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National Editorial
Global coalition can defuse US-Iran tensions
Only a cohesive plan to constrain Iran and its proxies can prevent a dangerous conflict in the region
Secretary of State Mike Pompeo speaking at the US Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan, this week. Jacquelyn Martin / Reuters
As tensions continue to rise between the US and Iran, the UAE is working with allies to defuse and de-escalate. This approach is designed to foster stability and protect energy supplies, whose safe passage through the region is integral to the global economy. Oil prices have risen following recent attacks on tankers off the coast of Fujairah and in the Gulf of Oman, which the US has blamed on Iran. Nearly a third of the world's seaborne oil passes through the Strait of Hormuz – equivalent to 18.5 million barrels per day – and yet Tehran has repeatedly threatened to block it, particularly given US President Donald Trump's plan to reduce Tehran's oil exports to zero by cancelling waivers to eight of its top importers.
Throughout, the UAE has been taken a mature and measured stance. Speaking in London, Adnoc chief executive Dr Sultan Al Jaber said: "Now is the time for wisdom, diplomacy and the concerted efforts of the international community." The UAE is well aware that war will serve no one's interests. That is why the nation is urging de-escalation, while simultaneously reminding Iran that those who seek to destabilise regional politics and the global economy will be held to account.
Last week, the White House was poised to launch a military offensive against Iranian targets, following the downing of a US drone. Ultimately, Mr Trump called it off, fearing at least 150 civilian casualties. However, in recent days, the hostile rhetoric of both Mr Trump and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani has escalated. That is why diplomats and security experts urged the US to formulate a holistic plan to "constrain, contain and deter" Iran at a forum held by The National in London. With fresh US sanctions imposed this week, including measures specifically aimed at Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Tehran has insisted that all diplomatic channels are now closed.
The UAE understands the need to keep them open – because war in the Middle East can only be averted with dialogue. Given their proximity, Gulf states are aware of the threat Iran poses, particularly with its proxies in Syria, Yemen, Lebanon and Iraq. But the UAE has repeatedly expressed its willingness to avert an all-out war.
In an encouraging sign, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is touring the region to build an international coalition to restrain Iran, particularly its hawkish Revolutionary Guard Corps. A cohesive approach, pursued in concert with America's strongest allies in the region, is vital. Although France, Britain and Germany remain committed to the flawed Iran nuclear deal – from which Mr Trump withdrew last year – they have vehemently condemned the tanker attacks. With an emphasis on constraining Tehran and its proxies and deterring further assaults on shipping vessels, a global coalition is the only way to de-escalate tensions.
Europe must act quickly to curb far-right mobilisation
The UAE is conquering space in the Moon landing anniversary year
Time is running out to end starvation
Troop redeployment in Yemen marks an important step towards peace
Trust is crucial if we are to counter the threat of Ebola
There is reason to fear Turkish involvement in northern Syria
Military strikes alone cannot defeat Al Shabab
Court case verdict highlights the importance of protecting workers' rights
Fines alone will not protect data privacy

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Home/russia/Omsk resident was obliged to pay a gift for gifts in the maternity hospital :: Society :: RBC
Omsk resident was obliged to pay a gift for gifts in the maternity hospital :: Society :: RBC
russia April 17, 2019 russia
Society ,
A resident of Omsk was obliged to pay gift tax at the hospital
The representative of the Omsk administration handed over money to Sanya Abuldin to refund the tax for the previously presented bouquet and certificate. This was announced at the RBC by the deputy director of the information policy of the city administration, Galina Nazarova.
She said Abdulina gave birth to a child who became the first in 2019. Omsk authorities gave him a bouquet of flowers and a certificate for the purchase of children's products in one of the shops of the city in the amount of 20 thousand rubles.
"According to the tax code, gifts of more than 4 thousand rubles are taxed and the administration did not ask for a refund, but a tax service. This happens in the case of winnings, in the case of gifts from private donors," said Nazarova.
She noted that when a woman received a gift, she signed a document in which she was written. According to her, on April 17, a city administration official handed over mothers money to pay the tax. "As far as I know, claims [у Сании Абдуллиной] left, "added Nazarov.
Previously, the "City 55" portal said that the woman received a letter from the Department of Public Affairs and Social Policy at the Omsk city hall. It was a requirement to pay a tax of over 2,3 thousand rubles. for a gift obtained at the birth of a child.
Scientists say who is at risk of contracting "long-term coronavirus"
Cyprus extradites to Russia a former adviser to the head of Rosribolstvo, accused of fraud – Lenta.ru
Elon Musk will leave California to pay less taxes – Ferra.ru
Biathlon, World Cup 2020-2021: Men's Relay, Women's Quest, Live Stream 06 December 2020
Ambassador's car with anabolic steroids intercepted at Russian-Moldovan border
Investigative Committee Demands Arrest of Suspects in Family Murder in Volokolamsk
By russia
Pavliashvili married his wife – TV program
Ripple could destroy $ 29 billion in tokens. How this will affect the XRP rate
Former Russian tennis player compares Moscow with Kiev: Tennis: Sports: Lenta.ru
Experts remove capsule with samples of earth taken from the Japanese space probe "Hayabusa-2" from the asteroid Ryugu – Echo from Moscow


text:
Using laws of physics to beat ISIS terrorists and stop them growing
By Christian Nordqvist Published Jun 19, 2016 at 10:55 AM GMT
The laws of physics can be used to study how ISIS terrorist support groups expand online, how terrorist behave, and create roadmaps to their activity which would help cyber police and other anti-terror watchdogs know when horrible things are about to happen.
Put simply, the laws of physics can allow us to be one step ahead of ISIS terrorists, says a team of researchers led by the University of Miami.
The scientists, who identified and analyzed 196 pro-ISIS groups operating from January to August 2015, found that even though the majority of the 108,000+ individual members of these self-organised groups had probably never met, they had a remarkable ability to adapt and extend their online longevity, grow in size and numbers, reincarnate rapidly after being shut down – and inspire 'lone-wolves' without any history of extremist activity or sympathies to carry out horrific attacks, like the mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando in Florida earlier this week – a 'lone-wolf' killed nearly 50 people in a horrific shooting spree.
(Large left graph) Empirical size variation of pro-ISIS aggregates. Shark-fin shapes of all sizes emerge with shutdowns that are not closely correlated. (Smaller right graphs) Similar results are predicted by the researchers' theoretical model, irrespective of whether they consider the model's initial or steady-state dynamics. (Image: science.sciencemag.org)
Neil Johnson, a physicist at Miami University's College of Arts and Sciences, and colleagues literally analyzed second-by-second records of online pro-ISIS movements during the first eight months of last year.
Like watching crystals forming
Dr. Johnson, who heads up a new inter-disciplinary research group in Complexity – at the University's Department of Physics – looking at collective behavior and emergent properties in a wide range of real-world Complex Systems, said:
"It was like watching crystals forming. We were able to see how people were materializing around certain social groups; they were discussing and sharing information – all in real-time."
Dr. Johnson says the laws of physics can also be used to study the collective behaviour of people, and not just particles.
"The question is," he continued "can there be a signal of how people are coming collectively together to do something without a proper system in place?"
According to a paper that Dr. Johnson and colleagues published in the academic journal Science (citation below), the answer is 'Yes!'
The researchers studied and analysed the connection and communication of pro-ISIS groups in online social media websites, such as the one on Russia-based VKontakte, Europe's biggest online social networking service. (Image: new.miami.edu)
The team generalized a mathematical equation – an algorithm – that is commonly used in chemistry and physics to the development and growth of ad hoc pro-ISIS groups. The researchers witnessed the daily interactions that drove online support for the 'aggregates' (groups) and how they blended and coalesced prior to the onset of real-world campaigns.
Dr. Johnson and colleagues suggest that by focusing just on these relatively few groups of dedicated followers – with individuals who discuss operational details such as avoiding drone strikes and routes for financing – cyber police and other anti-terrorist agencies could monitor their buildup and transitions and prevent any onset of a burst of violence before it starts.
Remove the guess work
Dr. Johnson said:
"This removes the guess work. With that roadmap, law enforcement can better navigate what is going on, who is doing what, while state security agencies can better monitor what might be developing."
"So the message is: Find the aggregates—or at least a representative portion of them—and you have your hand on the pulse of the entire organization, in a way that you never could if you were to sift through the millions of Internet users and track specific individuals, or specific hashtags."
While the authors focused on the ecology of collective behaviour, rather than single individuals, they say their roadmap could eventually help law enforcement officials track people like Omar Mateen, who killed 49 people and wounded 53 others at Orlando's Pulse nightclub during the early hours of last Sunday – Mateen claimed allegiance to ISIS.
Mateen, who was born in New York and lived in Florida, was a lone actor who had become radicalized online.
The extreme organisations that Dr. Johnson and colleagues were interested in were, for example ISIS, which somehow manages to maintain remarkable support across the world. (Image: news.miami.edu)
Lone wolves not alone for long
"Our research suggests that any online 'lone wolf' actor will only truly be alone for short periods of time. As a result of the coalescence process that we observe in the online activity, any such lone wolf was either recently in an aggregate or will soon be in another one."
"With time, we would be able to track the trajectories of individuals through this ecology of aggregates."
In this study, the researchers collected and analyzed data on pro-ISIS groups on VKontakte, a social networking service based in Russia, the largest of its kind in Europe. It has over 350 million users who communicate in several different languages.
The authors chose sites in VKontakte because they survive for considerably longer than on Facebook before being shut down.
They started off their search for pro-ISIS online chatter manually, identifying specific social media hashtags in a number of different languages, which they used as 'signals' to track down the more serious groups.
Co-author, Dr. Stefa, Wuchty, Associate Professor at Miami University's College of Arts & Sciences, Department of Computer Science, compared the hashtag search to throwing a stone in a pond, watching the ripples, and following each one carefully.
The hashtags took them to online groups, and the data was fed into a software system that mounted the search – the results were repeated again and again until the chase led back to groups that had been previously traced in the system.
Some pro-ISIS websites manage to get lone-wolf terrorists to carry out horrific attacks. Omar Mateen, born in New York, killed 49 people and injured another fifty at a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida.
Mathematical equation helps predict horrific events
The algorithm (mathematical equation) that the team borrowed from physics and chemistry illustrated the fluctuation of online groups and pointed to possible predictions, i.e. it really seemed possible to forecast what some of them were going to do next.
"The mathematics perfectly describes what we saw in real-time—how big and quickly these online groups grew and how quickly they were shut down by agencies or other monitoring groups."
As anti-terror entities, including the cyber police, got better at tracking down the groups and shutting them down, Dr. Johnson and colleagues witnessed those groups re-invent themselves – reincarnate – by changing their identities and names, or simply shutting themselves down and going quiet, like an aircraft in stealth mode, only to reappear later under a different identity.
Regarding social media groups, Dr. Johnson said:
"Much of the scientific community is focusing on different explanations as to why social media is so important, and I think we found research that presents a kind of crystallization method, looking at the dynamics of these groups and how they crystalize, appear, and morph into other groups."
Social media websites are an effective way of creating terrorists in their target country's homeland. While the authorities spend billions trying to stop terrorists from coming in from abroad, many of their own citizens are being brainwashed online.
Dr. Johnson wrote about this latest research in the academic blog The Conversation – 'Disrupting Pro-ISIS Online 'Ecosystems' Could Help Thwart Real-World Terrorism'.
Dr. Johnson and his colleagues' quest to distinguish casual chatter from dedicated and serious pro-ISIS support started largely by coincidence two years ago while he was working on a grant from the U.S. Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity to create a model for predicting mass protest or unrest based on activity online. A grant is money awarded for a purpose or project.
Just as the grant was nearing its end, ISIS emerged on the world stage in a big way, becoming a familiar and widely-feared household name after beheading one and then more journalists from the USA and UK.
Miami native Steven Sotloff, the second journalist that the ISIS terrorists executed, had ties to the University of Miami. To honor their son's work overseas, his parents established the 2Lives: Steven Joel Sotloff Memorial Foundation, which awarded its first Steven Joel Sotloff Memorial Endowed Scholarship to a student at the University of Miami's School of Communication. A scholarship is a form of financial assistance to academically gifted people with financial needs so that they can continue studying.
Laws of physics used at @umcas to analyze how #ISIS recruits through social media https://t.co/S6127IbSPH pic.twitter.com/X4KnKgr3wi
— University of Miami (@univmiami) 18 June 2016
In an Abstract which describes the main paper in the journal Science, the researchers wrote:
"Examining longitudinal records of online activity, we uncovered an ecology evolving on a daily time scale that drives online support, and we provide a mathematical theory that describes it."
"The ecology features self-organized aggregates (ad hoc groups formed via linkage to a Facebook page or analog) that proliferate preceding the onset of recent real-world campaigns and adopt novel adaptive mechanisms to enhance their survival. One of the predictions is that development of large, potentially potent pro-ISIS aggregates can be thwarted by targeting smaller ones."
Citation: "New online ecology of adversarial aggregates: ISIS and beyond," N. F. Johnson, M. Zheng, Y. Vorobyeva, A. Gabriel, H. Qi, N. Velasquez, P. Manrique and D. Johnson, E. Science Vol. 352, Issue 6292, pp. 1459-1463. 17 June 2016. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf0675.
Video – How ISIS recruits online
In this video, Dr. Johnson talks about the latest study and how ISIS and other terrorist and protest organizations pull in new recruits.


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Hamza Ali Abbasi has always been popular for his views, his opinions and his stances on issues, be it a political issue, an Islamic or religious issue or a social issue. Hamza always raises points on issues whether in favor or against something, for which he sometimes have to bear serious consequences. Despite everything, he still is very opinionated and he sure is famous for it.
Recently on a morning show with Sanam Baloch, Hamza praised Pakistani youth to which Sanam said that this same youth is the one who takes pride in breaking traffic signals but when they go abroad they all are up for following traffic rules. Does that mean that they don't respect their country's Rules and regulations?
Hamza replied that, our people are very good and they should not be underestimated. He said the problem arises when the Law is not implemented. According to Hamza the law implementing authorities are at fault for not making sure strict law maintenance . He by giving an example of Karachi said, that it can't be expected that the whole population of Karachi will abide by the laws all by themselves.
Hamza made his point saying that a person from Pakistan goes to Dubai as a driver and within twenty four hours he is seen abiding every traffic rule. It is not because of himself it is due to the fact that laws are being implemented very strictly there and everyone knows that in case of not abiding the law, consequences could be very harsh.


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I caught the glimpse of crafts exiting the atmosphere rather fast. Hard to tell their exact shape. At about 30 degrees off the eastern horizon (closest intersection Higgins and Huntington) I saw a huge flash of bright yellow/white light. The flash was so bright it illuminated the whole sky and the outside as if it were daylight but only for a few milliseconds. Then about 2 minutes later I saw the exact same thing. No sounds produced. No known aircraft (presently cloudy, drizzling). If I hadn't already been looking out the window trying to figure out the first flash I would have missed the second one. One thing to note although probably not related, was at the exact moment of only the first flash there was a single dog bark.


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Founded by Dr. Jarl and Irene Hulbert, the Artist Music Academy opened its Perry Hall/WHite Marsh facility in 2002. With a mission to bring the community musical instruction of the highest quality, the Artist Music Academy has, from its founding, required higher levels of education from its teachers than the majority of institutions in the region. And Artist Music Academy may be the only institution that requires grand pianos for its private piano lessons - an arrangement made possible by the founding of Artist Music Center (Artist Music's retail store) in 2010.
With substantial growth (mainly by word of mouth), Artist Music opened its Reisterstown facility in 2010. And with the help of a generous arrangement with TrinityLife Church of Lutherville, Artist Music absorbed Towson's Maryland Performing Artist Institute and established its Lutherville academy in 2016.
Our name, "ARTIST," is an acronym for our motto: "Artistic Rewards Through InSpired Teaching." True, music is a reward in and of itself, but at Artist Music Academy, we strive to do more than just teach, we strive to inspire. In pursuit of our mission, we combine high-quality musical instruction with performance and evaluation opportunities. While we are grounded in the ideals of classical training, our teachers approach each private student with flexibility and seek to cater to individual needs and aspirations.


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Q: cURL request (with Stripe API) slowing down page load times - optimal way to make the request? I'm making a call at the beginning of each page of my site to Stripe (a payment/subscription service) using its API in PHP. I need to check if at any point the subscription has failed/changed so they lose access to the current page.
The problem is that it seems to be slowing down my pages a lot, causing noticeable issues with JavaScript that's hiding/showing elements. What's the best way to handle this? If I AJAX after the page is loaded then a user could disable JS in their browser and retain access. Is it unusual for a cURL to be noticeably slow?

A: There can be various reasons behind why pages are loading slowly and/or the API response time is high. In your use case, it does make sense to retrieve the subscription object beforehand. An alternative approach would be to store subscription status in your DB so that you don't have to make a network request to look it up every time. You can use customer.subscription.updated webhook [0] to keep a track of subscriptions statuses.
To verify if Stripe is the one responding to your GET requests slowly, you can profile your request by logging timestamps before/after the GET to retrieve a Subscription completes. If it is not that high, then your latency might lie elsewhere in your code. Otherwise I'd reach out to Stripe Support with specifics such as the request IDs for those GET requests you made to Stripe's API [1].
[0] https://stripe.com/docs/api/events/types#event_types-customer.subscription.updated
[1] https://dashboard.stripe.com/test/logs

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What Is Ayn Rand's Concept of Prime Mover About?
Rand uses the term Prime Mover in a key scene in The Fountainhead, and also in the book's introduction. At first glance, it can be kind of unclear what she means. And Rand's not a vague writer — she writes precisely. So what does this term mean? 🤔
J INVESTIGATES! 📚🔍👀
To start with, let's just look at the term itself. A Prime Mover sounds like a first or initial or main (Prime) entity which moves something.
So two things to ask: what is the entity? And what is being moved? Some possibilities:
1) A Prime Mover is a thing within some physical object, which literally causes it to move (like an engine). So in this case an engine would be a Prime Mover and a car would be that which is moved. I'm going to call this a Physical Prime Mover.
2) A Prime Mover is some "spiritual" or "inspirational" element within a person, which causes that person to create or achieve something. So for example, a filmmaker's desire to see their vision of a movie realized could be the Prime Mover within a filmmaker. The desire metaphorically "moves" the filmmaker. I'm going to call this an Inner Prime Mover.
3) A Prime Mover is someone who accomplishes some great achievement, pushes some field forward, etc., through their creativity and productive energy. So in this case someone like Rand, or Rockefeller, or Feynman would be the Prime Mover, and you could say that society as a whole is what they metaphorically move. I'm going to call this a Human Prime Mover.
4) A Prime Mover is an entity that gets the whole universe started. So, certain conceptions of God, basically. I'm going to call this Aristotle's Prime Mover for reasons which will become apparent 🙂
Now, what's interesting is that all of these are actual uses of the term "Prime Mover". And I'm going to argue below that Rand herself uses Prime Mover in at least two of the senses just mentioned (Inner and Human).
I think that for a full understanding of what Rand meant by Prime Mover, some understanding of Aristotle's Unmoved Mover is essential, and some familiarity with the scientific/technical meaning of Prime Mover (which corresponds to what I called the Physical Prime Mover above) is a good idea. So I'll be discussing those topics as well.
Rand's Direct Uses of Prime Mover
There is one reference to the term Prime Mover within the story of The Fountainhead, in Roark's courtroom speech near the end of the novel (emphasis added):
No creator was prompted by a desire to serve his brothers, for his brothers rejected the gift he offered and that gift destroyed the slothful routine of their lives. His truth was his only motive. His own truth, and his own work to achieve it in his own way. A symphony, a book, an engine, a philosophy, an airplane or a building—that was his goal and his life. Not those who heard, read, operated, believed, flew or inhabited the thing he had created. The creation, not its users. The creation, not the benefits others derived from it. The creation which gave form to his truth. He held his truth above all things and against all men.
His vision, his strength, his courage came from his own spirit. A man's spirit, however, is his self. That entity which is his consciousness. To think, to feel, to judge, to act are functions of the ego.
The creators were not selfless. It is the whole secret of their power—that it was self-sufficient, self-motivated, self-generated. A first cause, a fount of energy, a life force, a Prime Mover. [Justin's note: Another term for this would be a FOUNTAINHEAD] The creator served nothing and no one. He lived for himself.
And only by living for himself was he able to achieve the things which are the glory of mankind. Such is the nature of achievement.
I think many people would read this as talking about the Human Prime Mover. I certainly thought that was the case myself, and even made a video based on that interpretation (see here)
But its worth parsing the text very carefully. If you do, another possibility becomes clear.
Note that the part that mentions Prime Movers…
"that it was self-sufficient, self-motivated, self-generated. A first cause, a fount of energy, a life force, a Prime Mover."
…is actually talking about "power." So Rand is writing that the secret of the creators' power ⚡– as distinct from the creators themselves — is that the power was a Prime Mover, or analogous to a Prime Mover.
So it seems like Rand might have the Inner Prime Mover meaning in mind here.
There is also some discussion in the author's introduction section of The Fountainhead , which seems to be about an Inner Prime Mover (emphasis added):
Was The Fountainhead written for the purpose of presenting my philosophy? Here, I shall quote from The Goal of My Writing, an address I gave at Lewis and Clark College, on October 1, 1963: "This is the motive and purpose of my writing: the projection of an ideal man. The portrayal of a moral ideal, as my ultimate literary goal, as an end in itself—to which any didactic, intellectual or philosophical values contained in a novel are only the means.
"Let me stress this: my purpose is not the philosophical enlightenment of my readers
My purpose, first cause and prime mover is the portrayal of Howard Roark [or the heroes of Atlas Shrugged] as an end in himself …
"I write—and read—for the sake of the story…. My basic test for any story is: 'Would I want to meet these characters and observe these events in real life? Is this story an experience worth living through for its own sake? Is the pleasure of contemplating these characters an end in itself?'
Rand is the entity being moved here. So that's Inner Prime Mover.
Also of note, Rand titles Part I Chapter 4 of Atlas Shrugged "THE IMMOVABLE MOVERS." I'll talk a bit more about that below.
One last bit of textual evidence directly from Rand on Prime Mover — in the Ayn Rand Marginalia book, there appears the following passage by John Herman Randall from his book Aristotle:
the only fact that justifies nature to man, is that the world exists to make life possible, and at its fullest, to make possible the best life, which for Aristotle is the life of sheer knowing, "Nous nousing nous."
And Rand comments on this:
"The psychological pride of the Unmoved Mover"
Note that Unmoved Mover is commonly treated as a synonym of Aristotle's Prime Mover (which I'll talk about in the next section). The meaning here is a bit ambiguous, but in the context of the author discussing man, man's life, etc., and Rand talking about Pride (an Objectivist virtue) it seems like she's thinking of the Human Prime Mover meaning.
Rand & Aristotle's Unmoved Mover
To understand the concept of the Prime Mover or Unmoved Mover, it is very helpful to know the origin. The Prime/Unmoved Mover is a concept in Aristotle's philosophy, and Rand was very familiar with Aristotle and admired his philosophy greatly (as the titles of the parts of Atlas Shrugged, among lots of other evidence, demonstrates)
Leonard Peikoff presents Aristotle's theory of the Prime Mover here [update: link removed because the Ayn Rand Institute broke it]. Aristotle's problem situation was that he wanted to explain "motion" — not physical motion per se, but all change:
Now let's ask the question: What keeps it all happening? What keeps things striving to actualize their forms? What keeps things on the go? Why are the acorns out to become oaks, and the baby busily changing into a man, and the water flowing downhill, and the sculptor shaping his statues, etc.? Why does the universe not run down, stop dead, become motionless? In a word: what is the cause of motion? And by "motion" in this question, we mean any change, any happening, any occurrence. […]
Now let us engage in a chain of reasoning here with Aristotle, and let us call this factor (whatever it is) that is responsible ultimately for motion "the Mover" (and if you want to anticipate, you can give it a capitol "M"). What can we infer about it? Well of course, the first thing is, it must be an eternal existent, since it is the cause of motion, and motion is eternal. Well let us ask the question: Can the Mover itself move? Answer—no; this Mover must be itself unmoved and even immovable.
The reason Aristotle wants the Mover to be unmoved is that he is trying to avoid an infinite regress. He wants to avoid the question: "what moves a Mover that can itself move?"
Peikoff goes on to describe other characteristics of the Mover, before telling us that, essentially, the Prime Mover moves stuff by serving as an inspiration to an intelligence connected to one of the celestial spheres, and that that's what gets the whole process of motion and change in the universe going. (Side comment: From a modern perspective, its kinda weird stuff, but keep in mind that all fields were in their early days, including astronomy)
Peikoff then talks about the nature of Aristotle's Prime Mover. The Prime Mover is a mind, so it thinks. But it can't move, it can't have a process of reasoning, it can't have senses (because these are all the processes that the Prime Mover is supposed to explain) (Side comment: Aristotle's Prime Mover doesn't make a lot of sense, honestly.)
A mind needs some object of contemplation though. Peikoff:
Well what is the object of its contemplation? Well, it can only contemplate something which is motionless, obviously. And the only thing which is motionless is the Prime Mover. And consequently Aristotle draws the conclusion that the Prime Mover thinks or is conscious only of Himself. […]
He describes it as pure self-consciousness, thought thinking about itself. Now this eternal, immutable, perfect, utterly self-absorbed mind responsible for the motion of the universe Aristotle frequently calls theos, "God." And this is therefore regarded as Aristotle's God.
So this is Aristotle's Prime Mover. And we can see how Rand took some stuff from Aristotle's views on this topic, which he meant as an actual explanation of reality, and incorporated them as nice metaphors in the context of her own philosophy. For example, the Unmoved Mover thinks only of himself in the context of Aristotle's philosophy because Aristotle is trying to avoid an infinite regress problem. But, in the context of Rand's philosophy, "the Prime Mover thinks or is conscious only of Himself" has a completely different — rationally selfish, self-oriented, first-handed — meaning.
With that background on Aristotle's Prime Mover theory, it should be clear why the expression "move[s] the world" — which appears 3 times in The Fountainhead — would be relevant to understanding and interpreting Rand's use of the term Prime Mover. Aristotle's Prime Mover is a literal world-mover 🌎 (by way of inspiring celestial-sphere intelligences, at least…)
From the author's introduction of The Fountainhead:
It does not matter that only a few in each generation will grasp and achieve the full reality of man's proper stature—and that the rest will betray it. It is those few that move the world and give life its meaning—and it is those few that I have always sought to address.
The use of "move the world" here seems compatible with the Human Prime Mover. Grasping any truth is the act of an individual — a person. And to grasp the full reality of man's proper stature would require deep philosophical understanding; to achieve the full reality of man's proper stature would require a very productive life. So Rand's talking about individuals achieving great things here. People moving the world. Human Prime Movers.
Technical Meaning & Motive Power
There is also a technical meaning of Prime Mover in engineering. This would be the Physical Prime Mover meaning.
If you are familiar with Objectivism, then two words from the following Merriam-Webster definition of the concept "Prime mover" should immediately jump out at you (emphasis added):
an initial source of motive power (as a windmill, waterwheel, turbine, or internal combustion engine) designed to receive and modify force and motion as supplied by some natural source and apply them to drive machinery
Motive power!! 😮
Motive power is a big idea in Atlas Shrugged both literally (with the trains 🚂) and metaphorically. A search on an ebook version of Atlas Shrugged indicates the term comes up 20 times. It actually comes up 3 times in The Fountainhead too!
I think motive power and Prime Mover are related concepts. In particular, metaphorical uses of motive power and what I've been calling the Inner Prime Mover seem related.
There's plenty of literal uses of the term motive power. Here's one example from Atlas Shrugged, and note the chapter title and the line "to keep it immovable" (emphasis added):
THE IMMOVABLE MOVERS
Motive power—thought Dagny, looking up at the Taggart Building in the twilight—was its first need; motive power, to keep that building standing; movement, to keep it immovable. It did not rest on piles driven into granite; it rested on the engines that rolled across a continent.
And then pretty shortly thereafter in the same chapter, a metaphorical usage of motive power (emphasis added):
She had always been—she closed her eyes with a faint smile of amusement and pain—the motive power of her own happiness. For once, she wanted to feel herself carried by the power of someone else's achievement.
Dagny being the motive power of her own happiness sounds a lot like Rand saying her "prime mover is the portrayal of Howard Roark […] as an end in himself."
Here's some more uses of motive power in a metaphorical way from Atlas Shrugged (note that this isn't comprehensive, just some examples). Hank Rearden thinking about stuff (emphasis added):
He observed, indifferently, the devastation wrought by his own indifference. No matter how hard a struggle he had lived through in the past, he had never reached the ultimate ugliness of abandoning the will to act. In moments of suffering, he had never let pain win its one permanent victory: he had never allowed it to make him lose the desire for joy. He had never doubted the nature of the world or man's greatness as its motive power and its core.
This is about individuals having motive power and driving the world. It corresponds to Human Prime Movers.
Francisco talking to Hank (emphasis added):
Yours was the code of life. What, then, is theirs? What standard of value lies at its root? What is its ultimate purpose? Do you think that what you're facing is merely a conspiracy to seize your wealth? You, who know the source of wealth, should know it's much more and much worse than that. Did you ask me to name man's motive power?
Man's motive power is his moral code. Ask yourself where their code is leading you and what it offers you as your final goal. A viler evil than to murder a man, is to sell him suicide as an act of virtue.
More Hank Rearden inner monologue (emphasis added):
He thought: Guilty?—guiltier than I had known, far guiltier than I had thought, that day—guilty of the evil of damning as guilt that which was my best. I damned the fact that my mind and body were a unit, and that my body responded to the values of my mind. I damned the fact that joy is the core of existence, the motive power of every living being, that it is the need of one's body as it is the goal of one's spirit, that my body was not a weight of inanimate muscles, but an instrument able to give me an experience of superlative joy to unite my flesh and my spirit
These last are talking about a motive power within man. So they correspond to the Inner Prime Mover.
And back to The Fountainhead, here's Roark explaining second-handedness to Wynand, by way of his observations on Keating (emphasis added):
I've looked at him—at what's left of him—and it's helped me to understand. He's paying the price and wondering for what sin and telling himself that he's been too selfish. In what act or thought of his has there ever been a self? What was his aim in life? Greatness—in other people's eyes. Fame, admiration, envy—all that which comes from others. Others dictated his convictions, which he did not hold, but he was satisfied that others believed he held them. Others were his motive power and his prime concern. He didn't want to be great, but to be thought great. He didn't want to build, but to be admired as a builder. He borrowed from others in order to make an impression on others. There's your actual selflessness. It's his ego that he's betrayed and given up. But everybody calls him selfish."
Saying that others were Keating's motive power seems like saying he lacked an Inner Prime Mover. Keating killed his Inner Prime Mover by denying his own preferences regarding e.g. becoming a painter. Thus, he turned to the approval of other people as the driver of his life and choices.
I think Rand used Prime Mover, and some closely related terms, in at least two senses. The first sense, which I've called the Human Prime Mover, describes individuals accomplishing great things in the world, and thus moving the world forward. The second sense, which I've called the Inner Prime Mover, describes some driving inspirational or creative element within someone which moves them to do great things.
As you can see, Prime Mover can mean lots of stuff. In the Objectivist context, I think it might be a good convention to use Prime Mover for what I've been calling Human Prime Mover. And to use something like "motive power" for what I've been calling Inner Prime Mover.
Posted on January 15, 2017 June 27, 2020 Author Justin MalloneCategories Philosophy
3 thoughts on "What Is Ayn Rand's Concept of Prime Mover About?"
Why didn't you create a comment section like Elliot's?
You could have asked him and copied the codes of his website.
justinthemallone says:
making an uber comments section for my infrequently updated blog that few people read seems like premature optimization to me. FI exists, people can discuss there. and i have rudimentary comments here. good enuf
tree surgeon Renfrew says:
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place earlier! I bookmarked it.
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