text:
<tool id="shrimp_wrapper" name="SHRiMP for Letter-space" version="1.0.0">
  <description>reads mapping against reference sequence </description>
  <command interpreter="python">
    #if     ($type_of_reads.single_or_paired=="single" and $param.skip_or_full=="skip"):#shrimp_wrapper.py $input_target $output1 $output2 $input_query
    #elif   ($type_of_reads.single_or_paired=="paired" and $param.skip_or_full=="skip"):#shrimp_wrapper.py $input_target $output1 $output2 $type_of_reads.input1,$type_of_reads.input2,$type_of_reads.insertion_size
    #elif   ($type_of_reads.single_or_paired=="single" and $param.skip_or_full=="full"):#shrimp_wrapper.py $input_target $output1 $output2 $input_query                                                              $param.spaced_seed $param.seed_matches_per_window $param.seed_hit_taboo_length $param.seed_generation_taboo_length $param.seed_window_length $param.max_hits_per_read $param.max_read_length $param.kmer $param.sw_match_value $param.sw_mismatch_value $param.sw_gap_open_ref $param.sw_gap_open_query $param.sw_gap_ext_ref $param.sw_gap_ext_query $param.sw_hit_threshold
    #elif   ($type_of_reads.single_or_paired=="paired" and $param.skip_or_full=="full"):#shrimp_wrapper.py $input_target $output1 $output2 $type_of_reads.input1,$type_of_reads.input2,$type_of_reads.insertion_size $param.spaced_seed $param.seed_matches_per_window $param.seed_hit_taboo_length $param.seed_generation_taboo_length $param.seed_window_length $param.max_hits_per_read $param.max_read_length $param.kmer $param.sw_match_value $param.sw_mismatch_value $param.sw_gap_open_ref $param.sw_gap_open_query $param.sw_gap_ext_ref $param.sw_gap_ext_query $param.sw_hit_threshold
    #end if
  </command>
    <inputs>
        <page>
        <conditional name="type_of_reads">
            <param name="single_or_paired" type="select" label="Single- or Paired-ends">
                <option value="single">Single-end</option>
                <option value="paired">Paired-end</option>
            </param>
            <when value="single">
                <param name="input_query" type="data" format="fastqsolexa" label="Align sequencing reads" help="No dataset? Read tip below"/>
            </when>
            <when value="paired">
                <param name="insertion_size" type="integer" size="5" value="600" label="Insertion length between two ends" help="bp" />
                <param name="input1" type="data" format="fastqsolexa" label="Align sequencing reads, one end" />
                <param name="input2" type="data" format="fastqsolexa" label="and the other end" />
            </when>
        </conditional>
        <param name="input_target" type="data" format="fasta" label="against reference" />
        <conditional name="param">
            <param name="skip_or_full" type="select" label="SHRiMP settings to use" help="For most mapping needs use Commonly used settings. If you want full control use Full List">
                <option value="skip">Commonly used</option>
                <option value="full">Full Parameter List</option>
            </param>
            <when value="skip" />
            <when value="full">
                <param name="spaced_seed"                   type="text"     size="30"   value="111111011111"    label="Spaced Seed" />
                <param name="seed_matches_per_window"       type="integer"  size="5"    value="2"               label="Seed Matches per Window" />
                <param name="seed_hit_taboo_length"         type="integer"  size="5"    value="4"               label="Seed Hit Taboo Length" />
                <param name="seed_generation_taboo_length"  type="integer"  size="5"    value="0"               label="Seed Generation Taboo Length" />
                <param name="seed_window_length"            type="float"    size="10"   value="115.0"           label="Seed Window Length"          help="in percentage"/>
                <param name="max_hits_per_read"             type="integer"  size="10"   value="100"             label="Maximum Hits per Read" />
                <param name="max_read_length"               type="integer"  size="10"   value="1000"            label="Maximum Read Length" />
                <param name="kmer"                          type="integer"  size="10"   value="-1"              label="Kmer Std. Deviation Limit"   help="-1 as None"/>
                <param name="sw_match_value"                type="integer"  size="10"   value="100"             label="S-W Match Value" />
                <param name="sw_mismatch_value"             type="integer"  size="10"   value="-150"            label="S-W Mismatch Value" />
                <param name="sw_gap_open_ref"               type="integer"  size="10"   value="-400"            label="S-W Gap Open Penalty (Reference)" />
                <param name="sw_gap_open_query"             type="integer"  size="10"   value="-400"            label="S-W Gap Open Penalty (Query)" />
                <param name="sw_gap_ext_ref"                type="integer"  size="10"   value="-70"             label="S-W Gap Extend Penalty (Reference)" />
                <param name="sw_gap_ext_query"              type="integer"  size="10"   value="-70"             label="S-W Gap Extend Penalty (Query)" />
                <param name="sw_hit_threshold"              type="float"    size="10"   value="68.0"            label="S-W Hit Threshold"           help="in percentage"/>
            </when>
        </conditional>
        </page>
    </inputs>
    <outputs>
        <data name="output1" format="tabular"/>
        <data name="output2" format="tabular"/>
    </outputs>
    <requirements>
      <requirement type="binary">rmapper-ls</requirement>
    </requirements>
    <tests>
        <test>
            <param name="single_or_paired" value="single" />
            <param name="skip_or_full" value="skip" />
            <param name="input_target" value="shrimp_phix_anc.fa" ftype="fasta" />
            <param name="input_query" value="shrimp_wrapper_test1.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa"/>
            <output name="output1" file="shrimp_wrapper_test1.out1" />
        </test>
        <!--
        <test>
            <param name="single_or_paired" value="paired" />
            <param name="skip_or_full" value="skip" />
            <param name="input_target" value="shrimp_eca_chrMT.fa" ftype="fasta" />
            <param name="input1" value="shrimp_wrapper_test2_end1.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa" />
            <param name="input2" value="shrimp_wrapper_test2_end2.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa" />
            <param name="insertion_size" value="600" />
            <output name="output1" file="shrimp_wrapper_test2.out1" />
        </test>
        <test>
            <param name="single_or_paired" value="single" />
            <param name="skip_or_full" value="full" />
            <param name="input_target" value="shrimp_phix_anc.fa" ftype="fasta" />
            <param name="input_query" value="shrimp_wrapper_test1.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa"/>
            <param name="spaced_seed" value="111111011111" />
            <param name="seed_matches_per_window" value="2" />
            <param name="seed_hit_taboo_length" value="4" />
            <param name="seed_generation_taboo_length" value="0" />
            <param name="seed_window_length" value="115.0" />
            <param name="max_hits_per_read" value="100" />
            <param name="max_read_length" value="1000" />
            <param name="kmer" value="-1" />
            <param name="sw_match_value" value="100" />
            <param name="sw_mismatch_value" value="-150" />
            <param name="sw_gap_open_ref" value="-400" />
            <param name="sw_gap_open_query" value="-400" />
            <param name="sw_gap_ext_ref" value="-70" />
            <param name="sw_gap_ext_query" value="-70" />
            <param name="sw_hit_threshold" value="68.0" />
            <output name="output1" file="shrimp_wrapper_test1.out1" />
        </test>
        <test>
            <param name="single_or_paired" value="paired" />
            <param name="skip_or_full" value="full" />
            <param name="input_target" value="shrimp_eca_chrMT.fa" ftype="fasta" />
            <param name="spaced_seed" value="111111011111" />
            <param name="seed_matches_per_window" value="2" />
            <param name="seed_hit_taboo_length" value="4" />
            <param name="seed_generation_taboo_length" value="0" />
            <param name="seed_window_length" value="115.0" />
            <param name="max_hits_per_read" value="100" />
            <param name="max_read_length" value="1000" />
            <param name="kmer" value="-1" />
            <param name="sw_match_value" value="100" />
            <param name="sw_mismatch_value" value="-150" />
            <param name="sw_gap_open_ref" value="-400" />
            <param name="sw_gap_open_query" value="-400" />
            <param name="sw_gap_ext_ref" value="-70" />
            <param name="sw_gap_ext_query" value="-70" />
            <param name="sw_hit_threshold" value="68.0" />
            <param name="input1" value="shrimp_wrapper_test2_end1.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa"/>
            <param name="input2" value="shrimp_wrapper_test2_end2.fastq" ftype="fastqsolexa"/>
            <param name="insertion_size" value="600" />
            <output name="output1" file="shrimp_wrapper_test2.out1" />
        </test>
        -->
    </tests>
<help>

.. class:: warningmark

IMPORTANT: This tool currently only supports data where the quality scores are integers or ASCII quality scores with base 64. Click pencil icon next to your dataset to set datatype to *fastqsolexa*.

-----

**What it does**

SHRiMP (SHort Read Mapping Package) is a software package for aligning genomic reads against a target genome.

This wrapper post-processes the default SHRiMP/rmapper-ls output and generates a table with all information from reads and reference for the mapping. The tool takes single- or paired-end reads. For single-end reads, only uniquely mapped alignment is considered. In paired-end reads, only pairs that meet the following criteria will be used to generate the table: 1). the ends fall within the insertion size; 2). the ends are mapped at the opposite directions. If there are still multiple mappings after applying the criteria, this paired-end read will be discarded.

-----

**Input formats**

A multiple-fastq file, for example::

    @seq1
    TACCCGATTTTTTGCTTTCCACTTTATCCTACCCTT
    +seq1
    hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

-----

**Outputs**

The tool gives two outputs.

**Table output**

Table output contains 8 columns::

     1     2        3       4     5     6     7     8
  ----------------------------------------------------
  chrM   14711     seq1     0     T     A    40     1
  chrM   14712     seq1     1     T     T    40     1

where::

  1. (chrM)   - Reference sequence id
  2. (14711)  - Position of the mapping in the reference
  3. (seq1)   - Read id
  4. (0)      - Position of the mapping in the read
  5. (T)      - Nucleotide in the reference
  6. (A)      - Nucleotide in the read
  7. (40)     - Quality score for the nucleotide in the position of the read
  8. (1)      - The number of times this position is covered by reads

**SHRiMP output**

This is the default output from SHRiMP/rmapper-ls::

     1     2     3       4      5      6     7     8      9      10
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
   seq1  chrM    +     3644    3679    1    36     36    3600    36

where::

  1. (seq1)   - Read id
  2. (chrM)   - Reference sequence id
  3. (+)      - Strand of the read
  4. (3466)   - Start position of the alignment in the reference
  5. (3679)   - End position of the alignment in the reference
  6. (1)      - Start position of the alignment in the read
  7. (36)     - End position of the alignment in the read
  8. (36)     - Length of the read
  9. (3600)   - Score
 10. (36)     - Edit string

-----

**SHRiMP parameter list**

The commonly used parameters with default value setting::

    -s    Spaced Seed                             (default: 111111011111)
          The spaced seed is a single contiguous string of 0's and 1's.
          0's represent wildcards, or positions which will always be
          considered as matching, whereas 1's dictate positions that
          must match. A string of all 1's will result in a simple kmer scan.
    -n    Seed Matches per Window                 (default: 2)
          The number of seed matches per window dictates how many seeds
          must match within some window length of the genome before that
          region is considered for Smith-Waterman alignment. A lower
          value will increase sensitivity while drastically increasing
          running time. Higher values will have the opposite effect.
    -t    Seed Hit Taboo Length                   (default: 4)
          The seed taboo length specifies how many target genome bases
          or colours must exist prior to a previous seed match in order
          to count another seed match as a hit.
    -9    Seed Generation Taboo Length            (default: 0)

    -w    Seed Window Length                      (default: 115.00%)
          This parameter specifies the genomic span in bases (or colours)
          in which *seed_matches_per_window* must exist before the read
          is given consideration by the Simth-Waterman alignment machinery.
    -o    Maximum Hits per Read                   (default: 100)
          This parameter specifies how many hits to remember for each read.
          If more hits are encountered, ones with lower scores are dropped
          to make room.
    -r    Maximum Read Length                     (default: 1000)
          This parameter specifies the maximum length of reads that will
          be encountered in the dataset. If larger reads than the default
          are used, an appropriate value must be passed to *rmapper*.
    -d    Kmer Std. Deviation Limit               (default: -1 [None])
          This option permits pruning read kmers, which occur with
          frequencies greater than *kmer_std_dev_limit* standard
          deviations above the average. This can shorten running
          time at the cost of some sensitivity.
          *Note*: A negative value disables this option.
    -m    S-W Match Value                         (default: 100)
          The value applied to matches during the Smith-Waterman score calculation.
    -i    S-W Mismatch Value                      (default: -150)
          The value applied to mismatches during the Smith-Waterman
          score calculation.
    -g    S-W Gap Open Penalty (Reference)        (default: -400)
          The value applied to gap opens along the reference sequence
          during the Smith-Waterman score calculation.
          *Note*: Note that for backward compatibility, if -g is set
          and -q is not set, the gap open penalty for the query will
          be set to the same value as specified for the reference.
    -q    S-W Gap Open Penalty (Query)            (default: -400)
          The value applied to gap opens along the query sequence during
          the Smith-Waterman score calculation.
    -e    S-W Gap Extend Penalty (Reference)      (default: -70)
          The value applied to gap extends during the Smith-Waterman score calculation.
          *Note*: Note that for backward compatibility, if -e is set
          and -f is not set, the gap exten penalty for the query will
          be set to the same value as specified for the reference.
    -f    S-W Gap Extend Penalty (Query)          (default: -70)
          The value applied to gap extends during the Smith-Waterman score calculation.
    -h    S-W Hit Threshold                       (default: 68.00%)
          In letter-space, this parameter determines the threshold
          score for both vectored and full Smith-Waterman alignments.
          Any values less than this quanitity will be thrown away.
          *Note* This option differs slightly in meaning between letter-space and colour-space.

-----

**Reference**

 **SHRiMP**: Stephen M. Rumble, Michael Brudno, Phil Lacroute, Vladimir Yanovsky, Marc Fiume, Adrian Dalca. shrimp at cs dot toronto dot edu.

</help>
</tool>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Sid the Science Kid: A Vaccine Hero
I almost fell out of my chair laughing when I saw Kim Stagliano's latest opinion-unsupported-by-evidence essay about "vaccine safety" on HuffPo, because the object of her disapproval is Sid the Science Kid and his 2009 episode Getting a Shot: You Can Do It! Here is what Ms. Stagliano had to say:
"The vaccine safety community doesn't have big gun PR firms to coax the media into doing our bidding. There's no government support via PBS programs like New Sid the Science Kid Flu Vaccination Special Episode Now Available for Free Download on Flu.gov, enticing kids to get vaccines as if you're selling breakfast cereal."
Here's what the episode is actually about:
"In this special episode, Sid explains how vaccines work and shows millions of children what they can do to prevent the spread of the flu," said [Health and Human Services] Secretary Sebelius. "Sid will be a great messenger as we continue to find new and creative ways to reach out to children, adults, and families about how to stay healthy during flu season."
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research worked with the Henson Company and its partners to create a special episode of which premiered on PBS on Monday, Oct. 26, 2009, with subsequent airings on Nov. 19, Nov. 27, and Dec. 21.
It's been a vaccine-y week here -- the comments at my Shot of Prevention: Why My Child With Autism Is Fully Vaccinated post have been closed at 583, as we kept getting the same two people sputtering at us, with the same tired, outdated misinformation. I'd like to again thank Amy & Christine from ECBT.org for republishing the post, and Liz, Emily, Chris, Tom, SJ, Ellen, Dee, Jen, Kev, Squillo, and everyone else who calmly jumped in with the evidence. If you have the time, the comments are a good read -- and would make an excellent study piece for anyone interested in how conspiracy theory proponents think.
Also, BlogHer syndicated my recent pertussis post, which the editors retitled The Pertussis Epidemic and The Anti-Vaccine Movement. The comment stream there is good reading too, because it contains fresh voices from parents both within and outside the autism community who are vehemently pro-vaccine -- because they are pro-healthy, protected, non-critically-ill children.
I'm going to be chuckling about the Sid-pummeling all week long -- it's almost as awesome as Jerry Falwell railing against Tinky Winky the Teletubby for promoting the homosexual agenda. Almost.
Full disclosure: Leo's godmother developed and executive produces Sid (and the also-controversial Dinosaur Train). But we didn't know about the Flu episode until it had already been produced.
Labels: anti-vaccine movement, HuffPo, Sid the Science Kid, vaccinations, vaxfax
Unknown 12:47 PM
What's annoying is that some of us are on the fence about vaccines for things that are not polio, tetnus, or meningitis, not because we think vaccines are deadly or cause autism, but because we are older (survived many childhood illnesses and don't know anyone who didn't) or because we are conservative about medical procedures in general. Or we have children who are freaked-right-out terrified of needles. I would like to be able to mildly disagree about things like the flu vaccine without being lumped in with the crazies.
Shannon Des Roches Rosa 1:58 PM
You're expressing legitimate concerns in a civil manner. That is entirely reasonable.
One of the goals of the Sid video is to reassure kids who are scared about getting shots, though it probably won't much help a child who, for instance, requires sedation for such procedures.
But - the "we survived childhood diseases and everyone was fine" approach does little to comfort those who weren't and aren't fine, and can lead to eroding herd immunity. Which is something those whose children can't be vaccinated should especially value -- because those children are depending on other people to keep vaccine-preventable diseases from re-emerging.
Cheryl D. 10:39 PM
I remember that Sid episode when it came out last year. It was made because of the H1N1 virus was going around and people were concerned about how it was hitting the kid population pretty hard (that's my assumption anyway). I had my daughter watch it so she would understand what vaccines were about so she understood why she had to have painful shots. She ended up not getting the H1N1 vaccine. Not for philosophical reasons but because her pediatrician's office didn't receive them until the week my daughter contracted that flu!
Luckily, it was very mild for her and now she's immune for life! Yay!
Chris 10:28 AM
Elaine: "but because we are older (survived many childhood illnesses and don't know anyone who didn't)"
That is interesting, because as a baby boomer I grew up around hoards of kids. I did run into kids who were injured by diseases. For a while we had a next door neighbor whose fifth out of six kids was partially deaf because her mother had rubella. I also remember sometimes the moms would stop talking if kids entered the room, especially about the time measles was going through our school (I caught something about someone's son now having to go to a special school).
As an adult I met a woman at a mom/baby group whose first child died from Hib. My own son had seizures and ended up in the ER from a now vaccine preventable disease.
Where did you live? Because I think I need to move there.
(Just started to read Dangerous Pregnancies by Leslie Reagan. For a academic treatment of the 1960s rubella epidemic and the resulting changes in abortion laws and disability rights, it is a pretty good and interesting read!)
Chris, I share your opinion on surviving childhood disease, as I wrote. But Elaine was trying to make the point that people should be able to share reasonable, genuine concerns and experiences about vaccines without being ridiculed. So, the information you provided was helpful. The line about "where did you live" was not necessary. :)
Chris 6:17 PM
I should have left it at the fact that children were often not told about the other kids who got hurt. We were protected from this kind of bad information. It may have very well happened that a child she knew in the school, but not very well. That child may have stopped showing up, and she was never told the reason.
Attitudes were different not too long ago. I know I was told to be careful, but nice, to the girl with epilepsy, like it was something that was her fault. I think I would have been less guarded and friendlier if I had not been pre-primed for the stigma attached to epilepsy.
This is one reason why we cannot let our own experiences, ie anecdotes, be part of the vaccine decision. One needs to look at the actual data.
Amanda Broadfoot 11:17 AM
I agree that all vaccinations are not the same and each new one should be considered carefully, like any other medical decision. We opted not to go for any flu fax last year (because Billy's terrified of the doctor's office -- not the best reasoning I know), though having been through an exhausting and flu-filled winter, I'm reversing that decision this year.
Other than failing to get a flu shot, I vaccinate both my kids on the pediatrician-recommended schedule, including my autistic son. Chicken pox are totally survivable -- but they're awful (I was 14 before I caught them).
My son loses his cool over a sniffle; I don't want to suffer through a couple of weeks of chicken pox, if I can help it. I went through two weeks of Hand-Foot-Mouth with him earlier this year, and that was bad enough.
But the main reason I vaccinate is that I did as much research as I could do into the subject, and I felt comfortable that was the safest route for my kids.
My son's autism was not caused by vaccines. He was wired differently from the get-go. And it's my amateur opinion that no autism is caused by vaccines.
I had forgotten about the Teletubby madness! Thanks for the reminder - that really made me laugh :-)
Amanda Broadfoot: I don't want to suffer through a couple of weeks of chicken pox, if I can help it.
When it went through our household my six year old son was so sick he started to wet the bed (and he had been the easiest to potty train!). This made the pox even worse. (this was before there was a vaccine)
I am so sorry about your flu experience last year. I hope it goes better for you this year.
lebelinoz 5:33 PM
Great blog, Squid. With a noisy anti-vax minority out there, it's easy to think that most people have lost their senses. You and your supporters remind me that most of us are doing the right thing!
How Leo Does Halloween
Pumpkin Patching 2010
Bustling on Every Imaginable Level
Our Pertussis Epidemic: Why, and What You Can Do
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I Am a Soccer Mom - and It's Awesome!
Speaking of Autism and Bridge Building
Here, There, and Every Which Where

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'1917' Star Dean-Charles Chapman: "There's no rest. Two hours, real time, in a warzone"
Behind the scenes of Sam Mendes's real-time World War One thriller
By Will Hersey
François Duhamel / Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures
Up until now, Dean-Charles Chapman has probably been best known for playing Tommen Baratheon in Game of Thrones, but that could be about to change. The 22-year-old from Romford landed the co-lead in Sir Sam Mendes's WWI drama 1917, which has already picked up Golden Globes for Best Picture and Best Director, and according to the bookies is joint favourite with Once Upon A Time In Hollywood for the Best Picture Oscar on 9 February.
"You're there. There's no rest. Two hours, real time, in a warzone"
Chapman plays Lance Corporal Blake, who is tasked with a perilous mission through No Man's Land carrying a message which, if delivered in time, could save 1,600 fellow soldiers from a German trap. And as an extra incentive to move quickly, Blake's own brother is in the doomed battalion, which is why General Erinmore (Colin Firth) kindly selected him for the job. George MacKay's Schofield joins him for the apparently suicidal journey.
With the clock ticking, the film follows these two as they plot and blunder their way through the ravaged landscape. It's a story that would be visceral enough without the decision taken by Mendes, alongside cinematographer Roger Deakins, to film the pair through a single camera and viewpoint in real-time and in one apparently continuous take, ramping the immersion levels up to almost PTSD-inducing proportions.
It's a spectacular and unrelenting watch but as a technical feat of filmmaking it's even more impressive. So how was it to be a key player on such an ambitious shoot? We sat down with Chapman to get the details.
When did you first actually see the film and what was your reaction?
Sam [Mendes] showed me and George a rough cut, which still needed the score and a few tweaks but was basically edited into that one shot. Even though I knew the ins and outs of it completely, it still got me emotional. There are a lot of upsetting moments in the film and it's a lot to take in. I didn't quite understand the effect it would have watching it. You're there. There's no rest. Two hours, real time, in a warzone.
What did the decision to shoot in one shot give to the story?
Well, it would just be a completely different film. That's why Sam wanted to do it in that way: not for the sake of making it a one-shot film, but because it was genuinely the best way of telling the story. It's not an educational film about the war, it's just a human story about two ordinary kids. And that one continuous take allows you to feel every breath that they take. Everything you see is what they're seeing.
"When I stepped on the Game of Thrones set, I compare it to walking round Disneyland"
Rehearsals lasted six months. Tell us more about what that involved.
As an actor you don't normally get that privilege. Sometimes you don't rehearse at all. We filmed it in Salisbury plains near Stonehenge and it's acres and acres of green land similar to the landscape in France. The six months was pretty much me, George, Sam and Roger Deakins. The first week we were walking and talking with the script in our hands at the pace that it would be trying to figure out the journey of the men and the speed of everything and as we were going along stabbing stakes in the floor to mark out here's the start point, here's the wall, here's the bomb crater to slow the men down and allow the camera to come around. [As actors] it wasn't ever handed to us on a piece of paper that these are the steps. We were a part of that.
So it felt like you weren't just in the film, you were making it?
It really did. And that was true with every department. The makeup, the sound. We were the ones you see moving across No Man's Land but there was a whole camera crew behind us as well, in sync with us. It really was a choreographed dance, all of it between the camera and the actors for scene that could last eight-and-a-half minutes long. It really was about bouncing off each other.
Chapman (far left) with the '1917' crew after their win at the Golden Globes
Kevin WinterGetty Images
Did that level of collaboration make winning the Golden Globes last week even sweeter?
I was kind of shocked that we won Best Picture because the film hadn't even come out yet. All these other films from Martin Scorsese, Quentin Tarantino – really good films – and our film hadn't come out yet. It's nice because I hope it helps get people to come out and see it in the cinema because it needs to be seen on the big screen.
How did all these technical requirements affect what you needed to do as an actor?
Well, we didn't get a break either. On a normal film set you'd get a 20-minute break when they're setting up the next shot. We had no lighting rigs and no shots to set up other than the one take so we were, "Go, go, go". We'd do 20 rehearsals in the morning and then do 30-40 takes that day and one of them would be the one. That was hard. Especially when the scenes are hard anyway. And you never really stepped out of character. And it was quite hard to wrap my head around after filming.
Because it was so choreographed, was there even more pressure on you and George to get it right?
Hats off to Sam, because he is the one that leads the ship and never once did I feel an ounce of stress or an ounce of pressure. He took the pressure on, it was his thing and he made me and George so comfortable and so a part of the collaboration and even though it seemed impossible in my head I just knew we were being led in the right direction. He is the best, Sam. He is a genius, that man. Proper.
Any particular advice you got from him?
There was a scene near the beginning when Blake gets sent on the mission and he is walking through the trench to get to the front line and it's the first time you see his reaction to all of it. It was a really long scene and his emotions are really up and down and I had a lot to think about movement wise. Blake's such a warm character and he's the soul of the film and I really wanted to get that right so I kept asking Sam after every take, "Am I doing it right, am I doing it right?" and kept asking and asking and asking. In the end he said: "Is it interesting to watch? Yes. Was it real? Yes." It's not about whether there's a 'right' way to do it. And that made me think about everything completely differently.
You've spent a long, long time with George Mackay in some tough conditions, I hope you get on.
I swear he is the nicest kid – well he's not a kid, he's 28 – but he's so well-mannered and so polite and easy to work with. His performance in the film is so beautiful, so subtle and the research he did and everything he put into his character, he really gives a physical performance.
You're only 22 but your IMDb page is longer than most actors twice your age. How did you start?
I started doing TV commercials at four. My sister joined a local theatre school which had an agency and they asked my mum if she wanted to put me into it and I just said, "Yeah". I did Casualty at six and played Billy Elliot in London between 10 and 14. I didn't dance at all, they taught me from scratch. It was such a good starting ground. You're performing in front of people and they're paying money to see you. It was only after Billy that I wanted to take it seriously. I get a kick out of playing very different characters but it's rare, it's hard to find. Even just getting the opportunity. As an actor it's bloody hard work just to get a job.
We reckon your performance in 1917 should help.
Hopefully, we'll see.
Then came Game of Thrones. What's your abiding memory of working on such a huge show?
When I stepped on set, I compare it to walking round Disneyland, seeing all the characters, seeing all the sets because I was a genuine fan. They were such good actors and I was only a kid, so I was a bit intimidated. I didn't realise at the time how good I had it. I always wanted more from the character. I was a bit like, "Let me do something!" but I look back now and see it as one of the best things I've done.
Who's your all-time acting idol?
De Niro. Goodfellas, Taxi Driver. Mean Streets. Oh mate, Robert De Niro. Love him so much, he's unbelievable.
1917 is in cinemas nationwide
Don't Remake 'Parasite' In English, It's Too Good
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text:
Q: Renaming matrix and scalar in loop I'm trying to make a loop, which changes the name for every iteration. The code is shown below. So what I basically need is for instance for a=2, I want W_(a-1) to refer to a matrix called W_1, W_(a) to refer to a matrix called W_1 and finally GMM_(a-1)$par should refer to GMM_(1)$par.
for (a in 2:100){
    GMM <- function(beta) {
        for (i in 1:(nrow(gmm_i))){
            gmm_i[i,] <- g_beta(i,beta)
        }
        gmm_N <- t(colSums(gmm_i)) %*% W_(a-1) %*% colSums(gmm_i)
        W_(a) <<- solve((1/(nrow(A)/5))*t(gmm_i)%*%gmm_i)
        return(gmm_N)
    }
    GMM_(a)<-optim(GMM_(a-1)$par,GMM)
}

I hope my question makes sense.
Thanks.

A: Do you want 100 variables(a1,a2 ....) in your workspace? It will be better if you put all of this in a list as it will be easy to use. But if for some reason you do want a bunch of variables then use this,
W_1 = 0
for (a in 2:100){
  GMM <- function(beta) {
    for (i in 1:(nrow(gmm_i))){
      gmm_i[i,] <- g_beta(i,beta)
    }
    gmm_N <- t(colSums(gmm_i)) %*% W_(a-1) %*% colSums(gmm_i)
    tmp <- solve((1/(nrow(A)/5))*t(gmm_i)%*%gmm_i)
    assign((paste("W_",a,sep="")),tmp,envir=.GlobalEnv)
    return(gmm_N)
  }
  tmp1 <- optim(GMM_(a-1)$par,GMM)
  assign((paste("GMM_",a,sep="")),tmp1,envir=.GlobalEnv)

GMM_(a)<-
    }
Give W_1 appropriate value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Wednesday, January 2, 2002, Chandigarh, India
E D I T O R I A L P A G E
Vajpayee sets the tone
The New Year amidst the otherwise turbulent India-Pakistan relations has begun on a somewhat confident note, the pace for which has been set by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. He deserves full marks for setting a constructive tone for the evolution of futuristic relations between the two neighbours.
Big Bull gored to death
Even in his death, as in life, Harshad Mehta has blown himself larger than life. He died in a suburban civil hospital where the poor and the dispossessed seek treatment and die. He lived in a 15,000 square feet house with a swimming pool and a terrace garden.
Euro worth emulating
Look at the world from space and the political lines dividing the nations appear so artificial and redundant. Yet, an attempt has been made to draw more such lines here and there. Amidst such shortsighted events there are some heartening developments as well.
Laudable show of unity
POTO's latest edition
Re-examining the place of humanities in society
Another diplomatic salvo
It is election time
Politics of war cry
Border flashpoint
Foreign builders are coming
Tasks before Karzai regime
Time to plug loopholes in security apparatus
Naqli poll funding
A world with one super power
Growing responsibilities of the USA
V. Gangadhar
Had the famous English novelist Charles Dickens who began his "A Tale of Two Cities" with the immortal sentence, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times", been alive today, he may well have started a novel on modern times with the sentence, "It was the worst of times"! He would not be far off the mark.
Rooting for Xmas tree
Rajnish Wattas
Some years ago, when my niece — married to a Canadian — along with her family, decided to celebrate Christmas with us; there was both excitement as well as trepidation. While all other arrangements, befitting the visit of the firangi son-in-law got underway smoothly; the big question was finding a Christmas tree.
Pak writer fights against women's torture
Deepika Vij
For Zahida Hina, the Pakistani woman writer championing the gender cause, the journey is, admittedly, long and tortuous in a country that still is in the grip of medieval practices of honour killings, women burning and bashing. "The human rights condition of women in Pakistan is still to improve.
Pakistani citizens demonstrate for peace at Wagah on Monday. — Reuters photo
On not being able to drive
Barbara Ellen
It's usually around this time of year, this traditional time of resolution to be a better, brighter person, that I remember I can't drive. It's a bit like those cruel birthday cards people send their thirty something career-girl friends. The one with the woman, her hand to her forehead, screaming: `Oh God, I forgot to have children!' Well, I've forgotten to learn to drive.
A CENTURY OF NOBELS
1965, Physiology or Medicine: LWOFF, MONOD and JACOB
TRENDS & POINTERS
46 years on the run for a world record
Britain's most notorious escaped prisoner has won a place in the Guinness Book of Records, but his details will be included only if he is caught or gives himself up. Last month John Hannan broke the world record for the longest period spent on the run. He escaped from Verne prison in Dorset, southern England, in December 1955 while serving a 21-month sentence for car theft and assaulting two police officers.
SPIRITUAL NUGGETS
The New Year amidst the otherwise turbulent India-Pakistan relations has begun on a somewhat confident note, the pace for which has been set by Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. He deserves full marks for setting a constructive tone for the evolution of futuristic relations between the two neighbours. Mr Vajpayee talks straight and probably reflects the feelings of the silent majority even on the other side of the border. He speaks truthfully and honestly. He means what he says. In fact, he has been nursing a keen desire to put India-Pakistan ties on an even keel with the sole objective of ushering in an era of peace, amity, friendship and development in South Asia. His famous bus yatra to Lahore was prompted by this desire. But what happened subsequently is part of recent history. The problem with the Pakistani leadership is its mindset which has been thriving on an entrenched anti-India hysteria. It is this negativism that has virtually made it impossible for India to develop relations on healthy bilateral lines. Islamabad has been obsessed with Kashmir. It has made several desperate attempts to grab the trouble-torn state by hook or by crook. Having failed to achieve his goal through war, General Zia-ul-Haq organised what we know as proxy war in the form of cross-border terrorism. The disastrous effect terrorism has had on the population on both sides of the border, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir, can easily be guessed. The subcontinent would have been a virtual heaven on the earth if the military dictators of Pakistan had learnt their lessons and settled for friendship with India. But they constantly harped on the Kashmir card and tried to induct communal and Taliban elements in the region for their own survival. General Pervez Musharraf has been doing exactly the same. It is only the new global factors, especially American pressure, that have made him see reason. We are still not sure of the genuineness of his response. The shocking terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament has virtually upset the Indian calculations for peace with Pakistan.
India is definitely not interested in a war with Pakistan. It will, however, be foolhardy on the part of the rulers in Islamabad to take this country for granted. General Musharraf has to prove his credentials and set his house in order. Otherwise, the day may not be far when the Talibanised fundamentalists will throw him out of the seat of power. Common sense demands that he should crush all terrorist outfits operating in Pakistan with full might and come for a dialogue with the Indian leadership. The message from Mr Vajpayee is candid, sharp and clear. As an elderly statesman, he will be true to every word he has used in the course of his New Year musings. New global realities demand that India and Pakistan join hands to fight the malaise of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and disease. As the Prime Minister rightly puts it: "Terrorism and extremism cannot solve any problem." It is for General Musharraf to respond positively and make proper use of the Indian offer of friendship. He should realise that 54 years of brinkmanship have only brought misery and deprivation to the people of Pakistan. The two nations can start a new chapter provided General Musharraf reads the writing on the wall and realises the futility of confrontation. India is willing for peace, friendship and economic cooperation provided Pakistan stops playing the terrorism card. Acts of duplicity and Kargil-like misadventure cannot take it anywhere. It is now or never. The course suggested by Mr Vajpayee is the need of the hour.
Even in his death, as in life, Harshad Mehta has blown himself larger than life. He died in a suburban civil hospital where the poor and the dispossessed seek treatment and die. He lived in a 15,000 square feet house with a swimming pool and a terrace garden. He could have afforded medical care at the most sophisticated clinic, no matter the size of the bill. But the queer ways of the CBI investigation that sent him to judicial custody for the upteenth time, and when he complained of chest pain he had to go to the nearby Thane civil hospital at the dead of night and to die. These hospitals are not equipped to treat emergency cases and the police have a deep prejudice in treating men in judicial custody and not like men with human rights. Harshad Mehta was a clone of his political counterpart Laloo Prasad Yadav and underwent incessant questioning, frequent arrest and detention. This is not to sympathise with or support his case. Single handedly, he drove the stock market index (sensex) to dizzying heights, herding the common investors to develop greed and put all their money – borrowed and withdrawn from provident fund – in shares expecting a big bonanza. It did not come and they went broke. He made many innocent people a pauper but he gave them a tantalising dream for a few months in 1992 and 1993.
He exploited all available loopholes. The stock market regulations were loose and only in April, 1992, SEBI was made a statutory body but it had no clue to the problems it had to face. Even today it does not have as the Ketan Parekh bull run shows. The RBI blissfully allowed the system of Bankers Receipts (a kind of IOU on government securities) without any rigorous backroom check and Mehta used this route to tap Rs 680 crore from the SBI to funnel his price ramping. In the post-1991 economic liberation period, the middle class believed that the time has come to make millions and the stock market was the sure route. The Finance Ministry refused to take notice of the havoc with the Minister saying he would not lose sleep on the skyrocketing prices. A fledgling SEBI was trying to grow its wings and even today it is mostly grounded. Harshad Mehta wreaked havoc and even today the financial field is open for his clones to plunder and profit.
Look at the world from space and the political lines dividing the nations appear so artificial and redundant. Yet, an attempt has been made to draw more such lines here and there. Amidst such shortsighted events there are some heartening developments as well. Twelve European countries have shed their national currencies to go in for the euro amidst wild celebrations which made the advent of New Year doubly blessed. The development is as momentous as, say, the opening of the English Channel subway, which ended the isolation of England forever. The introduction of the euro will not only change the monetary, economic and logistical map of Western Europe but can also become the most tangible element of a Euroland which should become a reality sooner rather than later. England and the Scandinavian countries are currently out of the loop because of various reasons but the way citizens of other countries are becoming pro-euro, it is only a matter of time before they too join in. In any case, the 12 nations which have already said "aye" have a combined population of more than 300 million which makes the euro almost as formidable as the US dollar. Teething troubles will certainly be there. In fact, quite a bit of disruption is also foreseen, but with the passage of time, everything should fall in place. The optimism arises from the fact that this is not an isolated step. Instead, a lot of preparation has gone into this gradual integration. The artificial boundaries had started crumbling right on the day the European nations had decided to dismantle the border checkposts. The European Council set the ball rolling faster and led to the European Union. With the coming of the euro travel between the countries will be further facilitated. More than that, the common currency will unite the hearts like nothing ever did. The unity of the hearts can gradually lead to the unity of the nations.
Even if the currency wobbles initially, it has enough resilience to stabilise quickly. It has been calculated that dealing with a unified currency will be of benefit to outside countries like India as well. In fact, it is high time Asian countries took a leaf out of the European book and thought of a common currency. One distinct advantage that we have here is that the currency of many countries in Asia is already known as the rupee or rupiah. It is all a question of shedding petty animosities and focusing on the wood instead of the trees. In this endeavour, even the India-Pakistan problem should not be allowed to become an impediment. New Delhi can join hands with other countries which appreciate the benefits of a common currency. Europe has drawn the blueprint of a brave new world. All that now needs to be done is to duplicate it wherever possible.
As the year 2001 slowly receded to the background, there was an audible sign of relief that the worst year in recent history had finally disappeared. The hysteric euphoria which greeted the New Millennium was nowhere to be seen. The year 2002 must have made a nervous entry, loaded with despair and uncertainty and praying that the memories of its predecessor would be washed away soonest.
As the New Year was ushered in, India and Pakistan continued to growl at each other, as they moved their troops along the borders. War talk was very much in the air. The Republic Day military parade may even be cancelled because army units are needed in most sensitive border areas. While Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee found the occasion suitable to come out with some rousing couplets, he would be the first to acknowledge that a nation could not be governed or could not protect its self-respect through poetry. Indira Gandhi in the turbulent early 1970s was no poet, but gave the nation what it needed — guts, self-pride and unity. Will Mr Vajpayee do the same? Only time can tell.
While the intellectual and honesty levels of Indian politicians have gone down alarmingly, Indira Gandhi in her heyday had more freedom to act and was not bound by dishonest, corrupt ministers. Nor did she rule over a multi-hued coalition where each leader bound by regional interests pulled in different directions. More important, Indira Gandhi did not have to go out of the way to protect errant ministers like Mr George Fernandes who, time and again, has proved that he is unfit to handle any ministry, particularly a sensitive one like Defence. In these troubled times, it is tragic that the Prime Minister, for some reason or the other, was scared of dropping a Defence Minister whose errors had ranged from coffins to Kargil.
In a fast-changing world where India was perched dangerously close to a hot war with Pakistan a Defence Minister like Mr George Fernandes was a distinct liability despite his penchant for seeking personal publicity by visiting Siachen at the drop of a hat and shedding tears over the problems of jawans. The fact that Mr Fernandes has managed to survive so many scandals and still clings to his ministry speaks volumes of our corrupt and degraded political system. Even as India and Pakistan keep on snarling at each other, the Opposition quite rightly would not recognise Mr Fernandes as a Defence Minister. This is one of the most piquant situations the New Year must handle.
Across the border, Pakistan is facing an even more difficult situation. President Pervez Musharraf, who did a complete turnaround on the issue of terrorism and religious fundamentalism to convince the USA on both issues, has managed to survive, but just. His problems with the USA may be fewer, but those with India are multiplying. Will he be able to control the mullahs at home? More important, will he able to control the militant groups which are struck at India's democratic heart across the border? Pakistan escaped being punished by the USA by turning against the Taliban regime, a masterstroke in opportunism, but the real test lay in its attitude to India which had made it clear that it would no longer brook attacks on its sovereignty. That would be Pakistan's litmus test in 2002.
While India and Pakistan are poised tensely across their borders, the situation in Afghanistan, after the elimination of the Taliban regime, offers a ray of hope. A new broad-based Cabinet has taken over, and we can only hope that it rules the nation wisely and well. The Afghans have suffered long enough and have seen their proud nation bombed to rubble by the USA. They needed a break. But how effective will be the recent developments in that unfortunate land is still not clear because Osama bin Laden and top Taliban leaders are still free and their whereabouts not known. It is not clear how effectively their international terror network has been destroyed. The savage Twin Tower bombing of September 11, 2001 proved that the network was capable of diabolic crimes and if similar crimes had been planned in advance, 2002 might be worse than its predecessor. The anthrax scare seems to have died down, but one can never take anything for granted, particularly after the September 11 incidents.
Yes, September 11 was the benchmark of the unfortunate year 2001. Till then the world was struggling ahead with the usual types of skirmishes and mini-wars. But history had to be rewritten after that date. The only super power in the world was grievously hurt in its own territory and did not know where to attack. Strangely enough, being the only super power in the world added to the problems of the USA.
Former President Bill Clinton and his successor George Bush had basked in the glory of being the leaders of a super power. It did wonders to one's ego. Mr Clinton was better equipped and interested in knowing how the rest of the world lived and worked. But Mr Bush is the gung-ho Cold War type warrior of the 1950s for whom the USA can do no wrong. His father had revelled in the Gulf War of 1990 which pitted the might of the USA and the rest of the world against Iraq. Son Bush has taken fullest advantage of the September 11 bombing and is now a hero to his people. There is no power in the world to tell him that while handling the Taliban terrorist threat, he has erred on other fronts.
This is particularly true of West Asia where Israel under Mr Ariel Sharon is acting like a belligerent bully it has always been. It put PLO leader Yasser Arafat literally under house arrest and he was unable to attend the traditional Christmas mass at Bethlehem. This was one of the most savage reprisals unleashed by Israel, and the USA had chosen to keep quiet. A UN Security Council resolution condemning Israel was, as usual, vetoed by the USA. The Bush administration had made it clear it was no longer interested in bringing about a truce in West Asia and had bowed down before the Zionist hard hats in the USA.
This is where the absence of a rival super power affected the world situation. The Soviet Union in the past has always restrained the USA acting like a cowboy in international situations, and the USA too followed this rule when the USSR flew out of control. Today there is none to condemn the USA and its protege Israel for the tense West Asian situation. The USA's unstinted support to the wild actions of Israel has created the feeling that it is against Arabs and Muslims in general. Today, after September 11 Mr Bush and his men have made no efforts to hide their such feelings. Not many in the USA seem to realise that a more balanced stand in West Asia could have prevented the attacks on the World Trade Center towers. The USA under Mr Bush has thrown away all semblance of neutrality, and there is no other super power to take on America on this issue.
If 2002 continues to be as bad or even worse than 2001, the only super power in the world will have much to answer for. It has to check a war-monger and pathological Arab hater like Mr Sharon from running amok. Any escalation of tension and frustration in West Asia can lead to the emergence of new Bin Ladens in the rest of the world. The USA can then become the most hated nation in the world and among the Muslim states, and no "smart" bombs can solve such problems.
Some years ago, when my niece — married to a Canadian — along with her family, decided to celebrate Christmas with us; there was both excitement as well as trepidation. While all other arrangements, befitting the visit of the firangi son-in-law got underway smoothly; the big question was finding a Christmas tree. Where was one to find the traditional western Christmas tree like the balsam fir, Scotch pine, Leyland cypress or a red cedar with its typical coniferous, conical form in the flat plains of Chandigarh?
Anywhere we did the best possible, drove to the nearby Kasauli hills and brought back a huge branch of a chir pine, planted it in a big pot and hoped that its needle-like leaves would remain fresh and gleaming till our visitors arrived. It was duly dressed up with the traditional baubles, trinkets, candles and cotton "snowflakes" to create the festive ambience.
Smug with our surprise "item" we eagerly awaited our north-American family. No sooner had they arrived and we sprung our great Christmas tree-Daven their five-year-old son, remarked shyly: "But that's not a real Christmas tree — it's a faky, mom" Crestfallen but not wilted, my niece valiantly gave a rambling explanation about Christmas trees varying in shape and size from country to country, and this was an Indian one.
Ever since, we have been trying to grow a "real one" here. The most conical shaped coniferous tree that has a few slim chances of growing in Chandigarh is the auracaria cooki. But it's an extremely fragile tree to propagate. Anywhere, we got an expensive sapling and planted it in the biggest pot in a sunny location — along with a special prayer to Santa Claus to take care of it!
But it hardly grew in spite of being the most pampered plant of the garden. If it grew, it must be a few millimeters in a year, hardly, fitting into out grand vision of a stately Alpine Christmas tree. Finally, our crusty, no-nonsense, old mali pronounced the verdict: it had to be shifted out of the pot and transplanted in the open soil of the garden. We chose a very special corner fondly called the Alpine Grove, as it already had a weeping willow, a small fern hillock and a birdbath, to complete the dream landscape.
Alas, our dream was not to come true. The tender sapling began to wilt mysteriously. Utterly dejected we began to look for reasons — nothing, however, could be detected. Perhaps, we had not prayed hard enough for Santa's benedictions. So once again the sapling was uprooted and the ground beneath it dug up deep and wide. And that explained the failure: the entire earth beneath was full of stones and rubble. Now, the entire debris was cleared up, and once again, with an even louder prayer on our lips, the tree was replanted.
That was nearly five years ago. Today our Alpine Grove is resplendent with a majestic, glistening, evergreen, real Christmas tree; already five feet tall. Its stem stands ramrod, from which jut out beautiful, feathery branches; like open palms of a hand to bless. It's all dressed up for a "white Christmas" — even in Chandigarh. Are you coming Daven?
For Zahida Hina, the Pakistani woman writer championing the gender cause, the journey is, admittedly, long and tortuous in a country that still is in the grip of medieval practices of honour killings, women burning and bashing.
"The human rights condition of women in Pakistan is still to improve. Cutting across caste barriers, there are lot of cases of honour killings, women bashing and stove burning (burning the women for dowry)," says Hina, who is also the National Coordinator for women rights of Amnesty International, Pakistan.
"Such cases have been rising over the years especially in Sindh province. Though such cases come more from rural areas, urban areas are no more refined when it comes to women's rights," says Hina who was here for the SAARC writers conference.
With the stalling of the democratic process and rise of religious obscurantism, such cases have grown manifold, says Hina whose works challenge the cultural and ideological underpinnings of the Pakistani state, attacking patriarchal attitudes to women and delving into the historical legacies of contemporary social configurations.
And when the 55-year-old writer is not espousing the cause of women, she is writing on a variety of subjects including partition and need for peace in the subcontinent.
Her works 'Mapping Memories; Urdu stories from India and Pakistan' and a novella 'Na junoon raha na pari rahi' (the passion and the beauty have gone) stem also from her association with peace missions between the two countries.
"After the 1971 war, I was part of the Pak-Hind Prem Sabha formed by writers and poets to champion the cause of peace," says Hina who has been writing since the age of 16.
Those times were very hard as nobody would listen to the voice of peace and till recently the populace largely believed in the slogan of conquering the Red Fort, says Hina who was born in Sasaram in Bihar.
But now the general hatred among the masses has reduced. Though the vocal among them want violence, there is a silent majority that wants peace. The common man is not interested in violence as it affects his little world, says Hina whose works have poignantly touched upon the relationship between the peoples of the two countries.
The author had also come to India as part of a peace mission last year.
Hina, whose works have been translated into English, Hindi, Sindhi and Marathi by writers who include Faiz Ahmad Faiz and Amrita Preetam, says vested interests of both the countries are involved in war mongering and writers and intellectuals of both sides of the border have a role to bring them together.
"Already cable has brought people of both the sides closer to each other and has given an insight into each other's cultures," says Hina pointing that serials like `Kyunki Saas bhi Kabhi bahu thi' and `Kaun Banega Crorepati' are very popular in Pakistan.
Coming back on the theme of literature, Hina, who has been included in the 'Who's who in Contemporary Women's Writings,' 2001 edited by Jane E Miller and 'Pakistan Women Year Book', Karachi, says literature in Pakistan, whenever a military regime comes to power, deals with the resistance theme besides other social issues of the day.
Though the author has crossed many milestones, she says her goals would be achieved when she would be able to bring changes in the society through her works. PTI
It's usually around this time of year, this traditional time of resolution to be a better, brighter person, that I remember I can't drive. It's a bit like those cruel birthday cards people send their thirty something career-girl friends. The one with the woman, her hand to her forehead, screaming: `Oh God, I forgot to have children!' Well, I've forgotten to learn to drive. Which somehow seems to place me on the sociological food chain somewhere between people who can't read and people who can't eat their lunch without showing you what's in their mouth every few seconds.
"You can't drive?' people tend to say, staring at you mystified and even slightly disgusted, as if you've suddenly sprouted a face full of boils or announced that you enjoy flashing in public parks. For their benefit, maybe I should qualify my position. It's not that I can't drive (though I can't), rather that I won't drive (which sounds more stylish). Most pertinently, it's probably better for everyone concerned if I don't drive.
Over the years, I've lost count of the number of people who've kindly procured me one of those forms where, if you fill it in and send it off, you get a provisional licence. Whereupon you're suddenly allowed to start screeching around town in a tin killing machine, with nothing to protect yourself or your local community but some tatty little Learner-plates and a bored driving instructor in a bomber jacket. I am appalled by this - I think there should be more stringent tests before you're actually allowed to sit behind a steering wheel.
One word of advice - if you decide to throw the form away, it's best to ensure that, when the friend who gave it to you next pops around, it isn't peeking cheekily out of the top of your kitchen bin. This happened to me once, and my friend was incensed. There was stern talk of hands being washed of me. People certainly seem to get annoyed when you show no interest in driving. Sometimes, it seems like the same sort of anger directed at men when they refuse to get married. With drivers, it's like they've found themselves a nice car, they've grown up and settled down, they've made the commitment, so when are non-drivers like me going to stop paddling in the shallows of life and jump in?
At this point of the lecture, you usually get `the water's lovely' spiel. Endless lectures on the independence, the mobility, the fulfilment to be got from driving.
What drivers also fail to realise is that certain non-drivers were probably born this way — a very special kind of breech birth, with our hands up in the cab-hailing position. We are the types who actively enjoy being driven around, whether it be on buses, in cabs, or (the big time!) by a genuine chauffeur.
Then, of course, there's the fact that sending people like me off in the driving seat is a bit like cheering a serial killer off on a murder spree. I'm the first to admit that I have no common sense, no spatial skills, and a long-held belief that the best course of action when confronted with a busy roundabout, or a big scary lorry coming up close alongside, is to take your hands off the steering wheel and scream. If people like me were to drive you would have to clear streets for us, and add a police escort. If this could be arranged, then I would be only too happy to start driving.
In the meantime, I'll stick to my mantra: can't drive, won't drive, really shouldn't drive — in the hope that all those bossy drivers out there will hear me. But they won't, not at this time of year — they'll be too busy arguing with their partners about who's going to drink and who's driving home. Which, come to think about it, is probably the best non-driving argument of all. The Observer
Britain's most notorious escaped prisoner has won a place in the Guinness Book of Records, but his details will be included only if he is caught or gives himself up.
Last month John Hannan broke the world record for the longest period spent on the run. He escaped from Verne prison in Dorset, southern England, in December 1955 while serving a 21-month sentence for car theft and assaulting two police officers. Thirty days into his sentence he and fellow prisoner Gwynant Thomas slipped out after nightfall and scaled the jail wall with knotted sheets.
The men, both 22, were wearing grey prison overalls but broke into a nearby petrol station and stole overcoats as well as beer and cigarettes. Thomas was arrested within 24 hours after the pair were spotted by a lorry driver. But, despite a hunt involving tracker dogs and roadblocks, Hannan escaped.
A police description then said Hannan was 5ft 7in with brown hair, blue eyes and a proportionate build. Now 68, he is believed to be living in his native Ireland. Although no longer a high priority, a police spokesman said he remained a wanted man and regular checks were made in the hope of bringing him to justice.
'We are no longer actively searching for John Patrick Hannan, but we'd still love to find him, even after all these years - there's a small matter of some unfinished business,' a Dorset police spokesman said. `If he does learn we are still looking for him, we would love to hear from him, even if he just drops us a line to let us know he's still around.'
The previous escape record of 45 years and 11 months was held by Leonard Frisco, an American who was turned in by his son after an argument. The Observer
Truth is our mother;
Justice our father;
Pity our wife;
Respect for others our friend;
Clemency our children.
Surrounded by such relatives
We have nothing to fear.
Temporal blessings pass like a dream;
Beauty fades like a flower;
The longest life disappears like a flash;
Our existence is like a bubble on the surface of water.
When we die the money and jewels which we have taken such trouble to amass during our life remain in the house. Our relatives and friends accompany us only to the funeral pyre where our bodies are burnt; but our virtues and our vices follow us beyond the grave.
Take heed not to trust yourself to the current of a river, to the claws or the horns of an animal, or to the promises of kings.
He who works with diligence will never feel hunger;
He who devoutely meditates will never commit any great sin;
He who is vigilant will never feel fear;
And he who knows when to speak and when to be silent will never be drawn into a quarrel.
— Niti Shlokas.
When you are thirsty, God is thirsty within you.
And when you drink cold water, it is God flowing within your beings;
It is God who will quench your thirst.
The thirst is God,
The quenching is God.
The water that quenches is God.
All is God.
— Osho, Come Follow Me, Vol. II
God certainly is.
Never even by mistake think that there is no God.
Listen carefully.
What is that bodiless force within your own body?
Love of God is only for him who has turned away his eyes from creature and creation; from everything not God.
He who is madly engaged in the affairs of the world shall never see God and attain emancipation.
— Sarmad. From Bankey Bihari, Sufis, Mystics and Yogis
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KOSTENLOSER VERSANDAB 100 CHF
What is cork taint? Why Are Some Wines Corked? Top 5 Facts About This Sneaky Subject
We talk about serious stuff here, people. When a wine is corked there is not a lot you can do, except crying.
But why is a wine corked? And where does the cork taint come from? Keep reading to find out in our special top 5 list about cork taint.
1. Cork taint can be given by a family of molecules, not just 1
Where does cork taint come from? Cork taint can have a different origin than the cork itself. Cork taint comes from a molecule called Anisole. On top of that molecule are going to be glued some atoms of chlorine. The most common is that 3 atoms of chlorine are glued on top of the anisole and that's why we attribute cork taint to TCA or Tri Chloro Anisole. But sometimes only 2 atoms of chlorine are stuck on the anisole and that's called Di Chloro Anisole (DBA). Sometimes 4 atoms of chlorine are bounded to it, that's Tetra Chloro Anisole. Bromine can also be chemically bounded with anisole, with 2, 4, or 6 atoms of it, forming Di Brom Anisole (DBA), TriBromoAnisole (TBA), and TetraBromoAnisole. Cork taking in wine is not related only to TCA, but rather to this family of 6 molecules.
Where do these molecules come from?
Essentially, the anisole and the gluing of chlorine atoms on it are made by microorganisms that are present in wood including cork. Cork taint can come from a large variety of contamination sources. Virtually any wood that is a little bit humid, and in an environment where there could be a little bit of chlorine or bromine floating around.Let's remind everyone that chlorine, including the chlorine in tap water, is volatile so it flies and it evaporates into the air, especially when using chlorine-based cleaning products.And this starts at the winery. Many wineries, many old wineries, that had wood structures or wood pallets or any source of bad, humid, rotten wood into them can have entire wine tanks contaminated by cork taint.
Then of course the cork itself can be contaminated.But your wine could be contaminated in your own cellar. If you're ageing wine in an old dusty or moldy cellar that somehow contains wood treated with chlorine, or a paint that contains chlorine, over time, the chlorine in the atmosphere of your cellar may be converted into TCA and end up contaminating your wine.In the end, it is believed that 1% to 7% of all wines may be affected by cork to some level.
2. If you can't identify the taint, it doesn't mean that the wine isn't tainted!
Cork taint fades the perception of the wine's aromas and makes wine taste/smell flat and dull. Essentially, cork taint smells like wet cardboard, fungus, rotten wood, old moldy dust.
But that's if the concentration of TCA in your wine is high enough that you can actually smell and identify the TCA. In many cases the concentration of TCA is very low, so it doesn't really smell bad or smell like cardboard. But TCA fades out all the other aromas of your wine, the fruit, the oak, the spices, even at a very low concentration. It flattens the aromatic profile, at least your perception of it! So sometimes when you open a bottle of wine that you know and love, you may find it a little tamed, a little shy, and you don't understand why. It may be caused by cork tainted, even though it may not smell or feel really bad. But TCA does that!
3. Cork taint not only smells bad, but it tastes bad too.
Cork taint smells horribly bad and sticks to you taste buds because it's a very powerful and pungent aroma, a very dominant fault. But cork taint also destroys the palate structure, the palate textures, all the balance of the wine. It makes the wine taste really harsh. This also why cork taint is so horrible: because it not only smells horrible, but it also tastes horrible. There is no escaping corked wine!
4. We're not equals at smelling cork taint
And, it gets even worse. Cork taint and the family of molecules that cause it can be smelt and perceived by our nose and our senses at a very low concentration. Sometimes a wine affected by TCA at a concentration as low as one part per million (1ppm) can still taste dull or smell bad. Some people can smell cork taint at 1ppm, not everyone! Some people cannot smell it below 20 parts per million. Others below 50 parts per million. It is said that some untrained palates can not even detect it below a 100 parts per million. So, you could be smelling it really really well because you start detecting it as low 1 part per million, but someone else may not be able to notice it even at 50 parts per million. Meaning the sensitivity to cork taint can vary by a factor 100 between several human individuals! This is why sometimes YOU smell cork, but your friends, your sommelier or your wine shop "expert" don't. It may not be because they do not know their wine very well, it may simply be that they do not smell TCA really well, or at least as well as you do. Which leads us to the following point…
5. You can reject or return a wine that is tainted
You can reject a wine at a restaurant if it is corked, or you can return it to a wine shop. The producer (the winery) is responsible for reimbursing the shop or providing a new bottle to a shop if a corked wine bottle was returned. It's the producer's responsibility also to get back to the cork manufacturer and get compensated for the loss. This is a bit of a controversial topic obviously, in the retail and the restaurant/hospitality industries, because wine shops don't want to be dealing with returning bottles and sommeliers don't want to be getting back to the producer trying to get a replacement bottle. But it is your right as a consumer to return or reject a bottle of corked wine.
Bonus: How to avoid cork taint?
Well unfortunately for a wine that is corked under natural cork, or even agglomerated cork, there's not a whole lot of solutions for us. Many cork manufacturers test the cork for faults, and they're getting a lot and a lot better at it with modern techniques. But it is never 100%. The only way to avoid completely cork contamination (or almost entirely because it may have originated at the winery itself prior to bottling) is to buy wines bottled under plastic cork or screw cap. This is why countries like New Zealand and Australia are leading the way towards more and more screw caps. Many markets though, especially in Europe, are not ready to accept screwcaps, loving the traditional gesture of uncorking a bottle and hearing the cork pop too much!
Source: http://socialvignerons.com/2019/01/19/what-is-cork-taint-why-are-so-many-wines-corked-top-5-facts/
Image credits: Damian Konietzny
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Born in 1974 to parents who valued education above everything else, I consistently excelled my classmates in primary and high school. My father, a senior engineer of a huge manufacturing company, would not accept any second best performance in my studies, and I never disappointed him. One way for me to stay the top student was to pursue a wide variety of interests that helped to keep me physically strong and intellectually sharp. An acclaimed football player, I led my high school's football team as its captain into winning the city's football championship. I also enjoyed literature, music and traveling.
As the best student of my high school, I was well prepared in 1991 when I took the National University Entrance Examinations, held nationwide once every year to screen high school graduates for higher education. Of the 100,000 high school graduates who took the exams that year in my province, I ranked the fourth in overall scores. On the strength of these scores, I gained acceptance into the Finance & Accounting Department of the Beijing University, which President Clinton described as the Harvard of China on his recent trip to this country.
At the Beijing University, the country's best institution of higher learning, I continued to be the best student of the class. The university's business school, to which the Finance & Accounting Department belongs, emphasizes, English and computers. I did well in all of them. In the final exams, I got the full grade for calculus, and the highest grade in my class in statistics, liner algebra, microeconomics, finance, banking and econometrics. My average grade was 90 on the 1 to 100 scale, making me the undisputed academic leader among my fellow students.
I began to have significant academic publications while I was still an undergraduate student, something highly unusual in China. Taking advantage of the university's well cultivated atmosphere of academic freedom, I undertook extensive research on top of my regular course load, which culminated in the publication of a book, titled "Out of Dilemma". As the principal author of the book, I made sure that the book presented an insightful study of the Western business management methods, especially those proven effective in the experience of the Fortune 500 corporations. The book was unique at the time in that detailed case studies were presented on a number of well-known Chinese companies against the Western business management approaches introduced in the book.
I was also the only undergraduate in my department who published a research paper in an academic journal. In the "The investment risk and its measurement", published in the January 1996issue of Chinese Technology and Economy Science, I presented a mathematical model I myself have developed on the measurement of market risks. Although the model has yet to be proven in empirical research, it has received positive review among Chinese economists. It should serve as an advanced starting point for me to conduct further studies and research.
With an impeccable academic record and virtually unprecedented publications, I received many awards and honors, including the Outstanding Student Honor in October 1992, the Guanghua Scholarship in 1994, and the Outstanding Student Honor in 1996. In recognition of my achievements, the Business School of the Beijing University offered in 1996 to accept me for graduate studies without the normally mandatory examinations, a privilege that is granted to only what the university considers the exceptionally gifted.
I, however, declined the offer by my alma mater. Instead, I joined the Chinese Da Chuan (Group) Company, one of the world's biggest shipping companies, to work with its Planning & Financial Division at its headquarters in Beijing. I wanted to apply what I had learned both in class and outside of it to analysis of real business operations before I commenced my graduate studies.
That has since proved to be the right decision. Working with the Chinese Da Chuan Company, with its 117 branches around the world, gave me a vantage point from which I easily and regularly observe all sorts of financial activities, such as the capital flow, the investment, the making of accounting statements, the cost control, and the innovation in accounting computer systems. This has not only enriched my knowledge of finance and given me clear perception into the company itself but also provided me with the necessary empirical data for more advanced studies in general.
While with the Chinese Da Chuan Company, I saw first hand just how big the differences are between the accounting practices in China and those in the developed world. To summarize my observations, I published a paper titled "The Comparison between Foreign Accounting Information System and Domestic Accounting Information System" in the respected journal of Finance and Accounting for Communications. On the basis of these observations, I began to appreciate China's critical need to learn the more sophisticated accounting practices from the West. In accounting as in so many other areas, China must bridge the gap with the West if it is to survive and develop in the develop in the ever shrinking global village.
Two years has passed since I first started at the Chinese Da Chuan Company, and I now feel that it is essential that I receive further and more advanced training in a quality Western university. Hence my application for acceptance into your university.


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Forever Grateful
December 8, 2021 | For Love of the Coast | Staff
From Tim Glidden, Maine Coast Heritage Trust president
"Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts."
— Rachel Carson
When I left State service to join Maine Coast Heritage Trust in 2011, I didn't know the coast like I do now. This job drew me in and drew out of me things I didn't know I cared about. There is an intimacy in the relationship between land and sea that is incredibly powerful. We respond to it instantly. We want to share in that relationship, and we are willing to work hard to sustain and protect it.
Over the ten years I've served as President of Maine Coast Heritage Trust, I've developed wonderful relationships with so many of you and, even with those I've not had the privilege to meet in person, I feel the strong connection that comes from a shared passion for the common cause of protecting Maine's incredible coast. MCHT is a place where, for more than 50 years, people have come together for the coast, to accomplish so much more than any of us could individually.
We've accomplished a great deal together over the past ten years. The mark of a truly great organization is one that can do well in the most challenging times. Most recently, this organization powered through the Great Recession, an onslaught of anti-conservation vitriol, and a global pandemic. We had a successful Campaign to raise over $130 million for the Maine coast and forged ahead with record levels of achievement and deep investment in community-centered conservation.
Working at MCHT has given me an appreciation for the rich range of views you all have shared on the importance of our work. I have learned with every visit and every meeting, something new and important about conservation and the land and its unique ability to inspire and nourish. Your stories enlightened me and, taken together, pointed the way to MCHT's success.
There are certain qualities that are part of MCHT's DNA, qualities that I'm confident will remain intact as this organization continues to grow and evolve—and, soon, under new leadership.
At MCHT, we are patient. We learn. We take our time to get it right. Rachel Carson, who knew the Maine coast intimately, famously wrote: "Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts."
This job gave me that chance to stand at the edge of sea and learn the truth of which she spoke. And I will be forever grateful for that.
A celebration of the first snow and the story of how Kirky (yep, he called himself Kirky) got his groove back.
Pitching In to Save Little Whaleboat Island
A Brunswick business—Paul's Marina—steps up to help save Little Whaleboat Island in Casco Bay.
Here Comes the Fall
Ever seen a cup mushroom forcibly remove spores? Want to? Check out this column all about mushrooms, written by MCHT land steward Kirk Gentalen.
The summer of 2021 was all about mushrooms, of all varieties. MCHT land steward Kirk Gentalen focuses in on the extraordinary Hydnaceae mushrooms, also known as "toothed" mushrooms. Yeah, you'll want to read more.


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13.04.2015 League Report
Ex-Kotoko star Nti Boakye fails Ajax Cape Town trial
LISTEN APR 13, 2015
Kofi Nti Boakye
Ghanaian striker Kofi Nti Boakye could not earn a deal at PSL side Ajax Cape Town after failing to impress Roger De Sa on trial.
The former Asante Kotoko goal poacher and Nigerian duo Idris Ahmed and Ehiz Guobadia are reported to have failed to convince De Sa.
Boakye is yet to get his career back on track since leaving Asante Kotoko on a free in 2013.
De Sa says he was not impressed with what he saw in the west African players and thought he had better player from the youth side.
"None of them were good enough and we've sent all five of them back," De Sa told Goal.
"I've got my own opinion on the foreigners. I think we get carried away and when a guy comes forward with a foreign passport we believe that he is a good player.
"Nigeria couldn't really beat us (Bafana) either. We wanted to bring a guy from Ghana but they couldn't beat us either you know.
"So we have this belief that foreign players are better and we do believe that. I mean we've heard it with coaches."
"I went to the Caf Champions League final with Orlando Pirates, I beat Esperance, Al Ahly, Zamalek, TP Mazembe with eleven South Africans," he continued.
"So, why do we continue thinking that every guy that gets off at the train station, has a Nigerian passport and comes for a trial is a good player.
"We've got to be a little more careful on who we bring in and bring in only quality foreigners.
"There are some very god foreign players in South Africa, no doubt about it, but I'm not one to say I got to have five foreigners at the club, No! If I had one and he's good enough I'm happy.
"As long as I got the players, I will continue believing in South African players in time and time to come."
More League Report
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What has transpired in the GPL so far going into New Year
Nyame Newton releases new anthem for Asante Kotoko
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James Latham is a major distributor of HI-MACS® in the UK and Ireland where it is fast becoming the preferred solid surface choice among interior designers and architects.
Boasting visually seamless lines, HI-MACS® is non-porous, durable and easy to fabricate. The unique composition produces a material that leaves nothing to be desired in terms of creative freedom, making it a popular choice when it comes to designing high-quality, bespoke worksurfaces.
Supplied in thicknesses of 12mm, 9mm and 6mm, HI-MACS® is available in 113 colour tones - 76 of which are suitable for kitchens. And with many new additions to the range of colours for 2012, HI-MACS® is versatile and adaptable, enabling groundbreaking and original ideas to be brought to life.
The benefits of using HI-MACS® don't end there. This extremely hard wearing material comes with a specialist hygiene certificate, making it particularly suited for use in the kitchen.
Plus, the extensive HI-MACS® portfolio now also includes 22 designs of sinks and 13 vanity basins - available in over 60 colours - to complement any kitchen either in a commercial or domestic environment.
Architects, interior designers and kitchen installers will also be keen to know that the full range of HI-MACS® colours is now available for download in CAD software-compatible format.


Agreement, entered into as of 03/10/2019, between Richie, located at Austin, Texas (hereinafter referred to as the "Client") and Alexis Schrepple, located at Dallas, Texas (hereinafter referred to as the "Photographer") with respect to the licensing of certain nonelectronic rights in the Photographer's photograph(s) (hereinafter referred to as the "Work").
2. Delivery Date. The Photographer agrees to deliver the Work within 7-14 days after the signing of this Agreement.
If the Client does not complete its usage under this Paragraph 3 by the following date N/A, all rights granted but not exercised shall without further notice revert to the Photographer without prejudice to the Photographer's right to retain sums previously paid and collect additional sums due.
8. Payment. Client agrees to pay the Photographer within thirty days of the date of Photographer's billing, which shall be dated as of the date of delivery of the Work. Overdue payments shall be subject to interest charges of 0 percent monthly.
9. Loss, Theft, or Damage. The ownership of the Work shall remain with the Photographer. Client agrees to assume full responsibility and be strictly liable as an insurer for loss, theft, or damage to the Work and to insure the Work fully from the time of shipment from the Photographer to the Client until the time of return receipt by the Photographer. Client further agrees to return all of the Work at its own expense by registered mail or bonded courier which provides proof of receipt. Reimbursement for loss, theft, or damage to any Work shall be in the following amount: $100. Both Client and Photographer agree that these specified value(s) represent the fair and reasonable value of the Work. Unless the value for an original transparency is specified otherwise in this paragraph, both parties agree that each original transparency has a fair and reasonable value of $100 (one hundred dollars). Client agrees to reimburse Photographer for these fair and reasonable values in the event of loss, theft, or damage.
10. Samples. Client shall provide Photographer with N/A samples of the final use of the Work.
11. Copyright Notice. Copyright notice in the name of the Photographer shall accompany the Work when it is reproduced.
12. Credit. Credit in the name of the Photographer shall accompany the Work when it is reproduced. If the Work is used as a contribution to a magazine or for a book, credit shall be given unless specified to the contrary in the preceding sentence.
14. Arbitration. All disputes arising under this Agreement shall be submitted to binding arbitration before N/A in the following location N/A and settled in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association. Judgment upon the arbitration award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Disputes in which the amount at issue is less than $0 shall not be subject to this arbitration provision.
15. Miscellany. This Agreement shall be binding upon the parties hereto, their heirs, successors, assigns, and personal representatives. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding between the parties. Its terms can be modified only by an instrument in writing signed by both parties, except that the Client may authorize expenses or revisions orally. A waiver of a breach of any of the provisions of this Agreement shall not be construed as a continuing waiver of other breaches of the same or other provisions hereof. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of Texas.


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Big Tech's Path To $4 Trillion Is Fraught: Or Is It?
As a general rule, the words 'this time it's different' should send investors, business partners, suppliers, customers - and regulators running screaming for the hills.
IBM, Microsoft and America Online - hey, remember them? - can all attest to how quickly circumstances can change.
Big tech dominates, operationally and financially. The question is to what degree the unprecedented scale of these companies' dominance is economically sustainable - and insulates them from a dotcom-like fall. It won't be like the last time, but there will be change.JL
Dan Gallagher reports in the Wall Street Journal:
Tech firms now make up five of the 10 most valuable American companies. Three not named Apple now have market values exceeding $800 billion. Amazon.com, Alphabet and Microsoft—along with Apple and Facebook —together comprise 16% of the S&P's total value.The last time tech companies made up half of the S&P's top 10 was 1999, when they accounted for 13% of the index's value. Market values rise and fall quickly, but scale tends to stick around longer. Does Big Tech have too much sway in the market? That could soon be a $4 trillion question.
Apple Inc. AAPL 0.52% became the first U.S. company ever to hit $1 trillion in market value. The milestone was notable, if seemingly inevitable. Apple has been the world's most valuable public company since 2012, when it was worth about half as much. It is also now nearly 14 times its value compared to when the first iPhone was introduced in early 2007. The S&P 500 has merely doubled in value over that time. At $1 trillion, Apple accounts for just under 4% of the S&P 500's total market value. But, while heavy, that sort of weight isn't unheard of. Exxon Mobil accounted for 5% of the index's value 10 years ago, when it ranked as the world's most valuable company, according to senior S&P analyst Howard Silverblatt. Apple's representation isn't even tops for tech. Microsoft MSFT 0.08%▲ was once the world's most valuable public company and accounted for 4.9% of the index at the height of the first tech bubble in 1999. And when IBM was at the peak of its power in the mid-1980s, Big Blue represented more than 6% of the S&P 500's total value.
But the fact that Apple has company gives Big Tech an unprecedented amount of sway. Tech firms now make up five of the 10 most valuable American companies. Three not named Apple now have market values exceeding $800 billion. Amazon.com , AMZN 1.34%▲ Alphabet Inc. GOOGL -0.04%▲ and Microsoft—along with Apple and Facebook —together comprise about 16% of the S&P's total value. The last time tech companies made up half of the S&P's top 10 was 1999, when they accounted for just 13% of the index's value.
That is also when America Online was the country's 10th most valuable business, which naturally leads to the question of just how sustainable Big Tech's current market dominance really is. Past isn't always prologue, but the technology landscape tends to shift rapidly and humble even the most powerful players. IBM can attest to that.
Big market corrections also tend to wreak havoc on richly valued tech stocks. The Nasdaq Composite plunged 41% in 2008 at the height of the financial crisis. By the end of that year, Microsoft was the only tech company ranked among the S&P 500's top 10.
One important difference now is that the business of today's technology giants stretches well beyond tech. Amazon, whose market value is now less than 12% away from the $1 trillion threshold, now sells everything from washing machines to cutting-edge corporate computing services. Google, less than 16% away, powers much of the world's internet use in a way AOL could only have imagined. And people all over the world now rely on Facebook to remember who their friends and relatives are. Market values rise and fall quickly, but scale tends to stick around longer.