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What Day: The 21st of April, 1995, fell on a Friday.
On this exact date: The first episode of "Father Ted" is aired.
24 years, 2 months and 28 days have passed since the 21st of April, 1995.
Zodiac Sign (Astrology): Anyone born on this date will have the star sign Taurus.
Chinese Zodiac Animal: In the Chinese Zodiac, 1995 was the year of the Pig (Yin Wood).
Native American Zodiac: The 21st of April, 1995 falls under the Beaver.
Birthstone: Anyone born during the month of April will have the birthstone Diamond.
Age: Anyone born on the 21st of April, 1995, will be 24 years of age.
Songs that were on top of the music singles charts in the USA and the United Kingdom on the 21st of April, 1995:
United States: This Is How We Do It - Montell Jordan
United Kingdom: Back For Good - Take That
The movie "Bad Boys" was at the top of the box office on this date.
Trending news stories and fads that were prevalent throughout this time period. These are news stories and events that would have been in the media on the 21st of April, 1995.
The Bosnian War
During this time, The Bosnian War was raging on in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Mid-1990s fashion
During the middle of the 1990s, female clothing began to become more form-fitting, as those badly-shaped "mom jeans" began to disappear. Grunge fashion started to decline and popular outfits began to include tartan minikilts, hot pants, slip dresses and knee highs.
The O.J. Simpson murder case.
The People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson ran between the 2nd of November, 1994 and the 3rd of October, 1995.
German model Claudia Schiffer is listed as FHM's sexiest woman in 1995.
Republican politician Newt Gingrich is named as the Time Person of the Year in 1995. This was after he had led the "Republican Revolution".
Popular music artists in 1995 included Coolio, Oasis, TLC, Seal, Boyz II Men, Mariah Carey, Luniz, The Notorious B.I.G., Michael Jackson, Madonna, Real McCoy, Bon Jovi, Des'ree, Shaggy, Boyz II Men, Montell Jordan, Bryan Adams, Green Day and Def Leppard.
Oklahoma City bombing
American terrorists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols set off a bomb in downtown Oklahoma City on the 19th of April, 1995. 168 people are killed.
Weather information for the 21st of April, 1995:
Dublin, Ireland: It was 10.7 degrees Celsius. It was a very wet day. It was a sunny day.
New York, USA: Temperature: 54.4 degrees Fahrenheit. 12.44 degrees Celsius. Rain fell. Precipitation: 4.83cm.
London, England: Temperature: 7.28 degrees Celsius.
Bill Clinton was the President of the United States on the 21st of April, 1995.
A baby that was born on the 21st of April, 1995 was probably conceived around the 12th of July, 1994. (Rough Estimate).
The due date for a baby that was conceived on the 21st of April, 1995 is the 29th of January, 1996. (Rough Estimate).
27th of March, 1995: The single Back for Good is released by Take That.
31st of March, 1995: The comedy film Tommy Boy (1995) is released in cinemas.
31st of March, 1995: Latin singer Selena is shot and killed.
7th of April, 1995: The movie Bad Boys (1995), starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, is released in cinemas.
19th of April, 1995: The Oklahoma City bombing occurs, killing 168 people.
24th of April, 1995: A Unabomber bomb kills lobbyist Gilbert Murray in Sacramento, California.
26th of April, 1995: NWA rapper Eazy-E dies because of complications due to AIDS.
17th of May, 1995: A U.S. Army veteran called Shawn Nelson goes on a tank rampage in San Diego, California.
19th of May, 1995: Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995) is released in cinemas.
20th of May, 1995: The last episode of the "Fresh Prince of Bel Air" is aired.
Historical events that have occurred on the 21st of April:
21st of April, 1966: Ian Brady and Myra Hindley go on trial in England for the murders of 3 children that vanished between 1963 and 1965.
21st of April, 1967: Greece is taken over by a military dictatorship.
21st of April, 1989: The Game Boy is released.
21st of April, 2014: The Flint water crisis begins when the city switches its water source to the Flint River.
21st of April, 2016: Prince passes away due a fentanyl overdose.
21st of April, 2018: Actor Verne Troyer (Mini-Me) passes away due to alcohol poisoning.
21st of April, 2004: Man on Fire (2004) is released.
21st of April, 2006: The movie Silent Hill (2006) is released.
Father Ted - Irish comedy TV series about a group of Catholic priests.
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys - TV series.
Star Trek: Voyager - Wikipedia - Kathryn Janeway is the captain of a starship that is lost in space and must find its way back home.
Gargoyles - Animated series about a group of gargoyles that come to life at night.
The Secret World of Alex Mack - Sitcom about a teenager with special powers.
Friends - Sitcom about a group of friends living in New York City.
Touched by an Angel - Tv series about a group of angels.
ER - Hospital drama series.
Party of Five - TV show about five siblings whose parents died in a car accident.
Ellen - TV series.
Mortal Kombat 3 - The third installment in the series. Fighters band together to fight of an invasion that is being led by Shao Kahn.
Warcraft: Orcs & Humans - Real-time strategy game that was developed by Blizzard Entertainment.
Donkey Kong Country - Platforming video game that was published by Nintendo on the SNES.
Earthworm Jim - Platforming game that featured an earthworm called Jim. Jim finds a super suit that gives him powers.
Celebrities and historical figures that were born on the 21st of April:
21st of April, 1926: Elizabeth II: Queen of England.
21st of April, 1947: Iggy Pop: Singer.
Enter your date of birth below to find out how old you were on the 21st of April, 1995.
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Looking for some nostalgia? Here are some Youtube videos relating to the 21st of April, 1995. Please note that videos are automatically selected by Youtube and that results may vary! Click on the "Load Next Video" button to view the next video in the search playlist. In many cases, you'll find episodes of old TV shows, documentaries, music videos and soap dramas.
Visualize the days that have passed since the 21st of April, 1995. Each day that has passed will be represented as a calendar icon.
Here are some fun statistics about the 21st of April, 1995.
764,899,200 seconds have passed since the 21st of April, 1995.
Since the 21st of April, 1995, earth has travelled approximately 394,687,987,200 miles through space.
What does the 21st of April, 1995 mean to you? Were you born on this date? Did you finish school? A loved one passed away?
7th of September, 1990
22nd of April, 1995


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You are here: Home > Clients > Poseidon Expeditions > Poseidon Expeditions Introduces Environmental Initiatives and Suggests Ways Guests Can Help
YouTube Videos Help Poseidon Expeditions Convey Fragile Beauty of Polar Arctic
Released on Tuesday, 12 March 2019 11:04
PROVIDENCE, RI, March 12, 2019– Poseidon Expeditions is the go-to company for cruising into far-flung worlds of snow and ice. Scientists, scholars and filmmakers are often invited on board to share their knowledge of fragile Arctic regions with guests who, on any given cruise, may represent up to 18 different flags.
"By inviting world-renowned specialists to join our Arctic cruises, we're accomplishing several purposes," said Poseidon founder Nikolay Saveliev. "First, passengers have a wonderful opportunity to ask questions and receive first-hand answers based on fact and science. Second, these specialists are often working on their own projects which they are happy to share with guests. Third, their presence and enthusiasm boosts our mission of creating ambassadors for the wildlife and ecosystems of the Arctic regions."
Poseidon Expeditions is also bringing these renowned specialists to an ever-growing audience through YouTube. The first in an ongoing series called "Polar Moments: Arctic Expedition" are already available on YouTube.
While on a cruise to the North Pole, the first in the video series features Don Perovich, a geophysicist whose specialty is the Arctic sea ice cover. This climate change scientist created the Ice Mass Balance Buoy that measures ice thickness and temperature data over time. The central goal of his research is to understand the interaction of sunlight with sea ice. He uses this data to study the changes in Arctic sea ice cover. As he explains on camera, his work measures the depth, water temperatures and salinity of melt ponds in the ice. Information is assimilated into models to help improve predictions about the future of sea ice.
Perovich is a professor of engineering at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH and a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. He has received the Department of the Army Meritorious Civilian Service Award, the National Science Foundation Arctic Service Award, the Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal, and the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory lifetime achievement award. To view this video see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6SkiO-rndkY
A second video features Huw Lewis-Jones, a gifted polar historian, raconteur and author, who joined a team of naturalist guides on a cruise to the North Pole. He holds a doctoral degree from Cambridge University and has served as Curator at the Scott Polar Research Institute and the National Maritime Museum in London. To view this video see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JNWr1PM4LM
A third video reflects the work of James Balog. Since 2007 he has been reviewing the effects of warming trends on the Arctic. This Emmy Award-winning, National Geographic photographer explores the relationship between humans and nature. Since the early 1980s he has photographed endangered polar ice. In January 2016 he began production on a feature-length documentary film, Life Tectonic (working title), exploring the environmental effects of the Anthropocene. To view this video see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9EOeRnLzJM
For inquires and reservations in North America, or to request a catalog, agents can contact the company's Providence, RI, sales and reservation office at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.or by telephone at 347-801-2610.
In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, contact Poseidon's Hamburg office – This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.or telephone +49-40-7566-8555. In the UK and elsewhere on the globe, contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.or telephone +44-870-068-9142.
About Poseidon Expeditions
With offices in the US, UK, Germany, Cyprus, Russia and China, Poseidon Expeditions is a leading provider of polar expeditions in the cruise industry. The company is committed to safe and environmentally responsible polar travel. It is a member of the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) and the Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators (AECO).
Follow Poseidon Expeditions on Social Media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/poseidonexpeditions
Twitter: https://twitter.com/poseidonexp
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/pxpeditions
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/poseidonexpeditions/
Website http://poseidonexpeditions.com/
PR Contact:Widness and Wiggins PR
Sara Widness / This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Dave Wiggins / This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it./ 720.301.3822

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This black kids t-shirt features Darth Vader holding his red light saber and lists 10 reasons to join the dark side. A comical take on a Star Wars t-shirt for kids.
Officially licensed Lego merchandise available in kids sizes 8/9 and 10/12.
STAR WARS® is a trademark of Lucasfilm, LTD.


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SUPERSTRUCTURE NEARING COMPLETION ON WICK LANE - 08-04-2019
Construction is well underway on our project at 415 Wick Lane in Hackney Wick, with four of five buildings approaching completion of the superstructure and work beginning on the building envelopes.
The scheme, for Taylor Wimpey East London, will be home to a variety of uses; bringing together residential, industrial, office and retail functions on a challenging site. To the south is designated Strategic Industrial Land and heritage assets on Crown Close. To the north is the Fish Island conservation area, a vibrant neighbourhood characterised by Victorian warehouse buildings. Our design sympathetically bridges these two distinct areas by creating six distinct buildings, each with their own individual character, form and material. Each building takes reference from the neighbourhood's vibrant history and reconciles the transition between the conservation area and industrial land. Playful saw-tooth rooftops stand alongside flat roofs, reflective corrugated metal cladding sits next to green profiled cast glass, black engineering brick, or vibrant red brickwork. The result is a distinctive place, with a strong character that feels like an authentic part of Hackney Wick.
We can't wait for the development to be completed next year.
SADIE APPOINTED NON-EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF U+I - 05-04-2019
Sadie is delighted to have been appointed as a new independent Non-Executive Director of U+I to oversee the delivery of their commitments to community engagement in PPP projects.
The role will also oversee the establishment of a workforce advisory panel at U+I to generate employee engagement and membership of a new internal design panel. The group will review and challenge the company's commitment to design excellence and support the continued development of talent, creativity and community.
U+I Chief Executive Matthew Weiner said: "Sadie brings not only a hugely impressive track record of achievement in the world of design, but more importantly a deep-rooted commitment to the principles of community and inclusion. She shares our vision and commitment to social purpose and I am confident she will hold us to account with both rigour and enthusiasm. Sadie's experience of building and managing talent in her own business and her role as chair of the independent design panel for High Speed 2, means that she is uniquely qualified to work with us in these three key areas of; community, people, and design excellence."
Sadie commented "I am delighted to be taking on this ground-breaking role. I was brought up in a co-operative community in Kent that had been set up by my grandfather, and so I grew up with a real sense of inclusion, purpose, community and responsibility. This appointment allows me to help U+I turn those beliefs and commitments into action involving what will, I am sure, be major schemes of huge importance to the communities involved."
U+I is a specialist regeneration developer and investor with a £9.5bn portfolio of complex, mixed-use, community-focused regeneration projects, which unlock urban sites with huge potential in the London, Manchester and Dublin city regions. For more information on U+I and Sadie's appointment visit their website.
Photograph by Celine Guiout


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Q: Why and when to use static structures in C programming? I have seen static structure declarations quite often in a driver code I have been asked to modify.
I tried looking for information as to why structs are declared static and the motivation of doing so.
Can anyone of you please help me understand this?

A: If you declare a variable as being static, it is visible only in that translation unit (if globally declared) or retains its value from call to call (if declared inside a function).
In your case I guess it is the first case. In that case, probably the programmer didn't want the structure to be visible from other files.

A: The static modifier for the struct limits the scope of visibility of the structure to the current translation unit (i.e. the file).
NOTE: This answer assumes (as other responders have indicated) that your declaration is not within a function.

A: The static keyword in C has several effects, depending on the context it's applied to.

*

*when applied to a variable declared inside a function, the value of that variable will be preserved between function calls.

*when applied to a variable declared outside a function, or to a function, the visibility of that variable or function is limited to the "translation unit" it's declared in - ie the file itself.  For variables this boils down to a kind of "locally visible global variable".

Both usages are pretty common in relatively low-level code like drivers.
The former, and the latter when applied to variables, allow functions to retain a notion of state between calls, which can be very useful, but this can also cause all kinds of nasty problems when the code is being used in any context where it is being used concurrently, either by multiple threads or by multiple callers.  If you cannot guarantee that the code will strictly be called in sequence by one "user", you can pass a kind of "context" structure that's being maintained by the caller on each call.
The latter, applied to functions, allows a programmer to make the function invisible from outside of the module, and it MAY be somewhat faster with some compilers for certain architectures because the compiler knows it doesn't have to make the variable/function available outside the module - allowing the function to be inlined for example.

A: Something that apparently all other answers seem to miss: static is and specifies also a storage duration for an object, along with automatic (local variables) and allocated (memory returned by malloc and friends).
Objects with static storage duration are initialized before main() starts, either with the initializer specified, or, if none was given, as if 0 had been assigned to it (for structs and arrays this goes for each member and recursively).
The second property static sets for an identifier, is its linkage, which is a concept used at link time and tells the linker which identifiers refer to the same object. The static keyword makes an identifier have internal linkage, which means it cannot refer to identifiers of the same name in another translation unit.
And to be pedantic about all the sloppy answers I've read before: a static variable can not be referenced everyhere in the file it is declared. Its scope is only from its declaration (which can be between function definitions) to the end of the source file--or even smaller, to the end of the enclosing block.

A: struct variable
For a struct variable like static struct S s;, this has been widely discussed at: What does "static" mean in C?
struct definition: no effect:
static struct S { int i; int j; };

is the exact same as:
struct S { int i; int j; };

so never use it. GCC 4.8 raises a warning if you do it.
This is because struct definitions have no storage, and do no generate symbols in object files like variables and functions. Just try compiling and decompiling:
struct S { int i; int j; };
int i;

with:
gcc -c main.c
nm main.o

and you will see that there is no S symbol, but there is an i symbol.
The compiler simply uses definitions to calculate the offset of fields at compile time.
This is struct definitions are usually included in headers: they won't generate multiple separate data, even if included multiple times.
The same goes for enum.
C++ struct definition: deprecated in C++11
C++11 N3337 standard draft Annex C 7.1.1:

Change: In C ++, the static or extern specifiers can only be applied to names of objects or functions
  Using these specifiers with type declarations is illegal in C ++. In C, these specifiers are ignored when used
  on type declarations.

See also: https://stackoverflow.com/a/31201984/895245

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HomeBakunin LibraryCounter-Proposal on Resistance Funds (1869)
Counter-Proposal on Resistance Funds (1869)
March 20, 2014 Shawn P. Wilbur Bakunin Library
["Reaction to a report of the Central Section of Geneva of the I.W.A., adopted in a session of the Alliance on August 14, [1869]."]
Counter-Proposal
1) There must be created in each section, corporation or society in the International Association a resistant fund [caisse de résistance].
2) In order to form that fund, each corporative section or society, by a decision taken in the general assembly, modifiable by later assemblies, of the section or corporative society will impose [a contribution] on all its members, always conforming to the rate of their wages.
3) No shareholder, except in very serious cases such as forced unemployment, family misfortunes orprolonged illnesses, cases that will always be recognizedby the General Assembly of the section, by the Committee—no one may avoid payment of this contribution, under pain of exclusion pronounced by the General Assembly of their section.
4) It is permitted for several or even all the sections or corporative societies of a single locality to join their individual funds into a single local fund.
But that union must be entirely voluntary on the part of each, no section can or should be forced to join even by a majority that represents all the sections of a locality, minus just one.
The section that refuses in this way to merge its individual resistance fund in that of all the others, as long as it remains faithful to the general, national and local statutes of the International Association, would preserve all its right to the solidarity of all the other sections.
5) All the costs that the members have to cover as members of the International Association, such as the costs of the section and the committee of the section, costs of the Cantonal Committee, Federal Committee as General Council, costs of the delegates for propaganda and of delegates for the Congresses, costs of the Journal, of the Circle – and if they also want it, of the funds for aid and defense, in short all the ordinary and supplementary costs, will be withdrawn from the resistance funds of the sections.
The subscriptions, except in extremely serious cases, recognized as such by the General Assembly of all the sections of a locality, are absolutely prohibited.
6) – Each Section or Corporative Society will determine the minimum sum that must properly constitute its resistance fund, which could never have any purpose but to maintain the war, that is to say the rights of the laborers against the bosses, either by nourishing its own resistance, or by making, as a loan, obligatory, or as a gift in aid of the other sections of the locality, nation or other countries, when the need of this aid has been proclaimed by the respective committees.
─────────
7) – Each section, at its own risk and perils, has he incontestable right to come to the aid of any other section, even though it does not have any recommendation on the part of any committee. But it is only morally obligated in the case where it has a formal invitation, either on the part of the local Committee, or of the General Assembly of all the sections of the locality, or of the Federal Committee, or the General Committee.
8) In this case, each section or corporative society imposes on itself the loan that, in the situation of the fund, it is capable of making.
Of Strikes
Experience has proven to the international sections of all the countries that the strike is a very dangerous weapon, which undoubtedly bears some very noticeable blows to the interests of the bosses, but which almost never also fails to deeply wound the interests of the laborers.
Strikes, unquestionably, by maintaining a healthy agitation among the workers and kindlingin their hearts adeep hatred against bourgeois exploitation, as well as unveiling the depravity of the present social organization, contribute a lot to make our propaganda more incisive and more vivid, deeper and wider. Each strike ended happily has brought us new sections.—But, on the contrary, the strikes that have not succeeded greatly demoralizethe workers, kill their confidence in the association and ruin them. Who does not know that even the mosthappily terminated strikes are always accompanied by suffering andvery serious material sacrifices?
From all these considerations it results:
1) That no section in its own interest must decide to strike except in these three cases: either when the state of the market will be such that the triumph will be certain or easy – or when the bosses wish to worsen the situation of their workers; or finally when they want to do the least harm either to their individual dignity, or to their right of association.
2) Each section or corporative society is incidentally perfectly free to begin its isolated strike, without asking the consent of anyone. But then it must know that it damages the principle of the International, and it is just that it not demand aid when it has not had recourse to the solidarity of anyone. – A decision made in isolation by a single section cannot and must not lead the other sections into an involuntary strike; otherwise that would be pure exploitation, a dishonest exploitation of worker fraternity.
3) All the other sections not only have the right but almost the duty to refuse their aid to the section that has begun its strike without consulting them and without having obtained their agreement.
4) In order for a strike to become a matter of solidarity for all the sections in a locality, it must either be accepted by the local Committee or by the General Assembly of all the sections of that locality.—In order for it to be a matter of solidarity for all the sections of a country, it must be proclaimed by the Committee of the country, in French-speaking Switzerland, for example, by the Federal Committee.—In order for it to be a matter of solidarity for all the sections of all the countries, it must be proclaimed by the General Council.
6) – Amendment
[Working translation by Shawn P. Wilbur]
International Workingmen's Association
About Shawn P. Wilbur	2309 Articles
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Christopher Kane's latest collection addition – neon leather clutches with laser-cut lace – were born out of necessity, to cheer his sister Tammy up when she was unwell.
"The bags were never planned," Kane told us. "Tammy was poorly and I wanted to cheer her up so I made her one from remnant neon laser leather from my spring/summer 2011 collection. She loved them so much I got the full colour set made up for her for her Christmas. When she wore the orange neon one to the Vogue Fashion Fund celebratory evening, she got such a warm reaction from guests. Then Net-A-Porter asked us to produce them for them. They actually go with almost every outfit, they are so great and always cheer me up."
The bags are available from today, exclusively from Net-A-Porter, priced £295.


Your Chiropodist is one of the first medical practitioners you should consider to see when undertaking marathon training and ultra-training.
A Chiropodist is a health care practitioner trained in assessing, diagnosing and treating conditions of the foot, and lower leg. When it comes to running your Chiropodist may have a wealth of experience treating all sorts of conditions associated to the foot and lower limbs from the common skin sores, to muscle aches, strains and pains.
achilles tendonitis and stress fractures.
As we can see, running can come with a host of issues, however it can also be very rewarding. Safe training will improve your health, fitness and endurance.
Your Chiropodist may recommend fitting footwear and a good graduated training programme starting at a basic level increasing through to near race distance level, accompanied with a safe stretching programme. You may also be recommended to take a gait and biomechanics assessment to check for any anomalies in your walking and running style. If any problems are detected, simple exercises, safe and effective ways to strap and support the foot and in some cases prescribe therapeutic custom orthotic insoles will be advised.
For good measure it is recommended to work with an experienced team that may comprise of a personal trainer, physiotherapist, massage therapist and podiatrist or chiropodist.
For further information on getting the best out of your marathon training contact your local Podiatrist for your next appointment. You can book your appointment online or by calling us on 01202 725090.


text:
class RemoveStyleFromBeers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    remove_column :beers, :style, :string
  end
end

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text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
The regeneration and restoration of skeletal functions of critical-sized bone defects are very challenging. Presently, regenerative therapy using biodegradable scaffolds have shown promising results in vivo~\cite{Berner:2013,Cipitria:2013,Reichert:2011,Sawyer:2009,Rai:2007} and in clinical cases~\cite{Ip:2007,Hoda:2016,Teo:2015fu,Schuckert:2008hg}. During the bone regeneration processes, scaffolds act as a temporary supporting structure to \textit{(a)} ensure that the defect/regeneration space is suitable for bone tissue growth, maturation and remodeling; \textit{(b)} provide mechanical functionality for proper transfer of loads acting on scaffolds to the adjacent host tissues while tissue regenerates; and \textit{(c)} facilitate in-growth of tissue and vasculature to accelerate tissue regeneration. Hence, the scaffolds' architecture plays a crucial role during bone regeneration processes. Fundamentally, in the design of bone scaffolds, there are several functional characteristics to be considered, such as the porosity (or biomaterial volume fraction), pore size and pore shape, as these will affect the scaffolds' permeability/diffusivity, degradation rate and elastic modulus, and in turn the biological processes necessary for regeneration~\cite{Poh:2016cu}.

Due to the intricate relationships between scaffold geometries, mechanical properties, biomaterials and biological processes, research in bone tissue engineering has been dominated by trial-and-error approach---whereby an existing design is modified based on the experimental outcomes. This approach usually requires costly protocols and time-consuming experiments. Over the years, due to rapid development of computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools, topology optimization techniques have shown their potential as a powerful tool for the design of scaffolds' architecture. Topology optimization is a numerical process to iteratively distribute a given amount of material within a given design space under specific constraints such that the final structure meets specific design targets~\cite{Allaire:2012ia,Bendsoe:2013ek}. This technique has been applied to design scaffolds to topologically achieve the optimized architecture to match the desired porosity, elastic modulus and fluid permeability~\cite{Dias:2014, Coelho:2015, Lin:2004, Guest:2006, Challis:2012, Kang:2010}.

One limitation common to most CAE models for topology optimization of bone scaffolds architectures is that the time-dependence of the regeneration process is not taken into account. Bone regeneration using scaffolds is a complex phenomenon which involves different biophysical processes and scaffold/tissue interactions via their elastic moduli over time. To this end, various multi-scale models have been proposed and developed simulating bone regeneration processes in response to various scaffolds properties (i.e., porosity, permeability, elastic modulus), taking into account the time-evolution of the microstructure due to bone growth and scaffold resorption~\cite{Sanz-Herrera:2008}. Hollister et al.~\cite{Hollister:2002} proposed a topology optimization approach that can design a scaffold microstructure in order to meet the resulting conflicting design requirements.

However, implementation of CAE into routine additive manufacturing (AM) workflows for optimization of scaffolds for regenerative medicine is impeded by the high computational cost. Here, we propose a simple, one-dimensional model for the optimization of bone scaffold architectures based on homogenized quantities. The main advantage of this model will be its efficiency for numerical computation. We can therefore use it as a first test case for a scaffold shape-optimization procedure, in particular with respect to finding suitable objective functions to optimize. Our approach is thus related to the first step in the ``Shape Optimization by the Homogenization Method''~\cite{Allaire:2012ia} of optimizing within a relaxed problem for averaged quantities.

The remainder of this article is organized as follows. In section~\ref{sec:model} we introduce our simplified bone regeneration model and show some comparison to in-vivo studies. Section~\ref{sec:opt} describes the numerical optimization routine. The results of our numerical experiments are presented in section~\ref{sec:num}. Finally in section~\ref{sec:conc} we discuss conclusions and give an outlook to future work.

\section{Development of a scaffold-mediated bone regeneration model}\label{sec:model}
In bone tissue engineering, the process of bone regeneration is commonly mediated by osteoconductive scaffolds that are often combined with growth factors and/or cells (osteoinductive). However, the exact mechanism by which scaffold-mediated bone regeneration occurs is yet unclear. The process of bone regeneration is a complex and continuous process, but well orchestrated, starting from the formation of hematoma accompanied by the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Following the events of inflammation, bone regeneration can occur through either endochondral (bone formation through an intermediate cartilage phase) or intramembranous ossification (formation of new bone directly - usually occuring adjacent to existing bone). Finally, the regenerating bone enters the remodeling stage, where newly formed bone continues to remodel itself until a mechanically strong and highly organized bone structure is restored. The specific mechanism of bone regeneration is determined by the immediate biomechanical and chemical environment where the cell resides. For example, studies of bone regeneration mediated by scaffolds made from a composite of polycaprolactone (PCL, a slow degrading synthetic thermoplastic) and $\upbeta$-tricalcium phosphate ($\upbeta$-TCP) illustrated that porous scaffolds support formation of a structured fibrous tissue across the defect, which acts as the supporting network guiding the mineralization process and bone in-growth through the depth of the defect~\cite{Cipitria:2012}. More recently, a follow-up study revealed a non-standard form of mineralization of extracellular matrix within a porous scaffold, whereby extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization occurs without collagen remodeling and without an intermediate cartilage ossification phase, extending from the proximal and distal end of the osteotomy site parallel to the tibia axis~\cite{Paris:2017}. In both studies~\cite{Cipitria:2012, Paris:2017}, it was noted that in the absence of exogenous growth factors or cells, no clinically relevant bridging of the defect was achieved.

In this study, the primary intention of the proposed scaffold-mediated bone regeneration model is to provide a basis for the scaffold architecture optimization algorithm proposed in section 3.  Hence, we propose a simple mathematical model capturing specific events occurring during the process of scaffold-mediated bone regeneration. However, the model does take into consideration the time-aspect of tissue regeneration, considering both bone growth and scaffold degradation and the interaction of the two. The time evolution model tracks the time dependent quantities that are relevant for the mechanical integrity of the scaffold. These quantities are the molecular weight of the scaffold material (which diminishes over time due to degradation) and the amount of bone regenerated. The bone regeneration, however, depends on the local microenvironment. This includes \textit{(a)} the presence of endogenous angiogenic and osteoinductive factors (e.g., growth factors/cytokines), which  are excreted into, diffuse through, and decay in the extracellular matrix in the interstitial space creating a local gradient through the regenerating tissue; and \textit{(b)} the mechanical strain stimulus transmitted through the structure due to external mechanical loading as it is well established that mechanical stimuli play a major role in bone regeneration~\cite{Ghiasi:2017aa}.

 A coupled system of evolution equations for these quantities, together with boundary conditions, has been established and constants in the model (e.g., the degradation rate of the scaffold material) have been deduced from experimental observations. We note that the model does not resolve these quantities on a fine ($\upmu m$) scale, but uses coarse-grained values. The spatial domain of computation is the domain occupied by the scaffold. We simplify this domain to a one-dimensional object by only considering one of the main stress axis under physiological mechanical loading.

Concretely, we solve the following system of differential equations (in space on the domain $(0,L)$ and time for $t\in (0,T]$) for the scaffold volume fraction $\rho=1-\theta$ with $\theta$ being the scaffold porosity, the relative molecular weight of the scaffold material $\sigma$ (normalized to be equal to unity for a new scaffold), the relative bone density $b$, the density of active biological molecules (osteoinductive factors) $a$, and the mechanical displacement $u$:
\begin{align*}
\rho_t &= 0 & \parbox{20em}{(occupied space does not change in time)}\\
\sigma_t &= -k_1 \sigma & \parbox{20em}{(exponential loss of molecular weight)} \\
a_t &= (D(\rho)a_x)_x + k_2|u_x| b - k_3a & \parbox{20em}{(diffusion, generation, and decay of \\active molecules)} \\
0 &= (\mathbb{C}(\rho,\sigma,b)u_x)_x & \parbox{20em}{(mechanical equilibrium)}\\
b_t &= k_4 a|u_x|\left(1-\frac{b}{1-\rho}\right) & \parbox{20em}{(bone growth proportional to $a$ and\\ mechanical strain but constrained by\\ free volume)}
\end{align*}
In this system, $k_1$, $k_2$, $k_3$ and $k_4$ are constant parameters, $D$, and $\mathbb{C}$ are functional relationships, all to be determined by experiment.

This model assumes PCL as the scaffold material. In vivo, PCL showes a two-stage degradation pattern, predominantly by bulk erosion. The first stage involves a decrease in molecular weight (Mw) without volume loss. The second stage of degradation begins when the Mw drops below 8000 Da, at which the material becomes brittle and loss of volume occurs~\cite{Sun:2006}, but this happens past the time scale considered here. Therefore, we consider no loss of volume fraction of the scaffold material to occur over time.

The initial and boundary conditions for the respective variables are given by
\begin{align*}
\rho(x,0) &= \rho_0(x) & \text{for all $x\in (0,L)$}\\
\sigma(x,0) &= 1 & \text{for all $x\in (0,L)$} \\
a(x,0) &= 0 & \text{for all $x\in (0,L)$} \\
a(0,t)=a(L,t) &= 1 & \text{for all $t\in [0,T]$}\\
u(0,t)=0, u(L,t) &= \gamma L & \text{for all $t\in [0,T]$}\\
b(x,0) &= 0 & \text{for all $x\in (0,L)$},
\end{align*}
i.e., in the beginning, the scaffold is fully intact, and no regenerated bone is present. The bone adjacent to the scaffold, however, produces the active molecules such that saturation is achieved there. The value for $u(L,t)$ was chosen such that the scaffold is subject to a hard-loaded engineering strain $\gamma$\footnote{We note that the magnitude of the displacement boundary condition is arbitrary and could be normalized to unity by changing the parameter $k_4$. Furthermore, the displacement $u$ is non-dimensionalized.}.

The resulting evolution equations are solved using established numerical methods, in our case, an implicit first-order Euler scheme. Due to the coarse graining of the relevant variables in the model, such a computation can be done in a very short time.

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
$T$ & $12$ months \\
\hline
$L$ & $30\mathrm{mm}$ \\
\hline
$\gamma$ & 1\% \\
\hline
$D(\rho)$ & $k_5(1-\rho)$\\
\hline
$\mathbb{C}(\rho,\sigma,b)$ & $\rho\sigma + k_6b$ \\
\hline
$k_1$ & $0.1$ per month \\
\hline
$k_2$ & $80/\gamma$ per month \\
\hline
$k_3$ & $80$ per month \\
\hline
$k_4$ & $0.25/\gamma$ per month  \\
\hline
$k_5$ & $100(\upmu \mathrm{m})^2/\mathrm{s} \approx 260 (\mathrm{mm})^2/\mathrm{month}$ \\
\hline
$k_6$ & $9.0$ \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{Parameters used for the bone regeneration model} \label{tab:params}
\end{table}
The parameters used for the model can be found in Table~\ref{tab:params}. The regeneration time and the length of the scaffold were chosen to model a realistic critical size bone defect, as for example studied in an ovine model in~\cite{Cipitria:2015kp}. The hydration rate constant $k_1$ is set to be consistent with findings in the literature that after one year approximately 30\% of the original molecular weight remains~\cite{Pitt:1981hx}. The diffusivity constant, $k_5$ in $D$, is a standard value for the diffusion of water soluble proteins~\cite{Badugu:2012}, with the $\rho$-dependent prefactor we account for the increased tortuosity of the microscopic diffusion domain due to the scaffold. The constants $k_2$, $k_3$, and $k_4$ are set such that a realistic regeneration outcome is achieved, see for example Figure~\ref{fig:b_unopt} and compare to~\cite[Fig. 2(B), scaffold only]{Cipitria:2015kp}, where the amount of regrown bone in the central region is approximately 75 $\mathrm{mm}^3$, which for a sample diameter of 20 mm and height of 1 mm corresponds to approximately 25\% of regenerated bone matrix for a scaffold density of approximately $\rho_0=13\%$. The relative modulus of bone vs.~scaffold, $k_6$, is chosen to agree with measurements (i.e, the ratio of the nano-indentation hardness for regenerated bone~\cite[Fig. 8(C), scaffold only]{Cipitria:2015kp} of 0.64 GPa and the nano-indentation hardness for PCL~\cite[Table 5]{Lin:2018ey}) of 0.071 GPa. For the elastic modulus $\mathbb{C}$ we use the Voigt Bound for composites.

We note that our model includes local production of bioactive molecules only. An addition of a bone growth booster in the model could be implemented by changing the initial conditions for the function $a$. However, minimizing the required booster does have advantages in particular for patients suffering from bone cancer.

In order to obtain a numerical approximation to the solution of our model, we employ a simple first-order-in-time Euler scheme, where in each time step the discrete equations are solved in the order that they are displayed above (with current values for the quantities substituted in each equation), and are thus decoupled. The diffusion equation for $a$ as well as the elliptic equation for $u$ are discretized in space using piecewise affine finite elements. The resulting ordinary differential equations for $\sigma$ and $a$ are discretized implicitly in time, the equation for $b$ is discretized explicitly in time. The time-step is $0.1$ months and the spatial discretization length is $0.4\mathrm{mm}$.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[Relative bone density at $t$=12 months with initial condition $\rho_0=0.1$ and $\rho_0=0.7$, respectively.]{\label{fig:b_unopt}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{b_unopt.pdf}}
\hspace{5mm}
\subfigure[Time evolution of the effective elastic modulus, normalized to the elastic modulus of PCL.]{\label{fig:E_unopt}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{E_unopt.pdf}}
\caption{Outcome of the model without optimization.} \label{fig:unopt}
\end{figure}

The resulting regenerated bone matrix for the given parameters and two different constant values for $\rho_0$ are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:b_unopt}. We note that an overly high volume fraction of scaffold material inhibits bone regeneration in our model, which is indeed an observed phenomenon.

\section{The optimization algorithm} \label{sec:opt}

Using current additive manufacturing technologies, it is possible to generate  unit-cell based scaffolds with any given porosity distribution $\rho_0$ on the domain occupied by the implant. We note that this distribution of porosity is a major aspect of the scaffold architecture. The solution of the evolution equations in our model now allows the deduction of, for example, the rate of proliferation of newly generated bone matrix within the implant, all dependent on the initial scaffold porosity distribution.

The model above can furthermore be used to evaluate the time evolution of the mechanical stiffness (i.e., effective elastic modulus of the structure stemming from both the scaffold material and the regenerated bone) of the implant for a given $\rho_0$. This mechanical stiffness is (in our case) proportional to the total elastic energy in the system at time $t\in [0,T]$,
\[
E^\text{el}(t) = \inf_{\stackrel{v\in H^1((0,L))}{v(0)=0, v(L)=\gamma L}} \int_0^L v_x\mathbb{C}(\rho(x,t),\sigma(x,t),b(x,t))v_x \,\mathrm{d}x,
\]
where $\rho$, $\sigma$, and $b$ follow the equations above (and thus depend on $\rho_0$). Figure~\ref{fig:E_unopt} shows the evolution of $E$ in time for the two unoptimized test cases.

It is possible to maximize the minimum over the regeneration time of the overall mechanical stiffness
\[
E^\text{min}(\rho_0) = \min_{t\in [0,T]} E^\text{el}(t)
\]
 of the scaffold among all physiologically suitable (i.e., with a cutoff to ensure $\rho_0(x)\le 0.7$ in order to not prevent vascularization) initial scaffold porosity distributions.

 It is important to note that for PCL scaffolds such an optimization is a reasonable approach. For certain titanium-mesh scaffolds it has been found that softer scaffolds yield better regeneration results~\cite{Pobloth:2018}---PCL, however, is already a material that is less stiff than bone. Therefore, it is not an issue here to obtain the mechanical stimulus that is required for bone regeneration. Instead, the main drawback of PCL scaffolds is their potential for mechanical failure, which can be minimized by maximizing their mechanical stiffness.

 We achieve this with the established method of using a gradient flow type optimization of the objective function $E^\text{min}$. To be more precise, we calculate an approximation of the Fr{\'e}chet derivative $\delta_{\rho_0}E^\text{min}(\rho_0)$ by using finite differences in each node of the spatial discretization. Then a gradient ascent with a soft pointwise constraint on the volume fraction is performed. The computational cost for such an optimization method is easily manageable due to the use of coarse grained values in the evolution equation system. Our MATLAB implementation performs a full optimization and reaches a stationary state of the gradient ascent in a few minutes on a regular desktop computer, thus more sophisticated methods were not deemed necesseary. Our method can therefore yield an optimized scaffold design, adapted to a given mechanical load and other (possibly patient specific) parameters.

\section{Numerical Results} \label{sec:num}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[Volume fraction distributions.]{\label{fig:rho_all}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{rho_all.pdf}}
\hspace{5mm}
\subfigure[Time evolution of the normalized effective elastic modulus depending on $\rho_0$.]{\label{fig:e_all}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{E_all.pdf}}
\caption{Comparison of scaffold optimization results.} \label{fig:optimized}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
$\rho_0 = 0.13$ & 0.13 \\
\hline
$\rho_0 = 0.75$ & 0.45 \\
\hline
Optimization among constant $\rho_0$ & 0.50 \\
\hline
Full optimization & 0.54 \\
\hline
Optimization among constant $\rho_0$ (reduced bone regeneration) &  0.26 \\
\hline
Full optimization (reduced bone regeneration) &  0.36 \\
\hline
Reduced bone regeneration but $\rho_0$ optimized for regular patient  & 0.28 \\
\end{tabular}
\caption{Comparison of minimal elastic modulus $E^\text{min}(\rho_0)$ for the scaffold designs under consideration. The values are normalized such that the scaffold material PCL has an elastic modulus of 1.} \label{tab:opt_values}
\end{table}

Figure~\ref{fig:optimized} shows a comparison of the optimized scaffold designs. Table~\ref{tab:opt_values} shows the minimal elastic modulus values for all designs. In particular, we also compare the optimization among constant-volume fraction scaffolds. In our model, with the parameters given in Table~\ref{tab:params}, the difference in the minimal elastic modulus between the full optimization and the optimization restricted to constant volume fractions is approximately 8\%. In particular, we see that the optimal scaffold is denser in the middle region---this can of course be understood from heuristic arguments: the regenerated bone grows back from the ends where the scaffold is attached to the intact bone matrix. Thus, in the central region, the scaffold polymer has to maintain the structural integrity for a longer time by itself, while undergoing bulk erosion.

Furthermore, we conducted a numerical experiment where the bone-re\-generation coefficient was reduced to $k_4=0.125/\gamma$ and the stiffness ratio $k_6=4.5$, to emulate a patient with reduced regeneration capacity, for example due to osteoporosis. Table~\ref{tab:opt_values} shows that the difference between the full optimization and the optimization among constant $\rho_0$ grows to nearly 40\% in this case. We also note that the scaffold optimized for the `regular' value of $k_4$ and $k_6$ is far from optimal for reduced bone regeneration. The optimized $\rho_0$ and corresponding elastic moduli are plotted in Figure~\ref{fig:osteo}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfigure[Optimized volume fraction distributions.]{\label{fig:rho_all_osteo}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{rho_all_osteo.pdf}}
\hspace{5mm}
\subfigure[Time evolution of the normalized effective elastic modulus depending on $\rho_0$.]{\label{fig:e_all_osteo}\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{E_all_osteo.pdf}}
\caption{Comparison of scaffold optimization results for the model with reduced bone regeneration, i.e., $k_4=0.125/\gamma$ and  $k_6=4.5$.} \label{fig:osteo}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:conc}
We have devised a simple model for bone regeneration that is suitable for use in an optimization routine for polymer bone scaffolds. As a proxy for the mechanical stability of such scaffolds, we maximize the effective elastic modulus of the combination of scaffold- and regenerated bone material, after taking its minimum over the regeneration time. With this method, it is possible to find optimized volume fraction distributions for additively manufactured scaffolds based, e.g., on periodic unit cell designs. Within our model, compared to an optimization among only constant volume fractions, a small increase of 8\% for the objective function can be achieved by optimizing among non-constant initial volume fraction distributions.

We remark that, of course, our model is very simplistic and a number of parameters are not known very exactly. However, the general outcome of optimal scaffold designs that increase their volume fraction in their central region (in order to provide more stability until the regenerated bone reaches the center) and decrease their volume fraction at the edges (in order to not impede bone-ingrowth) holds for a large range of different parameters.

In a test case with reduced bone regeneration ability, the difference is significantly increased. This shows that our model can benefit tremendously from patient-specific parameters to produce patient-specific optimal scaffold designs.

Presently, diagnosis of bone defects is highly dependent on X-ray micrographs, which only provide visual guidance for treatment and management but lack precise information on the patient's intrinsic bone regeneration capability. Potentially, this could be overcome by leveraging on Omics technology and multi-model analysis through bioinformatics techniques to improve patient stratification in term of intrinsic bone regeneration capability while unraveling the underlying biological mechanisms that govern the bone regeneration cascade. The inclusion of such patient-specific parameters would significantly improve the herein proposed optimization model for personalized bone scaffold designs. Nonetheless, such an endeavor will require long-term synergistic and complementary research efforts across multitude of disciplines.

Hence, within the scope of design optimization model, future work includes a refinement of the model in order to be better aligned with experimental results as well as an extension to a full three-dimensional optimization.
\bibliographystyle{alphaabbr}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


HERNDON, VA, January 2016 ― Artel, LLC, has been awarded a prime contract with the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) to support defense-related national security telecommunications requirements for the Global Network Services (GNS) contract. The indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract, which has a value of $4.3 billion dollars, calls for telecommunication network solutions and services supporting the Defense Information System Network (DISN) enterprise-level infrastructure in order to provide DISA's diverse mission partners with secure communications capabilities. Artel is one of only eight prime awardees for the GNS contract.
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Remember this post? Iranian-Canadian journalist Maziar Bahari was imprisoned in Iran for 100+ days and recently released, and one of the pieces of "evidence" the authorities in Iran had against him was his appearance on the Daily Show. Well, yesterday he made an appearance on the Daily Show and talked among other things about the man who was directly responsibly for his imprisonment and interrogation and just how much of a farce the whole thing was and how little his interrogator knew about the outside world. The smart thing for the authorities in Iran to do at the time (from their point of view) would have been to simply revoke his press card and expel him from the country, but thanks to the imprisonment they have given an extremely prominent journalist a huge swath of worldwide attention showing just how clueless they really are about the people they are imprisoning, and sometimes executing.
For more on the imprisonment itself, see here and here.


Hurricane Isabel was the costliest, deadliest, and strongest hurricane to strike North American in 2003. The warm Atlantic waters enabled it to reach maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 mph (270 kph).
Among all the natural disasters that occur on planet Earth, hurricanes are in many ways the most devastating. While the great Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami of 2011 is the single most costly natural disaster in history, the most expensive ones to occur in North America are all Hurricanes, including Katrina, Irma, Sandy, Harvey, and Maria. With winds that often exceed 125 mph (200 kph), enormous amounts of rain that can wash away entire communities, and an often sustained presence, it can take years to recover. As the ocean waters continue to warm, the frequency of the most powerful classes making landfall has increased, forcing us to contend with our vulnerability to their destructive effects. But we thoroughly understand how hurricanes form and sustain their power, and if we can understand it, we can combat it using science. Researchers now think they've found a practical, cost-effective way to do exactly that.
The paths that all the recorded hurricanes in the Atlantic and Pacific around North America have followed. If we can disrupt the water temperatures (to cool them) during hurricane season, we can lessen or eliminate the disastrous effects that hurricanes have on the human population.
Just last week, a team from SINTEF in Norway, the largest independent research organization in Scandinavia, published an article about using the same technology they use to keep their fjords ice-free in the winter to basically flip nature's "off switch" for hurricanes before they ever reach land. The technology is simple: to install a perforated pipe deeper down in the ocean to shoot compressed air into, which will create air bubbles that will then ascend. As they rise, they carry water of whatever the ambient temperature is with them up to the surface.
A large-latitude cross-section of deep ocean temperatures, as provided by NOAA.
In the winter or at very great depths, water is most stable at 4° C (39° F), significantly above the freezing point of 0° C (32° F). As the warmer water ascends to the surface, it transfers heat to the water that's in contact with the below-freezing air. For the cost of pumping compressed air into a pre-installed pipe, you can prevent ice from forming on the surface, keeping your waters open for shipping and other nautical purposes. Less expensive and more effective than icebreaker technology, these bubble curtains have revolutionized how Norway and other countries manage their fjords and other winter waters.
The same technology that is used to keep fjords ice-free (in some locations) in the winter could be used to alter the surface temperatures of hurricane-prone regions in the ocean.
Hurricanes, on the other hand, form when the surface water is too warm in the presence of winds. The reason hurricanes only form during what we call hurricane season is because the water temperatures must exceed approximately 26.5° C (80° F) in the presence of rapid winds to create one. Cooler temperatures, which are prevalent at the surface during the off-season, means that there's less water vapor in the air directly above the ocean's surface. It also means that moisture-rich air won't be able to rise, cool, and provide ongoing fuel for a storm. In order to make a tropical cyclone, you need that water to be at least 80º F (26.5º C) for the first 50 meters (165 feet) of its depth. This is why tropical storms like hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones only form along the equatorial regions of the world; the water simply isn't hot enough elsewhere given the other conditions of Earth.
The ocean temperatures are warm enough in the equatorial regions, during the right seasons, to form tropical cyclones.
To form and sustain a hurricane, the prevailing winds along the Earth's equatorial regions, which circulate from east to west, are enough to take care of the rest. (The detailed physics is understood quite well.) The necessary pressure changes as air rises and cools occur naturally, and there is no known mechanism for altering that part of it. There's also no way to alter the prevailing winds over the ocean; you might as well try to keep the Earth from spinning. But ocean temperatures at greater depths aren't always warmer than the surface; they're more consistent. If you were to install a perforated pipe lower down beneath the ocean's surface, at depths of 100-150 meters (330-500 feet), the air bubbles that rose when you pumped compressed air through it would carry cooler water up towards the surface, lowering the temperatures significantly.
Hurricanes like Katrina and Harvey, that remain over warm water for a very long period of time, can grow in intensity and drop incredibly large amounts of precipitation over a single, fixed location. This proved disastrous for New Orleans in 2005 and Houston in 2017.
During August and September of 2017, ocean surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico reached a whopping 32º C (90º F), which is primarily what made Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria so powerful and damaging. If that water could have been cooled to below that 26.5° C (80° F) threshold, however, these storms could have been quelled in the Tropical Storm stage, preventing them from causing the devastation that they wrought.
Hurricane Irma, one of three devastatingly powerful hurricanes to make landfall in North America in 2017, was able to achieve such power due to the high temperatures of the ocean as it formed and approached the continent.
Our initial investigations show that the pipes must be located at between 100 and 150 metres depth in order to extract water that is cold enough. By bringing this water to the surface using the bubble curtains, the surface temperature will fall to below 26.5°C, thus cutting off the hurricane's energy supply. This method will allow us quite simply to prevent hurricanes from achieving life-threatening intensities.
A map of where tropical storms form, and what the different names (typhoon, cyclone, hurricane) are that are given to the most powerful ones.
Lowering the water temperature by an amount that significant — 5.5° C (10° F) — isn't actually all that difficult; it simply requires a large enough bubble density over a long-enough time period. Oceans run deep, and once you sufficiently mix the surface water with the much more moderate temperatures at the lower depths, you can quickly drop below the critical temperature threshold. Bubble curtains have been used for a number of applications, including as a means of restricting oil spills. This means that the technology is already in use under extremely similar conditions to what would be needed to prevent hurricanes. Best off, we already have an ideal location to install and deploy them that's been a proven success: on oil production platforms.
A bubble curtain being used in Holandsfjord to prevent the formation of ice. The practicality of installing a solution in the Gulf of Mexico or other hurricane-prone locations is very appealing, and could save hundreds of lives and tens of billions of dollars annually if properly implemented.
It's also possible to deploy large-scale systems, for example by installing pipes across the entire Yucatan Strait, or extending them from the mainland along the coast. There is no shortage of possibilities.
The formation of a hurricane relies on warm, humid air at the water's surface, winds, and pressure changes. If the heat from the humid air is lessened, hurricanes shrink, rather than grow, in strength.
Given that 2017 saw more than $250B worth of damage caused by hurricanes to North America alone, even a large investment in setting up and deploying a large-scale network of these deep water perforated pipes could quickly pay dividends in damage and death reduction. The economic return-on-investment could be tremendous, and it would protect our infrastructure and prevent another Katrina-like disaster more effectively and inexpensively than any other plan. But if we want it to happen, we need to put our money where our mouth is and live up to the advice of America's eldest founding father: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.


text:
Edward "Ward" Leemans (ur. 26 kwietnia 1926 w Hoboken, zm. 2 sierpnia 1998 w Arlon) – belgijski i flamandzki polityk, socjolog i nauczyciel akademicki, parlamentarzysta, w latach 1980–1987 przewodniczący Senatu.

Życiorys
W 1953 ukończył nauki społeczne i polityczne na Katolickim Uniwersytecie w Lowanium, doktoryzował się na tej uczelni w 1957. Pracował w dziale badawczym konfederacji chrześcijańskich związków zawodowych ACV, a także jako nauczyciel akademicki na Katolickim Uniwersytecie w Nijmegen, na którym kierował instytutem socjologii. W 1964 objął profesurę na macierzystej uczelni w Lowanium. Kierował na tym uniwersytecie instytutem badawczym HIVA. W 1966 został komisarzem generalnym uczelni i przewodniczącym komisji, która przygotowała jej podział na uniwersytet niderlandzkojęzyczny i francuskojęzyczny. Od 1968 do 1972 pełnił funkcję komisarza generalnego wydzielonej uczelni KU Leuven.

Zaangażował się także w działalność polityczną w ramach Chrześcijańskiej Partii Ludowej. Od 1973 zasiadał w Cultuurraad, a od 1980 do 1981 w nowo powołanej Radzie Flamandzkiej. W latach 1973–1991 był członkiem belgijskiego Senatu. W 1975 objął funkcję przewodniczącego senackiej frakcji chadeckiej. Od marca 1980 do listopada 1987 sprawował urząd przewodniczącego wyższej izby federalnego parlamentu. W 1983 wyróżniony tytułem ministra stanu.

Przypisy

Absolwenci i studenci Uniwersytetu w Lowanium
Belgijscy socjolodzy
Politycy partii Chrześcijańscy Demokraci i Flamandowie
Przewodniczący Senatu (Belgia)
Urodzeni w 1926
Zmarli w 1998

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York and a potential 2020 presidential candidate, has just donated $1.8 billion to Johns Hopkins University, the largest ever contribution to a US academic institution. That's on top of the $1.5 billion he's already gifted to his alma mater.
The research institution, already one of the best in the world, will use the money to provide financial aid to its undergraduate students from lower- and middle-income backgrounds.
No such act of generosity has been visible in India despite its 131 billionaires and countless millionaires. India's rich have many passions—yachts, horses, cars, planes, even airlines and big fat Indian weddings. But institution building isn't quite their thing.


Please join us at SWAN Yoga in Goa, India where we follow yogic philosophy in our daily lives and live a 'yogic lifestyle'. Our integrative, research-based yoga intensive program offers participants an immersion in that yogic lifestyle. Our Yoga Intensive Retreat is a physically, emotionally and spiritually rejuvenating experience. Our program combines the practice of asana, pranayama, mantra, deep relaxation, yoga philosophy and plenty of free time for self-reflection. Ideal for beginners as well as more experienced yoga practitioners and instructors wishing to deepen their practice, our yoga retreat incorporates theoretical aspects of yoga into daily life. Our research-based Yoga Intensive Retreat serves as the perfect yoga introduction for beginners as well as the perfect yoga immersion for those who have been practicing yoga for some time. Our yoga intensive at SWAN Yoga Retreat in Goa, India introduces yoga in a profound and accessible way. Our holistic yoga program also offers more experienced students with an immersion designed to deepen their practice and understanding of yoga.
Our retreat is the perfect introduction to yoga philosophy, asana, pranayama, yogic kriyas and meditation..
Our retreat is ideal for yogis wishing to deepen their personal practice and learn more about yoga philosophy..
Our retreat offers in-depth understanding of yoga philosophy, yoga as therapy & the essence of what is meant by yoga..
Participants in our two week yoga course will learn a wide variety of classical hatha yoga practices including: yoga asana (yoga postures), pranayama (breath control), mudras (psychic gestures), meditation and deep relaxation techniques. Traditional yogic detox practices will also be introduced including: jala neti (nasal passage cleansing), vaman & dhauti (stomach & esophagus cleansing), laghooshankhaprakshalana (intestinal cleansing) and trataka (gazing at a candle flame). Within a traditional atmosphere, SWAN Yoga Retreat teaches yoga using the age old methods of the gurukula (traditional Indian teaching method) in an environment free from dogma. Yoga philosophy is an integral part of any yoga holiday at SWAN Yoga Retreat. Fundamental to learning about yoga is an understanding of the 'why' behind any yogic practice. It is also crucial to understand that there is so much more to yoga than just the practice of asana (physical postures).
Join us for a journey into the world of yoga.
Yoga Intensive Retreat at SWAN Yoga Retreat Goa, India. It's a very relaxing experience for getting to know the deep philosophy of yoga for beginners and a great opportunity for experienced yoga teachers to deepen their understanding of yoga, and how it should be shared.
This practice is from the tantras, and is a very ancient method of achieving deep levels of relaxation in the body and the mind..
This Puja is a tantra practice with the five elements. First you offer fire followed by air and water and then the last offering is the mantra..
Trataka or candle gazing is a cleansing practice for the space of the mind. Trataka is the last and the highest of the purification processes..


K J Trading Co Pvt Ltd was Registered on 03-07-1974, K J Trading Co Pvt Ltd is known for its brand.
The Quilon based company's Corporate Identification Number (CIN) is U52341KL1974PTC002616. The registration number is 002616.
The company's official address is KILIKOLLOOR Quilon Kerala India 691004.
K J TRADING CO PVT LTD is Limited Liability Company with authorised capital Rs.700000.00, shareholders of K J TRADING CO PVT LTD cannot sell or transfer their shares without offering them first to other shareholders for purchase in company.
The information about K J TRADING CO PVT LTD on CompanyInfoz.com is kind of public information, and has been taken from the official registries, and from published government data. We try our best to keep it as updated and informed as possible, and therefore we won't remove or edit any of this information by ourself.If you feel any information is not updated about K J TRADING CO PVT LTD you can update it through a update button provided on this page.


Aromatherapy salt lamps | Elegance combined with the fragrance!
What is the height of best aesthetics? Elegance combined with the fragrance… Is not it? Aromatherapy Salt Lamps are exactly that. Extracted from the grandeur-studded Himalayan Mountains. Then, our experienced craftsmen carve and chisel the salt rocks. Hence, you get an awe-inspiring look and beauty.
You can put your hands on this exquisite beauty. This beauty is equipped with an equally pretty oil saucer to scent your environment with charming fragrance. You can put this piece of your craft in your bedroom, dining room, washroom, living room or guest room. That makes the environment appealing and much more pleasant. Because Himalayan Aromatherapy Salt lamp is an aesthetic addition. And, also that beauty is a hygienic one.
Aromatherapy salt lamp takes care of your hygiene and environment in a most pleasing way. It absorbs all the positive ions from the environment by emitting negative ions. Thus, eliminates the risks posed by the presence of positive ions.
The cleansing of environment helps in improving the concentration levels and focus.
That allows you to get engrossed in your work for longer periods of time.
It helps in dismissing the anxiety, fatigue, and blurriness of the mood.
This great aromatherapy salt lamp creates a soothing glow and mesmerizing fragrance.
Hence, it ensures that you don't feel dizzy and your environment remains calm and collected.
Furthermore, this particular type of Himalayan Salt lamp offers us with the best application, i.e. Aromatherapy. In which, the essentials oils are used as alternative medicine. And, that works to soothe a person's mental condition, mood, cognitive function or physical health. Thus, this is a unique way of addressing the problem of depression. Also, this beauty is getting quite popular.
Also, in any case, anywhere that crowds gathered scared you? And, left you feeling overwhelmed? Or, are you unable to concentrate on something special? Not a problem. Put your favorite fragrance into the small cup. Turn the lamp ON, and enjoy all the benefits of aromatherapy salt lamps.
At ySaltLamps.com, we commit to providing industry-leading customer service. Both, for wholesale and trade customers! But remember, the best we do is the wholesale salt lamps!


CHICAGO – The University of Chicago baseball coaching staff will host its 2018 Fall Prospect Camp on Sunday, October 7, on the Hyde Park campus.
NOTE: The October camp is now full to capacity.
Conducted by the University of Chicago coaching staff, the UChicago Baseball prospect camp is an excellent opportunity for class of 2019, 2020 and 2021 players to learn from current coaches.
The camp will include upper level baseball instruction, along with a game segment. Every camper will receive specialized instruction in fielding, pitching and hitting from the UChicago coaching staff. There will also be opportunities to meet members of the current team.
For additional information about the baseball camp, email Head Coach John Fitzgerald at jdfitzgerald@uchicago.edu.


Every gift makes an impact here at Mote Marine Laboratory. Our work to educate the public through informal marine science, conserve our most precious resources for future generations and explore groundbreaking research discoveries with the potential to impact the health of our oceans and society would not be possible without the critical investments of our supporters. We are truly grateful for your help in advancing our important mission for the betterment of us all.


This my MIL's go to salad. I think in Maharashtra it is called koshmbair. It specially goes well with spicy North Indian curries . The radish in the mix gives it a very unique earthy peppery taste which i love but if you find white indian diakon radish a little over powering use small red radish for a milder taste or if you totally hate radish :) it works with cucumber alone too. I usually will put a tempering over it just before serving but tastes good without too.. I'm sending this to Divya's Salad event.And ha this makes a good dip for chips too.
1. Cucumber , radish , green chili , curd ,salt .
2. Heat oil add mustard ,when it pops add urad dal or cumin .
3. Cook for a minute and pour over the mix.
4. Add cilantro and mix everything well.
5. And the salad is ready to serve.
I have used small red radish here as i didn't had white diakon on hand but i personally prefer white diakon in this recipe.
this looks really yummy..must try.
Yummy salad! And congratulations on your award!
Nice recipe! thanks for visiting my space!
Hi nisha I htink I am first time here.. I loved this radish and cucumber combo and I never attempted with this combo for making raita.. truely nice one will do it immediately as i have both on my fridge. All your recipes are wonderful and will be here often.


text:
package fr.adrienbrault.idea.symfony2plugin.templating;

import com.intellij.codeInsight.lookup.LookupElement;
import com.intellij.openapi.vfs.VirtualFile;
import com.intellij.psi.*;
import com.jetbrains.php.lang.psi.elements.StringLiteralExpression;
import fr.adrienbrault.idea.symfony2plugin.TwigHelper;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * @author Adrien Brault <adrien.brault@gmail.com>
 */
public class TemplateReference extends PsiPolyVariantReferenceBase<PsiElement> {

    private String templateName;

    public TemplateReference(@NotNull StringLiteralExpression element) {
        super(element);
        templateName = element.getContents();
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    @NotNull
    @Override
    public Object[] getVariants() {
        return TwigHelper.getAllTemplateLookupElements(getElement().getProject()).toArray();
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        PsiElement[] psiElements = TwigHelper.getTemplatePsiElements(getElement().getProject(), templateName);
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        for (PsiElement psiElement : psiElements) {
            results.add(new PsiElementResolveResult(psiElement));
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        return results.toArray(new ResolveResult[results.size()]);
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}


Government of India, the Ministry of Mines invited application for recruitment to the post of Additional Director General and Deputy Director General.
Government of India, the Ministry of Mines invited application for recruitment to the post of Additional Director General and Deputy Director General. The candidates eligible for the post can apply through prescribed format within 60 days of the publication of the advertisement that is 30 October 2013.The Ministry of Mines is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to mines in India. It is responsible for survey and exploration of all minerals, (other than natural gas and petroleum) for mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals like aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, gold, nickel etc. and for administration of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) in respect of all mines and minerals other than coal and lignite.
Candidate should possess Master Degree in any discipline from recognized University.
The applications along with vigilance clearance, integrity certificate, statement of minor/major penalty, if any, imposed on the officer during the service may be sent through proper channel to the S B Doyal, Ministry of Mines ,3rd Floor, A wing, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India before 30 October 2013.


text:
'use strict'

const tman = require('tman')
const should = require('should')
const thunk = require('thunks')()
const redis = require('../..')

tman.suite('commands:Transaction', function () {
  let client1, client2

  tman.beforeEach(function (done) {
    client1 = redis.createClient()
    client1.on('error', function (error) {
      console.error('redis client:', error)
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    client2 = redis.createClient()
    client2.on('error', function (error) {
      console.error('redis client:', error)
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    client1.flushdb()(function (error, res) {
      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.equal('OK')
    })(done)
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  tman.afterEach(function () {
    client1.clientEnd()
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      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.equal('OK')
      return thunk.all(this.incr('users'), this.incr('users'), this.incr('users'))
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      should(error).be.equal(null)
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      return this.exec()
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      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.eql(['1', '2', '3'])
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      should(error).be.instanceOf(Error)
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  })

  tman.it('client.watch, client.unwatch', function (done) {
    client1.watch('users')(function (error, res) {
      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.equal('OK')
      return thunk.all(this.multi(), this.incr('users'), this.incr('users'))
    })(function (error, res) {
      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.eql(['OK', 'QUEUED', 'QUEUED'])
      return client2.incr('users')
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      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.equal(1)
      return this.exec()
    })(function (error, res) {
      should(error).be.equal(null)
      should(res).be.equal(null)
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      should(res).be.eql(['OK', 'OK', 'OK', 'QUEUED', 'QUEUED'])
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      return this.exec()
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})


text:
St. Mary's College swimming coach faces child porn charges
ST. MARY'S CITY, Md. - A longtime swimming coach at St. Mary's College of Maryland has been arrested on child pornography related charges.
Andre Rudolph Barbins, 45, was taken into custody on Friday, and is charged with one count of child pornography and one count of displaying obscene matter to a minor. Investigators executed a search warrant at Barbins' home in Solomon, Md., and seized various digital media storage devices containing images of child pornography.
According to the school's website, Barbins has been the head swim coach there for nearly two decades, with 2015-16 being his 18th year. The site says he also serves as the aquatics director of the Michael P. O'Brien ARC Aquatics Center, and has been a member of the NCAA Division III Men's & Women's Swimming & Diving Committee since 2014.
Barbins' bio says he graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1993, and also coached at Washington College in Chestertown, Md. and the University of the South in Sewanee, Tenn. before coming to St. Mary's. It also says he is married and has two daughters.
St. Mary's College of Maryland released the following statement about Barbins' arrest:
"St. Mary's College of Maryland learned that Andre Barbins, the College's head swimming coach, has been arrested. The College is taking all steps necessary to protect the safety of its campus and community, and is cooperating fully with law enforcement. Assistant Coach Hattie Schiavone has assumed coaching duties. As with all personnel matters, the College is unable to provide further comment."
Mystery drone sightings in Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming prompt theories
Fairfax County substitute teacher arrested for indecent liberties, inappropriate contact with students: police
Abduction report unfounded, Howard County police say


Prometheus Global is proud to announce the release of Release Candidate 1 of Atomic Secured Linux 2.2, the latest version of our cutting-edge Unified Security solution for servers.
Added support to --report-false positive to use both the full and relative paths.
New PHP checks and cloaking capabilities.
New asl-stream client replaces modsec-clam perl tool.
Atomic Secured Linux(tm) is an out-of-the-box Unified Security Suite for Linux(tm) systems designed to protect your servers against both known and unknown threats. It is distributed through a subscription yum channel ensuring that ASL is always kept up to date. Unlike other security solultions, ASL works by combining security at all layers, from the Kernel all the way up to the application layer to provide the most complete protection available for Linux servers and helps to ensure that your system is complaint with commercial and government security standards. ASL includes the most harderned kernel on the market, automated system hardening techniques, userspace and host Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), malware/rootkit detection and elimination, blacklisting technologies and web application firewalling to protect multiuser and web application hosting environments like no other solution. ASL is uniquely effective at addressing emerging threats posed by vulnerabilities in todays complex systems and applications, such as web hosting environments, multiuser systems, CRM's, ERPs, forums, shopping carts, Content Management systems and custom applications.
The design of ASL approaches securing the server and its applications, by combining different layers of security technologies and application layer firewalls to filter out malicious content before it reaches the application. Our hardened kernel subsystems further enhance the overall security model by enforcing file, network and process level security policies on the system.
The ASL approach also includes our "Just In Time Patching" system, which allows you to address security threats posed by applications where either it is not possible to fix the application due to lack of source code, availability of resources, or the number of applications that make repairing all vulnerabilities economically unfeasible. You can known that your systems are protected, even when you can't patch them.


Geographic coordinates are the approximate centre of the area covered by B20 3EQ, and are not necessarily those of any specific postal address within it.
B20 3EQ is a postcode in Birmingham, Birmingham. It was first introduced in November 2016.
B20 3EQ is in the Birmingham travel to work area. NHS services are provided by the Heart of Birmingham Teaching Primary Care Trust.
B20 3EQ has a Healthy Living Index of 10/10 (Very high).
Residents of B20 3EQ are represented at different levels of local, regional and national government by elected representatives. Where known, these are shown here.
Ofcom publishes annual statistics for Broadband availability. This is the most recent data for B20 3EQ.
The most recent Ofsted rankings for schools near B20 3EQ.


*Thank you Curly's for sponsoring this post. Regardless I only recommend brands and products I truly love and all opinions are my own!
WIth so many holiday events going on, I've had to be able to come up with some easy but still yummy lunch foods to have on hand. Whether to send the kids with to school, or to throw on a tray for easy lunching when we have visitors, there have been plenty of reasons to keep what I need for these around the house. That's why I came up with this easy lunch dish of chili chicken slider. It's quick enough to whip up in a couple of minutes if guests come, and I can keep leftover sauce in the fridge making it really easy to throw them together for school fr other events we have going up. Thanks to Curly's I don't even have to bother with making the chicken but it's still delicious and always a hit!
(1) In a sauce pan combine the tomato sauce, crushed tomatoes, chili seasoning, and corn. Stir well and heat over medium heat 5-10 minutes. Allow to simmer an additional 5 minutes.
(2) On Hawaiian rolls layer chicken (heated), sauce, and top with a little cheese.
Honestly the Curly's chicken is what makes this dish! It's so tender and delicious and tastes like a chicken I would have spent hours making in the crock pot but really I just pulled out already fully cooked from my refrigerator! You'll find Curly's in the refrigerated meat case at your local grocery store. If you're looking for more delicious recipes you can find videos of some at RoadTripEats,com/videos!
What are your go to easy lunch recipes?
« Shoe Matching Game with It's Shoe Time!
This looks SO good! Thanks for sharing this idea I'm going to do it with my kids!!
These look so simple and fun to make!! I'm excite to try these out with my kids!! Thanks for sharing!
I'm going to try these with the new veggie pulled pork I wasn't sure what to do with!
I am obsessed with her faces here. So cute! I want to try to veganize this.


text:
One Nation Under God
Vatican: The Holy See
Permanent Link | Print | | Subscribe
Life isn't all fun and games. But it can be fun, and games are a part of it. And that's been so for a long time. The history of games dates back thousands of years, which should come as no surprise. With no radio, television, movie theatres, drive-ins, dance halls, and certainly no computers, people needed to come up with something for grins.
We're all familiar with children's games. One of the best known and most played is Simon Says. Players stand in line and do what their leader, someone called Simon, directs them to do. Simple enough, but here's the catch: if a player performs a command not prefaced with the words "Simon Says," he's out. And if he doesn't perform a command when Simon says those magic words, he's out. It's no wonder everyone wants to be Simon. He's got power. Under different titles, the game is played all over the world. There is no shortage of kids wanting to call the shots.
And no shortage of adults wanting to do the same. Torchlight singer Tony Bennett has spent his career singing, "If I ruled the world, every day would be the first day of spring." It's a lovely sentiment, but in Chicago the average temperature on March 21 ranges from 35-47º F. Not exactly swimsuit weather. Who'd want a daily dose of that? Besides, there's a whole another issue: who made Tony Bennett king?
Deep down, most of us would love to rule the world — rule it for the good, of course —but rule it all the same. It's part of our nature to want control. We want to choose our companions, our paths, and our destinies. We want to have Simon's say so. By itself, that's not a bad thing. After all, we are born to be free, and it's natural to want to exercise that freedom.
But it's also in our nature to want too much control, to exercise powers that don't rightly belong to us. Out on the campaign trail, Hillary Clinton has been talking about women's autonomy — the freedom from external control or influence. She says that the right to abortion "goes to the heart of women's autonomy and independence and rights. It is critical to who we are and who we can be, so we must defend it." She's saying that a woman can't be truly free unless she can kill another human being — her own child. She's saying that a woman can't even be fully a woman unless she can kill her child. Campaigning for her mother, Chelsea Clinton claims that a woman's right to choose abortion "is at the core of our human rights and what should be equity in our country." To her, killing an unborn baby is more than a right read into the Constitution about 40 years ago. It is a right inherent in human existence, in the mere fact that we are alive. How did we ever get so far lost?
The answer lies in something Hillary Clinton recently said. Quoting John Wesley's call to "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can, in all the places you can, at all the times you can, to all the people you can, as long as you ever can," Clinton added her own thought: "That's a tall order, and of course, one of the interpretive problems with it is, who defines good?"
That problem goes by a name: moral relativism. Our culture has adopted a standard by which there are no absolute standards when it comes to critical issues like life. Moral relativism claims that we must be accepting of each other's notion of good. For Clinton and her daughter, autonomy is good, so it doesn't matter that babies are killed. For Cecile Richards, and other abortionists, making money is good, even at the expense of unborn lives. For politicians, getting elected is good, regardless of whether the unborn and women die. For many people, sexual license is good, no matter how many unborn are lost in the process.
The problem with a no-standard standard is just that: without an absolute standard, how do we protect the others from a person's exercise of his "good?" Hillary wants sexual autonomy, and Chelsea wants equity. Okay, do men also get both? So is infidelity acceptable? What about sex with a minor? How about rape? Isn't it all about controlling one's body — just like abortion? How about putting an end to male responsibility? In Sweden, a men's group wants the right to cut off parental obligations on or before an unborn baby's 18th week. And what about male-mandated abortion? That sounds "good," really good, to lots of guys.
Some claim that the abortion issue is unique to women and so, for their own "good," they have the right to decide whether an unborn baby is a human. Of course, science has answered that question, but moral relativism doesn't deal in science. It deals in power. The so-called right to define humanity is all about the power to do so. And abortion is nothing if it's not about power. That's what makes moral relativism, and legal abortion, ultimately so scary. If a woman can define humanity, why can't a man or another woman? Why can't someone say that none of us are human until we reach a certain marker in life? Or are not human if we belong to a certain religion? Why can't someone in power lock up those people not to his liking, and even legally kill them? As was true with legal abortion, laws can be changed, and with no absolutes, anything goes. Can't happen? It already has. It's just a question of when it will recur.
So who says what is good? The One Who is all Good. The One Who understands our weaknesses and so gives us moral absolutes. They are like a map for a hiker or a warning label on a bottle of prescription medicine. If followed, absolute standards protect us from harms. They allow us to not merely co-exist, but to live in harmony.
No culture in history has ever survived moral relativism. We need to remember that this election year. We're electing not only a president but also a way of life. At some point down the road, it will affect our survival. This election is a lot more important than we think.
Paul V. Esposito is a Catholic lawyer who writes on a variety of pro-life topics. He and his wife Kathy live in Elmhurst, Illinois and have six children.
© Paul V. Esposito 2016. Culture of Life. Permission to copy and distribute for pro-life purposes is granted. Visit us at http://www.the-culture-of-life.com/ and on Facebook.
Posted in Monthly |
Please visit us on the web at http://www.the-culture-of-life.com/
© 2008 Paul V. Esposito


There is 1 other file named cadb.mac in the archive. Click here to see a list.
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;ERRORS GENERATED:	NO. DEBUG VERSION ONLY.


The English Language is created through the different combinations of 44 sounds (phonemes), 20 vowels and 24 consonants. Vowel sounds allow the air to flow freely, causing the chin to drop noticeably, whilst consonant sounds are produced by restricting the air flow.
'Long' vowel sounds, due to the length of their pronunciation. These can often be held without distorting their sound.
Consonant sounds are made (produced) when the air flow is being restricted in some way, for example, changes in tongue position resulting in the mouth not opening as wide. This means that the jaw doesn't drop noticeably, which is different to vowel sounds.
Because the English language is so rich and diverse it is very difficult to create a 'phonics' system that caters for all. Every region that speaks the English language has its own accent with variations in the way that a word is pronounced.
Across England we all spell words the same but we certainly do not say them all the same even though we all use the same 44 sounds. In the English language the 44 sounds can be represented by over 280 letter combinations.
However, for general educational and learning purposes the English language's phonics system has been standardized, this is known as the 'Received Pronounced' (RP) English, and is used in comprehensive English dictionaries and translation dictionaries. The RP is based on a southern accent, sound to letter relationships basis.
This can make teaching phonics a little tricky; the key is to teach the sound to letter relationships which best suit the children being taught in relation to their regional accent. It is important to remember that children's knowledge of the sounds that make words is based on how you speak to them naturally and not a strict standardized set of sounds.