text:
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.

package com.azure.resourcemanager.apimanagement.fluent;

import com.azure.core.annotation.ReturnType;
import com.azure.core.annotation.ServiceMethod;
import com.azure.core.http.rest.PagedIterable;
import com.azure.core.util.Context;
import com.azure.resourcemanager.apimanagement.fluent.models.SubscriptionContractInner;

/** An instance of this class provides access to all the operations defined in ProductSubscriptionsClient. */
public interface ProductSubscriptionsClient {
    /**
     * Lists the collection of subscriptions to the specified product.
     *
     * @param resourceGroupName The name of the resource group.
     * @param serviceName The name of the API Management service.
     * @param productId Product identifier. Must be unique in the current API Management service instance.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException thrown if parameters fail the validation.
     * @throws com.azure.core.management.exception.ManagementException thrown if the request is rejected by server.
     * @throws RuntimeException all other wrapped checked exceptions if the request fails to be sent.
     * @return paged Subscriptions list representation as paginated response with {@link PagedIterable}.
     */
    @ServiceMethod(returns = ReturnType.COLLECTION)
    PagedIterable<SubscriptionContractInner> list(String resourceGroupName, String serviceName, String productId);

    /**
     * Lists the collection of subscriptions to the specified product.
     *
     * @param resourceGroupName The name of the resource group.
     * @param serviceName The name of the API Management service.
     * @param productId Product identifier. Must be unique in the current API Management service instance.
     * @param filter | Field | Usage | Supported operators | Supported functions
     *     |
|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| name | filter | ge, le, eq,
     *     ne, gt, lt | substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| displayName | filter | ge, le, eq, ne,
     *     gt, lt | substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| stateComment | filter | ge, le, eq, ne,
     *     gt, lt | substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| ownerId | filter | ge, le, eq, ne, gt, lt
     *     | substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| scope | filter | ge, le, eq, ne, gt, lt |
     *     substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| userId | filter | ge, le, eq, ne, gt, lt |
     *     substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| productId | filter | ge, le, eq, ne, gt, lt |
     *     substringof, contains, startswith, endswith |
| state | filter | eq | |
| user | expand |
     *     | |
.
     * @param top Number of records to return.
     * @param skip Number of records to skip.
     * @param context The context to associate with this operation.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException thrown if parameters fail the validation.
     * @throws com.azure.core.management.exception.ManagementException thrown if the request is rejected by server.
     * @throws RuntimeException all other wrapped checked exceptions if the request fails to be sent.
     * @return paged Subscriptions list representation as paginated response with {@link PagedIterable}.
     */
    @ServiceMethod(returns = ReturnType.COLLECTION)
    PagedIterable<SubscriptionContractInner> list(
        String resourceGroupName,
        String serviceName,
        String productId,
        String filter,
        Integer top,
        Integer skip,
        Context context);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ryan Lochte Dancing With The Stars Rejection?!
Is Ryan Lochte being rejected a spot on the upcoming season of Dancing With The Stars due to the pros distaste for the athlete? "Ryan Lochte may run into trouble — again — if he ends up on the new season of 'Dancing With The Stars,'" a source tells HollywoodLife, because "some of the pros are not interested in two-stepping with the disgraced Olympian...Even though 'DWTS' would be a great fit for Ryan after his scandal, some of his potential dance partners are not feeling the idea." "He wants to [compete], his people want to, but the professional dancers are lobbying not to be with him if he does it because they don't want to get voted out first because it effects their payday." The site continues, "If the dancers are 'lobbying' against him… well, needless to say that's not a great start to winning the mirror ball trophy." But don't believe everything you read, because a source super close to Lochte and the DWTS crew tells us the rumor is just that -- a rumor!
Amber Rose Dating Ryan Lochte?!


Yesterday I made a buyback for the first time of my own asset, I created two buy orders: the first one seems to have done well but in two parts, the second is as if it had disappeared.
It is as if the last order had traveled in time.
@aitor There was a fork earlier on a few pools. Not sure if that had anything to do with it.


text:
A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, or solar panel, also known as a photo-voltaic (PV) module or PV panel, is an assembly of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular) frame. Solar panels capture sunlight as a source of radiant energy, which is converted into electric energy in the form of direct current (DC) electricity.

A neatly organised collection of solar panels is called a photovoltaic system or solar array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system can be used to generate solar electricity that supplies electrical equipment directly, or feeds power back into an alternate current (AC) grid via an inverter system.

History

In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first observed by the French physicist Edmond Becquerel. Though these initial solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices, they were used as an instrument to measure light.

The observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873, when the English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery, William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light on selenium" in 1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's results.

In 1881, the American inventor Charles Fritts created the first commercial solar panel, which was reported by Fritts as "continuous, constant and of considerable force not only by exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused daylight." However, these solar panels were very inefficient, especially compared to coal-fired power plants.

In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern solar panels. He patented his design in 1941. In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs to create the first commercially viable silicon solar cell.

Solar panel installers saw significant growth between 2008 and 2013.  Due to that growth many installers had projects that were not "ideal" solar roof tops to work with and had to find solutions to shaded roofs and orientation difficulties.  This challenge was initially addressed by the re-popularization of micro-inverters and later the invention of power optimizers.

Solar panel manufacturers partnered with micro-inverter companies to create AC modules and power optimizer companies partnered with module manufacturers to create smart modules. In 2013 many solar panel manufacturers announced and began shipping their smart module solutions.

Theory and construction

Photovoltaic modules consist of a large number of solar cells and use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are usually connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then in parallel to increase current. The power (in watts) of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in amperes), and depends both on the amount of light and on the electrical load connected to the module. The manufacturing specifications on solar panels are obtained under standard conditions, which are usually not the true operating conditions the solar panels are exposed to on the installation site.

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can also be used. Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structure.

Cell connection techniques
In solar modules, the cells themselves need to be connected together to form the module, with front electrodes blocking the solar cell front optical surface area slightly. To maximize frontal surface area available for sunlight and improve solar cell efficiency, manufacturers use varying rear electrode solar cell connection techniques:

 Passivated emitter rear contact (PERC) adds a polymer film to capture light
 Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) adds an oxidation layer to the PERC film to capture more light
 Interdigitated back contact (IBC)

Arrays of PV modules
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules adding their voltages or currents. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for energy storage, a charge controller, interconnection wiring, circuit breakers, fuses, disconnect switches, voltage meters, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism. Equipment is carefully selected to optimize output, and energy storage, reduce power loss during power transmission, and convert from direct current to alternating current.

Smart solar modules

Smart modules are different from traditional solar panels because the power electronics embedded in the module offers enhanced functionality such as panel-level maximum power point tracking, monitoring, and enhanced safety. Power electronics attached to the frame of a solar module, or connected to the photovoltaic circuit through a connector, are not properly considered smart modules.

Several companies have begun incorporating into each PV module various embedded power electronics such as:

 Maximum power point tracking (|MPPT) power optimizers, a DC-to-DC converter technology developed to maximize the power harvest from solar photovoltaic systems by compensating for shading effects, wherein a shadow falling on a section of a module causes the electrical output of one or more strings of cells in the module to fall to near zero, but not having the output of the entire module fall to zero.
 Solar performance monitors for data and fault detection

Technology

Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more than 90% of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and amorphous silicon .

Emerging, third-generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells. They produce a relatively high-efficiency conversion for a lower cost compared with other solar technologies. Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are usually used in solar panels on spacecraft, as they offer the highest ratio of generated power per kilogram lifted into space. MJ-cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using MJ-cells is concentrator photovoltaics (CPV).

Thin film
In rigid thin-film modules, the cell and the module are manufactured on the same production line. The cell is created on a glass substrate or superstrate, and the electrical connections are created in situ, a so-called "monolithic integration." The substrate or superstrate is laminated with an encapsulant to a front or back sheet, usually another sheet of glass. The main cell technologies in this category are CdTe, , a-Si+uc-Si tandem, and CIGS. Amorphous silicon has a sunlight conversion rate of 6–12%.

Flexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an insulator (e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used. If it is a conductor then another technique for electrical connection must be used. The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colourless fluoropolymer on the front side, typically ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), and a polymer suitable for bonding to the final substrate on the other side.

Mounting and tracking

Ground
Large utility-scale solar power plants usually use ground-mounted photovoltaic systems. Their solar modules are held in place by racks or frames that are attached to ground-based mounting supports. Ground based mounting supports include:
 Pole mounts, which are driven directly into the ground or embedded in concrete.
 Foundation mounts, such as concrete slabs or poured footings
 Ballasted footing mounts, such as concrete or steel bases that use weight to secure the solar module system in position and do not require ground penetration. This type of mounting system is well suited for sites where excavation is not possible such as capped landfills and simplifies decommissioning or relocation of solar module systems.

Roof

Roof-mounted solar power systems consist of solar modules held in place by racks or frames attached to roof-based mounting supports. Roof-based mounting supports include:
 Rail mounts, which are attached directly to the roof structure and may use additional rails for attaching the module racking or frames.
 Ballasted footing mounts, such as concrete or steel bases that use weight to secure the panel system in position and do not require through penetration. This mounting method allows for decommissioning or relocation of solar panel systems with no adverse effect on the roof structure.
All wiring connecting adjacent solar modules to the energy harvesting equipment must be installed according to local electrical codes and should be run in a conduit appropriate for the climate conditions

Tracking
Solar trackers increase the energy produced per module at the cost of mechanical complexity and increased need for maintenance. They sense the direction of the Sun and tilt or rotate the modules as needed for maximum exposure to the light.

Alternatively, fixed racks can hold modules stationary throughout the day at a given tilt (zenith angle) and facing a given direction (azimuth angle). Tilt angles equivalent to an installation's latitude are common. Some systems may also adjust the tilt angle based on the time of year.

On the other hand, east- and west-facing arrays (covering an east–west facing roof, for example) are commonly deployed. Even though such installations will not produce the maximum possible average power from the individual solar panels, the cost of the panels is now usually cheaper than the tracking mechanism and they can provided more economically valuable power during morning and evening peak demands than north or south facing systems.

Concentrator
Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way. Concentrating the sunlight can also raise the efficiency to around 45%.

Light capture

The amount of light absorbed by a solar cell depends on the angle of incidence of whatever direct sunlight hits it. This is partly because the amount falling on the panel is proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence, and partly because at high angle of incidence more light is reflected. To maximize total energy output, modules are often oriented to face south (in the Northern Hemisphere) or north (in the Southern Hemisphere) and tilted to allow for the latitude. Solar tracking can be used to keep the angle of incidence small (see next section).

Solar panels are often coated with an anti-reflective coating, which is one or more thin layers of substances with refractive indices intermediate between that of silicon and that of air. This causes destructive interference in the reflected light, diminishing the amount. Photovoltaic manufacturers have been working to decrease reflectance with improved anti-reflective coatings or with textured glass.

Power curve

In general with solar panels, if not enough current is taken from PVs, then power isn't maximised. If too much current is taken then the voltage collapses. The optimum current draw depends on the amount of sunlight striking the panel. Solar panel capacity is specified by the MPP (maximum power point) value of solar panels in full sunlight.

Module interconnection

Module electrical connections are made with conducting wires that take the current off the modules and are sized according to the current rating and fault conditions.

Panels are typically connected in series of one or more panels to form strings to achieve a desired output voltage, and strings can be connected in parallel to provide the desired current capability (amperes) of the PV system.

Blocking and bypass diodes may be incorporated within the module or used externally to deal with partial array shading, in order to maximize output. For series connections, bypass diodes are placed in parallel with modules to allow current to bypass shaded modules which would otherwise severely limit the current. For paralleled connections, a blocking diode may be placed in series with each module's string to prevent current flowing backwards through shaded strings thus short-circuiting other strings.

Inverters
Solar inverters convert the DC power provided by panels to AC power.

MPP (Maximum power point) of the solar panel consists of MPP voltage (V) and MPP current (I). Performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a solar inverter samples the output (I-V curve) from the solar cell and applies the proper electrical load to obtain maximum power.

Solar panels are wired to inverters in parallel or series (a 'string'). In string connections the voltages of the modules add, but the current is determined by the lowest performing panel. This is known as the "Christmas light effect". In parallel connections the voltages will be the same, but the currents add. Arrays are connected up to meet the voltage requirements of the inverters and to not greatly exceed the current limits.

Micro-inverters work independently to enable each panel to contribute its maximum possible output for a given amount of sunlight, but can be more expensive.

Connectors
Outdoor solar panels usually include MC4 connectors. Automotive solar panels may also include an auxiliary power outlet and/or USB adapter. Indoor panels (including solar pv glasses, thin films and windows) can integrate a microinverter (AC Solar panels).

Efficiency

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC) and hence the on field output power might vary. Power typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. Some commercially available solar modules exceed 24% efficiency. Currently, the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar module efficiency) is around 21.5% in new commercial products typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells in isolation. The most efficient mass-produced solar modules have power density values of up to 175 W/m2 (16.22 W/ft2).

The current versus voltage curve of a module provides useful information about its electrical performance. Manufacturing processes often cause differences in the electrical parameters of different modules photovoltaic, even in cells of the same type. Therefore, only the experimental measurement of the I–V curve allows us to accurately establish the electrical parameters of a photovoltaic device. This measurement provides highly relevant information for the design, installation and maintenance of photovoltaic systems. Generally, the electrical parameters of photovoltaic modules are measured by indoor tests. However, outdoor testing has important advantages such as no expensive artificial light source required, no sample size limitation, and more homogeneous sample illumination.

Scientists from Spectrolab, a subsidiary of Boeing, have reported development of multi-junction solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for solar photovoltaic cells. The Spectrolab scientists also predict that concentrator solar cells could achieve efficiencies of more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies being about 58% in cells with more than three junctions.

Capacity factor of solar panels is limited primarily by geographic latitude and varies significantly depending on cloud cover, dust, day length and other factors. In the United Kingdom, seasonal capacity factor ranges from 2% (December) to 20% (July), with average annual capacity factor of 10–11%, while in Spain the value reaches 18%.
Globally, capacity factor for utility-scale PV farms was 16.1% in 2019.

Overheating is the most important factor for the efficiency of the solar panel.

Radiation-dependent efficiency
Depending on construction, photovoltaic modules can produce electricity from a range of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar radiation range (specifically, ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence, much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar modules, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into six to eight different wavelength ranges that will produce a different color of light, and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%.

Aluminum nanocylinders

Research by Imperial College London has shown that solar panel efficiency is improved by studding the light-receiving semiconductor surface with aluminum nanocylinders, similar to the ridges on Lego blocks. The scattered light then travels along a longer path in the semiconductor, absorbing more photons to be converted into current. Although these nanocylinders have been used previously (aluminum was preceded by gold and silver), the light scattering occurred in the near-infrared region and visible light was absorbed strongly. Aluminum was found to have absorbed the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, while the visible and near-infrared parts of the spectrum were found to be scattered by the aluminum surface. This, the research argued, could bring down the cost significantly and improve the efficiency as aluminum is more abundant and less costly than gold and silver. The research also noted that the increase in current makes thinner film solar panels technically feasible without "compromising power conversion efficiencies, thus reducing material consumption".

Performance and degradation

Module performance is generally rated under standard test conditions (STC): irradiance of 1,000 W/m2, solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25 °C. The actual voltage and current output of the module changes as lighting, temperature and load conditions change, so there is never one specific voltage at which the module operates. Performance varies depending on geographic location, time of day, the day of the year, amount of solar irradiance, direction and tilt of modules, cloud cover, shading, soiling, state of charge, and temperature. Performance of a module or panel can be measured at different time intervals with a DC clamp meter or shunt and logged, graphed, or charted with a chart recorder or data logger.

For optimum performance, a solar panel needs to be made of similar modules oriented in the same direction perpendicular to direct sunlight. Bypass diodes are used to circumvent broken or shaded panels and optimize output. These bypass diodes are usually placed along groups of solar cells to create a continuous flow.

Electrical characteristics include nominal power (PMAX, measured in W), open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC, measured in amperes), maximum power voltage (VMPP), maximum power current (IMPP), peak power, (watt-peak, Wp), and module efficiency (%).

Open-circuit voltage or VOC is the maximum voltage the module can produce when not connected to an electrical circuit or system. VOC can be measured with a voltmeter directly on an illuminated module's terminals or on its disconnected cable.

The peak power rating, Wp, is the maximum output under standard test conditions (not the maximum possible output). Typical modules, which could measure approximately , will be rated from as low as 75 W to as high as 600 W, depending on their efficiency. At the time of testing, the test modules are binned according to their test results, and a typical manufacturer might rate their modules in 5 W increments, and either rate them at +/- 3%, +/-5%, +3/-0% or +5/-0%.

Influence of temperature

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) module depends on the environmental conditions, mainly on the global incident irradiance G in the plane of the module. However, the temperature T of the p–n junction also influences the main electrical parameters: the short circuit current ISC, the open circuit voltage VOC and the maximum power Pmax. In general, it is known that VOC shows a significant inverse correlation with T, while for ISC this correlation is direct, but weaker, so that this increase does not compensate for the decrease in VOC. As a consequence, Pmax decreases when T increases. This correlation between the power output of a solar cell and the working temperature of its junction depends on the semiconductor material, and is due to the influence of T on the concentration, lifetime, and mobility of the intrinsic carriers, i.e., electrons and gaps. inside the photovoltaic cell.

Temperature sensitivity is usually described by temperature coefficients, each of which expresses the derivative of the parameter to which it refers with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters can be found in any data sheet of the photovoltaic module; are the following:

- β: VOC variation coefficient with respect to T, given by ∂VOC/∂T.

- α: Coefficient of variation of ISC with respect to T, given by ∂ISC/∂T.

- δ: Coefficient of variation of Pmax with respect to T, given by ∂Pmax/∂T.

Techniques for estimating these coefficients from experimental data can be found in the literature

Degradation

The ability of solar modules to withstand damage by rain, hail, heavy snow load, and cycles of heat and cold varies by manufacturer, although most solar panels on the U.S. market are UL listed, meaning they have gone through testing to withstand hail.

Potential-induced degradation (also called PID) is a potential-induced performance degradation in crystalline photovoltaic modules, caused by so-called stray currents. This effect may cause power loss of up to 30%.

Advancements in photovoltaic technologies have brought about the process of "doping" the silicon substrate to lower the activation energy thereby making the panel more efficient in converting photons to retrievable electrons.

Chemicals such as boron (p-type) are applied into the semiconductor crystal in order to create donor and acceptor energy levels substantially closer to the valence and conductor bands. In doing so, the addition of boron impurity allows the activation energy to decrease twenty-fold from 1.12 eV to 0.05 eV. Since the potential difference (EB) is so low, the boron is able to thermally ionize at room temperatures. This allows for free energy carriers in the conduction and valence bands thereby allowing greater conversion of photons to electrons.

The power output of a photovoltaic (PV) device decreases over time. This decrease is due to its exposure to solar radiation as well as other external conditions. The degradation index, which is defined as the annual percentage of output power loss, is a key factor in determining the long-term production of a photovoltaic plant. To estimate this degradation, the percentage of decrease associated with each of the electrical parameters. The individual degradation of a photovoltaic module can significantly influence the performance of a complete string. Furthermore, not all modules in the same installation decrease their performance at exactly the same rate. Given a set of modules exposed to long-term outdoor conditions, the individual degradation of the main electrical parameters and the increase in their dispersion must be considered. As each module tends to degrade differently, the behavior of the modules will be increasingly different over time, negatively affecting the overall performance of the plant.

There are several studies dealing with the power degradation analysis of modules based on different photovoltaic technologies available in the literature. According to a recent study, the degradation of crystalline silicon modules is very regular, oscillating between 0.8% and 1.0% per year.

On the other hand, if we analyze the performance of thin-film photovoltaic modules, an initial period of strong degradation is observed (which can last several months and even up to 2 years), followed by a later stage in which the degradation stabilizes, being then comparable to that of crystalline silicon. Strong seasonal variations are also observed in such thin-film technologies because the influence of the solar spectrum is much greater. For example, for modules of amorphous silicon, micromorphic silicon or cadmium telluride, we are talking about annual degradation rates for the first years of between 3% and 4%. However, other technologies, such as CIGS, show much lower degradation rates, even in those early years.

Maintenance
Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the 20% range, is reduced by the accumulation of dust, grime, pollen, and other particulates on the solar panels, collectively referred to as soiling. "A dirty solar panel can reduce its power capabilities by up to 30% in high dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus Curran, associate professor of physics at the University of Houston and director of the Institute for NanoEnergy, which specializes in the design, engineering, and assembly of nanostructures.
The average soiling loss in the world in 2018 is estimated to be at least 3% – 4%.

Paying to have solar panels cleaned is a good investment in many regions, as of 2019.
However, in some regions, cleaning is not cost-effective. In California as of 2013 soiling-induced financial losses were rarely enough to warrant the cost of washing the panels. On average, panels in California lost a little less than 0.05% of their overall efficiency per day.

There are also occupational hazards with solar panel installation and maintenance. A 2015–2018 study in the UK investigated 80 PV-related incidents of fire, with over 20 "serious fires" directly caused by PV installation, including 37 domestic buildings and 6 solar farms. In  of the incidents a root cause was not established and in a majority of others was caused by poor installation, faulty product or design issues. The most frequent single element causing fires was the DC isolators.

A 2021 study by kWh Analytics determined median annual degradation of PV systems at 1.09% for residential and 0.8% for non-residential ones, almost twice that previously assumed. A 2021 module reliability study found an increasing trend in solar module failure rates with 30% of manufacturers experiencing safety failures related to junction boxes (growth from 20%) and 26% bill-of-materials failures (growth from 20%).

Cleaning methods for solar panels can be divided into 5 groups: manual tools, mechanized tools (such as tractor mounted brushes), installed hydraulic systems (such as sprinklers), installed robotic systems, and deployable robots. Manual cleaning tools are by far the most prevalent method of cleaning, most likely because of the low purchase cost. However, in a Saudi Arabian study done in 2014, it was found that "installed robotic systems, mechanized systems, and installed hydraulic systems are likely the three most promising technologies for use in cleaning solar panels".

Waste and recycling
There were 30 thousand tonnes of PV waste in 2021, and the annual amount was estimated by Bloomberg NEF to rise to more than 1 million tons by 2035 and more than 10 million by 2050. Most parts of a solar module can be recycled including up to 95% of certain semiconductor materials or the glass as well as large amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Some private companies and non-profit organizations are currently engaged in take-back and recycling operations for end-of-life modules. EU law requires manufacturers to ensure their solar panels are recycled properly. Similar legislation is underway in Japan, India, and Australia.

A 2021 study by Harvard Business Review indicates that, unless reused, by 2035 the discarded panels would outweigh new units by a factor of 2.56. They forecast the cost of recycling a single PV panel by then would reach $20–30, which would increase the LCOE of PV by a factor 4. Analyzing the US market, where no EU-like legislation exists as of 2021, HBR noted that without mandatory recycling legislation and with the cost of sending it to a landfill being just $1–2 there was a significant financial incentive to discard the decommissioned panels. The study assumed that consumers would replace panels half way through a 30 year lifetime to make a profit. However prices of new panels increased in the year after the study. A 2022 study found that modules were lasting longer than previously estimated, and said that might result in less PV waste than had been thought.

Recycling possibilities depend on the kind of technology used in the modules:
 Silicon based modules: aluminum frames and junction boxes are dismantled manually at the beginning of the process. The module is then crushed in a mill and the different fractions are separated – glass, plastics and metals. It is possible to recover more than 80% of the incoming weight. This process can be performed by flat glass recyclers since morphology and composition of a PV module is similar to those flat glasses used in the building and automotive industry. The recovered glass, for example, is readily accepted by the glass foam and glass insulation industry.
 Non-silicon based modules: they require specific recycling technologies such as the use of chemical baths in order to separate the different semiconductor materials. For cadmium telluride modules, the recycling process begins by crushing the module and subsequently separating the different fractions. This recycling process is designed to recover up to 90% of the glass and 95% of the semiconductor materials contained. Some commercial-scale recycling facilities have been created in recent years by private companies. For aluminium flat plate reflector: the trendiness of the reflectors has been brought up by fabricating them using a thin layer (around 0.016 mm to 0.024 mm) of aluminum coating present inside the non-recycled plastic food packages.

Since 2010, there is an annual European conference bringing together manufacturers, recyclers and researchers to look at the future of PV module recycling.

Production

The production of PV systems has followed a classic learning curve effect, with significant cost reduction occurring alongside large rises in efficiency and production output.

With over 100% year-on-year growth in PV system installation, PV module makers dramatically increased their shipments of solar modules in 2019. They actively expanded their capacity and turned themselves into gigawatt GW players. According to Pulse Solar, five of the top ten PV module companies in 2019 have experienced a rise in solar panel production by at least 25% compared to 2019.

The basis of producing solar panels revolves around the use of silicon cells. These silicon cells are typically 10–20% efficient at converting sunlight into electricity, with newer production models now exceeding 22%.

In 2018, the world's top five solar module producers in terms of shipped capacity during the calendar year of 2018 were Jinko Solar, JA Solar, Trina Solar, Longi solar, and Canadian Solar.

Price

The price of solar electrical power has continued to fall so that in many countries it has become cheaper than fossil fuel electricity from the electricity grid since 2012, a phenomenon known as grid parity.

Average pricing information divides in three pricing categories: those buying small quantities (modules of all sizes in the kilowatt range annually), mid-range buyers (typically up to 10 MWp annually), and large quantity buyers (self-explanatory—and with access to the lowest prices). Over the long term there is clearly a systematic reduction in the price of cells and modules. For example, in 2012 it was estimated that the quantity cost per watt was about US$0.60, which was 250 times lower than the cost in 1970 of US$150. A 2015 study shows price/kWh dropping by 10% per year since 1980, and predicts that solar could contribute 20% of total electricity consumption by 2030, whereas the International Energy Agency predicts 16% by 2050.

Real-world energy production costs depend a great deal on local weather conditions. In a cloudy country such as the United Kingdom, the cost per produced kWh is higher than in sunnier countries like Spain.

Following to RMI, Balance-of-System (BoS) elements, this is, non-module cost of non-microinverter solar modules (as wiring, converters, racking systems and various components) make up about half of the total costs of installations.

For merchant solar power stations, where the electricity is being sold into the electricity transmission network, the cost of solar energy will need to match the wholesale electricity price. This point is sometimes called 'wholesale grid parity' or 'busbar parity'.

Some photovoltaic systems, such as rooftop installations, can supply power directly to an electricity user. In these cases, the installation can be competitive when the output cost matches the price at which the user pays for their electricity consumption. This situation is sometimes called 'retail grid parity', 'socket parity' or 'dynamic grid parity'. Research carried out by UN-Energy in 2012 suggests areas of sunny countries with high electricity prices, such as Italy, Spain and Australia, and areas using diesel generators, have reached retail grid parity.

Standards
Standards generally used in photovoltaic modules:
 IEC 61215 (crystalline silicon performance), 61646 (thin film performance) and 61730 (all modules, safety), 61853 (Photovoltaic module performance testing & energy rating)
 ISO 9488 Solar energy—Vocabulary.
 UL 1703 from Underwriters Laboratories
 UL 1741 from Underwriters Laboratories
 UL 2703 from Underwriters Laboratories
 CE mark
 Electrical Safety Tester (EST) Series (EST-460, EST-22V, EST-22H, EST-110).

Applications

There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or photovoltaics. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electric devices:
 Solar canals
 Photovoltaic power stations
 Rooftop solar PV systems
 Standalone PV systems
 Solar hybrid power systems
 Concentrated photovoltaics
 Floating solar; water-borne solar panels
 Solar planes
 Solar-powered water purification
 Solar-pumped lasers
 Solar vehicles
 Solar panels on spacecraft and space stations

Limitations

Impact on electricity network
With the increasing levels of rooftop photovoltaic systems, the energy flow becomes 2-way. When there is more local generation than consumption, electricity is exported to the grid. However, an electricity network traditionally is not designed to deal with the 2- way energy transfer. Therefore, some technical issues may occur. For example, in Queensland Australia, more than 30% of households used rooftop PV by the end of 2017. The duck curve appeared often for a lot of communities from 2015 onwards. An over-voltage issue may result as the electricity flows from PV households back to the network. There are solutions to manage the over voltage issue, such as regulating PV inverter power factor, new voltage and energy control equipment at the electricity distributor level, re-conducting the electricity wires, demand side management, etc. There are often limitations and costs related to these solutions.

When electric networks are down, such as during the October 2019 California power shutoff, solar panels are often insufficient to fully provide power to a house or other structure, because they are designed to supply power to the grid, not directly to homes.

Implication onto electricity bill management and energy investment
There is no silver bullet in electricity or energy demand and bill management, because customers (sites) have different specific situations, e.g. different comfort/convenience needs, different electricity tariffs, or different usage patterns. Electricity tariff may have a few elements, such as daily access and metering charge, energy charge (based on kWh, MWh) or peak demand charge (e.g. a price for the highest 30min energy consumption in a month). PV is a promising option for reducing energy charge when electricity price is reasonably high and continuously increasing, such as in Australia and Germany. However, for sites with peak demand charge in place, PV may be less attractive if peak demands mostly occur in the late afternoon to early evening, for example residential communities. Overall, energy investment is largely an economical decision and it is better to make investment decisions based on systematical evaluation of options in operational improvement, energy efficiency, onsite generation and energy storage.

Solar module quality assurance

Solar module quality assurance involves testing and evaluating solar cells and Solar Panels to ensure the quality requirements of them are met. Solar modules (or panels) are expected to have a long service life between 20 and 40 years. They should continually and reliably convey and deliver the power anticipated. modules presented to a wide exhibit of climate conditions alongside use in various temperatures. Solar modules can be tested through a combination of physical tests, laboratory studies, and numerical analyses. Furthermore, solar modules need to be assessed throughout the different stages of their life cycle. Various companies such as Southern Research Energy & Environment, SGS Consumer Testing Services, TÜV Rheinland, Sinovoltaics, Clean Energy Associates (CEA), CSA Solar International and Enertis provide services in solar module quality assurance."The implementation of consistent traceable and stable manufacturing processes becomes mandatory to safeguard and ensure the quality of the PV Modules"

Stages of testing

The lifecycle stages of testing solar modules can include: the Conceptual phase, manufacturing phase, transportation and installation, commissioning phase, and the in-service phase. Depending on the test phase, different test principles may apply.

Conceptual phase
The first stage can involve design verification where the expected output of the module is tested through computer simulation. Further, the modules ability to withstand natural environment conditions such as temperature, rain, hail,
snow, corrosion, dust, lightning, horizon and near-shadow effects is tested. The layout for design and construction of the module and the quality of components and installation  can also be tested at this stage.

Manufacturing phase
Inspecting manufacturers of components is carried through visitation. The inspection can include assembly checks, material testing supervision and Non Destructive Testing (NDT). Certification is carried our according to ANSI/UL1703, IEC 17025, IEC 61215, IEC 61646, IEC 61701 and IEC 61730-1/-2.

AC module

An AC module is a photovoltaic module which has a small AC inverter mounted onto its back side which produces AC power with no external DC connector.

AC modules are defined by Underwriters Laboratories as the smallest and most complete system for harvesting solar energy.

See also

 Daisy chain (electrical engineering)
 Digital modeling and fabrication
 Domestic energy consumption
 Grid-tied electrical system
 Growth of photovoltaics
 MC4 connector
 Solar charger
 Solar cooker
 Solar still
 Junction box

References

Photovoltaics
Panel
Smart devices
Solar power

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you are like me, then your car is probably a bit messy. Cars are very small in space but they sure do store a lot of trash. Even when it gets clean it never stays clean. There will always be more crumbs, dust, and stains. They never seem to disappear!
Because of all this, every car can benefit from a car deep clean. Even when we go through and clean our car the usual way, there is always some stains and crumbs and sometimes even a smell left over. A deep clean is the solution to the problem.
If you want a car deep clean, you have two options. You can either pay to have it detailed by a professional, or you can do it yourself. Many people pay to have it done because it seems like we can never clean it ourselves. But that is not true! There are many DIY hacks to give your car a deep clean and make it cleaner than it has ever been.
Take a look at these DIY cleaning tips and get going on cleaning your car!
1. Clear up foggy headlights with toothpaste and water.
2. Toothpaste can also be used to hide scratches!
3. Olive oil is a great, cheap way to polish leather on your dashboard.
4. A cheap foam brush can remove dust from your air vents.
5. Is there a lingering smell in your car? You might need to replace the air filter.
6. Get rid of animal hair with a squeegee and a spray bottle of water. Comes right off!
7. An old toothbrush can be used to get crumbs out of your seat cushions.
8. And you can use it to clean dirt from vinyl!
9. Are insects bugging you? Keep them out of your car and grille with dryer sheets.
10. Get your car deep clean around your wheels with a cleaning powder and water.
11. Prevent a smeared windshield by scrubbing your blades with rubbing alcohol.
12. And if it's too late, deep clean your windshield with glass cleaner, steel wool, and Rain X.
13. Clean dirty floor mats by spraying with stain remover then throwing them in the wash.
14. Remove car stickers or decals with a hairdryer and water. If it's on the outside, use boiling water.
15. Use a brush and a vacuum to immediately remove dust from your car.
16. Make sure to remove ALL the trash from your car. That includes under the seats!
17. Use a magic eraser to remove sticky things off of vinyl and leather.
18. Make sure to thoroughly clean the kids' car seats with a lint roller, soap, and a steam cleaner if you have one.
19. When cleaning your windows, make sure to roll them down to get the grime from the top.
20. After washing your vehicle, use a clay bar to remove remaining dirt and grime.
21. Once it's all clean, keep it fresh with an air freshener made from baking soda.
Have any other deep cleaning hacks for your car that worked well for you? Please share in the comments below!
If these car cleaning tips inspire you, go for your house next with 25 Weird Home Cleaning Hacks That Actually Work.


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Grand View Health > Our Services > Ambulance/Transport Services – Medic 151 > Medic 151 Subscription Program
July 1, 2015 – June 30, 2016 – Subscription Program
Medic 151 is committed to its mission of care and charitable service to the community. We are proud to provide essential, life-saving, pre-hospital services. To ensure our continued growth, we offer a subscription program. As a subscriber, you are not only supporting Medic 151, but may not be responsible for any expenses left unpaid by your insurance company for emergency services rendered.
In order to provide these critical services, we look to the community for assistance through this subscription program and in-kind gifts. We can assure our continued growth and commitment to the community with your participation. Once you become a subscriber, you will not be responsible for any expenses that are left unpaid by your insurance company for 9-1-1 emergency services rendered by Grand View Health Emergency Medical Services Medic 151.
For subscription questions contact us at 215-257-8661.
Providing Excellence in 9-1-1 Emergency Services to:
Borough of Sellersville
Borough of Perkasie
Borough of Silverdale
Township of West Rockhill
Township of East Rockhill
Township of Hilltown
We provide emergency lifesaving medical care, treatment and transportation to our community 24-hours per day and 365 days per year. We are committed to quality, personalized and compassionate care.
We offer Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) emergency services. Our professional staff consists of highly trained and dedicated national and state-certified paramedics, pre-hospital registered nurses and emergency medical technicians. Our personnel work closely with Grand View Health's Department of Emergency Medicine Physicians. Our team maintains a variety of specialized certifications, which are essential when providing effective and efficient patient care during a pre-hospital emergency situation.
Disclaimer: The subscription mailing that you have received is for Grand View Health Emergency Medical Services. Depending on your address, the county 911 system in which you reside may dispatch a different emergency service. If you are unsure of your service provider please call the county 911 communications center for further assistance and clarification.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Gross Motor Function Classification System or GMFCS is a 5 level clinical classification system that describes the gross motor function of people with cerebral palsy on the basis of self-initiated movement abilities. Particular emphasis in creating and maintaining the GMFCS scale rests on evaluating sitting, walking, and wheeled mobility.  Distinctions between levels are based on functional abilities; the need for walkers, crutches, wheelchairs, or canes / walking sticks; and to a much lesser extent, the actual quality of movement.

The original version of the GMFCS was developed in 1997. As of 2007, the expanded and revised version, known as GMFCS - E&R, further includes an age band for youth 12 to 18 years.

The original concept was developed collaboratively by Robert Palisano, Professor of Physiotherapy at Drexel University; Peter Rosenbaum, Professor of Developmental Paediatrics at McMaster University; Stephen Walter, Professor of Biostatistics at McMaster University; Dianne Russell; Ellen Wood; and Barbara Galuppi.

GMFCS is now the standard in both North America and Western Europe for mobility assessment and ambulatory ability prediction for cerebral palsy. The examination is done using the "Gross Motor Function Measure", (GMFM), a set of 66 sitting (truncal control) as well as walking exercises conducted during the GMFM assessment that help the specialist classify the person into one of the system's five levels or, sometimes, to classify the person as "in between" two different levels.

GMFCS Level I
• Can walk indoors and outdoors and climb stairs without using hands for support
• Can perform usual activities such as running and jumping
• Has decreased speed, balance and coordination

GMFCS Level II
• Can climb stairs with a railing
• Has difficulty with uneven surfaces, inclines or in crowds
• Has only minimal ability to run or jump

GMFCS Level III
• Walks with assistive mobility devices indoors and outdoors on level surfaces
• May be able to climb stairs using a railing
• May propel a manual wheelchair and need assistance for long distances or uneven surfaces

GMFCS Level IV
• Walking ability severely limited even with assistive devices
• Uses wheelchairs most of the time and may propel own power wheelchair
• Standing transfers, with or without assistance

GMFCS Level V
• Has physical impairments that restrict voluntary control of movement
• Ability to maintain head and neck position against gravity restricted
• Impaired in all areas of motor function
• Cannot sit or stand independently, even with adaptive equipment
• Cannot independently walk but may be able to use powered mobility

Use
The GMFCS has been used to describe study samples in terms of the number of children in each band. Hence, the GMFCS is much more of a categorization tool or an independent variable rather than an outcome measure. For example, cerebral palsy children with higher GMFCS levels i.e. (III, IV,  V) have a greater risk of developing hip subluxation/dislocation than those with lower GMFCS levels i.e. (I, II). A limitation of the original GMFCS was that parents and therapists would rate a child on their best performance rather than their average performance.  There seems to be more uncertainty between classifying children at level I or II than in other levels.  The GMFCS has been used to classify people with conditions other than cerebral palsy.  This use is not recommended by the authors of the GMFCS.

Alternatives
The Gross Motor Functional Measure is sometimes used instead of the GMFCS.

See also
 Communication Function Classification System
 Manual Ability Classification System

References

External links
 Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised (GMFCS - E&R) at CanChild web site

Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes
Medical scoring system


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Customer Service in UAE: How to Handle Your UAE Customer
The UAE is not a big place.
Its geographical area fits neatly between Austria and Ireland on a list of countries.
And yet, it has some staggering numbers attached to it. One of the most interesting is that expats vastly outnumber locals—in some places, by a factor of nine to one.
That means that any customer-facing business venture in the UAE has to take into account not just the local culture, but a mix of cultures from all around the world.
As someone in charge of that customer service, you'll be faced with an unenviable task.
How is it that some businesses thrive in such an environment, while others fade away into the dust?
It's simple, really, and it's a lesson that can be applied to all aspects of expat life:
The flexible survive. The stubborn fail.
In today's article, you'll learn how you can best apply that flexibility to your advantage—in other words, how you can master customer service culture in the UAE.
First, you've got to learn about the people. Who is your consumer?
1. Understanding the Expat Environment
It can be incredibly difficult to comprehend the kind of growth and population explosion that the UAE has seen in the last twenty years.
If you go back to your hometown after being away for five years, it's likely to look about the same.
But just try and imagine that every single year for the last twenty years, your hometown has boomed in popularity. People have started moving in from every corner of the globe.
The familiar streets and familiar environment have all changed before your eyes, as businesses opened and closed, new houses and apartments went up, and whole new roads were built where before there was just empty space.
In 2005, the ratio of expats to locals in the UAE was already more than 3 to 1.
By 2015, the local population stayed almost the same—but the expat population nearly tripled.
According to the latest statistics, native-born Emiratis make up just 20% of the national population. They mainly live in rural areas, while the proportion of expats in the largest cities can reach almost 90 percent.
Who are these expats and what do they want?
Well, if you're reading this article, you might be one of them. And what about the others?
Virtually every nationality has some expats living in the UAE.
The largest population group is from India, making up 25% of the expat population, and that group is closely followed by Pakistanis with 12%. Sri Lankans and Afghans together number more than 800,000.
People from countries across the Arab world such as Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq form another sizeable expat group with more than a million people coming from these countries alone.
Another six hundred thousand are from just two countries in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia and the Philippines. As Muslim-majority countries, these countries have close ties to the Middle East.
Comparatively few expats are from East Asia, African countries, Europe, or the Americas. The notable exceptions are China, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, which together contribute roughly five hundred thousand expats to the UAE. Let's not forget—this number is roughly half of the entire native Emirati population!
Now, why are so many people attracted to living in the UAE?
Very broadly speaking, expats from South and Southeast Asia tend to work in construction, transport, or as domestic helpers. That said, it's important to remember that some of the largest and most successful national brands in the UAE were founded by Indian entrepreneurs.
That includes supermarket chains, pharmacies, cosmetics, and even healthcare. Indian expats in the UAE enjoy a strong and well-established social network with roots stretching back centuries.
In contrast, although the population of expats from East Asia and countries in Europe and North America is relatively low, it may appear disproportionately high in the business world as most of these expats have high positions in international companies.
Virtually all of the Koreans, for instance, as well as the English-speaking South Africans, have positions in companies registered to their country of origin.
Lastly, finding the culture and language barrier far lower than in other places, many Arabs from neighboring countries choose to study abroad at the well-known universities in the UAE. It may come as no surprise, then, that a majority of them major in business.
2. Understanding the Locals
Something that might strike you about these demographic figures is that the native Emiratis seem like they have no sector left to dominate.
The fact is, most locals aspire to jobs in the government or military, as these are seen as much more respectable than the private sector. Some attitudes are changing, particularly with regard to the food and beverage industry as more local Emiratis want to present an authentic view of their home cuisine to the world.
Now, if you want to sell products in the UAE, you need to understand their culture.
One of the first things when looking at an Arab consumer market is religion.
It's no secret that the United Arab Emirates is a Muslim country. Islam is the state religion, and almost all Emirati citizens follow it—let alone the vast numbers of expats from Muslim countries worldwide.
What does that mean for local consumer culture in particular?
You've almost certainly heard before how Muslims avoid certain products because of religious restrictions. You're not going to make much progress with the locals if you advertise pulled pork and beer on tap.
Less well-known, though, is what Muslims do tend to buy.
What Ramadan Can Mean for Business
A study came out recently showing that in London—a city with a sizeable Muslim minority—most Muslims feel that the holy month of Ramadan is largely ignored by retailers.
Anybody who's spent time in a Muslim-majority country during Ramadan knows that the streets light up with activity as soon as the sun sets. People can't wait to treat each other to meals and buy each other gifts.
Cafés, too, become vibrant hubs of conversation late into the night. Some café owners report as much as a one-hundred percent increase in activity during the month of Ramadan—which, keep in mind, prohibits eating and drinking throughout the day!
And all through the year, Muslims are becoming more and more interested in consumer trends such as halal travel packages and modest fashion.
Being informed about and taking advantage of these consumer demands is key to creating a powerful brand that people can rely on.
Culture of Trust and Relationship
Nobody can comment on Arab culture without mentioning how incredibly open, sociable, and hospitable it is.
Governments have even built tourism brands on the strength of Arab hospitality.
Part of that openness means that Arab consumers want trust at all levels.
Sometimes consumers can be apathetic about their purchasing habits at times and shop on impulse. Those traits aren't absent from Arab cultures, but in general they're a lot more rare.
Therefore, your UAE customer is likely going to take the advice of people they trust before they make major purchasing decisions.
That might take the form of a family discussion, a chat with a close friend, or a quick group text.
They'll also want to know a lot about the product or service itself. If you're in the auto business, for instance, you're going to have to be prepared for your Arab consumers to ask a lot of questions about the particulars of the car and the financing.
Once you build up that trust, that personal relationship, you're likely to keep that customer for a long, long time. They'll recommend you to their own social networks as well—all because you took the time to listen to what they wanted.
3. Solving Customer Problems on a Global Scale
No matter where you are, your customer is expecting good service.
But what does that mean, exactly? It means that when the customer has any interaction at all with your business, what they expect is strongly related to their culture.
And not only their home culture; if they're the international sort, they've built up an idea of what to expect outside of their home country, as well.
Let's look at two industries—retail and hospitality—that live and die on customer experience.
Retail and Hospitality: Arab Culture
Arabs are used to a wide variety of choices when it comes to retail. Even in traditional bazaars, you can see the same types of goods on display from many different people.
For that reason, Arab consumers tend to be less loyal to one particular store if they can get similar goods in other places.
And because of a combination of the punishing desert heat and the Arab penchant for hospitality, the retail spaces themselves have to be welcoming.
The big cities of the UAE are famous for enormous and richly decorated malls already. Inside, you'll find large open spaces for relaxation and socialization.
Customers from Arab countries are going to expect service that helps them out while they're browsing and makes them feel welcome to stay as long as they'd like in the store.
Retail and Hospitality: Shoppers from Abroad
International customers from Europe and North America, by contrast, don't quite have the same needs.
First of all, in some countries, particularly the United States, consumers are becoming more disappointed by retail all the time. It's common to hear about American malls closing or selling off space.
To appeal to these shoppers, the retail space has to offer something that can't be found online. Part of that is the welcoming, attractive venue, but another part is the service.
Such shoppers also expect that the service staff at any retail location will be open, friendly, and knowledgeable without being pushy. Attempts to make a sale by promoting another product with anything more than a slight suggestion come off as aggressive.
At the same time, these customers expect that any questions they have about products or promotions can be answered immediately—either by a clerk or a manager.
Now, when it comes to vacations, a lot of tourists love the idea of being in an unknown part of the world.
Even if the place they're visiting is clearly a developed cosmopolitan city, they'll be more likely to spend money on things they judge to be "authentic."
They'll love it if the hotel staff recommends a "local restaurant" for them to try, and they likely expect to be able to explore the area at their own speed.
Retail and Hospitality: East Asian Culture
Tourists from East Asia, however, tend to enjoy a more curated travel experience. They're more likely to take package travel deals, and many who don't speak any foreign languages are happy to remain with a tour group for their entire stay.
What This Means
And back to well-traveled expats—what they're looking for is something that ticks the boxes of their home culture and fits with the surrounding environment. That means if you can find a way to present a pleasing "slice of home" that's already integrated to the local environment, you've got it made.
Negative customer experiences happen when the customer is expecting a certain level of service and in reality, it just doesn't live up to what they wanted.
People are different, and everybody makes mistakes. So this happens all around the world—and when it does, how are you going to react?
4. Language is Key
If you're not already one, imagine yourself for a moment in the role of an expat manager in the UAE.
Your company has brought you to a new country to make sure that things run smoothly and in line with the owners' vision.
If there's some miscommunication or lack of cohesion between the upper management, your workers, and your customers, you might be asked to lead a training session to help solve these problems.
Don't do it in English.
If you really want to reach the people you're working with and really understand what's going on, you've got to let them communicate with you in their own language.
When your company is experiencing problems because of cultural miscommunications—and this is almost guaranteed to happen to every company with operations abroad—language and cultural competence is everything.
Whether you're doing market research, employee training, or simple everyday customer service, knowledge of more languages will help every step of the way.
Even in highly multilingual environments such as the UAE, people still feel more comfortable speaking about complicated or personal matters in their mother tongue.
That could be one of the many varieties of Arabic such as Gulf Arabic, Levantine Arabic, or even Egyptian Arabic. By the way, you won't find anybody who'd prefer to talk to you in the literary register of Modern Standard Arabic.
It could also mean one of the other widely-spoken languages of the UAE such as Hindi, French, or Tagalog. Remember, the service industry is overwhelmingly comprised of expats, and not just from Arab countries.
Seriously—people on every level of your organization will warm up to you more if you make an effort to speak and understand their native language. If someone has a problem with another worker or even management, they'll hesitate to cross language and cultural barriers to communicate it.
That knowledge paints you as a savvy, experienced leader who has the brains and the dedication to really listen to what other people say.
And if you don't personally have this language and cultural competence, find someone who does.
Multilingual facilitators and intercultural communications coaches can help resolve conflicts faster than you ever thought possible.
5. Open Eyes, Open Ears
Here's a tip that comes from marketing, but is equally applicable to any consumer-facing part of a business. In fact, it's applicable to every part of life in general!
And the advice is this: You've got to listen to the people around you and be ready to adjust to what they say.
In marketing, this is obvious. Market research is a multimillion-dollar industry focused on just that.
But when was the last time a manager listened to their employees and their customers with equal attention?
Everyone's got a story about a manager who barely lifted a finger to hear what the employees had to say.
They should know that that inaction is hurting everyone—because the consumer-facing employees often develop an intuitive sense for how to handle different types of customers. It's a terrible mistake for someone removed from all of the local cultures to be setting the rules for employee-customer interactions.
People who have worked customer service for years on end can usually tell what someone's complaint is without thinking.
That information is just as valuable to the company as a million-dollar consumer trend study. Making use of it is not only going to have a good impact on your company's internal affairs, but it's also going to increase customer satisfaction if you don't force your employees to adhere to your own notions of customer service.
How can you apply this to your business in the UAE, and to the challenges of a diverse expat consumer group?
Understand that your employees may come from a culture that is similar to that of many of their customers. That gives them an inherent advantage in making those customers happy.
They should know how to quickly and easily handle customer interactions with polite, attentive professionalism—and as a part of that, they should be flexible about what they consider polite or rude behavior from customers. That's where your cultural training sessions come into play.
If your employees can pass on customer wants and needs to the upper management and take direction from both sides, the company will understand the customers better and everyone will have a better experience.
In other words: If you can manage to instill a habit of cultural sensitivity and flexibility in your business from the top down, you're guaranteed to do well with customers from the UAE, the Arab world, and beyond.
Author: Yassir Sahnoun is a HubSpot certified content strategist, copywriter and polyglot who works with language learning companies. He helps companies attract sales using content strategy, copywriting, blogging, email marketing & more.
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First and foremost, take your pictures afield. Wildlife photos always look more genuine when you're in the woods, with the natural environment as your backdrop. The deer looks better and you look better because you're still jacked up from the event. These days, it's very easy to carry along a little disposable camera with you to your stand - you might also get a nice shot of a wolf or moose when things are slow. Having a camera handy, you're ready to document the event when it's still fresh. If you got your buck in the evening and you've run out of light, consider taking it to the edge of the woods for a photo the next morning. Avoid taking photographs of your buck laying on a tailgate or hanging in a garage; they just look dead - really dead.
Always try to put the buck's tongue back in its mouth. Try to do it right away, before it stiffens up and freezes solid. I know it sounds like a small, cosmetic detail, but when you get those photos back and the tongue is hanging out, you'll see it. It's bad. Tongue shots are tacky.
Whenever possible, take some backup photos with your buddy's camera. When the unthinkable happens (the lab loses your film or you totally botch the entire roll) you'll be glad you took some reserve shots. Anything can happen, and when you've just whacked "Big Jake," some good photos are a must. Apply the DUCT TAPE PRINCIPLE: "OVER-DO IT." You'll be glad you did.
Take pictures of your buck BEFORE you gut it out. It looks much more appealing and natural prior to going under the knife. If you've already gutted the deer, frame it up by avoiding the bloody underside. The more blood in your photograph, the more dead your deer looks. If you're hunting in snow, drag the deer to a patch of clean snow for the picture.


text:
Q: GNOME Shell extension problem when trying to install themes I want to install new themes on Ubuntu 11.10, so I went to the Internet and followed the instructions to how to install new themes. I've installed gnome-tweak-tool, the Ubuntu shell user extension and everything else that I needed. But after I installed everything and restarted GNOME Shell, I went into the Advanced Settings (GNOME Tweak Tool) and the shell extensions tab is blank like before the installation. Also, in the theme tab, the shell theme option it says could not list shell extensions.

A: Just to make sure - Did the instructions you followed involve extracting the theme to /usr/share/themes? If not you can find a more detailed description of how to install a theme in 11.10 here.

A: there is only a temporary fix right now to make it work, since it is a bug!
first of all you need to create a hidden folder called .themes within your root folder.
sudo su          (type in your pwd)
mkdir ~/.themes  (creates the "hidden" .themes folder in your root directory)
now install the shell extension for gnome-tweak-tool:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/gnome3
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions-user-theme

install dconfEditor with ubuntu software center and put your theme folder of choice on your desktop, then copy it into the .themes folder like so:
sudo cp -r /home/username/Desktop/themeFolder ~/.themes

open up dconfEditor and browser through the tabs as followed:

org > gnome > shell > extensions > user-theme
  now type in your exact theme-name of the folder you copied into the .themes and into the values field of the right window.

after that is done you can open gnome-tweak-tool to chose your theme from the "> theme > shell theme" tab.
it is some work of course but it works for now.
you always can deactivate the extension of course from gnome-tweak-tool > shell extensions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Search this site|http://ncpeadmin.ecms.local Search domain|http://ncpeadmin.ecms.local
NCPE Remit
The Functions of the Commission
Profile of Commissioner
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> Main > The Functions of the Commission
By virtue of Chapter 456 of the Laws of Malta – Equality for Men and Women Act, the NCPE safeguards equality on the grounds of gender and family responsibilities, sexual orientation, age, religion or belief, racial or ethnic origin, and gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics in employment, education as well as in banks and financial institutions. In particular, according to this legislation, the functions of the NCPE entail:
(a) to identify, establish and update all policies directly or indirectly related to issues of equality;
(b) to identify the needs of persons who are disadvantaged by reasons of their sex and to take such steps within its power and to propose appropriate measures in order to cater for such needs in the widest manner possible;
(c) to monitor the implementation of national policies with respect to the promotion of equality;
(d) to liaise between, and ensure the necessary coordination between, government departments and other agencies in the implementation of measures, services or initiatives proposed by Government or the Commission from time to time;
(e) to keep direct and continuous contact with local and foreign bodies working in the field of equality issues, and with other groups, agencies or individuals as the need arises;
(f) to work towards the elimination of discrimination between men and women;
(g) to carry out general investigations with a view to determine whether the provisions of this Act are being complied with;
(h) to investigate complaints of a more particular or individual character to determine whether the provisions of this Act are being contravened with respect to the complainant and, where deemed appropriate, to mediate with regard to such complaints;
(i) to inquire into and advise or make determinations on any matter relating to equality between men and women as may be referred to it by the Minister;
(j) to provide assistance, where and as appropriate, to persons suffering from discrimination in enforcing their rights under this Act;
(k) to keep under review the working of this Act, and where deemed required, at the request of the Minister or otherwise, submit proposals for its amendment or substitution;
(l) to perform such other function as may be assigned by this or any other Act or such other functions as may be assigned by the Minister.
Legal Notice 85 of 2007 - Equal Treatment of Persons Order extends the NCPE's remit to include the promotion of equality on the grounds of race/ethnic origin in the access to and supply of goods and services. By virtue of this Legal Notice, the NCPE ensures that no person, establishment or entity, whether in the private or public sector, discriminates against any other person in relation to:
(a) Social protection, including social security and healthcare;
(b) Social advantages;
(c) Education;
(d) Access to and supply of goods and services which are available to public, including housing; and
(e) Access to any other service.
Moreover, the NCPE is also responsible for enhancing equality between genders in the access to and supply of goods and services, as established by Legal Notice 181 of 2008 – Access to Goods and Services and their Supply (Equal Treatment) Regulations, 2008. Hence, the NCPE also works to combat direct and indirect discrimination as well as sexual harassment on the grounds of gender in the access to and supply of goods and services. In effect, the functions of the NCPE are extended to safeguard gender equality in this sphere, and specifically to:
(a) providing independent assistance to victims of discrimination in pursuing their complaints about
discrimination;
(b) conducting independent surveys concerning discrimination; and
(c) publishing independent reports and making recommendations on any issue relating to such
The NCPE is also covering freedom of movement for workers in the EU by virtue of Legal Notice 173 of 2016 - Exercise of Rights conferred on Workers (Freedom of Movement) Regulations. Persons who feel that they have encountered or are encountering obstacles to exercise, or have had or are having their right to free movement restricted without justification, shall have a right to file a complaint with the Commissioner even after the relationship in which the obstacle or restriction is alleged to have occurred has ended, and the Commissioner shall initiate the proceedings prescribed in the Act or in any other applicable law or regulation.
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Aerospace manufacturing presents a number of unique challenges for companies that build products in that arena. Many of these challenges can be mitigated when the business adopts a project-based manufacturing model. This is true for Australian based aerospace companies, as well as for manufacturing operations located in Australia, that are part of extended international companies.
Aerospace products are typically built to very tight specifications. The business will want to be sure that each iteration of product delivered to the customer meets the exacting specifications as identified in the customer's procurement documents. Project based manufacturing provides specific milestones and sign-offs that document how each product produced has met those exacting requirements.
Aerospace product acquisitions are frequently contract driven with demanding cost allocation support requirements built into the specs. These are typically subject to audit. Businesses want to be able to clearly establish cost parameters for allocating indirect costs over the individual product produced and the project in general. Project-based management is set up to track those types of financial processes in a manner that is generally accepted by financial authority.
Aerospace businesses usually serve multiple customers, building multiple products with varying degrees of similarity and specified performance requirements. The ability to segregate effort, supply and part acquisition sources and costs, as well as quality testing, is essential. Adopting a project view facilitates the segregation of this information which supports the business' ability to document and certify their performance for each customer.
Compliance issues specific to the individual product acquisition are best addressed under the product management orientation, as well. This covers everything from knowing what companies provide supplies and parts, what employees are allowed access to the production of the product, cost supported pricing of the product and price comparison to commercial markets and quality testing processes used, and documentation of, testing results. Federal contracts frequently allow for extreme penalties against companies and employees that avoid, falsify certify compliance or otherwise fail to comply.
It should also be noted that project manufacturing does not need to be adopted by the entire enterprise. If your operation builds product for Aerospace in Sydney and you have other facilities building products for Agriculture or Mining in Brisbane, Perth or off-shore, those facilities can operate in whatever mode best suits their needs.
Aerospace is a demanding, highly scrutinised and highly regulated manufacturing market segment. Project manufacturing can mean the difference between success and failure on so many levels. If you want to maximise your chances for success, serious consideration should be given to adopting project based manufacturing in your aerospace production facilities and operations.


text:
Review - Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
I realize with the cool kids and hipsters, I am soooo late to this party! But I finally listened to this album and wanted to let you know what I thought of Macklemore and Ryan Lewis' The Heist. I was intrigued to hear the whole album, wondering if all the songs were of the novelty nature, like Thrift Shop. They aren't. This is a smart album, with a real message, unlike other rap albums recently. Also, Macklemore and Ryan Lewis wrote, produced and recorded this album all on their own, without a major label. They want to prove that you don't have to give in and use the big companies to make music (as you can hear about in the song Jimmy Iovine). It works. The Heist doesn't feature one sample, which is virtually unheard of in the rap game. I particularly like Ten Thousand Hours, which is a testament to putting in countless hours of hard work to gain success. They have been quoted saying they work at least an 80 hour work-week. The Heist proves that there are creative artists who can stay true to themselves, have fun and put out music unlike anything else. The Heist went to number one within hours of being released and Thrift Shop currently has more than 96 million views on YouTube (video shot, produced etc by the artists themselves). Also a stand out track on The Heist is SameLove, a tribute to same sex marriage, another testament to going against the grain in the rap game. The result is a beautiful track I have had on repeat.
Overall this is a rap album unlike anything else I have heard. If you aren't a rap fan, or have a tough time to questionable language, it's probably not for you. But I am blown away!
Chitty Chatty
$1-3 Make-Up!!
10 Slow Cooker Meals for Under $100
The Day I Made Dinner THREE Times
Happy Love Day!
$20 Hairbrush...Worth It?
2013 Goals Check-In
My Random & Beauty Faves of January
What's In My Shower?
Junk Drawer No More
Me Sans Makeup!


A celebration of art, music, song and dance inspired by the Rivanna River. It begins at 10am with the Fix a Leak 5k & Rivanna River Race Start. Exhibits & kid activities are at Darden Towe Park from 10am-1pm. The fest will culminate in a celebration at the Rivanna River Company. Darden Towe Park, Riverview Park. 10am-5pm. $Free. All ages welcome. For details, please click this link. For more info call: 434-977-4837.


text:
/**
 * @file
 * This file provides APIs TCP client/server/network monitor modules.
 */

#ifndef CA_TCP_INTERFACE_H_
#define CA_TCP_INTERFACE_H_

#include <stdbool.h>

#include "cacommon.h"
#include "catcpadapter.h"
#include "cathreadpool.h"
#include "uarraylist.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif

/**
 * Callback to be notified on reception of any data from remote OIC devices.
 *
 * @param[in]  endpoint      network endpoint description.
 * @param[in]  data          Data received from remote OIC device.
 * @param[in]  dataLength    Length of data in bytes.
 * @return ::CA_STATUS_OK or ERROR CODES (::CAResult_t error codes in cacommon.h).
 * @pre  Callback must be registered using CAIPSetPacketReceiveCallback().
 */
typedef CAResult_t (*CATCPPacketReceivedCallback)(const CASecureEndpoint_t *endpoint,
                                                  const void *data,
                                                  size_t dataLength);

/**
  * Callback to notify error in the TCP adapter.
  *
  * @param[in]  endpoint      network endpoint description.
  * @param[in]  data          Data sent/received.
  * @param[in]  dataLength    Length of data in bytes.
  * @param[in]  result        result of request from R.I.
  * @pre  Callback must be registered using CAIPSetPacketReceiveCallback().
 */
typedef void (*CATCPErrorHandleCallback)(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint, const void *data,
                                         size_t dataLength, CAResult_t result);

/**
  * Callback to notify connection information in the TCP adapter.
  *
  * @param[in]  endpoint        network endpoint description.
  * @param[in]  isConnected     Whether keepalive message needs to be sent.
  * @param[in]  isClient        Host Mode of Operation.
  * @see  Callback must be registered using CATCPSetKeepAliveCallback().
 */
typedef void (*CATCPConnectionHandleCallback)(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint, bool isConnected,
                                              bool isClient);

/**
 * set error callback to notify error in TCP adapter.
 *
 * @param[in]  errorHandleCallback Callback function to notify the error
 * in the TCP adapter.
 */
void CATCPSetErrorHandler(CATCPErrorHandleCallback errorHandleCallback);

#ifdef SINGLE_THREAD

CAResult_t CATCPStartServer();

/**
 * Pull the Received Data.
 */
void CATCPPullData();

/**
 * Get TCP Header Details.
 * @param[in]    recvBuffer   index of array list.
 * @param[out]   transport    TCP Server address.
 * @param[out]   headerlen    TCP Server port.
 */
void CAGetTCPHeaderDetails(unsigned char *recvBuffer, coap_transport_t *transport,
                           size_t *headerlen);

/**
 * Get total length from CoAP over TCP header.
 *
 * @param[in]   recvBuffer    received header data.
 * @param[in]   size          length of buffer.
 * @return  total data length
 */
size_t CAGetTotalLengthFromPacketHeader(const unsigned char *recvBuffer, size_t size);

#else
/**
 * set keepalive callback to notify connection information in TCP adapter.
 *
 * @param[in]  keepaliveHandler Callback function to notify the connection information.
 * in the TCP adapter.
 */
void CATCPSetKeepAliveCallback(CAKeepAliveConnectionCallback keepaliveHandler);

/**
 * Start TCP server.
 *
 * @param   threadPool   Thread pool for managing Unicast server threads.
 * @return ::CA_STATUS_OK or Appropriate error code.
 * @retval ::CA_STATUS_OK  Successful.
 * @retval ::CA_STATUS_INVALID_PARAM Invalid input data.
 * @retval ::CA_STATUS_FAILED Initialization failed.
 */
CAResult_t CATCPStartServer(const ca_thread_pool_t threadPool);

#endif

/**
 * Stop TCP server.
 */
void CATCPStopServer();

/**
 * Set this callback for receiving data packets from peer devices.
 *
 * @param[in]  callback    Callback to be notified on reception of unicast data packets.
 */
void CATCPSetPacketReceiveCallback(CATCPPacketReceivedCallback callback);

/**
 * Set this callback for receiving the changed connection information from peer devices.
 *
 * @param[in]  connHandler    Callback to be notified when connection state changes.
 */
void CATCPSetConnectionChangedCallback(CATCPConnectionHandleCallback connHandler);

/**
 * API to send unicast TCP data.
 *
 * @param[in]  endpoint          complete network address to send to.
 * @param[in]  data              Data to be send.
 * @param[in]  dataLength        Length of data in bytes.
 * @return  Sent data length or -1 on error.
 */
ssize_t CATCPSendData(CAEndpoint_t *endpoint, const void *data, size_t dataLength);

/**
 * Get a list of CAInterface_t items.
 *
 * @return  List of CAInterface_t items.
 */
u_arraylist_t *CATCPGetInterfaceInformation(int desiredIndex);

/**
 * Connect to TCP Server.
 *
 * @param[in]   endpoint    remote endpoint information.
 * @return  Created socket file descriptor.
 */
CASocketFd_t CAConnectTCPSession(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint);

/**
 * Disconnect from TCP Server.
 *
 * @param[in]   index       current session index in list.
 * @return  ::CA_STATUS_OK or Appropriate error code.
 */
CAResult_t CADisconnectTCPSession(size_t index);

/**
 * Disconnect all connection from TCP Server.
 */
void CATCPDisconnectAll();

/**
 * Get TCP connection information from list.
 *
 * @param[in]   endpoint    remote endpoint information.
 * @param[out]  index   index of array list.
 * @return  TCP Session Information structure.
 */
CATCPSessionInfo_t *CAGetTCPSessionInfoFromEndpoint(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint,
                                                    size_t *index);

/**
 * Get total length from CoAP over TCP header.
 *
 * @param[in]   recvBuffer    received header data.
 * @return  total data length
 */
size_t CAGetTotalLengthFromHeader(const unsigned char *recvBuffer);

/**
 * Get session information from file descriptor index.
 *
 * @param[in]   fd      file descriptor.
 * @param[out]  index   index of array list
 * @return  TCP Server Information structure.
 */
CATCPSessionInfo_t *CAGetSessionInfoFromFD(int fd, size_t *index);

/**
 * Get socket file descriptor from remote device information.
 *
 * @param[in]   endpoint    Remote Endpoint information (such as ipaddress,
 *                          port, reference uri and transport type) to
 *                          which the unicast data has to be sent.
 * @return  Created socket file descriptor.
 */
CASocketFd_t CAGetSocketFDFromEndpoint(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint);

/**
 * Find the session with endpoint info and remove it from list.
 *
 * @param[in]   endpoint    Remote Endpoint information (such as ipaddress,
 *                          port, reference uri and transport type) to
 *                          which the unicast data has to be sent.
 * @return  ::CA_STATUS_OK or Appropriate error code.
 */
CAResult_t CASearchAndDeleteTCPSession(const CAEndpoint_t *endpoint);

/**
 * Get total payload length from CoAP over TCP header.
 *
 * @param[in]   data    Data to be send.
 * @param[in]   dlen    Total data length.
 * @return  Payload length
 */
size_t CACheckPayloadLengthFromHeader(const void *data, size_t dlen);

/**
 * Construct CoAP header and payload from buffer
 *
 * @param[in] svritem - used socket, buffer, current received message length and protocol
 * @param[in/out]  data  - data buffer, this value is updated as data is copied to svritem
 * @param[in/out]  dataLength  - length of data, this value decreased as data is copied to svritem
 * @return             - CA_STATUS_OK or appropriate error code
 */
CAResult_t CAConstructCoAP(CATCPSessionInfo_t *svritem, unsigned char **data,
                          size_t *dataLength);

/**
 * Clean socket state data
 *
 * @param[in/out] svritem - socket state data
 */
void CACleanData(CATCPSessionInfo_t *svritem);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif /* CA_TCP_INTERFACE_H_ */