Please use this thread for all posts relating to our EFL Cup Third Round match against Liverpool at Anfield, before, during and after the game.
The match is scheduled to kick off at 19:45, Wednesday, 26th September, 2018 (Local UK time/date).
I'm hoping that this is the least important of any competition we are in this year .
We can get top four in the Premier League and get entry to the Champions League .
Sarri is known and has been criticised in the past for non rotation of his favoured players , in fact it can be argued that had he done a tad more rotation his side could have won the Scudetto last year .
My fear is we will see the same old faces week in week out culminating in our form dropping off completely for the run in as players tire from their previous summers World Cup exertions.
This is Sarri's chance to change things around completely , we have the biggest most usable squad for what seems like my lifetime supporting Chelsea and this cup is the ideal place to do so .
Fail to rotate now when we really need to and it could spell the end of Sarriball before it's even got going.
Personally , I couldn't care less if we played the Youth team and got beat 12-0 , but play the second string and get a result and all manner of things can unfold.
spot on Mark and so say most of us...I guess?.plus if we put a strong team out and get stuffed we have nowhere to hide and is not good for team confidence.Play the youth and it is a win win situation( in a worthless competition) whatever the result.
I suspect Liverpool fans feel the same. Perhaps Klopp too.
This game could end up with both teams turning around and trying to score own goals. Lose this and we make it a lot harder for Liverpool to win the league.
The first six underused players that should start imo are...pugh,pugh,Barney McGrew,Cuthbert, Dibble and Grub - they hold no fear being ex firefighters.


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erinrussell | Dec 14, 2021 | Bittorrent, Copyright Infringement |
Categories: Bittorrent
Strike 3 Holdings has been employing their aggressive copyright enforcement campaign for several years. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the intensity has increased in the winter of 2021. If you got a letter from your ISP regarding a Strike 3 Holdings case filed in any of the federal courts around the United States, act fast and call me immediately for a free consultation at 312-994-2424. Due to the fact that Strike 3 Holdings cases continue purging nationwide, I can talk to you about your exposure in the case and the potential outcomes based on your personal situation.
Strike 3 cases continue nationwide and have a predictable trajectory. They have filed hundreds of them across the country, and they all work the same way. If you got an ISP subpoena letter about Strike 3, they are accusing you of using a BitTorrent app or website to download and distribute their films. Many people using torrent apps and websites, and sometimes they don't fully understand how it works. Because of that, they sometimes don't know that they risk being accused of copyright infringement.
When a user's computer sends a piece out and it is sent to the expert for Strike 3, they will have your IP address and will include it in a lawsuit seeking damages for copyright infringement. Because these cases continue nationwide they will always feature the same cast of forensic experts. Strike 3's forensic expert in Germany patrols the internet looking for people sending out pieces of Strike 3 movies. After they catch pieces of the moving coming from a particular IP address, Strike 3 takes that information and includes the IP address in a copyright infringement lawsuit.
If you got a subpoena notification letter from your ISP about a lawsuit filed in your state, Strike 3 has filed a lawsuit against you directly. They already have your name and address from the original case they filed nationwide. Filing a lawsuit in your home jurisdiction is the logical next step to escalate their copyright enforcement program. The filing of the complaint in your home jurisdiction is the first step in the litigation on your home turf, but not the last. This is your chance to either settle your case or formally begin the litigation before your name is made public.
I got a Strike 3 Holdings copyright letter about a case in a certain state. Why am I getting a second letter about a new case?
You probably got a letter from your ISP after Strike 3 filed the first case in a certain state. If you have been sued in your home state you received a second letter from your ISP. That one lists the federal court where you live and a brand new case number. You're probably reading this website because you got such a letter. Your ISP will provide you with a deadline by which they will comply with the subpoena. Once Strike 3 files a lawsuit in your home jurisdiction things will move quickly toward either settlement or litigation. If you choose to litigate there is a risk of your name becoming part of the public record. However, I can help you take action to avoid public disclosure of your identity.
Call 312-994-2424 for a free consultation directly with me, Attorney Erin Russell, any time, seven days per week. I will provide you with all of the information you need to make an informed decision about how to handle Strike 3. After we talk, you will be armed with all of the information you need to choose the right path for you. You will have options that take all of your circumstances in to consideration.
This is a list of the most currently-filed nationwide Strike 3 Holdings copyright cases:
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 70.139.135.27 — 4:21-cv-3815
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 75.25.50.182 — 1:21-cv-6252
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 73.211.116.225 — 1:21-cv-6255
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 162.234.8.196 — 1:21-cv-6253
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 162.198.119.234 — 1:21-cv-6254
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 45.26.28.19 — 4:21-cv-3816
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 76.241.27.227 — 4:21-cv-3820
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 100.11.251.126 — 2:21-cv-5179
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 73.30.111.63 — 2:21-cv-5181
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 99.171.77.47 — 3:21-cv-1174
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 136.52.67.92 — 8:21-cv-1916
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 70.18.216.251 — 1:21-cv-6520
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 108.29.4.157 — 1:21-cv-6521
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 108.41.197.62 — 1:21-cv-6517
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 75.3.230.139 — 3:21-cv-1169
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 100.2.147.54 — 1:21-cv-6524
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 136.52.10.3 — 8:21-cv-1915
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 136.52.12.183 — 8:21-cv-1914
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 99.98.3.253 — 2:21-cv-9162
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 104.1.52.207 — 2:21-cv-9157
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 71.200.196.80 — 2:21-cv-872
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 73.28.108.136 — 2:21-cv-871
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 69.137.202.148 — 2:21-cv-869
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 107.199.10.249 — 6:21-cv-1991
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 24.4.20.69 — 3:21-cv-9104
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 98.250.202.228 — 2:21-cv-12758
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 76.20.132.159 — 2:21-cv-12757
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 98.243.229.9 — 2:21-cv-12756
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 73.190.34.9 — 2:21-cv-12754
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 172.7.178.70 — 2:21-cv-12752
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 68.55.21.97 — 2:21-cv-12751
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 162.233.220.106 — 2:21-cv-12750
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 73.57.161.8 — 1:21-cv-24185
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 76.110.56.110 — 1:21-cv-24182
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 66.176.40.18 — 1:21-cv-24178
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 75.74.65.182 — 1:21-cv-24177
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 71.202.1.177 — 5:21-cv-9222
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. John Doe Subscriber Assigned IP Address 205.178.32.56 — 1:21-cv-6366
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC V. Unknown Infringers Identified on EXHIBIT 1 – 2021-031976-CC-05
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe — 8:21-cv-2982
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe — 1:21-cv-10094
Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. John Doe — 3:21-cv-1998

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wage and salary employment in State and local government is projected to increase 8 percent during the 2008–18 period, slower than the 11 percent growth projected for all sectors of the economy combined.
Although job prospects vary by State and region, overall prospects are expected to be favorable. In addition to job openings from employment growth, many opportunities will be created by workers who retire from the industry. Prospects with managerial experience will have better opportunities as a growing number of managers are expected to retire in the coming decade. Currently, some States and localities are being forced to reduce payrolls; however, as State and local budgets improve, new opportunities should arise.


Ever since Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond has been writing about the history of civilization in general and indigenous people in particular. One critic says Diamond's latest book is fatally flawed.
Tribal societies are staticIt is true that Diamond does briefly mention, in passing, that all such societies have "been partly modified by contact," but he has still decided they are best thought about as if they lived more or less as all humankind did until the "earliest origins of agriculture around 11,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent," as he puts it. That is his unequivocal message, and the meaning of "yesterday" in his title. This is a common mistake, and Diamond wastes little of his very long book trying to support it. The dust jacket, which he must agree with even if he did not actually write it, makes the astonishingly overweening claim that "tribal societies offer an extraordinary window into how our ancestors lived for millions of years" (my emphasis).
This is nonsense. Many scientists debunk the idea that contemporary tribes reveal anything significantly more about our ancestors, of even a few thousand years ago, than we all do. Obviously, self-sufficiency is and was an important component of the ways of life of both; equally obviously, neither approach or approached the heaving and burgeoning populations visible in today's cities. In these senses, any numerically small and largely self-sufficient society might provide something of a model of ancient life, at least in some respects. Nevertheless, tribal peoples are simply not replicas of our ancestors.
Britain's foremost expert on prehistoric man, Chris Stringer of London's Natural History Museum, for example, routinely cautions against seeing modern hunter-gatherers as "living fossils," and repeatedly emphasizes that, like everyone else, their "genes, cultures and behaviors" have continued to evolve to the present. They must have changed, of course, or they simply would not have survived.
It is important to note that, although Diamond's thesis is that we were all once "hunter-gatherers" and that this is the main key to them being seen as our window into the past, in fact most New Guineans do little hunting. They live principally from cultivations, as they probably have for millennia. Diamond barely slips in the fact that their main foodstuff, sweet potato, was probably imported from the Americas, perhaps a few hundred or a thousand years ago. No one agrees on how this came about, but it is just one demonstration that "globalization" and change have impacted on Diamond's "traditional" peoples for just as long as on everyone else. Disturbingly, Diamond knows these things, but he does not allow them to spoil his conclusions.Tribal societies are violentThe real problem with Diamond's book, and it is a very big one, is that he thinks "traditional" societies do nasty things which cry out for the intervention of state governments to stop. His key point is that they kill a lot, be it in "war," infanticide, or the abandonment, or murder, of the very old. This he repeats endlessly. He is convinced he can explain why they do this, and demonstrates the cold, but necessary, logic behind it. Although he admits to never actually having seen any of this in all his travels, he supports his point both with personal anecdotes from New Guinea and a great deal of "data" about a very few tribes—a good proportion of it originating with the anthropologists mentioned above. Many of his boldly stated "facts" are, at best, questionable.
How much of this actually is fact, and how much just personal opinion? It is of course true that many of the tribes he cites do express violence in various ways; people kill people everywhere, as nobody would deny. But how murderous are they exactly, and how to quantify it? Diamond claims that tribes are considerably more prone to killing than are societies ruled by state governments. He goes much further. Despite acknowledging, rather sotto voce, that there are no reports of any war at all in some societies, he does not let this cloud his principal emphasis: most tribal peoples live in a state of constant war.
He supports this entirely unverifiable and dangerous nonsense (as have others, such as Steven Pinker) by taking the numbers killed in wars and homicides in industrialized states and calculating the proportions of the total populations involved. He then compares the results with figures produced by anthropologists like Chagnon for tribes like the Yanomami. He thinks that the results prove that a much higher proportion of individuals are killed in tribal conflict than in state wars; ergo tribal peoples are more violent than "we" are.
I will also throw only a passing glance at the fact that Diamond refers only to those societies where social scientists have collected data on homicides, and ignores the hundreds where this has not been examined, perhaps because—at least in some cases—there was no such data. After all, scientists seeking to study violence and war are unlikely to spend their precious fieldwork dropping in on tribes with little noticeable tradition of killing. In saying this, I stress once again, I am not denying that people kill people—everywhere. The question is, how much?
Awarding Diamond all the above 'benefits of doubt', and restricting my remarks to looking just at "our" side of the story: how many are killed in our wars, and how reasonable is it to cite those numbers as a proportion of the total population of the countries involved?
Is it meaningful, for example, to follow Diamond in calculating deaths in the fighting for Okinawa in 1945 as a percentage of the total populations of all combatant nations—he gives the result as 0.10 percent—and then comparing this with eleven tribal Dani deaths during a conflict in 1961. Diamond reckons the latter as 0.14 percent of the Dani population—more than at Okinawa.
Viewed like this, the Dani violence is worse that the bloodiest Pacific battle of WWII. But of course the largest nation involved in Okinawa was the U.S., which saw no fighting on its mainland at all. Would it not be more sensible to look at, say, the percentage of people killed who were actually in the areas where the war was taking place? No one knows, but estimates of the proportion of Okinawa citizens killed in the battle, for example, range from about 10 percent to 33 percent. Taking the upper figure gives a result of nearly 250 times more deaths than the proportion for the Dani violence, and does not even count any of the military killed in the battle.
Similarly, Diamond tells us that the proportion of people killed in Hiroshima in August 1945 was a tiny 0.1 percent of the Japanese people. However, what about the much smaller "tribe" of what we might call "Hiroshimans," whose death toll was nearly 50 percent from a single bomb? Which numbers are more meaningful; which could be seen as a contrivance to support the conceit that tribespeople are the bigger killers? By supposedly "proving" his thesis in this way, to what degree does Diamond's characterization differ significantly from labeling tribal peoples as "primitive savages," or at any rate as more savage than "we" are?
If you think I am exaggerating the problem—after all, Diamond does not say "primitive savage" himself—then consider how professional readers of his book see it: his reviewers from the prestigious Sunday Times (U.K.) and The Wall Street Journal (U.S.) both call tribes "primitive," and Germany's popular Stern magazine splashed "Wilde" ("savages") in large letters across its pages when describing the book.
Seek and you shall find statistics to underscore any conceivable position on this. Diamond is no fool and doubtless knows all this—the problem is in what he chooses to present and emphasize, and what he leaves out or skates over.Comment: Diamond repeats the claims about murderous indigenous savages popularized in books such as War Before Civilization. I criticized this book in Methodology of War Before Civilization and Indians in War Before Civilization. I'm glad to see that Stephen Corry's arguments tally with mine.
As Corry notes, many of the claims for warlike Indians come from Napoleon Chagnon's study of the Yanomami people. For more on that subject, see Review of Fierce People and The Yanomami Scandal.
Finally, for more on Diamond's work, see Diamond Wrong About Easter Island and Educating Tony About Genocide.
*Discounting petroglyphs and winter counts as "written language". I mean, they don't fit into the accepted theory of the origin of written language (which has to do with tracking debts), but that's not them, it's the theory.
*EXTREMELY tangential digression into the Clovis-first model versus Monte Verde, and discounting pre-Clovis cultures as the equivalent of Atlantis to say "we don't need to discuss this".


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Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation
Overview of attention for article published in Cochrane database of systematic reviews, May 2018
10 news outlets
2 Wikipedia pages
Summary News Blogs Twitter Facebook Wikipedia Dimensions citations
Cochrane database of systematic reviews, May 2018
10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub5
Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Samantha C Chepkin, Weiyu Ye, Chris Bullen, Tim Lancaster
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to temporarily replace much of the nicotine from cigarettes to reduce motivation to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, thus easing the transition from cigarette smoking to complete abstinence. To determine the effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), including gum, transdermal patch, intranasal spray and inhaled and oral preparations, for achieving long-term smoking cessation, compared to placebo or 'no NRT' interventions. We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register for papers mentioning 'NRT' or any type of nicotine replacement therapy in the title, abstract or keywords. Date of most recent search is July 2017. Randomized trials in people motivated to quit which compared NRT to placebo or to no treatment. We excluded trials that did not report cessation rates, and those with follow-up of less than six months, except for those in pregnancy (where less than six months, these were excluded from the main analysis). We recorded adverse events from included and excluded studies that compared NRT with placebo. Studies comparing different types, durations, and doses of NRT, and studies comparing NRT to other pharmacotherapies, are covered in separate reviews. Screening, data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment followed standard Cochrane methods. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. We identified 136 studies; 133 with 64,640 participants contributed to the primary comparison between any type of NRT and a placebo or non-NRT control group. The majority of studies were conducted in adults and had similar numbers of men and women. People enrolled in the studies typically smoked at least 15 cigarettes a day at the start of the studies. We judged the evidence to be of high quality; we judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias but restricting the analysis to only those studies at low risk of bias did not significantly alter the result. The RR of abstinence for any form of NRT relative to control was 1.55 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49 to 1.61). The pooled RRs for each type were 1.49 (95% CI 1.40 to 1.60, 56 trials, 22,581 participants) for nicotine gum; 1.64 (95% CI 1.53 to 1.75, 51 trials, 25,754 participants) for nicotine patch; 1.52 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.74, 8 trials, 4439 participants) for oral tablets/lozenges; 1.90 (95% CI 1.36 to 2.67, 4 trials, 976 participants) for nicotine inhalator; and 2.02 (95% CI 1.49 to 2.73, 4 trials, 887 participants) for nicotine nasal spray. The effects were largely independent of the definition of abstinence, the intensity of additional support provided or the setting in which the NRT was offered. A subset of six trials conducted in pregnant women found a statistically significant benefit of NRT on abstinence close to the time of delivery (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.69; 2129 participants); in the four trials that followed up participants post-partum the result was no longer statistically significant (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.86; 1675 participants). Adverse events from using NRT were related to the type of product, and include skin irritation from patches and irritation to the inside of the mouth from gum and tablets. Attempts to quantitatively synthesize the incidence of various adverse effects were hindered by extensive variation in reporting the nature, timing and duration of symptoms. The odds ratio (OR) of chest pains or palpitations for any form of NRT relative to control was 1.88 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.57, 15 included and excluded trials, 11,074 participants). However, chest pains and palpitations were rare in both groups and serious adverse events were extremely rare. There is high-quality evidence that all of the licensed forms of NRT (gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhalator and sublingual tablets/lozenges) can help people who make a quit attempt to increase their chances of successfully stopping smoking. NRTs increase the rate of quitting by 50% to 60%, regardless of setting, and further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of the effect. The relative effectiveness of NRT appears to be largely independent of the intensity of additional support provided to the individual. Provision of more intense levels of support, although beneficial in facilitating the likelihood of quitting, is not essential to the success of NRT. NRT often causes minor irritation of the site through which it is administered, and in rare cases can cause non-ischaemic chest pain and palpitations.
United Kingdom 13 20%
Spain 8 12%
Australia 5 8%
Malaysia 2 3%
Mexico 2 3%
Ireland 2 3%
Argentina 2 3%
New Zealand 2 3%
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 144 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Unknown 144 100%
Student > Master 31 22%
Unspecified 23 16%
Researcher 19 13%
Psychology 11 8%
Social Sciences 9 6%
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 144. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 01 June 2019.
Outputs from Cochrane database of systematic reviews
of 10,503 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Cochrane database of systematic reviews
Altmetric has tracked 13,165,983 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 99th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 10,503 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 20.6. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 98% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 270,933 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 98% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 173 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 94% of its contemporaries.


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The Pruitt-Igoe Myth Summary
In Katherine G. Bristol 's "The Pruitt-Igoe Myth", Bristol attempts to debunk the myth that has been associated with the failure and demolition of a housing project from 1954 to 1976 in St. Louis called Pruitt-Igoe. After carefully presenting and supporting her reasons for why she believes the failure of this project was due to its design rather than structural aspect, I have come to understand and overall agree with Katherine Bristol 's claim that design of Pruitt-Igoe was the primary reason for the demolition and overall removal of the housing project. Bristol manages to successfully support her statement by offering political, social, economic, and design issues that played a crucial role in the downwards spiral of Pruitt-Igoe. Being part of a postwar re-development plan, the design for this housing project encountered social and economic issues right from the start. As Bristol mentions, initial plans for Pruitt-Igoe consisted of a high-rise, mid-rise, and walk-up structure, but due to its budget constraints, its design was constantly undergoing changes which eventually led to its identical eleven-story final proposal. Besides its structural design, this…show more content…
All of these conditions pointed to an overall, larger and broader design problem with Pruitt-Igoe. Throughout her article, Bristol provides information on certain elements or features of Pruitt-Igoe that, although once praised by many writers and architects, later were acclaimed to be part of the problem for this project. Bristol specifically mentions writer James Bailey, who claims that exposed steam pipes that often burned tenants, unsafe windows that cause the several deaths, unused laundry rooms, and unsafe, unused, and often robbed storage rooms, all are crucial elements that eventually chased tenants out of Pruitt-Igoe. Another two failed design elements that are mentioned on several occasions, are the skip-stop elevators & galleries that became frequent additional locations of crime and
Bale Columbia Factory Case Summary
Brief summary British Columbia box limited Vancouver factory was headed by the plant manager Mr.PaulFlynn. BCB also had sister plants in Burnaby, Vitoria and Toronto .BCB was a part of large international company which specialized in manufacturing of packaging materials . Paul was looking for new machinery in early 2002 as the current machine was 18 years old and it demanded huge investments in terms of maintenance. He also wanted to expand his business and hence was looking for a machine with higher productivity.
Oscar Wilde Disobedience Analysis
The creation of countries, end of segregation, women's suffrage, etc. can be credited to disobedience. America was created because we disobeyed England; we thought that taxation without representation was unfair. Our motive was freedom and justice; the outcome was American people with more rights. In the 50s and 60s, people of color and allies protested segregation with "sit ins". They disobeyed the laws of segregation and sat in restaurants or other locations designated for white people.
How Did Jane Addams Promote Civil Rights
In addition, Addams also told people that lynching was becoming a bigger problem in America and that it needed to come to an end. Many listened to her on this subject because she had been "partners" with Ida. B. Wells to make a difference, "A community has a right to protect itself from the criminal…" (Public Pragmatism: Jane Addams and Ida B. Wells on Lynching). This quote from an article was trying to tell people that all Americans, should be able to live life without being afraid someone was going to kill them at any point in time.
Similarities Between Harrison Bergeron And Fahrenheit 451
The two stories, "Harrison Bergeron" and Fahrenheit 451, both have common themes. The common themes of the stories may include; our reliance on technology can spiral out of control if we let it, knowledge is joyful and painful, and that we can be confined by our own self-censorship. All of these themes are exhibited throughout both stories frequently. Whether it is as Montag has conflict with his wife over books or as Harrison's parents forget right from wrong in their society. In Fahrenheit 451, their technology definitely gets out of control.
Which, in my opinion, is pretty meaningful. There were a lot of horrors discussed in the book, that is unimaginable to think that so many people from all over the world, endured such terrible conditions. The author, Laura Hillenbrand, wanted to show some of the horrors that occurred during
Language Devices Used In Dulce Et Decorum Est
Good morning today I will present a speech explaining the damage war causes and how soldiers are negatively affected. The poems illustrate the horrible pain and flashing memories that just keep on a flashback with the soldiers forever, it is like a nightmare that is forever lasting which have been an issue for a long time. The two poems selected are The charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Dulce et Decorum EST by Milford Owen. The speech will also show the different language device and the effect it has.
Inequality And Isolation In Literature
In "The Painted Door" by Sinclair Ross, "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and "Behind the Headlines" by Vidyut Aklujkar, inequality and dissatisfaction are central topics shared by all the stories. Ending with some sort of a rebellious act which changes the protagonists' lives, the three authors deal with the fact that inequality or isolation may lead to a breakout behaviour of the victims. The wives, Ann from "TPD," the protagonist of "TYW" and Lakshmi from "BH," are dissatisfied with their lives as they live in inequality and loneliness; this causes them to finally act out in some way, standing up for themselves. their breakout behaviours not only change their own lives but also the lives of their husbands. Inequality
Strength Of Hester Prynne In 'The Scarlet Letter'
These qualities are in a lot of circumstances good but in a lot of situations they can be bad. I have obtained the will and strength of Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter. In the Scarlet Letter had to endure "A penalty which in our days would infer a degree of mocking infamy and ridicule might then be invested with almost as stern a dignity as the punishment of death itself." This act had to take a lot of strength and will because the whole town was staring and shouting hateful things towards her. Even though pearl showed " if an evil spirit possessed the child, and had just then peeped forth in mockery."
Fascism Human Rights
With a vote of 48 in favor, eight abstentions and no votes against this declaration clearly passed. This is when the speculations of what was the cause for the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human rights started. As historians Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi stated »Human rights grew out of a triumph of liberalism over its two main rivals –communism and fascism« However as Professor Huang Nansen of the philosophy department of the Beijing University states »…the lesson they [people witnessing World War II] paid for with their blood was a grave one, and made them and their governments realize the importance of safeguarding fundamental human rights«.
The Importance Of Decadence In Literature
This stems from the duality between "the cult of beauty and the self […] [and] the expression of profound pessimism, a tendency to focus on the imagery of doom, decay, and a society in decline"15 which prevailed in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The label "Decadence" has been, sometimes falsely, attributed to many works produced in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It is indeed a term that had been coined by the public of the time to label the works which shocked them, or as Dowling puts it, works with "sensational or lurid overtones. "16
NT1330 Unit 1 Assignment
Back in 2013, our organization decided to purchase and implement the latest software that was available which was promised to better serve our types of industry. It was one of the biggest financial investment that our company made anticipating reasonable production and performance returns within a year of implementation the new system. It has been nearly three years that we have not yet utilized 50 % of the performances that was promised. In fact this upgrading took us back by requiring us to do some manual work because we can 't do what we were able do with our old system. Although several factors played in this circumstance.
History Of The STOP ERA
Given the response to her article, Schlafly established STOP ERA, began publishing a regular monthly newsletter called the Phyllis Schlafly Report, and founded and worked in conjunction with the Eagle Forum (1975). This organization was a conservative group dedicated to campaigning against radical feminist perspectives, upholding traditional gender roles in American society, preserving the traditional structure of American families, and supporting the woman 's role as a homemaker. The STOP ERA campaign appealed to conservatives and religious groups, particularly in southern states, and was the primary organization dedicated to convincing the American public and politicians to halt passage of the ERA. In particular, STOP ERA utilized grass roots and community organizations at the local level to shift state public opinions rather than engaging in a direct national political dialogue to
How Did Roe V. Wade Impact Society
Texas ruled in her favor, and Wade appealed to The Supreme Court who then reviewed the case through 1971 and 1972. The court ruled that the law did in fact violate her right to privacy as child rearing is covered under privacy. This decision impacts me of course because I am a woman. It impacts society as a
Technicolor And Strip Color In The Wizard Of Oz
During this film they talk about Technicolor and strip color. They were used when color first became part of the film industry. Color was a new thing and one that took a lot of time and energy. One movie that came to mind at the beginning of the film was Wizard of Oz and it was indeed mentioned during the film.
Legal Separation Of African Americans In The 1920s
Still Brown insisted that it was unconstitutional and he appealed the case. The Supreme Court reviewed all segregation actions and agreed to reopen the case. With the help of Thurgood Marshall, chief counsel for the plaintiffs, the Court ruled differently this time. They ruled the denial was unconstitutional according to the 14th amendment, which states that everyone deserves equal rights. The case also ruled that all schools needed to be integrated "with all deliberate speed."
More about The Pruitt-Igoe Myth Summary


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Hong Kong Catholic Bishops Endorse Civil Disobedience
After Cardinal Joseph Zen described high turnout in Hong Kong's unofficial democracy referendum as "half a miracle" early this month, three newly appointed Catholic bishops have also spoken publicly about the city's tense political situation. From Stuart Lau at South China Morning Post:
Two auxiliary bishops newly appointed by the Vatican have spoken out about the Occupy Central campaign, saying the church supports civil disobedience when it's for the common good.
A third new auxiliary bishop meanwhile said the Hong Kong Catholic diocese had come under pressure from the government to consider shutting down its outspoken Justice and Peace Commission because it has been critical of the administration.
[…] "The church is very clear on this," Ha said. "Civil disobedience is allowed when … the authorities – which should be acting for the common good of society according to moral principles – are not acting for the common good, or if there is an unjust law." Lee agreed with that sentiment.
Ha also shot down a comment made last Sunday by Anglican Church Archbishop the Most Reverend Dr Paul Kwong that Hongkongers should keep quiet just as "Jesus remained silent" in the face of crucifixion.
"The Bible is very thick," Ha said, adding that there was nothing wrong with expressing one's views in a lawful manner. [Source]
Anglican officials defended Kwong's comments as "humorous and witty" remarks that were "taken out of context." Critics have maintained that they were inappropriate, and questioned Kwong's membership of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a mainland state advisory body which meets annually alongside the National People's Congress. Kwong himself spoke up in a newsletter interview this week, SCMP's Lai Ying-kit reports:
"Jesus remained silent as a lamb. The act in itself is a 'voice'. His 'voice' was not confrontational, but a peaceful, tolerating, accepting 'voice of love'," he wrote.
[…] He said he hoped this "approach" could inspire Christians considering how to engage with Hong Kong's current political debates.
"What I don't want to see most is a divided Hong Kong. I accept different political views among Christians, and I would not try to change their political stance. But [their] methods have to be legal, and with the love and humility of Christ."
This had always been his stance regardless of his appointment to the CPPCC, he said. "The CPPCC role only allows me an opportunity to speak from another stage." [Source]
Categories: Hong Kong, Politics, Society
Tags: Cardinal Joseph Zen Ze-kiun, Catholic Church, Christianity, CPPCC, Hong Kong, Hong Kong referendum 2014, National people's congress, religion
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2019.01.28 Minireview: 2018 in Censorship (Jan-Oct)
2019.01.10 China's 1MDB Bailout Offer Raises BRI Concerns
2019.01.07 How the State Is Co-opting Religion in China
2019.01.04 Tsai Calls on China to "Face Reality" Over Taiwan
2018.12.20 Churches Under Pressure Ahead of Christmas
2018.12.10 Minitrue: No Reports on Chengdu Church Crackdown
2018.11.21 Guo Wengui, Steve Bannon Launch Investigation Fund
2018.10.31 Political Demands Highlight Pressure on Religion
2018.10.05 Hong Kong Denies Visa Renewal to FT Editor
2018.09.25 Vatican and China Reach Deal on Appointing Bishops
2018.09.17 Vatican to Sign Deal with China Amid Crackdown
2018.09.11 China Continues Crackdown on House Churches
2018.08.27 Rumors and Religion Targeted in Revised Party Regulations
2018.07.25 Airlines Bow to Chinese Pressure over Taiwan
2018.06.25 Tsering Shakya on Tibet, Development, and Diversity
2018.04.27 Party vs Profit in Tug of War Over Chinese Buddhism


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Afi's C-Stores, Inc.
Archived Record Houston, TX
Afi's C-Stores, Inc. Overview
Afi's C-Stores, Inc. filed as a Domestic For-Profit Corporation in the State of Texas and is no longer active. This corporate entity was filed approximately eighteen years ago on Tuesday, July 5, 2005 as recorded in documents filed with Texas Secretary of State.
Learn More D&B Reports Available for Afi's C-Stores, Inc.
Who own Afi's C-Stores, Inc.
Rafiq Sultan Maknojia 19
Governing Person
Stockholde
Karim Aliji Maredia
Known Addresses for Afi's C-Stores, Inc.
1700 N Frazier St Conroe, TX 77301 PO Box 36770 Houston, TX 77236 5015 Louetta Rd Spring, TX 77379
Corporate Filings for Afi's C-Stores, Inc.
Filing Type:
Domestic For-Profit Corporation
Inactive Voluntarily dissolved
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Citizen Science Mosquito Surveillance by Ad Hoc Observation Using the iNaturalist Platform
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 May 23;19(10):6337. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19106337.
Larissa Braz Sousa 1 2 , Stephen Fricker 1 2 , Cameron E Webb 3 4 , Katherine L Baldock 2 5 , Craig R Williams 1 2
1 UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
2 Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
3 Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
4 Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
5 UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106337
Citizen science mosquito surveillance has been growing in recent years due to both increasing concern about mosquito-borne disease and the increasing popularity of citizen science projects globally. Health authorities are recognising the potential importance of citizen science to expanding or enhancing traditional surveillance programs. Different programs have shown success in engaging communities to monitor species of medical importance through low-cost methods. The Mozzie Monitors project was established on iNaturalist-an open citizen science platform that allows participants to upload photos (i.e., observers) and assist identification (i.e., identifiers). This article describes the likelihood of citizen scientists submitting photos of mosquitoes, assesses user submission behaviour, and evaluates public health utility from these citizen science-derived data. From October 2018 to July 2021, the Mozzie Monitors project on iNaturalist received 2118 observations of 57 different species of mosquitoes across Australia. The number of observers in the system increased over time with more than 500 observers and 180 identifiers being active in the project since its establishment. Data showed species bias with large-bodied and colourful mosquitoes being over-represented. Analyses also indicate regional differentiation of mosquito fauna per state, seasonality of activity, and ecological information about mosquitoes. The iNaturalist citizen science platform also allows connectedness, facilitated communication and collaboration between overall users and expert entomologists, of value to medical entomology and mosquito management.
Keywords: citizen science; mobile application; mosquito; public health.
Citizen Science*
Culicidae*
L.B.S. has an ATN-LATAM scholarship awarded through the University of South Australia.


« "Music is everywhere, for those who seek it, listen to it, recognize it. It is this vital presence that fills the space and only needs to be revealed.
Throughout these pages, I tell you about the place of music in history, its role in our society and its presence in our lives.
I suggest keys for listening and discovering many masterpieces and invite you to draw your own emotions from them.


Zacatecas is one of the 31 states of the Mexican Republic. Located north of the central region of Mexico, Zacatecas borders the state of Coahuila to the north, the state of San Luis Potosí to the east, the states of Aguascalientes and Jalisco to the south and the state of Durango to the west. The economy of Zacatecas depends on its rich silver mines, agriculture and tourism. The state, subdivided into 58 municipalities with the city of Zacatecas as capital, is well known for its interesting history and its well preserved colonial style architecture. As well as silver many minerals like gold, iron, copper and zinc are available in the mountainous state.
If You own a Zacatecas related site please suggest the site to be added to the Zacatecas directory. Your travelogues, Articles and Zacatecas photos are welcome, please submit them by email.


*1Amara Denis M.K., 2Patil P.L., 3Gali S.K. and 4Quee, D.D.
A soil suitability evaluation of Singhanhalli-Bogur microwatershed in the Northern Transition Zone of India was undertaken in the present study in order to define the soil fitness for the production of tomato and cabbage, two major vegetables that have commanded high premium in the India vegetable market. The methodology employed involved matching land quality attributes that most influence crop suitability with biophysical requirements (crop criteria) for growing tomato and cabbage. The suitability assessment for both crops was conducted using the method described in FAO guidelines of land evaluation for rainfed agriculture. Four soil series and twelve soil associations were identified and assessed for their suitability for growing tomato and cabbage. Overall, the soil-site characteristics of the study area revealed that soils are suitable for tomato and cabbage production. Climate, with the exception of total annual rainfall, topography, drainage and soil toxicity were highly suitable for growing tomato and cabbage in the study area. The potential fertility of soils in the study area was also optimal. Soil depth and texture were highly suitable but however, the volume of coarse fragments in soils of Mugli, Bogur and Venkatapur series was observed as a moderate limitation for growing both tomato and cabbage in the study area. Soils of the Singhanhalli series showed a pH value of 7.7 which falls out of the optimum pH range for both crops. Hence, the major limitations to tomato and cabbage production are surface gravelliness, coarse fragments and soil pH. Appropriate soil fertility management recommendations through integrated soil fertility management approach should be applied to address these limitations as their lack of attention could affect the availability and uptake of nutrients by these vegetable crops in the study area.
Key words: Soil suitability, soil fertility, tomato, cabbage, India.


In a large bowl, whisk together flour, brown sugar, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, and nutmeg. In a large measuring cup or bowl, whisk together milk, rum, egg, and applesauce. Add to dry ingredients and stir until combined. Add mashed bananas and stir until mixed. Fold in mini chocolate chips.
Preheat oven to 200 degrees F (93 degrees C) and line a baking dish with foil.
Heat a large skillet over low-medium heat and throw a tablespoon of butter or bacon grease in. Using a measuring cup (1/2 cup for large pancakes and 1/4 for smaller pancakes) scoop out the batter and pour into the middle of the skillet. Cook for 3-4 minutes or until small bubbles form on the surface.
Flip it and cook another 2-3 minutes or until the underside is a light golden brown.
Repeat until the batter is gone, adding butter or bacon grease to the pan between each pancake. Place the cooked pancakes in the prepared baking dish and in the oven to keep warm until you're finished cooking the rest of them. Serve with syrup or powdered sugar.. or just enjoy them all by themselves!
*Tattooed Martha Tip: If you have leftovers or wanted to make them the night before, cover the cooked pancakes and store in the refrigerator until ready to eat. Preheat your oven to 350 degrees F (176 degrees C) and line a baking sheet with foil. Arrange pancakes in a single layer on the baking sheet and place in the oven for 5-7 minutes or until heated all the way through. Please do not use a microwave! The oven will crisp the top and edges again, while heating them evenly so they taste like they just came from the skillet!


Copyright © 2012 M. Jawad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective. To investigate the safety (risk) and efficacy (benefit) of Echinacea purpurea extract in the prevention of common cold episodes in a large population over a 4-month period. Methods. 755 healthy subjects were allocated to receive either an alcohol extract from freshly harvested E. purpurea (95% herba and 5% root) or placebo. Participants were required to record adverse events and to rate cold-related issues in a diary throughout the investigation period. Nasal secretions were sampled at acute colds and screened for viruses. Results. A total of 293 adverse events occurred with Echinacea and 306 with placebo treatment. Nine and 10% of participants experienced adverse events, which were at least possibly related to the study drug (adverse drug reactions). Thus, the safety of Echinacea was noninferior to placebo. Echinacea reduced the total number of cold episodes, cumulated episode days within the group, and pain-killer medicated episodes. Echinacea inhibited virally confirmed colds and especially prevented enveloped virus infections ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 ). Echinacea showed maximal effects on recurrent infections, and preventive effects increased with therapy compliance and adherence to the protocol. Conclusions. Compliant prophylactic intake of E. purpurea over a 4-month period appeared to provide a positive risk to benefit ratio.
The common cold is recognized as the most frequent disease in Western civilization and the number one cause of primary health care consultations [1, 2]. The costs of illness associated with noninfluenza infections are estimated at 40 billion USD, including direct and indirect costs. With the additional costs of illness caused by influenza, upper respiratory tract infections present a serious burden to humanity and to the economy [3, 4].
Colds comprise a syndrome of symptoms, typically with nasal complaints, cough, sore throat, and sometimes constitutional complaints, like headache, malaise, and fever . The symptoms are typically self-limiting, and they represent a reaction to infection by Rhino-, Corona-, Adeno-, Respiratory Syncytial and (Para-) influenza virus .
The development of effective cold preventives is hampered by the multiplicity of viruses and the complex interplay between host and virus [7, 8]. For decades, intense research has focused on applications of broad-spectrum antivirals like interferons (α, β, or γ), capsid binding proteins, or soluble receptors directed against rhinoviral infection and/or replication. Some therapies showed efficacy in clinically induced infections but failed to significantly prevent colds in larger field studies that included multiple types of respiratory viruses. Nasal applications of interferons showed good preventative efficacy but were typically accompanied by adverse reactions like nasal bleeding .
Vaccination presents an effective method for managing seasonal influenza and respiratory, syncytial virus (RSV) in children. However, the efficacy of vaccination depends on the immunological fitness of the recipient and primarily in older individuals or those with chronic heart disease only insufficient immunity can be built up, resulting in a reduced immunity in this vulnerable population [10, 11].
Another method for preventing cold infections is to modulate the immune system . In this context, Echinacea plays an important therapeutic role . For several decades, Echinacea has been used to prevent colds and the flu . Despite its worldwide acceptance, only limited data are available on its prophylactic efficacy. Long-term clinical trials that studied spontaneous colds, conducted by Schoeneberger, Schmidt and Schenk, Cohen et al., and Melchart et al., reported mixed results [15–18]. Three studies on artificially induced rhinovirus infections showed a trend toward preventing symptomatic cold episodes by Echinacea [19–21]. Generally, the prophylactic benefits reached significance when data were pooled in a meta-analysis, because single studies tended to have small sample sizes and undefined or low statistical power .
On the other hand, a good safety profile is mandatory for therapies that are designed to be taken over several months . Considering the mild-to-moderate nature of the common cold, a potential preventive therapy by itself must induce only a minimal safety risk to produce a positive risk benefit ratio. In the predominant absence of side effects a sufficiently important difference of 20–32% is expected from cold treatments like vitamins and herbal extracts [24, 25].
The present study aimed to examine safety parameters of E. purpurea during long-term treatment. The study was designed to also investigate the efficacy profile with predefined, primary variables of efficacy and with an appropriate sample size based on power calculations. Overall, this study represented the largest clinical trial ever performed to test the safety and efficacy of Echinacea extract, and it was the first study to employ virus screening techniques.
This study was a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted at the Common Cold Center in Cardiff University (United Kingdom). The study was conducted according to the declaration of Helsinki (2000), the international conference on harmonization, good clinical practice regulations, the association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, and the human tissue authority. The trial received ethical approval from the local ethics committee by 28th July 2009 and, finally, from the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (MHRA) on the 2nd July 2009. The study was registered under the Eudra-CT number, 2009-012297-12. From October to November 2009, healthy participants were included in the study and were randomly allocated to receive either E. purpurea extract or placebo. At the inclusion visit, every participant received medication to cover 1 month of treatment and a diary for daily recordings of adverse reactions ("did you have any unusual or unexpected symptoms today?"), the presence and severity of cold-related symptoms and the use of any concurrent medication. Participants returned each month to the study center, and they returned any unused medication and the completed diaries. After checking compliance and the completion of the returned diary, a new treatment and diary were issued for another month. After the acceptance of an amendment to the study protocol, we also handed out three kits for self-collection of nasal secretions during acute cold episodes. Each kit contained a mid-turbinate nasal swab, suitable for self-collection, a vial that contained universal transport medium for storage at room temperature (COPAN, Brescia, Italy), and a bag for safe transport of the samples (DaklaPack, Oberhausen, Germany).
The Echinacea product was the commercially available Echinaforce drops produced by A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Switzerland. Echinaforce was prepared by alcoholic (57.3% m/m) extraction from freshly harvested E. purpurea with a combination of 95% herba (DER = 1 : 12) and 5% roots (DER = 1 : 11). The sample was microbiologically tested and proven to be free of endotoxins. The batch used in this study (027643) was standardized to contain 5 mg/100 g of dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamide, based on high-performance liquid chromatography measurements. Placebo drops were similar in shape, color, consistency, odor, flavor, and they contained the same amount of alcohol. The liquids were aliquoted into amber bottles and closed with a screw cap attached to an integrated, calibrated syringe for accurate dosing (0.9 mL/dose). Primary and secondary packaging was identical for the verum and placebo.
The therapy regimen was in accordance with the recommendation by the manufacturer. Participants swallowed 3 × 0 . 9 mL per day for illness prevention. This corresponded to 2400 mg of extract per day. During acute stages of colds, the participants were instructed to increase the dose to 5 × 0 . 9 mL per day; this totaled a daily dose of 4000 mg of extract. Each single dose was diluted in water and retained in the mouth for 10 s. This application method was expected to provide maximum local antiviral effects. Compliance was assessed at the monthly visits by weighing the returned bottles. Adherence to the recommended dosing was calculated based on the total prophylactic and acute dosing recorded in the diary. Overall, the method of administration reflected the traditional use of E. purpurea, and it provided accurate Echinaforce dosing.
Participants were recruited via advertisements around the university campus. At first contact, respondents received an info-leaflet describing the trial. The study inclusion criteria were adults (≥18 years old) of good physical condition, that experienced ≥2 colds per year. The exclusion criteria were ineffective contraception; participation in another study; women that were pregnant or breast feeding; current cold infection; currently taking antimicrobial or antiviral medication; alcohol or drug abuse; psychiatric disorders; epilepsy; attempted suicide; planned surgical intervention; serious chronic disease that could influence absorption, metabolism, or elimination of the medication; known AIDS or other autoimmune diseases; diabetes type 1; corticosteroid-treated asthma; medicinally treated atopy or allergy; a known allergy to plants of the composite family (Asteraceae). Volunteers with clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities were dropped out after inclusion. All participants provided signed, informed consent.
A total of 755 subjects were included. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive treatment or placebo. The randomization code was prepared in block-sizes of 6 with the "RANCODE Professional 3.6" program. Each participant received treatment based on his/her identification number, which was allocated according to the time point of inclusion. Drugs were personally dispensed by the investigator or personnel authorized by the investigator. The randomization procedure was prepared by a statistician. The original randomization code was retained by the statistician in a sealed envelope, and one copy was conveyed to the investigator. Only in a case of emergency the investigator was permitted to open the envelope that contained the identification of a treatment.
The blinding of the study treatment was found to be adequate, when pretested in 79 test persons. In both treatment groups, nearly half of the participants believed that they were given the Echinaforce preparation (17 of 38 subjects (45%) with placebo and 19 of 41 subjects (46%) with verum). A total of 15 recipients of placebo (39%) and 17 (42%) with verum stated that they did not know which preparation they were given.
With at least 300 evaluable subjects in each group, assuming a 0.2 proportion of individuals with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) within each group, the upper limit of the observed one-sided 97.5% confidence interval of the difference between the placebo proportion, 𝜋 P, and the Echinaforce proportion, 𝜋 E, was expected to be less than 0.1 with 86% power. Assuming a 20% drop-out rate, where 20% of participants would not follow the study per protocol for the entire 4 months of treatment, we estimated that 750 subjects would be required for inclusion into the study. With 700 cumulated episode days in the Echinaforce group, an anticipated prophylactic effect of 25%, resulting in 875 episode days for the placebo group, the study had sufficient statistical power to show prophylactic benefits with 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 .
Over the entire study period, all participants retained a diary to record AEs by answering the question "Did you have any unusual or unexpected symptoms today?" Moreover, at the monthly study visits, participants were interviewed about acute or experienced events by the study physician. The AE analysis included all AEs with a date/time of onset on or after the start date of the study treatment. The analysis excluded AEs with a date/time of onset that occurred before the start date or when information on the date/time of onset was missing. All AEs were coded with the lowest level terms from the latest installed version of the MedDRA Dictionary (V. 13.1).
For AEs described by a physician(s), the lowest level term was chosen that best matched the physician's actual description. These lowest level terms were translated into preferred terms (PTs) and classified into a system organ class (SOC) employing the latest installed version of the MedDRA Dictionary (V. 13.1). Primary analysis was performed on the basis of the per protocol population.
At inclusion and exclusion visits, participants provided blood samples. These were processed to determine clinical chemistry, hematology parameters, and differential blood cell counts. Clinically relevant abnormalities that deviated from the normal range were flagged by the laboratory. The final safety criterion was the assessment, by participants and physicians, of therapy tolerability.
Causal relationship between recorded AEs and the study medication was rated by the physician as either "not related," "unlikely," "possible," "probable/likely," "certain," "not assessable/unclassifiable," "unknown," or "not applicable." AEs that were at least "possibly" related to the medication were considered adverse drug reactions (ADRs); these were included in the primary analysis of the per protocol collective (PP). With this respect, the proportion of patients with any ADRs was compared between groups to determine the non-inferiority of the treatment. To prove safety, there should be less than a 10% (non-inferiority limit) difference between the proportions of patients with ADRs in the Echinaforce and placebo groups. The alternative hypothesis (HA) of interest was to show non-inferiority by determining that the proportion of patients with ADRs in the Echinaforce group ( 𝜋 E) would be lower than the proportion of patients with ADRs in the placebo group ( 𝜋 P) plus delta (i.e., HA: 𝜋 E < 𝜋 P + δ). The alternative hypothesis was accepted when the upper 95% confidence limit (two-sided) of the difference in proportions between Echinaforce and placebo was lower than delta. For this study, delta (δ) was 0.1, corresponding to 10%. The occurrence of AEs was a secondary safety variable and was deduced from the safety collective.
The second question the participant answered in the diary, "Do you believe you have a cold today?" was answered yes or no. During acute colds, the symptoms "headache," "chilliness," "sneezing," "nasal obstruction," "nasal discharge," "sore throat," "cough," and "malaise" were rated on a 4-point Likert scale with 0 or no entry = absence, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe symptoms. In addition, the participant indicated in the diary the daily intake of concomitant medication and/or therapy. This matrix was based on the work by Jackson and colleagues, who described the clinical features and symptoms of a virally induced common cold . Their definition is currently accepted as the most valid method for differentiating a cold from isolated symptoms (like hay fever or allergies) that do not develop into the clinical picture of a cold. Thus, a cold episode was defined as a minimal total symptom score of 14 (summed over 6 consecutive days), and the participants believed they had a cold and/or reported rhinorrhea that lasted for ≥3 days. A set of three predefined prophylactic variables were analyzed in a confirmatory manner: (1) the total number of cold episodes, (2) cumulative episode days, and (3) comedicated cold episodes. The three parameters were analyzed individually with a chi-square test to determine whether the ratio of cumulated events (i.e., cold episodes) in the treatment groups corresponded to the ratio of the underlying group samples. The primary efficacy analysis focused on episodes with durations <9 days that occurred in the intention to treat (ITT) population. The null-hypothesis was rejected when the chi-square statistic was >3.84, resulting in a 𝑃 value <0.05. Likewise, the incidence of recurrent infections in the whole group was compared to the underlying group samples with a chi-square statistic analysis. The primary analysis of the preventive efficacy was in agreement with earlier work by Schmidt and Schenk or Tiralongo [16, 26].
Nasal secretions were collected during acute stages of colds. Samples were inserted into a transport vial and stored at the study site at −70°C. At the end of the clinical trial, the samples were analyzed for the presence of respiratory viruses (Provincial Health Services Authorities, PHSA; BC Center for Disease Control, Vancouver Canada). Briefly, RNA was isolated from the nasal secretions using MagMax Express 96 Nucleic Acid Extractor (Applied BioSystems, Foster City CA) and screened with a Respiratory Virus Panel. The FAST Multiplex panel (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) could detect the following viruses (Virus Type/Subtype): Influenza A H1/H3, Influenza B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Coronavirus 229E/OC43/NL63/HKU1, Parainfluenza virus 1–4, human Metapneumovirus, Entero-rhinovirus, Adenovirus, and human Bocavirus. Frequency ratios of every virus and of membranous virus infections between treatment groups were compared to the underlying group sizes using a chi-square test.
All statistical analyses were performed with the SAS system (Version 9.2) and Testimate 6.4 (IDV, Datenanalyse und Versuchsplanung, Gauting/München).
A total of 755 study subjects were screened and allocated into one of the treatment groups between October and November 2009. Of these, 673 subjects completed the study; the last patient visit was conducted in late April 2010. Eighty-two (10.9%) subjects discontinued the trial prematurely; of these, 38 were out of contact after randomization, 16 withdrew consent, 3 terminated the study due to technical reasons, 3 terminated due to intolerable AEs or deterioration of the participant's health, and 22 withdrew for no documented reason. A complete flow diagram of participant disposition is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Flow diagram of participant disposition.
The two groups were comparable with regard of age, gender, body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). There was no noticeable difference between groups in anamnestic variables, including blood pressure or heart rate. The only variable that was significantly different between groups was the susceptibility to colds, measured as the number of colds experienced in the past. Participants in the placebo group were significantly less susceptible to infections than those in the Echinacea group ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 , Fisher's exact test) (see Table 1).
Table 1: Demographic and anamnestic data from participants in the safety collective at the inclusion visit.
A total of 25 subjects in the Echinaforce group (9.0%) and 30 subjects in the placebo group (10.0%) experienced 27 and 30 ADRs, respectively. The percentage difference was −0.97%, with an upper limit of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval of 3.6%, which is less than 10%. Consequently, Echinaforce was demonstrated to be noninferior to placebo in the incidence of ADRs as per protocol population.
A total of 293 AEs were reported by 177 subjects treated with Echinaforce and 306 AEs were reported by 172 subjects in the placebo group (safety collective). Four AEs in the Echinaforce group and 3 in the placebo group led to discontinuation of treatment (Table 2). No severe AE was observed with Echinaforce. One severe AE (glandular fever) occurred with placebo, and this required hospitalization.
Table 2: Overview of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that occurred during the study period in the safety collective.
Overall, no significant difference could be identified in the occurrence of AEs between groups, whether related or unrelated to the study drug (Fisher's exact test). This did not change when considering the total numbers, the system organ class, or the preferred terms (data not shown).
In the hematological or biochemical measures no significant or clinically relevant changes from before to after Echinaforce treatment and in comparison to placebo were detected. No abnormalities were found after the 4-month exposure to Echinaforce. Previously reported safety concerns like induction of allergic reactions, leucopenia, or autoimmune diseases were not observed under Echinacea treatment .
About 64% of participants in the Echinaforce group and 71% in the placebo group assessed the tolerability of the medicine to be "good" or "very good." There was no significant difference between groups.
Efficacy was assessed concurrent with the safety variables during the long-term treatment with Echinaforce. A priori case definitions were made for sample size (calculation), statistical methodology, and measurements of probability or clinical end point.
The placebo group had a total of 188 cold episodes, with a collective duration of 850 episode days; in comparison, the Echinaforce group had 149 episodes with a collective duration of 672 episode days (ITT population). The difference of cumulated events (episodes and episode days) between the treatment groups each of 26% reached statistical significance for episode days ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 , chi-square test). A total of 65 recurring infections were observed in 28 participants with Echinacea and 100 episodes in 43 subjects under placebo treatment. The difference of 59% reached statistical significance as well ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 , chi-square test).
Concurrent medication was a significant factor in the present study. In the Echinacea and placebo groups, 58 and 88 episodes, respectively, were treated with aspirin, paracetamol, or ibuprofen. Thus, significantly more (+52%) cold episodes in the placebo group were additionally treated with pain medication ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 , chi-square test). The median of painkiller medicated cold episodes was 0 in the Echinaforce group and 1 in the placebo group.
A total of 201 nasal secretion samples were collected in the study; 86 in the Echinacea group and 115 in the placebo group, a difference with borderline significance ( 𝑃 = 0 . 0 6 6 3 , chi-square test). In 128 samples, the presence of a respiratory virus was confirmed. Throughout the whole study period, 54 viral infections were detected in the Echinaforce treated group and 74 were detected in the placebo group. Intriguingly, the strongest effect was seen with membranous viruses, like Corona-, Influenza-, Parainfluenza-, Respiratory Syncytial- and Metapneumovirus with 24 and 47 detected infections in the two groups ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 , chi-square test). In total, 14 recurring viral infections occurred under Echinacea, i.c. to 34 under placebo.
In long-term studies (here, 4 months), compliance represents a sensible factor. Therefore, we specifically examined a population that took ≥100% of the recommended study medication for the entire study period. Eighty-eight compliant subjects in the Echinacea group reported 36 infections and 155 episode days; in comparison, in the placebo group, 58 episodes were reported with 268 episode days. This represented a 53% difference in the number of episode days. Despite the low denominators, this difference was highly statistically significant ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 0 0 1 , chi-square test). Similar effects were observed in a group that was compliant in documentation (i.e., they reported at least one AE and/or one cold symptom in the diary during 4 months). However, these analyses were of explorative nature and served to substantiate the preventive effects of Echinacea in a compliant group. Moreover, the compliant group was less affected by confounders.
Prevention of mild-to-moderate diseases, like the common cold, requires therapies with satisfactory safety and efficacy profiles. The common cold is particularly in need of preventive treatments, due to its high frequency and high associated costs of illness . It is assumed that the typical adult spends up to 2 years over a lifetime with cold symptoms . Despite its prevalence and substantial research effort in the past, no specific preventive treatment has been developed to date that has a tolerable safety profile for use over the long term .
In the present study, safety and efficacy variables were analyzed over a collective total of 11,472 weeks or 2,868 months of prophylaxis from 717 subjects. We used a highly sensitive method to detect AEs, and we included the physician's experience to assess causality (ADRs). In addition, extensive laboratory tests were conducted to examine hematologic and metabolic parameters.
The overall safety profile of Echinaforce was very good, based on the total AEs, the ADRs, and the laboratory measurements, within the treatment group and in comparison with placebo. In addition, the global tolerability assessments by the physicians and participants were quite positive. The fact that more than 75% mentioned that they would take the medicine again indicated that a 4-month treatment with Echinaforce was well accepted. Although the present data did not indicate any safety concern with Echinacea in a large population and over an extended period of time, we cannot fully exclude the possibility of rare and very rare adverse events with our data.
The study also assessed cold episodes using a highly accepted method developed by Jackson et al. . The study was designed and large enough to show preventive efficacy with sufficient power. We employed a predefined and validated case definition, sample size calculations, statistical methodology, and measurements of probability according to a confirmatory approach . Statistically significant differences between Echinacea and placebo were found for cumulative cold episode days and for comedicated episodes. Overall, we had expected about 1000 cold episodes, but we observed only 337 cold episodes. Although the treatment effect on the number of cold episodes was the same as for cumulated episode days, the statistical power was insufficient to detect a significant difference between groups for this parameter.
A difference of 26% between groups in an open-field, long-term prevention study was comparable with a previous study on the effects of nasally administered interferons, and this difference can be considered clinically relevant [13, 24, 25]. In the present study, two covariates confounded the reported outcome significantly. First, participants in the Echinacea group had a higher susceptibility to colds than those in the placebo group. Second, participants in the Echinacea group reported less frequent use of classical pain medications and also of chlorphenamine, a codeine/cocodamol or pseudoephedrine. Adjusting for these covariates would most likely have resulted in an even higher effect, closer to the results reported from viral analyses and subgroups which shared similar anamnestic conditions.
Previous studies have described the problems associated with assessing cold infections purely on subjective symptomatic grounds [7, 30]. Therefore, we aimed to substantiate our data with virus analyses in nasal secretions. Viruses were successfully detected via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in about 60% of samples. It was difficult to draw conclusions about specific viruses, due to the low overall number of samples. Therefore, we aimed to confirm our previous in vitro data, which showed that Echinacea had strong antiviral effects against membranous viruses [31, 32]. Indeed, upon pooling the incidences of Influenza, Parainfluenza, RSV, Metapneumovirus, or Coronaviruses, we found 47 total infections in the placebo group and only 24 infections in the Echinacea group ( 𝑃 = 0 . 0 1 1 4 , chi-square test). The individual reduction on infection depended of the respective virus type. These results were fully consistent with previous studies by Pleschka et al. that demonstrated similar antiviral effects with the same preparation used in the present study [31, 32].
The present work described the largest clinical trial to date that tested the safety and efficacy of Echinacea and investigated its risk/benefit in a long-term treatment. Prophylactic treatment with Echinaforce over 4 months appeared to be beneficial for many reasons. First, Echinaforce showed an advantageous safety profile; it did not induce any health risk above that reported with the placebo treatment. Second, prolonged treatment with Echinaforce was associated with significant therapeutic benefits.
Overall, the risk/benefit results from this clinical study suggested that long-term treatment with E. purpurea over 4 months can be recommended.
Professor R. Eccles, Dr. M. Jawad and P. Klein have no conflict of interests.
S. Foster, Echinacea Nature's Immune Enhancer, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vt, USA, 1991.


With the vast majority of annual meetings set to be held in the coming weeks, the contours of the 2018 proxy season are coming into focus. While previous years are remembered for defining initiatives — "say on pay" in 2011, proxy access in 2015 and 2016 and majority support for climate change resolutions last year — 2018 is likely to be shaped by investors' focus on board accountability.
From board diversity and employee gender pay equity to corporate culture and the environment, investors are signaling through public communication, engagement and votes that their priorities for generating long-term value creation are expanding beyond traditional compensation and governance topics. Plus, they are more willing than ever to hold companies — and directors — accountable for failing to be responsive to their concerns.
Proxy season in 2018 will be a marker of how quickly investor expectations of companies and boards have changed over the past few years. A decade ago, topics such as climate risk oversight and board composition were infrequently raised and largely considered the purview of management by the vast majority of investors. In recent years, these issues have emerged as primary topics of engagement — and today, they are litmus test issues for the largest investors in the world. Look for 2018 to bring to the fore continued investor focus on holding management and directors accountable for implementing an agenda that comports with the new and growing expectations of their investors on environmental, social and governance issues.
Over the past several years, major institutional investors have steadily expanded their engagement efforts and grown their investment stewardship teams. Today, with nearly three-quarters of S&P 500 companies reporting engagement with investors, dialogue between companies and their biggest shareholders is more robust.
While many of these discussions center around executive compensation, this year, top of mind for investors will be board oversight of topics such as sustainability and cybersecurity, as well as company culture - including the board's role in ensuring the workplace is free from sexual harassment and discrimination. Several boards have taken steps to increase transparency about their oversight of these topics, but issuers should expect increased scrutiny on their practices as societal expectations of corporate responsibility shift and workplace dynamics continue to evolve.
Board diversity and gender pay equity will also be long-term value creation priorities for investors in 2018. Board diversity has become perhaps the most resonant topic across the investor community, with major institutional investors touting their votes against directors and reporting success in forcing change at many companies. According to Bloomberg, there are now just 47 Russell 1000 boards with no women, down from 176 in 2009. In 2018, BlackRock, State Street and Vanguard have all signaled that they will build on their stated policies from prior years with plans to vote against boards without gender diversity.
New voting policies put in place by ISS and Glass Lewis that will, respectively, flag or recommend voting against boards without female members in coming years will only increase the pressure on companies to add diverse directors. A growing number of company targets of gender pay gap campaigns have released data following a wave of shareholder proposals in 2017 and 2018. New requirements in the United Kingdom have spurred additional disclosure on the topic. Expect more companies to make commitments to disclose and close their gender pay gap in the coming months.
Investors will also be pushing for companies to link sustainability and performance to business strategy and corporate citizenship. The momentum gained in 2017 from majority-supported climate risk shareholder proposals is likely to accelerate in 2018. Proxy Preview reports that 80 resolutions asking companies to address and provide additional disclosure on climate change risks were filed in 2018.
Evidence that a range of sustainability issues will be an ongoing priority for investors can be found in BlackRock Chairman and CEO Larry Fink's annual letter to CEOs, which called for companies to deliver both financial and social value. One recent example of how this new focus on corporate citizenship may translate to engagement and voting decisions can be found in the investor response to the recent school shooting in Parkland, Florida. BlackRock's public statement on the topic outlined its intent to address the issue of firearms companies in index portfolios (BlackRock subsequently announced new ETF products that exclude civilian firearms manufacturers and certain retailers). It also included a series of questions BlackRock is proactively raising in engagement, in addition to the possibility of votes against specific directors or management proposals if a company's response is deemed insufficient.
The push for companies to be responsive to investors is increasingly falling on the shoulders of directors. Proxy disclosure around board composition and evaluation practices, in particular, will be closely scrutinized by investors seeking to understand how the qualifications and attributes of directors are tied to overseeing long-term company strategy. Initiatives such as the New York City Comptroller's Boardroom Accountability Project 2.0 have spurred enhanced disclosure about director attributes and skills from several companies.
In 2018, investors' expectation that boards will address public policy priorities alongside strategic business goals will drive home the value of directors who can help set the tone at the top.
A version of this CamberView Insight appeared in Corporate Board Member magazine.
Abe M. Friedman is the Chief Executive Officer and a founder of CamberView Partners. Before founding CamberView, Mr. Friedman was Managing Director and Global Head of Corporate Governance and Responsible Investment at BlackRock, served as Global Head of Corporate Governance at Barclays Global Investors and was a founder of Glass Lewis.
Bob McCormick is a Partner at CamberView Partners. Before joining CamberView, Mr. McCormick served as Chief Policy Officer of Glass Lewis, leading the firm's engagement efforts and overseeing proxy voting. Prior to that, he was Director of Investment Proxy Research at Fidelity Investments.
CamberView Partners is the leading provider of investor-led advice to public companies on engagement and shareholder relations, activism and contested situations, sustainability and complex corporate governance matters. CamberView helps its clients succeed by providing unique insight into investors' perspectives on long-term value creation, interpreting the evolving governance landscape and creating proactive strategies to stay ahead of investor challenges.


At the heart of almost every folk festival I've attended is the idea that all are welcome. In practice, though, making everyone welcome can be a tough goal to attain, for various reasons.
On the basis of programming alone, some folks will feel welcome and some less so.
And actually making a festival fit for families, or the elderly, means thinking about everything from safety & comfort, to volume of sound, to flatness of terrain.
Welcoming people with disabilities requires yet another level of contemplation and commitment from festival organizers, staff and volunteers.
Remote locations not served by public transit may also feature grassy hillsides or gravel paths unsuited to wheelchairs. Standard issue porta-potties, tents and seating that able-bodied folks easily manage may be simply off-limits for the blind, or those with mobility issues.
For that matter, without a sign language interpreter, music itself may not be accessible, as is the case for deaf people.
And yet people of all walks – or wheels, or walkers – of life are seeking the sense of inclusion, the opportunity to enjoy diverse music, food and crafts, and the exposure to alternative lifestyles that festivals often offer.
Thankfully, many festivals do take the accessibility issue seriously. This is where Eaglewood Folk Festival, for example, shines. Eaglewood's programming is similar to that of other, similarly-sized Ontario festivals, and its location is in typically rural Pefferlaw, on the south side of Lake Simcoe. But Eaglewood, (held annually at the resort of the same name), is made for folks who might have a hard time enjoying many outdoor festivals. It's even accessible by municipal transit, as the Eaglewood accessibility page notes.
Eaglewood offers the advantage of paved, mostly level paths to every stage, and facilities meant to be accessible for those with special needs. Beyond making the music and crafts accessible, privately-owned Eaglewood Resort also offers swimming, cottages, interaction with animals, and even campfires for folks who might not otherwise get the chance.
It's not perfect, and it's probably not ideal for everyone. Though there have been sign-language interpreters in the past, this year the cost was deemed prohibitive given the small number of deaf attendees. And Eaglewood's organizers regretted not being able to supply Braille programs this year due to a shipping issue.
Their collective enjoyment truly added something special to the atmosphere, for everyone. And at a festival that's also very kid-friendly, both in programming and facilities, that includes children. Having kids and adults alike interact in a truly inclusive atmosphere is really a treat.
Hanging out at a campfire with someone like Al Reeves, who is wheelchair bound, and has been attending Eaglewood since before the festival began, gives a new appreciation for what a folk festival can do. It's not just about appreciating music. It's about bringing people together – as many different people as possible. Each person's story enriches the experience of the festival itself. And Eaglewood weaves many extraordinary stories together, with evident pride.
Eaglewood, like many festivals, has had its challenges, including up-and-down attendance. The music programming was top-notch this year, featuring the likes of Ken Whiteley, Rita Chiarelli, Luke Doucet & Melissa McClelland. The sound was good and the volunteers were terrific. The weather was kind and numbers looked solid, which bodes well for the future.
Visually, the grounds are variable: from pretty, wooded areas, to open fields with views of disused trailers under hydro towers. And a mandate to focus on Aboriginal creativity and culture seemed to get less emphasis this year, than last. These are areas of potential improvement.
But in one department, Eaglewood gets top marks: welcoming folks with special needs. That's a factor that improves the festival for everyone, and it's what makes Eaglewood special.
Photos courtesy Mike Bourgeault. More Eaglewood photos can be found in Mike Bourgeault's Photostream on Flickr.
Disclosure: David Newland was paid to host and perform at Eaglewood Folk Festival in 2011 and 2010.
Is your local festival doing a great job on accessibility? Do you see ways festivals can improve? Please leave your comments!


We are pleased to announced new improved content for our Early Morning Product. From 1st December, Australian horse racing from Melbourne Racing Club and South Australia is included in the service, in addition to racing from South Korea and Mauritius, with other horse racing to be announced shortly.
UK & Irish greyhound racing are being phased into the service for the first time, with three early morning fixtures from Henlow and Harlow already operational. An additional two early morning fixtures from Kilkenny and Kilcohan Park are being added to the service in December and January respectively.
By the new year there will be early morning fixtures from UK & Irish greyhound tracks five mornings a week, with a further morning fixture planned.
This new Early Morning content replaces SIS's existing early morning Australian racing, which ceased to be part of the SIS service on 30th November.
All of the live racing is interspersed with quality virtual racing content as well as numbers games from 49's.
Paul Witten, Product Director at SIS, said: "This new early morning horse and greyhound racing content bolsters our Early Morning Product, which is valued by our customers across the world, and provides our customers with an improved content offering.
"We are delighted to be able to offer a broader range of early morning international horse racing, and quality early morning UK & Irish greyhound racing to our customers".