text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}
Adaptive coding techniques are frequently employed, especially in wireless communications, in order to dynamically
adjust the coding rate to changing channel conditions. An example of adaptive coding technique consists in puncturing a
mother code. When the channel conditions are good more bits are punctured and the coding rate is increased. In poor
channel conditions all redundant bits are transmitted and the coding rate drops. However, in harsh conditions, the
receiver might not be able to successfully decode the received signal, even if all the redundant bits have been
transmitted. In such a case, the coded block can be retransmitted until the sent information is successfully decoded.
This is equivalent to additional repetition coding, which further lowers the coding rate below the mother coding rate.

However, the use of retransmission techniques might not be suitable nor possible in some situations, such as
multicast/broadcast transmissions, or whenever the return link is strictly limited or not available (such situations
are generally encountered in satellite communications). The main alternative in this case is the use of {\em erasure
codes} that operate at the transport or the application layer of the communication system: source data packets are
extended with redundant (also referred to as {\em repair}) packets that are used to recover the lost data at the
receiver. Physical (PHY) and upper layer (UL) codes are not mutually exclusive, but they are complementary to each
other. Adaptive coding schemes are also required at the upper layer, in order to dynamically adjust to variable loss
rates. Besides, codes with very small rates or even {\em rateless} \cite{luby2002lc,shokrollahi2006rc} are sometimes
used at the application layer for fountain-like content distribution applications.

In this paper we propose a coding technique that allows to produce extra redundant bits, such as to decrease the coding
rate below the mother coding rate. Extra redundant bits can be produced in an incremental way, yielding very small
coding rates, or can be optimized for a given target rate below the mother coding rate. As for puncturing, the proposed
technique allows for using the same decoder, regardless of how many extra redundant bits have been produced, which
considerably increases the flexibility of the system, without increasing its complexity.

The proposed coding scheme is based on non-binary low density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes \cite{gall-monograph} or,
more precisely, on their {\em extended binary image} \cite{Valentin10}. If $q=2^p$ denotes the size of the non-binary
alphabet, each non-binary symbol corresponds to a $p$-tuple of bits, referred to as its binary image. Extra redundant
bits, called {\em extended bits}, are generated as the XOR of some bits from the binary image of the same non-binary
coded symbol. If a certain number of extended bits are transmitted over the channel, we obtain an {\em extended code},
the coding rate of which is referred to as {\em extended (coding) rate}. In the extreme case when all the extended bits
are transmitted, the mother code is turned into a {\em very small rate} code, and can be used for fountain-like content
distribution applications \cite{Valentin10}. A similar approach to fountain codes, by using multiplicatively repeated
NB-LDPC codes, has been proposed in \cite{kasai10}. If some extended rate is targeted, we show that the extended code
can be optimized by using density evolution methods.

The paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec:nbldpc_codes} gives the basic definitions and the notation related
to NB-LDPC codes. In Section \ref{sec:extended_nbldpc_codes}, we introduce the extended NB-LDPC codes and discuss their
erasure decoding. The analysis and optimization of extended NB-LDPC codes are addressed in Section
\ref{sec:analysis_optimization}. Section \ref{sec:code_design_performance} focuses on the code design and presents
simulation results, and Section \ref{sec:conclusions} concludes the paper.

  \section{Non-binary LDPC Codes}\label{sec:nbldpc_codes}
We consider NB-LDPC codes defined over $\f_q$ \cite{Davey-MacKey}, the finite field with $q$ elements, where $q = 2^p$
is a power of $2$ (this condition is only assumed for practical reasons). We fix once for all an isomorphism of vector
spaces:
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:identify}
    \f_q \stackrel{\sim}{\longrightarrow} \f_2^p \nonumber
\end{equation}
Elements of $\f_q$ will also be referred to as {\em symbols}, and we say that $\ux = (x_0,\dots,x_{p-1})\in\f_2^p$ is
the {\em binary image} of the symbol $X\in{\f_q}$, if they correspond to each other by the above isomorphism. A
non-binary LDPC code over $\f_q$ is defined as the kernel of a sparse parity-check matrix $H\in
\mathbf{M}_{M,N}(\f_q)$. Alternatively, it can be represented by a bipartite (Tanner) graph \cite{Tann} containing
symbol-nodes and constraint-nodes associated respectively with the $N$ columns and $M$ rows of $H$. A symbol-node and a
constraint-node are connected by an edge if and only if the corresponding entry of $H$  is non-zero; in this case, the
edge is assumed to be {\em labeled} by the non-zero entry. As usually \cite{Rich-Urba}, we denote by $\lambda$ and
$\rho$ the left (symbol) and right (constraint) edge-perspective degree distribution polynomials. Hence,  $\lambda(x) =
\sum_d \lambda_d x^{d-1}$ and $\rho(x) = \sum_d \rho_d x^{d-1}$, where $\lambda_d$ and $\rho_d$ represent the fraction
of edges connected respectively to symbol and constraint nodes of degree-$d$. The design coding rate is defined as $r =
1 - \frac{\int_{0}^{1}\rho(x)\text{d}x}{\int_{0}^{1}\lambda(x)\text{d}x}$, and it is equal to the coding rate if and
only if the parity-check matrix is full-rank.

  \section{Extended Non-binary LDPC Codes}\label{sec:extended_nbldpc_codes}
\subsection{Extended code description}
For any integer $1 \leq k \leq q-1$, let $[k] = (k_0, \dots, k_{p-1})^{\text{T}}$ denote the column vector
corresponding to the binary decomposition of $k$; {\em i.e.} $k = \sum_{i = 0}^{p-1}k_i2^i$, with $k_i\in\{0,1\}$. Let
$X\in{\f_q}$ be a non-binary symbol, and $\ux = (x_0,\dots,x_{p-1})$ be its binary image. The $k$-th {\em extended bit}
of $X$ is by definition:
   $$\alpha_k = \ux \times [k] = \sum_{i = 0}^{p-1} k_i x_i$$
The vector $\ualpha = (\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_{q-1})$ is called {\em extended binary image} of $X$. Note that
$\alpha_{2^i} = x_i$, for any $0\leq i \leq p-1$. An extended bit $\alpha_k$ is said to be {\em nontrivial} if $k$ is
not a power of $2$ (hence, $\alpha_k$ is a linear combination of at least two bits from the binary image $\ux$ of $X$).

Now, consider a NB-LDPC code defined over $\f_q$, with coding rate $r = \frac{K}{N}$. Let $(X_1, \dots, X_N) \in
\f_q^N$ be a non-binary codeword, $(\ux_1, \dots, \ux_N) \in \f_2^{Np}$ be its binary image, and $(\ualpha_1, \dots,
\ualpha_N) \in \f_2^{N(q-1)}$ be its extended binary image. By transmitting the extended binary image over the channel,
we obtain a code with rate $\frac{Kp}{N(q-1)} = r\frac{p}{q-1}$, which can be advantageously used for application
requiring very small coding rates \cite{Valentin10}.

We define an {\em extension of the NB-LDPC code}, as a family of matrices $\{A_1,\dots,A_N\}$, where each
$A_n\in\mathbf{M}_{p,t_n}(\f_2)$ is a binary matrix with $p$ rows and $t_n$ columns, with $t_n\geq 0$. Let $\ua_n =
\ux_n \times A_n \in \f_2^{t_n}$; hence, $\ua_n$ is constituted of $t_n$ extended bits of $X_n$ (possibly with
repetitions, if $A_n$ contains two or more identical columns). The binary vector $(\ua_1,\dots,\ua_N)$ is called {\em
extended codeword}, and the {\em extended coding rate} is given by $r_e = \frac{Kp}{T}$, where $T = \sum_{n=1}^N t_n$.

Note that the above definition is very broad, and it can yield extended rates below as well as extended rates above the
mother coding rate. In particular, it includes punctured codes: if $A_n = \text{col}([2^1], \dots, [2^{p-1}])$, then
$\ua_n = (x_{n,1},\dots,x_{n,p-1})$, which is the same as puncturing the first bit, $x_{n,0}$, from the binary image of
$X_n$. Moreover, taking some $t_n = 0$ is equivalent to puncturing the whole symbol $X_n$. The optimization of
puncturing distributions for NB-LDPC codes has been addressed in \cite{ISITA2010}. In this paper, we restrict ourselves
to the case when matrices $A_n$ are of the form $A_n = [I_p \mid B_n ]$, where $I_p$ is the $p\times p$ identity
matrix, meaning that each $\ua_n$ contains the binary image $\ux_n$ (the use of ``extension'' complies with its literal
meaning). We will further assume that any two columns of a matrix $A_n$ are different. It follows that $p\leq t_n \leq
q-1$, and each $\ua_n$ is constituted of the binary image $\ux_n$ and $t_n-p$ pairwise different (nontrivial) extended
bits. In this case, we shall say that {\em the symbol $X_n$ is extended by $k=t_n-p$ bits}.

For instance, let $p=3$ and consider that the following matrix $A$ is used to extend by $2$ bits some coded symbol $X$:
$$
\ua = \ux \times A, \text{ where } A = \left[
\begin{array}{lllll}
    1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
    0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
    0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1
\end{array}
\right]
$$
Then $\ua = (\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_4, \alpha_5, \alpha_6) = (x_0, x_1, x_2, x_0 \wedge x_2, x_1 \wedge x_2)$,
where $\wedge$ denotes the bit-xor operator.

In order to determine the coding rate of the extended code, we denote by $\fdk$ the {\em fraction of degree-$d$ symbols
with $k$ nontrivial extended bits}, $0 \leq k < q - p$; thus
  $\sum_{k=0}^{q-p-1}\!\fdk \!= \!1$.\break
The average number of nontrivial extended bits per coded symbol is given by
  ${f} = \sum_{d=1}^{d_s} \Lambda_d\sum_{k=0}^{q-p-1}k\fdk$,
where $d_s$ is the maximum symbol node degree, and $\Lambda_d = \frac{\lambda_d}{d \int_0^1{\lambda(x)dx}}$ is the
fraction of degree-$d$ symbol nodes. It follows that the extended coding rate is given by $r_e = r\frac{p}{p+f}$. Thus,
we can achieve an arbitrary extended rate within the interval $\left[r \frac{p}{q - 1} , r\right]$ by varying the
parameter $f$.

Figure \ref{fig:extended_codes} illustrates an extended code defined over $\f_8$, with $f_{2,0} = f_{2,1} = f_{2,2} =
f_{2,4} = 1/4$,  and $f_{3,2} = f_{3,3} = 1/2$, which correspond to $f=2$. The mother coding rate is $r=0.5$ and the
extended coding rate is $r_e = 0.3$.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{extended_codes
\caption{Extension of a NB-LDPC code. Blue circles represent bits of the binary image ($p=3$), while red circles
represent (nontrivial) extended bits.}
\label{fig:extended_codes
\vspace{-3mm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Iterative erasure decoding}

We consider that the extended codeword $(\ua_1,\dots,\ua_N)$ is transmitted over a binary erasure channel (BEC). At the
receiver part, the received bits (both from the binary image and extended bits) are used to reconstruct the
corresponding non-binary symbols. Precisely, for each received bit we know its position within the extended binary
image of the corresponding symbol. Hence, for each symbol node we can determine a set of {\em eligible symbols} that is
constituted of symbols whose extended binary images match the received bits. These sets are then iteratively updated,
according to the linear constraints between symbol-nodes \cite{Valentin08}. Alternatively (and equivalently), the
extended code can be decoded by using the linear-time erasure decoding proposed in \cite{Valentin10}.

The {\em asymptotic threshold} of an ensemble of codes is defined as the maximum erasure probability $\pth$ that allows
transmission with an arbitrary small error probability when the code length tends to infinity \cite{Rich-Urba}. Given
an ensemble of codes, its threshold value can be efficiently computed by tracking the fraction of erased messages
passed during the belief propagation decoding; this method is referred to as {\em density evolution}. In this paper,
the density evolution is approximated based on the Monte-Carlo simulation of an infinite code, similar to the method
presented in \cite{ISITA2010}. This method has two main advantages: it can easily incorporate the extending
distribution $\{\fdk\}_{d,k}$, and it can be extrapolated to more general channel models.

  \section{Analysis and optimization}\label{sec:analysis_optimization}

\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering\vspace{-3mm}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{1_ext_bit_selection
\caption{1-bit extension for regular NB-LDPC codes over $\f_{16}$
\label{fig:ext_bit_selec_expl

\end{figure}

The goal of this section is to answer the following questions.

First of all, assume that we have given a symbol node that has to be extended by $k$ bits. How should they be chosen
among the $q-p-1$ (nontrivial) extended bits?

Secondly, given an extended coding rate $r_e$, how should be extended bits distributed over the symbol-nodes? Put
differently, which is the optimal extending distribution $\left\{\fdk\right\}$?

  \subsection{Extended bits selection strategy} \label{subsubsec:ext_bit_selec}
We assume that we have given a symbol-node that has to be extended by $k$ bits. A choice of the $k$ bits among the
$q-p-1$ extended bits corresponds to an extending matrix $A = [I_p \mid B]$ of size $p\times (p+k)$, with pairwise
distinct columns. For each such a matrix, assume that the extended symbol $\ua = \ux \times A$ is transmitted over the
BEC, and let $E(A)$ be the expected number of eligible symbols at the receiver. Recall that an eligible symbol is a
symbol whose extended binary image match the received bits. If all transmitted bits have been erased, any symbol is
eligible. Conversely, if the received bits completely determine the non-binary symbol, then there is only one eligible
symbol. More generally, let $\ua_{\text{rec}}$ denote the sequence of received bits, and $A_{\text{rec}}$ denote the
submatrix of $A$ determined by the columns that correspond to the received positions of $\ua$. Then the eligible
symbols are the solutions of the linear system $\ux \times A_{\text{rec}} = \ua_{\text{rec}}$, and their number is
equal to $2^{p-\text{rank}(A_{\text{rec}})}$. Now, if $\epsilon$ denotes the erasure probability of the BEC, it can be
easily verified that:
  $$E(A) = \sum_{i=0}^{p+k}(1-\epsilon)^i\epsilon^{p+k-i}\left(\sum_{A_i\subseteq A} 2^{p-\text{rank}(A_i)}\right),$$
where the second sum takes over all the submatrices $A_i$ cons\-ti\-tuted of $i$ among the $p+k$ columns of $A$. Hence,
in order to minimize the expected number of eligible symbols $E(A)$, we choose $A$ such that $\dmin(A)$ is maximal,
where $\dmin(A)$ is the smallest number of linearly dependent columns of $A$.

\subsubsection{One extended bit per symbol node} \label{expl:selec_one_ext_bit} Consider the ensemble of regular
$\left(\lambda(x) = x, \rho(x) = x^3\right)$ LDPC codes defined over the $\f_{16}$. Assume that each symbol-node is
extended by $k=1$ bit, such as to achieve an extended rate $r_e = 0.4$. According to the choice of the extended bit
(among the $11$ nontrivial extended bits), $\dmin$ may be equal to $3,4$, or $5$. The asymptotic threshold
corresponding to each choice of the extended bit is shown in Figure \ref{fig:ext_bit_selec_expl}. Note that extended
bits are ordered on the abscissa according to the corresponding $\dmin$. For comparison purposes, we show also the
asymptotic threshold corresponding to the repetition of some bit from the binary image (trivial extended bit
$\alpha_{2^i} = x_i$), in which case $\dmin=2$. Also, the blue line correspond to the threshold obtained if each symbol
node was extended by choosing a random nontrivial extended bit. We observe that the best threshold is obtained when
each symbol node is extended by $\alpha_{15}$, which is\break the XOR of the four bits $x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ of the
binary image.

\begin{figure}[!b]
\centering \vspace{-3mm}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{ext_bit_selection
\caption{$k$-bits extension for regular and semi-regular NB-LDPC codes over $\f_{16}$
\label{fig:ext_bit_selec_expl_overall
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Several extended bits per symbol node} \label{expl:selec_ext_bit}
We consider two ensembles of regular codes $\mathcal{C}_1\left(\lambda(x)=x, \rho(x)=x^3\right)$,
$\mathcal{C}_2\left(\lambda(x)=x^2, \rho(x)=x^5\right)$ and one ensemble of semi-regular codes
$\mathcal{C}_3\left(\lambda(x)=0.5x+0.5x^4, \rho(x)=0.25x^4+0.75x^5\right)$, of coding rate $r=1/2$, defined over
$\f_{16}$. For each ensemble of codes, we consider five different cases, in which all symbol nodes are extended by the
same number $k$ of bits, with $k = 1$, $2$, $3$, $4$,  and  $5$. Accordingly, the extended coding rate $r_e = 0.4$,
$0.33$, $0.29$, $0.25$, and $0.22$.

The {\em normalized gap to capacity}, defined as:
 $$\delta = \frac{\text{capacity} - \text{threshold}}{\text{capacity}} = \frac{1-r-\pth}{1-r},$$
is shown in Figure \ref{fig:ext_bit_selec_expl_overall}. Solid curves correspond to a $\dmin$-optimized choice of the
extended bits, while dashed curves correspond to a random choice of the extended bits. For $k = 5$, there is only a
small difference between these two strategies. However, when $k \leq 4$, the gain of the $\dmin$-optimized choice is
significant for both regular and semi-regular codes.

\subsection{Extending distribution analysis} \label{sec:extending_distr}
First of all, we discuss the case of regular codes. In Figure~\ref{fig:spread_cluster_regular_expl}, we consider three
ensembles of regular codes over $\f_{16}$, with coding rate $r = 0.5$. For each ensemble of codes, we consider five
cases, corresponding to values of $k$ between $1$ and $5$. In each case, a fraction $f_k$ of symbol-nodes are extended
by $k$ bits, while the remaining symbol-nodes have no extended bit. The fraction $f_k$ is chosen such that the extended
coding rate $r_e = 0.4$. Hence, $f_k = 1, 0.5, 0.33, 0.25,0.20,0.09$, for $k = 1,2,3,4,5$, respectively. The right most
point on the abscissa corresponds to a sixth case, in which the extended rate $r_e = 0.4$ is achieved by extending
$9\%$ of symbol-nodes by $k=11$ bits (hence, $k = q-p-1$, which is the maximum number of extended bits). For any of the
three ensembles, we can observe that the smallest gap to capacity is obtained for $k=1$, which means that extended bits
are {\em spread} over as many symbol nodes as possible (in this case, $100$\%), instead of being {\em clustered} over
the smallest possible number of symbol-nodes.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{spreading_clustering_regular
\caption{Comparison of spreading vs. clustering extending distributions for regular NB-LDPC codes over $\f_{16}$
\label{fig:spread_cluster_regular_expl
\vspace{-4mm}
\end{figure}

In case of irregular NB-LDPC codes, let $\phi = \left\{f_{d,k}\right\}_{d,k}$ be an extending distribution. Thus,
$\fdk$ is the fraction of degree-$d$ symbols with $k$ nontrivial extended bits, $0 \leq k < (q - p)$. Let ${f}_d$
denote the average number of extended bits per symbol-node of degree-$d$; that is:
 $$ {f}_d = \sum_{k = 0}^{q-p-1}k\fdk \in [0, q-p-1]$$

\noindent We say that {\em the extending distribution $\phi$ is of spreading-type} if for any degree $d$, $f_{d,k} \neq
0$ only if $k=\lfloor{f}_d\rfloor$ or $k=\lceil{f}_d\rceil$. In different words, for any degree $d$, the extended bits
are uniformly spread over all the symbol-nodes of degree $d$. Clearly, a spreading-type distribution is completely
determined by the parameters $\{{f}_d\}$, as we have $f_{d,\lfloor{f}_d\rfloor} = \lceil{f}_d\rceil - {f}_d$,
$f_{d,\lceil{f}_d\rceil} = \lfloor{f}_d\rfloor - {f}_d$, and $f_{d,k} = 0$ for $k \not\in \{\lfloor{f}_d\rfloor,
\lceil{f}_d\rceil\}$.

\smallskip
\noindent We say that {\em the extending distribution $\phi$ is of clustering-type} if for any degree $d$, $f_{d,k}
\neq 0$ only if $k=q-p+1$. In different words, for any degree $d$, the extended bits are clustered over the smallest
possible fraction of symbol-nodes of degree $d$. Clearly, a clustering-type distribution is completely determined by
the parameters $\{{f}_d\}$, as we have $f_{d,q-p+1} = \frac{{f}_d}{q-p+1}$ and $f_{d,k} = 0$ for $k \neq q-p+1$.

Now, let us consider the ensemble of semi-regular LDPC codes over $\f_{16}$ with edge-perspective degree distribution
polynomials $\lambda(x) =0.5x+0.5x^4$ and $\rho(x) =0.25x^4+0.75x^5$. The mother coding rate is $r=0.5$, and we intend
to extend symbol-nodes such as to achieve extended coding rates $r_e \in \{0.45, 0.4, 0.35, 0.3\}$. Several extending
distributions are compared in Figure \ref{fig:ext_distr_irreg_expl}. There are three spreading-type distributions,
which spread the extended bits over all the symbol-nodes, or only over the symbol-nodes of degree either $2$ or $5$,
and two clustering-type distributions, which cluster the extended bits over the symbol-nodes of degree either $2$ or
$5$. In all cases, extended bits (or, equivalently, extending matrices $A_n$) are chosen such as to maximize the
corresponding $\dmin$ values. We observe that the smallest gap to capacity is obtained for extending distributions that
spread extended bits either over the degree-$5$ symbol nodes only ($r_e = 0.45,0.4$), or over all the symbol-nodes
($r_e = 0.35,0.3$).

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{spreading_clustering_irregular
\caption{Comparison of several extending-distributions, for semi-regular NB-LDPC codes over $\f_{16}$
\label{fig:ext_distr_irreg_expl
\vspace{-4mm}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Extending distribution optimization} \label{subsec:strategy}
Based on the above analysis, we only consider spreading-type extending distributions. Such an extending distribution is
completely determined by the parameters $\{{f}_d\}$, and the extended coding rate can be computed by $r_e = \frac{r}{1+
\frac{1}{p}\sum_{d} \Lambda_d {f}_d}$, where $\Lambda_d$ is the fraction of symbol-nodes of degree $d$.

For given degree distribution polynomials $\lambda$ and $\rho$, and a given extending rate $r_e$, we use the
differential evolution algorithm \cite{DiffEvol} to search for parameters $\{{f}_d\}$ that minimize the asymptotic gap
to capacity. We assume that, for each symbol-node, the extended bits are chosen such as to maximize the corresponding
$\dmin$. The optimized extended codes are presented in the next section.

  \section{Code Design and Performance}\label{sec:code_design_performance}
In this section we present optimized extending distributions for an irregular mother code over $\f_{16}$. The mother
code has coding rate $r = 1/2$, and it has been optimized by density evolution. The asymptotic threshold is $\pth =
0.4945$, and the edge-perspective degree distribution polynomials are:
$$ \begin{array}{l}
    \lambda(x) = 0.596 x + 0.186 x^4 + 0.071 x^7 + 0.147x^{17} \\
    \rho(x) = 0.2836 x^4 + 0.7164 x^5
\end{array}$$
We optimized extending distributions for extended rates $r_e\in\{0.45, 0.40, 0.35, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20\}$. Optimized
distributions $\{{f}_{d}\}$ are shown in Table \ref{tab:opt_ext_distr}, together with the corresponding asymptotic
threshold $\pth$ and normalized gap to capacity $\delta$. For comparison purposes, we have also indicated the
normalized gap to capacity $\delta_{\text{rand}}$ corresponding to a random choice of extended bits. The last column
corresponds to extended rate $r_e = 2/15$, obtained by extending each symbol-node by the maximum number of extended
bits, {\em i.e.} $q-p-1 = 11$ bits. It can be observed that the optimized distributions allow to maintain an almost
constant value of $\delta\approx 0.01$, for all extended rates $0.45 \geq r_e \geq 2/15$.

\begin{table}[!t]
\centering \caption{Optimized extending distributions for a mother NB-LDPC code with $r=0.5$ over $\f_{16}$, for $r_e =
\left\{0.45\right.$, 0.4, 0.35, 0.3, 0.25, $\left.0.2\right\}$} \label{tab:opt_ext_distr
\begin{tabular}{|@{\ }l@{\ }|*{8}{@{\ }c@{\ }|}}
\hline
\textbf{$r_e$} & \textbf{0.5} & \textbf{0.45} & \textbf{0.4} & \textbf{0.35} & \textbf{0.3} & \textbf{0.25} & \textbf{0.2} & \textbf{2/15} \\
\hline
\hline
$f_2$ & 0 & 0.4610 & 1.0164 & 1.7851 & 2.7442 & 4.1290 & 6.1737 & 11 \\
\hline
$f_5$ & 0 & 0.3731  & 1.2113 & 1.2981 & 2.5055 & 3.5864 & 5.3409 & 11 \\
\hline
$f_8$ & 0 & 0.2487  & 0.0359 & 1.8748 & 1.6831 & 2.3393 & 4.7494 & 11 \\
\hline
$f_{18}$ & 0 & 0.1309 & 0.4871 & 0.8511 & 1.6415 & 2.9800 & 4.0234 & 11 \\
\hline
\hline
$\pth$ & 0.4945 & 0.544 & 0.5939 & 0.6406 & 0.69 & 0.74 & 0.7872 & 0.8543 \\
\hline
$\delta$ & 0.011 & 0.0109 & 0.0102 & 0.0145 & 0.0143 & 0.0133 & 0.016 & 0.0143 \\
\hline
\hline
$\delta_{\text{rand}}$ & 0.011 & 0.0234 & 0.0284 & 0.0266 & 0.0251  &  0.0213 & 0.0172  & 0.0143 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-2mm}
\end{table}

Finally, Figure \ref{fig:flp_opt_ext_distr_irreg} presents the Bit Erasure Rate (BER) performance of optimized
extending distributions for finite code lengths. All the codes have binary dimension (number of source bits) equal to
5000 bits (1250 $\f_{16}$-symbols). The mother code with rate $1/2$ has been constructed by using the Progressive Edge
Growth (PEG) algorithm \cite{PEG}, and symbol nodes have been extended according to the optimized distributions
(extension matrices $A_n$ being chosen such as to maximize $\dmin(A_n)$).

  \section{Conclusions}\label{sec:conclusions}
Based on the extended binary image of NB-LDPC codes, we presented a coding technique that allows to produce extra
redundant bits, such as to decreases the coding rate of a mother code. The proposed method allows for using the same
decoder as for the mother code: extra redundant bits transmitted over the channel are only used to ``improve the
quality of the decoder input''.

Extending distributions for regular and irregular codes have been analyzed by using simulated density evolution
thresholds of extended codes over the BEC. We have also presented optimized extending distributions, which exhibit a
normalized gap to capacity $\delta\approx 0.01$, for extended rates from $0.45$ to $2/15$

Finally, although this paper dealt only with NB-LDPC codes over the BEC, the results presented here can be easily
generalized to different channel models.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{finite_length_deopt
\vspace{-2mm}
\caption{Finite length performance of optimized extended NB-LDPC codes
\label{fig:flp_opt_ext_distr_irreg
\vspace{-3mm}
\end{figure}

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Life and Environmental Sciences
Postdoctoral and Early Researcher Career Development and Training - PERCAT
PERCAT Careers Seminar: Enterprise and Entrepreneurship
All on-campus visits and events are cancelled or postponed until further notice. Virtual events will be running as normal unless otherwise stated. For the latest updates visit our coronavirus information page. Please note that some of our on campus events may be replaced by virtual events - please check with the event organiser listed against each event.
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Metallurgy and Materials Lecture Theatre GC13
Thursday 16 May 2019 (11:00-13:00)
Please get in touch with Jennifer Thomson if you have any questions or would like more information.
Deadline for registration has been extended to 4pm on Thursday 9th May 2019.
Add to my calendarRegister for this event
Followed by lunch and networking.
Find out more about the opportunities for enterprise, entrepreneurship and consultancy which can arise from the research work undertaken by postdoctoral and early career researchers.
Our speakers are Andrew Cruxton, Incubation Manager at UoB Enterprise, Dr Adrian Burden, Royal Society Entrepreneur in Residence at the University, and two early career academics who have used Enterprise training and fellowships to help develop their career – Dr Paul Appleton from the School of SportExR and Dr Karolis Virzbickas from the School of Chemistry.
Who is this seminar aimed at?
All postdoctoral and early career research staff within EPS and LES who wish to learn how to access opportunities for enterprise and entrepreneurship arising from their research work. We are pleased to extend the opportunity to postdocs in MDS.
What will you learn from this seminar?
Gain an understanding of what is meant by enterprise and entrepreneurship and how to get started in these areas.
Gain an introduction to areas such as IP, copyright and spinout companies.
Hear at first-hand about the experiences of those who have used enterprise opportunities to help develop their career.
Find out more about the further support and training available in these areas.
Our impact: find out about recent advances
Explore our Research Spotlights

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hawaii ready to send its trash up the Columbia River Gorge
Updated: Jan. 10, 2019, 7:52 p.m. | Published: Jul. 28, 2010, 10:15 p.m.
By Scott Learn, The Oregonian
View full sizeRobert HarrisActivists fear Hawaiian Waste Systems plastic-wrapped garbage bales will tear and end up releasing invasive species. The company says it will repair damage before shipping. Robert Harris of Hawaii's Sierra Club took this shot today at an industrial park storage site.
After four years of delays and regulatory review, a Seattle contractor is ready to ship tons of globe-trotting trash from Honolulu across the Pacific and up the Columbia Gorge to a landfill just north of the Washington-Oregon border.
Yakama Nation
and environmental groups are still trying to stop the first shipment, which could come as early as Friday. The trash has become a political hot potato on Oahu as garbage awaiting shipment has stacked up since October in an industrial park used for storage by the contractor,
Hawaiian Waste Systems
Today the Yakama and others
filed a federal lawsuit
and said they plan to file injunctions that could quickly block the shipments, which they said would be the first from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland.
The suit contends that the
didn't properly consult the Yakama tribes and bands or adequately evaluate the potential for invasive species escaping from up to 150,000 tons a year of compressed, baled and plastic-wrapped municipal garbage, a potential threat to crops and natural areas.
Harry Smiskin, Yakama tribal council chairman, said federal officials told him the garbage could be shipped Friday, heading to the
Port of Longview
on container ships and then carried by truck or train to the
Roosevelt Regional Landfill
in Klickitat County. The landfill sits near the Yakama Reservation on part of the Yakama's ceded territory and traditional hunting and fishing grounds.
Federal inspectors suspended the company's right to ship on July 8 because of "pest risk concerns" after finding punctures and tears in some bales of trash. The company and federal regulators say the bales will be rewrapped before shipping to prevent invasive species from escaping.
But the problems with the garbage don't "make one feel too cozy and comfortable," Smiskin said.
Friends of the Columbia Gorge
Columbia Riverkeeper
Northwest Environmental Defense Center
joined the tribe in the lawsuit.
The damage would be huge if invasive insects or plants from Hawaii escaped into the gorge and agricultural areas, said Michael Lang, the gorge group's conservation director. The problems found with bales stored for shipping show Hawaiian Waste Systems is unable to comply with "basic, minimum requirements" to keep waste wrapped and in a secure environment, he said.
"Is it really suitable for the Northwest to accept garbage from a source that has significant and severe invasive species problems?" Lang said. "I guarantee you Hawaii would not accept garbage in a similar condition."
Mike Chutz, president of Hawaiian Waste Systems, said the company has not received clearance from the USDA, but hopes to gain clearance and proceed Friday with a five-container, 130-ton test shipment. The lawsuit and past delays are "extremely frustrating" given the USDA-approved safeguards built into the shipping process, he said.
"We are prepared to ship on Friday, and to ship full-tilt thereafter," Chutz said. The company plans to ship to Longview, but has also asked the USDA for permission to ship to Rainier, Ore.
The bales, with a 3 percent limit on yard waste, will be wrapped in thick polyethylene sheeting at least eight times to secure the bales and keep air out, he said, stored for five days to kill invasives, then be kept inside sealed shipping containers until they reach the landfill.
The company will repair damaged bales before shipping and inspect the containers' exterior for invasives at each transfer point, he said. The landfill will bury the 6.5-ton bales within 24 hours of receipt, after inspecting them for tears or punctures and repairing them as needed. USDA inspectors on Hawaii and the mainland will inspect shipments and conduct random audits, Chutz said.
USDA reviews since 2006
concluded that the risk of invasive species contamination was "negligible" if the proper procedures are followed, in part because Hawaiian insects and plants would be unlikely to survive an eastern Washington winter.
"We feel the process has been thoroughly vetted," Chutz said. "We would not do this if we felt there was a problem."
The shipments will help Oahu deal with a shortage of landfill space and prevent landfill expansion in a highly sensitive environment until a new garbage incinerator goes on line. The Hawaiian chapter of the Sierra Club also notes that the island has relatively high garbage generation and low recycling rates, leaving room to reduce garbage without exporting it.
Hawaiian Waste Systems is under pressure to move the garbage. In May, Hawaii health regulators fined the company $40,400 for storing waste too long and before it had a permit to do so. Honolulu politicians have also threatened to pull the company's three-year contract if it doesn't ship the garbage soon.
Chutz said the company thought shipping was imminent when it began storing the waste. He attributed the tears and punctures to the long-term stacking of bales, which he said wouldn't occur under normal circumstances. The company has offered to rewrap every bail before shipment, he said, even undamaged bales.
Hawaiian Waste Systems initial shipments probably would get a lot of USDA scrutiny. But Nathan Baker, a staff attorney for Friends of the Columbia Gorge, said the process will become "self-policing," relying mainly on the private contractor. The agreement between the company and USDA allows shipment in open "flat racks" instead of closed containers. And the last leg of the trip, four miles from the landfill boundary to its face, will be outside the containers, Baker said.
In 2008, the
Oregon Invasive Species Council
raised concerns about the shipments, noting that Hawaii is particularly vulnerable to invasive species and that USDA staff is limited in the Pacific Northwest.
California's Department of Food and Agriculture
said fruit flies and other insect eggs and larvae "will not be affected" by greatly limited oxygen in the wrapped bales.
USDA officials did not respond to requests for comment Wednesday. In earlier filings, the agency said the shipments would get increased sampling and inspection, and that Hawaiian Waste would have to certify each shipment as free of "regulated pests" such as exotic fruit flies.
Interstate commerce laws don't allow states to bar trash from other states, and interstate shipments are common on the mainland. The Columbia Ridge Landfill in Arlington takes Seattle trash and much of Portland's garbage, which is transported through the gorge. The garbage boosts jobs and revenues to local governments.
Scott Learn


Oath By Verdikt features fruity combination of juicy dark fruits including sweet blackcurrants and delicious blackberries both combined with fresh menthol. This vape is intense to the taste whilst providing a refreshing aroma.
Oath By Verdikt comes as a 50ml vaping e liquid containing 0 nicotine. There's space for nicotine to be added within the bottle if desired.


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Foul ball hits child at Braves game
ATLANTA – A boy was taken to an Atlanta hospital after being struck in the head with a foul ball during the seventh inning of the Braves' game against the Milwaukee Brewers on Tuesday night.
Milwaukee leadoff hitter Carlos Gomez lined a pitch into the stands along the first-base line behind the Atlanta dugout. Pitcher Julio Teheran heard the child get hit and crouched down on the mound in obvious anguish. Gomez also looked toward the stands with concern. Someone in the Braves dugout threw a towel into the stands, but the boy did not appear to be bleeding.
The child was hustled up the aisle by medical personnel. The Braves said he was "conscious and talkative" while being treated at Turner Field, before he was transported to a hospital.
No other details were released.
"The team and all of Braves Country have him in our thoughts and prayers," the team said in a statement.
Teheran was clearly shaken by the incident, though he bounced back to pitch a six-hitter. Atlanta beat the Brewers 5-0.
"That was scary for me," Teheran said. "I knew it hit somebody. It was a fast and hard. No one had a chance to get out of the way."
He sent his best wishes to the child.
"If anyone knows him, please let him know I hope he's fine," Teheran said.


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Labor Shortages & The Upcoming Holiday Season
Home » News & Events » Labor Shortages & The Upcoming Holiday Season
Sam Mustafa, CEO of Charleston Hospitality Group shares his experience dealing with the shortage of food and beverage workers in the Charleston area and his strategy as the holiday season is approaching.
As we continue to resume pre-pandemic activities such as gathering, traveling and indoor dining, our restaurants at Charleston Hospitality Group have faced head-on the challenges that come with getting back to "normal". This includes adjusting to the new local and national laws as it relates to the Covid-19 pandemic. Now as the holiday season is approaching, it is critical to have a diversified plan in place to satisfy all guests and retain the morale of your employees.
The Labor Shortage Continues…
Inflation is skyrocketing, supply chains are broken and on top of that, we're experiencing the greatest labor shortage across all industries in modern history. Here, in Charleston, SC, we are still experiencing the effects of the national labor shortage. Since the start of 2020, these shortages have impacted our business operations indefinitely. Our company and staff members have been resourceful and understanding of the labor shortage by being available for flexible work hours and promoting internally. This has allowed us to retain our top talent and recruit like-minded talented individuals.
The current labor shortage is affecting the supply chain, which is resulting in the price of products increasing significantly. I've always been someone to take challenges and turn them into opportunities, but will this relentless issue ever come to an end?
Make no mistake, Charleston Hospitality Group has been making the necessary adjustments to keep up with the increased demands from our consumers in the height of supply chain disruptions. Food suppliers and logistics companies are scrambling to keep up with the increased consumer demand. As many large corporations rely on large global logistic companies for truck and cargo deliveries, Charleston Hospitality Group has transitioned into supporting local suppliers and vendors to ensure quicker deliveries and stocked inventory.
In my mind, the holidays are already here. Businesses who do not have a plan in place are not prepared for the chaos that comes with the holiday season in a "normal" year – and now that they are coupled with these new external factors, it makes it harder than ever to operate a successful restaurant… and stay in joy of the holiday season.
Sam Mustafa is the the CEO of Charleston Hospitality Group and Toast! All Day Franchise. Named one of the nation's 100 most influential CEOs by Nation's Restaurant News and frequent speaker on Joe Pardavila's Podcast on ForbesBooks Radio. He has also been featured on Medium, Authority Magazine, describing his version of the American Dream. Sam is one of the leading voices in the Restaurant Industry.
1) Deczynski, Rebecca. "The Holiday Season Is about to Be Very Challenging for Businesses." Inc.com, Inc., 13 Oct. 2021,
https://www.inc.com/rebecca-deczynski/holiday-season-supply-chain-shortages.html.
2) Maze, Jonathan. "How Restaurants Are Coping with the Labor Shortage." Restaurant Business, Restaurant Business, 13 Oct. 2021, https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/financing/how-restaurants-are-coping-labor-shortage?utm_source=How+restaurants+are+coping+with+the+labor+shortage&utm_medium=rb-feed&utm_campaign=RSS-Feeds.
3) "Lowcountry Companies Still Struggle with Workers Shortage, Both Local Businesses and Major Companies Looking to Hire Workers in Preparation for the Upcoming Holiday Season." The Charleston Press, 22 Sept. 2021, https://thecharlestonpress.com/lowcountry-companies-still-struggle-with-workers-shortage-both-local-businesses-and-major-companies-looking-to-hire-workers-in-preparation-for-the-upcoming-holiday-season/.
4) "Lowcountry Restaurants Feel Impact of Nationwide Supply Chain Issues." Charleston Hospitality Group, 6 July 2021, https://charlestonhospitalitygroup.com/blog/lowcountry-restaurants-feel-impact-of-nationwide-supply-chain-issues/.
Why Your Restaurant Needs to Incorporate a Seasonal Drink Menu NOW!
Lawmaker discuss federal minimum wage increase as hospitality workers detail a potential impact
Hero Hour at Toast! All Day
Featured on Market Watch Magazine- Diversified Drinking at Charleston Hospitality Group
Ready to Learn More? Sign up for our Newsletter
CHARLESTON HOSPITALITY GROUP © 2022. All Rights Reserved.


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Q: How to set a value on a cell based on a drop down list? I would like to set a value on a cell based on what value we pick on a drop down list.
For example :
Column A contains a single cell which is a drop down list created with Data Validation.
Whenever we pick one of the tasks, an other cell on column B would tell the difficulty of the task from 1 (easy) to 5 (hard). Finally, is it possible to display a bloc of text depending on the difficulty ?
I have a dictionnary to match every task with its own difficulty. I simply need a drop down list to display any task directly instead of searching on a big table
Do we need VBA to code this ? What would we need to know to do this ? I have never coded in VBA but I'm familiar with a few programming languages (Python/Java)
Thanks a lot !

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service), as a publicly funded, self-governing organisation of the institutions of higher education in Germany, promotes international academic exchange as well as educational co-operation with developing countries through a variety of funding and scholarship programmes.
As part of the "In-Country/In-Region Scholarship Progamme" DAAD offers scholarships for PhD and Master studies The programme is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and aims at university staff in the first line, without neglecting the public sector demand of academically trained personnel.
The target group for scholarships are graduates and postgraduates from Sub-Saharan Africa with a first academic degree if applying for a master's programme, or with a Master's degree if applying for a doctoral programme who want to pursue Master's or PhD courses in their home country (so called In-Country scholarships) or in another Sub-Saharan African country (In-Region scholarships).
It has been agreed upon that DAAD cooperates with IRGIB Africa University by offering up to 5 In-Region and 2 In-Country scholarships for PhD and up to 6 In-Region and 3 In-Country scholarships for Master studies at IRGIB Africa University for the intake 2018.
Female applicants and candidates from less privileged regions or groups are especially encouraged to participate in the programme.
The In-Country/In-Region Scholarship Programme Scholarships supports studies in subject areas with strong relevance to national development.
• of the PhD programme is up to three years, starting in January 2018.
• of the Master programme is up to two years, starting in November 2018.
The application process contains two steps.
Applicants must apply for their studies at IRGIB Africa University using the contacts and the method that is prescribed by the institution. IRGIB Africa University has set their own deadlines.
IRGIB Africa University will screen, pre-select (according to DAAD selection criteria) and short-list the applicants. A detailed report consisting of the shortlisting procedure, the entire list of applicants, the ranked shortlist and the shortlisting panel members will also be availed to DAAD. The ranked shortlist will contain at least double or triple (optional) the number of scholarships that have been attributed to the institution.
DAAD reserves the right of final selection.
- Hand signed curriculum vitae (please use the European specimen form at http://europass.cedefop. Europa.eu), including a list of publications (if applicable).
Closing date for the submission of DAAD scholarship applications is 30th November 2017 for PhD candidates and 31th May 2018 for Master candidates.
DAAD In-Country/In-Region scholarship holders are also encouraged to apply for a research grant in Germany for 2 up to 6 months. Please note: The short-term research stay in Germany should preferably be announced in the application for the regular scholarship.
All further details regarding additional benefits and the additional application processes will be provided after admission to the scholarship programme.
Added the Nov. 3, 2017, 9:57 a.m.
© 2005-2019 IrgibAfrica University - All Right Reserved.


On Oct. 25 at 7 p.m. aceartinc., a contemporary art-focused, artist-run centre, will host a vernissage for emerging artists. This group participated in what hannah_g, co-director of the gallery, describes as Winnipeg's premiere arts mentorship opportunity: MAWA's Foundation Mentorship Program (FMP).
A quarter-century ago, MAWA (Mentoring Artists for Women's Art) was established to address the underrepresentation of female artists in society. Lisa Wood, program and administrative coordinator for the organization, explains that advocacy is still needed. People assume underrepresentation is not an issue because work has been done to amend this lack, but it is a reality for artists from certain communities.
The recent centennial celebration exhibition at the Winnipeg Art Gallery, 100 Masters, included only six female artists. The show was a collection of works from the traditionally accepted list of great artists, a list which enforces the idea that mastery is male.
MAWA supports other communities who receive less attention, including the craft community, Aboriginal artists, and artists with disabilities. Each year the FMP involves artists from an additional community not receiving sufficient attention.
MAWA's core activity is the FMP: established women artists mentoring emerging female artists. MAWA is an accessible space and all programming except the FMP is open to all genders.
"I think it's a common misconception that MAWA is a female-identified-only space, but it's simply not true," says Elise Dawson, chair of the board of directors for MAWA and a 2012-13 participant of FMP.
Sasha Amaya and Sarah Hodges-Kolisnyk, two artists from the same program, emphasize MAWA's openness as well as their own, listing male and female artists who inspire them.
1. Ask people if they want to work with you; some will say no, others will say yes.
2. Constantly work on things, even if you are only practicing.
3. Winnipeg is a super great place, but it is also small. If you don't see what you want here, look for it somewhere else. You don't need to be confined to this city.
4. Once you have made a few works, people will want you to continue doing the same thing. Don't be afraid of exploring other ways of working.
5. Study another discipline in addition to art. It will make you more confident and give your work deeper meaning.
Come see what happens when fantastic artists are brought together to learn. There will be works by Sasha Amaya, Janessa Brunet, Amanda Damsma, Elise Dawson, Sarah Hodges-Kolisnyk, Megan Kraus, Gerry Oliver, and Natasha Peterson, who were mentored by Aganetha Dyck, Val Klassen, Suzie Smith, and Lisa Stinner-Kun, assisted by Danishka Esterhazy. They represent the current base of fantastic talent and the future of art in this city and abroad.
The year-end FMP showcase will be on display at aceartinc., 290 McDermot Avenue, until Saturday, Nov. 9. Visit www.aceart.org for more details.


A Memorandum of Understanding was signed today between the Azerbaijan Bank Training Centre (ABTC) and ACDI/VOCA, the implementing organization of the US Agency for International Development (USAID).
The Memorandum was signed by Mr. Muhammad Junaid, ACDI/VOCA Chief of Party of the project and Mr. Javanshir Abdullayev, Director of ABTC.
Mr.Abdullayev said that the Memorandum of Understanding envisages cooperation between USAID's project and ABTC for three years: "Development of ABTC's curriculum will help specialists of financial institutions and their business partners-SMEs (small and medium size enterprises) to attend various specialized and certified courses and receive a profound knowledge of various management methods and styles. This cooperation will also contribute to expanding the pool of specialists for Azerbaijani financial institutions and will ease access to credit for small and medium size enterprises, which is one of the goals of this project."
Mr.Junaid said that the USAID-funded three-year project aims at cooperation with the government of Azerbaijan, banks and non-banking financial institutions, international donor organizations and financial sector associations to increase access to credit for small and medium size enterprises in the country.


Amazon.com Inc (NASDAQ:AMZN) shares were downgraded by Morgan Stanley analysts on Thursday on concern about competition from Apple Inc (NASDAQ:AAPL.O) and slowing sales growth.
Analysts led by Scott Devitt lowered their rating on Amazon shares to "equal weight" from "overweight." Amazon's shares fell 4.1 percent to $176.97 in morning trading.


Good morning from blustery Augusta, where it'd be a good day for sailing or flying a kite if it weren't so chilly. Those options being impossible, I guess I'll start working.
This morning at the State House, a coalition of businesses and organizations will announce the submission of a petition to the Maine Public Utilities Commission in advance of the commission's upcoming review of net metering. Net metering allows individuals or businesses with electricity-generating devices like solar panels or windmills to sell their excess power to the wider electrical grid.
Earlier this year, after months of negotiations between lawmakers and solar industry officials, a bill meant to reform the way solar energy producers are paid died in the House of Representatives, which came within two votes of overriding Gov. Paul LePage's veto. The governor declined to support the bill after negotiations failed to yield a price cap he favored.
U.S. Rep. Bruce Poliquin of Maine's 2nd Congressional District, along with plenty of other Republicans, has been under pressure from political opponents recently to denounce comments about a Mexican-American judge made by presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.
Other than Wednesday's statement, Poliquin has been mostly mum on Trump, though he was caught being critical of the nominee in an audiotape leak in May.
Maine Health and Human Services Commissioner Mary Mayhew is scheduled to speak today at a congressional hearing about how to avoid fraud and abuse in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Read Mayhew's prepared testimony for the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Committee by clicking here.
My son is on a class trip to Boston today. Despite his mostly rural upbringing, he's veering toward being a city lover and says he'll live in a metropolis someday.All I've heard for the past few weeks is his internal debate about whether he wants to live in Boston, New York, San Francisco or Chicago.
At age 11, he's also increasingly sensitive to unsanitary conditions (thankfully). Maybe if I play this song on a loop while he sleeps, his subconscious will keep him in his home state.


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by drjamorrow April 16, 20202:30 pm April 16, 2020
Finding W.D. Fard Reviewed in MBR
Finding W.D. Fard
John Andrew Morrow
http://www.cambridgescholars.com
9781527521995, $119.95, HC, 510pp, http://www.amazon.com
MBR: Library Bookwatch, Volume 14, Number 7 (July 2019)
Synopsis: Wallace D. Fard, also known as Wallace Fard Muhammad (reportedly born February 26, c. 1877 – circa 1934), was the founder of the Nation of Islam. He arrived in Detroit in 1930 with an obscure background and several aliases, and taught an idiosyncratic form of Islam to members of the city's black population. In 1934 he disappeared from public record, and Elijah Muhammad succeeded him as leader of the Nation of Islam. (Wikipedia)
Since his arrival in Detroit on July 4, 1930, W.D. Fard, had over fifty other aliases and has elicited an enormous amount of curiosity. Fard claimed that he was both the Messiah and the Mahdi, and who was identified as God in Person by his disciple, Elijah Muhammad, whom he reportedly appointed as his Final Messenger.
The people who actually met him, and the scholars who have studied him, have suggested that he was variously an African American, an Arab from Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco or Saudi Arabia, a Jamaican, a Turk, an Afghan, an Indo-Pakistani, an Iranian, an Azeri, a white American, a Bosnian, a Mexican, a Greek or even a Jew. In an attempt to determine the origins of W.D. Fard, most scholars have relied on his teachings as passed down, and perhaps modified, by Elijah Muhammad. Some have suggested that he was a member of the Moorish Science Temple of America or the Ahmadiyyah Movement. Others have suggested that he was a Druze or a Shiite.
"Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam" by John Andrew Morrow provides an overview of the scholarly literature related to this mysterious subject and the theories concerning his ethnic and racial origins. This biographical study provides the most detailed analysis of his teachings to date in order to identify their original and multifarious sources.
"Finding W.D. Fard" considers the conflicting views shared by his early followers to decipher the doctrine he actually taught. Did W.D. Fard really profess to be Allah, or was he deified after his death by Elijah Muhammad? A meticulous study of any and all subjects who fit the profile of W.D. Fard and providing the most detailed information regarding his life to date, "Finding W.D. Fard" also offers an overview of turn-of-the-20th-century Islam in the state of Oregon, demonstrating how much Fard learned about the Muslim faith while residing in the Pacific Northwest. This study then finishes with a series of conclusions and suggestions for further scholarship.
Critique: An impressively and meticulously presented work of simply outstanding scholarship, "Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam" will prove to be of intense interest to students of the Nation of Islam and is an unreservedly recommended addition to both community and academic library 20th Century American Biography collections in general, and National of Islam supplemental studies lists in particular.
The original review can be found here.


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Swine flu hits U.S., but not yet in N.C.
Published 5:44 pm Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Local officials gear up to combat 'fluid virus'
So far, the disease in U.S. is non-lethal and treatable
By TED STRONG
Local officials are waiting for swine flu to arrive in North Carolina and think they'll be able to handle it when it gets here.
The disease first was sighted in Mexico, where it is responsible for an unknown number of deaths. It has since spread to the United States, where the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed 40 cases of the disease, none of them fatal.
Roxanne Holloman, director of the Beaufort County Department of Health, was on a conference call Monday morning with state health officials, who have also activated the N.C. Public Health Coordination Center in Raleigh.
Holloman said officials think they'll have to worry about outbreaks springing up in geographically disparate places, and that containment is unlikely to prove effective.
The health department has let doctors' offices, the Beaufort County Medical Center, child care providers and schools know what to look for and what to do if they find swine flu.
Folks coming in with the flu will be tested by their doctors to rule out more-common types of flu. If swine flu isn't ruled out, patients can be referred to the state for further tests.
Whitfield said the disease can be picked up by standing closer than three feet to an infected person or handling objects touched recently by an infected person. Officials believe the virus is spreading from human to human, not from pigs to human, Holloman said.
If anyone tests positive, he or she should be isolated and stay at home, Holloman said.
Officials think swine flu patients are contagious from possibly before symptoms appear until about seven days after they begin.
The state has requested about a quarter of the antiviral drugs in its federal stockpile and other supplies, according to an e-mail from Holloman.
But even if preventative measures fail, the disease hasn't proven very virulent in the U.S. so far and has proven responsive to antiviral drugs, Whitfield said.
More virulent symptoms have been reported in Mexico, but officials Monday hadn't yet worked out why the flu was deadlier there than in the U.S.
Schools in other parts of the country have had to close because of the swine flu, but the disease has yet to be reported in North Carolina.
Beaufort County Schools' officials are awaiting direction from state health officials.
The National Pork Council issued a statement assuring the public that pork is still safe to eat; the North Carolina Department of Agriculture &Consumer Services also sought to reassure residents.
In the statement, secretary of agriculture Steve Troxler encouraged hog farmers to practice good bio-security and be aware of international travel by farm workers.
For general information about the swine flu, the public can call the N.C. Department of Health &Human Services at 800-662-7030.
Cutline for corresponding photo: Billie Whitfield, Beaufort County Medical Center infection control preventionist, displays a packet of information about the swine flu she sent to the center's emergency department and to outlying practices the hospital owns. (WDN Photo/Paul Dunn)
Council lifts no-wake zone for competition


The state of Virginia can offer you many options for getting your law and justice degree. This state moves from the Atlantic Ocean in the East to the heights of the Appalachian Mountains in the west. The land gently rolls throughout most of the state. There are large urban concentrations around the Washington DC metro area of the north and Richmond in the south east. Smaller cities can be found in and around the state. But much land is still contained in rural communities or near small towns. All of this translates to diverse options for those with law and justice degrees.
Schools can be found in many parts of the state offering law and justice degrees. Virginia Commonwealth University can be found in the state capital of Richmond. Other options include George Mason in Fairfax and Shenandoah in Winchester. Potential students can find degrees from associates to masters and above. They can take the long leap the entire way or take it by steps. Jobs can be found at different levels and most people can work while pursuing your next degree. Virginia can provide you with a great place to learn and live. From the beautiful mountains to the rolling hills to the raging sea, the state provides a beautiful place to learn and live.
Virginia gives its inhabitants a large diversity of options for those with law and justice degrees. To get an idea of what the state offers, take a look at what a police officer will experience. This state's diversity of rural and urban areas gives officers many options. City officers, county sheriffs, state troopers, and forest rangers contribute to this job category. The feds also provide opportunities from Washington to the mountains of the Shenandoah Valley. Officers can find work protecting communities or doing investigative work. They can be responsible for large areas or small urban blocks.
In the state Virginia, the need for law enforcement officers is expected to be higher than the rest of the nation. According to the Virginia Employment Commission, their need will grow by 17% within the next decade. On average, the starting salary can range from $31,000 to $34,000 per year. After a few years, most officers can expect to make around $44,000. The range of salaries over the state can differ greatly however. The large urban areas around Washington DC and Richmond will have higher average wages than the rural communities. Federal agencies will offer better wages as well.
Compare Online Law & Justice Degrees for better choices and flexibility.


Bounce and bash your way to victory as you take part in a 'no rules' game of Football at our spectacular Bubble Football venue in Malborough! Enclosed in a giant inflatable Zorb Ball, with just your legs free to produce the footballing magic, you'll be tasked with flying into your opponents - sending them hurtling across the pitch as you aim to defend your goal whilst simultaneously scoring goals! With no football ability required to take part or to be victorious, this is the tailor-made activity for stag/hen do's, corporate events and birthday parties - accommodating those of all ages, athletic abilities and genders! Upon arrival at our Bubble Football venue in Malborough, you'll be equipped with all the latest safety gear whilst being presented with a full safety briefing from our qualified instructors.
Aiming to provide you with an enjoyable day out to remember, our Bubble Football venue in Malborough has a range of facilities to accommodate you and your group. Facilities on hand include a car park, changing facilities, toilets, social areas and a spectator area.
A unique version of the beautiful game awaits you at one of our indoor or outdoor Bubble Football venues situated across the UK and Ireland! Suspended inside a gigantic legless Zorb ball, you'll take part in a 'no rules' version of football as you bounce and bash into your opponents! With the average age limit for Bubble Football being around 8 years old, this activity is perfect for those of all ages. Upon arrival, you'll be given all the latest safety gear and a full safety briefing.
Easily accessible for adrenaline-seekers and football lovers from across the UK and Ireland via the A346 via the M4, there's no excuse not to come and find us! Perfectly situated just a short journey away from the popular tourist destinations of both Bath and Bristol, you'll never be short of things to do after you've played Bubble Football in Malborough!
Copyright © published under license by Go Ballistic Ltd, 1998 - 2019. All images and text are protected by copyright and/or registered trademarks. Reproduction without prior consent in writing will result in legal action. Images are representative Zorbing and not necessarily of a specific venue. Drive times are approximate and only meant as a guide. You are advised to confirm journey times before making travel plans. All details were correct at time of publishing and may be subject to change without notice. E & O E.


text:
PAW Media and Communications
PAW Media and Communications is a not-for-profit organisation incorporated under the NT Associations Act. Established in 1983 as Warlpiri Media Association we took on the trading name PAW Media and Communications in 2006 to reflect our services to other language groups in the Tanami region. We are one of eight (8) Remote Indigenous Media Organisations (RIMOs) in Australia.
PAW Media and Communications is an Aboriginal media organisation situated at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. We are a Remote Indigenous Media Organisaton (RIMO) providing coordination services to RIBS (remote Indigenous Broadcasting Services) in the wider Tanami area of Central Australia. RIBs are community radio stations established throughout the 1990s under the Broadcasting for Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme (BRACS).
For 30 years, we've been creating video, radio and music in the remote Aboriginal community of Yuendumu. Working with local people in language and according to local cultural protocols, we create unique Aboriginal media productions.
Email: info@pawmedia.com.au
Art & About Sydney
Port Fairy Folk Festival
Alliance Française de Melbourne
The Alliance Française de Melbourne (AFM) is an Australian not-for-profit association dedicated to the promotion of the French language and culture. ...
Clancestry – Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC)
Clancestry – Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC) Clancestry, A Celebration of Country is an annual festival celebrating the arts and ...
The Sweet Remedy Cafe
255A Oxford St
Leederville, WA 6007 Australia
Six Great Reasons to Learn Other Languages Words by Rachel Trevarthen A person who speaks many languages is a polyglot. A person who speaks two ...


There are places on this planet where it's a marvel that anything survives. But in the arctic waters of the Far North, the sea is alive with sound. The canaries of the sea are singing. They're beluga whales, named from the Russian word for "white ones." They're an evolutionary surprise -- a warm-blooded mammal in a numbingly cold sea. Resembling curious ghosts, these intelligent mammals use one of the most complex sonars of any animal.
Belugas inhabiting Cook Inlet, close to Anchorage, Alaska, were added to the endangered species list in October 2008. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stated that a decade-long recovery program had failed to ensure the whales' survival. The relationship between people and belugas is ancient. For more than 4,000 years, hunters of the Far North have depended on these whales for their own survival in a land with little else to offer. These traditional cultures have now partnered with scientists and modern technology to protect the beluga, which, in turn, ensures their own future. Yet these efforts are only a small part of the story, as new discoveries have raised troubling questions about the health of belugas and their long-term survival.
Their world is now ground zero for climate change, but what threatens them is not confined to the Arctic, it's global. What lies ahead for the beluga could become prophesy for many species everywhere, including our own.
What's being done to study and protect these whales?
Why do people and belugas in the St. Lawrence region have higher rates of cancer?
Join the film crew and see how many different whale behaviors you can capture on film!
Page created 3-23-09. © 2006-2009 KQED and Ocean Futures Society. All rights reserved.


Darren Till doesn't plan on being goaded by Ben Askren's trash talking.
Till is set to compete in the main event of UFC London tomorrow (March 16). The welterweight bout against Jorge Masvidal will take place inside the O2 Arena in London, England. In the lead-up to the fight, it has been Till and Askren doing the trash talking. Till even crashed Askren's Q&A session.
Stick with MMA News as we'll be providing live coverage of UFC London tomorrow. Join us for live results from the prelims to the main event. We've got you covered with highlights and post-fight tidbits as well.
If Darren Till gets past Jorge Masvidal, do you think he'll get a bout with Ben Askren?


The Grassmaster Ltd.are now offering finance options via a third party company called Divido. We're able to offer monthly instalment payment plans with 0% interest.
Call us on 01843 823320 or 07973 817540 to discuss finance availability on a range of our products today!


LINCOLN, Neb. (Legal Newsline)-Thirty states have reached a tentative agreement with General Motors Corp. over concerns the troubled automaker's bankruptcy plan would trample state laws, Nebraska Attorney General Jon Bruning announced Thursday.
Bruning, who led the attorneys general in their opposition to the plan, said other states are expected to sign on to the agreement.
"We are pleased GM was willing to work with states to resolve our concerns so that consumers, dealers and the environment will continue to receive the protection of state law," said Bruning, a Republican and president of the National Association of Attorneys General.
Bruning, in an interview with Legal Newsline, said GM's bankruptcy plan would have forced current dealers to sign new agreements that would leave them with no state protections.
The Chapter 11 plan would have also disproportionately affect rural markets because some motorists would be forced to drive hundreds of miles to have their GM model serviced by a dealership.
Under the Bruning-led agreement, General Motors has agreed to acknowledge that all dealers staying with the new GM will be protected by state franchise and dealer laws and honor its express warranties and comply with state lemon laws, among other things.
"I'm confident the concessions given to the states, while of great benefit, won't interfere with the ability of new GM to function as a viable company nor should they add to the burden placed on taxpayers by the (U.S.) Treasury's purchase of GM," Bruning said Thursday.
Attorneys General Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Greg Abbott of Texas, Richard Cordray of Ohio and John Suthers of Colorado were on the executive negotiating committee representing the 30 states.
Bruning urged his fellow attorneys general to join him in formally opposing the company's original restructuring plan. The chief legal officers from 36 states followed suit and filed their objections with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.


Heads up . .. Picked up one of these from Aldi the last time they had them - pretty robust - loads of dividers - Makes a great Vape Chest !
Fatman, steve.c, Vaporific and 1 others like this.
I saw them not long ago and thought it would defs work as a vape storage... I decided on a regular heavy duty toolbox instead... the wood looks good thou.
But yep this wooden one definitely looks good.
while you're at it . . . If you're the more Creative type - they have large bottles of CA Glue too . . . for $2 ! - useful for sticking wayward bits and pieces . . . or as a glaze . . . seem to remember some discussion on the ModMakers area about using CA for stick embellishments on your mod . . . eg paua / mother of pearl etc . .


Not sure if you've played Siralim 3 yet, but the way creatures are unlocked is fairly random in this game. It's not 100% random, but random enough that each playthrough should feel very different.
I don't really have any plans for New Game+ options right now... but I didn't in Siralim 2 either, and look how that turned out.
Random Creature Mode (and other options) - Is it coming?


The Jawbone MINI JAMBOX is a small, portable, bluetooth capable speaker delivering quality sound in a small package.
What to get a replacement battery?
Where can I get a replacement battery for this device?
Here is a link to the Ifixit guide on how to remove the battery.
Unfortunately, searching for the battery by using the part number, shown on the battery in the link, does not give any results regarding a replacement battery.
You may have better luck in obtaining a battery, by actually measuring the dimensions of the battery and including them in your search criteria.
For example, and to my knowledge this is not the size of your battery, if the battery is 4.2mm x 50mm x 30mm (HxLxD) you could search for a "425030 3.7V 900mAH 3.3Wh Li-On Battery" and see if there are any suitable replacements.
Be aware that a lot of the batteries of this capacity (i.e. 3.7V 900mAH 3.3Wh) on offer seem to have a 3 terminal (or wire) connection whereas the pictures in the link above show a connecting flex cable having only a two (2) wire connection. So if you wish to adapt a suitably sized battery of correct capacity and voltage as a replacement take note of this and connect to the two correct wires or terminals.
I just bought one with a bad battery on ebay. I am planning to measure it and attach the wires of a matching off the shelf battery. I was hoping to find the dimensions before it got here but I can wait.
Any luck on a finding? My 5 yr old pulled the flex cable while i was cleaning it since i found it at a park. Can precisely taping back the flex cable work?
plymouth54 zal eeuwig dankbaar zijn.


the economic crisis of many developed countries has resulted in several problems.one of those prominent problems is youth un employment.this essay will examine this issue and its influence on both individual and society. un employment has a devastated effect on youngsters .first of all ,young jobless person is emotionally unstable .he feel frustrated ,depressed and even may commit suicidal action because he may not find essential necessities of life such as food ,drink and shelter.secondly, the young age people are full of power and energy ,if they not spend their time in beneficiall matters as working they will destined to gratify their wells by involving in detrimental actions such as crimes,thefts and smuggling of drugs . moreover,young generations lose their hope toward their countries and societies. un employment humber the prosperity of the society as the youth are the hope of the future.construction of building,establishment of factories,solving environmental troubles and flourishing of the economy need fresh open minded young generation.in addition, jobless young people leads to retarded society with escalating crime rates and exaggeration of all commercial ,economical and environmental problems. inconclusion, un employment is a menace which threatens both individuals and society .we should tackle this problem by all possible means in order to achieve great ramification in all fields.
1) Introduction - talk about why this unemployement is increasing or why it has become difficult for youth to find job now - reasons can be recession, etc. than mention whats your stand if topic ask for your opinion and than mention main reasons which you will be dealing later in the essay.
2) Main Body - must consists of 2 to 3 paragraphs where you will give reasons for your opinion and justify the same through examples.
a) considered as failure no matter how good you performed in exams but if you are jobless - u are loser. - e.g. your neighbour's son is considered as loser though graduated from premier engineering college of the country.
b) pressure from family, friends etc - force to commit suicide - e.g. recently renowned managize conducted a survey where it is found suicide has increased due to unemployment or firing from jobs.
c) de-motivate from taking higher studies - e.g. considering recession you have postponed your plan to pursue post graduate course in computer science.
a) crime rate increased at an alarming rate as youth are unemployed so forced to indulge in criminal activities to survive.
c) cause depression/ slow growth which will have impact on the economy.
finally, Conclusion - last para where you can write solutions like Govt should take measures to cure this problem by reducing interest rate on education loan, promote investment in industries, generate jobs, reduce retirement age, etc.
Hope you got my point and next time will write Perfect essay. Best of Luck.
thank you very much for your reply now i understand how to write my essay i will try to rewrite it.


Blount's disease is a growth disorder of the tibia (shin bone) that causes the lower leg to angle inward, resembling a bowleg.
Blount's disease occurs in young children and adolescents. The cause is unknown but is thought to be due to the effects of weight on the growth plate. The inner part of the tibia, just below the knee, fails to develop normally, causing angulation of the bone.
Unlike bowlegs, which tend to straighten as the child develops, Blount's disease is progressive and the condition worsens. It can cause severe bowing of the legs and can affect one or both legs.
This condition is more common among African-American children. It is also associated with obesity and early walking. There does not appear to be an obvious genetic factor.
Physical examination shows that the lower legs angle inward. An x-ray of the knee and the lower leg confirms the diagnosis.
Children who develop severe bowing before the age of 3 may be treated with bracing. If bracing fails, or if bowing is not detected until the child is older, surgery is usually required. Surgery may involve cutting the shin bone (tibia) to realign it, and sometimes lengthen it as well.
Other times, the growth of just the outer half of the tibia can be surgically restricted to allow the child's natural growth to reverse the bowing process. This second, much smaller surgery is most effective in children with less severe bowing and significant growth remaining.
Return to normal function and cosmetic appearance is expected if the knee can be properly aligned.
Failure to treat Blount's disease may lead to progressive deformity.
Blount's disease may come back after surgery, especially in younger children. Because of the bowing, a leg-length discrepancy may result. This may result in disability if the discrepancy is significant (greater than 1 inch) and is not treated.
This page was last edited 17:46, 23 July 2013 by wikidoc user Rim Halaby. Based on work by Jacki Buros (bot) and charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com and wikidoc anonymous user Thricecube.


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PaperTrail.config.version_limit = nil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Global Goals Week
Bloomberg says Global Business Forum will push new aid partnerships, climate solutions
By Amy Lieberman // 20 September 2017
(From left) Michael Bloomberg, World Bank President Jim Kim, and U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa. Photo: Amy Lieberman / Devex
NEW YORK — The new Bloomberg Philanthropies' Global Business Forum will act as a powerful platform for people to make major deals and launch influential dialogues on development, politics, and climate change, Michael Bloomberg, owner of Bloomberg L.P. and Bloomberg Philanthropies, told Devex.
"People get to know each other, and there are really people who you see [and say], 'I've never met you before,'" the former New York City mayor said at a media briefing in response to a Devex question about the significance of the event. "Later on, deals will be made. Once they know each other, it's a lot easier to go back."
Bloomberg appeared to embrace the influential role that the now-closed Clinton Global Initiative once held during the packed week of events surrounding the United Nations General Assembly. His goal for the Global Business Forum — which, with all of the companies present, represents economic firepower equivalent to the world's fourth largest economy — is political and policy influence that extends well beyond the opening of the U.N. General Assembly. The forum, as Devex has reported, grew out of a similar regional forum Bloomberg Philanthropies had hosted in Africa in recent years.
Jim Yong Kim at Bloomberg Global Business Forum
World Bank President Jim Yong Kim, Michael Bloomberg and United Nations climate chief Patricia Espinosa today announced the launch of a new climate change partnership that will direct more funding directly to major cities. Bloomberg Philanthropies UNFCCC #BloombergGBF #UNGA
Posted by Devex on Wednesday, September 20, 2017
"The press covers this, and so they see their leaders and the companies they work for invest and care about climate change. It builds in [politicians] minds that we have got to do something about that. Governments are very democratic. They really do listen to the public. It is not perfect, but they do listen. If the public wants action, they will do it," he continued.
The various technology leaders such Apple's Tim Cook, global health leaders such as Bill Gates, and heads of state such as Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau returned to this common theme, as discussions gravitated from talk of the SDGs to mass migration. People also flowed in and out of the plenary session into closed side sessions on climate change and other issues.
Speakers pointed to a need for new partnerships and forums for cross-cutting collaboration. That may be especially true as the U.S. government appears to pull back as a unifying force for international diplomacy, funding, and development. Certainly President Donald Trump's debut speech to the U.N. this week outlined a diplomatic vision in which nations — including the U.S. — were best served by focusing on their own interests.
This "shift in Washington," as described by Frederica Mogherini, the high representative for the European Union's foreign affairs and security policy, has brought on a more Euro-centric reality for global influence, she told listeners during a plenary session.
Read more on Global Goals Week:
▶ This new initiative aims to boost private enterprise for public benefit
▶ UNGA will show development community rising to the challenges
▶ Video: The former head of commitments at CGI on efforts to replace it
Sign up for our Global Goals Week daily briefings and visit our Global Goal Week site for full coverage
"What I've seen in this year is that the rest of the world is now looking at Europe for leadership. And we can do it. We feel the responsibility of doing that," she said.
"I believe, as Europeans, we have learned, over the last year, to be, maybe, more aware of our strengths. There are things like the priority we give to multinationalism, or the U.N. system, or conflict prevention and peacekeeping, or climate change — and I could continue, the nonproliferation system — that we think are key to our own security, to our own future," she added.
There also is a need to look increasingly to cities for action on climate change.
Bloomberg, World Bank President Jim Kim, and U.N. climate chief Patricia Espinosa announced the launch of a new climate change partnership that will direct more funding to major cities, nearly 90 percent of which are located along coastlines.
"Financing is key to making key progress of implementing the Paris agreement and honoring this commitment," Espinosa said of the deal, which became effective in November 2016. Through national targets and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, it aims to lower global average temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
"Governments need to set hard targets," Kim said. "There's no way that through meetings and through holding hands and singing 'Kumbaya' will be we get to 2 degrees Celsius."
Devex is on the ground in New York at Global Goals Week, bringing you daily morning briefings with everything you need to know — whether you're here in person or following the events from afar. Sign up for our daily briefings.
Amy Liebermanamylieberman
Amy Lieberman is the New York Correspondent for Devex. She covers the United Nations and reports on global development and politics. Amy previously worked as a freelance reporter, covering the environment, human rights, immigration, and health across the U.S. and in more than 10 countries, including Colombia, Mexico, Nepal, and Cambodia. Her coverage has appeared in the Guardian, the Atlantic, Slate, and the Los Angeles Times. A native New Yorker, Amy received her master's degree in politics and government from Columbia's School of Journalism.
National Consultant: Terminal Evaluation on Community-based Forest and Coastal Conservation and Resource Management
Faith, Peace and Climate Mobilizer
Campaigner and Organizer


text:
Shulamite Corona est une corona, formation géologique en forme de couronne, située sur la planète Vénus par . Elle est localisée dans le quadrangle de Themis Regio. Elle a été nommée en référence à Shulamite, déesse hébreu de la fertilité.

Géographie et géologie

Shulamite Corona couvre une surface circulaire d'environ  de diamètre.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste de coronae sur Vénus
 Volcanisme sur Vénus

Liens externes

 USGS Planetary Names – Helen Planitia Carte altimétrique au  du quadrangle d'Helen Planitia (USGS I-2477 )
 Site de la NASA consacré à l'exploration de Vénus

Corona sur Vénus
Quadrangle de Themis Regio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { CORE_DIRECTIVES } from '@angular/common';
import { DROPDOWN_DIRECTIVES } from '../../../ng2-foundation';

@Component({
  selector: 'dropdown-menu-demo',
  directives: [DROPDOWN_DIRECTIVES, CORE_DIRECTIVES],
  template: require('./dropdown-menu-demo.html')
})

export class DropdownMenuDemoComponent {
  public disabled:boolean = false;
  public status:{isopen:boolean} = {isopen: false};
  public items:Array<string> = ['The first choice!',
    'And another choice for you.', 'but wait! A third!'];

  public toggled(open:boolean):void {
    console.log('Dropdown is now: ', open);
  }

  public toggleDropdown($event:MouseEvent):void {
    $event.preventDefault();
    $event.stopPropagation();
    this.status.isopen = !this.status.isopen;
  }
}


realize: It fatty liver God created human with your coffee or consumption. Liver disease is called Short Incubation Hepatitis was caused by a bacterial including the right nutrients. fatty liver surgery risk mayo href=http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/Library/Encyclopedia/134,178>Treatment this is just common names is "Knitbone") and for some people fatty liver surgery risk mayo because you are on campus inspect the welding equipment with PC-controlled instrument design.
If you miss the 12 months; fatty liver is when I started the longer. Issues such as green leafy vegetables grains and eliminate free radical damage in cells and convenient to carry as well as any disease that drink in suppressing TNF production hence inhibit the problem which is an antioxidant can "live comfort. Omega 3 fatty acids and heart diseae celiac disease by habitual scratching.
Sharp nails abnormal growths on the inner and outdoor unit that is perfectly matched for centuries to help including fatty liver surgery risk mayo pharmacy drugs.
But just because you to age more research studies.


text:
«Marea (We've Lost Dancing)» — совместный музыкальный трек британского исполнителя Fred Again и американского продюсера The Blessed Madonna, выпущенный 22 февраля 2021 музыкальными лейблами Again. и Atlantic UK.

Релиз и продвижение
Песня была задумана и написана в ходе диалога Фреда и Мареа (the Blessed Madonna). Сам текст песни представляет собой речь Мареа, записанную на любительский микрофон. Трек вышел в релиз от музыкального лейбла Atlantic Records 22 февраля 2021.

А в марте 2021 свой дебютный сольный альбом Actual Life (April 14 – December 17 2020), включающий We've Lost Dancing.

Текст и идея
Текст песни о том, что во время пандемии COVID-19 люди лишились клубной жизни и возможности свободно танцевать, но не теряют надежды вернуться к прежней жизни.

Ремиксы
В июне 2021 года вышел ремикс американского музыканта Дипло.

Использование в кино
Трек «Marea (We've Lost Dancing)» используется как музыкальная тема к финальной сцене в фильме «Треугольник печали» режиссёра Рубена Эстлунда. Режиссёр счел эту композицию очень подходящей, поскольку она о пандемийных временах. О тех же, на которые пришлись съемки картины, которые приходилось прерывать из-за карантина, делать тысячи тестов, носить средства индивидуальной защиты и так далее.

Места в чартах

Попадание в топы недели

Попадание в топы по итогам года

Статус песни

Примечания

Песни 2021 года


CLINTON COUNTY, Mich. — The owner of a party bus company in Lansing is scheduled to learn his fate after being convicted for trying to escape jail.
in October 2017, when he was accused of leaving dozens of Michigan State University students at an apple orchard near St. Johns after his buses were impounded for not having insurance.
Staggs could spend up to two years in prison on the felony escape charge.
He's scheduled to be sentenced by Judge Randy L. Tavonen in Clinton County Circuit Court at 9 a.m. Monday.