text:
Whitemarsh man admits to possessing child porn
MediaNews Group File Photo
Montco courthouse
By Carl Hessler Jr. | chessler@pottsmerc.com | The Pottstown Mercury
PUBLISHED: October 20, 2021 at 1:53 p.m. | UPDATED: October 21, 2021 at 7:43 a.m.
NORRISTOWN — A Whitemarsh Township man admitted to charges that he possessed child pornography, which authorities alleged included sexual-related images of girls under the age of 12.
Jorvan Axel Ramos-Martinez, 23, of the 800 block of East Elm Street, pleaded guilty in Montgomery County Court to felony charges of possessing child pornography in connection with incidents that occurred in September 2020. The open plea means Ramos-Martinez has no deals with prosecutors regarding his potential sentence.
Judge Henry S. Hilles III deferred sentencing so that court officials can complete a presentence investigation report about Ramos-Martinez, which will include a psychosexual evaluation and a sexually violent predator assessment.
Ramos-Martinez, who remains in the county jail without bail pending sentencing, faces a possible maximum sentence of 10 to 20 years in prison on the charges. However, state sentencing guidelines could allow for a lesser sentence.
Regardless his eventual sentence, Ramos-Martinez will face a 15-year requirement to report his address to state police in order to comply with Pennsylvania's Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act.
Assistant District Attorney Caroline Goldstein is prosecuting the case. Defense lawyer Brendan Campbell represents Ramos-Martinez.
An investigation began in November 2020 when county detectives received a CyberTip from the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children regarding the upload of 47 digital files containing suspected child pornography to a Dropbox account linked to Ramos-Martinez's email address on Sept. 15, according to a criminal complaint. All 47 images depicted girls, between the ages of infancy and 8, involved in sexual acts or poses, according to the arrest affidavit.
County detectives obtained subscriber information for the internet account and along with police went to Ramos-Martinez's residence with a search warrant on Nov. 24. Ramos-Martinez was at the residence and during an interview by detectives admitted to downloading child pornography files to his Dropbox account, according to the arrest affidavit filed by county Detective Kathleen Kelly.
Ramos-Martinez admitted to viewing the files "on more than one occasion" and that he was the only person who had access to his Dropbox account, Kelly alleged.
When detectives reviewed the contents of the Dropbox account they found 662 digital files that depicted underage girls involved in sexual acts or poses, according to court documents.
Officials said county detectives, along with specially trained and sworn detectives from police departments countywide, routinely work with the Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force to protect children from predators by aggressively and proactively investigating internet crimes that exploit children.
Carl Hessler Jr. | Reporter
Carl Hessler Jr. is a crime and courts reporter
chessler@pottsmerc.com
Follow Carl Hessler Jr.	@MontcoCourtNews


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Posted by Freshwater Mermaid at 9:27 a.m.
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Christina Aguilera: "Auto-Tune is for Pussies"
R.S. Field, producer: "Vocal tuning is contributing to the Milli Vanilli-fication of modern music"
Andy Karp, vice president of A&R for Lava/Atlantic Records:"You're hearing Auto-Tune all over, and that's a shame. It suggests to record companies that they need to focus on finding artists who sing well as opposed to just look good."
Death Cab for Cutie: "A lot of good singers are being affected and we feel enough is enough."
Josh White, Yahoo: "Auto-Tune takes away from those artists with a natural gift and those who work hard to perfect their talents naturally.
Neil McCormick, UK's The Daily Telegraph music critic: "Auto-Tune is a particularly sinister invention that has been putting extra shine on pop vocals since the 1990s".
Time Magazine quoted an unnamed Grammy-winning recording engineer as saying, "Let's just say I've had Auto-Tune save vocals on everything from Britney Spears to Bollywood cast albums. And every singer now presumes that you'll just run their voice through the box." The same article expressed "hope that pop's fetish for uniform perfect pitch will fade", speculating that pop-music songs have become harder to differentiate from one another, as "track after track has perfect pitch."
The Merionite: " How is that any different from having a cheat sheet just in case you don't know the answers on a test? How is that different from taking steroids in case you're not fit enough to play a sport? Using this safety net is removing any need for musical skill at all. You can't appreciate a singer's skill or raw talent anymore. Using Auto-Tune eliminates that possibility because we never know what we are listening to".
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text:
L'église Saint-Anatoile est une église catholique du  de style gothique bourguignon située à Salins-les-Bains, dans le Jura. L'édifice est classé au titre des monuments historiques depuis 1846.

Historique
Au , une chapelle est construite sur le tombeau de saint Anatoile, un ermite écossais du , retiré sur les pentes du mont Belin près de Salins-les-Bains, connu pour l'épisode du miracle des eaux salées. Cette construction remplace une précédente chapelle dédiée à saint Symphorien et à sainte Agathe.

La chapelle devient collégiale en 1024, sous l'impulsion de Hugues Ier de Salins.

C'est au , sous le règne du puissant comte et seigneur Jean Ier de Chalon, que l'église actuelle est construite à l'emplacement de la chapelle. Elle abritera notamment quatorze tapisseries racontant la vie de saint Anatoile, réalisées entre 1502 et 1506 à Bruges. Volées à la Révolution, seules trois pièces ont été conservées et se trouvent aujourd'hui au musée du Louvre, à Paris.

L'édifice est classé en 1846 par Prosper Mérimée.

Description
La façade est remarquable, avec un portail roman en bois sculpté, encadré par deux chapelles gothiques du  et dotée d'un clocher massif, ancienne tour de défense rattachée à l'église en 1699, et reconstruite par l'architecte salinois Dufour en 1838 après l'incendie du .

Mobilier

L'église possède un mobilier remarquable.

L'orgue
La partie instrumentale de l'orgue de la collégiale Saint-Anatoile a été construite par Joseph Merklin, de 1866 à 1880. Le buffet, reste de l'orgue précédent (1737), est l'œuvre du facteur Claude Moucherel. L'instrument, classé Monument Historique, a bénéficié d'une restauration le ramenant a son état de 1874, inaugurée le samedi 8 juin 2013 avec le concours de l'organiste Christian Bacheley.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de Salins-les-Bains
 Liste des monuments historiques du Jura

Liens externes

Église monument historique dans le département du Jura
Eglise Saint-Anatoile
Eglise Saint Anatoile

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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So, what's wrong with being an introvert?
I have always liked being alone - be it at school, college, work, family get togethers.
At other kids' birthday parties, the moms get together and talk about their in-laws, their spouses and children. I feel like an alien.
Ask me about the Indian economy or politics or books, I can still make an attempt at decent conversations.
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I have nothing that I want to share. That's the problem.
I like being alone. What's wrong with it?
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Whether we are introverts or not, we will be remembered for the crazy funny sort of happiness that we share with loved ones.
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While my writing allows me to embrace my introvertedness fully, the rest of my day brings me in contact with many. I've learned to create the reservoir of energy needed to be with with this outside world.


Since I've worked at NFI, people have often asked "What stands out most about your father?"
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Three out of four citizens of Serbia (70%) believe that politics excessively influence the operational work of the police in Serbia.


Mr. Speaker, I rise to present the 2016 Ontario Economic Outlook and Fiscal Review.
All of us in this Chamber seek to improve the lives of people across Ontario.
To respect their hard work.
Our actions today are building a better future.
And they're doing their part to make our Province stronger.
Mr. Speaker … people from all over our great province are building Ontario up, but not alone.
They expect government to do its part, too.
Our role in this legislature is to foster more opportunity for them.
When we support one person, it makes their life a little bit easier.
It makes our economy stronger — it makes our future more prosperous.
Mr. Speaker, our plan is about helping everyone to succeed.
It's about helping businesses to grow our economy and create jobs.
It's about offering kids a promising future with great schools, colleges and universities.
Mr. Speaker, all of us share a desire to improve Ontarians' quality of life.
It is why we support the public services and programs that they rely on.
And, Mr. Speaker, in order to afford those critical services and programs, we must remain on track and be disciplined in balancing the budget next year … and thereafter.
Our role is to help create the conditions for our businesses to be competitive.
To enable them to create an innovation-driven, entrepreneurial economy.
To help Ontario firms become global leaders and exporters.
To help companies take advantage of expanding export markets and the emerging low-carbon economy.
Clean tech is one of many sectors of Ontario's growing and diversified economy.
Many of our clean tech companies got their start when Ontario cut coal and switched to clean electricity, becoming a world leader in emissions-free power.
Ontario's Climate Change Action Plan will invest proceeds from cap-and-trade directly to green projects … helping more businesses and households save on energy.
Ontario has many great success stories, and we want more of them.
So today, in keeping with our Business Growth Initiative, we are announcing $32.4 million over four years to help more small and medium-sized enterprises grow into larger, export-oriented firms under Ontario's scale-up voucher program that tailors support for high-impact companies.
Because we know that strengthening our companies results in more jobs and opportunities.
Mr. Speaker, we are also staying at the forefront of financial technology. It is reshaping Ontario's traditional financial services sector, our second largest industry.
By embracing fintech and its disruptive technologies, we can maintain our position as a global leader in the financial services sector.
We recognize that our regulatory bodies need to evolve to ensure companies are not unduly burdened, while protecting consumers and investors.
So today, we are also announcing further details of our plan to establish the new Financial Services Regulatory Authority.
This will be an independent regulator that will modernize regulation of financial services and pensions. It will be more consumer-focused and offer improved protection for customers, investors and pension-plan beneficiaries.
Mr. Speaker, Ontarians lead busy lives.
Parents rush in the morning to get their kids ready for school or child care.
And many fight traffic on their way to work.
We want to help them get to work and back home faster and safely.
Some start their commute on local roads or at their neighbourhood bus stop.
Many rely on the 400-series highways.
In a few years, many Ontarians will have easier commutes thanks to our investments in Moving Ontario Forward.
In the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, they'll be able to use new subways, LRT and expanded GO services — all closer to home.
In the meantime, new construction continues to improve the 401 … the new 407 extension is underway … and Highway 69 between Sudbury and Parry Sound is being expanded.
In small and rural communities, we're building and repairing roads, bridges and other critical infrastructure.
Helping goods get to market quickly is key.
It's part of our plan to make the largest public infrastructure investment in our province's history.
More than $160 billion is being invested over 12 years … supporting more than 110,000 jobs on average each year.
From Windsor to Stratford to Cornwall.
From Thunder Bay to Sault Ste. Marie to Niagara.
This morning, 260,000 kids went to full-day kindergarten — right across our province.
My three kids are older now, but I remember how at times it was not always easy to get them out the door.
I am sure it wasn't easy for some parents.
No doubt, someone didn't want to get up.
Or felt that their sweater was too itchy.
Or worse … one of them forgot their item for show and tell.
But when they got to school … and saw their friends … and their teachers … their day got better.
And so did their parents' day.
Full-day kindergarten is giving them a stronger start in school and in life.
And to help even more families give their kids a great start in their early years, we will be creating 100,000 new licensed child care spaces within the next five years.
In fact, Mr. Speaker, we are proud to announce today that $65.5 million will be invested in this school year to support the creation of 3,400 spaces to get it started.
Mr. Speaker, we are committed to supporting all children.
That is why we increased support for families living with autism in the 2016 Budget.
Ontario's new autism program will provide all children, regardless of age, with more flexible services based on their unique needs.
As well, Mr. Speaker, over 150,000 students will head to college or university next September without worrying about tuition costs.
Whether at La Cité collégiale in Ottawa or Lakehead University in Thunder Bay.
From St. Clair College in Windsor to Queen's University in Kingston ….
And for many, it will be free.
This is an investment in our future, building opportunity for more people.
Mr. Speaker, we choose to invest in our children and in our schools.
That's why, just this year, we are opening 29 new schools … creating stronger communities and serving the needs of Ontario families.
We chose to prepare people of all ages for success in a changing workforce.
It's critical to Ontario's growth and competitiveness.
And further attract more businesses to invest in Ontario, confident that we have the best and the brightest.
Mr. Speaker, one of Ontario's strengths and a priority for families is our publicly funded, high-quality health care system.
We introduced our Patients First legislation to ensure that our health care continues to improve.
We are supporting our dedicated teams to tackle mental health and addictions with increased resources.
We are proud of our caring practitioners who are helping to expand immunization protection and extending support for pregnancy and infant loss.
We understand the importance of specialized care for families in need.
That's why we improved access to high-quality cardiac services through a $162 million investment in the University of Ottawa Heart Institute.
Universal health care is critical to all of us.
And that's why … today, Mr. Speaker … we are announcing that Ontario's public hospitals will receive an additional $140 million in funding this year.
That means that every public hospital in the province will have more resources to better support patients and reduce wait times.
This is above the $345 million announced in the 2016 Budget for hospital operating costs.
Furthermore, Mr. Speaker, we are building new hospitals.
To better serve local communities right across the province, we are building, expanding or renovating 37 hospitals on top of the 20 projects that have been completed since 2013.
Mr. Speaker, building modern hospitals is key to meet the demands of today and tomorrow.
Mr. Speaker, tens of thousands of young people across the province are at the beginning of their careers.
Many are on contract or at small businesses and they don't benefit from a workplace pension plan.
For many, it's hard to start saving for the future.
That's why we are strengthening retirement security.
And taking steps to modernize existing pension plans.
Our work on the Ontario Retirement Pension Plan was the catalyst in reaching a national consensus to enhance the Canada Pension Plan this past summer.
This extraordinary national agreement would not have been possible without the inspired leadership and the tenacity of our Premier, Kathleen Wynne.
Her efforts will significantly improve retirement security for future generations.
While retirement may not be top of mind for many young people today, their ability to own a home is becoming a concern in today's real estate market.
Purchasing your very first home is one of the most exciting decisions in a young person's life.
But many are worried about how they will be able to afford their first condo or house.
So Mr. Speaker, we're announcing today that, as of January 1, 2017… we are proposing to double the maximum Land Transfer Tax refund for first-time homebuyers to $4,000.
For many, this will mean no Land Transfer Tax on the purchase of their first home.
We will also be modernizing the Land Transfer Tax system for the first time in a generation.
The housing market is an important source of economic growth and employment in Ontario.
And improving housing affordability will help more Ontarians to participate.
Changing times are impacting how Ontarians work, live and conduct business.
Our commitment to building a fair society is also about inspiring growth that is more inclusive.
And ensure we all reach our full potential.
As well as addressing the gender wage gap.
It is why we are helping refugees settle in Ontario.
It is why we support reconciliation with Indigenous peoples.
Taking action to help people in their everyday lives is important to all of us, Mr. Speaker.
We are all concerned about rising costs.
Starting in January 2017, we will rebate an amount equal to the eight per cent provincial portion of the HST on residential electricity bills … helping five million families, small businesses and farms.
Mr. Speaker, those are just some of the aspects of our plan to grow the economy and create jobs.
Over the last two years, our economy has grown by 5.3 per cent.
Last year, our growth was double the national average.
In fact, for the first quarter of this year, Ontario's growth was faster than that of the United States and the G7.
More than 641,000 net new jobs have been created since the depths of the 2008 global recession.
The majority of these jobs are full time, in the private sector, and in above-average wage industries.
The unemployment rate is at an eight-year low.
These are positive signs of economic growth, but we know global challenges continue to exist.
And we must continue to be prepared.
But our goal has always been clear.
We have never wavered from our fiscal plan … to balance the budget.
The 2015–16 Public Accounts of Ontario confirmed that the deficit projection was a $3.5 billion improvement compared to the 2015 Budget plan.
It was the seventh year in a row that we have beaten our deficit target.
And, Mr. Speaker … I am pleased to confirm today that, consistent with the 2016 Budget, Ontario's deficit for 2016–17 is projected to be $4.3 billion … on target — on plan.
We will balance the budget in 2017–18 and remain balanced in 2018–19, as scheduled.
And we will make the right choices to bring Ontario to balance.
Mr. Speaker… I began this speech by talking about our common desire to ensure a bright future for all Ontarians.
What are your dreams for your children or your grandchildren?
I think we would hear a common theme.
We all want the same things.
Universal health care when we need it.
Strong public education that enables us.
A good quality of life for our families.
We may disagree on the means … and in this Chamber, we often do robustly.
But for each of us, the ends are the same.
People go about their business across this province to better their lives.
And improve the lives of those they love.
So every day, in this place, we will work to support them.


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text:
ESI: The Odyssey — Part 2: A Brief Meditation on Metadata
November 1, 2018 by Laura Avery
"A Brief Meditation on Metadata"
Metadata generally refers to the data surrounding the creation and use of a document, such as file name, format, location, dates and permissions. In other words, it encompasses the identifying characteristics of a file that are not evident just by looking at the file itself. For example, every time you create, open or save a Microsoft Word document, hidden information is automatically created and stored in that document. In addition to the data that is automatically added, there is other metadata that is user-introduced, such as hidden text, track changes, embedded objects, and so on. Of course, metadata does not only reside in Microsoft Word documents. Hidden information can also reside in other Microsoft application files, such as Excel spreadsheets and PowerPoint presentations. Additionally, there is more to an email than its contents: there's metadata in there, too. Emails are tracked and indexed by the email client itself, and every file holding email is tracked and indexed by the computer's file system. Email metadata in particular can be extremely important evidence in its own right, as it helps to establish whether and when a message was received, read, forwarded, changed or deleted.
Although you can learn a lot about a document from its metadata, it is not a perfect source of information. Application metadata resides within the file and moves with the file, not changing unless the contents of the file are altered. System metadata resides outside the file and can be altered without impacting the contents of the file. Indeed, system metadata has to change when you make a copy of a file because that copy must be stored somewhere, and the system has to track where the copy resides. It also has to track the new file's name, size and MAC dates (Modified/Accessed/Created), including the date the date the file was created on that particular system. For example, a "creation date" in a Windows master file table doesn't mean the date the file was created in the colloquial sense (in other words, the date a particular file was authored). It means the date it was created on that particular storage medium. As a result, a weird phenomenon occurs where copies of files typically have "creation" dates later than the date they were last modified. You may see a file that's been modified before it was created, and jump to the conclusion that some kind of fraud has occurred, but the more probable explanation is that the file you are viewing is likely a copy. Additionally, the time stamp of the last print of a file is application metadata, and is only saved in the document when the file itself is saved. Thus, if a document is printed and not saved again at some point afterwards, the date of that last printing will not be saved to the metadata.
From a legal perspective, metadata presents myriad issues. It can include sensitive, confidential or privileged information. As a result, bar associations around the country have weighed in on attorneys' ethical responsibilities regarding metadata. Interestingly, the opinions vary widely. For example, according to Colorado Bar Association Ethics Committee Opinion 119, a receiving attorney may ethically search for and review metadata in an electronic document that the receiving lawyer receives from opposing counsel or another third party. By contract, Florida Bar Ethics Department Opinion 06-02 provides that the recipient lawyer has an obligation to refrain from trying to obtain from metadata information relating to the sender's client that the recipient knows or should know is not intended for the recipient.
In addition to the issues with privacy, privilege, and inadvertent disclosures, metadata presents issues in terms of discovery. The metadata attached to a particular electronic document or record can be used as a source of information to assist in authenticating the document or record. Metadata on its own, however, is not enough to conclusively establish authenticity. An unauthorized person may be able to access an unattended computer; a document or database can be viewed by persons in the network who may modify it; some network computer systems provide for a selected administrator to override an individual password when necessary; file metadata can be altered using native apps and special software, and so on. Thus, while certainly useful, metadata is simply not a perfect source of information.
In sum, metadata is a significant aspect of digital information. It can provide enormous value for companies and for attorneys in litigation. However, when metadata is ignored, or unknown, or not properly controlled, it can present significant problems for clients and counsel that might have been avoided.
Shields | Mott LLP utilizes e-discovery software for the analysis and development of construction law litigation in the New Orleans area.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Chadwick Paul Penney (born September 18, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. A career minor leaguer, Penney played three games in the National Hockey League for the Ottawa Senators during the 1993–94 season. Penney was highly regarded by many as the future left winger to Alexei Yashin after being drafted. Despite impressive numbers with the OHL's North Bay Centennials and later with the AHL's Prince Edward Island Senators, Penney was never to realize his potential at the NHL level. He is the second player from Labrador to play in the NHL. Dan LaCosta, Pascal Pelletier, and Darryl Williams are the only other three players from Labrador to make it to the NHL. Penney was born in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Junior hockey

North Bay Centennials (1990–1993)
Penney joined the North Bay Centennials of the OHL in the 1990-91 season, where in 66 games, he scored 34 goals and 67 points to finish fifth in team scoring, helping North Bay into the post-season. In 10 playoff games, Penney scored two goals and eight points.

In 1991-92, Penney struggled offensively, as his numbers dropped to 25 goals and 52 points in 57 games with North Bay. In the post-season, Penney finished third in team scoring, scoring 13 goals and 30 points in 21 games, as the Centennials lost to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in the OHL finals.

Penney began the 1992-93 with the Centennials, where in 18 games, he scored eight goals and 15 points. Penney was then traded from the rebuilding Centennials to the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.

Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds (1992–1993)
After starting the 1992-93 season with the North Bay Centennials, Penney finished the season with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. In 48 games with the Greyhounds, Penney scored 28 goals and 73 points, helping the club reach the post-season. In the playoffs, Penney scored seven goals and 17 points in 18 games as the Greyhounds lost to the Peterborough Petes in the OHL finals.

With Sault Ste. Marie hosting the 1993 Memorial Cup, the Greyhounds were automatically entered into the tournament as the host team.  In four games, Penney scored five goals and seven points, helping the Greyhounds win the Memorial Cup.  Penney was named to the Memorial Cup all-star team.

Professional career

Ottawa Senators (1992–1996)
Penney was drafted by the Ottawa Senators in the second round, 25th overall, at the 1992 NHL Entry Draft held at the Montreal Forum.

He began his professional hockey career with the Prince Edward Island Senators of the AHL in 1993-94, as in 73 games, Penney scored 20 goals and 50 points.  Penney also saw some action with the Ottawa Senators during the 1993-94, as on October 21, 1993, he played in his first NHL game, as Penney was held off the scoresheet in a 6–5 loss to the Dallas Stars.  Penney appeared in two more games with Ottawa, getting no points.

Penney spent the entire 1994-95 season with PEI, scoring 16 goals and 32 points in 66 games.  In 11 playoff games, Penney scored two goals and four points.

In 1995-96, Penney saw his offensive numbers improve, scoring 23 goals and 60 points in 79 games, helping PEI reach the post-season once again.  In three playoff games, Penney had a goal and two points.

Manchester Storm (1996–1997)
Penney headed to Great Britain and played for the Manchester Storm of the British Ice Hockey Superleague for the 1996–97 season.  In 39 games, Penney scored nine goals and 25 points for the Storm.

Kentucky Thoroughblades (1997–1998)
Penney returned to the AHL for the 1997-98 season, playing for the Kentucky Thoroughblades.  In 78 games, Penney had 16 goals and 37 points.  In two playoff games, Penney did not earn any points.

Colorado Gold Kings (1998–1999)
Penney signed with the Colorado Gold Kings of the WCHL for the 1998-99 season.  In 67 games, Penney scored 31 goals and 77 points, finishing fourth in team scoring, helping Colorado reach the post-season.  In three playoff games, Penney had two assists.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

External links

1973 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Colorado Gold Kings players
Ice hockey people from Newfoundland and Labrador
Kentucky Thoroughblades players
Manchester Storm (1995–2002) players
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
People from Labrador City
Prince Edward Island Senators players
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players


Hello All, and welcome back to Food~Flavor~Fun. A place to find and share some great food ideas that are loaded with flavor, to be prepared and shared with family and friends to bring a lot of fun and joy into our lives. I'm so glad that you've joined me today. Welcome! Welcome! Welcome!
Last post was a great Japanese Fried Rice recipe. I paired that up with this post: Orange Chicken. This is a low calorie, low fat version of Orange Chicken. If you like things light with a lot of flavor, give this one a try. And serve it with the Fried Rice. It will make one heck of a great meal. Give this one a try!
Peel off the zest with a zester or vegetable peeler, making sure to avoid the bitter white pith underneath. Mince the zest. Trim off the remaining orange rind with a knife, cut into 8 wedges.
Roast until the juices run clear, about 45 minutes. Cover loosely with foil and let stand for 5 minutes before serving.
And welcome back to Food~Flavor~Fun! This is a place to find and share some great food ideas that are loaded with flavor, to be prepared and shared with family and friends to bring a lot of fun and enjoyment into our lives. I'm really glad that you came for a visit.
The recipes on the blog have been broken down into categories. If this recipe isn't exactly what your looking for, choose a category and do a little exploring. I'm sure that you will find something new to try. So join me, sit down and make this weeks menu and your grocery list.
Cook rice following instructions on package (Bring 2 cups water to a boil, add rice and a dash of salt, reduce heat and simmer in covered saucepan for 20 minutes).
Pour rice into a large bowl to let it cool in the refrigerator.
Scramble the eggs in a small pan over medium heat.
Separate the scrambled chunks of egg into small pea-size bits while cooking.
When rice has cooled to near room temperature, add peas, grated carrot, scrambled egg and diced onion to the bowl.
Carefully toss all of the ingredients together.
Melt butter in a large frying pan over medium/high heat.
When butter has completely melted, dump the bowl of rice and other ingredients into the pan and add soy sauce plus a dash of salt and pepper.
Hello All! Welcome back to Food~Flavor~Fun! You come to a great place to find and share some great food ideas that are loaded with flavor to be prepared and shared with family and friends to bring a lot of fun and enjoyment into our lives.
Today I'm going to share a fast, easy and really healthy vegetable stew. This is a great dish when your running a little late coming home from work and the kids or spouse are all claiming that they're starving. You don't have to wait for the meat to thaw. Grab the veggies and lets get some stew on. It's light on calories and big on flavor. It will definitely fill that vacant spot in your tummy too! Give it a try.
Heat olive oil in a dutch oven over medium heat; add the shallot and green onion. Cook, stirring for about 5 minutes. Add the garlic, cook for 1 minute until fragrant. Add the asparagus, cooking and stirring another minute. Add the artichoke hearts, broth, tomatoes, beans and tarragon.
Turn the temp down to low and simmer until the vegetables are tender, about 12 to 15 minutes. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Serve in bowls over rice or pasta with cheese on top. Makes about 4 servings. Enjoy!
Hello All! Welcome back to Food~Flavor~Fun! A great place to find and share some great food ideas (otherwise known as recipes) that are loaded with flavor, to be prepared and shared with family and friends to bring a lot of fun and joy into all our lives. Why? Because there are few things in life better than a great tasting meal shared with those you love.
Another great week has come and gone. Today I'd like to share a great cherry dessert bar recipe. One of my very favorite pies in the world is cherry. These bars are a cross between a cherry pie and a cherry cobbler. Both great! So, no mystery, I think these bars are fantastic. Next time you need a dessert dish to bring to a pot luck dinner or a friends house, give these a try. Your gonna love it!
Line a 13 x 9 x 2 inch baking pan with foil, extending the foil over the edges. Grease the foil, and set aside.
In a large bowl, beat the butter with an electric mixer on medium to high speed for 30 seconds. Add brown sugar and baking powder. Beat until combined, scraping the sides of the bowl occasionally. Beat in the egg and almond extract until combined. Beat in as much flour as you can with the mixer. Using a wooden spoon. stir in the remaining flour, oats and almonds. Remove 1/2 cup of the dough and set aside. Press the remaining dough evenly into the bottom of the prepared baking pan. Spread with preserves. Crumble the remaining dough evenly over the preserves layer.
Bake for 35 minutes or until lightly browned. Cool completely in pan on a wire rack. Using the edges of the foil, lift the uncut cookies out of the pan. Cut and serve. Makes 12 to 14 big bars. Enjoy!


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Главная >Foods and Raw Materials > Архив выпусков > Том 8, №1, 2020 > Comparative assessment of sorbic and benzoic acid via express biotest
Comparative assessment of sorbic and benzoic acid via express biotest
Samoylov A. V. a
Suraeva N. M. a
Zaytseva M. V. a,b
Rachkova V. P. a
Kurbanova M. N. a
Petrov A. N. a
a All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Canning Technology, Vidnoe, Russia
b Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Все права защищены ©Samoylov и др. Это статья с открытым доступом, распространяемая на условиях международной лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), позволяет другим распространять, перерабатывать, исправлять и развивать произведение, даже в коммерческих целях, при условии указания автора произведения.
Получена 19 Июня, 2019 | Принята в исправленном виде 02 Сентября, 2019 | Опубликована 25 Февраля, 2020
DOI: http://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-125-133
Negative physiological and biochemical effects of chronic and subchronic doses of benzoates and sorbates may pose a certain risk to human health. Identifying new biomarkers responsible for the body's response to these compounds could provide significant details in determining the mechanism of their toxicity. To assess comparatively physiological, cytological, cytogenetic, and biochemical parameters in onion roots cells we used an Allium test. The roots were previously treated with sorbic and benzoic acids. The study recorded the dose-dependent toxic effect of these preservatives on the root mass growth. The EC50 values obtained for benzoic and sorbic acids (10 mg/L and 110 mg/L respectively) were significantly lower than the regulated concentrations prescribed by the standards for their content in certain types of food products. With an increase in concentrations of these acids, the mitotic index of meristematic cells decreased in experimental groups compared to control groups. The data obtained confirmed the necessity of estimating the mitotic index when choosing onion for the Allium test. The necessity resulted from the fact that low proliferative activity could cause false positive results. Sorbic and benzoic acids in concentrations below the corresponding EC50 increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in apical meristematic cells of the roots compared to control. Thus, benzoic and sorbic acids had reliable mitodepressive and genotoxic effects on the dividing cells of onion roots. The study explored the dynamics of lipid oxidation biomarker accumulation (malon dialdehyde, MDA) after exposure to benzoic and sorbic acids. The toxic effect of benzoic acid appeared not to be associated with oxidative damage to root cell lipids, whereas sorbic acid in concentrations from 20 to 200 mg/L resulted in a multiple increase in MDA concentration in the test samples compared to control. At the same time, lipid peroxidation showed a higher level of sensitivity compared to other indicators of this test. Further, the data obtained on the toxic influence of sorbic and benzoic acids can be used in express methods to assess food and ecological security of these acids.
Food preservatives, Allium cepa, biotesting, lipid peroxidation toxicity, cytogenetic analysis, biomarkers
Food preservation has remained a problem throughout the human history. It is caused by the activity of environmental microorganisms and enzymatic reactions in the products during their production and storage [1, 2]. About a third of the population in the developed countries are estimated to suffer from diseases transmitted through food especially falsified [3]. Food safety is directly related to the development of chemicals that prevent or slow down the spoilage of these products.
Sorbic and benzoic acids, as well as their salts, are known to be widely used as food preservatives. Their production is steadily increasing. These acids are contained in some fruits, berries, dairy products. Sorbic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid and is used only as a preservative in food, animal feed, tobacco, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is metabolized like normal fatty acids, so this acid was assumed to have no side effects. Benzoic acid is a synthetic additive, used as a preservative and antioxidant. It is excreted by the human body through the kidneys.
There are numerous data on the health safety of these compounds in regulated food products. Recently, however, there are more discussions on the necessity to develop scientific approaches to studying mechanisms of their toxicity [4, 5]. The interest in this problem is due to by the detected adverse effects of the chronic and subchronic benzoate and sorbate intake by both animals and humans. Thus, adding benzoic acid to pig feed increased the liver enzymes activity and changed the blood formula negatively, eventually damaging the liver and spleen, respectively [6].
In vitro studies of human erythrocytes demonstrated that sodium benzoate reduced the level of key metabolic enzymes of amino acids (aspartate and alanine aminotransferase) and alkaline phosphatase significantly [7]. There is strong evidence that attention deficit and hyperactivity syndrome in children and anxiety conditions in rats could be associated with high doses of sodium benzoate [8–9]. Other researchers showed that sodium benzoate caused numerous negative physiological and biochemical changes in mice and rats. The changes included reducing the mass of reproductive organs and embryos and the level of sex hormones in mice [10]. As for human blood cell culture, sorbic acid demonstrated the inhibitory effect on biochemical reactions in the activated immune response [11].
However, the mechanism of toxicity for these preservatives is still unclear. In addition, creating a new algorithm for assessing food safety is debated a lot. The algorithm especially concerns foods containing several food additives because of their potential additive and synergetic effect of toxicity [12]. It is yet to be found out if the food preservatives may exert increased activity in people with specific diseases or genetic defects. To rise up to the challenge, it is necessary to go beyond standard toxicity tests to identify molecular biological protection mechanisms and to identify biomarkers responsible for the body reaction to the effects of chemical compounds. All the more so, as modern methodology and instrumentation system are able to tackle these complex problems. New approaches should not only monitor and evaluate toxic effects, but also result in the adequate test systems for modelling detoxification and metabolism of food preservatives in the human body. It is important to develop new model systems. They should be simple to execute, cheap, and able to simulate the reactions of the human body, both on the physiological and molecular levels, with the maximum available accuracy.
In this aspect, the special interest is given to the work on a comprehensive assessment of biomarkers of neurotoxicity and antioxidant enzymes activity in daphnia under the influence of food sweetener sucralose. It is due to the evidence that Gammarus zadachi and Daphnia magna crustaceans exposed to this sweetener altered their swimming behavior [13]. The tests were carried out on these organisms to compare the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation enzymes, and the ability to absorb oxygen radicals (ORAC assay) in them. The authors observed the stimulating effect of sucralose on the activity of AChE and lipid peroxidation, but not on the antioxidant capacity (ORAC). In humans, an increased AChE activity was also associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and restless legs syndrome. It is important to note that the data obtained in this work are consistent with those in other experimental studies on human cell cultures and vertebrates. However, plant test systems are also of interest, in particular Allium cepa L. onion roots (Allium test).
Traditionally, the Allium test has been used as a bioindicator in numerous studies on toxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of various chemical compounds. It is recommended by WHO experts as a standard for the cytogenetic monitoring of the environment. Recently, it has been increasingly used to assess the genotoxic potential of medicinal plants, food additives, and even ionizing radiation [14–17]. The Allium test was an excellent eukaryot model in vivo. It was one of the few direct methods for measuring damages in biological systems after exposure to various toxicants and mutagenes. Its main advantages include the following characteristics. First, the apical meristematic root cells can show constant mitotic division. Second, the roots may incubate directly with the object being tested. Third, these cells have large chromosomes, which allows a comprehensive analysis of DNA damage. In addition, the test indicators were shown to be more sensitive than the models on microorganisms, cell cultures, and even animals [15, 18].
Allium cepa was also presented as an effective test object in studying the reaction of plant cell biomarkers to chemical toxicants of different nature. It is known that chemical pollutants can induce the formation of active forms of oxygen. In its turn, oxygen can activate enzymes of peroxidation and result in damaging various biological molecules, including lipids. Thus, it was found that herbicide glyphosate and copper salts significantly increased lipid peroxidation in plant cells [19, 20]. In our opinion, the Allium test can help significantly expand our knowledge of the mechanisms of damage to biological systems of eukaryotes, including the damage after exposure to sorbic and benzoic acids. Moreover, no information was found on an effect of these preservatives on physiological and biochemical parameters in the meristematic cells of onion roots. The aim of the research was to compare changes in the mass growth, activity of lipid peroxidation enzymes, cytological and cytogenetic parameters of Allium cepa roots after treatment with sorbic and benzoic acids.
In the research we used such preservatives as sorbic acid (Alfa Aesar by Thermo Fisher Scientific) and benzoic acid (Alfa Aesar by Thermo Fisher Scientific). Allium cepa onion bulbs (Stuttgarter sort) of the same size (2.5–3 cm in diameter) and mass (5–7 g) were selected as a test organism. Dry scales were removed from the bulbs before incubation. Preliminarily, the germination was conducted in 15 mL test tubes with bottled water for 2 days in the dark at 25°С.
The bulbs with roots over 1 cm long were selected for further studies. Before treatment with benzoic and sorbic acid solutions, the average mass of the roots was determined in a separate group of the control bulbs. Then the bulbs were transferred to the solutions of these acids in the bottled water and incubated for 2 or 3 days depending on the purpose of the experiment. After the incubation, the roots were cut off, dried with filter paper, and weighed [21]. The EC50 value was determined by the concentration of the preservative, which retarded the root mass growth by 50% compared to control, considering the average mass of the roots before treatment with acids. For cytogenetic analysis, the apical meristematic cells of the roots were stained with acetoorcein (1 g of orcein dye was diluted in 50 mL of 45% CH3COOH). The roots were placed in a 70% solution of ethyl alcohol for the long-term storage. Next, instant squash preparations were obtained, the analysis of which was carried out with the help of a light microscope Axioskop 40, Zeiss.
The lipid oxidation level was determined by the concentration of malon dialdehyde (MDA) in the onion roots [22]. The sample weight of approximately 0.25 g to the fourth decimal place was measured in a 15 mL test tube. Then 1 mL of trichloroacetic acid solution (Merck, Germany), concentration of 200 g/dm3, was added. The mixture was thoroughly stirred with a glass stick. Then the stick was washed with 3 mL of the same solution of trichloroacetic acid. The tubes were tightly corked and centrifuged at 1000 g and 4°C for 15 min. One milliliter of supernatant was transferred to a clean 15 mL test tube. Four milliliters of thiobarbituric acid solution (0.5 g of thiobarbituric acid (Diaem, Russia)) was added to 100 mL of trichloroacetic acid solution (200 g/dm3). The test tubes were closed and placed in a water bath at 95°С for 30 min. Then the test tubes were pulled out and cooled in an ice bath. The cooled solutions were centrifuged at 1000 g and 20°C for 10 min.
The spectrophotometric detection was performed with the obtained solutions at 600 and 532 nm. The MDA content was calculated according to the formula:
where ABS532 is the absorption value at 532 nm;
ABS600 is the absorption value at 600 nm;
K is the dilution factor;
Ke is the molar coefficient of extinction;
l is a beam path length, cm;
mwt is the weight of the sample, g.
The statistical processing of the results was carried out in Microsoft Excel and Statistica programs (v. 12). In the paper, the analysis of average values by Student's criterion with Fisher's angular transformation was used for comparative estimation of percentages.
The macroscopic parameters were studied and comparatively evaluated, particularly, for the levels of mass growth in the onion roots after treatment with benzoic and sorbic acid solutions. According to the literature review, the macroscopic parameters appeared more sensitive in comparison with the cytological and cytogenic parameters [23]. This conclusion seemed logical because these parameters reflected the final effect of all disorders in the plant cells. In this work, when calculating the growth of root mass, the average weight of roots was subtracted both in control and experimental samples before their treatment with preservatives solutions. Thus, the EC50 overstatement error was eliminated in these samples. In the preliminary experiments the solutions of preservatives were used with the concentrations not exceeding the permissible levels for some food products, namely, 1 g/L and 2 g/L. Death of the roots was observed after 2 days of incubation. Therefore, we reduced the range of acid concentrations significantly. As a result, the root growth and dose-dependent toxic effects were observed during the same incubation period (Figs. 1 and 2). The roots in the samples remained white and unchanged in shape throughout the incubation. However, there were statistically significant differences between the control and test samples, namely, when treated with benzoic acid at concentrations of 0.01 (P < 0.1); 0.05 (P < 0.05); 0.1 (P < 0.05) and 0.2 g/L (P < 0.05) and with sorbic acid at concentrations of 0.02 (P < 0.1); 0.1 (P < 0.05); 0.2 (P < 0.05) and 0.3 g/L (P < 0.05). EC50 was 10 mg/L for benzoic acid and 110 mg/L for sorbic acid. Thus, these values differed significantly from the domestic regulatory norms on the content of these food additives in certain types of food.
Figure 1 Root mass growth inhibition after treatment with sorbic acid (n = 10). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.1
Figure 2 Root mass growth inhibition after treatment with benzoic acid (n = 10). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.1
As far as we know, this is the first study in which EC50 values were identified for these preservatives in the Allium test. At the same time, cyanobacteria with EC50 from 9 mg/L were the most sensitive to benzoic acid in similar studies using different organisms living in water when treated for 14 days. In molluscs, fish and amphibians, EC50/LC50 values were determined within 100–1291 mg/L for 24–96 h [24]. The results of these studies confirmed the high sensitivity of the macroscopic parameters in the Allium test.
However, the studies on the toxicity of benzoic and sorbic acids using the Allium test focused mainly on the microscopic indicators reflecting the peculiarities of cell division and chromosomal aberrations occurring in its process, and EC50 was not determined. At the same time, the tested concentrations of preservatives were usually much higher than the EC50 values we found. So the exposure of the roots to the preservative solutions in these studies usually did not exceed several hours [25, 26]. We believe that such experimental conditions are suitable only for acute toxicity testing. They are totally unacceptable for the study of subchronic and chronic consequences of negative effects, especially at the biochemical level. The last aspect should be considered the most interesting in the case of food preservatives. Therefore we believe that the Allium test scheme previously proposed for environmental monitoring did not lose its relevance for studying the toxic effects of these preservatives. The Allium test included a comparative analysis of macro- and microindicators at concentrations of toxicants within their EC50 [23].
The mitotic index is one of the microindicators in the Allium test which is used as an indicator of the level of cell proliferation. It is known that the dose-dependent deviation of the mitotic index in the experimental samples compared to the control values, both increasing and decreasing, indicates cytotoxicity of the tested chemical. In our previous study, the mitotic index of cells of their meristem was decreasing significantly with an increase in concentrations of preservatives (Table 1). In testing highly toxic doses of sorbic acid (from 1 to 2 g/L), the mitotic index decreased only slightly when the concentration of this acid increased [26]. This data confirmed the previous assumption that there may be difficulties in interpreting the research results due to the high concentration of preservative.
Table 1 Mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations in meristematic cells of onion roots after exposure to benzoic and sorbic acids (n = 10)
The cytogenetic analysis was carried out on the squash preparations of the apical meristematic cells of onion roots obtained in the previous study. The analysis determined the accumulation dynamics of chromosomal aberrations when the concentrations of sorbic and benzoic acids were increased. According to Table 1, when acid concentrations increased, the proportion of mitosis pathologies also increased, peaked, and then decreased. It is noteworthy that the highest percentage of chromosomal aberrations coincided with acid concentrations close to the corresponding EC50 of these preservatives. The drop in chromosomal aberrations at high concentrations of acids is probably associated with a significant decrease in the number of divisible cells in the meristematic cells of roots.
The types of major chromosomal aberrations detected in the experiment are shown in Fig. 3. The analysis of the data allows us to conclude that stickness of chromosomes in metaphase and chromosomes with laggard in anaphase make the main contribution to the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations. These anomalies account respectively for aberrations ranging from 23.8% to 70% (for sticky metaphase) and from 13.6% to 45.2% (for chromosome with laggard). Also, there were the following aberrations of the mitosis process detected in micropreparations: C-mitosis, multiple fragmentation of chromosomes, change in the spatial orientation of chromosomes at the metaphase stage in cells. The least observed anomalies included bridges and fragments (about 2%, depending on the concentration of the tested substances).
Figure 3 Stained preparations of meristemic cells of oninon roots: (a, b) fragmentation in anaphase; (c, d) fragments of chromosomes in anaphase; (e) C-mitosis; (f) anaphase with laggards; (g) fragmentation in metaphase; (h) sticky metaphase, without pathologies: (i) prophase; (j) metaphase; (k) anaphase; (l) telophase
It seems remarkable to consider the whole spectrum of aberrations. The most numerous anomalies found while analyzing biomaterial can be due to the effects of mitotic spindle disorder and changes in the surface of chromosomes. The aberrations occur in this group probably due to the influence of the tested substance on the proteins regulating the work of the mitotic spindle in the cell [27]. On the other hand, bridges, fragments, and micronuclei are associated with clastogenic aberrations (arising from the fracture of the chromosome and anomalies of the further molecular genetic processes, unequal translocation or inversion of the chromosome segments). In the study [28], the analysis of genotoxicity of sodium benzoate (in concentrations from 20 to 100 mg/kg) discovered the prevalence of aberrations related to mitotic spindle disorders and changes in the surface of chromosomes. These are the main types of agglutination and C mitosis disorders. The clastogenic effect of the factor was not recorded at all for this indicator.
On the other hand, studies with high concentrations of sodium benzoate exposed a much wider spectrum of chromosomal aberrations. The aberrations included agglutination and fragmentation of chromosomes, their reduction, the formation of binuclear cells, chromosomal bridges and other disorders [29]. According to data [30], treating cells with sorbic acid resulted in the chromosomal aberrations associated with mitotic spindle disorder. Clastogenic aberrations were not detected. Similar data were obtained in the study of the effects of sorbic acid on the formation of micronuclei in cells [31].
This study recorded reliable mitodepressive and genotoxic effects at very low concentrations of preservatives (10 and 20 mg/L for benzoic and sorbic acids, respectively). It is important to note that the data obtained were consistent with the results on genotoxicity of these acids and their salts for human and animal cell culture. The results were published in a number of papers, describing the exposure to both low and high doses of these preservatives. Thus benzoic acid caused sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, and micronuclei formation in human lymphocyte cells [32]. Other researchers demonstrated the genotoxic effect of sodium sorbate on Chinese hamster cells, as well as clastogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of sodium benzoate on the cell culture of human lymphocytes [29, 33].
MDA concentration is commonly used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation when the tissues are exposed to chemical toxicants. MDA was measured in the onion roots of the control and experimental groups obtained in our previous study. In the experimental groups of onion roots this biomarker analysis showed a significant dose-dependent increase in the MDA levels (by 760%) compared to the control samples. At the same time benzoic acid did not have a significant effect on the process (Figs. 4 and 5). Since sorbic acid can be subjected to partial hydrolysis, MDA was measured in a solution of sorbic acid (0.2 g/L) after 4 days of incubation, but its content exceeded only by 57% compared to the values in the control samples of onion roots.
Figure 4 Effects of different doses of benzoic acid on MDA level in roots after 2 days of incubation * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.1
Figure 5 Effects of different doses of sorbic acid on MDA level in roots after 2 days of incubation (n = 10) * P < 0.05
Since the biomarkers of oxidative stress usually showed a two-phase response rather than a linear response, we expanded the range of sorbic acid dilutions and increased the period of incubation with acids up to 3 days to identify the dynamics of MDA biosynthesis. Indeed, this pattern of the two-phase response was confirmed again [13]. With an increase in sorbic acid concentration, the level of this biomarker increased evenly at first, reached its peak, and then dropped dose-dependent until it reached MDA value in the control samples (Fig. 6). Like in the previous study, the maximum concentration of MDA was recorded for sorbic acid at 200 mg/L. The concentration was above that in the control group by almost 2000%, i.e. lipid oxidation level also increased with exposure time.
Figure 6 Effect of different doses of sorbic acid on MDA level in roots after 3 days of incubation (n = 10) * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.1
As far as we know, these are the first experiments to study the dynamics of lipid oxidation biomarker generation in the Allium test after exposure to benzoic and sorbic acids. Both acids reduced root growth and the mitotic index of apical meristematic cells. However, these negative phenomena were accompanied by the simultaneous increase in MDA only in the case of sorbic acid. These results are consistent with the data on the treatment of wheat seeds with benzoic acid [34]. This study did not detect any change in lipid peroxidation activity different from control when treated with low concentrations of this preservative.
In the case of benzoic acid, its toxic effects were probably not associated with oxidative damage to lipids. In addition, the study showed the protective reaction in the plant cell to benzoic acid in concentrations of 1 to 10 mM. The reaction was accompanied by an increased activity of glutamate and malate dehydrogenase, enzymes activating catabolic and metabolic processes [35]. In the current study, both the MDA level and root mass growth increased with an increase in the concentration of sorbic acid from 20 to 200 mg/L (Figs. 5 and 6). Thus, there was a clear correlation between the physiological index and MDA, the latter being even more sensitive.
According to the literature, the meristematic cell mitotic index in the control samples when using theAllium test is both close to our result (12.97 ± 0.48) and well below it [20, 36, 37]. This indicator could change depending on the quality of the batch of onions, its variety, and storage conditions. However, the question remained whether there was a dependence between the initial level of the mitotic index and the ability of root cells to fully respond to the effects of toxicants.
To this end, another study was conducted to examine the toxic effect of sorbic acid solutions at low and high concentration on onions with a small part of meristematic dividing cells in control. In this study, the miotic index in the control samples (Table 2) was 40% lower than that obtained in the previous study (Table 1). The conditions of the Allium test in the previous and the current study did not differ. The comparative analysis showed the following negative trends in the results. First, the roots in the experimental groups became soft and acquired a yellowish hue after 2 days of incubation with the acid. Second, there was no gain in the root mass compared to control (Table 2) when treated with a high-concentration acid solution (0.2 g/L), whereas in the previous study the gain was 25%, and roots did not change the color (Fig. 1). Similar negative changes were recorded at the biochemical level in MDA measurement (Fig. 7). The lipid oxidation activity in these samples compared to the previous study was significantly higher both in the test and control samples.
Table 2 Inhibition of the root mass growth and the mitotic index after treatment with sorbic acid (n = 9)
Figure 7 Effect of different doses of sorbic acid on MDA level in roots after 2 days of incubation (n = 9) * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.1
According to the obtained results, it seems advisable to select batches of bulbs before the Allium test. This selection is necessary as the low values of the mitotic index may result in false positive results, both in terms of EC50 estimates and biochemical indicators.
The results of this study showed that sorbic and benzoic acids caused toxic effects in the roots of Allium cepa. These preservatives affected the physiological, biochemical, cytological, and genetic characteristics of the plant system. Treating onion roots with these acids in concentrations of 1 and 2 g/L, which are acceptable for some food products, was so highly toxic as to lead to their death. When concentrations of these acids decreased, EC50 limits for benzoic and sorbic acids were shown to be 10–20 and 20–100 mg/L, respectively. These concentrations of preservative solutions induced a 50% retardation in root growth, a significant decrease in the mitotic index, especially in the case of sorbic acid, and almost a triple increase in chromosomal disorders.
Thus, these preservatives at very low concentrations gave a chronic and subchronic toxic effect. Based on the conducted studies, it is necessary to use the concentration of food preservatives within their detected EC50 values to assess these toxicity indicators in the Allium test. If these conditions are met, it is possible to simulate the processes of detoxification and metabolism for these compounds, both at the cellular level and the whole organism.
Therefore, it can help gain a better understanding of the biological actions of these agents. Indeed, the negative effects found under these conditions for sorbic acid, but not benzoic acid, were correlated with the lipid oxidation biomarker. In this regard, we believe that the study of this biomarker can provide valuable information for monitoring and predicting early effects of sorbic acid on animal and human cells. Yet, it is probably necessary to study the role of catabolic processes to determine the molecular mechanisms of activation of enzymes with benzoic acid [35].
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
The materials were prepared as part of the government assignment to V.M. Gorbatov Federal Scientific Center for Food Systems.
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HomeBlogApplicationHow Do You Measure The Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films?
How Do You Measure The Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films?
What are thin films – what does the term "thin-film" mean? Thin-film is defined as a substance, in a very thin layer, on the top of a supporting material. You will frequently hear the term thin films and thermal conductivity used together. A semi-conductor, in a one molecule or one atom thick coating, is deposited in a layer. Many commercial applications apply to thin films due to their anti-reflection coatings: i.e., optical filters and mirrors.
What Can Thin Film Coatings Do?
There is incredible potential for thermoelectric materials to provide spot heating or cooling. They can directly and effectively, from a waste heat source, convert heat to electricity. Additionally, this can be of interest in niche applications such as the following: photodetector coolers, thermal charge LED lighting, nerve stimulation in plants, and cochlear hearing replacements. What's more, with present electronic devices requiring electrically generated current to be removed (for a performance that is more stable), thermoelectric materials are suitable for high integration.
Metal alloys and semi-conductors are thermoelectric materials that are the most widely researched. But because they either oxidize or decompose in the atmosphere, alloys are not cost-effective. And, in high temperature, energy intensive processing, these materials are difficult to fabricate. They are also expensive.
Despite the above-mentioned characteristics, polymer and organic thermoelectric materials remain desirable. The reason – they are ideal for thermoelectric functions because they possess lower thermal conductivity. To fit the geometrical requirements, polymers can be easily integrated into topologies considered unusual. This is because they are flexible. They can be produced at a substantially lower cost and possess unique features.
At Korea Advanced Institute of Technology and Science, researchers have published some interesting work. Its purpose – by exploiting the benefits of the conducting polymer's lower thermal activity and the graphene's enhanced electrical conductivity, to fabricate thermoelectric polymer thin films that are highly efficient.
There are services who test the thermal conductivity of thin films, thermal subsystems, thermal straps, etc. They use special equipment that has been designed specifically for pressure and temperature control. It is called a thermal vac or thermal vacuum. The testing is conducted in a chamber that can be evacuated to approximately 1 billionth of an atmosphere.
Electrically powered heat is applied to a component at one end. Anchored to a thermal vac chamber located temperature-controlled interface plate, is the other end. Controlling and monitoring temperatures and pressure is calibrated instrumentation that is included in the thermal vac chamber. In order to make accurate measurements, this is necessary. Thermal conductivity and thermal conduction are calculated values that are derived directly resulting from the temperature measurements. Services responsible for this type of measurement and testing provide documents that detail how thermal conductance is calculated, measured, and reported.
At A&A Coatings, we use the thermal spray process to achieve coatings that are conductive. Among all the industries throughout the world, thermal spray coatings are used on seemingly unlimited numbers of products, machines, parts, surfaces, and more. And every day, technology takes us further and further into what was once the unknown. Keep up with the changing times and protect your machinery, parts, components, etc. with our thermal spray coatings. Contact us today for more information. And if you'd like to find out a little bit more about our company, you can read all about us by clicking here.
Back to School: What is Thermal Spray?


In 2004, Prince joined longtime George Harrison cohorts Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and Steve Winwood for a performance of the Beatles' "While My Guitar Gently Weeps."
The occasion? Harrison's posthumous induction into the Rock and Hall of Fame. Harrison died three years earlier in November 2001.
The interesting thing about this clip, which also features Harrison's son Dhani and a few members of Petty's Heartbreakers, is how Prince (and his roadie, of course) make his guitar—a Tele-style H.S. Anderson Mad Cat—disappear. Prince doesn't enter the video until 3:28, but when he does, it brings the intensity up a few notches (no offense to Petty and Lynne, Harrison's former Traveling Wilburies bandmates).
In the days after Prince died, The New York Times ran an article about the performance in which Petty and others who performed with Prince that night shared their memories.
According to The Times, the show's producer, Joel Gallen, asked Prince to play the song's solos, since he was there to be inducted anyway. But during rehearsals, Marc Mann, who plays guitar with Lynne, took over, knocking out a note-perfect recreation of Eric Clapton's original mid-song solo.
The smile on the face of Dhani Harrison—George Harrison's son, who plays acoustic guitar on the number—shows how much he was enjoying Prince's star-turn on his father's song.
"You see me nodding at him, to say, 'Go on, go on,'" Petty says. "I remember I leaned out at him at one point and gave him a 'This is going great!' kind of look.


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Google Off Campus Drive 2021 | Freshers | Software Engineering Intern | Hyderabad/ Bangalore
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Jeremy Hunt has said that the continued erosion of staff pay is 'not sustainable' yet he has chosen to ignore his own advice. Despite the Government announcing that staff will receive a 1% pay rise, the reality is the vast majority of doctors face another real terms pay cut, with some not receiving any uplift for up to three years.
"NHS doctors have now seen their real terms pay cut for the fifth year in a row. Despite how the government have tried to present it, doctors are being left worse off, year on year.
"This comes at a time when demand but also productivity across the NHS is rising, and demonstrates just how little the Coalition Government values its NHS staff given the fact they seem determined to balance the NHS budget on the backs of those working on the frontline.
"While the BMA understands the economic constraints the NHS faces, the continued erosion of pay undermines the excellent work and dedication to patient care from doctors and other NHS staff, and only goes to highlight the Government's failure to find a meaningful and sustainable solution to the funding crisis imposed on the health service.
"At a time when doctors are working harder than ever before to meet rising demand, it is not surprising that doctors' morale is going down when today's announcement means that staff are once again bearing the brunt of the Government's cuts.
"Overstretched doctors are covering for a recruitment crisis. In hospital emergency departments, severe doctor shortages combined with underfunding has produced the perfect storm – a crisis in patient care.
"The continued chipping away of pay means consultant pay is now, in real terms, lower than it was over a decade ago. GPs will also be unfairly hit. Despite delivering substantial efficiency savings while at the same time facing ever increasing workload pressures and patient demand, today's announcement will continue to see practice income eroded as practice expenses increase disproportionately to income.
"How can the Government expect to engage constructively with doctors on pay and conditions when it continues to devalue them year on year?