Type material. Holotype: ZRC 1992.10521View Materials, male (cl 5.8 mm), Tanjong Tokong , Penang, Malaysia, among terebellid worm tubes, 10 March 1966, coll. J. A. Bullock.
Description. Carapace ( Fig. 6AView FIGURE 6) 1.3 times as broad as long; dorsal surface slightly conVex from side to side, with scattered, short or Very short striae; pair of protogastric ridges low, obtuse; cerVical grooVes moderately deep; anterior branchial region with small tubercles and short rows of beaded tubercles; posterior branchial and intestinal regions with long, tuberculate ridges; hepatic margin broadly conVex, granular; branchial margins strongly conVex, narrowly laminar, each with row of small, rounded tubercles; epigastric angle blunt, shallowly notched; lateral surfaces below branchial margins with dense, soft plumose setae. Rostrum ( Fig. 6BView FIGURE 6) bent Ventrally, trilobate, with all lobes rounded on anterior margins; median lobe reaching or slightly oVerreaching leVel of apices of lateral lobes; anterior margin with row of short plumose setae.
Pterygostomial flap entire, with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles and dense, soft plumose setae; anterior margin terminating in small subacute apex ( Fig. 6CView FIGURE 6).
Third thoracic sternite ( Fig. 6DView FIGURE 6) 3.9–4.9 times broader than long measured along midline, with surface somewhat depressed medially; anterior margin trilobate, median lobe broad, low, lateral lobes strongly produced anteriorly and each with rounded apex. Fourth thoracic sternite with anterior margin concaVe, anteromedian part transVerse; surface depressed medially, with submarginal row of small tubercles anteriorly.
Telson ( Fig. 6EView FIGURE 6) distinctly broader than long, composed of 7 plates; with scattered, Very short striae on extensor surface; each posterior plate broader than long.
Eyes ( Fig. 6A, GView FIGURE 6) small, at most slightly exceeding lateral limits of orbits; dorsodistal projection of ocular peduncle low, rounded.
Basal article of antennular peduncle ( Fig. 6FView FIGURE 6) approximately as long as broad; Ventral surface with transVerse row of small tubercles on lateromedian part, anterior part slightly concaVe and delimited by transVerse ridges of small tubercles; anterior margin obtuse, with row of small tubercles, but without distinct lobes or teeth; anterior mesiodistal margin blunt.
Antennal peduncle ( Fig. 6GView FIGURE 6) slender, weakly striate on surface. First article largest, as long as combined second to fourth articles, produced forward in lateral View, broadly in contact with lower orbital margin; surface slightly concaVe, with row of small tubercles along Ventral margin. Second article short, subrectangular. Third article oblong, about 1.5 times longer than second article. Fourth article short, suboVate.
Third maxilliped ( Fig. 6HView FIGURE 6) moderately stout, with short ridges on lateral surfaces of ischium to carpus. Ischium broad; distolateral margin strongly produced, narrowly rounded. Merus with rounded lobe proximal to median part of Ventral margin. Carpus with small subtriangular projection medially on inflated Ventral margin; dorsal margin slightly undulate. Propodus moderately stout, slightly tapering; lateral surface with row of short ridges along dorsal margin. Dactylus short, subtriangular. Merus to dactylus with long plumose setae on Ventral margin. Exopod broad, 0.7 width of ischium, reaching nearly to distal margin of merus, with distal flagellum; lateral surface with small, low tubercles and striae; dorsally margin strongly conVex on distal 0.8.
Chelipeds ( Fig. 7A–HView FIGURE 7) unequal in size; Ventral surface of merus to chela with scattered, numerous, short and Very short rows of granules; dense, soft plumose setae on anterior and posterior margins of merus to chela, dorsoanterior and Ventroposterior surfaces of chela, and cutting regions of fixed finger and dactylus. Merus with moderately narrow, rounded lobe on dorsal disto-anterior margin; dorsal surface with short and long, transVerse rows off small tubercles and with transVerse crest medially; Ventro-anterior margin conVex, tuberculate, with strong but short spine medially. Carpus 1.5–1.9 (larger cheliped) and 1.5–1.8 (smaller cheliped) times as long as broad; dorsal surface somewhat conVex, with short and moderately long rows of small tubercles entirely, and with low (sometimes indistinct), blunt ridge on longitudinal midline, shallow sulcus sometimes present posterior along median longitudinal ridge; dorso-anterior margin slightly concaVe medially, with row of small tubercles; dorsoposterior distal lobe broadly rounded or roundly truncate; posterior margin unarmed, rounded entirely (larger) and somewhat bluntly angled on distal part (smaller). Chela 2.3–2.4 (larger) and 2.5–2.6 (smaller) times longer than broad, with curVed claw; dorsal surface conVex, with numerous, coarse, small tubercles and with slightly eleVated ridge of small tubercles along posterior margin; anterior margin nearly straight on posterior half and fixed finger; cutting edge of fixed finger with row of moderately large, blunt teeth (larger, proximal and distal teeth usually largest) or with row of small, low teeth (smaller), proximal tooth prominent. Dactylus 0.4–0.5 (larger) and 0.5–0.6 (smaller) length of chela, opening at oblique angle (more acute angle in smaller cheliped), with curVed claw; dorsal surface with scattered, flattened, small tubercles and with slightly eleVated ridge of small tubercles along posterior margin; cutting edge with 2 distinct, blunt teeth on proximal part (larger) and with row of small, low teeth (smaller); claw distally curVed.
Ambulatory legs ( Fig. 8A–JView FIGURE 8) comparatiVely stout, somewhat flattened laterally, decreasing in size posteriorly, second pereopod longest; lateral and mesial surfaces with scattered, Very short, weak striae, small pits, and sparse, soft plumose setae, on fourth pereopod, setae most numerous; margins without spines or teeth; dense, soft plumose setae on anterior and posterior margins of ischium to dactylus. Meri 3.1–3.3, 2.8–3.0, 2.4–2.6 times longer than high on respectiVe second to fourth pereopods, somewhat narrowed distally in lateral View; lateral and mesial surfaces with sparse, short plumose setae; anterior and posterior margins somewhat conVex; posterolateral and posteromesial margins rounded; posterodistal margin rounded. Carpi relatiVely slender. Propodi 2.6–2.8, 2.4–2.6, 2.2–2.4 times longer than high on respectiVe second to fourth pereopods, somewhat narrowed distally in lateral View. Dactyli 0.6–0.8 length of propodi, each with short, distal claw; anterior and posterior margins nearly straight; lateral and mesial surfaces each with blunt, median, longitudinal ridge flanked by rows of short stiff setae.
Fifth pereopod slender, chelate; propodus with numerous short simple setae and 1 or 2 subdistal hooked setae.
Male with pair of gonopods on second abdominal segment; endopod elongate oVate, rounded on distal margin; exopod small, rounded.
Female with well deVeloped pleopods on third to fifth abdominal segments.
Coloration. In freshly preserVed specimens ( Fig. 9DView FIGURE 9), the body and pereopods are generally pale brown, and the soft plumose setae are dark brown.
Distribution. At present, known only from the island of Penang and Kuala Selangor, western coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
. Polgar et al. (2015) described and illustrated the enVironments of the Jeram beach from December 2010 to April 2013, and reported that the bottom condition and community composition of polychaetes in the area underwent substantial changes oVer the years.
Etymology. The specific name is deriVed from a combination of the Latin, brevis (short) and pes (leg), in reference to the proportionally stout ambulatory legs of the new species; used as a noun in apposition.
n. sp., and preserVes only the body, cephalic appendages, and third maxillipeds as noted and illustrated by Ng & Nakasone (1994: 8, fig. 3A–D, J, K). The other Penang specimens including bodies of one male and four females with detached pereopods ( ZRCAbout ZRC 1992.10522–10526) are all designated as paratypes of the new species. The specimens recently collected from Jeram include intact indiViduals but are excluded from the type series because they were collected from the different locality and are much smaller than the types from Penang (4.1–5.1 mm Versus 5.7–6.8 mm in the carapace length). The Jeram and Penang specimens agree well with each other in all diagnostic characters, and are here regarded as conspecific.
by its comparatiVely narrower third thoracic sternite, 3.9–4.9 Versus 5.3–7.0 times broader than the length measured along the midline ( Figs. 1CView FIGURE 1, 3CView FIGURE 3, 4DView FIGURE 4, 6DView FIGURE 6).
, the eyes do not reach the lateral limits of the orbits ( Fig. 1AView FIGURE 1) and the dactylus of the larger cheliped has no prominent median tooth on the cutting edge ( Fig. 2DView FIGURE 2).
FIGURE 1. Raphidopus indicus Henderson, 1893, holotype, male (cl 6.5 mm), NHM 1892.7.15.246, Madras. A, carapace and ocUlar and antennal pedUncles, dorsal vieW (transverse striae and ridges on right side not draWn); B, rostrUm, dorso-anterior vieW; C, third and foUrth thoracic sternites, ventral vieW; D, telson, external vieW; E, basal article of left antennUlar pedUncle, ventral vieW; F, left ocUlar and antennal pedUncles, dorsolateral vieW; G, left third maxilliped, lateral vieW; H–J, right second to foUrth pereopods, lateral vieW. Setae are not draWn on all figUres. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 2. Raphidopus indicus Henderson, 1893, holotype, male (cl 6.5 mm), NHM 1892.7.15.246, Madras. A, larger cheliped, dorsal vieW; B, larger cheliped, merUs and carpUs, ventral vieW; C, larger cheliped, carpUs, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); D, larger cheliped, chela, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); E, smaller cheliped, merUs, ventral vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); F, smaller cheliped, carpUs, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); G, smaller cheliped, chela, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn). Setae are not draWn on all figUres. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 6. Raphidopus brevipes n. sp., holotype, male (cl 5.8 mm), ZRC 1992.10521, Penang. A, carapace and ocUlar and antennal pedUncles, dorsal vieW (setae not draWn); B, rostrUm, dorso-anterior vieW; C, anterior part of left pterygostomial flap, ventrolateral vieW; D, third and foUrth thoracic sternites, ventral vieW (setae not draWn); E, telson, external vieW; F, basal article of left antennUlar pedUncle, ventral vieW; G, left ocUlar and antennal pedUncles, dorsolateral vieW (setae not draWn); H, left third maxilliped, lateral vieW (setae not draWn). Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 7. Raphidopus brevipes n. sp., paratypes, chelipeds detached from bodies, ZRC 1992.10522–10526, Penang. A, largest larger cheliped, dorsal vieW; B, largest larger cheliped, merUs and carpUs, ventral vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); C, largest larger cheliped, carpUs, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); D, largest larger cheliped, chela, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); E, smaller cheliped, dorsal vieW (sUrface strUctUre partially draWn); F, smaller cheliped, carpUs, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); G, smaller cheliped, chela, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn); H, second largest larger cheliped, chela, dorsal perpendicUlar vieW (sUrface strUctUre not draWn). Setae are not draWn on all figUres. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 8. Raphidopus brevipes, n. sp. Paratypes, ambUlatory legs detached from bodies, ZRC 1992.10522–10526, Penang (A–G); male (cl 4.1 mm), ZRC 2016.528, Selangor (H–K). A, left sUpposed second pereopod, lateral vieW; B, left sUpposed second pereopod, merUs, mesial vieW (setae not draWn); C, left sUpposed second pereopod, dactylUs, lateral vieW (setae not draWn); D, left sUpposed third pereopod, lateral vieW (setae not draWn); E, left sUpposed third pereopod, merUs, lateral perpendicUlar vieW; F, left sUpposed foUrth pereopod, lateral vieW (setae not draWn); G, left sUpposed foUrth pereopod, merUs, lateral perpendicUlar vieW; H–J, meri of left second to foUrth pereopods, lateral perpendicUlar vieW (setae not draWn); K, dactylUs of left foUrth pereopod, lateral vieW (setae not draWn). Scale bars = 1.0 mm.


First up, a couple of corrections, and an update.
The Baltimore Sun, from which I got some of my information regarding Freddie Gray, was wrong on at least 2 counts.
The first one is, the deceased was in possession of a common pocket knife, NOT a switchblade as was initially reported.
Secondly, the deceased did NOT just get out of the hospital with injuries from a car accident. How they came to this conclusion is even stranger – someone found paperwork about a claim paid to the deceased. But it wasn't for a car accident, it was for damages the deceased suffered as a result of lead paint poisoning in his childhood home.
That means that the horrific injuries this man suffered were due to the treatment he received at the hands (fists? feet?) of the Baltimore Police. In case you don't recall, he had a crushed larynx and a severed spinal cord ("Could Freddie Gray Have Severed His Own Spine in a Baltimore Police Van? It's Highly Unlikely", Dr. David Samadi, New York Daily News, 4/30/2015).
Now the good news: The 6 police officers involved have all been charged. The most serious charge – "second-degree depraved heart murder" – was leveled against the driver of the van. He was also charged with voluntary manslaughter ("6 Baltimore Police Officers Charged in Freddie Gray Death", Alan Blinder & Richard Pérez-Peña, New York Times website, 5/1/2015).
Officer William G. Porter – Involuntary manslaughter, second-degree assault, misconduct in office.
Lt. Brian W. Rice – Involuntary manslaughter, 2 counts of second-degree assault, 2 counts of misconduct in office, false imprisonment.
Officer Edward M. Nero – 2 counts second-degree assault, 2 counts of misconduct in office, false imprisonment.
Officer Garrett E. Miller – 2 counts of second-degree assault, 2 counts of misconduct in office, false imprisonment.
Sgt. Alicia D. White – Involuntary manslaughter, second-degree assault, misconduct in office.
3 of the officers are white, and 3 are African-American. This was a straight-up case of police brutality, an "us against them" siege mentality that many police officers have.
That is not to say that police do not target African-American males. They do.
But the Baltimore police traditionally have a reputation for violence.
I have seen it first-hand.
I went to a Rolling Stones concert in 1969 at the Baltimore Civic Center. As I was walking to the restrooms, I saw 2 Baltimore policemen beating the heck out of someone (a long-haired male).
So that was what? 46 years ago? And nothing's changed.
Now take what I just told you and extrapolate that to living in a Baltimore low-income neighborhood. What a nightmare to have to live in. Add profiling to that, and it's a wonder anyone would ever leave their house.
For now, the streets of Baltimore are quiet, and the rebuilding will be slow and painful, I'm sure. It would be a tough position for any business that was looted and/or burned to be in, trying to decide whether or not it was worth it to rebuild.
But I really hope they do. Especially large corporations such as Rite Aid. And if they're smart, they'll initiate some programs in that community to help the residents, especially the young people. Even if they have very little compassion, it would make business sense to do so. And, unfortunately, it's usually the bottom line that determines what a company does or doesn't do.
The media – most online newspapers – never seem to want to try to understand why this stuff happens. They slant things, of course, and leave things out, like the sources who showed pictures of young people holding up the items they stole, and pictures of signs stating "black-owned business" (presumably to protect some business owners from having their shops looted). Then they leave everyone to read the comments section for the "analysis".
Both are wrong. Neither side will address the issues.
I would suspect some of the reason they don't is, they've never been poor. Not truly poor.
This entry was posted in Social Issues and tagged Baltimore riots on May 6, 2015 by Victoria.


text:
Brazilian UFO story may have teeth: Radio show caller asserts military firefight with 3 ETs in forest real
May 21, 2020	awakeningtheillusion Aliens/UFO's, News Articles and Videos 0 Comments
(INTELLIHUB) — The Internet has been abuzz with dozens of stories which purport that a UFO had crashed in Magé, Brazil last Wednesday night and how the crash subsequently triggered a military response which led to the hostile engagement of three extraterrestrial beings that were trapped inside their downed craft.
Astonishingly, those stories have now been affirmed to some extent by a local Brazillian caller who got through to the Was ist Das? Podcast on Sunday claiming the alleged alien-human firefight had actually occurred.
The caller, who could not hear the host due to technical interference, stayed on the line diligently and even called back several times during the last 10 minutes of the broadcast in order to get what he insinuated to be highly credible information out to the masses.
While connected to the open Skype line the caller stated that 3 extraterrestrial beings entered into a firefight with military personnel after the hull the beings downed craft was breached by an explosive charge.
Although the call dropped and the stream went down the caller was able to reconnect.
"I really believe that something happened–that something crashed on the ground in Magé…,"he explained. "What I talked to you about in the last call about [how] the three beings came out of this ship is only tell [broken english] for me, from my wife, from a friend of hers who lives in Magé today… actually today… I don't have a video of those beings–no one has a video of those beings… nor does the media or YouTube."
"This is information from the people who live in Magé. Okay?… It hit the ground on Wednesday night and on Thursday morning the Army come and the shots who people hear from the city [broken english]," he said. "They shot these explosives to open the ship and when these three beings came out one was shot dead in place and two [ran] from the forest…"
The caller could not hear the show host but said that he will try to establish contact on a future broadcast.
It's rumored the U.S. military is responsible for downing the craft and may have conducted retrieval operations.
You can listen to the entire broadcast here:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/27635417

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HomeM. Night ShyamalanDaniel Stamm: A new breed in movie business
Daniel Stamm: A new breed in movie business
November 23, 2010 Rohan M. Night Shyamalan, Night Chronicles, Reincarnate 1
Los Angeles Times/Entertainment/24 Frames published an article a week ago regarding M.Night Shyamalan's new protege. filmmaker Daniel Stamm. Weeks back it was announced that Shyamalan has considered Mr. Stamm to helm his next supernatural thriller under "The Night Chronicles" banner which is going to be the second picture under the new banner called "12 Strangers" then its title changed to "Reincarnate". I found the article very useful and thanks to LA TIMES for the brief coverage on who exactly is Daniel Stamm.
The first time Daniel Stamm met M. Night Shyamalan, the auteur of the supernatural was fiddling with a horn section.
"I got a call from my agents that Night is in town scoring 'The Last Airbender,'" said the German-born, L.A.-based Stamm, who directed this summer's horror sleeper 'The Last Exorcism." "He wants to meet you in an hour. And so I went down to the scoring stage, and James Newton Howard is there with a 110-piece orchestra, and Night is totally engaged as he talks to me, but every once in a while he'll turn around and say something like, 'Can we have the trombone louder?'"
Soon after, Stamm was on a plane to Shyamalan's Philadelphia farmhouse. He was told he was being considered for the second movie in The Night Chronicles — the trio of films Shyamalan is shepherding that kicked off with this fall's "Devil" — but wasn't told anything about it. Instead, in keeping with the filmmaker's trademark secrecy, Stamm was given a script, shown a locked room and instructed to stay there until he finished. Then he was told to give notes to Night.
The two proceeded to discuss the script (knowing Stamm, with a certain enthusiastic contrarianism). Whatever the young filmmaker said, it worked: He got the gig.
The 34-year-old Stamm represents what might be called a new breed in the movie business, particularly in its genre precincts. He's a younger talent who makes commercial movies but whose vision was honed outside Hollywood (he studied at a film school in Ludwigsburg, Germany, before coming to the American Film Institute); who can stretch a dollar ("Exorcism," the story of a possessed farmer's daughter produced by Eli Roth, was made for less than $2 million and grossed more than 20 times that in the U.S.); and who can be paired up with more established filmmakers who serve as producers while he directs.
With Shyamalan, Stamm describes a relationship that's a mix of the hands-off and the interactive. "Night is aware of the person that he is, and the challenge for him is to keep himself out and be there as a mentor," Stamm says over coffee at a Los Feliz restaurant on a recent morning. "He'll never tell me to do this or that, but if he has ideas he will call and I just had this idea, 'What do you think of this?' He's an idea guy. It's always about little bits of inspiration."
The new Night movie that Stamm will direct is a riff on a certain Henry Fonda jury-deliberation classic — one that won't be new terrain to non-genre fans, and probably not to most genre fans either. "It's basically a supernatural take on '12 Angry Men.' It's that movie but with reincarnation," Stamm says. "We're in the [deliberation] room but it's not so confined that we never leave the room."
Surely Stamm is aware, though, that people hold the Sidney Lumet-directed original close to their hearts and might balk at a re-imagining?
"It's like 'The Exorcist' with 'The Last Exorcism,'" he explains. "Both are classics that people still have on their minds so you don't want to step on that. But there's no reason not to acknowledge it.
"Our protagonist can borrow from it as long as someone in the movie catches him borrowing from it," says Stamm (who also, incidentally, is directing an upcoming remake of of the French horror hit "Martyrs").
Stamm said that after his last movie, he needs to shoot this one a little differently — with an eye toward how it can be marketed. (It's no doubt not lost on him that "Devil" was a commercial disappointment, as were several recent Shyamalan directing efforts.)
"With 'Exorcism' it was so intimate that we never thought about rating, we thought about target audience, we never though about trailer moments. Everything about studio movies we completely disregarded," Stamm says. "But I think it's smart to think about these moments instead of realizing in editing you don't have them and then going to the marketing department and saying, 'What do we do now?'"
Stamm says after working with unknowns in his previous films (before "Exorcism," he shot a dark micro-budget film about suicide titled "A Necessary Death"), he'd like to work with more known actors. While some genre filmmakers say they find that big actors can be distracting to an audience (and expensive for their budget), he's hoping to turn that wisdom on its head.
"I'm excited to work with and against perception," he says. "I've love to do a serial movie with Michael Cera as the serial killer."
There's something unexpected about Stamm's own turn. His roots began far away from Hollywood, in a Hamburg childhood where he was constantly telling his parents he wanted to be a journalist, not a writer of fictional stories, because of a German cultural norm that emphasizes the practical. But in truth he didn't really want to be a reporter — he wanted to be a screenwriter. (Good choice, Dan.)
Stamm also says that filmmaking gave him a sense of creation few other adulthood pursuits have. "In Germany we played a lot of Dungeons & Dragons. We were big nerds. But it was an amazing youth. It was trying to think something into existence that didn't exist a minute before," he says.
He continues. "There's just something godlike about the whole act of filmmaking. It was like giving birth. I don't know, maybe it's just the thing that men can't have children." Unless, of course, they're starring in a horror movie.
Daniel Stamm
M. Night Shyamalan
Night Chronicles
Reincarnate
Jaden Smith: 1000 A.E. is set in future.
A look back at Shyamalan's 'The Happening'
Lady in the Water News, Pics and more!!
May 6, 2006 Dr Malcolm Crowe Lady in the Water, M. Night Shyamalan 4
Hello everyone! I have some pretty interesting tid bits I thought I would share with you all… First of all, Ellen DeGeneres will premiere the new 'Lady in the Water' trailer on her Tuesday May 9th Show!!
Wayward Pines opens offices; shooting begins in August
July 8, 2013 Rohan Television, Wayward Pines Comments Off on Wayward Pines opens offices; shooting begins in August
Those who are not aware, writer/director/producer Shyamalan will debut his first TV project for FOX in 2014; he will be executive producing and directing the project. Based on the book of the same name, 'Wayward […]
Shyamalan gets ShoWest directing nod
February 17, 2006 Paul Martin M. Night Shyamalan 5
M. Night Shyamalan, whose directorial credits include "The Sixth Sense," "Signs" and "The Village," will be honored as ShoWest Director of the Year.
Can't wait for this movie to come up.


The season finale of Game of Thrones aired last night to record-setting numbers. According to Entertainment Weekly, "The Dragon and the Wolf" amassed a total of 12.1 million viewers for its 9 p.m. ET airing. When you factor in HBO's replays and streaming numbers, the total is bumped up to an astounding 16.5 million. After leaving Thrones fans wanting more with cliffhangers that we will not get into here, who the hell knows when the show will be coming back.
As Thrones fans slowly come to terms with the reality that it's going to be a long winter and beyond without the hit show, HBO has just released a behind-the-scenes series that will briefly quench the GOT fan base's thirst for more.
The Game Revealed is a seven-part series featuring interviews with the cast, showrunners, and more, as well as behind-the-scenes glimpses at what went into creating each episode of season 7. The show will be available on HBO Now, HBO Go, and HBO On Demand, but the first episode centered around "Dragonstone" can be seen on YouTube.
We should probably point out that this first episode includes an appearance by Ed Sheeran, who made a cameo which received so much backlash that the singer ended up leaving Twitter. If you were one of those individuals triggered by Sheeran's brief time on GOT, you may want to be prepared to skip some portions of this episode.
Check out the video in its entirety above.


Discussion in 'Announcements & Updates' started by Tyrial, Apr 1, 2016.
Just like the other updates, most the work has been done under-the-hood and you won't see changes right away.
You can now view all of your characters info on a nice character-info screen. Accessed by the system menu -> "Char Info"
Some NPCs can now cast spells! We need to add spells to them, but they have the ability now.
GFX Mode 3 should now cache with less "hiccups"
The game crashes when the spell cache exists.
The item spawn timer was... not working correctly.
(STAFF) You can now edit the map without worrying about walking into a warp, or killtile, or even block tiles. They will not affect you with the editor open.
Some people's computers have strict security that doesn't allow the updater to work properly, keeping them on 1.0.8.8c or 1.0.8.9a. They can download the full client below.
Alternatively, some peoples computers aren't deleting the old Patch.cc2 file located in \Data\. This needs to be deleted and the updater needs to be ran again.
I may have left some things out, but that's the general idea of it.
Make sure to keep up with reporting bugs.
The bigger the problem, the quicker I'll get it fixed!
Personally still getting spawning into a black void and no matter how many times I gate out I "can't log out if not in a root town." Fresh install and made a second character to test, same thing.
This log is from Apr 1, 2016. This is due to the server being upgraded to C++, the client needs to be upgraded as well. It will take time as Tyrial is working two jobs currently and is in charge of all the work on R1.


I am a writer. And by that definition, I am someone who has always loved language. I am fascinated by language in daily life. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language -- the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all -- all the Englishes I grew up with.
Recently, I was made keenly aware of the different Englishes I do use. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had already given to half a dozen other groups. The nature of the talk was about my writing, my life, and my book, The Joy Luck Club. The talk was going along well enough, until I remembered one major difference that made the whole talk sound wrong. My mother was in the room. And it was perhaps the first time she had heard me give a lengthy speech, using the kind of English I have never used with her. I was saying things like, "The intersection of memory upon imagination" and "There is an aspect of my fiction that relates to thus-and-thus'--a speech filled with carefully wrought grammatical phrases, burdened, it suddenly seemed to me, with nominalized forms, past perfect tenses, conditional phrases, all the forms of standard English that I had learned in school and through books, the forms of English I did not use at home with my mother.
Just last week, I was walking down the street with my mother, and I again found myself conscious of the English I was using, the English I do use with her. We were talking about the price of new and used furniture and I heard myself saying this: "Not waste money that way." My husband was with us as well, and he didn't notice any switch in my English. And then I realized why. It's because over the twenty years we've been together I've often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. It has become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with.
So you'll have some idea of what this family talk I heard sounds like, I'11 quote what my mother said during a recent conversation which I videotaped and then transcribed. During this conversation, my mother was talking about a political gangster in Shanghai who had the same last name as her family's, Du, and how the gangster in his early years wanted to be adopted by her family, which was rich by comparison. Later, the gangster became more powerful, far richer than my mother's family, and one day showed up at my mother's wedding to pay his respects. Here's what she said in part: "Du Yusong having business like fruit stand. Like off the street kind. He is Du like Du Zong -- but not Tsung-ming Island people. The local people call putong, the river east side, he belong to that side local people. That man want to ask Du Zong father take him in like become own family. Du Zong father wasn't look down on him, but didn't take seriously, until that man big like become a mafia. Now important person, very hard to inviting him. Chinese way, came only to show respect, don't stay for dinner. Respect for making big celebration, he shows up. Mean gives lots of respect. Chinese custom. Chinese social life that way. If too important won't have to stay too long. He come to my wedding. I didn't see, I heard it. I gone to boy's side, they have YMCA dinner. Chinese age I was nineteen."
You should know that my mother's expressive command of English belies how much she actually understands. She reads the Forbes report, listens to Wall Street Week, converses daily with her stockbroker, reads all of Shirley MacLaine's books with ease--all kinds of things I can't begin to understand. Yet some of my friends tell me they understand 50 percent of what my mother says. Some say they understand 80 to 90 percent. Some say they understand none of it, as if she were speaking pure Chinese. But to me, my mother's English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. It's my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world.
Lately, I've been giving more thought to the kind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as 'broken" or "fractured" English. But I wince when I say that. It has always bothered me that I can think of no way to describe it other than "broken," as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness and soundness. I've heard other terms used, "limited English," for example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people's perceptions of the limited English speaker.
I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother's "limited" English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say That is, because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of empirical evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.
My mother has long realized the limitations of her English as well. When I was fifteen, she used to have me call people on the phone to pretend I was she. In this guise, I was forced to ask for information or even to complain and yell at people who had been rude to her. One time it was a call to her stockbroker in New York. She had cashed out her small portfolio and it just so happened we were going to go to New York the next week, our very first trip outside California. I had to get on the phone and say in an adolescent voice that was not very convincing, "This is Mrs. Tan."
And my mother was standing in the back whispering loudly, "Why he don't send me check, already two weeks late. So mad he lie to me, losing me money.
And then I said in perfect English, "Yes, I'm getting rather concerned. You had agreed to send the check two weeks ago, but it hasn't arrived."
Then she began to talk more loudly. "What he want, I come to New York tell him front of his boss, you cheating me?" And I was trying to calm her down, make her be quiet, while telling the stockbroker, "I can't tolerate any more excuses. If I don't receive the check immediately, I am going to have to speak to your manager when I'm in New York next week." And sure enough, the following week there we were in front of this astonished stockbroker, and I was sitting there red-faced and quiet, and my mother, the real Mrs. Tan, was shouting at his boss in her impeccable broken English.
We used a similar routine just five days ago, for a situation that was far less humorous. My mother had gone to the hospital for an appointment, to find out about a benign brain tumor a CAT scan had revealed a month ago. She said she had spoken very good English, her best English, no mistakes. Still, she said, the hospital did not apologize when they said they had lost the CAT scan and she had come for nothing. She said they did not seem to have any sympathy when she told them she was anxious to know the exact diagnosis, since her husband and son had both died of brain tumors. She said they would not give her any more information until the next time and she would have to make another appointment for that. So she said she would not leave until the doctor called her daughter. She wouldn't budge. And when the doctor finally called her daughter, me, who spoke in perfect English -- lo and behold -- we had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference call on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake.
I think my mother's English almost had an effect on limiting my possibilities in life as well. Sociologists and linguists probably will tell you that a person's developing language skills are more influenced by peers. But I do think that the language spoken in the family, especially in immigrant families which are more insular, plays a large role in shaping the language of the child. And I believe that it affected my results on achievement tests, I.Q. tests, and the SAT. While my English skills were never judged as poor, compared to math, English could not be considered my strong suit. In grade school I did moderately well, getting perhaps B's, sometimes B-pluses, in English and scoring perhaps in the sixtieth or seventieth percentile on achievement tests. But those scores were not good enough to override the opinion that my true abilities lay in math and science, because in those areas I achieved A's and scored in the ninetieth percentile or higher.
The same was true with word analogies, pairs of words in which you were supposed to find some sort of logical, semantic relationship -- for example, "Sunset is to nightfall as is to ." And here you would be presented with a list of four possible pairs, one of which showed the same kind of relationship: red is to stoplight, bus is to arrival, chills is to fever, yawn is to boring: Well, I could never think that way. I knew what the tests were asking, but I could not block out of my mind the images already created by the first pair, "sunset is to nightfall"--and I would see a burst of colors against a darkening sky, the moon rising, the lowering of a curtain of stars. And all the other pairs of words --red, bus, stoplight, boring--just threw up a mass of confusing images, making it impossible for me to sort out something as logical as saying: "A sunset precedes nightfall" is the same as "a chill precedes a fever." The only way I would have gotten that answer right would have been to imagine an associative situation, for example, my being disobedient and staying out past sunset, catching a chill at night, which turns into feverish pneumonia as punishment, which indeed did happen to me.
I have been thinking about all this lately, about my mother's English, about achievement tests. Because lately I've been asked, as a writer, why there are not more Asian Americans represented in American literature. Why are there few Asian Americans enrolled in creative writing programs? Why do so many Chinese students go into engineering! Well, these are broad sociological questions I can't begin to answer. But I have noticed in surveys -- in fact, just last week -- that Asian students, as a whole, always do significantly better on math achievement tests than in English. And this makes me think that there are other Asian-American students whose English spoken in the home might also be described as "broken" or "limited." And perhaps they also have teachers who are steering them away from writing and into math and science, which is what happened to me.
But it wasn't until 1985 that I finally began to write fiction. And at first I wrote using what I thought to be wittily crafted sentences, sentences that would finally prove I had mastery over the English language. Here's an example from the first draft of a story that later made its way into The Joy Luck Club, but without this line: "That was my mental quandary in its nascent state." A terrible line, which I can barely pronounce.
Fortunately, for reasons I won't get into today, I later decided I should envision a reader for the stories I would write. And the reader I decided upon was my mother, because these were stories about mothers. So with this reader in mind -- and in fact she did read my early drafts--I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English I spoke to my mother, which for lack of a better term might be described as "simple"; the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as "broken"; my translation of her Chinese, which could certainly be described as "watered down"; and what I imagined to be her translation of her Chinese if she could speak in perfect English, her internal language, and for that I sought to preserve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure. I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.
Apart from what any critic had to say about my writing, I knew I had succeeded where it counted when my mother finished reading my book and gave me her verdict: "So easy to read."


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Displaying Items By Tag: Video
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Commercial aviation involves transportation of passengers and cargo through an operating aircraft. Demand for air travel is increasing every year due to its various advantages such as less time consumption, comfort and hence, the fleet size is experiencing a significant growth every year. In-service fleet of commercial aircraft can be classified under four classes that include narrow-body aircraft, wide-body aircraft, regional jet and turboprop aircraft.
Regionally, Asia-Pacific is a major contributor to the global commercial Aircraft MRO market, supported by high demand for MRO services for wide-body aircrafts. Europe and North America are not likely to see any noteworthy growth in their commercial aircraft MRO markets in the coming years.
The global commercial aircraft MRO market is expected to grow in future due to increasing air craft fleet size, decreasing annual aircraft retirements, growing traffic of airline scheduled passengers, increasing disposable income. Key trends of this market include decreasing jet fuel prices and growing participation of OEMS in MRO industry. However, there are some factors which can hinder the market growth including lack of trained MRO technicians and rapid technological changes.
The report "Global Commercial Aircraft MRO Market: Industry Analysis & Outlook (2018-2022)" by Koncept Analytics provides an extensive research and detailed analysis of the present market along with future outlook. The report discusses the major growth drivers and challenges of the market, covering Asia-Pacific, the U.S. and Europe regions along with the global market. The report profiles the key players of the market including General Electric, United Technologies Corporation, ST Engineering and Lufthansa Group.


We offer a full range of property management services tailored to you as an investor, homeowner, or landlord. We have an extensive porfolio of single family homes, townhouses, condos, and apartments in the Weston area. Below are just a few of the many services we offer as your Weston property management company.


They always say that the center of the storm is still. There is little of the heavy rain or strong winds that whirl around it.
But perhaps, the aftermath of the storm is even more quiet, even more still. Here, as awareness of the disaster and calamity slowly settles in, we find ourselves at a real standstill. Much has been lost and much has also been done, and yet there is still so much pain and so much left to do. Where do we go from here?
The teacher calls out the students one by one.
We thank God you are here.
1. Where were you during the storm? How was your experience?
2. What are your feelings now, in the stillness after the storm? What are your thoughts and feelings about the future?
During the sharing, the mentor or some other designated person takes note of the urgent and important concerns raised by the members of the group (e.g. lost homes and property, loved ones who are or have been sick, missing or deceased). He or she formulates them into short prayer intentions that are announced when the big group gathers.
out of sadness and despair.
and come to the aid of all in need.
from trusting in your love.


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Steve Hass
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After attending Berklee College Of Music on scholarship from 1993 to 1996 Steve was asked to join the Ravi Coltrane Quartet. He toured and recorded with the band from 1996 to 2002. The music was a mixture of traditional jazz, funk, and odd meter fusion. During this time Steve was also a studio drummer in New York City playing on dozens of national jingles, record dates, television shows, and movie soundtracks. He was also a member of Ruben Wilson's "Masters Of Groove" where he shared the drum chair with the legendary Bernard Purdie. In addition, during this period Steve toured with Christian McBride, Suzanne Vega, Miri Ben-Ari, Bob Berg, and Richard Bona amongst others.
In 2003 Steve began touring and recording with multiple Grammy winners and Atlantic recording artists, The Manhattan Transfer. He remains the first call drummer for The Manhattan Transfer, and works with them as his schedule permits. He is the first touring drummer in the history of the band to actually record with them. He is featured on 3 album releases and 1 live concert DVD. In late 2003, Hass released a solo album named Traveler. The C.D displays Hass' skills as a talented producer. His usage of sonic layering and drum loops is reminiscent of Jon Brion.
In 2005 Steve joined John Scofield and Mavis Staples to support Scofield's Verve release "That's What I'd Say". The band toured around the world from 2005 until December 2007 playing R+B, Soul, Jazz and Latin. Scofield also used Steve in his jazz trio, along with bassist John Benitez for select local N.Y dates.
In 2006 Hass had an eight-page feature interview in Modern Drummer Magazine. He is now a regular educational contributor in the "ask a pro" and "workshop" columns. In 2007 Steve established a second residence in Los Angeles and quickly became a popular choice for musicians and producers on the L.A scene, both live and in the studio. His company Hassbeat Productions Inc. provides studio services to artists worldwide while allowing Steve to record drum tracks for a variety of artists around the world. He continues to tour with a variety of artists. Since moving to Los Angeles Steve has become a regular with renown artists such as Billy Childs, Bob Sheppard, Brandon Fields and Alan Pasqua as well as maintaining his presence in the studio with contemporary rock singer/songwriters.
2012 has been his busiest year yet juggling recording sessions for producers The Difference, Rami Yadid and Ken Wallace and tours with R&B great Patti Austin, top selling fusion/new age pianist Keiko Matsui and The Manhattan Transfer. He continues to work with R&B/Jazz Grammy winner Patti Austin in all variations of her touring band.
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Las guerras romano-etruscas fueron una serie de guerras libradas entre la antigua Roma (durante el periodo tanto de monarquía como de república) y los etruscos, desde los primeros años de la historia de Roma. La información sobre muchas de estas guerras es muy limitada, particularmente sobre las sucedidas durante los primeros años de Roma, y en gran medida solo existe información proveniente de textos antiguos.

Antes de la fundación de Roma

Según el mito de la fundación de Roma que explica Tito Livio, los etruscos, liderados por Mecencio y aliados con el rey Turno de los rútulos, atacaron a los latinos y a los troyanos exiliados, que estaban liderados por Latino y Eneas, respectivamente. Los latinos y los troyanos resultaron vencedores, y Turno murió en combate. La paz consiguiente estableció las bases según las cuales el río Tíber sería la frontera común entre los etruscos y los latinos.

Fidenas y Veyes

Primera guerra contra Fidenas y Veyes

En el siglo  a. C., durante el reinado de Rómulo, el primer rey de Roma, la ciudad etrusca de Fidenas decidió atacar Roma para evitar que se convirtiera en una futura amenaza e inició el saqueo de su territorio. Para contraatacar, Rómulo marchó contra Fidenas y acampó en su frente. Preparó una emboscada en las cercanías de la ciudad y envió una buena parte del ejército a las puertas de Fidenas para hacer salir a los soldados enemigos. Ante el aparente desorden de las filas romanas, las tropas de Fidenas salieron a su encuentro y cayeron en la emboscada. Las fuerzas de Rómulo presionaron al ejército de la ciudad hasta las mismas puertas; la proximidad de los romanos impidió a Fidenas cerrarlas, lo que Roma aprovechó para ocuparla.

Los habitantes de Veyes se preocuparon por la situación desencadenada en Fidenas, tanto por su proximidad a Veyes como por su relación de consanguinidad con la gente de Fidenas, que también eran etruscos, motivo por el cual iniciaron una incursión en el territorio romano. Tras saquearlo, volvieron a Veyes con el botín conseguido. En ese momento, Rómulo y el ejército romano marcharon hasta las puertas de la ciudad etrusca y combatieron al ejército de Veyes delante de las murallas de la ciudad. Los romanos lograron la victoria y obligaron a sus habitantes a recluirse en la ciudad. Como en aquel momento los romanos no tenían la fuerza suficiente para asediar la ciudad, decidieron arrasar su territorio. Los habitantes de Veyes intentaron negociar y finalmente se acordó un tratado de paz que debía durar cien años, que también incluyó la cesión de ciertos territorios a los romanos. En la segunda guerra contra Fidenas y Veyes, durante el siglo  a. C., Livio describe Fidenas como una colonia romana.

Segunda guerra contra Fidenas y Veyes

En el siglo  a. C., durante el reinado del tercer rey de Roma, Tulo Hostilio, las tropas de Fidenas y Veyes volvieron a marchar contra Roma. Según Livio, fueron incitados a la guerra por Mecio Fufecio, rey de Alba Longa, el cual había sido derrotado anteriormente por Roma y se había convertido en su vasallo.

Fidenas se rebeló abiertamente contra Roma. Tulo hizo venir a Mecio y su ejército desde Alba Longa y, junto con el ejército romano, se dirigieron hacia la ciudad etrusca. El ejército combinado de romanos y albanos cruzó el Aniene y acampó cerca de la confluencia entre este río y el Tíber. El ejército de Veyes, mientras tanto, también cruzó el Tíber y, junto con el de Fidenas, formó una línea de batalla cerca del río; las tropas de Veyes situadas junto al río, y las de Fidenas al borde de las montañas. El ejército albano-romano se situó frente a ellos: los romanos ante el ejército de Veyes, y los albanos ante el de Fidenas.

Cuando comenzó la batalla, sin embargo, Mecio y los albanos comenzaron a desplazarse hacia las montañas, con la intención de desertar. Tulio habló con sus soldados, asegurándoles que el movimiento de los albanos estaba motivado por órdenes precisas suyas. Las tropas de Fidenas, que ya era una colonia romana, entendían el latín, por lo que comprendieron lo que Tulio le dijo a sus soldados y tuvieron miedo de que el ejército de Alba Longa cargara después desde las montañas por la retaguardia. Según Livio, abandonaron el campo de batalla y los romanos se dirigieron contra las tropas de Veyes.

Guerra contra Veyes y los etruscos

En el siglo  a. C., según Livio, el sexto rey de Roma, Servio Tulio, fue a la guerra contra Veyes, después de que expirara una tregua anterior, y contra los etruscos. De este conflicto se sabe muy poco, excepto que el rey era reconocido por su valor y su buena suerte, que se enfrentó a un gran ejército formado por tropas etruscas y de Veyes, y que la guerra le ayudó a fundamentar su posición en Roma, en donde no hacía mucho que reinaba. Según los fasti triunfales, Servio celebró tres triunfos sobre los etruscos, incluyendo uno del 25 de noviembre del 571 a. C. y otro del 25 de mayo del 567 a. C.

Livio escribe que durante el reinado de su sucesor, Tarquinio el Soberbio, Roma renovó el tratado con los etruscos. Se desconoce cuál fue el tratado de paz anterior que se renovó.

Roma contra Tarquinia

Guerra contra Veyes y Tarquinia (509 a. C.)

En el 509 a. C. la monarquía romana fue derrocada y comenzó la República romana, que ese mismo año elegiría a sus primeros cónsules. El rey depuesto, Tarquinio el Soberbio, cuya familia provenía de Tarquinia, en Etruria, consiguió el apoyo de las ciudades de Veyes y Tarquinia, recordándoles a los primeros sus derrotas militares pasadas y las tierras perdidas ante Roma, sin olvidar sus lazos familiares. Los ejércitos de ambas ciudades siguieron a Tarquinio en la batalla, pero fueron derrotados por el ejército romano en la batalla de la Selva Arsia. El cónsul Valerio se apoderó de un gran botín proveniente de los etruscos derrotados y volvió a Roma, donde celebró su triunfo el 1 de marzo del 509 a. C.

Livio escribe que más tarde, ese mismo año, Valerio volvió a luchar con el ejército de Veyes. No se puede precisar si este combate fue una continuación de la batalla de la selva Arsia o bien fue una disputa diferente. Tampoco se sabe cuándo tuvo lugar esta disputa.

Guerra contra Clusium (508 a. C.)

Tarquinio, incapaz de recuperar el trono utilizando las tropas de Tarquinia y Veyes, solicitó en el 508 a. C la colaboración de Lars Porsena, rey de la ciudad etrusca de Clusium. En ese momento Clusium era una de las ciudades más importantes del mundo etrusco.

El Senado romano se enteró de la aproximación del ejército de Porsena y temió por la posibilidad de que el pueblo de Roma se asustara y permitiera la entrada de los enemigos en la ciudad. Según esto, el Senado tomó una serie de medidas para fortalecer la resolución del pueblo llano, que incluían la compra de grano a Volscos y a Cumas, nacionalización de las licencias para la venta de sal y eximió a las clases más bajas de pagar impuestos y obligaciones aduaneras en el puerto. Estas medidas tuvieron el éxito esperado, y la moral del pueblo se volvió contra el enemigo.

Porsena y su ejército atacaron Roma. Mientras sus tropas se dirigían hacia el puente Sublicio, uno de los pasos sobre el Tíber que permitía entrar en la ciudad, Horacio Cocles cruzó la construcción para retrasar al enemigo y permitir a los romanos destruir el puente. Allí se unieron Tito Herminio Aquilino y Espurio Larcio. Herminio y Larcio se retiraron cuando el puente ya estaba prácticamente destruido. Horacio esperó hasta que el puente cayera, y luego atravesó el río nadando bajo el fuego enemigo. Se erigió una estatua en honor a Horacio en el Comitium, y además el mítico héroe fue obsequiado con tierras pagadas por el estado y otros reconocimientos individuales.

Como el ataque no había salido tal como se esperaba, Porsena decidió sitiar la ciudad. Dispuso una tropa en el Janículo para bloquear el transporte fluvial y envió partidas para saquear los campos que rodeaban la ciudad.

Durante el asedio, el cónsul Valerio Publícola consiguió eliminar un grupo del ejército de Clusium con un rebaño de ganado que hizo salir por la puerta Esquilina. Se ordenó a Tito Herminio que esperara en la vía Gabinia, a dos millas de Roma; Espurio Larcio dirigía un grupo al interior de la puerta Colina; el cónsul Tito Lucrecio Triciptino esperaba con más tropas en la puerta Nevia; mientras que el mismo Valerio dirigía un destacamento que tenía que bajar por Celio. La emboscada salió como se esperaba y el destacamento clusio fue aniquilado.

El asedio, sin embargo, continuó. Tras la aprobación del Senado, un joven romano llamado Mucio Escévola entró de incógnito en el campamento etrusco, con el objetivo de asesinar a Porsena. Sin embargo, cuando Mucio estaba cerca del rey, no pudo diferenciarlo de su secretario, a quien mató en lugar del monarca. Mucio fue capturado por los etruscos, quienes lo llevaron ante Porsena. El joven romano declaró su identidad y cuál era el objetivo de la entrada al campamento. Alegó que él solo era el primero de trescientos jóvenes romanos enviados para poner fin a la vida del rey. Para demostrar su valor, Mucio puso la mano en una de las hogueras del campamento etrusco, lo que le valió desde entonces, para él mismo y sus descendientes, el apellido de Scaevola (manco). Mucio también se ganó tierras estatales al margen derecho del Tíber, una zona que posteriormente sería conocida como la Mucio Prata ("prados de Mucio"). Porsena, sorprendido por la valentía del joven, lo liberó del campamento para que pudiera regresar a Roma.

En este punto, según Livio, Porsena envió embajadores a Roma para ofrecer un tratado de paz. Porsena pedía que Tarquinio fuera restaurado en el trono de Roma, pero los romanos se negaron. Sin embargo, los romanos aceptaron devolver a Veyes las tierras que habían ocupado durante las guerras anteriores, así como la entrega de algunos rehenes romanos, a cambio de la retirada de las tropas etrusca situadas en el Janículo.

Así se acordó firmar la paz y se enviaron varios rehenes a Porsena. Uno de estos rehenes fue una chica joven llamada Clelia, que, al frente de un grupo de vírgenes romanas, abandonó el campamento etrusco y volvió a Roma. Cuando Porsena pidió que fuera devuelta, los romanos se la volvieron a enviar. Cuando llegó, sin embargo, sorprendido por la valentía de la joven, el rey etrusco le permitió escoger entre todos los rehenes la mitad que sería liberada. Entonces Clelia escogió a los chicos jóvenes, que volvieron a Roma. Por este motivo Roma honró a Clelia con una estatua en lo alto de la vía Sacra, montada a caballo, como un équites, honor muy poco habitual para una mujer romana.

Livio explica que, aunque durante su época, las subastas públicas de bienes en Roma, se referían tradicionalmente como ventas de bienes del rey Porsena, esto se asociaba de alguna manera con la guerra contra Clusium. Concluye que, probablemente, este hecho estaba relacionado con la retirada de Porsena de Roma, cuando dejó sus provisiones atrás como un obsequio para la ciudad.

Livio también escribe que, tras la guerra, varios soldados etruscos volvieron a Roma buscando refugio tras la guerra entre Clusium y Aricia, y que muchos de estos etruscos se habían establecido en Roma, donde se les garantizó un espacio para vivir, que pasó a conocerse como el Vicus Tuscus.

En el 507 a. C., Porsena volvió a enviar embajadores al Senado romano, pidiendo que restauraran la monarquía con Tarquinio en el trono. Los legados que Roma envió como respuesta hicieron saber a Porsena que los romanos nunca readmitirían a Tarquinio, y que el monarca etrusco haría bien en respetar la voluntad del pueblo romano y dejar de pedir su readmisión. Porsena lo aceptó y pidió a Tarquinio que continuara su exilio en otra población que no fuera Clusium. Así, Porsena también devolvió los rehenes romanos y las tierras de Veyes que Roma había aportado en el tratado de paz.

Guerra entre Roma y los sabinos (505-504 a. C.)

Entre el 505 a. C. y el 504 a. C. hubo una guerra entre los romanos y los sabinos. Aunque Livio no hace ninguna referencia a la participación de los etruscos, los fasti triunfales explican que el cónsul Publio Valerio Publícola celebró el triunfo sobre los sabinos y Veyes en mayo del 504 a. C.

La guerra fabia contra Veyes (483-476 a. C.)

Entre los años 483 y 476 a. C., Veyes llevó a cabo una nueva guerra contra Roma, asistidos por auxiliares etruscos. Por parte de Roma, los miembros de la gens Fabia lograron mucha prominencia, lo que convirtió la guerra casi en un conflicto personal entre esta familia y las tropas de Veyes. Finalmente, Roma consiguió imponerse.

Livio sugiere que, durante el primer año del conflicto, los romanos no prestaron mucha atención, principalmente porque su propia fuerza era más que suficiente para acabar ganando la guerra, y estaban más preocupados por conflictos internos. Sin embargo, el ejército de Veyes entró en territorio romano en el 482 a. C. y saqueó los campos de cultivo. También explica que las tropas de Veyes llegaron a amenazar con sitiar la misma ciudad de Roma el 481 a. C., pero el mando de las tropas romanas fue entregado al cónsul Cesón Fabio Vibulano y no pasó nada destacable ese año.

El 480 a. C., Roma sufrió un importante conflicto interno, lo que motivó Veyes a ocupar buena parte del campo romano, con la esperanza de romper el poder de la ciudad. En este esfuerzo recibieron el apoyo de fuerzas procedentes de diversas ciudades etruscas.

Los cónsules Marco Fabio Vibulano y Cneo Manlio Cincinato, preocupados por la falta de disciplina de los soldados romanos durante los últimos años, intentaron mantenerlos alejados de los combates, hasta que las repetidas provocaciones de la caballería etrusca los obligaron a hacerlo. Antes de ordenar el ataque, Fabio exigió a aquellos de sus soldados que parecían más dispuestos al combate que juraran volver victoriosos. Una vez iniciado, los soldados romanos lucharon con gran valentía, sobre todo después de que Quinto Fabio Vibulano, hermano del cónsul, falleciera en combate. Manlio, que comandaba el ala opuesta, resultó gravemente herido y se tuvo que retirar de la primera línea. Cuando sus hombres comenzaron a retirarse en desbandada, Marco Fabio apareció para evitarlo, asegurándoles que su cabecilla no estaba muerto. Finalmente, Manlio apareció para dar confianza a sus hombres.

Los etruscos aprovecharon una pausa en los combates para atacar el campamento romano y rompieron las defensas de las reservas. Sin embargo, cuando los cónsules supieron que estaban atacando su campamento, se desplazaron hasta allí, siendo Manlio el primero que bloqueó las salidas y rodeó a los etruscos. Desesperados por huir, los etruscos asaltaron las posiciones del cónsul; en un primer momento, el fuego romano evitó la fuga de los etruscos, pero una carga final superó a los hombres de Manlio, que cayó mortalmente herido. Las tropas romanas volvieron a entrar en pánico, pero uno de los oficiales del cónsul caído retiró su cuerpo y dejó un camino para que los etruscos pudieran huir, lo que permitió a Fabio eliminarlos mientras escapaban.

Aunque la batalla fue una victoria muy importante para Fabio, la pérdida de su hermano y la de su compañero fue un fuerte revés, por lo que rechazó el triunfo que le ofreció el Senado romano.

El 479 a. C., la guerra con Veyes fue asignada al cónsul Tito Verginio Tricosto Rútilo, mientras que su compañero, el cónsul Cesón Fabio Vibulano, combatía una incursión de los ecuos. Verginio, que se precipitó demasiado, casi fue aniquilado con todo su ejército, y se salvó por la llegada de Cesón Fabio con su ejército, que había derrotado a los ecuos previamente.

Ese mismo año la gens Fabia se dirigió al Senado proponiendo que solo ellos gestionaran las cuestiones militares y financieras de la guerra contra Veyes. El Senado se mostró de acuerdo, con agradecimiento, y el gentío exclamó el nombre de los Fabia. Al día siguiente, los Fabia se armaron y 306 hombres, incluyendo el cónsul, marcharon a través de Roma y salieron por la puerta Carmentalia. Se dirigieron al norte y establecieron su campamento junto al río Crémera y lo fortificaron.

En el 478 a. C., los Fabia lograron penetrar en territorio de Veyes. Sin embargo, las tropas de esta ciudad levantaron un ejército de etruscos que atacó el campamento romano del Crémera. Para levantar el asedio se tuvo que desplazar un ejército romano liderado por el cónsul Lucio Emilio Mamerco; una carga de caballería romana obligó que el ejército de Veyes se retirase hacia Saxa Rubra, donde posteriormente pidió la paz.

En el 477 a. C. las hostilidades afloraron de nuevo y los combates aumentaron, con incursiones de los Fabia en Veyes y viceversa. Las tropas de Veyes prepararon una emboscada, que dio como resultado la Batalla del Crémera, probablemente el 18 de julio de 477 a. C. El resultado supuso la victoria del ejército de Veyes y la muerte de todos los Fabia. Solo sobrevivió Quinto Fabio Vibulano, porque era demasiado joven para participar en batallas, y por tanto se quedó en Roma.

Tras saberse las noticias de una derrota tan importante, el Senado romano envió un ejército comandado por el cónsul Tito Menenio Lanato, pero también fueron derrotados. Entonces las tropas de Veyes se dirigieron hacia Roma y ocuparon el Janículo. El Senado pidió a otro cónsul, Cayo Horacio Pulvilo, que estaba luchando contra los volscos, que volviera para enfrentarse a los etruscos. Hubo dos batallas decisivas contra el ejército de Veyes, la primera cerca del templo de Spes, junto a la puerta Maggiore, y la segunda en la puerta Colina. Finalmente, los soldados de Veyes se retiraron de Roma y se dedicaron a saquear los campos romanos, hasta que fueron derrotados por Roma al año siguiente.

Combates en Sutri, Nepi y cerca de Tarquinia (389-386 a. C.)

La visión clásica

En el 390 a. C., una banda gala derrotó por primera vez al ejército romano en la batalla de Alia y saqueó Roma al año siguiente. Los escritores antiguos relatan que, en el 389 a. C., los etruscos, los volscos y los ecuos juntaron a sus ejércitos en un intento de aprovecharse del caos en Roma. Según Livio, líderes de toda la Etruria se reunieron en el santuario sagrado de Voltumna para formar una alianza contra Roma. Cercados por amenazas provenientes de todos los flancos, los romanos nombraron a Marco Furio Camilo dictador. Camilo marchó primero contra los volscos, dejando, según Livio, una fuerza bajo el mando del tribuno consular, Lucio Emilio Mamercino, en el territorio de Veyes para protegerlo de los etruscos. En el transcurso de la campaña, Camilo infligió derrotas acaudaladas a los volscos y ecuos y finalmente pudo volver a los etruscos.

Livio, Plutarco y, de forma más sucinta, Diodoro Sículo narran la guerra entre romanos y etruscos de manera muy similar. Mientras Camilo estaba fuera luchando contra los volscos, los etruscos rodearon la ciudad de Sutri, aliada de Roma. Los sutrianos fueron a Roma a pedir la ayuda y Camilo, habiendo derrotado a los volscos y ecuos, marchó para liberarla, pero, antes de que la ayuda pudiera llegar, la ciudad fue forzada a rendirse a condición de que sus habitantes abandonaran sus armas y se quedaran solo con la ropa que tenían puesta. Encontrado a los sitianos exiliados, el mismo día Camilo ordenó dejar atrás su caravana y marchó rápidamente hasta Sutri, donde encontró al enemigo disperso y ocupado con el saqueo de la ciudad. Camilo ordenó que todas las puertas fueran cerradas y atacó antes de que los etruscos pudieran concentrar sus fuerzas. Los etruscos, ahora presos, intentaron luchar, pero cuando supieron que sus vidas podrían ser ahorradas, se rindieron en masa. Sutri obtuvo así la distinción de haber sido capturada dos veces el mismo día. Lívio proporciona un relato de la cantidad de espolones tomados. Habiendo vencido tres guerras simultáneas, Camilo volvió a Roma en triunfo. Los prisioneros etruscos fueron vendidos públicamente y, después de que el oro debido a las matronas romanas fue pagado (ellas habían contribuido con el rescate pagado por Roma a los galos), sobró lo suficiente para moldear tres cuencas doradas inscritas con el nombre de Camilo y colocadas en el Templo de Júpiter Óptimo Máximo ante los pies de la estatua de Juno.

Lívio es la única fuente escrita para los siguientes años. Él cuenta que, en el 388 a. C., un ejército romano invadió el territorio de Tarquinia y capturó las ciudades de Cortuosa y Contenebra. La primera fue tomada por sorpresa y cayó en el primer asalto. En Contenebra, una pequeña tropa intentó resistir, pero sucumbió después de algunos días.

En el 387 a. C., surgieron rumores en Roma de que Etruria se había armado y los romanos nuevamente se volvían a Camilo, que era uno de los seis tribunos consulares elegidos para el año 386 a. C., pero Camilo fue distraído por las noticias de que los volscos habían invadido el territorio de un aliado romano. Con Camilo ocupado, los etruscos atacaron las fortalezas fronterizas de Nepi y Sutri. Pero Camilo rápidamente derrotó a los volscos y formó un segundo ejército en Roma. Camilo y su compañero, Publio Valerio Potito Publícola recibieron el mando de este segundo ejército y la guerra contra los etruscos. Cuando Camilo y Valerio llegaron a Sutri, los etruscos ya habían tomado la mitad de la ciudad y los sutrianos estaban defendiendo como podían el resto en una lucha urbana. Camilo dividió su ejército en dos y ordenó que su compañero atacara la muralla del lado dominado por el enemigo. Los estruscos, que fueron atacados tanto desde dentro como desde fuera de la ciudad, huyeron despavoridos, dejando aun así numerosos muertos. Después de haber recapturado Sutri, los romanos marcharon hacia Nepi, que ya se había rendido a los etruscos después de la traición de uno de sus propios ciudadanos. Camilo intentó convencer a los habitantes de Nepi a expulsar a los etruscos. Cuando se negaron, capturó la ciudad. Ejecutaron a los etruscos y a quienes los defendieron, y dejaron una guarnición romana para proteger la ciudad. Después de la victoria, no hay relatos de ningún otr conflicto entre etruscos y romanos hasta el 358 a. C., cuando Roma nuevamente entró en guerra contra Tarquinia.

Interpretaciones modernas

Las fuentes frecuentemente se refieren a encuentros de la Liga Etrusca en el templo sagrado de Voltumna. La liga aún existía en el Imperio romano, cuando se relata un encuentro cerca de Volsinii, que pudo haber sido el lugar de otro encuentro en el siglo . Sin embargo, los historiadores modernos consideran que la Liga Etrusca no era más que una organización religiosa dedicada a la celebración de los rituales comunes a todos los etruscos y no una alianza militar. Los registros romanos y otras fuentes parecen describir una Etruria desunida, dividida entre varias ciudades-estado rivales. Las referencias a una Etruria unida contra Roma deben ser, por lo tanto, consideradas como no históricas. Los registros romanos originales probablemente afirmaban que habría habido combates contra los etruscos, sin especificar la ciudad. Los historiadores posteriores habrían ampliado a partir de ahí con el objetivo de incluir toda la Etruria, incluyendo encuentros plausibles, pero ficticios, de la Liga Etrusca.

Las muchas similitudes entre los relatos de las campañas del 389 a. C. y el 386 a. C. (el liderazgo de Camilo, la victoria sobre los Volsco y la marcha para ayudar a Sutrio) ha hecho que diversos autores modernos consideren el relato duplicado. Este fue el punto de vista de Karl Julius Beloch, que defiende que el saqueo de los galos tuvo un efecto severo y duradero en el destino de Roma. De la misma forma, las increíbles victorias de Camilo contra etruscos y Volscos deben ser invenciones diseñadas para minimizar la escala de la derrota romana. Diferentes escritores posteriores trataron estas victorias inventadas de maneras diferentes, fechándolas en años distintos y con diferentes niveles de detalle, hasta que, en la obra de Livio, surgieron como eventos separados, pero, en última instancia, no históricos.

Cornell cree que el saque galo de Roma fue un revés del que la ciudad rápidamente se recuperó y ve las victorias romanas posteriores como la continuación de una agresiva política expansionista iniciada en la década del 420 a. C. Los relatos de estas victorias fueron exagerados y elaborados (y, algunos casos, duplicados), pero describen esencialmente acontecimientos históricos que encajan en esta imagen más amplia de una expansión romana. Mientras el papel de Camilo ciertamente fue exagerado, la frecuencia con que aparece revela la importancia política que tenía para Roma en la época.

Oakley considera que los relatos de una victoria romana contra los etruscos en 389 a. C. son históricos, aunque todos los detalles más allá del hecho puro de que Sutri fue liberada con éxito probablemente fueron inventados. Con excepción del pago del oro a las matronas, la descripción de Livio del triunfo de Camilo en 389 a. C. pudo haber sido basada en informaciones veridicas, lo que ayudaría a confirmar la guerra en 389 a. C. También cree que la campaña de 386 a. C. puede ser también histórica, aunque con algunos detalles trasplantados de 389 a. C. Una gran victoria de Camilo en este año explicaría por qué ninguna otra guerra fue relatada en la frontera romano-etrusca hasta 358 a. C.

Forsythe adopta una postura más escéptica y cree que sólo las tres cuencas de oro dedicadas por Camilo a Juno son históricas. A partir de esto, los escritores antiguos habrían inventado una serie de victorias relámpago contra los enemigos tradicionales de Roma en la época de Camilo, los etruscos, los équos y los volcanes, y las fecharon al año siguiente al saqueo galo, una época en la que Roma supuestamente , que se encuentra rodeada por enemigos de todos los lados.

El relato de Livio de la captura de Cortuosa y Contenebra en 388 a. C. recibió mucho menos escepticismo que las campañas de 389 a. C. y 386 a. C. Ningún otro registro de estas dos ciudades sobrevivió y no se sabe dónde quedaban. Como no habría incentivo para los escritores antiguos inventar la captura de pueblos oscuros, los historiadores modernos tienden a considerar que la mención de estos lugares, desconocidos, como habiendo sido basada en registros genuinos. Las excavaciones en la moderna ciudad de San Giovenale, cerca de Tarquinia, revelaron un asentamiento fundado alrededor del 650 a. C. y destruido a principios del siglo  a. C. Aunque la identificación del lugar como Cortuosa o Contenebra no puede ser confirmada, es razonable atribuir su destrucción la campaña descrita por Livio en 388 a. C.

Guerra contra Tarquinia, Falerii y Caere entre 359 y 351 a. C.

La visión clásica

Lívio escribe que, en el 358 a. C., que Roma declaró la guerra contra Tarquinia después de que fuerzas de esta ciudad atacar el territorio romano. El cónsul Caio Fabio Ambusto fue nombrado para liderar la campaña. Pero los tarquinenses derrotaron a Fábio y sacrificaron a 307 prisioneros de guerra romanos. Al año siguiente, Roma también declaró la guerra contra los faliscos, que habían luchado con los tarquinenses y se rehusaron a entregar los desertores romanos que huyeron a su capital, Falerii, después de la derrota.

Esta campaña fue entregada a los cuidados del cónsul Cneo Manlio Capitolino, que logró nada más que reunir a su ejército en un campamento cerca de Sutri y, en asamblea, pasar una ley tributando la manumisión de los esclavos. Preocupados por el precedente que podría crearse, los tribunos de la plebe transformaron en pena capital la reunión de una asamblea fuera del lugar habitual. Diodoro Sículo añade que nada de importante ocurrió durante la guerra contra los falcos, excepto raids y saqueos.

Según Livio, en 356 a. C., el cónsul Marco Fabio Ambusto comandó a los romanos contra los habitantes de Falerii y Tarquinia. El ejército etrusco contaba con sacerdotes con serpientes y antorchas y, al principio, la visión de ellos hizo que muchos romanos huyeran de vuelta a sus trincheras, pero el cónsul los obligó a reanudar sus posiciones. Los etruscos fueron derrotados y su campamento, capturado, lo que hizo que toda la Etruria se levantara, bajo el mando de tarquinios y faleris, para marchar contra las salinas romanas. Poco a poco, los romanos nombraron a Gai Marci Rutil como dictador, la primera vez que un plebeyo asumió el puesto. Marcio cruzó el Tíber usando balsas y, después de capturar una banda de saqueadores etruscos, capturó un campamento enemigo de sorpresa y logró hacer 8.000 prisioneros después de matar o expulsar a los demás del territorio romano. El pueblo de Roma resolvió ofrecer a Marcio un triunfo, pero no fue confirmado por el Senado, una información confirmada por los Fasti triunfales, que relatan C. Marcius Rutilus, dictador, triunfó sobre los etruscos el 6 de mayo. Según Sículo, los etruscos saquearon todo el territorio romano, llegando hasta el Tíber antes de regresar a casa.

Según algunos escritores consultados por Livio, en el 355 a. C., el cónsul Caio Sulpicio Pético habría atacado el territorio de Tarquinia, pero otros escribieron que él comandó, con su compañero, Marco Valerio Publícola, una campaña contra los tiburtinos. Al año siguiente, los romanos forzaron a los tarquinenses a rendirse después de matar a un gran número de ellos en combate. Los prisioneros fueron ejecutados, a excepción de 358 nobles, que fueron enviados a Roma para ser flagelados y decapitados en el Foro Romano en represalia a los romanos sacrificados por los tarquinenses en el 358 a. C. Según Diodoro Sículo, sólo 260 fueron sacrificados en el Foro.

Lívio es la única fuente para los años finales de la guerra. En 353 a. C., llegaron rumores a Roma que el pueblo de Caere se había aliado a Tarquinia. Las noticias se confirmaron cuando el cónsul Cayo Sulpicio Pético, que estaba arrasando el territorio tarquinense, relató que las salinas romanas habían sido atacadas. Parte del saqueo fue enviada a Caere y, sin duda, algunos de los atacantes eran de allí. Por eso, los romanos nombraron a Tito Manlio Imperioso Torcuato dictador y declaró la guerra. Los caerenses, arrepentidos de sus actos, enviaron embajadores a Roma para implorar por la paz. En cuanto a la antigua amistad entre las dos ciudades, el romano les concedió una tregua de cien años y se volvieron a los falcos, pero ningún ejército enemigo fue encontrado y el ejército romano regresó a casa después de arrasar el territorio de Falerii, pero sin tratar de tomar la ciudad.

En 352 a. C., de nuevo por rumores, esta vez sin base, de que las doce ciudades de Etruri se habían aliado contra Roma, los romanos decidieron nuevamente nombrar a un dictador. Cayo Julio Julo fue nombrado por los cónsules, que estaban en campaña y no en la ciudad, como era usual. Al año siguiente, el año final de la guerra, el cónsul Tito Quincio Penno Capitolino Crispino nuevamente realizó una campaña contra los falcos mientras su compañero, Cayo Sulpicio Pético, atacó a Tarquinia. No hubo ninguna batalla, pero los falagos y los tarquinenses, cansados de la guerra y con sus territorios destruidos por la guerra, pidieron la paz. Los romanos concedieron a los dos cuarenta años de tregua.

Interpretaciones modernas

Los historiadores modernos aceptan como histórica la narración básica de la guerra, pero la veracidad de muchos eventos individuales ha sido disputada. Livio, afirma que una agresión por los enemigos de Roma habría sido el casus belli, lo que, en este caso, puede ser verdad. En la época Roma ya estaba involucrada en una guerra muy seria contra Tibur y los invasores galos. Los objetivos de Tarquinia en la guerra eran agresivos: retirar el control del bajo Tíber de Roma. Cere aparece en esta narración como subserviente a Tarquinia. Los fallos pueden haber tenido como objetivo recuperar los territorios perdidos para Roma cuarenta años antes.

Algunos estudiosos consideran que el sacrificio de 307 prisioneros de guerra como otra versión de la legendaria Batalla del Crémera, en la que 306 hombres de los habitantes de Fabii habrían sido asesinados en la guerra contra los etruscos. Otros autores compararon el relato con representaciones de gladiadores y ejecuciones de prisioneros en el arte etrusco. Los sacerdotes con serpientes y antorchas pueden ser invenciones, pero también pueden ser algún rito mágico etrusco que Livio y sus fuentes no comprendieron.

Mientras que Beloch rechaza completamente la dictadura de Cayo Marcio Rútilo, Oakley cree que es improbable que la primera dictadura plebeya haya sido una invención. Los historiadores romanos parecen haber inventado muchos relatos de bajas, pero también parecen haber tenido acceso a registros oficiales del siglo  a. C. de enemigos asesinados y capturados. El relato de los 8.000 etruscos asesinados en el 356 a. C. puede, de la misma forma, tener origen en estos registros antiguos. Sin embargo, estas cifras son notoriamente propensas a exageraciones, tanto por los comandantes como por los historiadores. Forsythe propuso esta campaña en el contexto de la fundación de Ostia, el puerto marítimo de Roma. La historia tradicionalmente atribuye la fundación de la ciudad al cuarto rey, Anco Marcio (640-616 a. C.), pero los más antiguos hallazgos arqueológicos en el lugar son de mediados del siglo  a. C. Proteger la costa y la desembocadura del Tíber de ataques tarquinenses daría un excelente motivo para la fundación de una colonia en el lugar y los historiadores antiguos pudieron haber confundido al dictador Marcio Rútilo con el rey Anco Marcio.

La flagelación seguida de decapitación era una práctica romana común y este detalle puede ser sólo una invención plausible por un analista posterior. Algunos historiadores creen que Caere se convirtió en una civitas sine suffragio en el 353 a. C., una teoría rechazada por Oakley, que cree que esto ocurrió sólo entre 274-273 a. C. Cayo Julio Julo, dictador en el 352 a. C., se desconoce por completo y esto, además de algunas peculiaridades de su nombramiento puede dar fe de la veracidad de su dictadura. Las treguas limitadas temporalmente ya no se utilizaban en el período final de la República Romana y es improbable que se hayan inventado, lo que proporciona una fecha segura para el final de esta guerra. Como siempre, Livio retrata a Roma victoriosa, pero con la guerra dominada por incursiones y sin registros de ninguna ciudad atacada, es posible que haya sido una guerra bastante limitada. Roma ciertamente todavía no estaba, en esta época, lista para dominar a Etruriria.

Últimos años de la independencia etrusca (311-283 a. C.)

Por dos siglos, los etruscos, por iniciativa de una u otra ciudad, resistieron al expansionismo romano, que a menudo se revelaba en la quiebra de pactos anteriores, como fue el caso del ataque a los volscos (Orvieto), cuando los romanos interrumpieron una tregua que, era para ser por décadas pocos años después de estipulada. En la década del 310 a. C., Quinto Fabio Máximo Ruliano derrotó a los etruscos en la Batalla del Lago Vadimón y en la Batalla de Perugia.

En el 295 a. C., aliados a los úbios y los samnitas, los etruscos fueron derrotados por los romanos en la Batalla de Sentino. En el 283 a. C., atendiendo a un pedido de los galos bios después de la derrota de los señores el año anterior, los etruscos fueron nuevamente derrotados nuevamente en el Lago Vadimo.

En el transcurso de unas pocas décadas, estaban subyugadas a Roma las ciudades de la moderna región del Lacio, que se aliaron a Roma tras el ataque de los cartagineses liderados por Aníbal. Incluso las ciudades que se anexionaron al territorio romano antes del inicio del siglo  a. C. con un status particular, después de la Guerra Social (91-88 a. C.), todas perdieron la autonomía y recibieron la ciudadanía romana por Lex Julia del 89 a. C..

Consecuencias

A partir del final de la era republicana (principios del siglo  a. C.), la romanización de Etruria ya estaba prácticamente completada. En el 89 a. C., los etruscos y las colonias latinas obtuvieron la ciudadanía romana, pero el período subsiguiente fue marcado por graves acontecimientos militares: Talamone fue destruida definitivamente y su puerto, localizado probablemente en Roselle o Ventulonia, y la destrucción de Populônia está registrada en las fuentes . Los cambios relatados en el territorio fueron marcados principalmente por la ruina de los pequeños propietarios y de los asentamientos rurales en favor de las grandes villas de los ricos romanos.

Roma fue, al final, la victoriosa de las guerras romano-etruscas. Los etruscos fueron asimilados en la cultura romana y Roma se convirtió en una de las grandes potencias del Mediterráneo, junto a los griegos y cartagineses. La lengua etrusca ha sobrevivido por más de 300 años. Más tarde, en la época del emperador romano Augusto, se constituyó la región , conocida como Regio  Etruria, una de las once de las regiones de la Italia romana.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Guerras de la República romana
Historia de la Monarquía romana en el siglo VIII a. C.
Historia de la Monarquía romana en el siglo VII a. C.
República romana en el siglo VI a. C.
República romana en el siglo V a. C.
República romana en el siglo IV a. C.
República romana en el siglo III a. C.
Conflictos en el siglo VIII a. C.
Conflictos en el siglo VII a. C.
Romano etruscas
Romano etruscas
Romano etruscas
Romano etruscas
Romano etruscas
Etruscos
Historia de la Monarquía romana en el siglo VI a. C.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Yuval Dvir
Book Yuval Dvir
Google Cloud's Head Of Scaled Partnerships & Business Transformation Leader Who Has Led Microsoft & Skype
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A systems engineer by education, Yuval studied at the Technion, Israel's Institute of Technology for his degree, later he achieved two Masters from INSEAD and King's College London. Embarking on what would turn into an illustrious and eclectic career, Yuval began his working life as a management consultant and product manager for a number of tech based companies before transitioning into senior roles as a strategist and business developer.
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Greetings from mLearn 2016 at UTS in Sydney, where Professor John Traxler, University of Wolverhampton gave the last keynote on "The Role of Education in Identity Transformation and Acculturation". Professor Traxler challenged the assumption that m-learning (and education in general) was a culturally neutral boon for developing nations. Rather than telling us a canned answer, this was a presentation asking questions, which was refreshing.
Professor Traxler is concerned about a Western European view of education and technology being culturally imposed on others. However, this might also be a product of that culture.
Education and technologies such as mobile devices are not culturally neutral and I would find it surprising if anyone thought they did. These can be used by well meaning people to try to help others and have the intended and unintended consequences. The technology can also be used to impose a particular culture, to make money and to pursue political goals. It is easy to see something as exploitation, when what is is being pushed is an ideology you do not agree with. It is much harder to see when the ideology being inculcated via the education and technology is one you support.