text:
Sarah Hollander
Trade shows: new Rx for city? Medical Mart wants showroom in old Higbee building, but the project hinges on a new convention center
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OpinionCase details
Estate of Brady
Estate of McArthur
Thus, the decedent in the instant case had full control over it and could have deeded it or willed it to her…
Estate of Abdale
If the donor spouse predeceases the donee spouse, it is clear that the property will be distributed upon the…
Full title:In the Matter of the Estate of WILLIAM BRADY, Deceased
Court:Supreme Court of California
Date published: Aug 10, 1915
171 Cal. 1 (Cal. 1915)
151 P. 275
Supreme Court of California
L. A. No. 3771.
APPEAL from a decree of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County distributing the estate of a deceased person. Charles Wellborn, Judge.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
U.S. Webb, Attorney-General, George Beebe, Deputy Attorney-General, and John T. Nourse, Deputy Attorney-General, for Appellant.
Henry T. Gage, W.I. Foley, O'Melveny, Stevens Millikin, J. Wiseman Macdonald, Haas Dunnigan, Hunsaker Britt, and Lewinsohn Kline, Amici curiae, for Appellant.
Mott Dillon, for Public Administrator.
Oscar Lawler, and Porter Sutton, for Respondents.
ANGELLOTTI, C. J.
This is an appeal by the state of California from the portion of the decree of final distribution of the estate of William Brady, deceased, which adjudges that one-half of the property of said deceased be distributed to certain persons bearing the relationship of brother or sister, or descendants of such, to Harriet Hayes Brady, the predeceased wife of said William Brady. The other half of said property was distributed to the state of California, subject to the provisions of title VIII, part III, of the Code of Civil Procedure, and all other provisions of the statutes of the state relative to the escheat of estates. It is claimed on behalf of the state that, upon the facts, all of the property should have been so distributed to the state, said William Brady having left surviving him no kin whatsoever. This claim concededly is well founded, unless the disposition of the property is controlled by subdivision 8 of section 1386 of the Civil Code. The lower court treated all of the property of deceased as being controlled in its devolution by said subdivision 8 of section 1386, and distributed it accordingly.
There can be no dispute on this appeal as to the material facts. The findings of the lower court declare those facts, and these findings are conclusive for all the purposes of the appeal, the evidence not having been brought before us for review. Mrs. Brady, the predeceased wife of deceased, died July 22, 1894. At the time of her death there was certain property, consisting of two parcels of land, two notes secured by mortgage, and certain money, of the aggregate value of $20,238.50, which was community property of Mr. Brady and his said wife, all of the same having been acquired by them during their marriage, and none of the same having been acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent. Mr. Brady died intestate on October 28, 1909. In the meantime he had sold the land and collected the amounts due on the notes, and had reinvested the proceeds in stocks and bonds. He left an estate exceeding in value seventy thousand dollars, all of which "consisted of rents, issues and profits of the community property owned by" him and his said wife "at the time of the death of the latter, and of property purchased with moneys derived from the sale of said community property and the satisfaction of said mortgages." This finding precludes the idea that any part of the increase in value of said property was other than that which had "arisen naturally and without the active engagement by the husband of his capital in some business or employment" ( Estate of Cudworth, 133 Cal. 462, [ 65 P. 1041]) from the common property existing at the time of death of the predeceased spouse, that any part of said increase was due to the personal activity, ability, or capacity of the surviving husband. ( Pereira v. Pereira, 156 Cal. 1, [134 Am. St. Rep. 107, 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 880, 103 P. 488]; Estate of Gold, 170 Cal. 621, [ 151 P. 12.].)
Subdivision 8 of section 1386 of the Civil Code, the section prescribing, in nine subdivisions, rules of succession, is, so far as material, as follows:
"8. If the deceased is a widow, or widower, and leaves no issue, and the estate, or any portion thereof, was common property of such decedent and his or her deceased spouse, while such spouse was living, such property goes in equal shares to the children of such deceased spouse and to the descendants of such children by right of representation, and if none, then one-half of such common property goes to the father and mother of such decedent in equal shares, or to the survivor of them if either be dead, or if both be dead, then in equal shares to the brothers and sisters of such decedent and to the descendants of any deceased brother or sister by right of representation, and the other half goes to the father and mother of such deceased spouse in equal shares, or to the survivor of them if either be dead, or if both be dead, then in equal shares to the brothers and sisters of such deceased spouse and to the descendants of any deceased brother or sister by right of representation."
The principal claim of the attorney-general and of amici curiae who have filed briefs herein, is that none of the property left by Mr. Brady was "common property" of Mr. and Mrs. Brady at the time of the death of Mrs. Brady, and that consequent said subdivision 8 is not applicable to the facts of this case. The section is applicable only to such property left by a deceased as was "common property of such decedent and his or her deceased spouse while such spouse was living," and this has been held to mean only such property as was common property at the moment of the death of the predeceased spouse. ( Estate of McCauley, 138 Cal. 546, [ 71 P. 458].) The theory underlying this claim is that the statute by its very terms includes only the identical property held as common property at the time of the death of the predeceased spouse, does not include other property for which the same may have been exchanged, and in no event includes the rents, issues, or profits of such property or of the property into which it has been converted.
In the opinion filed when this case was decided in Department, prepared by Mr. Justice Shaw, it was said in regard to this claim:
"It must have been foreseen by the legislature that many years would usually elapse between the deaths of the respective spouses. The apparent object of subdivision 8, where both spouses die without lineal descendants, is to provide for the inheritance of the property equally by the respective families of the two spouses by whose efforts it was accumulated. The construction contended for would defeat the main object of the subdivision in every case where the property was sold or exchanged by the survivor in his lifetime, and in all cases with regard to the ordinary income or increase thereof. It is a familiar doctrine in this state that property does not lose its character or status as separate or community property, by a mere change in form or identity, because of a substitution of other property in the usual manner of sale or exchange, and that interest, rents, or profits therefrom retain the character in this respect of the property from which they are derived. ( Ramsdell v. Fuller, 28 Cal. 42, [87 Am. Dec. 103]; Schuyler v. Broughton, 70 Cal. 282, [11 P. 719]; Rich v. Tubbs, 41 Cal. 34; Beaudry v. Felch, 47 Cal. 185; Flournoy v. Flournoy, 86 Cal. 293, [21 Am. St. Rep. 391, 24 P. 1012].)
"In view of these considerations, we think the more reasonable conclusion is that the subdivision applies not only to the community property in kind, as it existed at the death of the wife, but also to that into which the husband may convert it during his subsequent life, and that it also applies to the rents, issues, and profits thereof. This was the effect of the decision in Estate of Davidson, 21 Cal.App. 118, [ 131 P. 67], in which case this court denied a petition for rehearing. A part of the estate there involved was the proceeds of the property derived by the wife from the predeceased husband. It is a precedent for the conclusion above stated, although the point was not expressly mentioned.
"It does not follow from this conclusion that the heirs of the predeceased wife have anything more than an expectancy in the property, or its proceeds, during the subsequent life of the husband. It does not affect the husband's title. It may also be conceded that if such community property is by the husband so mingled with his other property that it cannot be traced to its origin as a part of the community property, subdivision 8 could not be applied. We have no such difficulty in this case. The property has been traced and the fact is established that it is the proceeds, issues, rents, and profits of the identical property existing at the wife's death."
A rehearing in Bank was granted upon the urgent petition of the attorney-general and various amici curiae for the purpose of giving further consideration to the question. While its determination is not entirely easy, we are of the opinion that what was said on the former decision correctly disposes of the question.
As is stated therein, this conclusion in no way affects the husband's title during his life. Under section 1401 of the Civil Code, providing that "upon the death of the wife, the entire community property, without administration, belongs to the surviving husband," Mr. Brady, as is claimed by appellant, was, without administration, from the moment of the death of his predeceased wife, the absolute owner of all the community property ( Estate of Klumpke, 167 Cal. 414, 419, [ 139 P. 1062]), as fully as though it had been his separate property during coverture, with power to deal with it as he saw fit, even to the extent of effectually devising or bequeathing it by will, subdivision 8 of section 1386 of the Civil Code applying only in the event of intestacy. This, however, is entirely immaterial in determining the proper construction of the rule of succession prescribed by subdivision 8 of section 1386 of the Civil Code. The situation is the same in this regard whether the property remain in its original form, or is exchanged by the surviving spouse for other property. In each case we are dealing with property which during the life of the surviving husband was his absolute property, to do with as he wills. The legislature has simply enacted a rule of succession in regard thereto in the event of his dying intestate as it unquestionably had the right to do, and we are simply required to determine what the legislature meant by the language it has used. It is necessarily true also, as contended by appellant, that the community ended with the death of the predeceased spouse, and that property thereafter acquired by the surviving husband could not be community property. But, in view of the findings, we are not dealing here with property acquired by the surviving husband, but with property owned by such husband at the time of his, death, the acquirement of no part of which was due to his personal activity, ability, or capacity, all of the same coming to him under such circumstances, that it would have to be held to be, in view of our statutory provisions and decisions relative to separate and community property, the same property that was owned by him and his predeceased spouse at the time of her death, as community property, and the natural increase thereof. In view of these statutory provisions and decisions, it is not a forced or unreasonable construction of the words "common property of such decedent and his or her deceased spouse, while such spouse was living" in subdivision 8 of section 1386 of the Civil Code, to hold that the term includes such proceeds and rents, issues, and profits of the community property existing at the time of the death of the predeceased spouse as would have constituted community property if the marriage had not been dissolved by the death of the predeceased spouse, and this, to our minds, is the natural and reasonable construction of the term. In other words, purely for the purpose of determining rights by succession upon the death of the surviving spouse, the statutory provisions determining what is community property as construed by decisions remain in force and applicable throughout the life of the surviving spouse, as to all property constituting community property the spouses at the time of the death of the predeceased spouse. We are to be understood always as referring only to such proceeds and increase as are not due to the personal activity, ability, or capacity of the surviving spouse, these clearly not being included in such term, but in view of the findings, no part of the property here in dispute comes within this category.
Certain cases from other states are cited by appellant in support of its position that the statutory provision applicable here applies only to the "identical property" constituting common property at the death of the predeceased spouse, and does not include property received by the surviving spouse in exchange therefor, or any rents, issues, or profits. Of these decisions it is to be said that none involved the precise question we have here, in view of our community and separate property system and the well-settled rules in regard thereto. It is in the light of the well-understood policy in this matter that our statute is to be construed, and so construed we think the conclusion of the court in Department was correct.
We find in the briefs no other matter requiring notice here. To our minds the decree was in accord with our law and should be affirmed.
The decree of distribution is affirmed.
Shaw, J., Sloss, J., Lorigan, J., Melvin, J., and Lawlor, J., concurred.

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Constitutional Rights Series
Foreign Exchange and Management Act, 1999
March 19, 2019 January 30, 2015
By Piyali Sengupta, HNLU, Raipur
"Editor's Note: The paper deals with the Foreign Exchange and Management Act, 1999 comprehensively."
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.[1] In fact it is the central legislation that deals with inbound investments into India and outbound investments from India and trade and business between India and the other countries.
The FEMA provides:
Free transactions on current account subject to reasonable restrictions that may be imposed
RBI control over Capital Account Transactions
Control over realization of export proceeds
Dealings in Foreign Exchange through Authorised Person (e.g Authorised Dealer/ Money Changer/ Off-shore Banking Unit)
Adjudication of Offences
Appeal provisions including Special Director (Appeals) and Appellate Tribunal
Directorate of Enforcement
HISTORY OF FEMA, 1999
In the backdrop of acute shortage of Foreign Exchange in the country, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act of 1973 (FERA) was enacted. This legislation was passed by the Indian Parliament by the government of Indira Gandhi but it came into force with effect from January 1, 1974. FERA had a controversial 27 year stint during which many bosses of the Indian Corporate world found themselves at the mercy of the Enforcement Directorate.
FERA imposed stringent regulations on certain kinds of payments. It dealt in foreign exchange and securities and the transactions which had an indirect impact on the foreign exchange and the import and export of currency. The purpose of the act, inter alia, was to "regulate certain payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, transactions indirectly affecting foreign exchange and the import and export of currency, for the conservation of foreign exchange resources of the country". It was repealed in 1999 by the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, which liberalised foreign exchange controls and restrictions on foreign investment.
FEMA had become the need of the hour since FERA had become incompatible with the pro-liberalisation policies of the Government of India. It brought a new management regime of Foreign Exchange consistent with the emerging framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is another matter that the enactment of FEMA also brought with it the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002, which came into effect from 1 July 2005.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEMA AND FERA
FEMA FERA
Object to conserve and prevent misuse
Violation was Criminal Offence and was non compoundable
It was a draconian police law
To facilitate external trade and payments
Violation is a civil offence and is compoundable
It is a civil law
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE FEMA ACT, 1999
FEMA contains 7 Chapters divided into 49 sections of which 12 sections cover operational part and the rest contravention, penalties, adjudication, appeals, enforcement directorate, etc.
As far as transactions on account of trade in goods and services are concerned, FEMA has by and large removed the restrictions except for the enabling provision for the Central Government to impose reasonable restrictions in public interest. The capital account transactions will be regulated by RBI /Central Government for which necessary circulars /notifications will have to be issued under FEMA.
CHAPTER I – Preliminary (Sec 1&2)
CHAPTER II- Regulation and Management of Foreign Exchange (Sec 3 –9)
CHAPTER III – Authorised Person (Sec 10 –12)
CHAPTER IV – Contravention and Penalties (Sec 13-15)
CHAPTER V – Adjudication and Appeal (Sec 16- 35)
CHAPTER VI – Directorate of Enforcement (Sec 36-38)
CHAPTER VII- Miscellaneous (Sec 39 – 49)
Besides the FEMA, there are 5 rules and 23 regulations under the Act which help in implementation of the Act.
AUTHORITIES AND ENFORCEMENT MACHINERY UNDER FEMA
FEMA in itself is not an independent and isolated law. The provisions of FEMA are spread at different places and so are there regulatory bodies. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) makes regulations for FEMA and the rules are made by Central Government.
Though RBI is the overall controlling authority in respect of FEMA, enforcement of FEMA has been entrusted to a separate "Directorate of Enforcement" formed for this purpose. (Section 36)
Authorities governing the enforcement of FEMA:
Foreign Exchange Department of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) – fema.rbi.org.in
Directorate of Enforcement, Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance- http://directorateofenforcement. gov.in
Capital Markets Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance – http:// finmin.nic.in/the ministry/dept eco affairs/
Foreign Trade Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance – http:// finmin.nic.in/theministry/dept eco affairs/
Machinery responsible for various aspects of FEMA is:
Enforcement Directorate – To investigate provisions of the Act, the Central Government have established the Directorate of Enforcement with Director and other officers as officers of the Enforcement. It is mainly concerned with the enforcement of the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act to prevent leakage of foreign exchange which occurs through malpractices. Directorate has to detect cases of violation and also perform substantial adjudicatory functions to curb malpractices.[2]
The Enforcement Directorate is an attached office of the Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue. Prior to 1st May, 1956, the responsibility for enforcement of exchange control laws under FERA 1947 was discharged by the Investigation and Enforcement Section in the Exchange Control Department of the R.B.I.
This Directorate is under the administrative control of the Department of Revenue for operational purposes; the policy aspect of the Act and its legislation and its amendments are however within the purview of the Department of Economic Affairs. The background of keeping the policy aspects relating to the Act in the Department of Economic Affairs is that –
(i) the Department of Economic Affairs is more closely involved in the formulation of policy responses at the macro level to the changing economic scenario; and
(ii) the Department of Economic Affairs coordinates with RBI in respect of trade and invisible transactions and banking aspects of the Act.[3]
Adjudicating Authority – The adjudicating authority will issue a notice to the person who has contravened the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, Rules, Regulations, Notifications or any directions issued by the RBI.[4]
Special Director (Appeals) – Any person aggrieved by an order made by the Adjudicating Authority, being an Assistant Director of Enforcement or a Deputy Director of Enforcement can prefer an appeal to the Special Director (Appeals).
Appellate Tribunal – Any person aggrieved by an order made by the Adjudicating Authority, or the Special Director (Appeals) can prefer an appeal to the Appellate Tribunal
Foreign Exchange Department of RBI (Earlier till 31.1.04, known as Exchange Control Department) – The Foreign Exchange Department of the Reserve Bank administers Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, (FEMA) which has replaced the earlier Act , FERA, with effect from June 1, 2000. For purchase of foreign exchange for most of the current account transaction, with exception of those listed in Schedule III to the Government of India Notification G.S.R. No 381(E) dated May 3, 2000; no permission from the Reserve Bank is required. Extensive powers are available to banks authorised to deal in foreign exchange, known as authorised dealers. As a result, foreign exchange can be purchased for practically all transactions which are of current account nature.
Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA)- Government of India has set up the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) to facilitate quick translation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals into implementation, to provide a pro-active one stop after care service to foreign investors by helping them obtain necessary approvals, sort out operational problems and meet with various Government agencies to find solution to their problems.[5]
7. Foreign Investment Promotion Board- The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is a government body that offers a single window clearance for proposals on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India that are not allowed access through the automatic route. FIPB comprises of Secretaries drawn from different ministries with Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, MoF in the chair.[6] This inter-ministerial body examines and discusses proposals for foreign investments in the country for sectors with caps, sources and instruments that require approval under the extant FDI Policy (prescribed vide Circular 1 of 2012)on a regular basis. The Minister of Finance, considers the recommendations of the FIPB on proposals for foreign investment up to 1200 crore. Proposals involving foreign investment of more than 1200 crore require the approval of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).[7]
FIPB is mandated to play an important role in the administration and implementation of the Government's FDI policy. It has a strong record of actively encouraging the flow of FDI into the country through speedy and transparent processing of applications, and providing on-line clarification. In case of ambiguity or a conflict of interpretation, the FIPB has always stepped in with an investor-friendly approach.
The Authority for Advance Rulings (AAR) pronounces rulings on the applications of the non-resident/residents submitted in the prescribed form following prescribed procedure and such rulings are binding both on the applicant and the income-tax department.
REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
Foreign Exchange refers to money denominated in the currency of another nation or group of nations like Euro. Foreign exchange can be cash, funds available on credit cards and debit cards, traveler's checks, bank deposits, or other short-term claims. Section 2(n) of FEMA states that "foreign exchange" means foreign currency and includes,-
(i) deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency,
(ii) drafts, travelers cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange, expressed or drawn in Indian currency but payable in any foreign currency,
(iii) drafts, travelers cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange drawn by banks, institutions or persons outside India, but payable in Indian currency;
FEMA prohibits:
Dealing in or transfer of Foreign Exchange or Foreign Security to any person other than Authorised Person
Make any payment otherwise through an authorized person to or for the credit of any person resident outside India in any manner
receive otherwise through an authorized person, any payment by order or on behalf of any person resident outside India in any manner.
enter into any financial transaction in India as consideration for or in association with acquisition or creation or transfer of a right to acquire, any asset outside India by any person
Manner of receipt in Foreign Exchange
Payment for Export can be received:
in form of Draft, cheque, foreign currency notes/travelers cheque etc. provided the foreign currency so received is surrendered within the specified time period
by debit to FCNR /NRE Account
In rupees from the credit card servicing bank in India where payment is made via credit card
From a rupee account held in the name of exchange house with an authorised dealer if the amount does not exceed Rs 2 lacs
In the form of precious metals
Payment can be received in cash from Foreign Travelers in India if the same foreign exchange is duly surrendered
RBI also permits offsetting of export proceeds against import payables etc. after obtaining prescribed certificate from CA/Cost Accountant in this regard
Payment shall be made in a currency appropriate to the country of shipment of goods
Drawal of Foreign Currency means drawal from an authorised person and includes opening of letter of credit, use of international credit card etc. which has an effect of creating foreign exchange liability
Repatriation of Foreign Exchange
"Repatriate to India" means bringing into India the realized foreign exchange and-
the selling of such foreign exchange to an authorized person in India in exchange for rupees, or
the holding of realized amount in an account with an authorized person in India to the extent notified by the Reserve Bank,
It includes use of the realized amount for discharge of a debt or liability denominated in foreign exchange
Manner of Repatriation -It can be done in the following manner:
Sell it to Authorised Person in India in exchange for Rupees
Retain in an account with an authorised dealer
Use it for discharge of a debt or liability denominated in foreign exchange in the manner specified by RBI
Surrender of Foreign Exchange
Any Foreign Exchange earned by a person other than person resident in India not used for permissible purposes should be surrendered within 60 days of such acquisition / purchase
However if acquired for Foreign Travel within 90 days if the exchange is in currency and coins and 180 days if it is in traveler's cheque or if the same is acquired by person resident in India
These provisions are not applicable to Foreign Currencies of Nepal and Bhutan
TRANSACTIONS COVERED UNDER FEMA
As stated earlier all transactions between a resident and a non-resident is covered in FEMA, these transaction can be broadly classified in two groups current account transactions and capital account transactions.
Current Account Transactions
As per Sec 2 (e) "Capital account transaction" means a transaction which alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or liabilities in India of persons resident outside India, and includes transactions referred to in Sec 6(3). Any person may sell or draw foreign exchange to or from an authorized person if such sale or drawal is a current account transaction.
The Central Government may, in public interest and in consultation with the Reserve Bank, impose such reasonable restrictions for current account transactions as may be required from time to time.
The definition is inclusive and any expenditure which is not a capital account transaction will be current account transaction. It includes:
payments due in connection with foreign trade, other current business, services, and short-term banking and credit facilities in the ordinary course of business
payments due as interest on loans and as net income from investments
remittances for living expenses of parents, spouse and children residing abroad, and
expenses in connection with foreign travel, education and medical care of parents, spouse and children
The following transactions are therefore regarded as Capital Account Transaction[8]
(a) Transfer or issue of any foreign security by a person resident in India;
(b) Transfer or issue of any security by a person resident outside India;
(c) Transfer or issue of any security or foreign security by any branch, office or agency in India of a person resident outside India;
(d) Any borrowing or lending in foreign exchange in whatever form or by whatever name called;
(e) Any borrowing or lending in rupees in whatever form or by whatever name called between a person resident in India and a person resident outside India;
(f) Deposits between persons resident in India and persons resident outside India;
(g) Export, import or holding of currency or currency notes;
(h) Transfer of immovable property outside India, other than a lease not exceeding five years, by a person resident in India;
(i) Acquisition or transfer of immovable property in India, other than a lease not exceeding five years, by a person resident outside India;
(j) Giving of a guarantee or surety in respect of any debt, obligation or other liability incurred,-
(i) By a person resident in India and owed to a person resident outside India; or
(ii) By a person resident outside India.
Though the norms of Capital Account Transactions have been considerably relaxed, as a general rule all capital account are prohibited unless specifically allowed. Permissible capital account transactions are governed by the Foreign Exchange Management (Permissible Capital Account Transactions) Regulations, 2000 (Notification FEMA 1/2000-RB).
Release of Exchange for Travel
The following do not require any approval from RBI:
Upto USD 10,000 or equivalent in one financial year for one or more private visits abroad (Nepal and Bhutan being exempted )
Upto USD 25,000 for business visits
Upto USD 1,00,000 for person going to abroad for employment, education (yearly) and for medical Treatment[9]
Business and Commercial Remittance Abroad
Foreign Technology Agreements are permitted except in High Priority Industries
Payment can be made on lump sum or Royalty based on sales or by issue of Equity Shares after deducting TDS
There are no limitations on royalty payment and payment of Technical Fees
No collaboration permitted in Lottery, Gambling etc.[10]
Restrictions on Current Account Transactions
The following requires prior approval of RBI:
Gifts and Donations above USD 5000
Corporate Donation above 1 % of Foreign Exchange Earning during 3 previous years or USD 5 million, whichever is less
Commission to Agents abroad for sale of residential/commercial plots in India above 5 % of Inward Remittance or USD 25000 , whichever is higher
Consultancy Charges paid abroad for more than USD 1 million
Reimbursement of Pre-incorporation expenses above 5% of FDI or USD 1 lac whichever is higher
Capital Account Transactions
Section 2 (j) of FEMA defines "capital account transaction" as a transaction which alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or liabilities in India of persons resident outside India, and includes transactions like:
Changes in Assets/ Liabilities
Transfer/ issue of security
Borrowing/ Lending
Export, import or holding of currency or currency notes
Giving guarantee
As per the provisions laid down in Section 5, a person may sell or draw foreign exchange freely for his current account transactions, except in a few cases where limits have been prescribed The Central Government has the power to regulate current account transactions. Unless the transaction is restricted, Foreign exchange can be drawn for the same. Current Account transactions are governed by the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000 (Notification No.GSR.381(E), dated 03/05/2000).
Drawal of foreign exchange for the following purposes are prohibited:
A transaction specified in Schedule I.
Travel to Nepal and/or Bhutan.
Transaction with a person resident in Nepal or Bhutan.
Drawal means drawal of foreign exchange from an authorized person and includes opening of Letter of credit or use of International Credit Card or International Debit Card or ATM Card or any other thing by whatever name called which has the effect of creating foreign exchange liability.[11]
Current Account Transactions are covered under the following:
Transactions prohibited under Schedule I like Remittance of dividend by any company to which the requirement of dividend balancing is applicable, Remittance out of lottery winnings, Remittance of income from racing/riding, etc., Remittance for purchase of lottery tickets, banned/prescribed magazines, football pools, sweepstakes, etc.
Transactions that require prior approval of Government of India, mentioned in Schedule II like Cultural Tours – Ministry of Human Resource Development (Department of Education and Culture), Advertisement in foreign print media for the purposes other than promotion of tourism, foreign investments and international bidding (exceeding US$ 10,000) by a State Government and its Public Sector Undertakings-Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs, Remittance of Freight of vessel chartered by a PSU -Ministry of Surface Transport (Chartering Wing) etc.
Transactions that require prior approval of Reserve Bank of India, mentioned in Schedule III like Release of exchange exceeding US $ 10,000 or its equivalent in one financial year, for one or more private visits to any country (except Nepal and Bhutan), Gift remittance exceeding US$ 5,000 per financial year per remitter/donor other than resident individual etc.
Who can make FDI?
Person Resident outside India except for Pakistan
Entity incorporated outside except Pakistan & Bangladesh
Person Resident of Bangladesh & entities incorporated there can make investment in India in form of shares and convertible Debentures with prior approval of RBI
RBI has granted general permission under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) in respect of proposals approved by the Government. Indian companies getting foreign investment approval through FIPB route do not require any further clearance from RBI for the purpose of receiving inward remittance and issue of shares to the foreign investors.
The companies are however required to notify the concerned Regional office of the RBI about receipt of inward remittances within 30 days of such receipt and to file the required documents with the concerned Regional offices of the RBI within 30 days after issue of shares to the foreign investors or NRIs.[12]
Industrial Policy towards Foreign Investment
FDI in shares is permitted 100% in all industries except the following:
Proposals requiring Industrial License
Investment exceeding 24% inn SSI reserved items
Investment in Defense sector upto 26%
Foreign collaborator having previous tie up
Acquisition in shares of existing Company
Prohibited Sectors – Prohibited Sectors include
Retail Trading (except single brand retailing)
Lottery Business
Gambling Betting etc.
Activity /sector not opened for private sector investment
Agriculture except few prescribed
Plantation except tea plantation
Real Estate Business except few prescribed
Manufacture of Cigars, cigarettes etc.
Activities requiring Government Approval – Activities that require government approval include Petroleum Sector, Investing Companies in Infrastructure and Service Sector, Defense & Strategic Industries ,Atomic Minerals, Print Media, Broadcasting, Postal Services, Courier Services ,Establishment & operation of Satellite , Development of Integrated Township.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has recently come out with notifications under the FEMA to operationalise foreign direct investment (FDI) policy in multi-brand retailing, telecom and others. It has also widened the definition of the term 'control' under the Act which would have repercussions on downstream investment by an entity controlled by foreigners. The government had relaxed norms for 51 per cent multi-brand retail trading and eased the mandatory 30 per cent local sourcing norms for companies.[13] The cap in telecom was increased to 100 per cent from 74 per cent. FDI of up to 49 per cent can come through the automatic route.[14]
The Indian foreign exchange market has operated in a liberalised environment for more than a decade. A cautious and well-calibrated approach was followed while liberalising the foreign exchange market with an emphasis on the need to safeguard against potential financial instability that could arise due to excessive speculation.
Besides, with the Indian economy moving towards further capital account liberalisation, the development of a well-integrated foreign exchange market also becomes important as it is through this market that cross-border financial inflows and outflows are channelled to other markets. Replacing of FERA, 1973 by FEMA, 1999 helped removing the flaws and overcoming the hurdles posed by it.
Formatted on 19th March 2019.
[1] Objectives and Purpose, The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
[2] Directorate Of Enforcement, available at http://www.ceib.nic.in/ed.htm,last seen 6/10/2014.
[4] Foreign Exchange Market, Report on Currency and Finance available at http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/publicationreport/pdfs/77577.pdf, last seen 18/10/,2014.
[5] Foreign Investment Implementation Authority, available at http://dipp.nic.in/English/Investor/FIIA.aspx, last seen 8/10/2014.
[6] Foreign Investment Promotion Board, INDIA, available at http://www.fipbindia.com/, last seen 7/10/2014.
[7]Ibid.
[8] Rajkumar S Adukia, Fathoming FEMA {Overview of Provisions of Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) and Rules and Regulations there under}, ICSI,A-418 November 2011 available at http://www.icsi.edu/cs/November%202011/Articles/Fathoming%20FEMA%20%7BOverview, last seen 14/10/2014.
[11] What is Drawal, available at http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-drawal.htm, last seen 5/02/2014.
[12] Devesh Pandey, Foreign Direct Investment In India (Policies, Procedure And Legal Framework), Corporate Laws Blog, available at http://cacscorporatelaw.blogspot.in/2012/02/foreign-direct-investment-in-india.html, last seen 7/10/2014.
[14] RBI notifies rules under Fema to operationalise FDI decisions, Business Standard, available at http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbi-notifies-rules-under-fema-to-operationalise-fdi-decisions-113091101023_1.html, last seen 14/10/2014.
Chinese FDI in India
Law on Phone Tapping in India in Light on Public Safety
Non Performing Assets Against The Backdrop of Quid…
PM CARES Fund: An Ambush on the RTI Act
Dispute Settlement Mechanism under the WTO
Case study of L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India
6 thoughts on "Foreign Exchange and Management Act, 1999"
R Rajagopalan
Indian company supply goods to another Indian Company on behalf of a Foreign company. Foreign Company authorised indian company to pay/discharge its liability in INR to the Indian COmpany. Can this arrangement is permisible under FEMA.
Priyanka Jain
The difference what is given in the essay is just opposite, in the place of FEMA it should be FERA and vice versa.
Difference between FERA & FEMA is wrong. Details of difference are mentioned on wrong heads. Pls do the needful corrections.
This article is very informative and i found very helpful content for my exams
Deepali
current account transaction is wrong. iin this artical current account transaction and capital account transaction is containing same meaning.
Mandi Guevarra
I have a question for you. ?You might not think its a practical strategy.Your ideas not looks me sensible.Can you explain little more about it.
Copyright © 2020 Lawctopus. All rights reserved.


Japan has the world's most convenient and efficient railway network. JR Group railways are proud of their international reputation for frequent service, punctuality, high speed, and safety. Travel by train is also the ideal way to view Japan: you can enjoy a comfortable and carefree ride as beautiful panoramas glide before your window – mountains, forests, lakes, highlands and the sea!
Dear Japan Rail Pass (JRP) purchasers.
New eligibility requirements for sales of an Exchange Order for JAPAN RAIL PASS starting June 1, 2017. Permanent Resident Card (Green Card) issued by USA (Special case limited to the USA until further notice).
1. The name and date of birth must be the same as those in your passport.
2. The date recorded in Resident Since must be at least 10 years earlier than the date of purchase of the JRP Exchange Order.
Japan Rail (JR) would like to inform on pilot sale of JRPs in Japan.
JR plans to sell JRPs at limited railway stations in Japan from March 8, 2017 to March 31, 2018 on a trial basis.
Sapporo Station, Sendai Station, Niigata Station, Tokyo Station, Shinjuku Station, Yokohama Station, Nagoya Station, Osaka Station, Hiroshima Station, Takamatsu Station, Hakata Station, New Chitose Airport Station, Narita Airport Terminal 1 Station, Narita Airport Terminal 2 Station, Tokyo Monorail Haneda Airport International Terminal Station, Kansai Airport Station.
※Pilot sale will be available only at the stations up above.
Purchase Options ( depending on each JR company ) for "Regional Japan Rail Passes"
a/ Please contact us at rail.nyc@kintetsu.com for purchasing option.
The JAPAN RAIL PASS are available in two types of classes: Green (First Class) and Ordinary (Tourist Class).
* Please read " Purchase Restriction" for Japan Rail Pass.
7–day, 14–day and 21–day Japan Rail Passes are valid for a period of 7, 14 or 21 consecutive days, beginning on the first day of use.
PLEASE NOTE – THE JAPAN RAIL PASS is not valid for any seats, reserved or unreserved, on "NOZOMI" trains on the Tokaido and San'yo Shinkansen lines. If you use the "NOZOMI" train you must pay the basic fare and the limited express charge, and for a Green Car the Green Car surcharge. Note also that passengers using JR trains on non-JR lines must pay additional fares and charges for sections traveled on such lines.
What information do you need in order to purchase a rail pass?
How many rail passes can I purchase?
Can I buy the rail pass for someone else?
What do I get when I order the rail pass from Kintetsu?
Can I turn in the exchange order somewhere in the U.S. for a rail pass?
Copyright © Kintetsu International Express (U.S.A.), Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Hi, these are my 5yo's Chickens, He calls them MR Chicken.
Sam is the dog. These are his best friends.
My son is Autistic and finds them very relaxing and welcome in his world.
Here the Black Austrolorp cross Wyandotte is sitting eggs.
is all the double yolks we get. On average its 2 out of 7 a week.
Thanks - Sam (the dog) is purebred 'Halls Heeler' or blue cattle dog.


Secret Life HQ Pics. . HD Wallpaper and background images in the The Secret Life of the American Teenager club tagged: the secret life of the american teenager shailene woodley abc family high school drama.
This The Secret Life of the American Teenager photo contains business suit. There might also be well dressed person, suit, pants suit, pantsuit, pantleg, hip boot, and thigh boot.


Samsung Galaxy S7 Fails Water-Resistance Test: Are Waterproof Smartphones Ready For Primetime?
The Samsung Galaxy S7 Active was recently put through a "water-resistance test" by the people at Consumer Reports.
The S7 Active is a model in the Samsung Galaxy family that was designed and advertised to be more rugged for the active lifestyle. Features like a shatterproof screen and a larger battery are being used to market the phone to those who spend more time outdoors than commuting. Another advertised feature is its water resistance.
Waterproofing and resistance is a highly desired feature in a smartphone even by those who are not outdoor enthusiasts, and many companies, including Apple, have been toying and experimenting with attempts to waterproof their phones.
Some time ago, YouTube user Zach Straley water tested the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus to determine how water resistant they were. He submerged them both in bowls of water for over an hour, and they survived the dunk with no adverse effects. He concluded that Apple had secretly waterproofed its latest phone.
Why the company would waterproof the iPhone without advertising it as a feature is speculative, but if they wanted to test the feature under consumer conditions without claiming responsibility for failed devices, that would be the way to do it. However, subsequent water tests on the iPhone 6S did not turn out so well, indicating that Straley's test may have been a fluke.
With Samsung touting its Galaxy S7 Active as IP68 water resistant, Consumer Reports wanted to test that claim. The consumer watchdog publication stated that they ordinarily do not check smartphones for water-resistance durability, but since this is the first time that a company has advertised it as a feature, they felt the need to put it through an immersion test.
Testers used a pressurized water tank to simulate the pressure of five feet of water and left the S7 Active in the environment for 30 minutes.
Standard procedure for CR when a product fails a test is to perform a second test. A second S7 Active was subjected to the same conditions, and it failed as well.
Samsung claimed that they have not received any complaints on the issue and that phones that fail due to water damage are covered by the Samsung warranty.
Although not a highly advertised feature, the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge also have an IP68 rating. Consumer Reports performed immersion tests with those phone, and they both passed.
While the Samsung Galaxy S7 Active failed to prove any degree of water resistance, results from the standard S7 and S7 Edge immersion tests seem to indicate that the race for water resistance may have a new leader. Rumors persist that the iPhone 7 will have some degree of water resistance, and this seems to be a logical leap considering that Apple's largest competitor appears to be ahead in this race.


Four bedroom beachfront property with Stunning sea views. Room available is a large double room with access to own private bathroom. Light breakfast will be provided by host family.
Lovely room in nice house!


You probably heard about general concept of FIORI: role-based, simple, adaptive, coherent and delightful. To achieve delightfulness FIORI design guidelines were created and published (experience.sap.com/fiori-design/). So when UX designer is creating a new Fiori application he always follows these guidelines alongside customer requirements.
But following our design guidelines is not enough. Here are my 4 general rules for creating good interface.
Always pay attention to controls placement. General rule – the easier the better. Try to avoid complex constructions, different alignments and content overload.
You don't have to be an expert in Russian or UX to see the actual difference between these 2 interfaces of the same app.
And there was no loss of information, just "cleaning" of the interface. The alignment was corrected, excess labels were excluded, form with unstructured fields was replaced with a table. And it made a huge difference already.
Always review interfaces like you've never seen them before. And I mean always, even on intermediate steps – user might work with your application, then get distracted by urgent e-mail and then return and still should understand what he is doing, which step he is on. So review interfaces on each step separately and maybe even in different order.
What software exactly was installed?
When you click on a button and don't see any reaction you click it again. And again. And again. And that what normal person does. If you can't see the reaction on your actions you think there is none. System response should be instant and continuous and then users will be happy and won't click on buttons like crazy. BTW this is not only about buttons, system response is also required for clicks on links, tabs, table row and anything clickable.
I tend to use toasts messages and popups a lot in my applications as a response to button clicks. But this is probably not the best way to give response. Users tend not to read any warning popups and to forget that there was a toast couple of seconds later. If you have better solutions please share it in the comments below.
Modality is the quality or state of being modal. Interface is modal if it has different states and user doesn't know which state he uses. For example, the home screen of your iPhone is modal – you have to actually pay attention to the icons to start the right application. There are different applications in the same places on different pages of your home screen, so you might start Shazam instead of App Store for example.
I know 4 different ways to solve this.
Use a different gesture for each control. Like when you use a map in your interface scrolling affects different areas differently depending of cursor placement – zooming in/out while cursor is on the map and regular scrolling when it's not. It could be solved by changing gesture for zooming in/out – adding CTRL button with scrolling, for example. Or using 2 fingers instead of 1 on touch devices.
Use quasi-mode. Make user pay attention to what he does. Good example of this is using SHIFT for uppercase instead of CAPS LOCK. CAPS LOCK creates modality, and using SHIFT creates a quasi-mode.
Change the sequence of steps. This is a more complex decision that you probably should discuss with end users of your interface first cause it might change your interface exceedingly.


Will «The Neighbors» return for season 2? TV series renewed or cancelled? Premiere coming?
An American sitcom called «The Neighbors» keeps on air on ABC TV channel confidently enough, thought it isn't supposed to be very successful. According to the latest data, it is more popular than «Malibu Country», which debuted recently, however it is still unknown whether the given television series would be renewed for Season 2. Those 5.5 viewers, who keep watching the show after the final episode of Season 1, should become a reason for ABC to renew it. Will it happen or not? The official announcement of the rights holders should be made in May 2013, so, please, be patient.
The latest news will be published in the given article.
Would you like to watch new episodes? Let's support the show!
AGREE!! It is a great sitcom!!!
I think The Neighbors is a great show! Funny without having to put to much thought into it, the humor is just there. Please keep this show I am really looking forward to watching season 2!!!
I love the neighbors,it's a awesome show. I've watched all the episodes for season 1.
I hope to see season 2 this year.
The Neighbors should and will survive!
Keep the Neighbors going!! is a great humorous show.
Wouldn't surprise me any if ABC cancels it and replaces it with their well known watered down comedy shows or another thriller law sitcom that their always so into releasing.
Im looking forward to season 2, Keep The Neighbors ALIVE!!!!!!!


Some times I get the joy of photographing the babies of my wedding couples. Today I got the extra joy of photographing the newborn twins of a couple who's wedding I photographed back in 2014. Look at these cuties!!


text:
You are at:Home»Gadget News»Kickstarter Neptune Pine Smartwatch Reaches Goal Within 24 Hours
Kickstarter Neptune Pine Smartwatch Reaches Goal Within 24 Hours
By Gadgetman on	 Nov 21, 2013 · Gadget News
Kickstarter project Neptune Pine Smartwatch
Kickstarter has done wonders for budding developers and manufacturers that have wanted to taste a piece of the Android pie, and since Kickstarter's debut, some of the most popular funded projects have been related to Android.
For example, we've had OUYA, the Android powered mini console that received a huge amount of funding, and Pressy, the extra Android hardware button that could allow Android users to add an extra physical button to their device.
Now, a new device is walking the Android Kickstarter catwalk, and amazingly it has reached it's goal within under 24 hours.
The new Neptune Pine is a smartwatch that offers a lot more than both Samsung's and Sony's current smartwatches, and also allows users to use it as a standalone device, separate from a user's smartphone.
Despite the release of the Galaxy Gear and the Sony Smartwatch, the demand and appeal for a decent standalone smartwatch like the Neptune Pine isn't documented, but this Kickstarter campaign may just prove that there is an audience for such a device.
At the time of writing, the Neptune Pine Kickstarter campaign has received $195k CAD, almost twice that of it's $100k goal.
A video has also been released along with the Neptune Pine kickstarter campaign that shows the Neptune Pine off in all it's glory, and admittedly, it does like quite chunky, but considering it has a VGA camera, LED flash, a dual core Snapdragon S4 Pro processor, and other components like an accelerometer and a GPS, it is understandable.
One of the greatest things about Neptune Pine though is that unlike other smartwatches, it acts and behaves just like a smartphone- you'll be able to use all of the apps from the Google Play store, browse the internet, call friends, text friends and even do video calls right from the watch itself without it being connected to any other devices.
With 30 days left to go, it will be interesting to see how big the Neptune Pine blows up. You can check out details on the smartwatch and what it's capable of in the source link below.


The Kansas State University Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture provides a forum for discussion of statistical issues motivated by a wide range of research problems in the discipline of agriculture in its broadest sense, including traditional agriculture as well as in related research areas such as genetics, biology, ecology, and the environment. The conference brings together statisticians from academia, industry and government as well as discipline researchers, to discuss ideas and advancements in the application of statistics to solving such problems.
The Call for Presentations for the 2018 Conference is now closed.
Watch for information about the 30th annual K-State Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture, May 6 - 8, 2018 in Manhattan, Kansas.


HiHn BSfBL SL Fresh Of Pirate Wall Sticker is just one of the many collections of Sample Resume Reference that we have on this website. We have a lot of Sample Resume Template or Cover Letter Template and any other things concerning in this website. We're not just providing info about , but , you can get a lot more reference to create your Resume and Cover Letter as well. So , don't forget to keep visiting Sudaak.org to get the latest update about Sample Resume Format , Cover Letter Sample , Sample Resume Template and more.
HiHn BSfBL SL Fresh Of Pirate Wall Sticker was posted in July 24, 2018 at 7:46 pm. HiHn BSfBL SL Fresh Of Pirate Wall Sticker has viewed by 39 users. Click it and download the HiHn BSfBL SL Fresh Of Pirate Wall Sticker.


text:
Q: Unexpected token j in JSON (Full Calendar) Recently moved my Laravel project from my desktop to a hosted web server, everything works fine except my Full calendar, i am now getting JSON errors which means nothing is being pulled into the calendar.
This is the error:

This is part of the code its identified something wrong with:
$('#calendar').fullCalendar({
    events: JSON.parse(json_events),
    utc: true,

Data is pulled from database by php then fetched by this.
$.ajax({
url: "{{asset("../vendors/fullcalendar/process.php")}}",
    type: 'POST', // Send post data
    data: 'type=fetch',
    async: false,
    success: function(s){
      json_events = s;
    }
});

PHP bit
if($type == 'fetch')
{
    $events = array();
    $query = mysqli_query($con, $fetch_renewals);
    while($fetch = mysqli_fetch_array($query,MYSQLI_ASSOC))
    {
    $e = array();
    $e['id'] = $fetch['id'];
    $e['title'] = $fetch['title'];
    $e['start'] = $fetch['startdate'];
    $e['end'] = $fetch['enddate'];

    $allday = ($fetch['allDay'] == "true") ? true : false;
    $e['allDay'] = $allday;

    array_push($events, $e);
    }

    echo json_encode($events);
}

Output from PHP Query copied from .CSV
"id","title","info","startdate","enddate","allDay","type","type_id","updated_at","created_at","repeat_event_id","report_id","information","association_id","reminder_180","reminder_90","reminder_60","reminder_30"
18,"test","test","2016-11-10","2016-11-10","","repeatschool",143,"2016-11-02 10:59:22","2016-11-02 10:59:22",23,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
19,"test","test","2017-11-10","2017-11-10","","repeatschool",143,"2016-11-02 10:59:22","2016-11-02 10:59:22",23,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
20,"test","test","2018-11-10","2018-11-10","","repeatschool",143,"2016-11-02 10:59:22","2016-11-02 10:59:22",23,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
21,"test","test","2019-11-10","2019-11-10","","repeatschool",143,"2016-11-02 10:59:22","2016-11-02 10:59:22",23,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
22,"test","test","2020-11-10","2020-11-10","","repeatschool",143,"2016-11-02 10:59:22","2016-11-02 10:59:22",23,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
23,"Broadband Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-16","2016-11-16","","reportschool",134,"2016-11-02 14:36:40","2016-11-02 14:36:40",NULL,46,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
24,"Web Filtering Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-15","2016-11-15","","reportschool",134,"2016-11-02 14:36:40","2016-11-02 14:36:40",NULL,46,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
25,"Firewall Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-13","2016-11-13","","reportschool",134,"2016-11-02 14:36:40","2016-11-02 14:36:40",NULL,46,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
26,"Anti-Virus Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-21","2016-11-21","","reportschool",134,"2016-11-02 14:36:40","2016-11-02 14:36:40",NULL,46,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
27,"Broadband Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-16","2016-11-16","","reportschool",135,"2016-11-02 15:01:42","2016-11-02 15:01:42",NULL,47,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"
28,"Broadband Renewal Reminder","Money Saving Report","2016-11-11","2016-11-11","","reportschool",135,"2016-11-02 15:02:33","2016-11-02 15:02:33",NULL,51,NULL,NULL,"Yes","Yes","Yes","Yes"

Ive had a good search online but i'm getting rather lost with it all, only just started learning this language.
Any pointers would be greatly appreciated.
Attached a console.log
console.log([{"id":"18","title":"test","start":"2016-11-10T00:00:00","end":"2016-11-10T00:00:00","allDay":false},{"id":"19","title":"test","start":"2017-11-10","end":"2017-11-10","allDay":false},{"id":"20","title":"test","start":"2018-11-10","end":"2018-11-10","allDay":false},{"id":"21","title":"test","start":"2019-11-10","end":"2019-11-10","allDay":false},{"id":"22","title":"test","start":"2020-11-10","end":"2020-11-10","allDay":false},{"id":"23","title":"Broadband Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-16","end":"2016-11-16","allDay":false},{"id":"24","title":"Web Filtering Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-15","end":"2016-11-15","allDay":false},{"id":"25","title":"Firewall Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-13","end":"2016-11-13","allDay":false},{"id":"26","title":"Anti-Virus Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-21","end":"2016-11-21","allDay":false},{"id":"27","title":"Broadband Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-16","end":"2016-11-16","allDay":false},{"id":"28","title":"Broadband Renewal Reminder","start":"2016-11-11T06:00:00","end":"2016-11-11T06:00:00","allDay":false}])

A: try this is code <?php error_reporting(0); ob_clean(); ?>
and don't forget this is code replace after your header
example :
<?php require_once 'header.php'?>

//here code
 <?php error_reporting(0); ob_clean(); ?>

<body>
  //You're Contain
</body>

<?php require_once 'footer.php' ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our monthly events are held in Het Pand, which is maybe a bit hard to find. It is next to Madoerastraat 16, in a small alley looking out over the water at the Floresplein. The Albert Heijn 'at' the Korreweg also looks out over this pond, but from the north side. Our alley is at the west side. See the google maps below the pictures for a better understanding!
To get directions, enter your location as you would in Google Maps, and the directions to Het Pand will be shown beneath the map!


text:
Amnesia International
Onirica
Que prefieres ?:
Me es igual
Super Tuesday Results: The Trump Nightmare Continues
A decade of violence at Spain's forgotten African border shows why Europe's new fences alone are bound to fail
Behind three towering fences, over razor wire, beyond the 10 foot-deep trench and past the police watchtowers lies Europe. Some attempt to scale the fence, risking serious injury, a beating or even death. Others protest. Recently, desperate Syrians have started to come here and shout at the border guards who they say work with local gangs to extort migrants and limit access to the other side, and with it the opportunity to request asylum. This is not Greece, Macedonia or Hungary, but Spain - and here the experience of a decade of tough border control has made clear the harsh reality the rest of the continent could be heading for as Europe tries to close its borders.
Migrants have been coming to Melilla - a 4.7-square-mile Spanish enclave in North Africa - for years with the hope of making it to Europe. Over the last decade, Spain has poured millions into ramping up border security in Melilla, which, along with the similarly tiny Ceuta, are the only two land borders between the European Union and Africa. Despite the investment, however, illegal attempts to cross the border remain frequent, as do deaths and claims of human rights abuses at the hands of police.
To read the rest of the story, follow this link. http://blogs.elpais.com/trans-iberian/2015/11/a-decade-of-violence-at-spains-forgotten-african-border-shows-why-europes-new-fences-alone-are-bound.html
Do what other don't, save a life. From all of us, Thank you.
Taste the difference between a cup of tea and saving a life. From all of us, Thank you.
With a couple of clicks and a few Euro you can save a life, if you don't do it it's because you don't want to. From all of us, Thank you.
To save a life there is no minimum, give what you want. From all of us, Thank you.
In this App Store you can save a life for 99 cents, but if you want to you can pay 1 Euro. From all of us, Thank you.
Save a life & look at yourself in the mirror, you'll see the difference. From all of us, Thank you.
You pay less saving a life than you would for a doughnut. From all of us, Thank you.
Give 1 Euro, win a fife. Who can give more?. From all of us, Thank you.
To give 1 or 2 Euro, you really don't need to think so much. From all of us, Thank you.
Every 5 seconds a child dies of hunger, you can't save them all but you can one. From all of us, Thank you.
To save a child from certain death by starvation, is priceless. You can do it here for a couple of Euros. From all of us, Thank you.
Sliding down the banister of life
From Mongolia to London on a camel - de Mongolia a Londres a camello
El coloquio de los perros de Sofía Gandarias en Viena
Sister Rosetta Tharpe - Didn't it rain, children
Amor Primero | Producido por Pi Diciembre 2019
Ayer | Producido por Pi Diciembre 2018
Video of NZ volcano eruption OFF COAST OF New Zealand
There is no mayor of
Amnesia International original web | Anno 2020


Don't spend too much time with one particular person.
This apparently is what at least one community therapist was told by their management.
I just heard this recently, first hand, and I wasn't surprised. While the blandness of the statement is amazing, it makes perfect sense when you think about it for a minute. There aren't enough therapists in the community and the ones that are there are generalists, trying to deal with dozens of different conditions. So any attempt to get more time from them for a particular person, even if this person is in desperate need of therapy, will fail. Must fail. In this system.
The lesson: don't waste your time trying.
Instead: pool your forces of whatever type (political, professional, financial, whatever) to build an alternative. This effort will pay off and will not go wasted. Whoever is out there and wants to help, can help our efforts to build these alternatives, let me know.
Today, Pádraig's physio called in sick. His PA wasn't great but didn't call in sick. And I spent, again, most of the day lying down.
Tomorrow will be another, a better day!
PS: Follow that advice – do as little as possible, 'fighting' the system or whatever else. Instead do as much as possible to really make a difference where you can by working on positive change. Sailing down the stream with the Dreamboaters. Working the sails. Leaving 'systems' behind on the shore. Soon, we won't even remember them.


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Address Letters, Numbers, and Plaques (32)
Adhesive Letters, Numbers, and Characters (16)
Driveway Markers / Reflectors (6)
Safety & Caution (2)
Sign Holders (8)
Survey & Flagging Tape (2)
Show More... Show Less...
Red and Black (2)
Shop By: Finish
Aged Iron (1)
Brushed Copper (1)
Non-glow in the dark (2)
#N/A (14)
Distinctions (10)
Liquid Chalk (1)
Shop By: Printed Personalized Sides
1-1/2" x 28" (1)
8" x 12" (74)
10" x 7" (1)
10" x 14" (151)
11" x 11" (11)
Automobile For Sale (5)
Blank Sign (7)
No Hunting (12)
No Parking (9)
No Smoking (11)
No Soliciting (4)
No Trespassing (14)
No Trespassing/Soliciting (6)
Open/Closed (11)
Restroom (19)
Shop By: Cut
Shop By: Mounting Type
Corrugate (1)
Die-Cast Zinc (2)
Embossed Aluminum (6)
Mylar (41)
Oil Board (1)
Polystyrene (1)
Styrene (42)
Zinc Die-cast (6)
Authorized Personnel Only Sign (6" x 15"... Authorized Personnel Only Sign (6" x 15")
Fire Extinguisher Stencil Fire Extinguisher Stencil
Adhesive Employees Only Sign (2" x 8") Adhesive Employees Only Sign (2" x 8")
Adhesive Restrooms Sign (2" x 8") Adhesive Restrooms Sign (2" x 8")
Blank Notice Sign (10" x 14") Blank Notice Sign (10" x 14")
Adhesive No Soliciting Sign (2" x 8") Adhesive No Soliciting Sign (2" x 8")
Keep Out Sign (8" x 12") Keep Out Sign (8" x 12")
Entrance Sign (2" x 8") Entrance Sign (2" x 8")
Men's Restroom Sign (2" x 8") Men's Restroom Sign (2" x 8")
Adhesive Please Keep Door Closed Sign (2... Adhesive Please Keep Door Closed Sign (2" x 8")
Adhesive Use Other Door Sign (2" x 8") Adhesive Use Other Door Sign (2" x 8")
Please Clean Up After Your Dog Sign (5" ... Please Clean Up After Your Dog Sign (5" x 10")
Do Not Block Driveway Sign (10" x 14") Do Not Block Driveway Sign (10" x 14")
Pre-Priced Garage Sale Labels Pre-Priced Garage Sale Labels


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Directed by: David O. Russell
Cast: Christian Bale, Margot Robbie, John David Washington, Chris Rock, Anya Taylor-Joy, Zoe Saldaña, Mike Myers, Michael Shannon, Timothy Olyphant, Andrea Riseborough, Taylor Swift, Matthias Schoenaerts, Alessandro Nivola, Rami Malek, Robert De Niro
UK release: 7 October 2022
Three friends witness a murder and become suspects themselves. An all-star cast for a 1930s adventure.
Amsterdam (trailer)
Alessandro Nivola


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Міжнародний аеропорт Фукуок ( або Cảng hàng không quốc tế Phú Quốc; ) — в'єтнамський комерційний аеропорт, розташований у місті Зионгдонг (острів Фукуок, провінція К'єнзянг). Аеропорт здатний обслуговувати 7 млн пасажирів на рік. Аеропорт було відкрито 2 грудня 2012 року. Він замінив старий аеропорт.

Загальні відомості
Аеропорт Фукуок знаходиться за 300 кілометрів від найбільшого у країні Міжнародного аеропорту Таншоннят, за 130 км від аеропорту Ратьзя, за 190 км від Міжнародного аеропорту Кантхо, за 200 км від аеропорту Камау і за 540 км від Міжнародного аеропорту Л'єнкхионг.

Основний пасажиропотік аеропорту становлять туристичні перевезення. Чотири рази на добу на літаках ATR 72 виконуються рейси у хошимінський міжнародний аеропорт Таншоннят, у святкові дні число рейсів на даному напрямі збільшується до 10-15 на день.

На початок ХХІ сторіччя туристична індустрія острова Фукуок розвивається швидкими темпами, відповідно постійно збільшується пасажиропотік через єдиний комерційний аеропорт острова, тому владою провінції було прийнято план з будівництва нового міжнародного аеропорту на острові Фукуок, вартість робіт за яким оцінюється у 970 млн доларів США. Інфраструктура нового аеропорту буде розміщуватися на території 8 км². В експлуатацію планується ввести злітно-посакову смугу розмірами 3000х50 метрів, здатну приймати пасажирські лайнери класу Airbus A320. Максимальна пропускна здатність нового аеропорту на першому етапі становитиме 7 млн пасажирів на рік.

Авіакомпанії та напрямки
Наразі з аеропорту літають регулярні рейси за такими напрямками:
 Vietnam Airlines: Ханой, Хошимін, Кантхо, Ратьзя
 Air Mekong: Ханой, Хошимін
 VietJet Air: Хошимін

Див. також
 Список аеропортів В'єтнаму
 Зионгдонг (аеропорт)

Примітки

Посилання
 Construction of the Phu Quoc International Airport starts soon

Аеропорти В'єтнаму

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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'How do you prioritise a human life?' - How Gloucestershire is helping Afghanistan
"Sadly it's a bad old world out there and sadly, we are still needed"
Jessica MercerNews Reporter
Adele Owen, director of GARAS
As Afghanistan grips news headlines across the world, the reality of refugee relocation has not been easy.
While the UK government has launched Operation Warm Welcome, intending to welcome refugees from Afghanistan, the number of people needing somewhere safe to stay is high.
Gloucestershire is offering 35 homes for refuge in the county as part of the British resettlement scheme with seven of those homes being in Cheltenham, as reported last month.
READ MORE:Gloucester mum believes IVF baby is 'gift' from first girl who died
Adele Owen is director of GARAS (Gloucestershire Action for Refugees and Asylum Seekers) and says the last few weeks have been 'very emotional'.
"It's the raw emotion of people, it triggers so many memories.
"There are people who understand what its like to live under Taliban rule, and therefore know the reality of it.
"We know that the Taliban now have the weapons that were left behind. There's nothing romantic about this."
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The practicalities of working to relocate refugees means sourcing accommodation, furniture, clothes and amenities for those who need it.
"At the moment, we're looking at what the process is for those who are still worried about family members who may have worked for British servicemen and women [in Afghanistan], and charity workers as well." she said.
"But it's also wives and children of people who are British and are stuck in Afghanistan right now.
"It's been incredibly hard and emotional to hear these stories."
Do you think the UK is doing enough to help? Join the debate below.
Adele added that while people have been generous with donating clothing, the current need is sourcing accommodation and GARAS are appealing to private landlords for housing.
"We still need properties to place people." she said. "We have had provisions in place, but that was before Kabul fell - then there was a sudden rapid acceleration of that need."
Since the Taliban took Afghanistan, the UK government has pledged to relocate 5,000 refugees through the resettlement scheme.
However, Adele says the future is unclear: "We still don't know what that [scheme] looks like, whether it will mirror the Syrian programme or not.
"The factors would be what the package would look like, whether the council is willing to relocate more than the 35 ex-staff of British staff and troops.
"Alongside that we have Afghan people living here for several years who are desperately worried about their family.
She added that alongside the urgency of the Afghanistan refugees, GARAS have continued to work to help vulnerable people elsewhere.
"Afghanistan isn't the only place in the world where terrible things are happening at the moment, so the work continues to help other people around the world." she said.
"There are still awful situations in Ethiopia, Yemen, Syria.
"Sadly it's a bad old world out there and sadly, we are still needed."
"If people have got furniture, or vouchers, so that people can buy things like underwear with dignity, please get in touch."
Adele added there is no particular country that is a priority at the moment, as she says: "How do you prioritise a human life?"
Do we need to be doing more? Log in and leave a comment below.
Former special constable who cheated employer out of Amazon vouchers worth thousands must pay it back
Dad's anger after parent 'punch-up' at Gloucester youth football match


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Brianna Bella Reality Kings
Reality Kings is a high-production, hardcore porn website. The website has an 18-year backlog of videos and a diverse cast of performers. What is the site exactly? And why do people keep coming back to it? Let's take another look.
The site features over 600 scenes and is updated daily. Although the site's majority of content is created by amateurs, there are also big names from the hardcore porn world. Some of the most prominent stars on the site include Angela White, Abella Danger, and Mia Khalifa. Other stars include European, Latina and Asian beauties.
This website offers hardcore porn videos from various production companies. You can also find monstercock porn and cumshots on this website. The website also features a large number of videos from different decades. Some videos can be very graphic and are high-resolution. This website is great for porn fans who are looking for hardcore.
With nearly 11,600 scenes, the backlog is huge. Reality Kings adds new videos every day, despite this. Although this backlog may seem overwhelming, it's also very diverse. It features porn stars from many different parts of the world, including many who are under-represented in the porn industry. As a result, the site's content has never been boring and its backlog is always growing.
Reality Kings is an extremely unique website. There are thousands of videos from different genres on the site. There are many different genres, including gonzo scenes and fantasy scenes. You also have Dom/sub play. Although most of these videos are very hardcore, there is something for everyone.
Reality Kings has a diverse cast of performers, including a number of women of color. This reality porn site does not place women of color in stereotypical or fetishizing roles, unlike many others. In a recent season, the series' ratings increased by 23% compared to last season. It also showcases an array of lesbian scenes that were shot with a male gaze.
Although the show began with a few Florida-based porn stars, it has grown and added many more. The diverse cast of performers on Reality Kings is a reflection of the site's growing audience. The site features a mix of sexy scenes, including group sex, gonzo scenes, and Dom/sub play. Although some scenes may not be suitable for adults, they are still a great resource for anyone who loves porn for adults.
If you're looking for a good porn site with a good cast and high production values, Reality Kings is a great choice. This porn site is regularly updated and features a diverse roster of new and experienced performers. Many of the scenes are made with a reality-themed focus and are produced by renowned directors. There are many topics covered, including street pickups, car accidents and cheating husbands.
Reality Kings' logo has undergone several changes over the years. In addition to a crown, the logo usually consists of the name itself. Other times, it is the name resting on a crown. It is easy to identify Reality Kings by this logo. It is also worth mentioning that the network company merged with Mindgeek in April 2014, which has resulted in newer and better-quality models.
If you're looking for a quality adult network, you might want to check out Reality Kings. This network features nearly 40 hardcore titles, and you can sign up for a monthly fee and cancel at any time. There are four methods to contact Reality Kings support, and you can cancel at any time.
Wives in Pantyhose is the oldest site on Reality Kings. This site is full of sexy girls in pantyhose, and has been around for years. The videos are outdated, with the latest ones from 2005. The highest resolution you can watch on the site is 480p.
Gia Paige Reality Kings Sister
Hot Milf At The Gym Reality Kings


Basic Information: What is GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula?
This review will provide you a comprehensive survey of GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula. This product contains essential substances for the growth of our hair, nails and skin. Substances like biotin, lutein, and gelatin etc. make it very effective for your hair, nails and skin.
Lutein: It keeps your skin hydrated and keeps it safe from the harmful antioxidants.
Hydrolyzed gelatin: Gelatin is abundant in amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. Therefore, it makes your nails strong and helps in the repair and growth of the tissue.
Alpha lipoic acid: It is a potent antioxidant which provides protection from the free radicals. Free radicals are very harmful for our body and they are responsible for the early onset of the aging process.
GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula does not contain artificial colors, artificial flavors, wheat, gluten, dairy or yeast.
GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula should be taken daily, with or after the meal. The regular dosage is 2 capsules per day.
Each bottle of GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula is available for $19.99. For the member, it is available at a discounted price of $14.99. Each bottle contains 60 capsules, which is a supply for a whole month. However, no subscriptions are offered by the manufacturers.
I have been taking this product for about 2 months. I noticed my nails are stronger and thicker. As for the hair, hair fall has decreased a lot and it is definitely longer. Moreover, it is amazing because I don't really break out anymore. The taste is not bad as well. Though the capsules are a bit bigger and might a challenge to swallow for some. GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula has helped me and I hope it helps you too.
It contains soybeans and fish, so if you are allergic to them you cannot use this product. Moreover, if you are pregnant, nursing, under 18 years of age, taking medication or have a medical condition, then you should consult your physician prior to using this product. Stop using it two weeks before surgery.
After thorough research we were unable to find any warranty provided by the manufacturers of GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula. The reviews by customers are mostly positive and show customer satisfaction. However, there are a couple of negative reviews but they are mostly from people who suffered from an allergic reaction caused by either soybeans or the fish extracts, which are present in the product.
GNC Hair, Skin & Nails Formula is available in the form of capsules which can be swallowed easily. Customer reviews also establish the efficacy of this product. Nonetheless, the presence of soybeans and fish in it, make it unsuitable for people allergic to them. Also, no guarantee or subscriptions is offered by the manufacturers.


Why would anyone in her right mind spend July 4 — and then July 5 and July 6 — trying to make sense out of Medicare Part D, the drug plan added six years ago to an otherwise user-friendly health care system widely beloved by the 65-and-over set?
The Times reports on Tuesday morning on five new studies suggesting that changes in the way an older person walks may be among the earliest indicators of cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease.
Veterans Wesley Ottis Furr, 95, left, and Booker Lovett, 79, share a room in a medical foster home in Pennsylvania.Alyson MartinWesley Ottis Furr, 95, left, and Booker Lovett, 79, share a room in a medical foster home in Pennsylvania.
My mom, who had multiple sclerosis, depended on private duty companions at home — first part-time, then full-time — for nearly 30 years.
Some of these women stole from her. Some ordered groceries on her dime and carried them away at the end of a shift.


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Will Italy's new government embrace cannabis legalization?
Posted on September 18th, 2019 by Bill Weinberg and tagged Albania, cannabis, cartels, CBD, decriminalization, Europe, hemp, Hungary, Italy, legalization, medicinal.
With the fall of Italy's far-right government, advocates are hoping the path may be cleared now for the country to become Europe's first to formally legalize cannabis. Meanwhile, thanks to a loophole in the law, low-THC varieties are sold openly in shops across the country. And Italy's internal THC limit is actually slightly higher than the ultra-cautious European Union standard.
Matteo Salvini, Italy's far-right interior minister and de facto leader, was seen as the figure standing in the way of any progress toward cannabis legalization in the country. Now, following a government shake-up in late August, he is gone—and legalization advocates have been swift to react.
Enza Bruno Bossio, a lawmaker with the center-left Democratic Party, one of the two partners of the new coalition government, said last week that the way is now cleared to press the legalization question.
Hailing the end of what she called "salviniano obscurantism," she said there may be sufficient "numbers in parliament" for a cannabis legalization law. "We can now open a discussion in the light of the new red and yellow majority," she said.
"Red" is a reference to her own party, while "yellow" refers to the fuzzy populists of the Five Star Movement, Salvini's former coalition partners—who remain the wild card on the issue. Five Star spoke initially spoke in favor of legalization, then flipped when it joined Salvini in power. It remains to be seen if the party will return to its libertarian roots, at least on this issue.
Futile efforts at clampdown
Italy's right-wing governments have sought to tighten up a moderately tolerant cannabis policy since 1993, when Italian voters approved a referendum decriminalizing personal possession of all drugs. But cultivation and sale have remained criminal charges.
Italy's Constitutional Court in 2014 struck down a 2006 drug law that jacked up sentences for selling, cultivating or trafficking cannabis—from 2-4 years to 6-20.
But Salvini revived the clampdown effort upon taking power last June. This May, he blustered: "From today, I'll go to war on cannabis street by street, shop by shop, neighborhood by neighborhood, city by city."
This was actually a reference to low-THC varieties, which are sold openly in shops across Italy—and don't get you high at all. Some smoke them for the CBD, others merely for the cachet of the experience.
The European Union actually has a 0.2% THC limit for legal hemp—lower than the 0.3% limit in the United States. But for internal use within Italy, Law 242 of 2016 establishes a 0.6% limit—still not enough for a psychoactive effect, but providing more flexibility in the available strains.
Days after Salvini's May proclamation, Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation, the highest judicial body in criminal cases, ruled that selling cannabis or its derivatives is illegal despite Law 242.
This was hailed as victory by Salvini. But he either didn't read the fine print, or was hoping that others wouldn't. The text of the ruling contained a clear exception for "agricultural" varieties, and "products that in practice have no drugging effect" (prodotti siano in concreto privi di efficacia drogante).
Contrary to the media buzz, the ruling actually didn't change a thing—and Italy's low-THC cannabis shops remain open. Some closed doors in response to Salvini's threats. But with his fall, they are now starting to re-open.
Cannabis in Calabria
The provincial city of Cosenza, in the southern region of Calabria, is hardly one of Italy's metropolitan centers. But the town has several low-THC cannabis shops.
One of the most prominent is Cicileu, just a block off the Corso Mazzini, Cosenza's main drag and pedestrian mall. It opened in April 2018, taking its name from the slang word for getting high in regional dialect (celebrated in song by local reggae and rap bands)—even though the stuff on sale there doesn't actually get you high.
But beautiful and fragrant buds are in open display—each in a sealed package marked with the percentage of THC and CBD, all within legal limits. There is also a perfunctory note on the display cases saying that samples are for "collection" and "ornamental" use. There are also bottles of CBD-infused olive oil, wines and liqueurs, and packages of hemp pasta.
Cicileu co-owner Antonio Agovino says wryly, "We can market it thanks to a legislative hole. There is no law that says you can sell it, but none that says that you can't."
He shut the store in the spring, amid Salvini's anti-cannabis thunder—and has now just re-opened it, at the same location.
Agovino points with pride to a package marked "The Grandfather's Weed"—in fashionable English. The package also sports a portrait of a rustic-looking old farmer with an impish expression and an outsized moustache. This is actually Agovino's real grandfather, who grows the 0.2%-THC bud on his mountaintop farm.
Agovino says his nonno has been growing cannabis for the past four years on the lands passed down in his family for generations, in the mountains west of Cosenza. "Before that he was growing tomatoes, fruits, greens. But he smoked cannabis in Germany in his 20s, while working in a factory there."
The store sells 20 varieties, all grown in Italy—five from Calabria, several from Umbria, in central Italy. High-CBD strains are now being cultivated throughout Italy—including in greenhouses in the north, where the growing season is shorter.
The seed must come from within the EU, and only some 50 strains are approved. "It can't even come from Switzerland," Agovino says. "And you can't cross genetics." But he says that low-THC varieties from Hungary produce higher THC levels in the better climate conditions of Calabria.
Even without much THC, in fact, Agovino says, "People buy it to relax, for insomnia, to relieve anxiety. Many adults come here to not have to buy from the underworld."
Italy has had a medical marijuana program since 2014, but it is very tightly controlled. The cannabis is grown by the military on a base near Florence, and registered users can only purchase one gram a month at a pharmacy. "So people have to go the street and buy illegal, because that's not enough," Agovino says.
Calabria's notorious crime machine, the 'Ndrangheta, used to grow lots of cannabis, but it largely switched to moving cocaine in the 1980s. Compacted illicit-market pot is now mostly coming in from Albania, across the Adriatic Sea, and Agovino says it is often adulterated with methadone.
But legal production of low-THC strains is taking root fast. "There's been a huge explosion of cultivation in Calabria this year," Agovino says.
And he's proud to be a part of the new economy. A former pipeline worker for Italy's ENI oil company, Agovino says he is much happier now. "This is my dream since I was a teenager."
Photos by Bill Weinberg
Map: Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection
Italy expands political space for cannabis
 Growing small amounts of marijuana at home for private use is not a crime, Italy's top court has ruled Dec. 27. In 2013, a court in Torre Annunziata, a small town in southern Italy, sentenced a man, identified in court records only as CG, to one year in prison and a fine of 3,000 euros for growing two cannabis plants at home. He appealed the decision, first to a higher court in Naples and eventually to Italy's Corte Suprema di Cassazione, the supreme court. (NYT)
Days earlier, Italy's parliament voted to legalize the production and sale of low-THC cannabis, ending months of uncertainty for farmers and sellers. (AFP, Dec. 13)
Comment by Global Ganja Report on Dec 31st, 2019 at 1:23 am


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Okip () – wieś na Ukrainie, w obwodzie charkowskim, w rejonie bogoduchowskim. W 2001 liczyła 13 mieszkańców, spośród których 7 posługiwało się językiem ukraińskim, a 6 rosyjskim.

Przypisy

Wsie w obwodzie charkowskim


Today's post looks at the complex process required to manufacture a dental crown in Monkton. Dental crowns can be constructed with metal, ceramic, plastics, or varying combinations of these materials. We will describe the process used to create a porcelain crown, though the steps are similar to those used for other materials.
Modern porcelain crowns are a technological and artistic marvel that make successful reconstructive and cosmetic dentistry possible. This picture shows three crowns attached to two implant posts. While the most advanced Maryland dental lab techs and adept ceramists can't make a tooth as strong as Mother Nature can, they are getting pretty darn close.
As far as beauty goes, today's high-quality crowns are just as pleasing and natural looking as actual teeth. When one of our patients needs a dental crown in Monkton, a dental assistant makes an impression of all of their teeth. The impression is sent to a laboratory where the plaster teeth are separated. The individual tooth mold in need of restoration is scanned into a computer to have the exact dimensions to send to the factory.
The cutting-edge factory has a computerized machine that will then pour plaster into cylindrical molds, resulting in blanks. Once hardened, the process of making the tooth from the plaster blanks begins. The machine then takes the scanned data from the impression and begins sculpting out the contours found in the scan. The finished tooth is not to scale, being 20% to 30% larger than necessary. This enlargement is to allow for material shrinkage that will later occur.
The machine then dips the plastered tooth into liquid ceramic. The ceramic hardens and gives the tooth a glossy, natural finish that is indistinguishable from a genuine tooth. The machine then starts a new process of orienting the tooth with others. This time, ceramic powder is poured into new molds over the plaster tooth. The molds are put on a rod and then plunged into a water-filled chamber. Once the chamber lid is closed, water pressure increases, solidifying each ceramic tooth. The restoration is then chiseled to perfectly match the plastered tooth that is inside. This tooth becomes the ceramic shell of the crown and is easily lifted off the plastered tooth.
This shell, or coping, will then be exposed to a high temperature for increased stability. It also shrinks to the proper size when exposed to the high temperature. Once finished, a plastic replica of the original tooth is created from the computer scan. The new shell is then tested for precise fitting over the tooth.
The crown is then fired to making the porcelain more solid throughout. More hand contouring follows, as needed, and then is finished with a clear, ceramic gloss. All of this work results in a fantastic crown for one of our patients!
If you have a broken tooth or old, unattractive dental crown in Monkton, or want details about smile transformations, call our office to discuss the possibilities. With cosmetic and restorative dentistry, we can give you the smile you've always dreamed of.


text:
Шабел Сент Обен () је насељено место у Француској у региону Лоара, у департману Сарт.

По подацима из 2011. године у општини је живело 2133 становника, а густина насељености је износила 359,7 становника/-{km²}-.

Демографија

Референце

Спољашње везе

 -{INSEE}-
 Мапе и сателитски снимци:
 Гугл мапс
 -{MSN}- атлас света

Департман Сарт у Француској
Википројект географија/Насеља у Француској


text:
Неко Шей Уильямс (; родился 13 апреля 2001, Рексем) — валлийский футболист, правый защитник английского клуба «Ноттингем Форест» и сборной Уэльса.

Клубная карьера
Уроженец Рексема, Уэльс, Уильямс начал тренироваться в составе футбольной академии «Ливерпуля» с шестилетнего возраста.

В основном составе «Ливерпуля» валлийский защитник дебютировал 30 октября 2019 года в матче Кубка Английской футбольной лиги против «Арсенала». 24 июня 2020 года дебютировал в Премьер-лиге, выйдя на замену Тренту Александру-Арнольду.

11 июля 2022 года перешёл в «Ноттингем Форест».

Карьера в сборной
Выступал за сборную Уэльса до 19 лет.

3 сентября 2020 года дебютировал за главную сборную Уэльса в матче против сборной Финляндии.

Достижения
 «Ливерпуль»
 Чемпион Англии: 2019/20
 Обладатель Кубка Футбольной лиги: 2021/22
 Победитель Клубного чемпионата мира по футболу: 2019

Примечания

Ссылки
 Профиль футболиста на официальном сайте ФК «Ноттингем Форест»
 Профиль футболиста на официальном сайте Премьер-лиги
 Профиль футболиста на сайте LFCHistory.net

Футболисты Уэльса
Игроки сборной Уэльса по футболу
Игроки ФК «Ливерпуль»
Игроки ФК «Фулхэм»
Игроки ФК «Ноттингем Форест»