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Speaking of South Kitsap
Speaking of South Kitsap Reporter Chris Henry talks about life in the county seat of Port Orchard and surrounding areas.
Meet the Candidates: PO Mayor's Race
Despite different styles and personalities, candidates agree new mayor must take charge.
Port Orchard Mayor Kim Abel announced in early April she would not seek re-election at the end of her first term, leaving the race wide open. Vacant buildings in the downtown core are a glaring sign of the city's potential yet to be achieved, even as some downtown business owners have worked to improve the appearance of the area. The Port Orchard City Council has been working for more than a year on a downtown plan that could spell relief for the city's economy, but some merchants and property owners are frustrated with how long it's taken. Constituents voting in the upcoming primary election will no doubt be looking for candidates who have a clear vision of Port Orchard's future and the leadership skills needed to make it happen
Kathleen Dolan-Bowes
"I think the problem is downtown is a jigsaw puzzle," said Kathleen Dolan-Bowes, a retired chemical dependency counselor. "Everyone has a different interest. Everyone has a different piece. … Anyone sitting in that mayor's office is going to have to say, 'Look, this is the way we need to go.'"
Dolan-Bowes grew up in the Bronx — she's quick to tout her East Coast accent — and remembers the boarded up buildings in her old neighborhood. She said she sees the same thing happening in Port Orchard, buildings being bought up "as a tax write off," and it makes her mad.
"You cannot make a profit off the backs of the citizens of Port Orchard," she said. "I love our city. I believe I can help it grow."
To do so, Dolan-Bowes would use her counseling skills, even going so far as to bring in a dispute resolution facilitator if needs be to build consensus among city council members and city staff. The decision on the marquee, for example, was overly prolonged, she said.
"It became a laughing matter. Things need to be addressed then move on, get on with it," said Dolan-Bowes. She admires Abel but said, "I think she didn't have the ability to bring the city council and the planners to same plate. There has to be a common ground some way."
Dolan-Bowes wants to see development happen in Port Orchard, but not at the expense of current residents. She, has lived in Kitsap County since 1974. She has a bachelor's degree in political science and a master's degree in organizational leadership. She served as a Kitsap County court bailiff from 1979 to 1986, and has had experience in grant writing. Her children and grandchildren have attended South Kitsap Schools, giving her a strong investment in the community, she said.
Tom Saunders said his extensive background in business and community service would be an asset were he elected Mayor of Port Orchard.
Saunders was raised in Bremerton and attended West High School. He formerly worked as a manager for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and has owned his own business, Saunders Appraisal, for 36 years. He is a long-time member of Kitsap Kiwanis Club, and he served in the state level of the Kiwanis organization.
Saunders said he wants to see the City of Port Orchard capitalize on its assets.
"We need a vision of what Port Orchard can be," he said. "We've got a good downtown right now. I think it can be built upon."
Saunders said he would encourage pride of ownership among landlords of downtown buildings, and he would like to see the city do more to attract tourists.
He said the city council also has potential, but that it is stagnant.
"Possibly we could get some new blood in there, new thinking," Saunders said. "There are several that have a vision, several that are looking back at Port Orchard as is was in the 1950s and '60s. It's time for a change."
Saunders said he's a good listener who would maintain an open-door policy and work toward compromise among groups with conflicting interests.
He admits he's not a flashy public speaker, but said he would make up for it with dedication and a sense of service to the community.
"I don't know if you realize, I'm not much in front of a crowd. I get a bit nervous" he said earlier this month at a debate hosted by the Port Orchard Chamber of Commerce. "But you get me outside the door, and I come alive."
Lary Coppola, editor of the Kitsap Business Journal and host of the West Sound Politics blog, said reducing crime would be his top priority as Mayor of Port Orchard.
"Port Orchard has gone from having one of the lowest crime rates for cities its size in the state, to sixth highest in violent crime. For a city our size to have a higher per capita violent crime rate than Seattle is something I believe is simply unacceptable," he said.
Coppola said he would direct more resources to the Port Orchard Police Department.
"We have a great police department working with their hands tied behind their back," he said.
He would promote anti-crime ordinances such as those that have been successful in other cities, and he would make improvements to the city's Web site that would reduce crime through increased awareness and communication with citizens.
Coppola has also said that economic development is the key to reducing crime in the city.
"I believe our city is at a major crossroads," he said at the debate. "We need to have a proactive economic development plan, and right now, we don't."
Coppola said he would aggressively pursue annexation of surrounding areas and seek grants for new initiatives to spur economic growth.
He said he has been "frustrated" watching the city council, and he would use his experience as a business owner to direct proceedings at council meetings in a timely and meaningful way. He said Port Orchard could find an object lesson in Bremerton's redevelopment.
"Cary Bozeman was the catalyst," Coppola said. "He has done a marvelous job in getting everyone pointed in the same direction."
Coppola has lived in South Kitsap since 1975, with a business in Port Orchard since 1979. He owns Wet Apple Media, which produces the Kitsap Business Journal and other publications. He is serving his second term on the Kitsap County Planning Commission and has chaired the Citizen's Advisory Group for joint City of Port Orchard/Kitsap County Sub Area Planning Process. He was the 2005-2006 chair of the Kitsap Economic Development Alliance.
Coppola and his wife Dee moved to Port Orchard last year. They are raising their 3-year-old grandson.
July 24, 2007 2007 Election
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3 thoughts on "Meet the Candidates: PO Mayor's Race"
I would like to see a candidate that understands that the city's youth are its most valuable resource and proceed with that in mind. More law enforcement is good, but more emphasis should be given to preventing the need for additional law enforcement, especially in regards to the city's youth.
Of the top 10 or 12 economic countries in the world right now, 5 or 6 of them are Scandinavian. Why? Because everyone is skilled, everyone is well-educated, everyone does well, or has the opportunity to do so. Economic prosperity follows.
I don't see Port Orchard as a community that values its youth. At all. The South Kitsap School District does, on the other hand, but should they have to take the lead? And should they have to do it all? I think the City Council has to do a little more than say the bond is a good thing.
And things get worse for the kids. The indoor skate park is gone, the outdoor skatepark is gone, there are still no lights at the Retsil soccer field. You can legally buy drug paraphenelia where the indoor skatepark used to be. At the foot of hill coming from the high school. Talk about a mixed message.
I hope the mayoral candidates realize that by looking out for the youth in the community and demanding that outside investors do as well, will stimulate long-term economic growth.
Maybe that's something everyone can agree on.
Well said, Karen!
I'm a SKHS grad and someone who moved away from SK to raise a family for the reasons you listed above. Couldn't agree more.
I don't know about the other Scandinavian countries…but Norway has a few oil platforms in the North Sea, among other things…making Norway rich in natural resources.
I have opinions about Scandinavian people, in particular, Norway…. among the most inventive, strong work ethic, sense of humor, athletic, never quit attitude … but not,
"…everyone is skilled, everyone is well-educated, everyone does well, or has the opportunity to do so. Economic prosperity follows."
Norway, rich in natural resources, was impoverished to the point millions of Norwegians emigrated to America and other countries (New Zealand for one)….and the Norwegian immigrants brought their strength, ingenuity, work ethic, intelligence and desire to make a new life here in America..
An oil platform or two brought prosperity to Norway and for many, a crippling 'caste' system changed with prosperity. The government owns the oil wealth…
The comment, …"…You can legally buy drug paraphernalia…" in PO is hard to believe.
…in my opinion,
Sharon O'Hara
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If Trader Joe's comes to Kitsap, where should it locate?
East Bremerton
Jenny on The Truth About Trader Joe's
Ron Kasprisin on PO Council to Revisit EDAW, Kasprisin Plans
Selina Ayres on The Truth About Trader Joe's
Ms. Brooklyn on The Truth About Trader Joe's
Melissa Barnum on South Kitsap Soccer Club Rising From the Ashes?
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The evolution of Irish music over the past few decades with examples of the many different strands of Irish music on the contemporary scene.
Foundation instruments of pipes, fiddle and flute. Demonstration of each with reference to background, technique, ornamentation etc.
The harp – a detailed analysis of its importance in Irish music, an exploration of regional styles and the factors which distinguish them.
Presentation on sean nós singing, accordion, concertina, banjo etc. and the role of accompaniment in Irish music.
Practical Demonstrations Students are divided into small groups and are assisted by tutors to examine, play and discuss the techniques of playing the various instruments. Students also have free access to our state of the art exhibition area with audio-visual, interactive screens and traditional music archive. The day ends on a lighter note with a music session/céilí dancing and an invitation to any musicians in the group to join in with our musicians.


Do you take your socks for granted? Do you slip them on without much thought? Do you worry that the socks you wear might be sending the wrong message?
The truth is that socks are a style accessory like any other and paying a little more attention to your choices can make a big difference to your ongoing aspirations for sartorial elegance. You'll be surprised how often your socks are on view and how they can influence the way people see you.
While slipping on a pair of rather non-descript socks might seem the perfect solution for any occasion, your choice of design and brand can actually say a lot about you as person.
Match to your trousers: Most style experts say you should match the colour of your socks to your trousers, not your shoes or even your shirt or tie. Having said that, black is often seen as a no-no and many say you should avoid the colour at all costs. And matching doesn't mean you have to match on colour – the socks and the trousers just need to connect in some divisible way that makes fashion sense.
Make sure they're long enough: While cropped socks might be suitable when you are out for a run, for all other occasions you should be wearing socks that cover your ankles, so you don't show even a hint of flesh when you sit down.
Wear socks that match the occasion: If you're out for a night on the red carpet, wear dress socks, not athletic socks, even if they match the colour of your tuxedo. If you're visiting an art show, something a little funky may be the order to the day with your smart casual wear.
Socks and sandals: There is some suggestion that wearing socks with sandals is a fashion faux pas. While this used to be the case, opinions have changed somewhat over the last few years. If you are in any doubt, of course, avoid sandals altogether, but wearing a nice pair of socks isn't going to kill your stylish reputation.
Don't be afraid to experiment: Sock fashion has raised the bar considerably over the last few years and there is a lot out there to choose from. While gaudy colours and Christmassy designs may still be laughable, indulging your personality and making a statement shouldn't be avoided, even in some more formal circumstances. Dare to be different but always make sure you match.
It can be easy to see socks as purely functionary. The truth is that the design factor in this area of dressing in recent years has really taken off.
Men are more and more paying attention to the way they look and the way they dress and designer accessories by key menswear designers like Remo Tulliani are ensuring that discerning men have the designer products to make them look and feel amazing. Designer socks can be a real statement about how you choose your foot attire for a night out or an important business meeting.
If you haven't looked at designer socks for your special event or evening out, then perhaps now is a good time to explore what's on offer. You will be pleasantly surprised.
The next time you open your sock drawer, you might like to review whether you're making all the best choices when it comes to your personal style. If all you find is a sea of greys, blacks and dark blues, it's probably high time to add a little more vibrancy and risk to your designer sock selection.


Looking for a company in Wichita, KS that does professional, intelligent logo design? Check out some of our awesome examples from other customers below. Everything from custom logo designs, to logo touch-ups and previews of your logo on handbags, t-shirts-, office spaces, hats, mugs and business cards.
Before you do anything, you should get the logo first. The website and stationary and total feel of the business depends a lot on the look of the logo. Your logo is your brand mark, and shouldn't be taken lightly. We create clean, intelligent, fresh logo designs that are made with color psychology and actual intent, rather than just 'making a logo'.
Did you know that Pepsi spent over $1,000,000 dollars to have their logo concept made? Logos are important.
Below are some examples of a design concept we were making for a senior care facility. We wanted something fresh, bright, professional and still friendly and welcoming so we used soft curves, bright earthly colors that say comfort but still keep the professional edge.
These are mock up examples of creating a new logo for a homecare facility, so you can see some of the process we go through after an evaluation of the customer's business goals.
Below you can see some stationary items with the new logo design on it, to give a feel of what it will look like for your business in the future.
Here we did a logo for Lithium Laboratories, a US based company that creates futuristic power sources for use in military machinery. Included a business card preview so the customer could see what it looked like on a business card.
If you already have a logo, we can either keep that and create a new design that matches it, or spruce and older logo up just a bit so your brand is still recognizable and go from there. Below is an example where we took a Wichita accounting company's personal style (western/equestrian/ranch) and matched their existing logo to a website theme.
Here is a logo we did for an international online supplements retailer, including a mockup logo design in a workspace office.
We are local to Wichita, KS but can do design and even delivery of final products such as T-shirts, hats, mugs, handbags and water bottles upon request for bulk orders. Have a question? Contact us.


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Lennar Corp. Q3 Profit Rises
By RTTNews Staff Writer ✉ | Published: 9/14/2020 5:50 PM ET
Lennar Corp. (LEN.B) announced earnings for its third quarter that rose from last year.
The company's profit came in at $666.42 million, or $2.12 per share. This compares with $513.37 million, or $1.59 per share, in last year's third quarter.
Analysts had expected the company to earn $1.55 per share, according to figures compiled by Thomson Reuters. Analysts' estimates typically exclude special items.
The company's revenue for the quarter rose 0.2% to $5.87 billion from $5.86 billion last year.
Lennar Corp. earnings at a glance:
-Earnings (Q3): $666.42 Mln. vs. $513.37 Mln. last year.
-EPS (Q3): $2.12 vs. $1.59 last year.
-Analysts Estimate: $1.55
-Revenue (Q3): $5.87 Bln vs. $5.86 Bln last year.
Stock Alert: Lennar Rises 8% As Quarterly Results Beat Estimates
Lennar Q4 20 Earnings Conference Call At 11:00 AM ET
Lennar Corp. Earnings Rise In Q4
Lipocine Reports Positive Topline Phase 2 Results From LPCN 1144 LiFT Study; Stock Rises

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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House Could Take Up Second Stimulus Next Week
September 9, 2008 / 5:15 PM / The Politico
Congressional Democrats renewed their call for a second economic stimulus package on Tuesday, hoping to seize the upper hand on the economy just eight weeks from Election Day.
Democratic leadership aides said the House could begin work on a second stimulus package as early as next week.
Sen. Charles Schumer said a second stimulus was "at the top of the list" of priorities for the next several weeks.
In a series of press conferences throughout the day, Democratic leaders identified a laundry list of components for the package, including spending on infrastructure, the Low-Income Heating Assistance Program, an extension for unemployment benefits, aid to states facing increased Medicaid costs and food stamps, among other priorities.
However, House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said another round of rebate checks would not be included in a second stimulus package.
House Speaker Nancy Pelosi highlighted a recent a recent five-year high in the unemployment rate as a call to action.
"More than nine million Americans are out of work," said Pelosi. "Hopefully that statistic will speak eloquently that a second economic stimulus is needed."
Continue reading post...
First published on September 9, 2008 / 5:15 PM
The Politico
Anthony Comello is facing murder charges in the shooting of Francesco "Franky Boy" Cali, an alleged leader in the Gambino crime family
updated 11M ago
Cops hunt for leads in Canada murders
Investigators have released a sketch of a person of interest in the murder of an American woman and her Australian boyfriend along a remote Canadian highway. Authorities in British Columbia are also searching for two missing teens. While looking for them, they found a man's body on the side of the road. Police are investigating whether any of these are connected, as families of the young couple are grieving. Nikki Battiste reports.
updated 4M ago 02:24


Its developed an issue where the on both heating and water.
I can call for heat via tap, the boiler fan comes on, electrodes spark and flame appears.
after a few seconds the flame sounds intensified and then quickly fades out untill off.
Anyone have any knowledge of this type of issue?
Fan tests fine and runs even after flame extinuishes. no error lights. just re-ignits after a minute or 2 and does the same.


A standard illuminant is a published spectral profile of visible light. The most commonly used and referred to standard illuminants are published by the CIE. A CIE illuminant is a spectral characterization or model that defines the amount of energy at each wavelength across the spectrum. Physical light sources listed as a particular standard illuminant are designed and manufactured to approximate that ideal characterization. CIE standard illuminants are divided into multiple categories or series. The illuminant series generally used in digitization activities is the D series (approximating daylight), with D50 and D65 being most commonly used.


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Marguerite Table & Chairs Gallery
Contemporary boat-shaped dining table with upholstered curved high-back chairs, hand-crafted in locally sourced Flamed Irish beech to suit an existing family home.
Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland
The table and chairs were a fine furniture commission by a private client that was looking for a unique bespoke design to work in their dining room.
They already had a good idea of the styles they liked, including the boat-shaped table top. After an initial design consultation Handcraft Furnishings provided a range of ideas as options, and then went on to present a finished design drawing for approval.
The dining suite is made from locally sourced Flamed Irish beech, which features a 'flame' pattern in the grain and has darker spalted areas where the wood has weathered over the seasons.
The table itself is designed to seat four people comfortably, with the legs of the table as an important feature. The placement of the legs are as close to the corners of the table as possible for more leg room, and each leg is set at a 45 degree to make the seating area feel more spacious.
Each leg is tapered and made from a single piece of wood, making the table the standard height of 750mm, and is fixed to the frame with mortice and tenon joints for strength.
The table top is butt-jointed, glued and laminated Flamed Irish Beech locally sourced from Galway, the length of which was specified by the client to suit their dining room.
The table surface is finished with a natural satin oil polish, to enhance natural colours of the wood with a pleasant fragrance.
The design of the chairs began with the curved line of the backrest, and a former was made to shape the laminated beech to maintain a uniform appearance for each of the hand-crafted chairs.
The beech timber was cut into fine strips and laminated using resin based glue to maintain the curved shape of the backrest and be structurally strong.
The legs and frame rails of the chairs were made out of single pieces of timber and joined using mortice and tenon joints, and finished with a natural satin oil polish.
Each chair seat has a vented board base shaped to suit the frame, with a firm upholstery foam cushion pad and finished with a durable natural grained covering.
To complement the suite a contemporary sideboard was also designed and hand-crafted from the same Flamed Irish beech.
The top and sides of the sideboard are butt-jointed, glued and laminated Flamed Irish Beech in the same fashion as the table top, and mitre-joined to a solid beech frame.
As a feature detail, the wood surface appearance of the sideboard, has a continuous waterfall effect as the grain matches on the corners and flows down the side of the furniture.
The doors are a flat panel construction, each from a single piece of wood framed with beech rails, mounted with secret hinges and magnetic catches. Each compartment has adjustable beech shelves for flexibility of use.
Next Project Page
Handcraft Furnishings, Ballina Rd, Tubbercurry, County Sligo, Ireland, F91 XR20
Contact Peter Brennan | Tel: 087 907 6514 | Email: info@handcraftfurnishings.com
© Handcraft Furnishings Ltd. | Website design by Zetagram


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Thabana Safari Lodge is built on a hill overlooking the beautiful Marico Valley. It is a secluded, privately owned luxury lodge on 25000 acres of prime, malaria-free Bushveld. Visitors to Thabana Safari Lodge have the opportunity to view one of the largest variety of game animals to be found on privately owned land. The species include Rhino, Buffalo, Roan Antelope, Sable Antelope, Giraffe, Springbok and 25+ other species.
The Marico Valley is located in the Northwest Province of South Africa less than 3 hours drive from Johannesburg airport. With the Enselsberg Mountains in the south, the Dwarsberg Mountains in the north and the Marico River in the east, nature has created an area with breathtaking views and a habitat suitable for most of Africa's animal and bird species.
Conservationists and the government recognised the significance of this area. The Northwest corner of the valley was purchased from private landowners. It is now the home of the newly established Madikwe National Park where a large variety of game animals including Africa's big five have been successfully reintroduced.


. This is my OLD car customised with LS engine + F1R works with methanol. The transmission is TH400.
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The last front engine Corvette to go racing? The relative simplicity of the racing Corvettes paired with their dominance (and the sound) has always been the charm of the program, hopefully some of that stick-it-to-em-ness remains.
A few pics of the group yesterday out at @racesonoma. Great to hang with @crashhawkra, @tash.r35, @z06todd, and @rdubfalco__! Nice to meet @agee_v, @robe530, and @aszrael1266!
It's awesome to have two very different classes of cars racing at the same time. As fast as the GTLM cars are it's amazing what a purpose built DPi car can do.
#hotwheels car culture silhouettes 2019, Monza.
Second coat of sealant might have done the trick. Maybe.
. راعي الموتر | !!


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Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number Video Lessons
Concept: Magnetic Quantum Number
Example: Provide the identity of a set of orbitals that exist in the 4th principal level and f sublevel
Concept: The Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Problem: Which quantum numbers below could correctly describe the orbital to the right? (a) n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0 (b) n = 2, l = 2, m l = 1 (c) n = 3, l = 1, m l = -1 (d) n = 3, l = 2, m l = -3 (e) n = 3, l = 2, m l = 2
Which quantum numbers below could correctly describe the orbital to the right?
(a) n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0
(b) n = 2, l = 2, m l = 1
(c) n = 3, l = 1, m l = -1
(d) n = 3, l = 2, m l = -3
(e) n = 3, l = 2, m l = 2
Learn this topic by watchingQuantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number Concept Videos
All Chemistry Practice Problems Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number Practice Problems
Q.Why are atoms usually portrayed as spheres when most orbitals are not spherically shaped?
Q.Part D. How would the dx2 − y2 orbital in the n = 5 shell compare to the dx2 − y2 orbital in the n = 3 subshell? A. The contour of the orbital would e...
Q.Part A. What is the angular-momentum quantum number (also called the azimuthal quantum number), ℓ, for the orbital shown here?Assign quantum numbers a...
Q.Part A. The s orbital is spherical (nondirectional) because Check all that apply.a) the angular wave function for all s orbitals is a constant. b) at...
See all problems in Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number
Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number concept. You can view video lessons to learn Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number. Or if you need more Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number practice, you can also practice Quantum Numbers: Magnetic Quantum Number practice problems.
Our tutors rated the difficulty ofWhich quantum numbers below could correctly describe the orb...as medium difficulty.
Our expert Chemistry tutor, Dasha took 1 minute and 58 seconds to solve this problem. You can follow their steps in the video explanation above.


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Top Bollywood Films To Watch This Republic Day
There are plenty of patriotic movies made in Bollywood that can leave you teary-eyed with their stories that lead to the freedom of our country. As we gear up to acknowledge Republic Day 2021, here is a list of some of the most loved Bollywood films that reignited the spirit and love for our nation within us.
Border (1997)
This film is inspired by the true events that unfolded during the Indo-Pakistan war in 1971. The Battle of Longewala is extensively depicted throughout the film. The film consists of a star cast of Sunny Deol, Jackie Shroff, Sunil Shetty, and Akshay Khanna who gave one of their best career performances ever in the film.
Airlift (2016)
This list is incomplete without Akshay Kumar's list of patriotic films listed under it. The star who is known to make 3-4 films a year was once going through a phase where he was only starring in films that were extremely patriotic and gave him a doorway to express his love for his nation. The storyline of Airlift was inspired by true events. It was set up against the backdrop of Kuwait where it depicted the incident of Iraq invading Kuwait. That resulted in thousands of Indians getting stuck in the warzone. Akshay played the role of the messiah who helped hundreds of Indians return to their nation safely.
Lagaan (2001)
The storyline is extremely heart wrenching where Aamir Khan playing the role of an innocent farmer strives to free his village and its people from the heavy British tax they have had to succumb to. Bhuvan who is the protagonist aims to bring justice to his family and farmers through the game of cricket and defeating the British. The film was buoyed by riveting performances by the whole ensemble cast. The film was sent as India's official entry to the Oscars.
Swades (2004)
One of Shah Rukh Khan's best performances of all time. Swades was a beautiful story of an aspiring scientist who did a respectable job at NASA. As he comes to visit his Kaveri Amma in his village hometown, he is saddened by thinking how much he could do to improve the conditions there. He decides to relocate to India and dedicates his life to developing his childhood hometown. This Bollywood movie was the first of its kind to be shot at the headquarters of NASA.
Hrithik Roshan has had quite a career graph over the years. Lakshya saw him in a different avatar than his usual roles..The story revolves around a man who is uninterested in everything in life. However, in a zest to prove his worth in front of his girlfriend, he joins the army and soon the storyline is more about the LOC war and how Hritikh's character turns into a stoic responsible man who learns about discipline in the Indian Army and begins to see life in a whole different way.
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Aamir Khan is known to be a perfectionist and this Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra directorial was one of the best that he has been a part of. This film is based on disturbing societal issues that seem to be an inseparable part of India. The storyline revolves around the solutions that could help India to get out of them. The film was released on Republic Day itself back in the year 2006. It drew relevance from the outstanding contributions of revolutionary freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh and how they defied that which is uncommon.
Chak De India (2007)
The mettle of Shah Rukh Khan as an actor par excellence is proved by the variations he has in his career graph. Chak De India was one of the biggest blockbusters of his career that won him a lot of accolades. This movie saw Shah Rukh play the role of a world-class hockey player who gets into being called dishonest after he is presumed to be a part of match-fixing. His endeavors to lead an Indian Women's hockey team to victory to gain back his respect make this film a thrilling watch.
Raazi (2018)
Not only did this Meghna Gulzar directorial add another feather of success to Ali Bhatt's film career, but it brought Vicky Kaushal on the map too. Adapted from Harinder Singh Sikka's Calling Sehmat, this film was about a young Kashmiri girl Sehmat Khan, played by Alia who marries Iqbal Syed, a Pakistani army officer played by Vicky Kaushal, and moves to Pakistan as an Indian spy. Sehmat's grit and resilience to help her country by finding out important information from Pakistan make this movie a brilliant watch.
Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019)
Vicky Kaushal has proved his worth time and again with his impeccable choice of movies. The historical surgical strike that unfolded in India after the Pulwama attack was effortlessly depicted on the big screen. The movie had other notable actors like Paresh Rawal, Yami Gautam, and Mohit Raina besides Vicky Kaushal who were equally crucial for the storyline and had a part to play in making the film a huge success. It is a film that every Indian is always proud to watch as it stirs a whirlwind of nationalistic emotions in them.
Mission Mangal (2019)
Another movie with a star cast that was led by Akshay Kumar in the forefront. The story revolves around the storyline of a group of scientists who work tirelessly at the ISRO to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission. The movie was directed beautifully and the cast had big names like Vidya Balan, Taapsee Pannu, Sonakshi Sinha, and Akshay Kumar to name a few. The film was critically acclaimed and appreciated by the audiences as well.
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution states that discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth is forbidden. However, as Ayushmann Khurrana discovers in this Anubhav Sinha film, the reality is much different. A police officer becomes enmeshed in a dark world where a person's value is determined by their position in society after setting out to look into the murders of three lower-caste girls. The movie was praised for bringing attention to a problem that the nation is still struggling with even after 75 years of independence.
Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020)
Gunjan Saxena, who is set to enlist in the Indian Air Force, asks her father whether she is a traitor because all she wants to do is fly a jet in one of the moments from newbie filmmaker Sharan Sharma's film. In answer, her father says that as long as people carry out their responsibilities, this nation will have its patriots. In the Kargil War, Saxena goes on to become the first female combat pilot. The movie is as much a celebration of female empowerment as it is of the country, with topics like gender inequality and patriarchal views at its centre.
Sardar Udham (2021)
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, a slow burn that lasts for more than 40 minutes in the last hour of the movie, comes as a surprise. It horrifies, shocks, and finally allows a spectator to internalise their ideas deeply enough to have a deeper knowledge of the psyche of a person who had actually experienced the horrible massacre's aftermath. Sardar Udham digs into the agonising darkness of a numbing catastrophe that impacts everything for not only a young man but a nation in its haunting stillness. So, when he exacts revenge and describes himself as a revolutionary, you genuinely believe him.
Sarfarosh (1999)
A movie like Sarfarosh is uncommon and enduring because it is a cop movie without jingoism. Aamir Khan, who plays the lead, is an IPS officer with a tragic history. He never once adds excessive machismo to his demeanor, though. He continues to be firm but in a quiet, compassionate manner. The movie gently examines the origins of nationalism while also addressing the prejudice that the country's Muslim community faces. It promotes humanity and solidarity without being overly didactic.
More on: bollywood movies for republic day, movies for republic day, music for republic day, songs for republic day, mustwatch bollywood movies on republic day


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N. John Douglas
Information about N. John Douglas
Broadcast Chief Executive
Nuts (Cashew)
About N. John Douglas
See how N. John Douglas is related to other HistoryMakers
Broadcast chief executive N. John Douglas was born in New York City in 1938, the son of Mae, a registered nurse, and John, a teller. In 1960, Douglas received his B.S. degree in physics from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine. At Bates, he participated in athletics and still holds the long jump record for a New England college athlete.
After earning his M.S. degree in physics from Howard University in 1962, Douglas worked as a senior scientist at Lockheed Research Laboratories in Palo Alto, California. He worked there until 1968, winning the Lockheed Corporation Publication Award in both 1967 and 1968. Douglas entered the world of business in 1968 at the Bank of America, becoming the first African American security analyst at a major financial institution. That same year, he studied business administration at the University of Santa Clara and investment analysis and management at the University of California, Berkeley. Douglas continued working as a security analyst and in managerial positions, for various companies and brokerage houses until 1981.
Since then, Douglas has been highly successful in the field of broadcast programming and operations. In 1981, he founded KSTS-TV, Channel 48 in San Jose, California, the first African American-owned television station in the United States. He also served as the creator and news director of Business Today, the first nationally syndicated daily business news program to air on stations in the top five markets and on a cable network reaching six million homes. Douglas is also the founder and chairman of Douglas Broadcasting, Inc., a twenty-five station radio broadcast group created in 1989.
Presently, Douglas is the president and CEO of AIM Broadcasting. AIM focuses on ethnic audiences with radio stations throughout the United States.
Tape: 1 Story: 1 - Slating of N. John Douglas's interview
Tape: 1 Story: 2 - N. John Douglas lists his favorites
Tape: 1 Story: 3 - N. John Douglas describes his mother's family background
Tape: 1 Story: 4 - N. John Douglas describes his father's family background
Tape: 1 Story: 5 - N. John Douglas describes his father's personality
Tape: 1 Story: 6 - N. John Douglas talks about his sister
Tape: 1 Story: 7 - N. John Douglas describes his earliest childhood memory
Tape: 1 Story: 8 - N. John Douglas describes his family
Tape: 1 Story: 9 - N. John Douglas describes his childhood
Tape: 1 Story: 10 - N. John Douglas describes the sights, sounds, and smells of his childhood
Tape: 1 Story: 11 - N. John Douglas discusses his childhood athletics
Tape: 1 Story: 12 - N. John Douglas talks about his experience at Dwight Morrow High School
Tape: 2 Story: 1 - N. John Douglas describes his experience at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine
Tape: 2 Story: 2 - N. John Douglas describes his likeness to his parents
Tape: 2 Story: 3 - N. John Douglas talks about his high school athletics
Tape: 2 Story: 4 - N. John Douglas talks about his interest in physics
Tape: 2 Story: 5 - N. John Douglas describes the environment at Bates College
Tape: 2 Story: 6 - N. John Douglas his athletic experience at Bates College
Tape: 2 Story: 7 - N. John Douglas discusses his academics at Bates College
Tape: 2 Story: 8 - N. John Douglas describes his experience on the track team at Bates College
Tape: 2 Story: 9 - N. John Douglas describes the African American community at Bates College and in Boston, Massachusetts
Tape: 2 Story: 10 - N. John Douglas describes attending at Howard University for graduate school
Tape: 3 Story: 1 - N. John Douglas talks about receiving his M.S. degree in physics from Howard University and being hired at Lockheed Research Laboratories
Tape: 3 Story: 2 - N. John Douglas talks about moving to California
Tape: 3 Story: 3 - N. John Douglas describes his work at Lockheed Research Laboratories
Tape: 3 Story: 4 - N. John Douglas talks about his experience at Lockheed Research Laboratories
Tape: 3 Story: 5 - N. John Douglas talks about his career at Lockheed Research Laboratories
Tape: 3 Story: 6 - N. John Douglas talks about his experience at Bank of America
Tape: 3 Story: 7 - N. John Douglas describes his experience as a black financial analyst
Tape: 3 Story: 8 - N. John Douglas talks about his family's reaction to his career choice
Tape: 3 Story: 9 - N. John Douglas talks about working at International Strategy and Investment
Tape: 3 Story: 10 - N. John Douglas describes the environment for African Americans in Corporate America in the 1970s
Tape: 3 Story: 11 - N. John Douglas talks about his family
Tape: 3 Story: 12 - N. John Douglas describes his experience as an analyst at Bear Stearns, Reynolds and Company, and at James Capel
Tape: 3 Story: 13 - N. John Douglas describes being hired at Castle and Cooke, Inc.
Tape: 4 Story: 1 - N. John Douglas describes Castle and Cooke, Inc.
Tape: 4 Story: 2 - N. John Douglas describes his experience working at Castle and Cooke, Inc.
Tape: 4 Story: 3 - N. John Douglas describes his work with the United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez
Tape: 4 Story: 4 - N. John Douglas discusses the cultural sensitivity of Castle and Cooke, Inc.
Tape: 4 Story: 5 - N. John Douglas talks about what he learned at Castle and Cooke, Inc.
Tape: 4 Story: 6 - N. John Douglas discusses starting his broadcasting company
Tape: 4 Story: 7 - N. John Douglas discusses the launch of KSTS-TV
Tape: 4 Story: 8 - N. John Douglas describes what he learned running KSTS-TV
Tape: 4 Story: 9 - N. John Douglas describes his experience at KSTS-TV
Tape: 4 Story: 10 - N. John Douglas describes his sale of KSTS-TV to Telemundo
Tape: 5 Story: 1 - N. John Douglas describes what he learned from working with venture capitalists
Tape: 5 Story: 2 - N. John Douglas describes the barriers faced by black-owned media properties
Tape: 5 Story: 3 - N. John Douglas talks about his employees at KSTS-TV
Tape: 5 Story: 4 - N. John Douglas describes some of the programs he produced for KSTS-TV
Tape: 5 Story: 5 - N. John Douglas talks about the building of Douglas Broadcasting
Tape: 5 Story: 6 - N. John Douglas talks about his achievements with Douglas Broadcasting
Tape: 5 Story: 7 - N. John Douglas describes starting Personal Achievement Radio
Tape: 5 Story: 8 - N. John Douglas describes satellite radio and its potential
Tape: 5 Story: 9 - N. John Douglas reflects upon his career path
Tape: 5 Story: 10 - N. John Douglas talks about the potential for more African Americans in broadcasting
Tape: 5 Story: 11 - N. John Douglas describes the importance of investing and black-owned businesses
Tape: 5 Story: 12 - N. John Douglas describes his hopes and concerns for the African American community
Tape: 5 Story: 13 - N. John Douglas reflects upon his legacy
Tape: 5 Story: 14 - N. John Douglas talks about how he would like to be remembered
Tape: 6 Story: 1 - N. John Douglas narrates his photos


The stack class provides a multi-writer/multi-reader stack, pushing and popping is lock-free, construction/destruction has to be synchronized. It uses a freelist for memory management, freed nodes are pushed to the freelist and not returned to the OS before the stack is destroyed.
If the data structure is configured as fixed-sized, the internal nodes are stored inside an array and they are addressed by array indexing. This limits the possible size of the stack to the number of elements that can be addressed by the index type (usually 2**16-2), but on platforms that lack double-width compare-and-exchange instructions, this is the best way to achieve lock-freedom.
If this template argument is passed to the options, the size of the stack is set at compile-time.
Construct stack, allocate n nodes for the freelist.
Destroys stack, free all nodes from freelist.
It only checks, if the top stack node and the freelist can be modified in a lock-free manner. On most platforms, the whole implementation is lock-free, if this is true. Using c++0x-style atomics, there is no possibility to provide a completely accurate implementation, because one would need to test every internal node, which is impossible if further nodes will be allocated from the operating system.
Pushes object t to the stack.
Pushes as many objects from the range [begin, end) as freelist node can be allocated.
true, if the pop operation is successful, false if stack was empty.
It only guarantees that at some point during the execution of the function the stack has been empty. It is rarely practical to use this value in program logic, because the stack can be modified by other threads.
true, if stack is empty.


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\section*{Remerciements}
Nous remercions l'ANRT pour les thèses CIFRE n° [2020/0870] et [2020/0964] ainsi que les compagnie SolutionData Group et Kaduceo, le Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir et l'ANR pour la thèse EUR CARe N°ANR-18-EURE-0003 ainsi que l'allocations doctorales interdisciplinaires N°ALDOCT89533–2021-2026 de l'Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées et de la Région Occitanie.

\section{Introduction}

Le domaine de l'apprentissage automatique a connu un succès retentissant cette dernière décennie. Toutefois, l'augmentation des performances des modèles s'accompagne d'une augmentation de leur complexité, à la fois en terme de nombres de paramètres mais aussi de quantité de données nécessaires pour les entraîner. Cela entraîne souvent un manque de transparence des opérations effectuées et résultats obtenus, effet appelé "boîte noire". Ce phénomène soulève la question de l'explicabilité des modèles entraînés et se révèle être bloquant dans des domaines à forts enjeux comme la finance, la santé, la justice ou les véhicules autonomes par exemple. L'explicabilité des modèles (aussi appelé XAI, \textit{eXplainable Artificial Intelligence} en anglais) soulève également des problématiques éthiques, légales et sociétales. Ainsi, en Europe, le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données demande à ce qu'une décision prise par un tel algorithme puisse être expliquée à la personne concernée.

Dans ce contexte, plusieurs approches d'explicabilité ont vu le jour : les explications globales du modèle, les explications locales des prédictions, les approches basées sur les exemples ou encore les modèles d'apprentissage automatique naturellement interprétables \citep{molnar_2019}.
Chacune de ces approches met en avant des caractéristiques spécifiques du modèle entraîné, des prédictions effectuées ou du jeu de données utilisé pour l'entraînement.
Les approches proposant des explications locales comme LIME \citep{ribeiro2016should} et SHAP \citep{lundberg_shap_2017} sont celles qui suscitent le plus de propositions scientifiques et sont les plus populaires, autant dans la recherche que l'industrie \citep{nauta2022anecdotal}. Ces approches présentent l'avantage d'être facilement utilisables et compréhensibles par des utilisateurs non-experts de l'apprentissage automatique puisque les explications ont une forme courte, logique et contrastive \citep{molnar_2019}.
Les papiers définissant les méthodes explicatives utilisent néanmoins l'explicabilité comme une finalité, pour justifier de la possibilité d'expliquer le modèle proposé, sans aller plus loin dans l'étude des explications comme objets informatifs.
Des comparaisons de plusieurs méthodes locales d'explications tendent à définir dans quel contexte chaque méthode est la meilleure \citep{doumard-localXAI-comparaison_2022}. Ces études ont permis une démocratisation de leur utilisation via des exemples d'utilisation, qui essayent d'aller plus loin que les simples explications, notamment au travers de clustering \citep{excoffier_clustering-xai_2022,lee_xai-clustering_2022}. En amont, une autre approche prend en compte les explications pour améliorer la sélection de variables et les étapes de pré-traitement des données \citep{haomiao_explainai2022}. Ces techniques sont cependant utilisées indépendamment les unes des autres, sans enrichir un processus global d'extraction de connaissance.

L'objectif de ce papier est alors de montrer que l'explicabilité peut être bénéfique à plusieurs étapes d'un pipeline d'extraction de connaissances sur un jeu de données.
Nous présenterons d'abord le pipeline proposé ainsi que ses différents composants.
Nous présenterons et discuterons ensuite les résultats avant de présenter de potentielles perspectives de travail.

\section{Méthodes}

\subsection{Description du pipeline proposé}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
\centering
\includestandalone[width=0.7\textwidth]{figures/schema_pipeline}
\caption{Pipeline d'extraction de connaissances au travers des explications}
\label{fig:pipeline}
\end{figure*}
Nous commençons dans un premier temps par présenter une vue d'ensemble du pipeline proposé en décrivant étape par étape les opérations effectuées.
Le pipeline de traitement est illustré en Figure \ref{fig:pipeline} et les étapes sont les suivantes :
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Premièrement, les variables pertinentes pour le modèle sont sélectionnées dans le jeu de données.
    \item Le modèle d'apprentissage est entraîné sur le jeu de données constitué du sous-ensemble de variables.
    \item AutoXAI utilise le modèle et le jeu de données pour proposer un algorithme d'explicabilité dont les hyperparamètres sont optimisés.
    \item L'algorithme d'explicabilité va produire des explications pour le modèle boîte noire relativement au jeu de données.
    \item Un algorithme de clustering est appliqué sur ces explications afin de trouver des groupes d'instances similaires de par leurs explications. Chaque cluster est résumé avec un ensemble de règles.
    \item Enfin, on sélectionne les instances les plus informatives sur la distribution des données de chaque cluster pour les présenter à l'utilisateur et faciliter l'étude des données.
\end{enumerate}

La sélection de variables est le processus qui identifie le sous-ensemble de variables le plus pertinent pour construire un modèle d'apprentissage automatique. Cette étape de pré-traitement permet d'améliorer la performance du modèle, d'économiser des ressources liés à l'entraînement du modèle et de faciliter la compréhension des données et de la prédiction \citep{guyon2003introduction}. Dans les applications réelles, comme les variables pertinentes sont généralement inconnues \textit{a priori}, les méthodes sont fréquemment évaluées par des métriques indirectes comme la précision ou le rappel \citep{yu2004fs_indirect}. La sélection de variables utilisée a un impact sur l'explication ce qui donne des indications sur la qualité de cette sélection de variable. Nous considérons que l'explication générée avec toutes les variables porte l'information complète et peut être utilisée comme base de référence. Si une explication générée par un sous-ensemble de variables est alors similaire à la base de référence, ce sous-ensemble est capable de conserver le maximum d'informations et la méthode qui propose ce sous-ensemble est préférable.

Pour la sélection de l'algorithme d'explicabilité, nous faisons appel à l'outil AutoXAI \citep{cugny-autoXAI_2022}. AutoXAI sélectionne les algorithmes d'explicabilité qui produisent des explications correspondant aux besoins de l'utilisateur. Il utilise ensuite des mesures d'évaluation des explications pour optimiser les hyperparamètres des algorithmes d'explicabilité afin de s'assurer que les explications respectent des contraintes de qualité. Ainsi, AutoXAI produit un classement où les algorithmes d'explicabilité sont ordonnés selon leurs scores obtenus par les mesures d'évaluation. Nous pouvons alors choisir un algorithme d'explicabilité produisant des explications adaptées et ayant de bons scores pour les mesures d'évaluations choisies.

Dans le cadre de l'exploration de données, il est commun de chercher à identifier des groupes d'instances parmi les données. Le domaine du clustering cherche à répondre à cette problématique de manière non-supervisée. Les explications offrent un nouvel espace de données pouvant être utilisé pour identifier des sous-groupes d'instances. On minimise ainsi l'impact des variables pouvant s'apparenter à du bruit, et on maximise l'impact des variables importantes pour le modèle.
Cela permet de mettre en valeur des motifs spécifiques à la tâche d'intérêt~\citep{cooper2021supervised}. De plus, le clustering hiérarchique nous permet de raisonner sur des groupes imbriqués, afin d'offrir une plus grande granularité dans l'exploration des populations.
De plus, nous avons aussi utilisé Skope-rules afin de produire des règles résumant chaque cluster.

La recommandation d'instances permet ensuite de proposer à l'utilisateur un groupe réduit d'instances ayant un fort pouvoir représentatif. À la différence des systèmes classiques de recommandation, cette étape du pipeline utilise exclusivement les explications pour définir les instances les plus importantes à étudier. Cette sélection se base sur les clusters créés précédemment, en sélectionnant l'instance centrale de chaque cluster, le médoïde si disponible, le centroïde sinon. Leur étude peut ainsi permettre de mieux comprendre le jeu de données et potentiellement les instances correctement et incorrectement classées par le modèle.

\subsection{Protocole expérimental}

Nous illustrons notre approche avec \textit{sa-heart}, un jeu de données de classification binaire issu d'une étude rétrospective des hommes d'une région à haut risque de maladies cardiaques de l'Afrique du Sud  \citep{rossouw1983coronary}. Le modèle d'apprentissage utilisé est le \textit{MLPClassifier}, un perceptron multicouche issu de la bibliothèque scikit-learn \citep{scikit-learn}.
L'algorithme d'explicabilité Kernel SHAP est sélectionné via AutoXAI, avec une optimisation des hyperparamètres au regard de la \textit{Robustesse} \citep{alvarez2018robustness} et de l'\textit{Infidélité} \citep{yeh2019fidelity}, deux mesures d'évaluation des explications.

Pour la sélection de variables, 13 méthodes sont testées pour couvrir les différentes familles de la sélection de variables. En comptant la précision, le $\tau$ de Kendall entre les rangs de variables et le changement de l'influence des variables, peu de méthodes éliminent des variables. Les deux méthodes basées sur la théorie de l'information, \textit{Conditional Mutual Information (cmim)} \citep{fleuret2004cmim} et \textit{Joint Mutual Information (jmi)}\citep{yang1999jmi}, proposent un sous-ensemble commun avec une légère amélioration du taux de bonnes prédictions.

L'algorithme de clustering utilisé sur les explications est hiérarchique et agglomératif, il utilise le critère de Ward~\citep{ward1963application} implémenté dans la bibliothèque Scipy. Pour déterminer le nombre de clusters, nous avons privilégié la méthode L \citep{salvador_determining_2004}, basé sur une automatisation de la méthode du coude pour le clustering hiérarchique.
Afin de faire de la recommandation d'instance, nous identifions l'instance la plus proche du centre de chaque cluster. Ces instances sont aussi appelées médoïdes.

Le code pour reproduire les résultats expérimentaux est disponible à l'adresse suivante : \url{https://github.com/RobinCugny/XAI-knowledge-extraction}

\section{Résultats et discussion}

Dans un premier temps, nous entraînons le modèle d'apprentissage sur le jeu de données complet et son taux de bonnes prédictions est de $0.766$. Nous entraînons le modèle sur toutes les données afin de capturer au mieux toutes les relations statistiques sans nous préoccuper du sur-apprentissage, puisque nous ne cherchons pas à généraliser le modèle.
Vient alors la question suivante : \textit{"Toutes les relations statistiques sont-elles significatives ?"}. En effet, on ne peut exclure la présence potentielle de variables redondantes ou inutiles (bruit) dans le jeu de données. Il convient alors d'effectuer une étape de sélection de variables. Après calculs, il s'avère que la variable \textit{'type-A behavior'} n'apporte que du bruit au modèle d'apprentissage puisque sa précision est de $0.768$ sans celle-ci. Nous décidons donc de l'écarter car sa contribution n'aurait pas été significative voire trompeuse lors de l'extraction de connaissance, puisque le modèle d'apprentissage est perturbé par cette variable.
Nous pouvons à présent utiliser AutoXAI pour choisir l'algorithme d'explicabilité que nous allons utiliser. Un extrait du classement produit par AutoXAI est visible dans le Tableau \ref{table:autoxai_classement}.

Les algorithmes d'explicabilité sont classés dans l'ordre décroissant d'après leur score agrégé, ce dernier est obtenu par combinaison linéaire des mesures d'évaluation standardisées et les hyperparamètres utilisés sont dans la colonne de droite.
Les hyperparamètres sont \textit{nsamples}, \textit{l1\_reg} et \textit{summarize} pour Kernel SHAP et \textit{num\_samples} pour LIME.
Dans ce classement, Kernel SHAP est meilleur que LIME puisque la meilleure combinaison d'hyperparamètres pour LIME est seulement $32^{eme}$. Cependant, les 2 meilleures solutions globales n'utilisent que 2 variables, ce qui peut en effet maximiser les mesures d'évaluation mais qui s'avère contre productif pour faire de l'exploration de données. Dans notre cas, nous souhaitons voir l'influence de chacune des variables que nous avons conservées à l'issue de l'étape de sélection de variables.
La solution que nous choisissons est donc la $3^{eme}$ solution, Kernel SHAP avec les hyperparamètres suivant : 'l1\_reg': "bic", 'nsamples': 581, 'summarize': "KernelExplainer".

\begin{table}[]
\centering
\small
\caption{Extrait du classement produit par AutoXAI.}
\resizebox{0.9\columnwidth}{!}{
\begin{tabular}{cccccc}
\hline
Rang & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Score\\ agrégé\end{tabular}} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Robustesse\\ standardisée\end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Fidélité\\ standardisée\end{tabular}} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Algorithme\\ d'explicabilité\end{tabular} & Hyperparamètres \\ \hline
1 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{1.214} & 0.320 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{1.054} & SHAP & 1568 ; num\_features(2) ; KernelExplainer \\
2 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{1.214} & 0.320 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{1.054} & SHAP & 1731 ; num\_features(2) ; KernelExplainer \\
3 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{0.879} & 0.007 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{0.875} & SHAP & 581 ; bic ; KernelExplainer \\ \hline
 &  &  & ... &  &  \\ \hline
32 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{-0.138} & -1.872 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{0.798} & LIME & 10 \\
37 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{-0.520} & -0.603 & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{-0.218} & LIME & 69
\end{tabular}}
\label{table:autoxai_classement}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[]
\caption{Table de règles associées à chaque cluster}
\input{figures/Cluster_Rules}
\label{tableau:regles_clusters}
\end{table}

Avec les explications ainsi produites, nous pouvons appliquer l'algorithme de clustering sur les explications. Les clusters obtenus sont décrits par des règles qui délimitent les contours des clusters à la manière d'un arbre de décision. Ces règles sont visibles dans le Tableau \ref{tableau:regles_clusters}. Pour chaque cluster, on peut voir le taux de bonnes prédictions du modèle sur ce cluster ainsi que le pourcentage de patients malades. Ces informations peuvent renseigner aussi bien un data scientist qu'un expert métier. En effet, les performances du modèle montrent que certaines données sont plus difficiles à modéliser, ce qui indique des modifications à effectuer sur le modèle ou les données et des précautions à prendre pour une application dans un contexte réel. On peut également considérer cet écart de performance comme un biais, ce qui peut soulever des questions éthiques. Ici par exemple, le modèle a de meilleures performances sur les patients de moins de 23 ans par rapport aux autres patients, même si leur nombre est faible. Pour un expert métier, ces clusters peuvent représenter les tendances statistiques majeures de la population étudiée. Avec ces règles, il dispose en plus des relations simplifiées en rapport avec le sujet de l'étude, ici les maladies cardio-vasculaires.

Avec ces clusters, il est possible d'aller plus loin et d'extraire des instances représentatives comme en Figure \ref{fig:reco_inst}.
Pour l'instance du cluster 1 à gauche, on peut constater que le patient "médian" est âgé de 31 ans ce qui semble le rendre moins à risque mais sa consommation d'alcool ainsi que sa consommation de tabac augmentent son risque de maladie cardio-vasculaire. Pour l'instance du cluster 5 à droite, le patient a 17 ans et dans son cas, l'absence de consommation d'alcool et de tabac réduit ses risques de maladie cardio-vasculaire. Les deux patients ont des antécédents familiaux, et sachant que le deuxième patient est encore jeune, un expert métier pourrait suivre son évolution et éventuellement faire de la prévention concernant les comportements qu'on soupçonne à risque.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics [width=0.49\columnwidth]{figures/reco_clust_1.pdf}
\includegraphics [width=0.49\columnwidth]{figures/reco_clust_5.pdf}
\caption{Instances recommandées pour le cluster 1  à gauche et le cluster 5 à droite}
\label{fig:reco_inst}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
Dans cet article, nous proposons un pipeline de traitement centré autour des explications et qui a pour objectif l'exploration de données. Ce pipeline s'appuie sur un modèle d'apprentissage capable de capturer les relations statistiques complexes et nous permet de les observer au travers de sous-groupes de données et des instances qui les représentent.
Nous appliquons ce pipeline à un jeu de données de santé.
Nous montrons alors qu'il permet d'extraire des connaissances importantes pour le data scientist comme pour l'expert métier. Les connaissances extraites permettent de détecter des biais dans les données ou des faiblesses sur le modèle. On observe par ailleurs des tendances démographiques complexes centrées autour de la problématique du jeu de données.
Des travaux à court termes seraient d'appliquer ce pipeline sur d'autres jeux de données pour généraliser l'approche proposée.
Pour aller plus loin, il faudrait comparer les résultats obtenus avec différentes combinaisons de modèles, algorithmes d'explicabilité et sélections de variables. Cela permettrait d'observer si les connaissances extraites sont similaires, complémentaires  ou contradictoires.
Il serait intéressant d'observer l'impact des hyperparamètres des modèles d'apprentissages et des algorithmes d'explicabilité sur les résultats.
Les conclusions tirées par ces travaux pourraient permettre de déterminer automatiquement les choix pour les différents éléments du pipeline en fonction du jeu de données.

\bibliographystyle{unsrtnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
You are at:Home»IT & ITeS»IBS wins Payload Asia IT Provider of the Year Award
IBS wins Payload Asia IT Provider of the Year Award
Trivandrum: IBS Software Services, the Technopark, Trivandrum based provider of new generation IT solutions to the Travel, Transportation and Logistics industries world-wide, has announced that it has been awarded the 'IT Provider of the Year Award', instituted by Singapore based Payload Asia.
Sankalp Saxena, President & Head – Aviation Operations Services, IBS, received the award from Muhamad Hidayat Rahim, Commercial Manager, AirAsia Cargo, at the Payload Asia Awards 2013 Ceremony held in Singapore on October 17, 2013.
According to a statement from IBS, the selection of the winner was based on three main parameters – relevance & currency of offering, product innovation and range of value added services provided. An expert judging panel evaluated 80 nominations and shortlisted three finalists for each category of award. The winners from among the finalists were decided based on a global online poll by over 18,000 stake holders of the global aviation industry including airlines, freight forwarders, logistics service providers, airports, GSAs and cargo handling companies. The selection process was monitored by Singapore based independent auditing firm Summit Planners. This is the second international award won by iCargo, IBS' new generation Cargo Management Solution in the last six months.
Organised by Payload Asia and supported by Logistics Insight Asia, the Annual Award recognizes the air cargo supply chain organisations that have made a difference in the industry – those that have risen above the challenges through market adeptness, innovative products or superior strategy – to excel and make a positive impact on the market. This is the second edition of the annual awards.
Payload Asia is a trade publication that covers air freight, cargo agents & carriers, freight forwarders, ground handling and Airports news, and is one of the most widely read and respected aviation trade journals. In its 28 years of publication, Payload Asia continues to be the authoritative source for informative, accurate and up-to-date news and information on the air cargo industry and related sectors.
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Next Article Mobatia updates popular greeting app Dewdrops
Kerala IT firm powers Intel's Winter Olympics VR streaming
Toonz launches first Unity Game Development & Certification programme in Kerala
IBS Software among the top 100 companies for women in India
Federal Republic of Germany opens Honorary Consulate in Trivandrum
IT firm head honcho becomes first German Honorary Consul in Kerala
IBS Software bags IT Provider of the Year award yet again
IBS Software launches next generation digital travel platform – iTravel
Technopark Trivandrum employees demand job security & other facilities
Speridian Technologies invests in Kozhikode based Sesame Software


text:
Q: Как рассчитать сложную скидку? Интересуют методы для расчета стоимости корзины, набранной клиентом в интернет магазине. Пусть есть несколько акций, которые дают скидку на определенные товары или по некоторым условиями, однако могут быть ситуации, когда на группу товаров может воздействовать несколько скидок, в этом случае применяется только одна, а не все сразу.
Получается какая-то сложная и запутанная логика и код смотрится ужасно. Есть ли какие-то приемы или модели, позволявшие описать систему правил скидок наглядно? Может что-то из теории графов использовать?
Есть идея - оперировать списками, пропуская список товаров через обработчики. Обработчик может изменить цену одному товару или даже "объединить" несколько товаров, в один псевдотовар со своей ценой.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rensselaer, New York -- - New YorkÂ's electric system has the capacity to meet demand for electricity and the necessary operating reserves during extreme cold through the 2014-2015 winter season, according to the New York Independent System Operator NYISO.
The NYISO anticipates a peak load demand of 24,737 megawatts MW for the winter season. The forecast is below last winterÂ's peak, when polar vortex conditions produced a record-setting winter peak load of 25,738 MW on January 7, 2014.
Peak demand is a measurement of the average total electric demand by consumers for a one-hour period.
One megawatt of electricity can serve approximately 800 to 1,000 homes.
The winter peak forecast is based on average winter weather conditions, with composite statewide temperatures of 15 to 16°F. If extreme weather produces colder conditions, with temperatures in the 5 to 6°F range, peak demand across the state could increase to approximately 26,300 MW.
Installed generation capacity in New York state this winter amounts to 39,803 MW. Net external capacity purchases of 1,078 MW also have been secured for the winter period. When combined with the 843 MW of projected demand response in the Special Case Resources program, which enlists consumers to reduce electricity use during peak conditions, the total capacity resources equal 41,724 MW.
The electric system requires surplus power supplies to guarantee that sufficient electricity is available in the event of unanticipated power plant outages, transmission outages or unexpected increases in power consumption. Each day, New YorkÂ's grid operators maintain 1,910 MW of operating reserves, which means additional generation resources are scheduled above the amount needed to meet the projected demand for electricity on that day.
"Last winter, as much of the country dealt with frigid temperatures from polar vortex events, New York's electricity use set a new record winter peak," said NYISO President and CEO Stephen G. Whitley. "Last winter's record-setting demand, combined with natural gas fuel constraints, led to significant price volatility.


text:
Auto Uas
Commercial Drones
Unmanned aerial systems
Fixed Wing UAV Versus Rotary Wing UAV
Marine drone
Unmanned ground vehicle
VTOL Drones
Hydrographic survey
Remote ID Q & A: DRONERESPONDERS Answers Questions
Drone Magazine • December 28, 2020, 7:35 pm
Remote ID Q & A: Who will enforce Remote ID? When does it become effective? Where is it required? For all of these questions and more, DRONERESPONDERS, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping…
Biggest Battery Breakthroughs of 2020
The Biggest Battery Breakthroughs of 2020 As the engine room of so much of the modern world, there is an intense focus on boosting the performance of today's batteries and researchers are exploring…
Global Drone Super-highways a Step Closer as Octopus Ventures Back Altitude Angel
sUAS News – The Business of Drones • December 27, 2020, 5:33 am
Altitude Angel, the world's leading UTM (Unified Traffic Management) technology provider, today announced it raised a further £4m ($5.3m US) from one of Europe's largest VC investors, Octopus…
FAA releases final 107 rules regarding operations over people, night flying, and remote ID
drones: for news, information and discussion of drones/UAVs and quadcopters • December 28, 2020, 9:08 pm
submitted by /u/Twenty_One_Pylons [link] [comments]
FAA Issues Santa Special Operating Authority to Engage in Interstate Air Cargo Delivery
DRONELIFE • December 23, 2020, 10:47 pm
There are no Grinches at the FAA. "The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) today announced it has granted Santa Claus and his reindeer-powered sleigh special operating authority to engage in…
https://www.auto-uas.com/
AutonomousDrone AutonomousDrones Drone Drones UAV UAVs
Labels: AutonomousDrone AutonomousDrones Drone Drones UAV UAVs
50-Mile Central NY Drone Corridor
50-Mile Central NY Drone Corridor Drone Magazine • November 13, 2019, 1:30 pm The Federal Aviation Administration has approved the first segment of a 50-mile drone corridor between Syracuse and Rome. The approval allows drones to fly beyond visual line of sight within an… "It's brushless drones: for news, information and discussion of drones/UAVs and quadcopters • November 13, 2019, 8:39 pm submitted by /u/twitch_splyethix [link] [comments] Thanking All Veterans RotorDrone • November 11, 2019, 2:49 pm Of America's veterans, General Pershing said "Time will not dim the glory of their deeds." Team RotorDrone Pro would like to take this opportunity to thank our veterans for their service and… https://www.auto-uas.com/
PrecisionHawk Deploys Drones to Keep the Lights On
PrecisionHawk Deploys Drones to Keep the Lights On DRONELIFE • March 30, 2020, 6:33 pm Despite stay-at-home orders in more than 25 states due to the coronavirus pandemic, utility workers (including drone operators) remain on the job as the first line of defense of critical power… Amazon Taps Ex-Boeing Exec to Helm Drone Delivery DRONELIFE • March 30, 2020, 8:35 pm Amazon is bringing a veteran aviation exec on board to run its drone-delivery subsidiary as the retail giant continues to push for 30-minute aerial shipping. On Monday, CNET reported David Carbon,… Airbus VOOM, AAM test to close sUAS News – The Business of Drones • March 31, 2020, 7:11 am Clement Monnet In early 2016, we started Voom with the ambition to democratize access to the skies and transform how people move in urban environments. Over the last four years, Voom has grown from a…
FAA Adds UAS Restrictions Over Prisons
FAA Adds UAS Restrictions Over Prisons RotorDrone • October 31, 2019, 8:23 pm There are now 60 new places where you can't fly–and probably shouldn't have been flying: U.S. prisons. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) today announced Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)… https://www.auto-uas.com/
AutonomousDrone
AutonomousDrones


text:
Facts about Snakes – Have a look at our amazing information about snakes for kids and adults. Learn about snake's behavior, snake venom, snake's food habits, snake parks, types of snakes and much more. Snakes are one of the scariest creatures in the World. Some people believe that even seeing a snake in their dream will bring them bad luck. In ancient India, snakes were used in war to trigger confusion and fear among the enemies. In some parts of India, snakes are being worshipped as God (Naga). The devotees of Naga will offer milk to the snake idols. In India, Nag Panchami is a major Hindu Festival associated with snake worship.
Snakes occupy a predominant space in Hindu Mythology.
Snake in Lord Shiva's neck – Vasuki
Snake in Lord Vishnu's bed – Adishesha
Mythology Fact: Vasuki – This snake is used as a rope to extract the Amruth (a divine solution which gives immortality) from the ocean of milk.
Even in the Harry Potter Series, a snake character named Nagini has a major role.
In the Animal Kingdom, which class do Snakes belong to?
Snakes belong to Class Reptilia. In addition to snakes, the Class Reptilia comprises turtles, crocodiles, lizards, tuatara (kind of reptiles endemic to New Zealand), and their extinct relatives.
Where do Snakes live?
Snakes live everywhere. They live in rivers, oceans, lakes, trees, forests, and also in deserts. The only place where snakes cannot survive is those places which have frozen temperature all around the calendar. So we cannot find snakes in North of Arctic circle and Antarctica.
What do you need to know about the outer body of the Snake?
Similar to fishes, the body of snakes are also covered with scales. The major purpose of scales is it helps the snakes to move over hot as well as rough surfaces. The scales are 100% waterproof. The scales are made up of keratin. The scales of the snakes protect them from dehydration. Snakes sleep with their eyes open, as they lack eyelids.
Why do Snakes shed their skin?
Snakes shed their skin periodically. The skin of the snakes comes off in a single piece. Snakes shed their skin to make a way for further growth. The snake's skin doesn't stretch as the animal grows. At one point in time, the stretching capability of the skin stops. So snake shed their old skin layer.
What do you need to know about the inner body of the Snake?
The most surprising thing about Snakes that it has bones. Even though the snakes are highly flexible, snakes have approximately 150-500 vertebrae with as many ribs attached in their body. Snakes also have a trachea, two lungs, a liver, three-chambered heart, kidneys, intestines, and an anal opening. Snakes have internal ears but do not have external ears. Snakes can only detect vibrations of sound waves conducted through the ground.
Facts about Snakes Body
Even though Snakes have both nostrils and nasal cavities, they are not used to smell. Instead, the flicking tongue is usually used for the purpose of smelling and catching the prey. A snake becomes dormant after eating, while digestion takes place.
How many species of snakes are there?
Approximately, there are more than 3000 species of snakes. Every year, new species of snakes are being added by the scientist community. More than 375 snakes are venomous in nature.
Popular Snake Species in the World & India
S. No. Popular Snake Species Key Points
1 King Cobra Longest venomous snake in the world.
2 The green anaconda Heaviest snake in the world. Fully grown female snake weighs more than 200 kgs.
3 African Rock Python Africa's largest snake.
4 Arabian horned viper Desert dweller.
5 Indian Cobra Also known as Naja Naja. Most poisonous snake species native to the Indian subcontinent.
6 Indian Rock Python Non-venomous python species.
7 Russells Viper Species responsible for causing the most snakebite incidents in India.
8 Saw-Scaled Viper Rough scaled snake with large eyes.
9 Indian Green Pit Viper Also known as a bamboo snake or tree viper.
10 Banded Sea Krait Also known as yellow-lipped sea krait. It is one of the highly venomous sea snakes found in India.
Fun Facts about Snakes
Digestion in snakes takes a longer time. During this process, snakes become dormant. If a snake is disturbed during the digestion process, it tends to vomit the prey and then try to escape the incoming threat.
During snake charming performances, snakes respond to movement of the flute, not sound.
The size of the snakes varies from few centimetres to 10 meters.
In a single bite, some of the venomous snakes are capable of killing a human.
Some snake species like king cobras protect their eggs very carefully. Once the babies are born, they stay with the mother for one to two weeks.
The Thread snake (smallest snake) eats the eggs of ants and centipedes.
The largest snakes, the Pythons and Anacondas eat deer, pigs, rabbits, and other animals.
All snakes swallow their food whole. The teeth of the snake are not used for chewing. Instead, teeth are used for grabbing, hooking and holding their prey.
Snakes do have predators. Large sized birds, wild boars, mongoose..etc are some of the major threat to the snakes.
In China, snake meat is consumed and considered a healthy, warming food.
Snake wine is popular in Southeast Asia and China.
Snake soup is a popular health supplement in Hong Kong.
Big Four of India
Big Four refers to the four venomous snake species responsible for a maximum number of snake bites in India. They are,
Indian cobra, Naja naja
Common Krait, Bungarus caeruleus
Russell's viper, Daboia russelii
Saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus
Facts about Snakes Venom
Snakes use their fangs to bite and then the venom is injected.
Snake venom is basically highly modified saliva that is made up of around 80% proteins and some 20% enzymes.
Approximately 375 species of snakes are able to create venom. [Explore More Facts About Snakes Venom]
Antivenom from Snakes
Snake antivenom is a medication made up of antibodies used to treat snake bites by venomous snakes.
It is a biological product that typically consists of venom neutralizing antibodies derived from a host animal, such as a horse or sheep.
Initially, a host animal such as the horse or sheep will be given a minor dose of snake venom. Eventually, the host animals will develop antibodies against the venom.
Then the dosage will be increased gradually. That will pave the way for more antibodies.
After a certain point, the antibodies are collected from the host animal and processed to make snake antivenom.
Snake Parks in India
Parissinikadavu Snake Park, Kannur (Kerala)
Guindy Snake Park, Chennai
Katraj Snake Park, Pune
Calcutta Snake Park, Kolkata
Bannerghatta Snake Park, Bengaluru
Snake bite – What to do and What not to do?
If you are bitten by a snake,
1. Keep yourself as calm as possible. Because if you get panic, your heart rate will be enhanced and then the venom would circulate faster in your body.
2. You should not eat or drink anything. Because it is necessary to keep your metabolism at a low rate.
3. Never ever cut the bite area with a knife or anything. Also, don't suck the venom out with your mouth or anyone's (Just like Indian Movies).
4. Keep the bitten area below the heart. Do not apply a tourniquet.
5. If possible, try to remember the looks of the snake. It will be easy for the medical staff to give you the right Anti Venom. Things like the length of the snake, thickness of the snake, colour, patterns or markings in snake's body, shape of the snake's head..etc.
6. If possible take a photograph of the snake. Some antivenom is polyvalent – that is, it is effective against multiple types of venom.
Golden Rule to save yourself from snakes
If you ever meet a snake, don't get tensed and search a stick to kill. Things may go differently.
You just need to go back slowly. A sudden movement may panic the snake.
Do not turn your back to the snake and also do not run.
Walk backwards slowly and give the possibility for a snake to go away.
Is there any special day observed for Snakes?
Yes. The World Snake Day is observed on July 16. The world snake day mainly focuses on creating awareness about snakes among the people.
Quick Fact:
Snakes have a special ability to swallow prey larger than their mouth. They are able to do this with the help of special tendons located in their mouth. The tendons are super stretchable.
In Zoology, the process of shedding the old skin is known as Ecdysis. This process is also known as moulting.
Study of Reptiles is called Herpetology.
(Also Read About Important Branches of Biology)
Facts about Snakes


text:
remote_file "#{node[:saasfee][:workflows]}/#{node[:saasfee][:montage_synthetic][:workflow]}" do
  source node[:saasfee][:montage_synthetic][:url]
  owner node[:saasfee][:user]
  group node[:hadoop][:group]
  mode "775"
  action :create_if_missing
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: I'm trying to send string by a bundle and access it in another fragment by container activity's method but it's not returning the string I'm trying to send data from one fragment to another by help of the container activity's methods but it's not returning anything on the fragment(where the value is needed) so the string I want to toast is not toasted
My Code:
container activity methods:
    Bundle bundle;
public void saveData(int id,final Bundle data) {
this.bundle=data;
}
public Bundle getSavedData() {

    return this.bundle;
}

fragment from which bundle is being set onclick:
     public void onClick(View view) {
    Main_Page main_page=new Main_Page();
    user_email=autoCompletetTextView.getText().toString().trim();
     int key=1;
    switch(view.getId()){
    case R.id.proceed:
           //profile_pic si=new profile_pic();
           Bundle args=new Bundle();
           args.putString("email",user_email);
           main_page.saveData(key,args);}}

fragment where data is received:
public void onClick(View view) {
Main_Page main=new Main_Page();
Bundle bundle = main.getSavedData();
            if (bundle != null) {
         String myString = bundle.getString("email").toString().trim();
       Toast.makeText(getContext(),myString,Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            }

A: Both Main_Page objects are different here. So you can not get Bundle of old Main_Page object while creating another Main_Page object.
They both are the different object of same class.

A: send fragment inside use this code
Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
bundle.putString("key", "value");
// set Fragmentclass Arguments
ReciveClass receiveobj = new Receiveclass();
receiveobj .setArguments(bundle);

receive or get class inside use this code
  String getValue = getArguments().getString("key");

this above code as use get information easily.

A: After adding static to the bundle declaration it solved my problem

A: I hope the container is an Activity. Fragment one is saving data and Fragment two is retrieving the data. If the activity is recreated before retrieving the data then the bundle would be null. Make the bundle static and try it is working.
Or you can use Singleton class to pass data.
public class EmailDataHolder {

private static EmailDataHolder mInstance;
private String mEmail = "";

public static EmailDataHolder getInstance() {
    if (mInstance == null) {
        mInstance = new EmailDataHolder();
    }
    return mInstance;
}

public void setEmail(String email) {
    mEmail = email;
}

public void getEmail() {
    return this.mEamil;
}

}
Set data from fragment one -----
EmailDataHolder.getnInstance().setEmail(email);

Retrieve email from fragment two ---
EmailDataHolder.getInstance().getEmail();


During those times when you don't feel like spending even a single cent on different equipment and you simply want to gets your hands to work, here is a full guide on how to grade a site by hand. Don't be afraid of putting your hands to use because any site that is not too large can be graded without the use of equipment. Yes it may require effort but there is absolutely no doubt that grading by hand is such a money saver as it is completely free, you don't need to spend money as it is with other methods. For all the hard workers out there that are looking up to trying this amazing trend out, below are the instructions on how to easily grade a site by hand.
Select the grade; but there is no way you will get the job done without grade therefore you will have to choose your grade before proceeding to anything else. You have three options to choose from on this particular point. The first one being using the area in between high and low rise of the slope which involves putting a lot of retaining wall behind the structure and all round it however you will not have to spend on trucks of dirt and wasting time waiting for it to settle for an entire month. The second is cutting directly into the hillside and holding the structure firmly with the help of retaining walls and lastly being filling up the field with build up and putting retaining walls only on the lower side of the area. So you can select whichever is most convenient for you of the three.
Put up some sort of shade; in case you have a structure is already in existence you will need to put up some shade just to make sure that the job doesn't become even more difficult than it already on those days when the sun gets too hot. Since grading is not simple work you will need to work under the most comfortable conditions. Make sure the shade is well attached to prevent strong winds and any other such object from sweeping it off.
Get rid of the sod; the best tool to use for removing the sod is a spading fork, it will dive down to the bottom of the sod with ease. For the bottom pull and spread the sod. You can then put it away into a wheel barrow and deposit it on any part of your site that is free. Later on you will use the sod to build the soil all over again.
Measure and mark the grading area; use a laser level for measuring and defining which area of the site you will be grading. And there after you can use masking tape to label the part where the final grade will be. This will even make your job easier and quicker.
Begin cutting out the back; find the perfect mattock or heavy duty tool that you can use, it is much recommended that you pick a tool that will not be that difficult for you to swing around. You will need a very comfortable tool in order to get your job nicely done and achieve really excellent results. Break up the soil with the sharp end of your mattock and later start pulling dirt in your direction until it is all out of your working area. To maximize efficiency try to swing the tool in various direction because every swinging pattern comes with different results.
Get all the loose dirt out of your way to the low side; with the help of a shovel remove any loose dirt and put it away to wherever you dump your waste. If you will be grading the whole yard, you have to tamp too much which is the opposite for those who would like to grade only the lower part of the site. If you are lucky enough and get a heavy down pour in this period, your fill will settle in faster. This is not the final tamping, it will be at the end of grading.
Hold the fill back with a retaining wall; in case you have fill inside the structure it will be necessary to support it with a retaining wall, at the same time it can act as a stem wall. The retaining will therefore greatly help in holding the fill back.
Spread the grade out evenly and tamp; use a rake to spread the grade out all over the site, if you will be expecting it to rain any time soon then you have no reason to spend too much of your effort tamping. Your site will get the best tamping effects after it raining several times therefore don't fight so much with tamping. After this you grading will finally be finished. I guess it is not so such a difficult process.
Make sure you have all the necessary equipment with you before you start on the procedure, don't start looking for tools in the middle of the procedure to avoid wasting time.
Leave your sit exposed after grading for sometime because rain provides the best tamping results, no matter how much you tamp it will not be as good as the rain results.
Follow instructions as given above, you will not have any mistakes to regret when you follow all the steps in their correct order. So it is that simple, just follow the steps as given and you will be good to go.


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Bahir Dar University was established by merging two former higher education institutions; namely the Bahir Dar Polytechnic and Bahir Dar Teachers' College. The Bahir Dar Polytechnic Institute, which has transformed itself into Technology and Textile institutes, was established in 1963 under the technical cooperation between the Government of USSR and the Imperial Government of Ethiopia. The institute was a premier institute in producing technicians for the nation. The Bahir Dar Teachers' College, by then known as the Academy of Pedagogy, was established in 1972 by the tripartite agreement of the Imperial Government of Ethiopia, UNESCO and UNDP and started actual work in the following year under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts. Its general objective was to train multipurpose primary education professionals capable of adopting primary education to rural life and rural development. Its specific objectives were to train primary school teacher trainers, supervisors, educational leaders, adult education organizers and community development agents.
P.O. Box 79 Bahir Dar
+251 583 20 9653/ +251 583 20 6059
bduinfo@bdu.edu.et