Genesis 4 and 5 records the history of the Antediluvian world in a highly condensed account. From the genealogical list, which is probably complete without any gaps, the time between Adam and the flood of Noah---which occurred when the latter was 600 years old---can be calculated to be almost exactly 1656 years. If one takes Barry Setterfield's chronology as more accurate, the time period from Adam to the Flood was 2256 years.
During this time period, man was much healthier than he is now; the gene pool, less corrupted by subsequent harmful mutations and other defects; and the environment on earth, was much more favorable to good health and long life, as can be seen by the recorded pre-flood longevities.
While classical evolutionary theory presupposes earth's early atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere (devoid of Oxygen) newer scientific evidence confirms what Bible scholars had previously suspected: the earth's ancient atmosphere probably contained a larger fraction of oxygen than it does at present. It is even possible that photosynthesis in plant life was more efficient than it is now. A warmer average climate in ancient times would also mean a higher rate of oxygen generation by the more numerous plant life.
At age 65, Enoch became the father of a son whom he named Methuselah, a name which means "when he dies it (the flood) shall come." Enoch went on to walk with God another 300 years and was taken up ("translated") into heaven by God without dying. Methuselah survived to age 969, the oldest man who ever lived. True to prediction, the flood came the year Methuselah died.
"Is this book (Genesis) from God? God has given you and me a life to watch just as Methuselah's generation watched his. It is your own life. God has written "Methuselah" on each one of us. "His death shall bring it," or "When he dies, it will come." How far is it till the end of the world for you? When you die. That is the end of the world. That is the end of man's day. Is it fifty years from now, ten, tomorrow? Who knows? But at any moment, when he dies, it will come."
In this formula Pn is the population after n generations beginning with one man and one woman; n is the number of generations---found by dividing the total time period by the number of years per generation.
The variable x can be thought of as the number of generations that are alive when P(n) is evaluated. Therefore, if x is 2, the generations that are alive are generations n and n-1. This means that only a generation and its parents are alive. It seems reasonable to choose x = 3 most of the time. Taking x = 3 means that when P(n) is evaluated generations n, n-1, and n-2 are all alive.
C is half the number of children in the family. If each family has only two children, the population growth rate is zero, but a reasonable and conservative number of children per family is 2.1 to 2.5 as far as historical records are concerned. (The derivation of the above equation has been added as Note A at the end of this article).
Allowing for famine, disease, war, and disaster, a few sample calculations will show that the earth's population could have easily reached several billions of people between the time of Adam and the time of the flood. It is even quite possible that the preflood population was much higher than it is now.
Genesis 4:21-22 gives suggestions of the development of music and advanced technology during this period. Family reunions must have been spectacular affairs with average life-spans well over 900 years! Human culture and even technological achievements before the flood may well have been superior and dazzling in comparison to what we see now, even though evil in that society eventually increased to the point of that civilization's self-destruction. When the Flood destroyed the Antediluvian world only eight persons were rescued on the Ark of Noah.
A home computer spread sheet or a hand calculator can be used to iterate world population growth rates for various realistic values of n, C, and x. This will soon convince the skeptic that the earth can be easily filled full of people in a few thousands of years.
"...Assume that C = 2 and x = 2, which is equivalent to saying that the average family has 4 children who later have families of their own, and that each set of parents lives to see all their grandchildren. For these conditions which are not at all unreasonable, the population at the end of 5 generation would be 96, after 10 generations, 3,070; after 15 generations, 98,300; after 20 generations, 3,150,000; and after 30 generations, 3,220,000,000. In one more generation (31) the total would increase to 6.5 billion.
"The next obvious question is: How long is a generation? Again, a reasonable assumption is that the average marriage occurs at age 25 and that the four children will have been born by age 35. Then the grandchildren will have been born the parents have lived their allotted span of 70 years. A generation is thus about 35 years. Many consider a generation to be only 30 years. This would mean that the entire present world population could have been produced in approximately 30 x 35, or 1,050 years.
"The fact that it has actually taken considerably longer than this to bring the world population to its present size indicates that the average family is less than 4 children, or that the average life-span is less than 2 generations, or both. For comparison, let us assume then that the average family has only 3 children, and that the life-span is 1 generation (i.e., that C = 1.5 and x = 1). Then...in 10 generations the population would be 106 after 20 generations, 6,680; after 30 generations, 386,000; and after 52 generations, 4,340,000,000...At 35 years per generation, this would be only 1,820 years. Evidently even 3 children per family is too many for human history as a whole."
"...the recorded average age of the nine antediluvian patriarchs was 912 years. Recorded ages at the births of their children ranged from 65 years (Mahalalel, Gen. 5:15; Enoch, Gen. 5:21) to 500 years (Noah, Gen. 5:32). Everyone of them is said to have had "sons and daughters" so that each family had at least 4 children, and probably more.
"As an ultraconservative assumption, let C = 3, x = 5, and n = 16.56. These constants correspond to an average family of six children, an average generation of 100 years and an average lifespan of 500 years. On this basis the world population at the time of the Flood would have been 235 million people. This probably represents in a gross underestimate of the numbers who actually perished in the Flood.
"Multiplication was probably more rapid than assumed in this calculation, especially in the earliest centuries of the antediluvian epoch. For example, if the average family size were 8, instead of 6, and the length of a generation 93 years, instead of 100, the population at the time of Adam's death, 930 years after his creation, would already have been 2,800,000. At these rates, the population at the time of the Deluge would have been 137 billion! Even if we use rates appropriate for the present world (x = 1 and C = 1.5), over 3 billion people could easily have been on the earth at the time of Noah."
Consider the descendants of Jacob (Israel) who numbered 70 persons (Ex. 1:5, Dt. 10:2) when they went down to stay there while Joseph was Prime Minister. They remained 400 years (Gen. 15:13, Acts 7:6; Ex. 12:41 says "430 years"), and numbered 600,000 able-bodied men, plus women and children when they left under Moses (Ex. 12:37, Nu. 11:21). If a generation was 40 years, then 10 generations is the total. A total population of 2 million would be generated, starting with only couple, if the average number of children per family was 8, which is an entirely reasonable number, since Genesis 47:27 says the Jews "multiplied exceedingly" during their sojourn in Egypt. If a generation were 30 years, then the number of children per family would have averaged 5.6. The lifespans of the average person were evidently longer than today, Moses lived 120 years (Ex. 33:39) and his brother Aaron 123. Their father Amram lived to be 137 (Ex. 6:20).
P = 3.7 x 102091 persons.
In contrast the total number of electrons in the universe is only 1090!
Assuming that man has been on the earth for a million years or so, as the evolutionist adamantly insists, we calculate that the entire universe would now be filled full of dead bodies! A population of 1090 in one million years requires that the number of children per family be less than 2.0176.
The total surface area of the earth is about 5 x 1014 square meters. If we allowed every man, woman and child a square meter and filled all the land masses with people the earth would hold no more than 1014 persons. (That is, one hundred thousand billion persons). In one million years this number would be reached only if the average number of children per family were less than 2.0026. The average number of children per family over the past 2000 years has been of the order of 2.1.
The following chart assumes the human race began with two persons, Adam and Eve, relatively recently. Population growth was very rapid for 1656 years until the Flood of Noah reduced the population to eight persons (4 couples). I have arbitrarily chosen the population at the time of the Flood as 9 billion, though as shown above this may be too conservative. Very little data on world population is available until recent times, so a few intermediate points have been selected. I have guessed the world population at the time of Abraham at 5 million. For example there seems to be broad agreement that the world population at the time of Christ was between 200 and 300 million. The latest demographic data used to plot this chart is available on the Internet and is referenced below. See Note B.
In order to show the narrow range of values of C which will generate very large populations in a short time, my associate Gordon A. Hunt of Stanford University (gordo@sun-valley.Stanford.edu) has plotted sets of curves from the standard population for x = 2 and x = 3 and for several values of C. His plots are shown below in Note C.
Note D has been added as a comment on the uncertainty of world population at the time of Christ.
The following graph is helpful in correlating population growth of the world with population estimates for the Jewish population in the world from Jewish scholars. Adapted from A Historical Address of the Jewish People, Ed. by Eli Baranavi, Schocken Books, New Yoprk, 1992, by Simon Burckhardt.
The formula is a standard one and easily derived.
S(n) = 2 + 2c + 2c2 + 2c3 +....+2cn individuals.
S(n) = 2 [c(n+1) - 1] / (c-1).
However we have to allow for people dying all the time. Let the average life-span be represented by x generations.
In the nth generation then all those who were in the (n-x) generation will have died.
P(n) = S(n) - S(n-x) = 2[c(n-x+1)][cx - 1] / (c-1).
The way to understand this formula in practice is to use a hand calculator and play around with some "typical" values of x and c. If c = 1 then of course the population growth is zero. We do not know much about ancient population growth rates, but there is reasonable data for the past 2000 years, and 2.1 children per family seems to be typical. Evolutionary time scales require that the average number of offspring over most of history would have been only of the order of 2.0026 children per family. If this is the case, why a jump from 2c = 2.0026 to 2c = 2.1 only in the last 2000 years or so? Helpful illustrative examples can also be quickly run on a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel. It is then very easy to vary x and c over a whole range of limits.
It is impossible to prove conclusively that the world fully populates itself in only a few thousand years. The point is, this short time scale scenario is actually more reasonable than millions of years given what we do know about population growth rates in the last millennia or two.
As noted above, we have very little actual population data except for the past 200 years. For the time of Christ, most demographers make an intelligent guess that the world population was between 100 and 300 million. The lower figure tends to be preferred.
We are not entirely ignorant of the world population between about 3000 BC and the time of Christ. The size and extent of ancient cities and their approximate periods of prominence are known from archaeology. Ancient historians give us some clues, and of course Christians consider the Bible to be fully accurate as it relates to Israel and the surrounding region. There is legitimate reason to speculate on the time interval between Noah and Abraham, but Abraham's day seems to have been around 2000 BC. The traditional date for the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt is approximately 1400 BC.
"The evolutionist may object and say that the rate has drastically accelerated only in recent centuries. So, let us consider that the "normal" growth was such as to produce only the earth's population as many people have been born into the world as it was at the time of Christ, about 200 million people. This is the oldest date for which anyone has even a reasonable guess as to the population.
The value of c necessary to give 200 million people in 25,000 generations can be calculated as 1.0007 and the corresponding number of people who had lived and died in that period would still be over 300 billion.
Therefore, using the most conservative figures for which we have even the remotest justification, if the theory of human evolution is true, there have been at least 300 billion people who have lived and died on the earth--almost all of them a long time before Christ came into the world and before any other revelation was given to man about God!
A good question to consider is: Where were they buried and what happened to their bones? An even more disturbing question is: What happened to their souls?
It may be claimed that none of these calculations really prove anything, since no one really has any way of knowing exactly what birth and death rates and what population figures existed in prehistoric times. This is quite true, of course, but the known facts of population growth do fit the Biblical chronology very well and they do not fit the assumed evolutionary chronology at all.
Scientists work in terms of "models" and try to evaluate each proposed model of a particular process in terms of the "degree of fit" of the known data into that model. On this basis, we are abundantly justified in concluding that the creationist model with its brief chronology fits the actual known data of population statistics far better than does the million-year evolutionary model. In terms of scientifically-accepted standards of evaluation, this can only mean that, on this issue at least, creationism is much more "scientific" than evolutionism.
The results using this equation are practically the same as from the full equation, when n becomes large.
where G is the annual percentage increase in population and P(y) is the population after y years. From this equation, one can calculate that G would have to be about 0.5 percent per year to produce the present world population in the assumed 4,300 years since the Flood. This is only one-fourth the present growth rate of ~2 percent per year.
It is possible, of course, to specify changing growth rates of family sizes on any arbitrary basis one chooses, in order to make the results come out to any predetermined value. This is what evolutionists have to do in order to account for such a small present world population after such a long imagined evolutionary history. Nevertheless, the simplest and most straightforward population models, based upon all the real population statistics that are available, clearly correlate with the Biblical chronology as the true framework of human history.
The total world population, of course, has long since been subdivided into various nations and other groupings, even though the original population was all in one small group. When, and on what basis did these subdivisions take place? The development of different nations is in the domain of ethnology."
Note C: Some Plots of the Population Growth Equation.
Both the x and y axes are logarithmic. The vertical axis is the total population and the x axis is the number of generations required to reach a given population starting from 2 people in the first generation. C is half of the number of children per family, on average. To convert the horizontal axis to years after creation, multiply n by the average number of years per generation, i.e., the number of years elapsing from first-born to first-born. In populations where people marry young and have many children population soars. Thus no society can sustain growth rates where C = 2.5 to 3.0 for very long. On the other hand there is no historical evidence for very low overall population growth rates over very long periods of time (hundreds of thousands or millions of years). The total population after 300 generations is indicated on each chart.
Let us put reasonable bounds on the value of the world's population in AD 1. For the sake of example, I'll choose a lower bound of 50,000,000 (8 significant figures specified), and an upper bound of 200,000,000 (9 sig. figs. specified). Similarly, I'll put bounds on the population in AD 1000 at 250,000,000 and 350,000,000 (both exact).
P(n) is a monotonically increasing function of c for the values of x and n chosen. Therefore, if the actual populations in AD 1 and AD 1000 lie within the given bounds, then c must lie within the interval [1.00897, 1.0809].
The following plot is a rough estimate of world population from the time of the Flood of Noah, until the birth of Jesus, (53 generations). For discussion purposes the population at the time of Abraham, eleven generations after the Flood, has been taken to be one million people. The population at the time of Christ was assumed to be 300 million people. The date of the Flood was taken to be about 3500 BC, based on Barry Setterfield's chronology.
1. Henry M. Morris, The Biblical Basis for Modern Science, Appendix 6 (Baker Book House; Grand Rapids, 1984). This book gives many more examples of population growth rates, considerations of disease, war, famine. etc. Available from the Institute of Creation Research (ICR). PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA 92021. Excerpt: Babel and the World Population: Biblical Demography and Linguistics.
2. Ian T. Taylor gives his own population estimates consistent with those of Morris in In The Minds Of Men: Darwin And The New World Order.
3. Robert Craig Long, author of a very interesting book, "The Politicians: things of heaven and things of earth" has detailed estimates of population growth rates calculated by a different method than given by the above formula. Long's overall conclusions, included on his web page, are similar to those presented above.
5.The Population of the PreFlood World, by Tom Pickett (added April 8, 1998).
From Adam to Noah, average human lifetimes were very nearly 1000 years. First-born children arrived when their parents were of the order of 100 years in age. The time period from Adam to Noah is 1656 years in a tight reading of the genealogy, or 2256 years if one chooses to use the preferred Hebrew text of the Old Testament. The First-century historian Josephus, (Antiquities of the Jews, Chap. 2 vs. 3 footnote), says that Adam and Eve had 33 sons and 23 daughters, that is, c = 28. If this was a typical family size, the total world population before the Flood would have been totally beyond any reasonable numbers. There were ten generations from Adam to Noah and a more reasonable family size would appear to be at least 5 children per family. Based on the assumption of 4 to 9 children per family on average, the following sets of curves have been prepared.
The line of Seth given in Genesis 5 suggests that children began to be born when the parents were of the order of a hundred years old. The name of the son (the heir) is given first in this list and then the text continues, "...and (so and so) begat (other) sons and daughters." This would suggest an average family size of at least 5. But more than 5 or 6 surviving children per generation would lead to an impossibly large total population by the time of the Flood. However, this assumes present-day mortality rates. The genealogies in Genesis 5 all begin with a son. But, there could well have been daughters born earlier, or non-inheriting sons. We are merely told the name of the next in line in the family descent, i.e., the name of the heir.
Small family sizes when men and women were capable of bearing children for more than 400 years seems strange to us today--unless the sexual drive was much different then as compared to now. On the other hand, death rates could have been very high before the Flood. When a new disease appeared suddenly amongst the Antediluvians the death rate might have been enormous. Human bodies as yet had no immunity to new diseases back then, no antibodies to fight a new disease. Humans were created with the capacity to adapt over time to fight germs and infections. Nowadays, late in time, our bodies carry all manner of antibodies against a myriad of germs and infections. But what was it like when our race was just adjusting in a fallen world full of deadly perils?
Probably the world population by the time of the Flood was indeed many billions of people, but there is a lot we do not know about this amazing period of human history before the Flood.
9. Human Population Dynamics Revisited with the Logistic Model: How Much Can Be Modeled and Predicted?
General: For most of history, human population had an almost imperceptible impact on the Earth, reaching only about 5 million by 8000 B.C. It continued its slow growth and reached 500 million around 1650. At this rate, it was doubling about every 1,500 years. Then, a population explosion occurred. By about 1810, human population had doubled to a billion in less than 200 years. It doubled again to 2 billion in just over 100 years. Today, human population growth continues to accelerate, doubling now in just 39 years!
World Population Clock Updates every thirty seconds.
Over Population Control," Second Edition, Table 1.
Durand: J.D. Durand, 1974. Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation (University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, Philadelphia), mimeo.
D & C: United Nations, 1973. The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends, Vol. 1 (United Nations, New York).
WPP63: United Nations, 1966. World Population Prospects as Assessed in 1963 (United Nations, New York).
LR: United Nations, 1992. Long-range World Population Projection: Two Centuries of Population Growth, 1950-2150 (United Nations, New York).
Interp: Estimate interpolated from adjacent population estimates.
For the first time since China's great famine claimed 30 million lives in 1959-61, rising death rates are slowing world population growth. When the United Nations released its biennial population update in late 1998, it reduced the projected world population for 2050 from 9.4 billion to 8.9 billion. Of the 500 million drop, roughly one third is the result of rising death rates.
The two regions where death rates are already rising, or are likely to do so, are sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, which together contain 1.9 billion people, nearly one third of humanity.
This rise in mortality does not come as a surprise to those who track world population trends. The demand in many countries for food, water, and forest products is simply outrunning the capacity of local life support systems. If birthrates do not come down soon enough, natural systems deteriorate and social services fall short, forcing death rates up.
Lester Brown, Gary Gardner and Brian Halweil of the Worldwatch Institute have identified three specific threats that either are already pushing death rates up or that have the potential to do so–the HIV epidemic, aquifer depletion, and shrinking cropland area per person.
"Of these three threats, the HIV virus is the first to spiral out of control in developing countries," says Brown. "The HIV epidemic should be seen for what it is: an international emergency of epic proportions, one that could claim more lives in the early part of the next century than World War II did in this century." In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV already infects one fifth to one fourth of the adult population in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Swaziland. Barring a medical miracle, many African countries will lose one fifth or more of their adult population to AIDS within the next decade.
The virus has also established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent. With 4 million of its adults now HIV positive, India is home to more infected individuals than any other nation. And with the infection rate among India's adults at roughly 1 percent–a critical threshold for potentially rapid spread–the HIV epidemic threatens to engulf the country if the government does not move quickly to check it.
In some countries, the HIV virus is reversing gains in life expectancy made in the last several decades. For example, in Botswana, life expectancy has fallen from 62 years in 1990 to 44 years in 1998. In Zimbabwe, it has fallen from 61 years in 1993 to 49 years in 2000 and could drop to 40 years in 2010.
A second consequence of continuing population growth is potentially life-threatening water shortages. If rapid population growth continues indefinitely, the demand for water eventually exceeds the sustainable yield of aquifers. The result is excessive water withdrawals and falling water tables. Since 40 percent of the world's food comes from irrigated land, water shortages can quickly translate into food shortages.
Dozens of developing countries face acute water shortages early in the next century, but none illustrate the threat better than India, whose population, which is expanding by 18 million per year, will soon reach 1 billion. New estimates for India indicate that water withdrawals are now double the rate of aquifer recharge, a serious matter where half of the grain harvest comes from irrigated land.
"In a country where 53 percent of all children are already malnourished and underweight, a shrinking harvest could increase hunger-related deaths," says Brown. In contrast to AIDS, which takes a heavy toll of young adults, hunger claims mostly infants and children.
The third threat hanging over countries where rapid population growth continues is shrinking cropland per person. As this occurs, at-risk nations become increasingly dependent upon imported food. But those same nations might not be able to afford the imported food–and, eventually, the food simply will not be available, as world import needs exceed exportable surpluses.
Among the larger countries where shrinking cropland per person threatens future food security are Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Pakistan. For example, as Nigeria's population goes from 111 million today to a projected 244 million in 2050, its grainland per person will shrink from 0.15 hectares to 0.07 hectares. Pakistan's projected growth from 146 million today to 345 million by 2050 will shrink its grainland per person from 0.08 hectares at present to 0.03 hectares, an area scarcely the size of a tennis court. Countries where grainland per person has shrunk to 0.03 hectares, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, each import some 70 percent of their grain.
The threats from HIV, aquifer depletion, and shrinking cropland are not new or unexpected. It has been recognized for at least 15 years that the HIV virus could decimate human populations if it was not controlled. Similarly, "the arithmetic of emerging water shortages is not difficult," Brown says. A growing population with a water supply that is essentially fixed by nature means that the water supply per person will diminish over time. The same is true for cropland per person. "The mystery is our failure to respond to the threats associated with continuing population growth," says Brown.
One of the keys to helping countries slow population growth is expanded international assistance for reproductive health and family planning. At the U.N.'s Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, it was estimated that the annual cost of providing quality reproductive health services to all those in need in developing countries would cost $17 billion in the year 2000. By 2015, this would climb to $22 billion.
Industrial countries agreed at Cairo to provide one third of the funds, with the developing countries providing the remaining two thirds. While developing countries have largely honored their commitments, the industrial countries, importantly the United States, have reneged on theirs. In late 1998, the U.S. Congress withdrew all funding for the U.N. Population Fund, the principal source of international family planning assistance.
Beyond family planning, the forgiveness of international debts by governments in the industrial world could enable poor countries to make the heavy investments in education, especially of young females, that accelerates the shift to smaller families.
As U.N. delegates prepare in June, 1999 to evaluate the progress made since the 1994 Cairo conference, there is a desperate need for leadership in stabilizing world population as soon as possible, Brown emphasizes.
WASHINGTON, March 22 /U.S. Newswire/ -- The world's population increased by 1.2 percent in 2002 to total more than 6.2 billion, the U.S. Census Bureau said today in a report on global population trends. The rate of increase translated into a net addition of about 200,000 people per day and 74 million per year, roughly equivalent to the population of Egypt in 2002.
According to the report, Global Population Profile: 2002, the pace of global population growth peaked just over a decade ago. The increase of 74 million in 2002 is substantially below the annual high of 87 million people added in 1989-90. The rate of growth is well below the high of about 2.2 percent a year experienced 40 years ago.
Census Bureau projections show the slowdown continuing into the foreseeable future.
-- The slowdown in global population growth is linked primarily to declines in fertility. In 1990, the world's women, on average, were giving birth to 3.3 children over their lifetimes. By 2002, the average had dropped to 2.6 children -- slightly above the level needed to assure replacement of the population. Census Bureau projections show the level of fertility for the world as a whole descending below replacement level before 2050.
-- While fertility was the dominant factor underlying national, regional and global population growth during the past 50 years, the large proportion of women in their reproductive years in current national and global populations will account for much of the population change expected to occur over the next 50 years.
-- "Population aging," the rise in all regions in the size of older age groups relative to younger ones, will be an increasingly significant trend in coming decades. The world's older population is expected to grow considerably. In 2050, there will be more than three times as many people age 65 and older as there are today. In contrast, the number of children is expected to remain relatively stable over the next five decades.
-- Census Bureau projections indicate a number of African countries will experience levels of mortality during this decade that will lower the average life expectancy at birth to around 30 years by 2010, a level not seen since the beginning of the 20th century. Much of this decline in life expectancy is likely to result from AIDS (news - web sites) mortality.
The report summarizes the key trends in international demography at the dawn of the 21st century. It is accompanied by a special report on HIV (news - web sites)/AIDS, The AIDS Pandemic in the 21st Century, and a four-page summary, Global Population at a Glance: 2002 and Beyond.
All three were released by the Census Bureau's International Programs Center, which collects and analyzes population and related statistical information from all countries.
Editor's Note: The report can be accessed at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/publist.html.
Simulations based on a model of human population history and geography find that an individual that is the genealogical ancestor of all living humans existed just a few thousand years ago. Writing on page 562 of this issue, Rohde, Olson and Chang1 address a simple but fascinating question: how far back in time must we go to find an individual who was the ancestor of all present-day humans? After a little consideration, the existence of such an individual (the 'universal ancestor' or, as the authors put it, our 'most recent common ancestor') should not surprise: I have two parents, four grandparents, and the growth in the population of my ancestors is close to exponential as I trace them back in time. This is true for anybody's ancestors, and there must soon be an overlap between the ancestors of two or more randomly chosen individuals (Fig.1).
In simplified models, which assume random mating, the average number of generations back to a universal common ancestor has been estimated 2-4 to be around log2n, where n is the population size. So if, for instance, the present-day population were to consist of 1,000 people, the average number of generations back to the universal ancestor would be log2(1,000) " about 10 generations. For populations of size 106, or the present human population of size 6 x 109, it would be 20 or 33 generations, corresponding to 500 or a bit more than 800 years, respectively (assuming a generation time of 25 years). This is surprisingly recent.
And an even more surprising conclusion from such models is that, only a little farther back in time, a large fraction of the population will be the ancestors of everybody alive today. The remaining individuals back then will be the ancestors of no one. As Rohde et al.1 describe it, "When genealogical ancestry is traced back beyond the [universal ancestor], more and more people in earlier generations become ancestors of the [whole] present-day population". At a certain point in history (the 'identical ancestors' point), people can be divided into two groups: either they are common ancestors of all present-day humans, or their lineages have died out. Being the ancestor of only some living humans is not an option. At this point, Rohde et al. say, "everyone alive now had exactly the same ancestors". In the simplest model, the fraction of 'ancestors-of-all' is about 80%, and in most estimates so far, the time back to the 'identical ancestors' point is a bit less than twice the number of generations back to the first universal ancestor.
These estimates are not only astonishing, however; they are also unrealistically low, because of the simplicity of the underlying models. Key missing factors are geography (which influences population structure) and history (which affects population growth), and these are the ingredients that Rohde et al. have taken seriously to arrive at more credible estimates of the time back to the universal and identical ancestors.
The authors carried out simulations based on several scenarios, incorporating different degrees of population growth and different degrees of isolation of subpopulations, with occasional migration linking these subpopulations. The authors' first model is relatively simple and includes up to ten large subpopulations, which exchange just one pair of migrants per generation. In one set of estimates based on this model, the mean time back to the universal ancestor is 2,300 years (76 generations, assuming a generation time of a bit less than 30 years) and to the identical ancestors it is 5,000 years (169 generations) " the time of Aristotle and the first pyramids, respectively. The latter date is especially startling: had you entered any village on Earth in around 3,000 BC, the first person you would have met would probably have been your ancestor! A considerably more detailed model, which describes population density within continents, the opening of ports and more, does not change these estimates much.
The main weakness in the models comes from migration. As the authors point out, if one region is totally isolated (something that they do not simulate), with no migrants connecting it to other subpopulations, then the universal ancestor must logically have lived before the period of isolation began. Only after that period ends would the dates for the universal ancestor become less distant. Because of the effects of isolation, had we been living in 1700, say, and tried to work out when our universal and identical ancestors lived, the answers would have been further back in time than the answers we obtain now. Tasmania, for instance, was conceivably completely isolated at the time, and probably had been for millennia; this would therefore have pushed back the dates for universal and identical ancestry. So uncertainties about population structure introduce uncertainty into the proposed dates.
The genealogical questions addressed by Rohde et al. are distinct from questions about the history of our genetic material. In models that trace genetic material back in time, any given nucleotide position in our genomes can eventually be found in a single individual and on a single chromosome. Thus, being in the pedigree of all of humanity does not imply that an individual makes a significant genetic contribution to the present population. In fact, that individual might have contributed nothing. This distinction is also illustrated by 'mitochondrial Eve' -- the woman who purportedly lived hundreds of thousands of years ago and carried mitochondrial genes that are ancestral to all present mitochondrial genes. In Fig. 1 you would reach this Eve by tracing only female lineages backwards (rather than both lineages).
Universal common ancestry (in the pedigree sense) and genetic common ancestry thus occur on different timescales. The former is proportional to log2n, and if you were to double the current population size, the expected time back to the universal ancestor would move back by only one generation in the simple model. But the time back to the genetic common ancestor is typically proportional to the population size, and so doubling the population size would double the time back to that kind of ancestor. The fact that the number of ancestors in a pedigree increases exponentially, whereas the number of genetic ancestors increases much more slowly, has the consequence that not many generations ago (about six), members of our pedigree existed that did not contribute to us genetically. So being somebody's great-great-great-great grandparent is no guarantee of genetic relatedness. To properly understand genetic ancestry, we need the concept of the ancestral recombination graph5, 6 a generalization of traditional phylogeny that traces genetic material back in time in the presence of genetic recombination.
The increased ease of obtaining genome-sequence data from individuals, and the number of large-scale projects cataloguing variation in the human population, will increase our ability to test hypotheses about human history. Combining pedigree and genetic ancestry will become more and more important, both for data analysis and in exploring properties of population models 7. Many interesting questions lie ahead. For instance, how much genetic material (if any) did the universal ancestor pass on to the present population? What about that for a non-universal ancestor from the same time? In the idealized models, how far back would one have to go to find a single couple who are the lone ancestors of everybody? And how much could be known about humanity's pedigree if we knew the genome of everybody?
2. Kammerle, K. J. Appl. Prob. 27, 880885 (1989).
5. Griffiths, R. C. Theor. Popul. Biol. 19, 169186 (1981).
7. Hein, J. J., Schierup, M. H. & Wiuf, C. H. Gene Genealogies, Variation and Evolution (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004).
8. Total Numbers: How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? | How Many People Have Ever Lived?
Originally written 1987, last update July 31, 2007. April 9, 2019.


This Homemade Sinitic Friedcake recipe is reminiscent of the ones you get from the Asiatic sideboard course fare but made from handwriting in fewer than 1 hour.
My grandpa, my dad's dad, Cherished Island buffets. I could never believe why whenever we reliable to create a phratry party his prototypal prime, and subsequently the place we ended up at, was almost ever a Asiatic counter. Even for primary occasions! Whether it was the matter or the precedential citizen decrease he conventional, I leave never jazz.
Sadly he lost his fight to cancer Jan 1st 2015, which was a angulate begin to the assemblage for us. Those soft things active him, equivalent the fact that he worshipped Island buffets or that he was the exclusive person to solace tendency me "poet lady" seem to place out the most to me works. Randomly conclusion period I had a rugged craving for Chinese doughnuts, the ones that seem to be in the dessert music of every Chinese-American furniture.
Stream 2 inches of canola oil into a cloudy bottomed pot with a deep-fry thermometer pledged. Alter to 350°F.
Meantime, in the ball of a substance processor, syndicate the flour, sweetening, seasoning, and hot explosive. Add the butter and rate individual present to cut the butter into the flour until the motley resembles coarse repast. You can also do this by give with a pastry liquidizer. Strike in the concentrate until united.
Metamorphose the dough out onto a floured shallow and dust the dough with flour. Gently pat the dough out until it's a 1/2-inch in broadness. Use a 2-inch hone biscuit cutlery to cut out circles.
Fry the doughnuts a few at a period, existence deliberate not to overcrowd the pot. Fry until halcyon phytologist and sauteed through, some 2 minutes per cut, beingness careful not to let them damage. Let drainpipe on a paper bag (or material towels) to cheat up the spare grease.
While comfort hot, generously cover apiece friedcake in granulated sugar. Service. Doughnuts are someone served the day they are prefab.


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Smart Cities In India
Here's why India needs smart cities that are immune to consequences of natural disasters
The frequency at which earthquakes and other natural disasters' are hitting India and other Asian countries, has got everyone worriedGizmodo India Bureau | January 04, 2016, 16:00 IST
The recent earthquake in North-east India has shocked everyone. The frequency at which earthquakes and other natural disasters' are hitting India and other Asian countries, has got everyone worried. We can't do much to avoid these natural disasters as they are planned by the almighty, not humans; however, a bit of consideration towards nature could help prevent them. What else? Building smart cities that are immune to natural disasters is another option that one may consider.
The latter is not easy and needs a lot of investment, thorough planning, and strategic inputs from leading names in the field of science technology. Smart cities won't only help us tackle natural disasters in an efficient manner, but will also make the cities networked. This will result in efficient, safe, and better delivery of services across the country.
Yesterday, even Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasised on the need of building smart cities while addressing the 103rd Indian Science Congress that is being held in the University of Mysore. He said, "For the first time in human history, we are in an urban century. By 2050, two-thirds of the world's population will live in cities and three billion people will join 3.5 billion dwellers, with 90% of the increase from developing countries."
"Though these cities are the major engines of economic growth, employment opportunities and prosperity, but they account for more than two-thirds of global energy demand and result in up to 80% of global greenhouse gas emission. That is why I have placed so much emphasis on smart cities," Modi added.
Stressing on the importance of developing better scientific tools to improve city planning, the PM also asked science delegates to share how we can build cities more immune to the consequences of natural disasters and our homes more resilient.
Tags : Industry, Smart Cities In India, smart cities, PM Modi, natural disasters, Narendra Modi, earthquake
Salarpuria Sattva buys plot in Hyderabad IT hub for Rs 650 crore
Last-mile funding for stuck home projects a big draw for investors
Stalled projects: Centre's stand differs on Amrapali, Unitech
Blackstone, K Raheja to launch Rs 3,000 crore REIT
K Raheja, DB Realty, others seek special connectivity to Mumbai Metro for projects
Peninsula Land defaults on Rs 2.35 crore loan payment to SBI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chiara Scarpitti
Fashion | February 13, 2013 |
The symbol word originally means to throw together, but also unite, put together. The symbol in the jewel is her essence. "The symbolic moves itself in the unpredictable feeling, in the natural instinct. The irrationality and the mysticism is a concept that encompasses ancestral all peoples by ever". The symbol evokes feelings of things in unpredictable ways. Its presence in the jewel is in a dialectical relationship with that element poetic and visionary, and becames concrete action in the reality of all days. The assumption is that the fascinating and mysterious world of natural geometric forms, dominated by images, lines, dots, numbers and enigmatic formulas, is particularly suitable for the design of a contemporary jewelry. This stimulating survey of the forms in the universe often leads us in front of ancient myths, who magical powers attract still now.
The design approach is alchemic. The starting point of alchemy is the unity of matter: matter is one, but can take myriad forms and be combined in many others inexhaustible ways. From raw material borns also the work of a designer. Both a designer that an alchemist work with the idea of "practice trasmutatoria". For both, values are given specifically to the mass, space, light and shadow, and is active the participation of the body to these physical elements. Both live and think the object of their search. Oriented research, however, to the "recovery of manual dexterity, to the practical experiment, to the verify in the laboratory". The haute couture tailoring techniques, along with inkjet prints on silk combine the industrial chemical cut steel to create a new type of jewellery between design and craftsmanship, unicity and seriality. There's an attempt to return with an aura of mystery and magic in who wears this jewel. Reactions between jewelry and body, between jewelry and another, between jewelry and the space around him, "Reaction Poétique".
Chiara Scarpitti is a designer, specialized in contemporary jewellery. Her works are spread over different levels of the contemporary, on new design methodologies, using the most innovative and experimental production techniques between industry and craft.
more. www.chiarascarpitti.com | Info: info@chiarascarpitti.com
ORUM RESIDENCE BY SPF: ARCHITECTS
Design | January 23, 2022
Perched atop a Bel Air hilltop, Orum is a three-level, 18,800-square-foot home designed to subtly 'float' above its environs. Given its prominent positioning above a relatively developed neighborhood, the motivation behind the design of the home was to create a residence that could meld into its surroundings while maximizing views. The three-story structure, which takes on the shape of a three-winged propeller, is wrapped in glass that mirrors its sweeping views of the Los Angeles Basin, unobstructed from the Getty Center to Long Beach, Century City, and Downtown. Read more
LULU BAR BY DC.AD
LULU is a bar and restaurant project with approximately 170m2, inserted on the ground floor of an early nineteen century building, located in the Santos parish, in Lisbon. The functional program includes a bar area, with seating and service counters; a customer area, with seating and a dance area; customer sanitary facilities; and technical areas with restricted access, such as the kitchen, pantry, and storage. Read more


In late January the catering division of Stephen Starr Events (known for their restaurants Buddakan and Morimoto) won the catering contract for the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx and last night they hosted an event with the wedding industry, 'Love is in the Air'. It was a perfect way to celebrate the first day of Spring!
Click here to see the Event Album.


Newsagent, General Store & Off Licence.
We also have National Lottery, Payzone and London Congestion Charges can be paid during opening hours.
A proper cafe to sit down and enjoy some hearty food located off Tesco's roundabout in Maldon (near Arrow Taxi).
Bacon Roll & Tea/Coffee 99p – Breakfast Baguette (Egg, Bacon & Sausage) & Tea/Coffee ONLY £3.00.
Poets Estate Newsagents in Maldon.
For home delivery of daily newspapers and magazines, photocopying service and pay point machines. General grocery items and convenience store.
The Jolly Sailor is a charming country inn and family restaurant, located in the village of Heybridge Basin overlooking the Blackwater in Essex.
Situated near the Blackwater and Chelmer Navigation Canal Lock Gates, it makes for pleasant trips on the river or canal, or leisurely strolls to the historic town of Maldon.
New for 2013, Mrs Semolina's Country Deli. We're open for fresh olives and home baked breads, pickled eggs and onions. All products are available to both the public and the trade . Call the Jolly Sailor on 01621 854210 or the office/answer phone on 01621 842610.
Supporting Row4aReason Heybridge Basin in 2013.
Great fish and chips in Great Baddow.
Lovely fresh fish & chips, kebabs, burgers plus much more in the centre of Witham.
The Roundbush pub is set in the countryside on the outskirts of the village of Purleigh close to the town of Maldon in Essex.
we are a tradional country pub with our own unique cafe/diner that is attached to one end of the building.
we have recently developed one area of the pub into a pool room and are about to modernise our cafe into a Retro 50's Diner.
what ever your visit you will be sure of a warm welcome…….
A high-quality roofline is an important investment, will protect your property from costly weather damage and saves you the stress of constant repairs. Our low maintenance roofline products come in a range of different colours to match and compliment the appearance of your home.
The new and exciting Local-Ad website has just been launched. Built using the latest WordPress techniques we are showing off our Web Design skills.
We also have changed our Online Directory so you can leave feedback about your experience which altogether makes it a much more healthy experience.


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Q: Training a classifier in Rails and Using it, where to start? I'm not sure if this belongs here so please correct me if not. Heres my problem..
I have a rails application that fetches tweets containing a certain hashtag and then (currently) matches the words in the tweet again positive and negative dictionaries to decide if the tweet is 'positive' or 'negative'. These terms are subjective so it would be more accurate if it had a model that I could teach which tweets are good and which are not.
Do I have the right idea here or is there a better solution?
If so how would I go about this and where would I start in implementing it to do this, I mostly understand the concept of teaching a model but not how to implement it.

A: You can use Akismet and TypePad AntiSpam integration for Rails.
Complete documentation here
introduce Rakismet to your model:
class Comment
  include Rakismet::Model
end

you can even see the railscast to configure your application

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Back to "Pool Table Felt Championship"
Championship offers premium performance billiard fabrics at surprisingly affordable prices. We offer a complete line of Worsted, Woolen and Specialty Fabrics in over 30 decorative colors.
This 21-ounce fabric offers the added feature of DuPont Teflon. The product is bathed in DuPont Teflon (not sprayed on) to give it the most complete protection in spill/stain prevention which makes it perfect for home and commercial use. Invitational with Teflon is available in 24 colors.


text:
By Cycling News July 26, 2018 3:36pm
Updated: July 26, 2018 3:36pm
La Clasica San Sebastian Femenina in the works for 2019
Organisers aim to bring the race to the Women's WorldTour
Movistar women's team ahead of Setmana Ciclista Valenciana
(Movistar Team)
Malgorzata Jasinska and Alba Teruel - Movistar Team presented their new UCI women's team for 2018
Organisers of the men's WorldTour race Clásica Ciclista San Sebastián, Ciclistas Euskadi-OCETA, announced Thursday that they intend to promote a women's race in 2019.
Star-studded field gathers for Clasica San Sebastian – Preview
Details emerge of new La Clasica San Sebastian Femenina
The organisation made the announcement at the San Sebastián City Council as part of the official presentation for the men's race, which will take place on August 4. Organisers said that the overall goal is to eventually build the new women's race to the highest level, aiming to become part of the Women's WorldTour.
"Euskadi-OCETA wants to promote the La Clásica San Sebastián Femenina, which is possible to become a reality in 2019," organisers stated at the presentation.
"The objective is, on the one hand, to encourage and promote women's cycling at a high level and base; and, on the other hand, promote equality and equity in sports."
La Clásica San Sebastián Femenina will makes its debut on August 3, 2019, held on the same weekend as the men's race. Although the goal is to become part of the Women's WorldTour, it won't happen in its first edition. The UCI have already announced the 2019 Women's WorldTour calendar, which will include 23 races between March and October.
The men's Clásica Ciclista San Sebastián will celebrate its 38th edition this year. The presentation included Julian Eraso, president of OCETA; Bingen Zupiria, Minister of Culture; Denis Itxaso, deputy of Sports; Eneko Goia, mayor of San Sebastián; Maite Iturbe, director of Eitb; and David Martínez, general director of Diario Vasco.
This year's parcours is 228.7 kilometres and will include three sprints in Irun, Oiartzun and Irun. A race for the climbers, the route will also include eight climbs: two category 1 climbs, two of category 2 climbs, and four of four category 3 climbs, and for the most part, is the same course used last year. The race ends with the steep Murgil Tontorra, a 1.8km climb that has an average of 11% grade with pitches as steep as 22%, followed by a descent to the finish line.
The men confirmed to race this year's Clasica Ciclista San Sebastian include Julian Alaphilippe (Quick-Step Floors), Egan Bernal (Team Sky), Tony Gallopin (AG2R La Mondiale), Bauke Mollema (Trek-Segafredo), Primoz Roglic (LottoNL-Jumbo) and Alejandro Valverde (Movistar).
Spanish one-day race welcomes Egan Bernal, Adam Yates and Dan Martin
Women's race to include challenging climbs Jaizkibel, Arkale and Murgil


Workshop: College Prep – The Do's & Dont's of Academics: Are You Academically Eligible for the NCAA?
Are you Academically Eligible to Play NCAA Sports?
Matt Hunt, the founder and CEO of College Hunt Educational Consulting, recently presented a live online workshop where he went over the Do's & Dont's of Academics as you prepare for the college selection process. In this workshop he goes over the requirements needed to be academically eligible. (See the video of the workshop down below) Matt prides himself in being able to help high school athletes reach their goal of becoming collegiate athletes. His focus is making sure that athletes make the right decisions off the field as well as on it. Matt's experience of being a counselor at Rancho Bernardo High School has attributed to a wealth of knowledge regarding eligibility at the NCAA level.
Are YOU Academically Eligible to Become an NCAA athlete?
*If you have achieved the 4 requirements listed above, then the NCAA would declare that you have met the requirements to be deemed academically eligible.
*It is especially important for current sophomores and freshman to mind the change in policy as it will have the most effect on their academic eligibility.
Do NCAA Coaches know your fall schedule & how to see you play?
4. I don't know what to send coaches and who to send my schedule to..
5. I don't know what colleges I am a good fit for….
These are all very poor reasons or excuses why coaches don't know your fall schedule.
* College coaches don't have the time to keep track of every potential prospect. They need to be contacted, reminded, followed up with and assisted in the recruiting process big time.
The fall schedule and communication is just one of the keys to success as part of a complete college game plan to ensure your success.


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Suspended SARS boss Tom Moyane to face the media on current issues
Tom Moyane is set to face the media amidst a lot of allegations implicating his involvement with corruption, theft and other crimes.
CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA – NOVEMBER 28: South African Revenue Services (SARS) commissioner Tom Moyane during his appearance before Parliament's finance committee on November 28, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa. Moyane appeared before the committee to present the revenue service's annual report and to field questions about the suspension, investigation and reinstatement of Jonas Makwakwa. (Photo by Gallo Images / The Times / Esa Alexander)
Tom Moyane has announced that he is finally ready to set his record straight with the country regarding 'current issues'.
Where will Tom Moyane's press conference be held?
Wanderers Protea Hotel in Johannesburg will be the site that all journalists will crowd from 11:00. This is the time that was set by the Moyane camp on when he will commence his much-anticipated press conference.
Why is Moyane being investigated?
The suspended South African Revenue Services' boss has been embroiled in a serious tug-a-war with investigative officials over his involvement in crimes related to corruption, theft, collusion and more.
Moyane's lawyers have been trying to get the investigations stopped altogether. It is alleged that his lawyers argued, in a letter sent to president Cyril Ramaphosa last week, that the Nugent inquiry and Moyane's upcoming internal disciplinary hearing could not run concurrently.
Who is the head of the Nugent inquiry?
Judge Robert Nugent heads the inquiry into the state of governance at SARS and he has vehemently dismissed the requests to end the probe.
The judge also threw out calls to have Professor Michael Katz removed from the inquiry's panel after he was said to have a close personal relationship with the president.
Did Cyril Ramaphosa respond to Moyane's letter?
However, it appears that Moyane has received a response from the president on Friday and is due to respond to it at this press conference.
His lawyer, Eric Mabuza, expressed his pleasure with the president's response. He also added that "Moyane will host a press conference to brief the public about the latest developments in the current matters dealing with his current term of office at SARS".
It seems that all will be revealed when Moyane addresses the media at 11:00. An update will be provided as the events of the press conference unfold.
Tags: sarsTom Moyane


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Democracy Papers
SSRC grantees investigate the challenges democracies across the Americas face.
In 2021, two SSRC programs, Drugs, Security and Democracy (DSD) and Anxieties of Democracy (AOD), joined forces in order to explore the challenges currently facing democratic societies across the Americas. This collaboration resulted in the Democratic Anxieties in the Americas Research Grants, a grant competition that sought to mobilize new knowledge on two key themes: (1) political representation, political participation, and inequalities; and (2) judicial politicization and the judicialization of politics. With the support of the Open Society Foundations, the Hewlett Foundation, and the Mark and Anla Cheng Kingdon Foundation, the grants were intended to fund research projects with the potential to generate a comparative regional dialogue on the sources of and solutions to democratic anxieties in the Americas.
Twelve projects were selected by an external committee of experts. These projects explored a wide range of topics within the two key themes, from the politics of representation to the issues of corruption and independence of the judiciary, offering new insights into the challenges and opportunities facing democracies in the region and across the globe.
The result of this collective effort, this Items essay series offers the grantees a platform to introduce their topics of interest to a broader audience and showcase some of their findings. Although these essays are not meant to offer in-depth analyses, they will hopefully allow the reader greater insight into the topics that are currently animating their research agenda. While each essay should be read as a standalone document, taken together they present an important comparative snapshot of the many threats to democracy experience by different countries in the Americas at this moment in time.
This series has been curated by Cleia Noia, director of the Drugs, Security and Democracy program, and Catalina Vallejo, codirector of the Just Tech program.
In their research, Anjuli Fahlberg, Cristiane Martins, Joiceane Lopes, Ana Cláudia Araújo, Lidiane Santos, Sophia Costa, and Guilherme Baratho examine how democracy is being recreated in Rio de Janeiro's favelas, particularly Cidade de Deus, where Covid-19 was first recorded. Drawing on their research on the pandemic's impact on local residents vis-à-vis emergent forms of autonomous governance and how these are shaped by gender and racial dynamics, they argue that civic associations' mobilization tactics in Cidade de Deus can help us understand how democracy is being reinvented in these spaces under conditions of extreme governmental neglect.
Following the weakening of the Voting Rights Act in the United States, many Republican-controlled states enacted restrictive voting ID laws aimed at limiting franchise access to communities of color. In their research, Hajar Yazdiha and Blanca Ramirez examine how immigrant-serving organizations in five Southern states recalibrated their resources to help immigrants vote. Focusing on Alabama, they investigate five shifts these immigrant-serving organizations have made to address the impact of voter ID laws, which, the authors argue, shows how these restrictive laws can lead to new forms of organizing and resistance.
by Adela Zhang
The conflict between communities in the Peruvian Andes and multinational mining companies has often been told by national media controlled by elites in the capital of Lima. However, the advent of online livestreams has allowed local communities to make their demands and reveal their circumstances to the public at large. Here, Adela Zhang examines how these popular forms of journalism present a different version of the "reality" of extractive capitalism to the one shown by the mainstream press.


Kristin Dawn Chenoweth (born Kristi Dawn Chenoweth, July 24, 1968) is an American actress and singer, with credits in musical theatre, film and television. Chenoweth was adopted when she was five days old by Junie Smith Chenoweth and Jerry Morris Chenoweth of Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, a suburb of Tulsa.
In 1999, she won a Tony Award for her performance as Sally Brown in You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown on Broadway. In 2003, she received wide notice for originating the role of Glinda in the musical Wicked, including a nomination for another Tony. Her television roles have included Annabeth Schott in NBC's The West Wing and Olive Snook on the ABC comedy-drama Pushing Daisies, for which she won a 2009 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series.
Chenoweth also starred in the ABC TV series GCB in 2012. Chenoweth sang gospel music as a child in Oklahoma and studied opera before deciding to pursue a career in musical theatre. In 1997, she made her Broadway debut in Steel Pier, winning a Theatre World Award. Besides You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Wicked, Chenoweth's stage work includes five City Center Encores! productions, Broadway's The Apple Tree in 2006, Promises, Promises in 2010 and On the 20th Century in 2015, as well as Off-Broadway and regional theatre productions. Chenoweth had her own TV series Kristin in 2001, and has guest starred on many shows, including Sesame Street and Glee, for which she was nominated for Emmy Awards in 2010 and 2011.
In films, she has played mostly character roles, such as in Bewitched (2005), The Pink Panther (2006) and RV (2006). She has played roles in made-for-TV movies, done voice work in animated films such as Rio 2 (2014) and the animated TV series Sit Down, Shut Up, hosted several award shows and released several albums of songs, including A Lovely Way to Spend Christmas (2008), Some Lessons Learned (2011) and Coming Home (2014). Chenoweth also penned a 2009 memoir, A Little Bit Wicked: Life, Love, and Faith in Stages.
In 2009, Chenoweth wrote a memoir entitled A Little Bit Wicked: Life, Love, and Faith in Stages, describing her life and career, including her adoption, her turn in Wicked and her time in Hollywood. The book was released on April 14, 2009. It spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list.
Chenoweth suffers from Ménière's disease, an inner-ear disorder that can cause vertigo, headaches and nausea, among other symptoms. She has said that during some performances she has had to lean on her co-stars to keep her balance and that it has caused her to miss performances. In 2012, the Broken Arrow Performing Arts Center named its theatre the Kristin Chenoweth Theatre.
Are You Kristin Chenoweth's Biggest Fan ????


text:
Chapters 6–7
Chapters 12–13
Milkman Dead
Pilate Dead
Ruth Foster Dead
Main Ideas
Important Quotations Explained
Quotes By Theme
Quotes By Section
Quotes By Character
Macon Dead
Guitar Baines
Analysis of Major Characters
Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Summary Chapter 3
The street was even more crowded with people, all going in the direction he was coming from.
(See Important Quotations Explained)
At age twelve, Milkman begins to work for Macon Jr., which gives him an opportunity to spend more time on the Southside with Guitar, Pilate, and Hagar. Sometimes Milkman and Guitar visit a barbershop run by Railroad Tommy and Hospital Tommy, and listen to the older men discuss the racial inequality prevalent in 1940s America. After one of the discussions, Guitar confides to Milkman that his father was killed in a sawmill accident, an incident that left him angry at his father's white boss and white people in general.
At age fourteen, one of Milkman's legs grows shorter than the other and he masks the defect with a strut. As he grows older, Milkman does everything he can to dispel the town-dwellers' commonly shared belief that he is identical to his father. He acts like Macon Jr.'s opposite, growing facial hair, smoking cigarettes, and carelessly spending money when he can. When Milkman is twenty-two, his father hits his mother after a dinner table argument. Milkman retaliates by striking his father back. He promises to kill him if he is ever violent toward Ruth again, and struts upstairs to his bedroom. Macon Jr. follows him there and explains that there are reasons for his anger at Ruth. According to Macon Jr., Ruth's father, Dr. Foster, was a greedy, self-hating, bitter man who despised his son-in-law and called fellow African-Americans "cannibals." Furthermore, Macon Jr. claims that even though Dr. Foster was impotent, he may have had a sexual relationship with Ruth. Macon Jr. also tells Milkman that on the day of Dr. Foster's death, he saw Ruth lying naked next to her father's corpse, his fingers in her mouth.
Distraught by his father's revelations, Milkman goes to see Guitar. Along the way, he remembers being breast-fed by his mother beyond infancy and feels disturbed. He also realizes that his motivation for striking his father was not love for his mother, and comes to the sudden conclusion that his mother has a personal life outside of being his mother. As he is walking, Milkman notices that he is heading against the flow of other foot traffic.
Milkman finds Guitar at Tommy's Barbershop discussing two recently murdered boys: Emmet Till, a black Northerner killed in Mississippi, and a white boy killed in their town. Guitar speaks passionately about the injustices brought upon African-Americans and the need to correct them. He eventually leaves with Milkman. While they sit in a bar, Milkman tells Guitar about striking his father, and Guitar explains that the "cards are stacked against" black men, and that sometimes blacks are even coerced into hurting each other. Guitar then tries to compare Milkman's experience with Till's recent death, but Milkman is not interested in hearing about the murdered black boy, dismissing him as crazy. As he later ponders his life, Milkman realizes that everything bores him: money, the city, politics, and the racial problems that consume other African-Americans.
In this chapter, Morrison exposes the continual tension between Milkman's blistering arrogance and his awareness of his own failings. Though he is simultaneously alienated from his family, his best friend, and other African-Americans, Milkman continues to believe that the entire world revolves around him. Though he is privately insecure about his own shortcomings, such as his oddly short leg, Milkman also thinks that others, especially women, consider him a gift from God. On the surface, these beliefs seem contradictory. By turning Milkman into a complex character who is at odds with himself, however, Morrison makes his quest for self-understanding all the more difficult and rewarding.
Milkman's selfish worldview is nurtured by others' confirmations of his superiority, giving him no pressing reason to explore his own identity. Female affection and affirmation are readily available to him: he can decide on a whim whether he will sleep with Hagar. Similarly, Ruth also gives her love to him freely. Furthermore, while most African-Americans live in a world of daily discrimination and fear, Milkman knows only a life of luxury. Milkman is an optimist and his attitudes sometimes whitewash tragic events. He claims that the murdered black boy, Emmett Till, was crazy and feels the boy's plight is irrelevant to his own welfare. And though Milkman strikes his father, supposedly to defend his mother, he privately realizes that his action was entirely self-serving. He did it to prove his manhood, not because he loves Ruth. Milkman even takes advantage of Guitar, his best friend. He spills out his emotional turmoil to Guitar but refuses to devote an equal amount of time to hear about Guitar's internal struggle. Unaware that his behavior is hurtful to others, Milkman is content to live in a careless, egotistical manner.
Previous section Chapter 2 Next page Chapter 3 page 2
Take the Chapter 3 Quick Quiz
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QUIZ: How Many of These Literary Jeopardy! Questions Can You Answer Correctly?
5 Books Whose Original Titles Would Have Changed Life as We Know It
Song of Solomon: Popular pages
CHARACTERS Character List
CHARACTERS Milkman Dead: Character Analysis
QUOTES Quotes by Theme
MAIN IDEAS Themes
FURTHER STUDY Review Quiz
QUIZ: How Many of These Literary Jeopardy! Questions Can You Answer Correctly? Jan 14, 2020
5 Books Whose Original Titles Would Have Changed Life as We Know It Jan 17, 2020
Greek Mythology as Told in a Series of Texts Jan 16, 2020
Pick 10 Books and We'll Guess Whether You're an Introvert or an Extrovert Jan 7, 2020
Every Shakespeare Play Summed Up in a Quote from The Office Dec 27, 2019


The system will give alarm when low / high pressure or high temperature.
Wireless data transmission technology .
Run the TPMS App to read the value of tire pressure and temperature.
This is the new TPMS with DIY style monitor systems, convenient installation, and can be quick operation independently. Products can be real-time monitoring tires of the actual situation, leakage, low pressure, high pressure and temperature real-time monitoring in the automobile driving. The warning monitoring condition will be alarm for beyond monitor range, ensure the safety. Let the drives feel relieved.


text:
WEEKLY WRAP UP for Friday, Jan. 10, 2020
A message from your Chamber
I love lots of things about Taylor but the MLK March and Program coming up on Monday, Jan. 20 is one of my most favorite.
The Memorial March begins at 9 a.m. with line up beginning at 8:45 a.m. at the Dickey-Givens Community Center in Fannie Robinson Park. Walkers will sing as we march down East MLK to Main Street. Cresting the bridge and remembering those who marched in March of 1965 on what became known as Bloody Sunday is sobering and inspiring. (Learn more about the march in Selma here.)
If you cannot make the walk, consider joining the celebration at 10 a.m. in Heritage Square (or City Hall if the weather is bad). The program sets time for remembrance but also a time to celebrate young and old in our community.
Sneak peek at silent auction items
The annual Chamber and Community Awards Banquet is in just four days (Jan. 14). New this year is a silent auction of Taylor-made experiences. For the most part, that means PARTIES! Parties where YOU invite YOUR friends for a fantastic time with NONE of the clean-up -- before OR after -- NONE of the cooking and NONE of the stress!
Which one is the perfect one for you?
Child's Tea Party for 4 in at 1968 pink Shasta camper on Heritage Square includes PB&J, apple juice and a special cake
Pirate Party & Scavenger Hunt for 10-12 at Pecan Manor includes party food, a competitive scavenger hunt around town following historic and trivial clues, silly pirate games and a pool party
Derby Day Brunch for 8 ladies the first Saturday in May at the Jez Farm includes food and an outrageous hat contest
Moody, Music & More picnic for 6, private tour of museum with a historical presentation or speaker and a piano concert by Eduardo Benevides
Four nights at the Holiday Inn Express & Suites in Taylor
Garden Party on the Farm for up to 8 people includes fishing, a make & take gardening experience, yard games and a southern-style picnic at the Downs Farm
Longhorns & Leisure party for 6 on the Hagler Ranch includes fishing and a chili lunch
A Country Brunch for 8 at the Jez Farm on April 7, 11 or 18 includes lunch and visiting with members of the Chamber Board of Directors
Hayride, Hot dogs & S'More party for 10-12 at the Dowdy's Morning Star Ranch in Shiloh includes a hayride, hot dogs, s'mores, songs around a campfire in the spring or fall
Coupland adventure includes dinner and an overnight stay for 2 at Coupland Inn
To learn more details about each item, click here.
We look forward to seeing you at the banquet!
LEAD. CONNECT. LEARN.
Chamber News & Calendar
Tuesday, Jan. 7, noon--Advocacy meeting: Chamber
Thursday, Jan. 9, 8 a.m.--Finance Committee: Chamber
Thursday, Jan. 9, 9 a.m. -- Governance Committee: Chamber
Tuesday, Jan. 14, 6 p.m.-- Chamber Awards Banquet: Wilco Expo Center.
Wednesday, Jan. 22, noon -- Programs & Services: Meeting: Noren Thermal Solutions, 205 S. Edmond
Thursday, Jan. 23, 7:30 a.m.--Funding Meeting: Holiday Inn Express & Suites
Monday, Jan. 27, 11:30 a.m. -- Ambassador meeting: Sirloin Stockade -- NEW TIME & LOCATION
Monday, Jan. 27, noon--Chamber Luncheon featuring the Taylor Housing Authority: Sirloin Stockade
Thursday, Feb. 6, 8 a.m.--Finance Committee: Chamber
Tuesday, Feb. 11, 4 p.m.--Tourism Committee: Chamber
Member News and Events
Run for the Roses
Taylor Garden Club will host the 7th annual 5K and10K to benefit the Taylor Garden Club at 8 a.m. Saturday, Jan. 18 in Murphy Park.
Taylor Garden Club provides scholarships for youths who are pursuing careers in ecology , horticulture, landscaping, arbor and forestry studies and other career fields relating to growing things.
Register and run at https://www.athleteguild.com/running/taylor-tx/2020-taylor-garden-club-run-for-the-roses-5k10k
Awards will be given in various categories including "Top Dog" for the first three canines that cross the finish line and special awards for the first three strollers (with human passengers) to finish the race.
Tales from Taylor's Storied Past
Come for a tour. Stay for the tales. The Dan Moody Museum is hosting free guided tours Jan. 18 from 6-7 p.m. Stay for the storytelling at 7 p.m. Suggested donation of $5.
The Taylor Lions Club will host its annual Chili Supper 5-7 p.m. Thursday, Jan. 23, at the Taylor SPJST Hall. Eat inside or take it to-go. Tickets are $10 each, available in advance or at the door. Contact Griffin at 512-680-7525 for advanced tickets. For more information about the Taylor Lions Club and the services it supports, go to www.TaylorLionsClub.com .
EAT to support Taylor classrooms
The Taylor Educational Enrichment Foundation provides thousands of dollars every year to local teachers who have innovative ideas for their classrooms. Last year, they gave away $25,000.
Food Dudes is a fun way to support the TEE Foundation and fill your belly at the same time as men from across the community prepare, serve and compete with their appetizers, main courses, sides and desserts.
Tickets are $50 available from TEE Foundation board members.
Volunteer to help prepare taxes
The W illiamson County United Way is looking for volunteer tax preparers, translators and greeters for their free tax preparation services offered in Georgetown, Hutto, Leander, Liberty Hill and Taylor. Please contact Jodee O'Brien at 512-255-6799 or jodee@unitedway-wc.org
From 9 a.m. - noon Monday, Jan. 20, more than 200 volunteers are needed to share their time and energy. United Way of Williamson County volunteers will join with hundreds of thousands of volunteers across the United States to serve their local community. This planned day of service will leverage the strength of local citizens to advance Dr. King's dream of opportunity for all. For more information, visit www.unitedway-wc.org or call 512-255-6799.
Hops for Houses Craft Beer Festival and Fundraiser
Habitat for Humanity of Williamson County is hosting a craft beer festival and fundraiser 11 a.m.-7 p.m. on Leap Day, Saturday, Feb. 29 at the Williamson County Expo Center.
Early bird tickets are on sale through Jan. 29. Ticket sales are limited so advance purchase is recommended. To purchase tickets or learn more, go to https://williamsonhabitat.org/hopsforhouses/ or call 512-863-4344
WilCo EXPO: Click here to look at what's going on out at the Expo Center.
American Legion: Click here or here for upcoming events.
SPJST Post 29: January's schedule is here.
Taylor Station Bar: Click here for upcoming events.
Texas Beer Company: To keep up with everything going on at TBC, click here.
Marshall's Tavern: Marshall's events are here.
The Loose Screw: See their events here.
Greater Taylor Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Center
1519 N. Main St. Taylor TX 76574
512-352-6364 www.taylorchamber.org president@taylorchamber.org


My name is Aaron and I am considered strange, but with that said who is normal?
I love to photograph old buildings, where decay and dereliction has started to take over.... You will get to see some of my pictures.
But the most important thing is history and far too often these places are bulldozed and forgotten about, however, each and every place has memories and stories to share with us all and this is where this website comes into its own.


Our handmade Boston Terrier Pendant jewelry is a perfect addition to any necklace chain. You may also order your own personalized engraving on this Boston Terrier Pendant for a very special personal touch. This Boston Terrier Pendant is Sterling Silver This Boston Terrier design is hand cast in .925 sterling silver. Our Boston Terrier Pendant weighs approximately 9.4 grams in 14K gold. Please contact us if you are interested in gold or gold vermeil prices for this Boston Terrier Pendant.The Boston Terrier design is approximately 1 1/4 inch high.


text:
El fantasma de Canterville (título original: The Ghost of Canterville) es un telefilme estadounidense de familia de 1996 dirigida por Syd Macartney y protagonizada por Patrick Stewart y Neve Campbell. Está basado en un cuento de Oscar Wilde del mismo nombre.

La obra ya ha sido llevada en pantalla en más de diez ocasiones, siendo la más célebre la que protagonizó Charles Laughton en 1944.

Argumento
La clásica familia americana Otis tiene dos hijos y una hija. Se traslada a Inglaterra a vivir en un castillo aristocrático en el campo en Canterville teniendo que pagar solo un alquiler bajo para los próximos cuatro meses y teniendo además dos sirvientes, los Umney. El padre de esa familia, Hiram, lo ha querido así, porque quiere trabajar en una universidad allí. Lo que no saben es que la familia aristocrática no vive allí y el alquiler es bajo, porque es habitado por un fantasma que echó con sus acciones a la familia y ha creado una reputación que hace temer a los inquilinos a vivir en el lugar.

Con el tiempo los miembros de la familia ven ese fantasma y perderán toda su incredulidad sobre unos seres, en los que nunca habían creído. La hija de los Otis, Virginia, que ya es una adolescente, quiere saber más sobre el fantasma conocido como Simon de Canterville y descubre cosas que nadie antes de ella supo e incluso puede contactar con él. No sabe todavía, que sólo ella es capaz de salvar al fantasma de Canterville de vagar eternamente en el castillo.

Reparto
 Patrick Stewart - Sir Simon de Canterville
 Neve Campbell - Virginia "Ginny" Otis
 Joan Sims - Sra. Umney
 Donald Sinden - Sr. Umney
 Cherie Lunghi - Lucille Otis
 Edward Wiley - Hiram Otis
 Daniel Betts - Francis, Duque de Cheshire
 Ciarán Fitzgerald - Adam Otis
 Raymond Pickard - Washington Otis
 Leslie Phillips - George, Lord de Canterville

Referencias

Enlaces externos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Brooch with cameo of agate depicting a veiled woman. Two platinum laurels along the side, set with small diamonds. On top two gold, snake-like mythical animal figures with old cut diamonds (van 3 mm) in their beaks.


text:
Acting Queer
Gender Dissidence and the Subversion of Realism
Conrad Alexandrowicz
Introduction: Why Write This Book Now?
'You're Soaking in It': The Socio-Cultural Bath
The Influence of Hollywood
Gender Dissidence
Gendered Movement and 'Physical' Acting
'Queer-Looking, Queer-Acting': The Subversion of Realism
Acting Queer Ecology: Extensions and Excursions
This book is situated at the intersection of queer/gender studies and theories of acting pedagogy and performance. It explores the social and cultural matrix in which matters of gender are negotiated, including that of post-secondary theatre and drama education. It identifies the predicament of gender dissident actors who must contend with the widespread enforcement of realist paradigms within the academy, and proposes a re-imagining of the way drama/theatre/performance are practised in order to serve more fairly and effectively the needs of queer actors in training. This is located within a larger project of critique in reference to the art form as a whole.
The book stimulates discussion among practitioners and scholars on matters concerning various kinds of diversity: of gender expression, of approaches to the teaching of acting, and to the way the art form may be imagined and executed in the early years of the 21st Century, in particular in the face of the climate crisis. But it is also an aid to practitioners who are seeking new theoretical and practical approaches to dealing with gender diversity in acting pedagogy.
Queer Acting pedagogy Performance Gender dissidence Actors Discrimination Sexual minorities Transphobia Effemiphobia Transgender Homophobia Education
1.University of VictoriaVictoriaCanada
Copyright Information The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Publisher Name Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
eBook Packages Literature, Cultural and Media Studies