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Showing posts with label Sinestro. Show all posts
Comics DC Comics DC Rebirth Deathstroke Doug Mahnke Ed Benes Graphic Novel Parallax Patrick Gleason Peter Tomasi Philip Tan Sinestro Storyline Superboy Superman Tyler Kirkham
Superman – Hopes and Fears | Comics
Superman's biggest fear is often pushed back by his values, making him one of the greatest superhero in the world!
After discovering himself along with his family on a new world where his counterpart died before his eyes, Superman had no chance to catch a breath as he tackled the Eradicator (Son of Superman), fought Doomsday (Path of Doom), helped Justice League preventing an invasion (The Extinction Machines).
Then he band up with The Trinity to defeat Mongul (Better Together), saved Supermen of Multiverse from a being Prophecy (Multiplicity) and discovered his place in this new world (Superman Reborn) before standing out against a newly reformed version of Superman Revenge Squad (The New World).
Even a Man of Steel needs rest after all that stress and he returns home tired and wake up next day to find out his wife Lois Lane has arranged for a special Fourth of July trip throughout the country to celebrate America's 241st birthday.
She and Clark teach their young boy Jon Kent about lessons from history and the idea of coexisting with different beliefs. They toured trough places from Niagara Falls, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., meeting people who served the country before returning back to Metropolis.
Back in the city, little kids are gone missing for more than two weeks and it worries Superman. He finds yellow footprints and following them, led him to the first missing child with another kid and when confronted, they blasted him with some yellow energy.
Initially, he believes Sinestro is behind all these but then he finds the locations where the kids are all kept as Parallax were feeding on their fears. After resisting for a while, Big-Blue willingly submits himself to the fear entity seeing it draining those abducted kids alive.
Sooner as the demon took possession of his body, an old foe strikes on him and is revealed to be Sinestro, who came back to re-acquire the parasitic entity. However, using the amazing might of Superman, it managed to pummel the Korugarian to ground but then is transported to the anti-matter universe of Qward, where Weaponers of Qward struck it down using their Qwa-Bolts.
Trying to exorcise Parallax out of Superman's body, Sinestro exposed him to a series of his greatest fears, all involving him failing to save the day.
Soon, it leaves him and made the Korugarian believe to have taken refuge into Lyssa Drak but it is revealed to be otherwise. Because of his last encounter with Hal Jordan (Sinestro's Law), the villain got exhausted from struggling to put the entity inside his ring and the Kryptonian made a judgment call before returning to Earth.
Then, in pursuit of the interview of a lifetime, Lois Lane travel across the globe to meet the ultimate assassin, Deathstroke the Terminator and they cross each other's path on very irregular circumstances.
Battle For Sinestro's Might
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Superman V4 27
Here is your link to buy "Superman – Hopes and Fears" from DC Comics on Amazon.
Superman – Hopes and Fears
Man of Steel continues his journey on DC Rebirth from "Black Dawn" storyline to a new one titled "Hopes and Fears", which collects issues #27-32 from the fourth volume of Superman monthly ongoing from DC Comics. Unlikely enemies like the Lord of Yellow Lantern Corps and the self-proclaimed Terminator have come to tangle with Big-Blue under interesting situations.
Series regular Patrick Gleason (Brightest Day, Sinestro Corps War) and Peter Tomasi (Batman – Arkham Knight, Black Adam – The Dark Age) are joined by two new writers James Bonny and Keith Champagne to contribute in the plot conceived in 2017.
Face Off With Deathstroke
Artists Ed Benes (Justice League of America – Injustice League, Justice League of America – Tornado's Path), Doug Mahnke (Final Crisis, Justice League Elite), Philip Tan (Spawn, Uncanny X-Men) and Tyler Kirkham (Deathstroke – Family Business, Deathstroke – Suicide Run) took turns on penciller duty.
The fear entity was released after "Forever Evil" and now Thaal Sinestro seeks its power once again. The tale of Parallax will continue later in "Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Twilight of the Guardians" storyline next and Superman will return for a trip to Apokolips with his family in "Imperius Lex" arc.
Comics DC Comics DC Rebirth Ethan Van Sciver Graphic Novel Green Lantern Green Lantern Corps Parallax Rafa Sandoval Robert Venditti Sinestro Sinestro Corps Storyline
Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Sinestro's Law | Comics
Sinestro and his Yellow Lantern Corps took over in the absence of Green Lantern Corps but Hal Jordan is preparing to return.
Space Sector 0 is the center of our cosmos where resided the Green Lantern Corps on Planet Oa, which is now gone. Now it is replaced by the new home base for Sinestro Corps, Warworld. A war-torn Thaal Sinestro was wondering about what happened to his rival Corps when Lyssa Drak of his Corps unsuccessfully tries to cosset her lord.
Deep within the core of his base, Sinestro visits an imprisoned Parallax who is apparently fueling Warworld and restores his strength using the power of fear impersonate. He then commands his Corps members to spread across the galaxy to maintain order through fear, which his daughter Soranik Natu thinks is a huge mistake.
On the dead world of Sector 563, Hal Jordan of Sector 2814 keeps reminding himself who he is as he recalls his previous history with the Corps and how he took Krona's Gauntlet instead of his ring to save them from being blamed. Now he decides to do one more thing before he puts down the Gauntlet for good and then he forged a Power Ring for himself.
When he did that, it sends a tremor through the Spectrum that is felt by Agent Orange, Green Lantern Corps, last remaining Guardians, Indigo Tribe, Jessica Cruz and Star Sapphire. Even the great tyrant felt it from the core of Warworld. His original appearance is restored from the holographic form as he wore the ring made of his own willpower.
With that, the greatest Green Lantern who ever existed has returned back to action and goes to patrol on Sector 563, where he bumps into a few of Sinestro Corps members as he was dealing with a group of local smugglers to get some information on the whereabouts of his missing friends while he sensed the re-emergence of their leader Thaal Sinestro.
Back at Warworld, Lyssa and Soranik gets into a beef regarding the latter's concern about her father's fragile health but she is surprised to see him invigorated in the yellow light of fear among his loyalists. He declares a war against all who stand opposed to them and most importantly, Green Lantern Corps to rule over the universe forever.
Beyond the uncharted space, the disappeared members of the Green Lantern Corps including Arisia, Guy Gardner, John Stewart, Kilowog, Mogo and others suddenly reappears. Stewart reminiscent of their past events and when Kilowog asks him what would be their next move, he sent Guy for a mission to track their spot on the map but he got captured.
When Sinestro learned that his followers have encountered Hal Jordan, he instructs them to fall back and wait for assistance. Though some other group of his Corps managed to bring him a defeated Guy Gardner, he wanted Jordan instead since he has the strongest of will. His fear will be terrible in comparison with anyone to empower his Fear Engine.
Jordan ends up in planet Chall'enn, where he clashed with the Yellow Lanterns to save the locals from being taken to use as fuel for the Fear Engine of their totalitarian master. Despite getting cornered by overwhelming odds, he fights back but as other Corps members spreads fear; power levels of their rings increase to push him further.
Hal kept fighting tirelessly to save the innocent inhabitants of that planet from getting captured by the marauding Sinestro Corps but even he gets beaten down eventually after fighting all of his opponents simultaneously charging at him at 200% capacity.
Green Lantern Corps Returns
Here is your links to buy "Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Sinestro's Law" from DC Comics in issues on Amazon.
Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Rebirth 01
Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps 01
Here is your links to buy "Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Sinestro's Law" from DC Comics on Amazon.
Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps – Sinestro's Law
Adjusted to a brand-new "DC Rebirth" status-quo "Sinestro's Law" is written by Robert Venditti (Damage – Out of Control, Green Lantern – Lights Out) by teaming up with illustrator Rafa Sandoval (Catwoman – Death of the Family, Catwoman – Gotham Underground) for art of issues #01-07 of the newly launched monthly ongoing series.
Artist Ethan Van Sciver (The Flash – Rebirth, Green Lantern – Rebirth) has assisted the duo on Rebirth one-shot issue. Sandoval and Venditti teamed up frequently for a steady run of the series with Van Sciver occasionally joining them for fill-in issues.
Hal Jordan's Final Flight
This storyline picked up from a point where Green Lantern Corps no longer exist and Hal Jordan has become an outcast. While Jessica Cruz and Simon Buz patrols Earth in his absence (Rage Planet), Hal took it upon himself to save the day on behalf of the Corps.
With "The Final Days of Superman" marking an end to The New 52-era and ushering a Rebirth for DC Universe, the Green Lantern Corps have taken a new station. Jordan and rest of the Corps members are trying to get back to business once again after their departure earlier and now they face their biggest rival Corps in the galaxy upon return.
Batman Bizarro Black Adam Black Manta Catwoman Comics Comics Event Crime Syndicate David Finch DC Comics Geoff Johns Justice League Lex Luthor New 52 Owlman Sinestro Superwoman Ultraman
Forever Evil | Comics
When a paradox of timeline is created by The Flash known as "Flashpoint" that changed the entire landscape of reality and the weakened barrier of the Multiverse allowed Darkseid of Apokolips to came to invade Earth with his Parademon army (Justice League – Origin), only to be halted by the super-heroes of the world, who later formed the Justice League. The impact of that battle created a rift in dimension barriers and The Outsider from Earth 3 managed to enter the reality of Prime Earth.
All of the above led to "Trinity War", which was jump-started by the mysterious Pandora in her attempt to open the Pandora's Box by Superman and the aftermath of which revealed the significance of all these happenings. There was a fight of the all three teams of the Justice Leagues regarding the fate of Pandora's Box, which led the Crime Syndicate consisting Atomica, Deathstorm, Grid, Johnny Quick, Owlman, Power Ring, Superwoman and Ultraman from Earth 3 to come to this world and take over.
After imprisoning the Justice League inside the Firestorm Matrix and then freeing all super-villains from their captivity in Iron Heights and Belle Reve Penitentiary, the Syndicate offered them to join their cause or perish otherwise. Upon denying and having doubt on their authenticity, a second-string villain Monocle was executed. They even managed to capture the vigilante hero Nightwing and revealed his secret identity to the world as Dick Grayson. At this shocking revelation, Batgirl and the rest of the members of Teen Titans are very surprised.
As Lex Luthor got out of prison recently, he was heading to LexCorp and meets Ultraman, whom he thought Superman at first, but he quickly dismisses the idea when he witnessed him grinding Kryptonite and snorting it. Ultraman also blocked the sun to create an eclipse and Luthor decides to stop them since there is no Justice League to do so. He wakes up his unfinished experimental Superman clone named Subject B-Zero to assist him in doing so while he suits up in his Warsuit.
Batman and Catwoman survived the initial onslaught of the Crime Syndicate and brought the remains of Victor Stone's body to S.T.A.R. Labs. Superwoman informs Ultraman about Owlman's plan to betray them, whereas she holds one more secret of her own. Eventually Luthor finds Black Adam, Black Manta, Captain Cold, Deathstroke and Sinestro to form his Injustice League to save the day from greater evil!
For more information on Forever Evil crossover event, you can check out these links below.
Forever Evil (Comics) Wikipedia
Forever Evil (Comics) DC Wikia
Secret Society of Crime Syndicate
Here is your links to buy "Forever Evil" from DC Comics in issues on Amazon.
Forever Evil 01
Here is your links to buy "Forever Evil" from DC Comics on Amazon.
Forever Evil (Softcover)
Forever Evil (Hardcover)
Forever Evil – A.R.G.U.S.
Forever Evil – Arkham War
Forever Evil – Rogues Rebellion
Justice League of America – Survivors of Evil
Following the crisis of Pandora's Box, the teams of Justice League, Justice League of America and Justice League Dark goes down fighting each other. From the beginning of The New 52, every event has tied their knots in 2014's "Forever Evil", which is a sequel of "Trinity War" from DC Comics on the same year. There is a connected panel in the core-story depicting all of Secret Society of Super-Villains members assembled was actually an homage to Crisis on Infinite Earths event by the artist of the core limited series.
Evil Shall Prevail
The plot is taken over by writer Geoff Johns (Final Crisis – Legion of Three Worlds, Final Crisis – Rogues' Revenge) and artist David Finch (Aphrodite IX, Cyberforce), while writers Brian Buccellato (The Flash – Move Forward, The Flash – Rogues Revolution) and Peter Tomasi (Batman – Arkham Knight, Black Adam – The Dark Age) teamed up with artists Philip Tan (Green Lantern, Spawn), Patrick Zircher (Green Arrow – New 52, Suicide Squad – New 52) and Scot Eaton (Black Panther, Doomwar) for the tie-in stories. The events of "Forever Evil" makes path for upcoming storyline '"Darkseid War" of monumental importance for the Prime Earth.
Batman Black Canary Comics DC Comics Graphic Novel Green Arrow Green Lantern Guardians of the Universe Harley Quinn Jheremy Raapack Lex Luthor Limited Series Sinestro Superman Tom Taylor Zatanna
Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two | Comics
It was the time when Hal Jordan has saved the universe from the "Blackest Night" and went to have a drink with Oliver Queen and Dinah Lance. Those were the good times when they were friends and had fun. Today, the world has divided among the two fractions of superheroes have gathered to pay their final respects to Green Arrow, who died at the hands of an enraged Superman previously.
Black Canary shuts down Hal as he still stands with The Regime. When Superman came to talk to her, she unleashed her "Canary Cry" on him, thus making his ears bleed and then reveals that she is pregnant. He then visits Commissioner Gordon looking for Batman with no success. Bruce wakes up on the Tower of Fate, to find out Alfred and Zatanna has moved him here.
Kyle Rayner was heading back to Earth after a long time but he was opposed by the Sinestro Corps and its leader, who takes his ring off and kills him. On Oa, Guardians of the Universe notices the massive shift of power on Earth. So, they appoint Guy Gardner to look into it and find Kyle, who has gone missing. Wonder Woman has been down from her last battle and Superman is beside her.
He sends The Flash and Green Lantern to convince the Congress from shutting down the U. S. Government. Meanwhile, Sinestro arrives to the Watchtower and Superman slams him to the moon. He informs Kal-El that the Green Lantern Corps are coming for him. Ganthet confronting Superman ended with a heated argument and the Guardians led the entire Corps to take down Superman.
Crashing to Earth
For more information on Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two limited series, you can check out the link below.
Injustice – Gods Among Us (Comics) Injustice Wikia
Here is your links to buy "Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two" comics from DC Comics on Amazon.
Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two Vol 01 (Softcover)
Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two Vol 01 (Hardcover)
Injustice – Gods Among Us – Year Two – The Complete Collection
The Man of Steel's tyrannical rule continues as DC Comics has brought back Injustice comic-book with "Year Two" in 2014, based on the massively popular fighting game "Injustice – Gods Among Us" of 2013.
The plotline is devised by writer Tom Taylor (Star Wars – Blood Ties, Star Wars – Darth Maul – Son of Dathomir), who is aided by artist Mike S. Miller and Bruno Redondo. Penciller Jheremy Raapack (Batman – Arkham Unhinged, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe – Origins of Eternia) provides cover for the issues.
Rise of A Tyrant
This entire story revolves around the Guardians of the Universe being involved with stopping Superman's dictatorship at all cost and it showcases some major causality, mostly on the part of heroes. Batman has been mostly absent from the fight and a different side of Harley Quinn is explored. The alternate reality storyline of Injustice will go on with "Year Three" up next.
Comics DC Comics Doug Mahnke Geoff Johns Graphic Novel Green Lantern Guardians of the Universe New 52 Sinestro Storyline
Green Lantern – Sinestro | Comics
The once fallen bearer of Green Power Ring, Thaal Sinestro recites the Green Lantern Oath in front of the Guardians of the Universe to become a Green Lantern again. When asked about his thoughts of becoming an honorary member of the Corps again, he simply asked them to remove the ring but the Guardians sees the ring choosing him again as a sign of redemption. As Sinestro leaves to protect his respected sector, all of the Guardians attack Ganthet for expressing a different view on their decision. Sinestro observes his home planet of Korugar from the Orbit to find out that his own army of Sinestro Corps has taken over the planet to tyrannically rule over its populace and he is attacked by his Corps member 435, who he kills with almost no effort.
Meanwhile in Coast City, Hal Jordan is faced by his apartment's landlord for past dues and as soon as he hears a cream for help, he jumps right through his window to the building next door to help a woman, only to find out that a shooting was taking place there and it got him arrested. His ex-girlfriend Carol Ferris bails him out of jail and offers a job, as well as been asked out on a date by Hal. Hal expresses his frustration on the Green Ring over the fact that he is stripped of his Lantern's duty and Sinestro was chosen instead. As his date with Carol was eventually trashed, Hal returns home only to find Sinestro out at his doorstep to offer a team-up. Soon, these two former partner forms an alliance that may be the only hope for planet Korugar.
For more information on Green Lantern – Sinestro, you can check out these links below.
Green Lantern – Sinestro (Comics) DC Wikia
Against His Own League
Here is your links for "Green Lantern – Sinestro" storyline from DC Comics in issues.
Green Lantern V5 01
The Other Hero
Here is your links for "Green Lantern – Sinestro" storyline from DC Comics.
Green Lantern – Sinestro (Softcover)
Green Lantern – Sinestro (Hardcover)
Following "Flashpoint" crossover event, the regular New Earth's timeline of DC Comics has been replaced by a rebooted timeline of The New 52. Writer Geoff Johns (Blackest Night, Brightest Day) and artist Doug Mahnke (Batman – The Man Who Laughs, Black Adam – The Dark Age) has returned to work again on Green Lantern monthly ongoing series which has remained mostly unchanged after the time-stream altering events of recent period and the titular "Sinestro" storyline is one of their first work for the new timeline containing issue #01-06. The storyline also sows a few initial hints for the upcoming "Rise of the Third Army" and "Wrath of the First Lantern" crossover event.


Errors in the planetary coordinates of the Astronomical Almanac are approximated by comparing their fundamental ephemerides, upon which they are based, with a more recent ephemeris. JPL's DE200 provided the fundamental planetary and lunar ephemerides of the Astronomical Almanac for the years, 1984–2002, and DE405 has replaced DE200 in that role, starting in 2003. Recently, new observational measurements have become available, thereby enabling further improvements in the ephemerides, and thus, a measure of the previous errors.


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From Faculty of Science
Dr Alan Hayes Faculty of Science Associate Dean (Learning & Teaching)
Alan Hayes oversees the Faculty of Science's undergraduate and postgraduate taught learning, teaching and student experience.
Leadership profile
View more person profiles in Faculty of Science
Alan Hayes
a.hayes@bath.ac.uk 01225 384489
Dr Alan Hayes became Associate Dean (Learning & Teaching) for the Faculty of Science in 2013.
He is a Chartered Information Technology Professional (CITP).
Director of Teaching, Department of Computer Science
Approved assessor for the Teaching Excellence Framework
Fellow of the British Computer Society (BCS)
Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (HEA)
National Teaching Fellow
Use of technology in assessment
View a list of books and publications by Alan Hayes
Software Consultant, GEC-Marconi, 1984 to 1991
Head of Division for Systems and Software Engineering, London South Bank University, 1992 to 1997
Dean of Computing and Engineering, University of Wales, Newport, 1999 to 2005
Dean of Newport Business School, University of Wales, Newport, 2005 to 2006
Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching), University of Wales, Newport, 2006 to 2008
BSc Mathematics, University of Essex, 1984
MSc Computer Science, Brunel University, 1991
PhD Computer Science, The Open University, 2014

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have been working on my website a lot and not really going outside as much as normal, but than again I am in an room that is cool, color TV, and very comfortable. I do like air conditioning, but it does sort of make a person want to stay inside and do less, I am not sure this is good as I am working more and spending less time playing at being a tourist. I am not really a very good tourist. Tourist are suppose to like to look at beautiful Temples and such, I like to look at strange things.
I have spent the last 15 minutes trying to photographs some micro-Ants, I do not know how to describe these Ants, but Thailand has some Ants that are about the size of the top of a needle.
I really do need a special camera to take photos of Micro-Ants, or a zooms lens that magnifies. I do not think I captured any good photos that give a good perspective of the size of these extremely small Ants.
These little Ants drive me crazy. They crawl around on my body and get in my hair. The are so small they are almost impossible to kill. I can only hope that an extremely hot shower washes them away or the anti-fungus soap I now use regularly drive them crazy. I have fungus powder that I know they do not like. I will put some in my hari also.
I am going to remove or separate them out and sell them as just "Fanny Belts." or hip belts or whatever they should be called. They can be worn inside or outside.
I am not happy at all with the "money belt world." The more I study the Money Belt and how people use them, the more I am sure that these money belts help people to lose money and not protect money. I am about to come out with an opinion that money belts should not be used. Fanny belts are dangerous also, but according to the country.
So what happens is they sit down in a restaurant. Then the feel the uncomfortable money belt in their pants. It is hot or sticky and they take the money belt out of their pants and put it on the table or in their bag.
I know of a girl in La Paz, Bolivia that this happened to and she was quite distressed with herself. I am sure that way too many travelers or tourist have their money belts stolen or lost.
The secret pockets are so much better because you cannot remove them. It removes the temptation. I suppose secret pockets sown in a persons pant are sort of a pain for a 2-week tourist, but not for a 6-month traveler.
It is like saving face, they do not want to admit they were stupid or they lost the money belt. I would say about 75 percent of the "robbed" were really, "I forgot it" and not "I was robbed."
I am the absent-minded professor. I am sure that I would leave any bag if I do not have it tied to me. I have this little red bag I carry now that I can clip to my belt loop when I am sitting down in a restaurant or more likely the Internet cafe. It has funky items like a book to read, my floppy disk, or other miscellaneous things.
So because I cannot remember what I am doing, I must not have a money belt that I can remove. The one time I was robbed in 7 years was because I took off my neck money pouch and put in the top of my bag. I now do not use the neck pouch. I use it by putting in a special pocket of my travel pants.
I will try to see if I can make sure there is a "Comments" area includes in the payment. Paypal.com has some real problems, and it is made for people that have only one address. The really do not address the people that live all over the world or the expatriates.
There are so many glitches in selling a product worldwide that I cannot count that high. I have learned a lot of them, and will soon add more and more products I design to sell, in fact that is one reason I am going to Vietnam to see about some backpacks.
I will think about the paypal.com problem and see if I can come up with a system that is very easy for people. I hate to ask them to fill out a separate form that sends me their present address.


text:
Борочек Второй () — село,
Соколовский сельский совет,
Змиёвский район,
Харьковская область, Украина.

Код КОАТУУ — 6321785002. Население по переписи 2001 года составляет 63 (31/32 м/ж) человека.

Географическое положение
Село Борочек Второй находится в 5-и км от реки Мжа (правый берег).
На расстоянии в 1 км расположено село Глубокая Долина, в 2-х км — посёлок Першотравневое, в 3-х км — село Соколово.
На расстоянии в 1 км проходит железная дорога (станция Платформа 829 км) и автомобильная дорога .
Село окружено большим лесным массивом (дуб).

Происхождение названия
В документах встречаются вариант написания названия как Бирочок Второй.

История
 1650 — дата основания.

Ссылки
 Сайт Верховной рады Украины

Населённые пункты Змиёвского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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If you are having trouble or need assistance in scheduling a patient referral, please call us at: 1-800-322-9488.


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I Want to Get Fit but I Don't Want to go to the Gym
5 alternatives to reaching your fitness goal without going to a gym!
Going to a gym can be daunting. Getting in and out of the car just to get there can be a workout in itself plus did you ever get the feeling that everyone is looking at you when you go to a gym. I hate that feeling. It's like I'm not supposed to be there.
Gyms can be intimidating places, especially if you're not quite comfortable or used to how your new body works post-accident. Even for veterans like myself who have been using a wheelchair for many years' gyms can be a place where you can feel very different. They are not exactly set up to cater for wheelchairs apart from an accessible toilet and if you're lucky a hand crank machine to warm up on.
But on the other hand gyms can be wonderful places where you find a strong community of people to support you in reaching your goals, whatever they may be. They can be a place where you find empowerment and you get to experience that infectious feeling of success. I love gyms because they are a place where I can push myself further than what I usually do. In my experience gyms are usually happy places and the staff are always on the better side of positive.
In all the gyms I've been to I have only seen very limited numbers of people with a disability attend them. I'm not exactly sure why but the reasons above are probably a good guess, they're not welcoming places for PwD's. It's really surprising to me because as a group the disability community is extensive and a market that gyms really should be targeting because of its size and diversity. I'd be interested to learn about how you feel about gyms and why the numbers are so low.
"I love gyms because they are a place where I can push myself further than what I usually do."
"I prefer small, boutique, local gyms or personal training studios where I get to interact with the trainer on a much more intimate/personal basis..."
Personally I'm not a fan of major gyms. I don't like being surrounded by that many people. I actually find them hard places to connect with people. In a way I feel lonely and like I'm being watched in these big places. I prefer small, boutique, local gyms or personal training studios where I get to interact with the trainer on a much more intimate/personal basis but also with the community of people that come to the gym. I like the family atmosphere but I also like the idea that I can explore exercise options without being judged or watched. I feel free to get on the floor and roll around or play with balloons and do non-traditional movements that would be weird to do in a regular gym.
I also like gyms where there is lots of space and specialised equipment I can use without feeling like I'm going to fall off it. I hate cluttered gym. In fact I prefer to not use machines at all apart from a cable machine. You'd be surprised at what you can do in a space with very few machines.
Society has been conditioned to think that gyms need to be full of treadmills and machines if they are to be regarded as a good gym. It's simply untrue and all that 'stuff' adds to the intimidation factor for people who use a wheelchair….
So what's the solution? We all have a choice in how we deal with our health and fitness so not doing anything because you don't want to go a gym isn't really an option, so here are some tips.
Workout from home in private.
Find a trainer that can send you an online program.
Go to a small local gym where they specialise in one on one training.
Boxing studios can offer awesome one on one training.
Play a sport.
Get some friends together and go for a push along the beach paths or around a park.
Play with your kids.
Get a hand-cycle.
Adapt exercises you see on social media designed for people who can walk.
Blow up some balloons and keep them in the air. You'll be surprised at how high your heart rate will increase and the different dimensions your body moves in.
So it really is as simple as making a decision to just do something.
If you have any questions or need some advice on health, fitness or SCI life I'm more than happy to help out. Please contact me via www.pivotalfitness.com.au
"I also like gyms where there is lots of space and specialised equipment I can use without feeling like I'm going to fall off it."
Curtis Palmer is a Paralympian wheelchair rugby player, qualified personal trainer, coach and motivational speaker. He has also been a journalist, TV presenter and authored a book about his life's journey.
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Day 2 #CIALE workshop #Orikami #EFRO @HealthValley – I could care less….
Day 2 impression of working with #Orikami on stakeholder mapping, value map and eco-system mapping of related markets in care and medtech. Making persona's and using them as input for value proposition canvasses.
A well spent day with a highly energetic team. Thanks #Orikami! Hans, Bert, Salomon and Frank. The beer at the terrace afterwards in the sun was very well deserved. Great job, guys! Of course my fellow coaches Koen and Hugo, nice collaboration again!


5月7日(日)に写経体験(堅田の西勝寺にて)を開催します。 Hand copying Sutra "Syakyo" at Saysyoji-temple Katada on Sunday May 7th.
Now, we are looking for the participants in "Shakyo" !
KIFA is going to hold an activity to introduce one of Japanse cultures "Shakyo". Syakyo is to trace each stroke of the Kanji characters ,which are some parts of sutra.
Let's try easy version of syakyo tracing just about 10 lines of sutra. Though it is not difficult to trace them, it just requires us to concentrate.
Shakyo makes us feel relaxed and also brings us the mind of peace just like " Zen" meditation.
Anybody can experience Shakyo without regard for religions.


With iTools, you can freely transfer music in two ways between your Apple device and computer. Also you no longer have to worry about losing your current iPhone tracks when syncing your iPhone from computer. iTools free your iPhone music from iTunes restriction.
Easily export photos from iPhone, iPad to Computer with one-click. And with iTools you can preview photos in their original resolutions.
iTools expands your options to turn your favorite songs into your exclusive melody. You can clip music as you like with iTools Ringtone Maker and say good-bye to the default ringtone.
To avoid losing data, iTools allows you to back up any of your iPhone contents. In addtion, you can restore the data from any backup to your Apple Device or even extract data from your backups.
Simply drag and arrange icons on your iPhone with a few clicks. Even iTools allows you to classify all icons with one-click and you don't worry about losing old arrangement as iTools allow you to back up/restore it.
Show full detailed report of your battery infomation and health. Report includes real capacity, design capacity, boot voltage, serial number of the battery and etc.
Size: 15,95 / 19,40 / 6,21 MB.
Any update on this program guys??
All version and medicine work fine!
It working after applying the patch!
I use the portable so this is inside of it.
Thank you so much bro! Its working now!


It's a busy time of year for lawn mowers in the Lancaster, WI, area, with people putting more attention toward trimming and manicuring their gardens. With such heavy use, regular lawn mower service is more important than ever. Whether you're a local contractor with a full appointment schedule or you just have a lot of yard work planned for your personal property, K N Small Engine & Rental Equipment is here to help. These experts are happy to offer you their lawn mower repair and tuneup services.
Prevent Start-Up Failures: A number of factors cause lawn mowers to become difficult to start, including mowing tall grass, dust buildup, and high summer temperatures. To avoid surprise breakdowns, plan to have your lawn mower serviced regularly this summer.
Improve Fuel Economy: The more frequently you use your lawn mower, the faster its fuel economy will begin to decrease. But if you bring your machine into K N Small Engine & Rental Equipment regularly, their experts will inspect the oil, perform tuneups, and improve your fuel economy, which will help you save money. The local professionals will also advise you on how to get the perfect fuel blend to keep your lawn mower's engine performing properly.
Enhance Life Expectancy: Proper lawn mower servicing entails sharpening the blades, replacing the air filter, cleaning the flywheel, scraping the undercarriage, and more. Keeping up with these maintenance tasks will help increase your lawn mower's life span, providing you with many more years of use.
Will this summer be a busy time for your lawn mower? If so, the professionals at K N Small Engine & Rental Equipment will help you avoid downtime by keeping your equipment in great condition. For questions about their lawn mower services, give the Lancaster, WI, business a call at (608) 723-3790, or visit them online for details.


The development is open for 11 months of the year, from 7th February until 7th January, allowing you to enjoy the unspoiled beauty of the area in supreme comfort during all four seasons. The park is in a beautiful location and boasts an outstanding range of facilities including the Waters Edge Restaurant and a state-of-the-art leisure centre with a gym, spa and indoor heated swimming pool.
Sleeping between 2 and 8 people, our range of holiday lodges can comfortably accommodate the largest families. Below are some of the different types of holiday lodges we have available. The images shown are representative of the typical standard of accommodation, layouts and interiors will vary.
Our range of Bronze Lodges sleep up to four people and offer a more economical way for you to enjoy all the fantastic features of the park and surrounding countryside.
Our Silver Lodges are wonderfully spacious with an open plan layout and wooden balcony. Here you can experience incredible comfort with a luxurious interior and all your home comforts catered for.
Our luxurious lodges with an even larger open space living area for your family.
Our Platinum standard Lodges come with state of the art appliances giving you extreme comfort internally. Externally you will enjoy breath taking views over the lake and the hills beyond.
If one holiday at South Lakeland just isn't enough, or if you're a family that likes to take several breaks a year, buying a holiday home at South Lakeland might be a wise investment for you.
We can provide you with full specifications of all the options, and we can arrange a park visit for you too. For more information on owning a holiday home at South Lakeland Leisure Village, call 01524 917313.


But what's the top romantic movie in Idaho?
Fave Romantic Movies State By State…This is Idaho's Fave Romantic Movie? Really?
In case you have no plans on Valentine's Day or it's a solo Netflix and Chill night, what romantic movies or "sappy" movies should you watch? Well according to Streaming Observer, each state definitely has a favorite romantic movie to watch. Surprisingly, there is a lot of interest in romantic movies in Idaho. But what are the favorites across the US?
Some movies are faves in multiple states. That list includes Her, Ghost, It Happened One Night, Sense and Sensibility, Silver Linings Playbook, The African Queen, and Titanic.
Some are based on geography, who would have thought, but Brokeback Mountain is tops in Wyoming, Jerry McGuire is big in Arizona.
What's the TOP romantic movie? Titanic of course! "I'm the King of the world"!
Here's the complete list... state by state.


This metric looks for configuration, security, health and performance problems, and reports back with a list of issues for you to look into.
sp_Blitz™ is a health check script created by Brent Ozar. It looks for configuration, security, health and performance problems, and reports back with a list of issues for you to look into. It's great for quickly understanding the state of a server you've been asked to look after.
The list of issues is the script's major draw. However, if you run the script regularly, it can also help you keep track of whether your server is getting better or worse. To help with tracking of changes, Brent added an option to make the sproc return a count of the issues found. This custom metric lets you monitor the health of your server by tracking that count.
To run this metric, you'll need to download the script and install it on your SQL Server. Follow these instructions on Brent's site.
You may want to adjust the @IgnorePrioritiesAbove parameter to exclude less important issues from the count. To do this, see the parameter documentation on Brent's site.
This metric keeps track of the number of server issues found by sp_Blitz™. For the full list of issues, run "EXEC sp_Blitz".


Litel Infrared Systems Pvt. Ltd. manufactures a wide variety of infrared heating sources/emitters and customized heating systems. Applications include auto paint drying/curing, PET bottle pre-form heating, textile print curing, paper coating curing, etc. We manufacture a wide variety of quartz infrared heater lamps in medium wave and short wave.
Impex is headquartered in Miami, Florida and has its manufacturing and distribution facilities also strategically located in the Miami area. Impex recently expanded its manufacturing capabilities to support the growth in of disposable baby diaper product category.
Lotus International is a Michigan(USA) corporation, headquartered in Detroit. We are an OEM supplier of CRTs for TV sets, SKD kits and Television sets.Besides North America, we export our products to Europe, Far East, and Asia. Our company offers 29", 34" and 38" TV sets either fully assembled or in SKD form with competitive prices(CRT, Cabinets, Chassis, Remote etc).
Supplier of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, lighting components, metal Components, quartz tubing and fabrication for Lighting & Semi Conductor application and High tempreture. We also supply HID, PAR Halogen Lamps & Laser Lamps.
Emelda is an international Turkish leatherwear manufacturer company. Our headquarter is located in Istanbul, Turkey. We also have fully staffed branch offices in Varna, Bulgaria; Moscow, Russia,Usa and representatives in Canada and Spain. Our customer"s collections are sold in high level department stores such as Nordstrom,Neiman marcus,Saks Fifth Avenue in Usa, Galleries La Fayatte in France,Selfridges&Co in Uk and their own retail stores all around the world.
We are exporter of all Pakistani and Afghni gemstones in rough and cut and minerals speciemns. We have have following stock in rough and cut Topaz, Aquamarine, Peridot, kunzite, tourmaline, garnet, Amethyst, Lapis lazuli, jade, crystal quartz etz.
Specialized in manufacturing ceramic disc capacitor, polyester film capacitor, multilayer capacitor, varistor and safety standard AC ceramic capacitor. Headquarter based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with branch in Kunshan, China. ISO 9001:2000 certified and RoHS Compliant.
we are a professional manufacturer and exporter of household electric appliances,specialized in ceramic heater,quartz heater,halogen heater,infrared heater,fan heater, electric fans etc. With the good quality and competitive prices, All of our products obtain the approvals of CE,TUV,GS and CCC.The products export to more than twenty countries and districts e.g. England,Russia,Italy,Israel,Spain,Argentina,Dubai,Kuwait etc..
pure quartz suitable for sophesticated industries. the area sanctioned for production is largest single quary in india. the quality is glassy, semi glassy, best quality quartz in india. avilable for bulk quantity importers.
We introduce ourselves as the leading manufacturer of ultraviolet water sterilizing systems. Our ultraviolet systems are made using the latest Teflon technology. This Teflon technology has eliminated all the disadvantages of the earlier ultraviolet systems using quartz technology. Our systems have a unique flow pattern and are Totally Maintenance FREE. Environment friendly. No Bio-Fouling. No formation of DBPs. User Friendly. No continuos monitoring required.
Manufacutrer and exporter of Precious and semi precious gemstones. Wholesalers. We can cut any size, shape and quality as per order.
GianTek Quartz Material (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
Quality manufacturer from China provide various size Transparent, translucent quartz tube, high quality quartz rod, quartz plate, quartz disc.


Did Naspers grease the Guptas' palms?
It has been eight weeks since the DA submitted a request to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) for an investigation into Naspers subsidiary Multichoice's payments to ANN7 and the SABC, allegedly in exchange for influence of government policy in its favour.
The DA has written to ICASA requesting its urgent feedback on this important matter.
According to Phumzile Van Damme, the DA Shadow Minister of Communications, it is ICASA's duty to take this matter up in the public interest, and in particular, on behalf of those South Africans who part with their hard-earned money every month for DSTV subscription fees. They deserve to know whether their money was used by Multichoice to grease the palms of the Gupta family.
Van Dammesays it was for this reason the DA wrote to ICASA in terms of Section 4B (1) of the ICASA Act, to request for an inquiry into these allegations, and furthermore requested that Multichoice contracts with the SABC and ANN7 be made public.


Hailing from a higher dimensional universe known as Novo, Yaha-kui zaShunina is able to transfer information between Novo and Shindou's universe through a cube called Kado. Despite having these unfathomable abilities, he does not appear hostile. Instead, he announces that he has come to this world with only one intention: to "advance" humanity—starting with Japan.
My Opinion: Absolutely Amazing. Really. What better solution can you come up with for 3D CGI in 2D animation looking so utterly alien and immersion breaking, than to Literally make it something fundamentally alien to the rest of the show in every way? It's Brilliant, and that's not the only amazing part of the show.
I dare say we may be looking at the to-date utter peak of the Fantastical made Realistic. That bomb drop at the end of episode 6 was just...Figurative and literal Minds Blown.
Aside from the general impression and theme being spot on thanks to the 3D CGI, the characters and plot of the show are amazing as well. I was so utterly invested in this show by the second episode but...I wonder how everyone else will take it?
I always have a weak spot for the realistically fantastical, but there's a lot of people out there that enjoy simple off-the-cuff ridiculous and fun styled fantasy, like most entries from the Shounen Genre.
Having said that, this show is taking us on a wild ride of what would happen if an 'Alien' showed up, and was expressing an explicit intention to be beneficial to humanity. Pointedly, how several segments of humanity would outright resist change, because that's what we naturally do. The show includes a large segment of Human Politics.
Give the show until at least the resolution of the 'Wam' arc. I believe that will give you a succinct summary of everything you may expect and encounter in the show, because I sense a pattern. Introduce problem, Debate over solution, Have the 'ah-ha!' moment, and then gently hide the answer just long enough to give the audience a chance to come up with their own ideas, and see if they had the same one. I enjoy that, personally.
I give this show a huge Recommendation. It's very thought provoking, and I like that.


← Are you joining us for a FREE Clean Eating Group???
Hey loves!! I hope you're having an AMAZING February so far!! This month is all about LOVE and I want you to remember that the greatest LOVE you can ever experience is the LOVE you have for yourself!
We ALL want to look and feel our best, be surrounded by positive and uplifting people, and do more of what makes us happy! Make sure you are providing that for yourself each and every day! Eat nutrient dense food – choose a career path that excites you – move your body daily.
There's hard work involved, but it will absolutely be worth it. Don't settle for anything less!


Insulin is an animal hormone whose presence informs the body's cells that the animal is well fed, causing liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it in the form of glycogen, and causing fat cells to take in blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides. In addition it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.
Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because of the absence of the hormone. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have insulin resistance, relatively low insulin production, or both; some type 2 diabetics eventually require insulin when other medications become insufficient in controlling blood glucose levels.
Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. It is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The name comes from the Latin insula for "island".
Insulin's genetic structure varies marginally between species of animal. Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in regulatory function strength (i.e., in carbohydrate metabolism) in humans because of those variations. Porcine (pig) insulin is especially close to the human version.
In 1869 Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, was studying the structure of the pancreas (the jelly-like gland behind the stomach) under a microscope when he identified some previously un-noticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas. The function of the "little heaps of cells," later known as the Islets of Langerhans, was unknown, but Edouard Laguesse later suggested that they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion. Paul Langerhans' son, Archibald, also helped to understand this regulatory role.
Over the next two decades, several attempts were made to isolate whatever it was the islets produced as a potential treatment. In 1906 George Ludwig Zuelzer was partially successful treating dogs with pancreatic extract but was unable to continue his work. Between 1911 and 1912, E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago used aqueous pancreatic extracts and noted a slight diminution of glycosuria but was unable to convince his director of his work's value; it was shut down. Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1919, but his work was interrupted by World War I and he did not return to it. Nicolae Paulescu, a professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest was the first one to isolate insulin, which he called at that time pancrein, and published his work in 1921 that had been carried out in Bucharest. Use of his techniques was patented in Romania, though no clinical use resulted.
In October 1920, Frederick Banting was reading one of Minkowski's papers and concluded that it is the very digestive secretions that Minkowski had originally studied that were breaking down the islet secretion(s), thereby making it impossible to extract successfully. He jotted a note to himself Ligate pancreatic ducts of the dog. Keep dogs alive till acini degenerate leaving islets. Try to isolate internal secretion of these and relieve glycosurea.
The idea was that the pancreas's internal secretion, which supposedly regulates sugar in the bloodstream, might hold the key to the treatment of diabetes.
He travelled to Toronto, ON to meet with J.J.R. Macleod, who was not entirely impressed with his idea – so many before him had tried and failed. Nevertheless, he supplied Banting with a lab at the University of Toronto, an assistant (medical student Charles Best), and 10 dogs, then left on vacation during the summer of 1921.[when? — see talk page] Their method was tying a ligature (string) around the pancreatic duct, and, when examined several weeks later, the pancreatic digestive cells had died and been absorbed by the immune system, leaving thousands of islets. They then isolated an extract from these islets, producing what they called isletin (what we now know as insulin), and tested this extract on the dogs. Banting and Best were then able to keep a pancreatectomized dog alive all summer[when? — see talk page] because the extract lowered the level of sugar in the blood.
Macleod saw the value of the research on his return but demanded a re-run to prove the method actually worked. Several weeks later it was clear the second run was also a success, and he helped publish their results privately in Toronto, ON that November. However, they needed six weeks to extract the isletin, which forced considerable delays. Banting suggested that they try to use fetal calf pancreas, which had not yet developed digestive glands; he was relieved to find that this method worked well. With the supply problem solved, the next major effort was to purify the extract. In December 1921, Macleod invited the biochemist James Collip to help with this task, and, within a month, the team felt ready for a clinical test.
On January 11, 1922, Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital, was given the first injection of insulin. However, the extract was so impure that Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction, and further injections were canceled. Over the next 12 days, Collip worked day and night to improve the ox-pancreas extract, and a second dose injected on the 23rd. This was completely successful, not only in not having obvious side-effects, but in completely eliminating the glycosuria sign of diabetes.
Children dying from diabetic keto-acidosis were kept in large wards, often with 50 or more patients in a ward, mostly comatose. Grieving family members were often in attendance, awaiting the (until then, inevitable) death. In one of medicine's more dramatic moments Banting, Best and Collip went from bed to bed, injecting an entire ward with the new purified extract. Before they had reached the last dying child, the first few were awakening from their coma, to the joyous exclamations of their families.
However, Banting and Best never worked well with Collip, regarding him as something of an interloper, and Collip left the project soon after.
Over the spring of 1922,[when? — see talk page] Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand, but the preparation remained impure. The drug firm Eli Lilly and Company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921, and they took Lilly up on the offer in April. In November, Lilly made a major breakthrough, and were able to produce large quantities of purer insulin. Insulin was offered for sale shortly thereafter.
The Nobel Prize committee in 1923 credited the practical extraction of insulin to a team at the University of Toronto and awarded the Nobel Prize to two men; Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for the discovery of insulin. Banting, insulted that Best was not mentioned, shared his prize with Best, and Macleod immediately shared his with Collip. The patent for insulin was sold to the University of Toronto for one dollar.
The primary structure of insulin was determined by British molecular biologist Frederick Sanger. It was the first protein to have its sequence be determined. He was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
In 1969, after decades of work, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin determined the spatial conformation of the molecule, the so-called tertiary structure, by means of X-ray diffraction studies. She had been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for the development of crystallography.
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow received the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay for insulin.
Within vertebrates, the similarity of insulins is very close. Bovine insulin differs from human in only three amino acid residues, and porcine insulin in one. Even insulin from some species of fish is similar enough to human to be effective in humans. The C-peptide of proinsulin (discussed later), however, is very divergent from species to species.
In mammals, insulin is synthesized in the pancreas within the beta cells (β-cells) of the islets of Langerhans. One to three million islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) form the endocrine part of the pancreas, which is primarily an exocrine gland. The endocrine portion only accounts for 2% of the total mass of the pancreas. Within the islets of Langerhans, beta cells constitute 60–80% of all the cells.
In beta cells, insulin is synthesized from the proinsulin precursor molecule by the action of proteolytic enzymes, known as prohormone convertases (PC1 and PC2), as well as the exoprotease carboxypeptidase E. These modifications of proinsulin remove the center portion of the molecule, or C-peptide, from the C- and N- terminal ends of the proinsulin. The remaining polypeptides (51 amino acids in total), the B- and A- chains, are bound together by disulfide bonds/disulphide bonds. Confusingly, the primary sequence of proinsulin goes in the order "B-C-A", since B and A chains were identified on the basis of mass, and the C peptide was discovered after the others.
Increased glycogen synthesis – insulin forces storage of glucose in liver (and muscle) cells in the form of glycogen; lowered levels of insulin cause liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and excrete it into the blood. This is the clinical action of insulin which is directly useful in reducing high blood glucose levels as in diabetes.
Increased fatty acid synthesis – insulin forces fat cells to take in blood lipids which are converted to triglycerides; lack of insulin causes the reverse.
Decreased gluconeogenesis – decreases production of glucose from non-sugar substrates, primarily in the liver (remember, the vast majority of endogenous insulin arriving at the liver never leaves the liver) ; lack of insulin causes glucose production from assorted substrates in the liver and elsewhere.
Despite long intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load, human blood glucose levels normally remain within a remarkably narrow range. In most humans this varies from about 70 mg/dl to perhaps 110 mg/dl (3.9 to 6.1 mmol/litre) except shortly after eating when the blood glucose level rises temporarily. This homeostatic effect is the result of many factors, of which hormone regulation is the most important.
It is usually a surprise to realize how little glucose is actually maintained in the blood and body fluids. The control mechanism works on very small quantities. In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 litres, a blood glucose level of 100 mg/dl or 5.5 mmol/l corresponds to about 5 g (1/5 ounce) of glucose in the blood and approximately 45 g (1½ ounces) in the total body water (which obviously includes more than merely blood and will be usually about 60% of the total body weight in men). A more familiar comparison may help – 5 grams of glucose is about equivalent to a commercial sugar packet (as provided in many restaurants with coffee or tea).
Mechanisms which restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after hypoglycemia must be quick and effective, because of the immediate serious consequences of insufficient glucose (in the extreme, coma, less immediately dangerously, confusion or unsteadiness, amongst many other effects). This is because, at least in the short term, it is far more dangerous to have too little glucose in the blood than too much. In healthy individuals these mechanisms are indeed generally efficient, and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally only found in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacologic treatment. Such hypoglycemic episodes vary greatly between persons and from time to time, both in severity and swiftness of onset. In severe cases prompt medical assistance is essential, as damage (to brain and other tissues) and even death will result from sufficiently low blood glucose levels.
An increased calcium level causes activation of phospholipase C, which cleaves the membrane phospholipid phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate into inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol.
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) binds to receptor proteins in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This allows the release of Ca2+ from the ER via IP3 gated channels, and further raises the cell concentration of calcium.
This is the main mechanism for release of insulin and regulation of insulin synthesis. In addition some insulin synthesis and release takes place generally at food intake, not just glucose or carbohydrate intake, and the beta cells are also somewhat influenced by the autonomic nervous system. The signalling mechanisms controlling this are not fully understood.
Other substances known to stimulate insulin release include amino acids from ingested proteins, acetylcholine, released from vagus nerve endings (parasympathetic nervous system), cholecystokinin, released by enteroendocrine cells of intestinal mucosa and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Three amino acids (alanine, glycine and arginine) act similarly to glucose by altering the beta cell's membrane potential. Acetylcholine triggers insulin release through phospholipase C, while the last acts through the mechanism of adenylate cyclase.
The sympathetic nervous system (via α2-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine) inhibits the release of insulin.
When the glucose level comes down to the usual physiologic value, insulin release from the beta cells slows or stops. If blood glucose levels drop lower than this, especially to dangerously low levels, release of hyperglycemic hormones (most prominently glucagon from Islet of Langerhans' alpha cells) forces release of glucose into the blood from cellular stores, primarily liver cell stores of glycogen. By increasing blood glucose, the hyperglycemic hormones correct life-threatening hypoglycemia. Release of insulin is strongly inhibited by the stress hormone norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which leads to increased blood glucose levels during stress.
There are special transporter proteins in cell membranes through which glucose from the blood can enter a cell. These transporters are, indirectly, under insulin control in certain body cell types (e.g., muscle cells). Low levels of circulating insulin, or its absence, will prevent glucose from entering those cells (e.g., in untreated Type 1 diabetes). However, more commonly there is a decrease in the sensitivity of cells to insulin (e.g., the reduced insulin sensitivity characteristic of Type 2 diabetes), resulting in decreased glucose absorption. In either case, there is 'cell starvation', weight loss, sometimes extreme. In a few cases, there is a defect in the release of insulin from the pancreas. Either way, the effect is, characteristically, the same: elevated blood glucose levels.
Activation of insulin receptors leads to internal cellular mechanisms that directly affect glucose uptake by regulating the number and operation of protein molecules in the cell membrane that transport glucose into the cell. The genes that specify the proteins that make up the insulin receptor in cell membranes have been identified and the structure of the interior, cell membrane section, and now, finally after more than a decade, the extra-membrane structure of receptor (Australian researchers announced the work 2Q 2006).
Two types of tissues are most strongly influenced by insulin, as far as the stimulation of glucose uptake is concerned: muscle cells (myocytes) and fat cells (adipocytes). The former are important because of their central role in movement, breathing, circulation, etc, and the latter because they accumulate excess food energy against future needs. Together, they account for about two-thirds of all cells in a typical human body.
Once an insulin molecule has docked onto the receptor and effected its action, it may be released back into the extracellular environment or it may be degraded by the cell. Degradation normally involves endocytosis of the insulin-receptor complex followed by the action of insulin degrading enzyme. Most insulin molecules are degraded by liver cells. It has been estimated that a typical insulin molecule that is produced endogenously by the pancreatic beta cells is finally degraded about 71 minutes after its initial release into circulation.
Although other cells can use other fuels for a while (most prominently fatty acids), neurons depend on glucose as a source of energy in the non-starving human. They do not require insulin to absorb glucose, unlike muscle and adipose tissue, and they have very small internal stores of glycogen. Glycogen stored in liver cells (unlike glycogen stored in muscle cells) can be converted to glucose, and released into the blood, when glucose from digestion is low or absent, and the glycerol backbone in triglycerides can also be used to produce blood glucose.
Sufficient lack of glucose and scarcity of these sources of glucose can dramatically manifest itself in impaired functioning of the central nervous system; dizziness, speech problems, and even loss of consciousness, can occur. Low glucose is known as hypoglycemia or, in cases producing unconsciousness, "hypoglycemic coma" (formerly termed "insulin shock" from the most common causative agent). Endogenous causes of insulin excess (such as an insulinoma) are very rare, and the overwhelming majority of insulin-excess induced hypoglycemia cases are caused by human action (e.g., iatrogenic, caused by medicine) and are usually accidental. There have been a few reported cases of murder, attempted murder, or suicide using insulin overdoses, but most insulin shocks appear to be due to errors in dosage of insulin (e.g., 20 units of insulin instead of 2) or other unanticipated factors (didn't eat as much as anticipated, or exercised more than expected).
External insulin (usually injected subcutaneously).
Oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., any of the sulfonylureas, or similar drugs, which increase insulin release from beta cells in response to a particular blood glucose level).
Ingestion of low-carbohydrate sugar substitutes (animal studies show these can trigger insulin release (albeit in much smaller quantities than sugar) according to a report in Discover magazine, August 2005, p18).
Diabetes mellitus – general term referring to all states characterized by hyperglycemia.
Type 1 – autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas resulting in absolute insulin deficiency.
Type 2 – multifactoral syndrome with combined influence of genetic susceptibility and influence of environmental factors, the best known being obesity, age, and physical inactivity, resulting in insulin resistance in cells requiring insulin for glucose absorption. This form of diabetes is strongly inherited.
Other types of impaired glucose tolerance (see the diabetes article).
Metabolic syndrome – a poorly understood condition first called Syndrome X by Gerald Reaven, Reaven's Syndrome after Reaven, CHAOS in Australia (from the signs which seem to travel together), and sometimes prediabetes. It is currently not clear whether these signs have a single, treatable cause, or are the result of body changes leading to type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia (disturbances in blood cholesterol forms and other blood lipids), and increased waist circumference (at least in populations in much of the developed world). The basic underlying cause may be the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes which is a diminished capacity for insulin response in some tissues (e.g., muscle, fat) to respond to insulin. Commonly, morbidities such as essential hypertension, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) develop.
Polycystic ovary syndrome – a complex syndrome in women in the reproductive years where there is anovulation and androgen excess commonly displayed as hirsutism. In many cases of PCOS insulin resistance is present.
Insulin is required for all animal life (excluding insects). Its mechanism of action is almost identical in nematode worms (e.g. C. elegans), fish, and mammals, and it is a protein that has been highly conserved across evolutionary time. In humans, insulin deprivation due to the removal or destruction of the pancreas leads to death in days or, at most, weeks. Insulin must be administered to patients who experience such a deprivation. Clinically, this condition is called diabetes mellitus type 1.
The initial sources of insulin for clinical use in humans were cow, horse, pig or fish pancreases. Insulin from these sources is effective in humans as it is nearly identical to human insulin (three amino acid difference in bovine insulin, one amino acid difference in porcine). Differences in suitability of beef, pork, or fish derived insulin for individual patients have been primarily due to low preparation purity resulting in allergic reactions to the presence of non-insulin substances. Though purity has improved steadily since the 1920s, less severe allergic reactions still occur occasionally. Insulin production from animal pancreases was widespread for decades, but very few patients today rely on insulin from animal sources, largely because few pharmaceutical companies sell it anymore.
Synthetic "human" insulin is now manufactured for widespread clinical use using genetic engineering techniques, which significantly reduces the presence of impurities. Eli Lilly marketed the first such insulin, Humulin, in 1982. Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques in which actual human DNA is inserted into a host cell (E. coli in this case). The host cells are then allowed to grow and reproduce normally, and due to the inserted human DNA, they produce a synthetic version of human insulin.
Genentech developed the technique Lilly used to produce Humulin. Novo Nordisk has also developed a genetically engineered insulin independently. Most insulins used clinically today are produced this way, as they are usually less likely to produce an allergic reaction, although clinical evidence has provided only mixed evidence of this claim.
Since January 2006, all insulins distributed in the U.S. and some other countries are synthetic "human" insulins or their analogs. A special FDA importation process is required to obtain bovine or porcine derived insulin for use in the U.S., though there may be some remaining stocks of porcine insulin made by Lilly in 2005 or earlier.
Selecting the 'right' dose and timing.
Selecting an appropriate insulin preparation (typically on 'speed of onset and duration of action' grounds).
Adjusting dosage and timing to fit food intake timing, amounts, and types.
Adjusting dosage and timing to fit exercise undertaken.
Adjusting dosage, type, and timing to fit other conditions, for instance the increased stress of illness.
The dosage is non-physiological in that a subcutaneous bolus dose of insulin alone is administered instead of combination of insulin and C-peptide being released gradually and directly into the portal vein.
It is simply a nuisance for patients to inject whenever they eat carbohydrate or have a high blood glucose reading.
It is dangerous in case of mistake (most especially 'too much' insulin).
Medical preparations of insulin (from the major suppliers – Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi Aventis – or from any other) are never just 'insulin in water'. Clinical insulins are specially prepared mixtures of insulin plus other substances. These delay absorption of the insulin, adjust the pH of the solution to reduce reactions at the injection site, and so on.
Slight variations of the human insulin molecule are called insulin analogs. They have absorption and activity characteristics not currently possible with subcutaneously injected insulin proper. They are either absorbed rapidly enough in an effort to mimic real beta cell insulin (as with Lilly's lispro, Novo Nordisk's aspart and Sanofi Aventis' glulisine), or steadily absorbed after injection instead of having a 'peak' followed by a more or less rapid decline in insulin action (as with Novo Nordisk's version Insulin detemir and Sanofi Aventis's Insulin glargine), all while retaining insulin action in the human body.
Choosing insulin type and dosage / timing should be done by an experienced medical professional working with the diabetic patient.
Rapid-acting, are presently insulin analogs, such as the insulin analog aspart or lispro – begins to work within 5 to 15 minutes and is active for 3 to 4 hours.
Short-acting, such as regular insulin – starts working within 30 minutes and is active about 5 to 8 hours.
Intermediate-acting, such as NPH, or lente insulin – starts working in 1 to 3 hours and is active 16 to 24 hours.
Long-acting, such as ultralente insulin – starts working in 4 to 6 hours, and is active 24 to 28 hours.
Insulin glargine and Insulin detemir – both insulin analogs which start working within 1 to 2 hours and continue to be active, without major peaks or dips, for about 24 hours, although this varies in many individuals.
A mixture of NPH and regular insulin – starts working in 30 minutes and is active 16 to 24 hours. There are several variations with different proportions of the mixed insulins.
Unlike many medicines, insulin cannot be taken orally. Like nearly all other proteins introduced into the gastrointestinal tract, it is reduced to fragments (even single amino acid components), whereupon all 'insulin activity' is lost.
Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single-use syringes with needles, an insulin pump, or by repeated-use insulin pens with needles.
Insulin pumps are a reasonable solution for some. Advantages to the patient are better control over background or 'basal' insulin dosage, bolus doses calculated to fractions of a unit, and calculators in the pump that may help with determining 'bolus' infusion doages. The limitations are cost, the potential for hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes, catheter problems, and no "closed loop" means of controlling insulin delivery based on current blood glucose levels.
Insulin pumps may be like 'electrical injectors' attached to a temporarily implanted catheter or cannula. Some who cannot achieve adequate glucose control by conventional (or jet) injection are able to do so with the appropriate pump.
As with injections, if too much insulin is delivered or the patient eats less than he or she dosed for, there will be hypoglycemia. On the other hand, if too little insulin is delivered, there will be hyperglycemia. Both can be life-threatening. In addition, indwelling catheters pose the risk of infection and ulceration, and some patients may also develop lipodystrophy due to the infusion sets. These risks can often be minimized by keeping infusion sites clean. Insulin pumps require care and effort to use correctly. However, some patients with diabetes are capable of keeping their glucose in reasonable control only with an insulin pump.
In 2006 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Exubera, the first inhalable insulin. It has been withdrawn from the market by its maker as of 3Q 2007, due to lack of acceptance.
Inhaled insulin has similar efficacy to injected insulin, both in terms of controlling glucose levels and blood half-life. Currently, inhaled insulin is short acting and is typically taken before meals; an injection of long-acting insulin at night is often still required. When patients were switched from injected to inhaled insulin, no significant difference was found in HbA1c levels over three months. Accurate dosing is still a problem, but patients showed no significant weight gain or pulmonary function decline over the length of the trial, when compared to the baseline. Following its commercial launch in 2005 in the UK, it has not (as of July 2006) been recommended by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for routine use, except in cases where there is "proven injection phobia diagnosed by a psychiatrist or psychologist".
There are several methods for transdermal delivery of insulin. Pulsatile insulin uses microjets to pulse insulin into the patient, mimicking the physiological secretions of insulin by the pancreas. Jet injection (also sometimes used for vaccinations) had different insulin delivery peaks and durations as compared to needle injection. Some diabetics find control possible with jet injectors, but not with hypodermic injection.
Both electricity using iontophoresis and ultrasound have been found to make the skin temporarily porous. The insulin administration aspect remains experimental, but the blood glucose test aspect of 'wrist appliances' is commercially available.
Researchers have produced a watch-like device that tests for blood glucose levels through the skin and administers corrective doses of insulin through pores in the skin.
Intranasal insulin is being investigated.
The basic appeal of oral hypoglycemic agents is that most people would prefer a pill to an injection. However, insulin is a protein. Proteins, eg meat proteins, are digested in the stomach and gut and insulin, being a protein, is no exception.
The potential market for an oral form of insulin is assumed to be enormous, thus many laboratories have attempted to devise ways of moving enough intact insulin from the gut to the portal vein to have a measurable effect on blood sugar. One can find several research reports over the years describing promising approaches or limited success in animals, and limited human testing, but as of 2004, no products appear to be successful enough to bring to market.
Another improvement would be a transplantation of the pancreas or beta cell to avoid periodic insulin administration. This would result in a self-regulating insulin source. Transplantation of an entire pancreas (as an individual organ) is difficult and relatively uncommon. It is often performed in conjunction with liver or kidney transplant, although it can be done by itself. It is also possible to do a transplantation of only the pancreatic beta cells. It has been highly experimental (for which read 'prone to failure') for many years, but some researchers in Alberta, Canada, have developed techniques with a high initial success rate (about 90% in one group). Nearly half of those who got an islet cell transplant are insulin-free one year after the operation; by the end of the second year that number drops to about one in seven. Beta cell transplant may become practical in the near future. Additionally, some researchers have explored the possibility of transplanting genetically engineered non-beta cells to secrete insulin. Clinically testable results are far from realization at this time. Several other non-transplant methods of automatic insulin delivery are being developed in research labs, but none is close to clinical approval.
The central problem for those requiring external insulin is picking the right dose of insulin and the right timing.
Physiological regulation of blood glucose, as in the non-diabetic, would be best. Increased blood glucose levels after a meal is a stimulus for prompt release of insulin from the pancreas. The increased insulin level causes glucose absorption and storage in cells, reducing glycogen to glucose conversion, reducing blood glucose levels, and so reducing insulin release. The result is that the blood glucose level rises somewhat after eating, and within an hour or so, returns to the normal 'fasting' level. Even the best diabetic treatment with synthetic human insulin or even insulin analogs, however administered, falls far short of normal glucose control in the non-diabetic.
Complicating matters is that the composition of the food eaten (see glycemic index) affects intestinal absorption rates. Glucose from some foods is absorbed more (or less) rapidly than the same amount of glucose in other foods. Fats and proteins cause delays in absorption of glucose from carbohydrate eaten at the same time. As well, exercise reduces the need for insulin even when all other factors remain the same, since working muscle has some ability to take up glucose without the help of insulin.
It is, in principle, impossible to know for certain how much insulin (and which type) is needed to 'cover' a particular meal to achieve a reasonable blood glucose level within an hour or two after eating. Non-diabetics' beta cells routinely and automatically manage this by continual glucose level monitoring and insulin release. All such decisions by a diabetic must be based on experience and training (i.e., at the direction of a physician, PA, or in some places a specialist diabetic educator) and, further, specifically based on the individual experience of the patient. But it is not straightforward and should never be done by habit or routine. With care however, it can be done quite successfully in clinical practice.
For example, some patients with diabetes require more insulin after drinking skim milk than they do after taking an equivalent amount of fat, protein, carbohydrate, and fluid in some other form. Their particular reaction to skimmed milk is different from other people with diabetes, but the same amount of whole milk is likely to cause a still different reaction even in that person. Whole milk contains considerable fat while skimmed milk has much less. It is a continual balancing act for all people with diabetes, especially for those taking insulin.
Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes require some base level of insulin (basal insulin), as well as short-acting insulin to cover meals (bolus insulin). Maintaining the basal rate and the bolus rate is a continuous balancing act that people with insulin-dependent diabetes must manage each day. This is normally achieved through regular blood tests, although there is work being done on continuous blood sugar testing equipment.
It is important to notice that patients with diabetes generally need more insulin than the usual – not less – during physical stress like infections or surgeries.
There are reports that some patients abuse insulin by injecting large doses that lead to hypoglycemic states. This is extremely dangerous. Severe acute or prolonged hypoglycemia can result in brain damage or death.
On July 23, 2004, news reports claimed that a former spouse of a prominent international track athlete said that the ex-spouse had used insulin as a way of 'energizing' the body. This no evidence to suggest it should act as a performance enhancer in non-diabetics. Poorly controlled diabetics are more prone than others to exhaustion and tiredness, and properly-administered insulin can relieve such symptoms.
"Game of Shadows," by reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams, includes allegations that Barry Bonds used insulin in the apparent belief that it would increase the effectiveness of the growth hormone he was (also alleged to be) taking. On top of this, non-prescribed insulin is a banned drug at the Olympics and other global competitions.
The use and abuse of exogenous insulin is reportedly widespread amongst the bodybuilding community. Both insulin, human growth hormone (HGH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are self-administered by those looking to increase muscle mass beyond the scope offered by anabolic steroids alone. Their rationale is this: Since insulin and HGH act synergistically to promote growth, and since IGF-1 is the primary mediator of the musculoskeletal effects of growth hormone, the 'stacking' of insulin, HGH and IGF-1 should offer a synergistic growth effect on skeletal muscle. This theory has been borne out in recent years by the creation of top-level bodybuilders whose competition weight is in excess of 50lbs of muscle greater than the professionals of the past, yet with even lower levels of body fat. Indeed, the use of insulin, combined with HGH and/or IGF-1 has resulted in the development of such massively muscled physiques, that there has been a backlash amongst fans of the sport, with a professed disgust at the 'freakish' appearance of top-level professionals.
Bodybuilders will inject up to 10 i.u. of quick-acting synthetic insulin following meals containing starchy carbohydrates and protein, but little fat, in an attempt to 'force feed' nutrients necessary for growth into skeletal muscle, whilst preventing growth of adipocytes. This may be done up to four times each day, following meals, for a total usage of 40iu of synthetic insulin per day. However there have been reports of substantially heavier usage, amongst even 'recreational' bodybuilders.
The abuse of exogenous insulin carries with it an attendant risk of hypoglycemic coma and death. Long-term risks may include development of type 2 diabetes, and potentially a lifetime dependency on exogenous insulin.
2006 Novo Nordisk Levemir "detemir" insulin analogue approved for clinical use in the US.
Reaven, Gerald M.; Ami Laws (ed.) (1999--04-15). Insulin Resistance: The Metabolic Syndrome X, 1st Edition, Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press. DOI:10.1226/0896035883. ISBN 0-89603-588-3.
Leahy, Jack L.; William T. Cefalu (ed.) (2002-03-22). Insulin Therapy, 1st Edition, New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0711-7.
Kumar, Sudhesh; Stephen O'Rahilly (ed.) (2005-01-14). Insulin Resistance: Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease. Chichester, England: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-85008-6.
Ehrlich, Ann; Carol L. Schroeder (2000-06-16). Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 4th Edition, Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7668-1297-9.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Insulin". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.


The subway ad pranking bandit is at it again. After emasculating Iron Man, bombing Army Wives and countless other revisions, the vandal targeted killer cops with this activisty 'MY NYPD Killed Sean Bell' alteration, complete with gun wileding anti-hero Hellboy. Will Ferrell's new upcoming, probably not funny comedy Step Brothers was also put on blast with the help of equally stupid movie The Mummy—it received a slight, but not as significant modification as you can see after the jump.


Anyway, I'm now in the middle of reassembly, and I have a Cautionary Tale to tell. I thought, once bitten etc.etc. so I bought a dial bore gauge to measure the liner diameters, which, with my digital caliper, meant I could do some accurate measurement of bore and piston and thus the piston/liner clearances. Of the 4 new liners, two were exactly 3.75 inches (my dial bore gauge is in Imperial so I stuck to that) one was 3.748" and one was 3.746". The Omega pistons all measured 3.746"...I spoke to them about the required clearances and they said "About 4.5 to 5 thou" and told me their pistons are manufactured to a tolerance of 5 microns (0.005mm).
Now, that means that I have two pistons with 0.004" clearance (just about acceptable); one with 0.002" clearance (too small) and one which won't fit in the bore without being biffed with a hammer!! So a bit of honing to size is called for.
I then thought of checking the seized cylinders from my last attempt at "new-pistons-and-liners"..and found that one of the seized pair gave me 0.0025 piston clearance, and the one that seized worst gave 0.0015 clearance..so no bloomin' wonder they seized, given that the motor had been giving 200 odd horsepower for 10+ minutes..
THE moral of this tale is...never rely on suppliers supplying you with properly matched parts!! None of the 8 liners I have now bought conform to Lotus specifications, as far as I can measure them; the largest diameter I have measured is 3.75" whereas the Lotus spec calls for 3.751" to 3.7515" (Grade "A") or 3.7515" to 3.752" (Grade "B") all measured at 90 deg to the gudgeon pin, i.e. across the engine, and 50mm down the bore. In most cases there probably wouldn't be any hassle, normal driving wouldn't cause the sort of failure I had...but it would always be better to check the measurements and do the sums to find what sort of clearance you are getting.
That is a bummer, but like you said lesson learned. To go one step further, if you send your liners out for hone, once they return you should double check the clearances yourself. In the past, dealing with bored blocks I have found egg shaped bores upon re-inspection.
Thanks for sharing, as you have found one cannot be too careful or diligent.
Thought I might try to hone them myself with one of those electric drill driven things...after all, I have 12 liners to play with.....!! Then I can check as I go.
No excuse for .004 difference in tolerance these days. Shoddy! Where did you source them?
Maybe thats why the originals were only ever supplied in matched sets.
They came from a "well known Esprit specialist" whom I have emailed....now waiting for a reply.
Just a suggestion. The machine shop that did mine specialized in big bore motorcycles. Did a spot on job and wasn't expensive.
I would say speak with Steve from SJ. I looked into this when I redone mine. I checked my pistons and they were grade A. I spoke with Steve he said forget all that bollox that dont matter any more because Lotus blah blah blah. I thought this guy doesnt know toffee. Anyhoo I measured my liners with a bore gage and micrometer (inspection grade, calibrated on inspection grade slip gauges. If you are setting your bore gauge on a digi claliper you cant go on the size because even the Mitutoyo ones are only good for +/- 0.02mm) My liners were the original ones form 1985 and I couldnt work out what size they were ment to be. I cant remeber what they were but they wernt what the Lotus book said they were? Any way I bought the new ones from Steve and guess what? Yep exacly same size to the micron as my old ones. Now before you ask I was not measuring where the wear had taken place!!!
As I say have a word with Steve I think hes put togther enough engines over the years. He does come across a bit short...but I would sayhe know what hes talking about!
Steve's the man I bought the liners from....!! I appreciate what you say about setting the bore gauge with a digital caliper (and it is a Mitutoyo, by the way, reading down to 0.0005") and .02mm is about threequarters of a thou.. but you can't get over the fact that the liner bores vary...and one of them has zero clearance - proved by the fact that you can't get a piston in it!! Also, I've measured the original Lotus liners and they would seem to confirm the accuracy of my bore gauge setting. I'm convinced that the cause of the original seizure was undersized liners...all 8 of the liners I've so far purchased from S&J have been undersized, the largest diameter measures exactly 3.75", so is undersize to the Lotus specification. It's cost me a lot of time and money...so I thought I'd warn the Forum membership to check liner sizes rather than go on blind faith!!
Agree entirely with you John, dial bore gauges are not that expensive and give you great confidence that you are measuring the true bore diameter. I've used mine all over the engine and recommend the tool to anyone with an engine in bits.
With a parameter so important as piston bore clearance it seems risky to rely on anything but a direct measurement of the parts, no matter how many engines the supplier has built you may be unlucky and get a dud.
I'm surprised that Mahle can't tell you...I had a nice chat with the man at Omega and he said "4.5 to 5 thou" for the application. I'd be surprised if Mahle pistons were any different..perhaps you ought to have another word with them?
I agree and disagree with you lol!! All should be the same with in microns. Hitting those tolerances should be simple and honing gives micron accuracey fairly easily. Not knocking you John...well I guess I am in a round about kind of way(sorry) but I would be more likely to think the liners are correct and your method of measuring is more likely to be out? You sure you checked the scale on the dial gauge? If they are that far out I would just send them back. If they were 0.005mm out I would return them. Mine were all to within a couple of microns of each other 0.002mm.
Scott, mate, contrary to popular opinion I am not an idiot. Using the same dial bore gauge in each cylinder in turn, without adjusting it inbetween, gives the variance I quoted. And I didn't measure it once, but many times, with the same result. I'd like you to explain how my measuring system could be in error, as the measurements are totally consistent for each liner. I have only one certified slip gauge, at 50mm, and the digital caliper I am using to set the bore gauge reads that spot on. Note I am working in Imperial units, as my bore gauge is calibrated in inches. Were my method to be incorrect, then - if all the bores were accurate and the correct size - I would expect that ALL the measurements would be wrong, but consistent with each other...the same wrong answer for each cylinder. This is not the case, and the differences I quoted are real. The cylinder measuring 3.746" is too small for a piston to fit in, it's nearly an interference fit. The pistons fit quite comfortably in the liners measuring 3.75". Measuring the pistons with the digital calipers shows all of them to be 3.746", which is what I would expect, giving a clearance of 0.004 on the liners measuring 3.75", consistent with the acid test of "Do the pistons fit?"
I fully agree that getting cylinders to the correct dimensions isn't rocket science, which is why I just assembled the last set of pistons and liners, assuming as you say that the sizes would be correct. Sadly, they weren't...the fact that I seized two pistons, and when I measure those cylinders they are too small giving unacceptably small piston to liner clearance, wheras the other two give a 4 thou clearance (barely adequate I would say, I'd like to see 5 thou) also shows that my measuring is accurate and it is the liners at fault.
As for sending them back...I've had 8 now, from the same source, and none of them have been to the Lotus Grade A or B sizes; the greatest diameter I have measured has been 3.75" on 4 of them and the others have been significantly undersized. No consistency at all. Also my workshop is in France, and shipping cylinder liners about would be an expensive business with no guarantee that the replacements would be any better. No, I think I'll try honing what I have so I maintain control of the process and end up with something to the correct diameter.
It just surprises me that the supplier does not tell you this - maybe he assumes you know.
Rohan there is no way you are going to be able to hone 0.1mm. Grind or turn but not hone. They should be finished to correct size for sure.
All measurements now in millimetres.
To remind you, Lotus grade A is 95.28 to 95.29 and grade B is 95.29 to 95.30. None of the 8 liners fall within the limits.
Several things reinforce my conclusions...two melted pistons, from 3&4 of the original set are a pretty strong argument(!) and the fact that the piston will not fit in no.3 of the latest set..well, if I hammered it, it would go in, but there is less than half a thou of clearance, I would say..
The piston manufacturers, Omega, say that the pistons are manufactures to a 5 micron tolerance..that's 0.005mm.. so I would contend that they can be considered as accurate; my digital caliper measurement has them all at 95.15mm. Omega say that piston/liner clearance should be 5 thou..that's 0.127mm. None of the 8 liners will give that clearance. I would further contend that if you buy pistons and liners from the same source, and the liners are honed, then it is reasonable to expect that the liners have been honed to size to suit the pistons supplied. Since none of the liners conform to Lotus grade A or B dimensions, but are ALL undersized...and vary between each other to such an extent as to reduce piston clearance to zero in one case...it indicates to me a severe failing in quality assurance. And that's another job I used to do...!
Thing is, don't want to slag off one of our best parts suppliers; if Steve has ordered a batch of liners and specified the dimensions he requires, and receives the completed batch, is it reasonable to expect him to measure every liner supplied with a 3 legged bore gauge to check that his supplier has done the job properly? Who is going to get the task of inspection? Who is going to train them in setting and using a bore gauge? S&J are a small niche outfit, and we rely on them a lot for our parts. I have emailed Steve with my findings, and we'll see what he says. My reason for posting this was just to make everyone aware that, before you happily nail things together with blind faith in your supplier, a bit of inspection and measurement is a good idea..and that way you should pick up the problems before everything starts to rattle back there!!
not being funny but if you are building an engine should you not check the parts first not just assume that whats supplied is correct checking ring gaps is the first thing you do then piston to liner gap I may be wrong. it's like not checking the big ends and finding one was ground 10 thou down and the engine rattles on start up.
To re-iterate....as Paul says, and as I said in my initial post...Never assume...CHECK!!
Whatever anyone may say about the measurements, if a piston will not physically fit in a liner, something is wrong without a shadow of doubt. I think it should be reasonable to assume that the parts are correct. I wouldn't expect my local Lotus dealer to measure each piston and liner before rebuilding an engine just as I wouldn't expect SJ or Paul Matty or JAE to check to make sure they are to spec before shipping. SJ's suppler is not doing their stuff on quality assurance.
I'm glad it's been brought to out attention so no one gets caught out.
I've found this out the hard way as well, bought a ford xflow engine that had just been reconditioned as a short engine with head removed. Turned out the guy who built it put the crank thrust washer in back to front with the white metal bearing surface against the block... He was a fellow enthusiast rather than an engine shop, so I should have checked.
As John points out, .004" is a country mile. You could easily detect it, if not measure it, with pretty with basic tools. e.g. a straight bar and feeler gauges.
What are the options for accurately removing such a small amount of material to get the clearances correct? I assume (maybe incorrectly) that its now going to be pretty difficult to set a machine to get the bore concentric and remove perhaps a 2 thou cut?
Getting them concentric is not the issue. Size and finished with the correct surface roughness would be the harder part...but tat the end of the day if you buy liners they should be right. The issues of size and using a digi calliper in many ways that irrelevant too. The liners should all be at least the same size when a bore gauge is being used as a comparator between the bores!!
I fully agree Buddsy, after all they don't give this stuff away! The obvious concern would be that the quality control extends to length, OD etc. Interesting to see if 'nip' is all within tolerance.