violent do not suffer from mental illnesses and most people with schizophrenia do not hurt anyone. In fact they are more at risk of self-harm than of perpetrating violence. 10
People with schizophrenia are not violent because of mental illness: there can be so many other factors at play that can influence a violent outcome, such as a past history of violence (regardless of having a mental illness or not), substance use, and failure to take medication. 11
When people with mental illness do exhibit violent behaviour, it is usually not directed at the general public; the most common targets of violence are family members with the behaviours being seen in the home, not in public. 14
In the rare cases where violent acts are committed by someone with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, the individuals responsible are often found to be in need of medication. Violence, then, is often a treatment issue and individuals with severe mental illness need access to the right treatment and community support. Mental health laws which necessitate treatment before an individual demonstrates risk to oneself or others are required.
A subset of people with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders may be violent if their paranoid delusions and other symptoms are not treated, especially if they are abusing alcohol or drugs. However, numerous studies show that when symptoms are treated, the risk of violence is very low. 12
In most cases where violent acts are committed, the individuals responsible are found not to be taking their medication. Violence, then is a treatment issue and individuals with severe mental illness need access to treatment. Mental health laws which necessitate treatment before an individual demonstrates risk to oneself or others are required. 13
How we talk about violence and mental illness matters
The language we use to talk about mental illness, mental health and violence matters and can impact not only public perception but propagate stigma, misunderstanding, and social exclusion for those living with mental illness. Derogatory terms such as "crazy," "insane," "psychotic," etc., are just some examples of insensitive, hurtful terminology that should at all costs be avoided in respectful, constructive conversation.
According to the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA), "the fear that people with mental health conditions may be dangerous or violent is at the core of the stigma, discrimination and social exclusion experienced by individuals with mental health conditions. Research on public perceptions and attitudes about mental health have identified stereotypes that people with a mental illness pose a threat to public safety. Indeed, a 2008 study found that one in four Canadians admitted they would be fearful to be around someone with a serious mental illness. Existing research indicates that these fears are misplaced." 15
The term "mental illness" is also misleading because it suggests a permanent state. In many cases, symptoms of acute mental illnesses are brief and often surrounded by periods where the person is well (in recovery). Thus, a person can experience mental well-being in spite of a diagnosis of a mental illness.15
For more information: Violence and Mental Health, Canadian Mental Health Association
We cannot stress enough the importance of early intervention (i.e. getting diagnosed and treated when the symptoms first start or when they recur) as well as appropriate treatment and support for people impacted by serious mental illness like schizophrenia and psychosis, because even in the cases of schizophrenia where there is that very tiny percentage of people with schizophrenia that do have a dangerous or violent outcome, it's almost always because they are uncared for or are untreated on under-treated, and are left to cope on their own with an illness that isn't being maintained or managed well.
Criminalization of People with Mental Illness
Research shows that when appropriate services such as case management and supportive housing are available, the number of crises requiring immediate intervention, including intervention by police, significantly decreases. Hospitalizations are reduced by up to 86%.15
Without inadequate treatment options available, the police and criminal justice sector are currently handling more and more people with severe mental illness.
The Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police recognizes that vulnerable people are having greater contact with the police and criminal justice system due to the inadequate funding of community mental health services.16 Between 1998 and 2001, uniformed police in London doubled the time they spent dealing with people with serious mental illness from 5,000 to over 10,000 hours per year .17
Impact of Schizophrenia and Psychosis (Infographic)
1 Goeree, R., et. cal. (2005). The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in Canada in 2004, Curr Med Res Opin. 21(12):2017-2028.
2 Lauriello, J. et. al. (1999). A Critical Review of Research on Psycho-social Treatment of Schizophrenia, Society of Biological Psychiatry. Vol. 46, pp. 1409-1417.
3 Health Canada. A Report on Mental Illnesses in Canada. Ottawa, Canada 2002.
4 Seeman, M. (1998). The Family and Schizophrenia, Human Medicine, 4(2) pp. 96-100
5 Mayor's Homelessness Action Task Force (1999). Taking Responsibility for Homelessness: An Action Plan for Toronto.
7 In Line, E. (no date). An Introduction to Early Psychosis Intervention. Canadian Mental Health Association.
9 In Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario Division. Fact Sheet 3 – Who provides mental health care in Ontario.
10 Canadian Mental Health Association (2003). Violence and Mental Illness. Fact Sheet available at http://www.ontario.cmha.ca/content/reading_room/factsheets.asp
11 Torrey, Fuller (2006). Violence and Schizophrenia. Available at http://www.psychlaws.org/GeneralResources/110006SchizophreniaResearch.htm
15 https://ontario.cmha.ca/documents/violence-and-mental-health-unpacking-a-complex-issue/
16 http://www.oacp.on.ca/resolutions/view.html?ID=52 17 http://www.oacp.on.ca/PresentationDonnerStudy.pdf
Ask the Expert Helpline
1-855-449-9949 / asktheexpert@schizophrenia.on.ca
© 2019 Schizophrenia Society of Ontario
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Former Facebook And Google Employees Form Group To Warn Of Social Media Dangers
Facebook appeals to your lizard brain — primarily fear and anger.
Feb 06, 2018 2:43am
By Harper's BAZAAR UK
Former staff at Facebook and Google have created a group to warn us about the dangers of smartphones and social media on our mental health.
The Centre for Humane Technology says that, while Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Google "have benefited the world enormously", they are under financial pressure to keep us glued to social media and the effects aren't positive. The group says that Snapchat "turns conversations into streaks, redefining how our children measure friendship", Instagram "glorifies the picture-perfect life, eroding our self worth", while "Facebook segregates us into echo chambers, fragmenting our communities".
"The race to keep us on screen 24/7 makes it harder to disconnect, increasing stress, anxiety, and reducing sleep," says a statement on the group website. "The race to keep children's attention trains them to replace their self-worth with likes, encourages comparison with others, and creates the constant illusion of missing out."
RELATED VIDEO: TEN WAYS TO GETA BETTER SLEEP
"The race for attention forces social media to prefer virtual interactions and rewards (likes, shares) on screens over face-to-face community," it continued, before highlighting its threat to democracy. "Social media rewards outrage, false facts, and filter bubbles—which are better at capturing attention—and divides us so we can no longer agree on truth."
The organisation also plan to launch an anti-tech addiction lobbying campaign at 55,000 schools across the US called The Truth About Tech. It aims to counter some of the negative effects of too much social media usage, including depression, anxiety and low self-worth.
Facebook appeals to your lizard brain—primarily fear and anger," said Roger McNamee, an early Facebook investor. "And with smartphones, they've got you for every waking moment."
Via: Harper's BAZAAR UK
CultureIs 2017 the Year We All Quit Social Media?
Culture7 Things A Young Professional Should Never Do On Social Media
undefined: Harper's BAZAAR UK


We come now, tentatively, incrementally, languidly, into the warmer months. (As I write this, a charcoal batting of clouds clings to the city like a death shroud.) As we do, we come to the season of session beers--light, balanced, refreshing. I know some of you will allow me to pry your cold, dead fingers off your bottles of IPA only ... well, never. Happy drinking. For the rest of you, I have a perfect suggestion that functions simultaneously as a liquid aeroplane: the wonderful new Helles from Pints.
The unassuming helles bier is like a good friend--so comfortable and relaxing that you sometimes forget to take notice of it. But when you do, you will find mighty properties hiding in plain sight. Helleses are popular throughout Bavaria, but they evoke the town of Munich especially. I had been making my way slowly south by the time I finally made it into some of the truly mammoth beer halls of Munich and drinking a good deal of helles along the way. But there's a special enthusiasm for helles in the city, and I watched with wonder as relatively slight (and others who were not so slight) slugged back liters of the stuff. They were especially avid in the Hofbrauhaus which, sad to say, has the worst helles in Munich. If you happen to visit, go there for a quick half liter so you can shake hands with the ghosts of the place, but then depart hastily for the nearest Augustiner.
Or you could just go to Northwest Portland and have a pint of Pints' Helles. (Sorry, no liter maßkrug for you.) Helles, for as simple as it is in appearance, is a balancing act of real difficulty. The elements are not shouty; they whisper. But that doesn't mean they aren't distinctive. It took a trip to Bavaria for me to understand German malt--and therefore malt itself--and the liberal sampling of helles biers. Base malts can contribute so much if you let them. In helleses, the bready malts communicate fresh-baked loaves, warmth even. They are soft and round. In middling helleses, the hops are absent or nearly so, but this is wrong. They should lightly spice the beer and enhance the malt's flavors and aromas. All of this is true about Alan Taylor's Helles at Pints--and I'm not surprised that a German-trained brewer knew what to do.
I would take a growler to the pub so that you can take home what amounts to roughly two liters of this summery potion. If you split it with someone else, while you're watching the squirrels steal your cherries, say, you'll have just enough for one proper Munich measure.
I don't know if I ever could - or perhaps, should - choose a favorite beer style. But if I had to choose the style I most often enjoy drinking, Helles would likely be it.
If one was in Munich and wanted a great option, Kloister Andechs is a short train ride away and their Helles is fantastic, as is the setting it can be consumed int.


This TRANSITION SERVICES AGREEMENT (the "Agreement") is effective as of [ ], 2005 by and among Instinet Group Incorporated, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware ("Buyer"), Bridge Trading Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Delaware (the "Company"), and Reuters America LLC, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the State of Delaware ("Reuters"). Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings specified in the Purchase Agreement (as defined below).
WHEREAS, in consideration of the benefits that Buyer will receive from the provision of such services to the Company, Buyer will pay Reuters for such services on the terms and conditions hereafter set forth.
referred to in this Agreement collectively as the "Services" and individually as a "Service." Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, all Services will be provided as of the Closing.
1.2 Except as otherwise stated herein; (i) if a Service being provided hereunder is maintained for any Reuters Entity's internal use, such Service shall be provided hereunder in a manner consistent with the standard in effect from time to time at which such Service is maintained for such own internal use; (ii) if such Service being provided hereunder is no longer maintained for any Reuters Entity's own internal use, such Service shall be provided in a manner consistent with the standard at which such Service was maintained for such own internal use prior to the date on which such Service was discontinued; and (iii) if such Service is being provided by a Third Party Service Provider and such Service is not maintained for any Reuters Entity's own internal use, such Service shall be provided in a manner consistent with the standards (if any) set forth on the applicable Schedule attached hereto. If Reuters believes in its sole reasonable judgment, that it is unable, either directly, through a Reuters Entity or a Third Party Service Provider, to provide any one or more of the Services due to the impracticability of providing such Service, the parties hereto shall cooperate to determine an alternative approach.
1.3 The Buyer and the Company shall use their reasonable best efforts, in connection with receiving the Services, to follow the policies, procedures and practices of the Service Providers in effect as of the applicable date, including providing any reasonably necessary documentation and information sufficient for any Service Provider to perform the Services and making available, as reasonably requested by any Service Provider, all necessary cooperation, sufficient resources and timely decisions, approvals and acceptances to permit the Service Provider to meet its obligations hereunder. If Buyer or Company fail to meet their obligations in Section 2 or this Section 1, and a Service Provider is unable to provide Services in connection therewith, then such Service Provider shall not be deemed in breach of this Agreement for such inability to the extent caused by such failure of Buyer or Company.
1.4 If Reuters causes any Services to be provided hereunder by a Third Party Service Provider, Buyer and/or the Company shall, if required by such Third Party Service Provider, enter into an agreement with such Third Party Service Provider with respect to such Services, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
Buyer and the Company hereby acknowledge and agree that the Services provided to the Company hereunder are transitional in nature and that any Service Provider may make changes from time to time in the manner of performing one or more Services, subject to the terms and conditions in the applicable Schedule, if any. In the event any Service Provider makes changes to any Service maintained for a Reuters Entity's own internal use, then Reuters shall have the option to have similar changes made in the same or similar Services provided hereunder.
Reuters shall, or shall cause the relevant Service Provider to give the Company reasonable notice of any such change in the Services provided hereunder.
1.6 Buyer and/or the Company shall obtain all consents, licenses, sublicenses or approvals necessary to permit any Service Provider to provide the Services hereunder. Buyer or the Company shall pay all fees and expenses relating to such consents, licenses, sublicenses or approvals. No Service Provider shall have any obligation to provide Services hereunder until all necessary consents, licenses, sublicenses or approval are obtained.
1.7 In providing any of the Services hereunder, no Reuters Entity or Third Party Service Provider shall be obligated to (i) hire any additional employees, (ii) maintain the employment of any specific employee or (iii) purchase, lease or license any additional equipment or assets.
1.8 It is understood and agreed that no Reuters Entity shall be obligated to perform, or cause any Third Party Service Provider to perform, any Services in a volume or quantity which exceeds the historical volumes or quantities of such services performed for the Company. No Reuters Entity shall be required to perform or cause any Third Party Service Provider to perform any of the Services for the benefit of any third party or any other entity other than the Company.
2.1 Buyer and the Company hereby grant to each Service Provider a non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable, royalty-free license to any Intellectual Property (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and any and all hardware, equipment, systems and related items, that are owned or (where either of them has the right to grant such license hereunder or can procure such right without any material costs) used by either of them, as is reasonably necessary for any Service Provider to provide the Services hereunder. Such license is granted solely for the term of this Agreement for the sole purpose of enabling such Service Provider to provide such applicable Service(s). Such Service Provider shall not use or disclose such license for any purpose unrelated to the provision of the applicable Service(s), except as required by applicable statute, law, rule or regulation.
2.2 Buyer and Company shall provide the Service Providers and their employees, agents, consultants and contractors reasonable access at reasonable times to facilities, hardware, equipment, systems, Intellectual Property and related items and personnel of Buyer and the Company, at no cost to any Service Provider, as is reasonably necessary in order for such Service Provider to provide such Services pursuant to the terms hereof; provided, however, that Reuters shall ensure that all reasonable efforts are made to avoid and mitigate any interruption of or interference with Buyer's and the Company's business activities.
sublicensable and non-transferable license to use all hardware, equipment and software reasonably necessary for the Company to use such Service(s). Such license is granted solely for the term of this Agreement for the sole purpose of enabling the Company to use such applicable Service(s). The Company and Buyer shall not use or disclose such license for any purpose unrelated to use of the applicable Service(s), except as required by applicable statute, law, rule or regulation.
3.1 Buyer shall pay Reuters or, to the extent required by any Third Party Service Provider, such Third Party Service Provider, for each Service provided by any Service Provider at the rate set forth in the Schedule relating to such Service during the term applicable to such Service.
4.1 All amounts due to Service Providers from Buyer and the Company for the Services shall be billed monthly by Reuters (or, to the extent required by any Third Party Service Provider, by such Third Party Service Provider) in arrears. All items on invoices shall be payable by Buyer and the Company in United States currency within 30 days from the date of receipt of the invoice. All amounts are subject to interest charges of 1-1/2 percent that will accrue daily as of the payment due date.
4.2 Buyer and Company shall be responsible for any sales, use, value added, federal excise, withholding, utility, gross receipts, state and local surcharges, and all other similar taxes, charges or levies lawfully levied by a duly constituted taxing authority against, upon or in respect of the Services (except for taxes on the net income of any Service Provider and franchise taxes imposed on such Service Provider by the jurisdiction under the laws of which such Service Provider is organized or has its place of business), unless such taxes, charges or levies are imposed by reason of a Service Provider's failure to complete and deliver to Buyer or Company from time to time, so long as it is eligible to do so, any form required by a taxing authority or reasonably requested by Buyer or Company in order to secure an exemption from, or reduction in, such taxes, charges or levies.
5.1 The employees, agents or representatives of any Service Provider providing services to the Company under this Agreement shall not be deemed employees, agents or representatives of the Company or Buyer. Similarly, the employees, agents or representatives of the Company or Buyer shall not be deemed employees, agents or representatives of any Service Provider. Neither party, nor its employees, agents or representatives, is authorized to act on behalf of or to bind any other party in any manner whatsoever. The provisions of this Agreement shall not be interpreted as creating any kind of joint venture, partnership or other association between (i) the Company or Buyer, on one hand, and any Service Provider, on the other hand, or (ii) any Reuters Entity, on one hand, and any Third Party Service Provider, on the other hand.
5.2 Each of Buyer and the Company acknowledges that the Reuters Entities are not in the business of providing the Services to third parties. With respect to such Services, it is understood and agreed by each of Buyer and the Company that such Services are being provided at Buyer's request and solely to accommodate Buyer and the Company during the transitional period following the Closing.
6.1 Reuters is a limited liability company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the State of Delaware. Reuters has all requisite power and authority to enter into this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder.
6.2 The execution, delivery and performance by Reuters of this Agreement and the consummation by Reuters of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly authorized and approved by all necessary corporate action. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by Reuters and, assuming that this Agreement is a legal, valid and binding obligation of each of the other parties hereto, is a legal, valid and binding obligation of Reuters, enforceable against Reuters in accordance with its terms.
Agreement, and has failed to cure such violation or failure to comply within 20 days after receiving written notice thereof from Buyer.
(c) Buyer or the Company becomes the subject of a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or liquidation proceeding, makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or admits in writing its inability to pay debts when due.
9.1 Except where a shorter term is set forth on Schedule A for a particular Service, the term of this Agreement shall commence as of the Closing and shall remain in effect until December 31, 2005 (the "Term"), unless earlier terminated with respect to all Services or with respect to any one or more Services, in each case, in accordance with this Agreement. The Service Provider shall have no obligation to renew or extend this Agreement or any Service provided hereunder.
9.2 Sections 5, 9.2, 9.3, 10, 11, 12 and 13 shall survive termination of this Agreement.
9.3 Upon termination of this Agreement or the earlier termination of any Service(s) hereunder, Buyer and the Company shall be obligated to return to Reuters, and Reuters shall be obligated to return to Company, as soon as is reasonably practicable, any equipment, hardware or other property thereof relating to the Service(s) which is in the Buyer's or the Company's control or possession or Reuters' control or possession, as applicable.
whether in contract, indemnity, warranty, strict liability or tort, and whether or not caused by or resulting from negligence, willful misconduct or breach of any obligation of any kind, with respect to this Agreement or the Services provided hereunder.
10.2 Without limiting any other provision in this Section 10, the liability of any Service Provider to Company and Buyer for any damages resulting from the failure of such Service Provider to provide any Services to Company hereunder shall be limited to the lesser of (a) Company's incremental out-of-pocket cost of performing such Services itself and (b) Company's incremental out-of-pocket cost of obtaining such service from a third party; provided that Company and Buyer shall exercise all reasonable efforts under the circumstances to minimize the cost of any such alternative to such Services by selecting a cost-effective alternative which provides the functional equivalent of the Services replaced. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in no event shall any party hereto (or any Third Party Service Provider) be liable under this Agreement for an aggregate amount in excess of the aggregate amount received by Reuters from Buyer and/or Company in respect of the Services rendered hereunder.
10.3 Without limiting any other provision in this Section 10, the sole responsibility of any Reuters Entity (or any Third Party Service Provider) to Buyer and Company for errors or omissions in the Services provided hereunder shall be to use its commercially reasonable efforts to make such Services available and/or to resume performing the Services as promptly as reasonably practicable or to furnish corrected information or adjustment to such Services; provided that Company shall promptly advise Reuters and any Third Party Service Provider of any such errors or omissions.
10.4 BUYER AND COMPANY EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE SERVICE PROVIDERS DO NOT MAKE AND HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES OR GUARANTIES (IN EACH CASE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED) WITH RESPECT TO THE SERVICES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY OF THE FOREGOING RELATING TO MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR USE FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, SUITABILITY, QUALITY, RELIABILITY, ADEQUACY, ACCURACY OR VALUE, OR THE VALUE OF ANY RESULTS TO BE GENERATED THEREFROM. THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER SOLELY ON AN "AS IS" BASIS.
duties and obligations, and the exercise of its rights, under this Agreement. Each party shall use, and shall cause all authorized recipients of the other party's Confidential Information to use, the same degree of care to protect such party's Confidential Information as it uses to protect its own Confidential Information, but in any event not less than a reasonable degree of care.
(d) is required to be disclosed pursuant to applicable law, statute, regulation, rule, court order, subpoena or judicial process, provided that the receiving party shall promptly as reasonably practicable inform the disclosing party of any such requirement, disclose no more information than is so required, and cooperate with all attempts by the disclosing party to obtain a protective order or similar treatment.
11.3 Notwithstanding Section 11.1, Buyer and Company may disclose the Confidential Information of Reuters, and Reuters may disclose the Confidential Information of Buyer or the Company, to: (a) its employees and the employees, directors and officers of its affiliates as necessary to implement this Agreement; (b) employees, agents or representatives of the other parties hereto as necessary to implement this Agreement, or (c) other persons (including counsel, consultants, lessors or managers of facilities or equipment used by such party) in need of access to such information for purposes specifically related to either party's responsibilities under this Agreement, provided that any disclosure of Confidential Information under clause (c) shall be subject to the appropriate assurances that the recipient of such information shall hold it in strict confidence in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. The receiving party shall be liable for any unauthorized use or disclosure of Confidential Information by any of the foregoing persons.
11.4 Upon termination or expiration of this Agreement, the receiving party shall promptly cease, and not thereafter commence, any and all use of such Confidential Information of the disclosing party.
11.5 At any time upon the request of the disclosing party, the receiving party shall promptly return all Confidential Information (including any copies, extracts and summaries thereof, in whatever form and medium recorded) to the disclosing party or, at the disclosing party's option and upon such disclosing party's written request, shall promptly destroy or delete it and provide such disclosing party with written certification of such destruction or deletion.
11.6 The parties hereto will maintain documentation relating to the information and Services contemplated by the Schedules and cooperate with each other in making such information available as may be required in connection with any tax audit, whether in the United States or any other jurisdiction or country.
11.7 Each party hereby acknowledges that any violation of this Section 11 could cause irreparable harm, the amount of which may be difficult to determine, thus potentially making any remedy at law or in damages inadequate. Each party, therefore, agrees that a party shall have the right to apply to any court of competent jurisdiction for an order restraining any breach or threatened breach of this Section and for any other equitable relief which may then be available, without posting any bond or other security. This right shall be in addition to any other remedy available in law or equity.
12.1 Nothwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in no event shall any Service Provider be liable to Buyer or Company for any failure to perform hereunder that is due to war, riots, embargoes, strikes or other concerted acts of workers (whether of a party hereto or of others), casualties, accidents or other causes to the extent that such failure and the consequences thereof are reasonably beyond the control of such Service Provider (any such event, occurrence or condition, a "Force Majeure").
resume provision of the suspended Services upon the later of the termination or expiration of Buyer's legally binding commitments under contracts with third parties for alternative services or the cessation or remedy of the Force Majeure.
13.1 No Third-Party Beneficiaries. Except for the foregoing, this Agreement is for the sole benefit of the parties and nothing herein expressed or implied shall give or be construed to give any person or entity (other than the parties) any legal or equitable rights hereunder.
13.2 Entire Agreement. This Agreement (including the Schedules, which are hereby incorporated in the terms of this Agreement and made a part hereof) sets forth the entire understanding and agreement among the parties as to matters covered herein and supersedes any prior understanding, agreement or statement (written or oral) of intent among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof.
13.3 Succession and Assignment. In the event of a permitted assignment hereunder, this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties named herein and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Buyer and the Company may not assign or sublicense (whether by operation of law, merger, change of control or otherwise) this Agreement or any of their rights, interests, or obligations hereunder without the prior written approval of Reuters in its sole discretion; provided that Buyer or Company may assign, without Reuters' prior written approval, all (but not part) of its rights hereunder to any of its Affiliates in connection with the transfer or assignment of the Company and/or all or substantially all of the Company's business to such Affiliate; provided, further, that any such assignment shall not relieve Buyer or the Company, as the case may be, of any obligation hereunder. Any attempted action in violation of the foregoing shall be null and void ab initio and of no force and effect.
13.4 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument.
13.5 Headings. The Section headings contained in this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement.
or to such other address as a party may specify by notice from time to time in writing to the other parties in the manner specified in this Section.
13.7 Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction; Appointment of Agent for Service of Process; Waiver Of Jury Trial.
(a) THE AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
any objection to the venue of the courts designated in this Section 13.7 (whether on the basis of forum non conveniens or otherwise), and accepts and submits to the jurisdiction of such courts in connection with any legal action or proceeding against it arising out of or concerning this Agreement.
(c) Each party hereby agrees to at all times maintain an agent to receive service of process in the State of New York. The foregoing shall not affect, limit or prevent the parties from serving process in any other manner permitted by law.
(d) EACH OF THE PARTIES HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY AND ALL RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE RELATED AGREEMENTS OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY.
13.8 Waivers and Amendments. No waiver shall be deemed to have been made by any party of any of its rights under this Agreement unless the same is in writing and is signed by Buyer and Reuters. Any such waiver shall constitute a waiver only with respect to the specific matter described in such writing and shall in no way impair the rights of the party granting such waiver in any other respect or at any other time. To be binding, any amendment of this Agreement must be effected by an instrument in writing signed by Buyer and Reuters.
13.9 Severability. If any term or other provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced by any rule of law, or public policy, all other conditions and provisions of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect so long as the economic or legal substance of the transactions contemplated hereby is not affected in any manner adverse to any party. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or incapable of being enforced, the parties hereto shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in an acceptable manner to the end that transactions contemplated hereby are fulfilled to the extent possible.
13.10 Expenses. Except as otherwise provided herein, each party will bear its own costs and expenses (including legal fees and expenses) incurred in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Transition Services Agreement to be executed as of the date first above written.


Take cream cheese out of the refrigerator a half hour ahead of time to soften.
Place individual sheets of tin foil larger than the tortillas on the counter.
Spread the cream cheese over the surface of the tortillas all the way to the edges and with an even thickness.
Layer smoked salmon in slightly overlapping slices over cream cheese to edges.
Peel the cucumber, leaving some skin intact (stripes along the length). Slice as thinly as you can. Layer these over the salmon not overlapping, but side by side.
Using the foil to help you roll the tortilla up, roll up the tortilla into a log shape, ensuring the roll is tight. You may need a dab of cream cheese to hold the edge of the tortilla in place, it should be firm and compact.
Refrigerate until just prior to serving.
TIP: Capers are a traditional accompaniment to Smoked Salmon. Adding a few of these on top of the cream cheese before you add the salmon adds a delicious vinegary-salty counterpoint to the salmon.
Click here for more delicious recipes made with Bruegger's own kettle-cooked bagels & Vermont cream cheese. Craft your own culinary creation today!


Marble was never a material associated with delicate executions, what with its solid feel and weight… until now. With the recent partnership between MM Galleri, a pioneer in the marble, furniture, design, and manufacturing sector, and Sharikat National, a business enterprise known for its building design and development, the tough material can now be bent, shaped, and fashioned for a variety of uses.
The premise of the technology borne from the collaboration lies in a combination of highly sophisticated equipment and skills of expert craftsmen, slicing marble to extremely thin dimensions and bent to cover surfaces of any shape or framework that's formed by metal or wooden structures. As a result, a variety of home furnishings — ranging from curved benches and counters to statement dining tables and bathtubs — can now have the chic marble finish that's become a staple in modern interior design.


text:
@implementation RKAuthClientFirebase

+ (RKAuthClient *)firebaseAuthClientWithFirebase:(Firebase *)firebase
{
  return [[RKAuthClient alloc] initWithConfiguration:[self defaultConfigurationWithFirebase:firebase]];
}

+ (RKAuthClientConfigurationBlock)defaultConfigurationWithFirebase:(Firebase *)firebase
{
  FirebaseSimpleLogin *simpleLogin = [[FirebaseSimpleLogin alloc] initWithRef:firebase];
  id<RKAuthClientBasic> basicHandler = [[RKAuthClientFirebaseBasicHandler alloc] initWithSimpleLogin:simpleLogin];
  id<RKAuthClientEmail> emailHandler = [[RKAuthClientFirebaseEmailHandler alloc] initWithSimpleLogin:simpleLogin];
  id<RKAuthClientFacebook> facebookHandler = [[RKAuthClientFirebaseFacebookHandler alloc] initWithSimpleLogin:simpleLogin];
  id<RKAuthClientTwitter> twitterHandler = [[RKAuthClientFirebaseTwitterHandler alloc] initWithSimpleLogin:simpleLogin];

  return [^(id<RKAuthClientConfiguration> configuration) {
    [configuration setBasicHandler:basicHandler];
    [configuration setEmailHandler:emailHandler];
    [configuration setFacebookHandler:facebookHandler];
    [configuration setTwitterHandler:twitterHandler];
  } copy];
}

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub