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Analysis by Sport
Home Analytics Richard in Bhutan
Sport History
Richard in Bhutan
Keith Lyons
This post introduces Richard Pollard in an account of the history of sport analytics. Richard completed his PhD at the University of the South Paciific in 1989. It was titled A statistical analysis of team performance at soccer. Richard's 1997 paper (link), written with Charles Reep, gives an insight into his PhD. The paper explores the assessment of strategies during possession. Richard and Charles discuss how a quantitative variable is developed representing the probability of a goal being scored, minus the probability of one being conceded. This variable, called the yield, can be used to evaluate both the expected outcome of a team possession originating in a given situation, as well as the actual outcome of the possession. In this way, the effectiveness of different strategies occurring during the possession can be quantified and compared. (My emphasis.)
It is important that you meet Richard. He was a key figure in the development of analytics at Watford with Graham Taylor, Charles Reep and Simon Hartley (link). Richard introduced Charles to Graham and followed Simon's work at Watford for two years after he left for the University of the South Pacific. He kept copies of Simon's analyses.
Richard wrote the obituary for Charles Reep (2002) in the Journal of Sports Sciences (link). It was titled Charles Reep (1904-2002): pioneer of notational and performance analysis in football. Richard was particularly well placed to write this. He had known Charles since his time at school and had collected an archive of Charles' work that in cluded letters and analyses.
As a result of his work in analysis, Richard was invited to give talks about analysis. One invitation came from Bhutan. In his report to Bhutan, Richard includes details of operational definitions, symbols and the practice of notation. These are very important documents in the real-time analysis of sport and takes us some way to understanding Charles Reep's system.
In 2013, Richard was invited by the Crown Prince of Bhutan to visit the country and give a series of lectures on topics relating to sport and health. He gave six talks, one of which involved performance analysis in sport. Following that talk, they asked Richard to submit a report on how such analysis might be used to improve sports performance in Bhutan.
Richard submitted a report which contained details of the notational systems he used in football and tennis. Both systems were developed in the 1960s and Richard has used them ever since. These systems were inspired by Richard's initial meeting with Charles.
Richard's relationship with the Bhutan FA which lasted several years, following the talks he gave during the 2013 visit.
Richard's Report to the Bhutan Olympic Committee
The purpose of Richard's paper was to suggest how Bhutan, a small country with limited resources might be able to make use of performance analysis to improve the standard of play of sports overseen by the Bhutan Olympic Committee.
The term notational analysis in the context of sports refers to the technique of recording by hand, or computer, the actions of competitors during a sporting contest. This is done as an aid to performance analysis which has the broader aim of improving individual and team performance and ultimately developing optimal strategies of play.
In his report, Richard observed that the first person to develop a sophisticated system of carrying this analysis out for any sport was Charles Reep. In the early 1950s, he devised a comprehensive shorthand notation for recording on paper every on-the-ball action that took place during a football match. Careful analysis of the information recorded in this way enabled Charles to isolate specific actions and patterns of play most likely to lead to shots and goals. From these findings, he then devised a system of play that was subsequently used by a series of professional coaches in England with unprecedented success.
He added that the sporting world was slow to recognize the feasibility and use that could be made from notational and performance analysis. It was not until the 1980s, aided by the advent of video recordings and computerized recording devices, that performance analysis began to be incorporated into the coaching techniques applied both for football and other sports.
Richard pointed out in his report that his experience was mostly in football, and to a lesser extent, cricket and tennis. His report dealt with these three sports in some detail. His emphasis was on ways in which notational systems could be implemented at very low cost by hand and how the results could be used to improve the performance of individual players and in particular team performance.
Richard provided guidelines for the analysis of football. He suggested that the performance analyst notated the actions on the field, live in person at the match and not from a video recording. He noted that the advantage of a video recording, if available, is that is could be played, in slow motion if necessary, in order to make sure that the record of the game is as accurate and detailed as required.
He proposed that the best place for the analyst to sit is as high up as possible and as central as possible, ideally with the centre line directly in front. This provides a panoramic view of the play, similar to what is normally shown on television from the dominant camera view.
Richard noted that an essential feature of the system was to record whenever the ball entered the 'shooting area'. The diagram he used was:
He suggested that when seated in a position from which the game was recorded, the analyst familiarised himself/herself with the visual cues which enabled the analyst to know immediately the ball entered the shooting area.
The analyst required a pad of paper with a line drawn down the centre. Richard provided an example of a ten-minute transcription:
The action of the team playing from left to right is on the left side of the line, the other team on the right. Each half of each line represents a single team possession, consisting of a number of passes or other actions, such as a shot, that make up the team possession which ends when the team no longer has control of the ball, or it goes out of play.
Richard recommended these operational definitions:
PASS An attempt by one player to transfer the ball to another player of the same side. If the pass is successful and results in the second player gaining controlled possession of the ball, it is said to be RECEIVED. Otherwise the pass is NOT RECEIVED. LONG PASS A pass which directs the ball at least 30 metres closer to the opponents' goal-line. SHORT PASS A pass which carries the ball forward, but less than 30 metres in the direction of the opponents' goal-line. BACK or SQUARE PASS These are passes that do not carry the ball closer to the opponents' goal-line.
PASSING MOVEMENT (same as TEAM POSSESSION or ATTACK) A series of passes between players of the same team which continues until one of the following events occurs:
The ball goes out of play.
A shot at goal is taken.
The ball touches a player of the opposing team (for example by means of a tackle, a pass being intercepted or a loose ball being created). A momentary touch which does not significantly change the direction of the ball is excluded.
An infringement in the rules takes place (e.g. a foul is committed, or a player is ruled offside).
CONTROLLED POSSESSION If a player is able to make a deliberate decision as to what he wants to do with the ball, and carries this out, then controlled possession is said to have taken place. Examples of uncontrolled possession are a wild kick at the ball when off balance, a headed clearance under pressure so that the direction of the clearance cannot be controlled, or the ball striking a player so that he cannot control its subsequent path.
GOAL-CLEARANCE A pass made by the goalkeeper after first picking up the ball.
RUNNING WITH THE BALL One player advances by running with the ball at or near his feet for a distance of at least 10 metres. Walking or jogging with the ball is excluded
FORWARD OPEN SPACE A constantly changing rectangular area formed by the goal-line, the touch-lines and the defending player nearest to the goal-line other than the goalkeeper. A pass into forward open space occurs when the attacking team plays the ball into this space.
SET-PLAY A passing movement which is started by the ball being kicked or thrown from a static position as in a goal-kick, free-kick, corner-kick, throw-in or kick-off. OPEN-PLAY Anything other than a set-play.
SHOT A direct attempt to score a goal resulting in a player striking the ball towards the opponents' goal. Shots immediately blocked by a player other than the goalkeeper are not considered as shots. SHOT ON TARGET A shot that either results in a goal, or is saved by the goalkeeper. Shots which hit a post are not considered on target. SHOOTING-AREA The part of the field within 35 yards (about 32 metres) from the opponents' goal-line. (As indicated in the field of play in figure) .
REACHER Any passing movement during which the ball enters the shooting area. WIDE REACHER A reacher which contains possession between the side edge of the penalty area and the touch-line ('wide left' and 'wide right' areas in zones 5 and 6 in field of play figure). REGAINED POSSESSION REACHER A reacher which originates within the shooting area. These can either be from set plays (corner, free kick, penalty, throw-in) or from open play. PITCHER A kick from the goalkeeper that directly reaches the shooting area.
CENTRE (or CROSS) A pass made from within about 15 metres from the touch-line with the intent of directing the ball into the centre of the penalty area in front of goal. Long throw-ins can count as centres. HARD, LOW CROSS A centre driven hard and below knee height, across the face of goal, parallel or at a narrow angle to the goal-line.
OWN HALF BREAKDOWN A passing movement that breaks down in a team's own half of the field.
Richard noted in his report that the system used symbols to record the on-the-ball action of a game.
He suggested that these symbols could be changed to suit the person doing the recording, but he confirmed that it was important to make sure that the details of every pass, centre and shot were accurately recorded with recognisable symbols. He recommended that two people work together, one as chief recorder and the other to give help as needed, but also to keep a chart of the exact location of shots at goal and other information about each shot.
Richard recognised that the skills involved to record a game by hand would take time to perfect. He suggested that an analyst started by attempting to get the basic actions recorded on paper and then slowly add more and more details as he or she becomes more proficient. Video recordings of previous games were available on the internet and these could be used to practice hand-recording a game. He thought that to get started, it may be advisable to record just the actions of one of the teams.
He suggested that after the game, the analyst should go through the recording and annotate with the symbols.
rp Regained possession inside the shooting area
ohb Own half breakdowns
'Reachers' (passing moves reaching shooting area, within 35 yards of goal line)
Having done this, Richard suggested, a summary of the recording can be made consisting of a number of 'performance indicators', known to give important information about team performance in the match. This is done by going through the recording and counting the number of times each event occurs. He suggested that with practice this should take no longer than one hour.
He added that an optimal style of play has been identified for which these performance indicators provide crucial quantitative information. There are target figures for each performance indicator. For example, a minimum of 20 shots, at least 10 of which are from inside the penalty area.
Richard's report also included suggestions about cricket and tennis and how approaches to these sports might be adapted to other sports.
Richard is a key figure in our history of analytics. He knew Charles Reep, Simon Hartley very well and was an integral part of the development of analytics at Watford.
His report to Bhutan includes details of operational definitions, symbols and the practice of notation. These are very important documents in the real-time analysis of sport and takes us some way to understanding Charles Reep's system.
All photographs in this post were provided by Richard Pollard.
Bhutan photo by Pema Gyamtsho on Unsplash
Richard Pollard
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Q: Remove certain characters in JavaScript string? Let's say I have a string: http://www.foo.com/#bar
How would I go about removing everything before, and including, # so I'm only left with bar?

A: you can use split:
var myBar = "http://www.foo.com/#bar".split("#")[1];

A: IF the location was LOADED you can do:
window.location.hash.slice(1)
window.location is an object with a bunch of useful stuff in it like the current security mode (http/s, domain, subdomain, etc.). The hash property contains everything starting with #. Slice is a method of both String and Array, allowing your to start at X and optionally end at Y. (so slice(1) is the same as "start after first and go until the end).
However, the hash property will not show what was typed into the location bar before a pageload. The location property of window refers to load location of the document, not the arbitrary things typed into the browser bar without the user submitting them.

A: If you just want to get the hash from the URL location.hash will return it.( It is possible to have a URL with more then one #)

http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/prop_loc_hash.asp

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Tiny House Builders in Kamloops. Tiny house movement is a popular real estate tendency in the Canada. A small house on wheels is a construction that is sensibly downsized from an normal house of around 1,000 to 2,500 square feet to a tiny house ranging from about 100 to 400 square feet.
There are big benefits of having a tiny home such as: you can easily move your home whenever you want, less maintaining, easily finding your stuff, more comfortable environment, monthly bills are cheaper, small properties are quicker to sell. It's an excellent strategy to find financial freedom while living greener!
If you are ready to join the movement and have a tiny house, get a complimentary quote from Miami tiny house builder today!


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The Leaflet: All Bets Are On
By Arianna Wilkerson
On June 5, Delaware became the first state to offer sports betting in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's recent declaration that the 1992 Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) is unconstitutional. The ruling lifted a near-nationwide ban on sports gambling, thus allowing states the freedom to authorize sports betting. Before the recent reversal, Nevada was the only state with legalized sports wagering. (Delaware, Montana, and Oregon could permit limited sports betting.)
More states are likely to follow Delaware's lead because sports gambling would generate additional tax revenue. A recent Oxford Economics study estimated that if most states legalize sports gambling with a moderate tax rate and sensible regulations, states could collect $20 billion in new tax revenue and produce more than $40 billion in new economic output.
Despite the passage of PASPA, the American Gaming Association estimates at least $150 billion per year is illegally gambled on sports in the United States, making it the country's most popular form of gambling. Given that 44 states and the District of Columbia already allow for state lotteries and 24 states allow gambling at casinos, it is clear that many state legislators do not want to miss out on the tax revenue generated by voluntary gambling—revenue that can be used to shore up state budget deficits and finance public services and institutions.
In authorizing sports betting, states ought to ensure sports gambling regulations are not burdensome and that taxes and licensing fees are not too overbearing. To promote a competitive, flourishing legal market for sports betting, Michelle Minton of the Competitive Enterprise Institute outlined in "Legalizing Sports Betting in the United States" five features that sports gambling rules should have: adequate license availability, reasonable tax rates, diverse product offerings, robust consumer protections, and regulatory cooperation. Minton's proposed features would dramatically help reduce black market activity and, by extension, criminal behavior.
Many states began crafting sports betting laws in anticipation of the Supreme Court's decision. So far, 15 states have introduced bills legalizing sports betting, and four states have passed bills, not yet in effect, legalizing the long-banned activity: Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
However, some of these states' bills violate the criteria Minton states are necessary to foster a well-functioning market. For example, New Jersey's legislation would levy a 17.5 percent tax rate on gross gaming revenue and a $400,000 licensing fee. Even worse, Pennsylvania's legislature set its proposed tax at 34 percent of gross gaming revenue, coupled with a $10 million licensing fee. Onerous tax rates and oppressive licensing fees would create barriers to entry and obstruct market forces, thereby decreasing the possible benefits of sports gambling. State legislators looking to permit sports betting should avoid them.
The PASPA ruling is an opportunity for Americans to freely engage in a voluntary activity. The decision also reinforces the principle of federalism, transferring power from the national government back to the states, where the practice and scope of gambling should be determined.
National Work Requirements for Medicaid
In this Research & Commentary, Senior Policy Analyst Matthew Glans examines Medicaid work requirements and the national work requirement standards now being discussed in Congress. "Work requirements are a vital component for welfare programs because they ensure recipients do not become unnecessarily dependent on government aid. States should continue to pursue Medicaid waivers and the flexibility they provide, but a national work requirement would be an even better solution," wrote Glans.
Budget & Tax
Feds Reconsidering Credit Union Tax Exemption
In this Research & Commentary, Glans examines the credit union tax exemption and the debate over whether it should continue to exist. "In short, ending the tax exemption would force many credit unions to become full-fledged banks, also known as 'demutualizing.' A likely unintended consequence of terminating the exemption would be that it could further reduce lending to those who need it most—putting a greater burden on taxpayers, who already have bailed out banks considered 'too big to fail,'" Glans wrote.
The Insanity of Climate Alarmism
As part of its ongoing Flashes of Freedom series, The Heartland Institute has released a new video concerning the insanity of climate alarmist predictions. Patrick Michaels, director of the Center for the Study of Science at the Cato Institute, talks about the vagueness and non-conclusive nature of climate science models. After analyzing 13 months of articles on the subject in Science and Nature, Michaels concludes there is a strong bias in these publications to over-exaggerate the likelihood of global warming and that they provide little evidence to back these claims up.
Investigations of Abuse in Public Schools Prove the Need for Child Safety Accounts
Policy Analyst Tim Benson, in this new Research & Commentary, suggests Tennessee should enact Child Safety Accounts (CSA) after a local newspaper reported rampant child abuse in that state's public schools. A recent investigation by The Tennessean shows there were 611 cases of suspected child abuse during the 2017–18 school year and 647 cases of child abuse or neglect at 460 different Tennessee schools in 2016 and 2017. Benson noted, "Under Heartland's CSA program, students would be eligible for a CSA account if their parents have a 'reasonable apprehension' for their children's physical or emotional safety based on the experiences of their children …"
From Our Free-Market Friend
Rent-Seeking or Just Honest Graft?
Mark Franke, an adjunct scholar at Indiana Policy Review, discusses in this article a $221 million renewal project that Fort Wayne, Indiana is now considering. The project would repurpose the vacant General Electric industrial campus near the city's downtown. One estimate calculates the net value of the completed project would be only $80 million, based on cash flow analysis. Taxpayers would foot the bill for this project. Frank notes that this is not the first time the Fort Wayne City Council has put taxpayers on the hook for public projects. A recent riverfront development cost the city $35 million, which is particularly troubling because a real estate appraiser valued the finished property at just $11 million.
Click here to subscribe to The Leaflet, the weekly government relations e-newsletter.
Arianna Wilkerson
Arianna Wilkerson worked in government relations at The Heartland Institute from 2017 – 2019.
Research & Commentary: West Virginia Could Provide Reduced Graduated Income Tax Rates with New Legislation
Life, Liberty, Property #3: Debt Threats
The FTX Collapse

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Dinner with Philip Kerr
London-based fans of the crime author Philip Kerr are in for a treat this week. The author, who rarely appears publicly, is to host a dinner at Hardy's Brasserie in Marylebone. It starts at 7pm on Thursday 7 February and tickets are £40 including a three-course meal.
Kerr is the author of the Bernie Gunther novels which we featured in some depth here. Gunther is a German detective of the 1930s who, though morally upright himself, has to do his job as best he can through the torment and injustice of the Nazi era. The series has been labelled Berlin Noir, and Kerr will be introducing and discussing the latest one: A Man Without Breath. It comes out 13 March.
There's an enticing menu of Bavarian food on offer to chime with the subject matter. Wienerwurst, schnitzel, spätzel and kaiserschmarm are all on the menu, not to mention Bavarian beer and bottles of Reisling. There's even been mention of Weimar songs. As Kerr previews the book, the audience will be able to ask questions and the three guests with the most interesting queries will each receive a free early copy of A Man Without Breath.
Interested? Email hardysbookdinners@gmail.com or see the website for details. Oh, and there will be strudel as well.
A Man Without Breath Berlin Noir Bernie Gunther Germany Nazis Philip Kerr
Forensic mysteries: five of the best
The Dead of Mametz
Göering's Gold by Richard O'Rawe
By Paul Burke
1 June, 2022
This wry caper from Irish author Richard O'Rawe proves that an old fashioned adventure story, well told, can still grip and thrill us. Göering's Gold is essentially a treasure hunt – funny and dark by turns, its sharp pacing and clever twists are very appealing….
Mammon in Malmö by Torquil MacLeod
Ex-police detective Anita Sundström is back in the eighth of Torquil MacLeod's Malmö Mysteries series. It's been a year since Anita resigned from the Skåne County Police and her current job at the Malmö's tourism office lacks the excitement she thrived on as a police investigator…
A Prince and a Spy by Rory Clements
By Catherine Turnbull
At the centre of the intrigue in each of Rory Clements' World War II espionage novels sit true historical events. Cambridge history professor Tom Wilde's task is to step in and save the world from the iron glove of Nazi tyranny. One false move and…


Azerbaijan Taxes Admiral will ample in the aboriginal versions of tax allotment instead of taxpayers and accelerate them to the taxpayers for approval, arch of the advice aegis ysis of the agenda tax administering administration of the admiral Agshin Majidov said on September 6.
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"The barter of advice amid the advice arrangement of the admiral and the online banknote annals will be agitated out online. As a result, the abstracts on the taxpayer's affairs in the ministry's arrangement will be added accurate, and the accuracy in the sales accounting will increase," he mentioned, abacus that it is planned to alter the abstruse requirements for banknote registers.
The civic tax arrangement has anesthetized a absolute action of addition back abstruse abject of the tax arrangement was established. The arrangement has a avant-garde ambit of abstruse capabilities. Today, Azerbaijan's tax arrangement offers the taxpayers majority of tax casework acclimated in the best avant-garde countries.
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Q: With ffmpeg, how to double a stream while applying a filter to the second copy? I'm using Plex, which always considers the first audio stream, but is also failing to decode surround media files on my stereo system (my laptop).
For that reason, I intend to downmix (following a formula suggested in this answer, which is an improvement over -ac 2) a bunch of files so I have:
Stream 0:0 > Video
Stream 0:1 > 2.0 Filtered audio
Stream 0:2 > 5.1 Original audio

The problem is that while my downmixing requires filtering, the doubling of a stream requires copying and I found out that these 2 doesn't seem to go together, although it seems to me this could be done because while the filtering and copying are applied for the same input stream, they're not for the same output stream.
Here's my currently failing command:
ffmpeg -i "INPUT.mkv" -map 0:v -c:v copy -map 0:a:0 -c:a:0 ac3 -vol 425 -filter_complex "[0:a:0]pan=stereo|FL=0.5*FC+0.707*FL+0.707*BL+0.5*LFE|FR=0.5*FC+0.707*FR+0.707*BR+0.5*LFE" -map 0:a:0 -c:a:0 copy  "OUTPUT.mkv"

Is there a way to do it?

A: So, you want to map 5.1 audio to 2 output audio streams: filtered 2.0 and original 5.1. You are on a right track but mixed up in the stream specifiers. Try this:
ffmpeg -i "INPUT.mkv" \
  -filter_complex "[0:a:0]pan=stereo|FL=0.5*FC+0.707*FL+0.707*BL+0.5*LFE|FR=0.5*FC+0.707*FR+0.707*BR+0.5*LFE,volume=1.66[filtered]" \
  -map 0:v -c:v copy \
  -map [filtered] -c:a:0 ac3 \
  -map 0:a:0 -c:a:1 copy \
  "OUTPUT.mkv"

Changes: (1) named filter output as [filtered], (2) 2nd output audio stream should be a:1, (3) moved volume setting to complex_filter
Edit Note: Reflects Fabio and Lex's comments to the answer


Gamasutra - 2018 Independent Games Festival announces Main Competition finalists!
The Independent Games Festival (IGF), which honors the most influential, innovative and acclaimed projects in independent game development, revealed the award finalists for its 20th annual awards ceremony.
The IGF Awards take place on March 21, 2018 during the Game Developers Conference, and will be hosted by Trent Kusters, co-founder of League of Geeks, the Melbourne-based development team behind Armello, a captivating digital role-playing strategy board game that has garnered much critical and fan acclaim.
Trent is currently a board member of Australia's Freeplay Independent Games Festival, and was named one of Forbes' 30 Under 30 for games in 2016.
Among the selection of 34 different nominated games, a few titles received nominations in multiple categories, including Baba is You, a puzzle game created by creator Hempuli that allows players to alter the rules and game logic as a part of solving the puzzles. The game received a total of four nominations - for Excellence in Design, Best Student Game, the Nuovo Award for 'thinking differently about games as a medium', and for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize.
Multiple titles are being recognized for their excellence with three nominations apiece. Night in the Woods, an adventure game from creator Infinite Fall that focuses on exploration, story and character development within a lush, vibrant world, received nominations for Excellence in Narrative, Excellence in Visual Arts and the Seumas McNally Grand Prize.
The winners of the IGF will be announced at the Independent Games Festival Awards which take place the evening of Wednesday, March 21st at San Francisco's Moscone Convention Center. The IGF Awards will immediately precede the Game Developers Choice Awards, which recognizes the best games of the year across all sections of video game development.
The IGF Pavilion, located on the Expo Floor of the Game Developers Conference will give attendees the chance to play the nominated titles and meet the game creators.
Along with the IGF Pavilion, developers can also take part in the Independent Games Summit (March 19th-20th), which highlights the best and brightest of indie development, featuring valuable discussions and networking opportunities. The Game Developers Conference takes place Monday, March 19 to Friday, March 23, 2018 at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco.
Since its debut in 1999, the Independent Games Festival remains a platform that recognizes the efforts and artistic craft of some of the most beloved independent games in history, including revolutionary and memorable titles such as Quadrilateral Cowboy, Her Story, Papers, Please, Fez and Minecraft among many others.
For more information on the Independent Games Festival, please visit the official IGF website at www.igf.com. For those interested in registering for GDC 2018, which includes the Independent Games Summit, the IGF Pavilion and the IGF Awards Ceremony, please visit www.gdconf.com. For the latest updates on GDC, follow the official Twitter account @Official_GDC.


Architecture in Formation is the 1st electronic structure handbook that bridges a number of relationships among concept and perform, presenting a necessary source to constitution the approaching moment electronic revolution. 16 essays from practitioners, historians and theorists examine how info processing informs and is educated via structure. Twenty-nine experimental initiatives suggest radical potential to notify the recent upcoming electronic structure.
Featuring essays by way of: Pablo Lorenzo-Eiroa, Aaron Sprecher, Georges Teyssot, Mario Carpo, Patrik Schumacher, Bernard Cache, Mark Linder, David Theodore, Evan Douglis, Ingeborg Rocker and Christian Lange, Antoine Picon, Michael Wen-Sen Su, Chris Perry, Alexis Meier, Achim Menges and Martin Bressani.
Interviews with: George Legendre, Alessandra Ponte, Karl Chu, CiroNajle, and Greg Lynn.
Projects via: Diller Scofidio and Renfro; Mark Burry; Yehuda Kalay; Omar Khan; Jason Kelly Johnson, destiny towns Lab; Alejandro Zaera-Polo and Maider Llaguno Munitxa; Anna Dyson / Bess Krietemeyer, Peter Stark, heart for structure, technology and Ecology (CASE); Philippe Rahm; Lydia Kallipoliti and Alexandros Tsamis; Neeraj Bhatia, Infranet Lab; Jenny Sabin, Lab Studio; Luc Courschene, Society for humanities and know-how (SAT); Eisenman Architects; Preston Scott Cohen; Eiroa Architects; Michael Hansmeyer; Open resource structure; Andrew Saunders; Nader Tehrani, place of work dA; Satoru Sugihara, ATLV and Thom Mayne, Morphosis; Reiser and Umemoto; Roland Snooks, Kokkugia; Philip Beesley; Matias del Campo and Sandra Manninger SPAN; Michael younger; Eric Goldemberg, Monad Studio; Francois Roche; Ruy Klein; Chandler Ahrens and John Carpenter.
The vintage architectural drawing compendium—now in a richly up-to-date version present day such a lot accomplished compendium of architectural drawing kinds and strategies, either hand drawn and laptop generated, Architectural Drawing: a visible Compendium of sorts and strategies continues to be a one of a kind visible reference and an exceptional resource of steerage and proposal for college students and pros at each point.
Within the mid-1800s, a old fashioned fishing village, known as Nauvoo on the time, used to be the most important fishery at the New Jersey seacoast. by way of the tip of the nineteenth century, this fishing village had grown into the flourishing seashore inn of Sea shiny. sumptuous resorts just like the Normandie-by-the-Sea, Sea vivid hotel, and the Octagon condominium have been outfitted, reworking town right into a haven for the rich, who outfitted based cottages alongside its coast.
The sacred position was once, and nonetheless is, an intermediate sector created within the trust that it has the facility to co-join the spiritual aspirants to their gods. a vital technique of figuring out this sacred structure is thru the popularity of its function as an 'in-between' position. setting up the contexts, ways and understandings of structure in the course of the lens of the mediating roles frequently played by means of sacred structure, this e-book deals the reader a rare perception into the forces in the back of those striking structures.
Ornamental plasterwork used to be created by way of expert craftsmen, and for over 400 years it's been a vital a part of the inner ornament of the British state apartment. during this designated and complete research, Geoffrey Beard has created a e-book that may pride the attention and tell the reader.


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Alexandra Costumes makes its big entrance!
Alexandra Costumes.
The curtain was officially lifted for Alexandra Costumes in August when its parent company, Just For Kix, unveiled its new Costume Catalog and website. The new brand offers sophisticated, one-of-a-kind costume designs exclusively to dance teachers, coaches, studio owners and theater directors at competitive wholesale prices. The stunning performance wear has already become known for its comfortable fabrics, vibrant colors, unique designs and trendy styles.
The new costume line is named after professional dancer, choreographer and instructor Alexandra Clough, who has been working with Just For Kix's national network of over 21,000 dancers since middle school.
"Yes, Alexandra was named after me," she says. "We actually started it as a line in our Just For Kix catalog back while I was still in middle/high school. It has grown bigger over the years, and after we had started to get more and more performance items in our Just For Kix catalog, we decided it was time to launch a full costume catalog."
Alexandra, who has enjoyed a dance career that's included dancing with the Black Eyed Peas and Beyoncé at Super Bowls, says that the costume designs have been a collaborative effort between her and numerous Just For Kix designers.
"It is definitely all about teamwork. We tend to meet and discuss ideas and build off of each other. It is definitely not a one-man show!" she emphasizes. "Everyone has different ideas and opinions, and we try to be ahead of the game with what will be popular and come out with new trends before they happen! It is so helpful that so many people in our company are dancers and teachers themselves, so I think that helps us know what people are looking for."
Dana Clough, a family member of Alexandra's, also helps design the costumes. She's been with Just For Kix for more than 12 years and assists with product development and catalog layout. She believes what sets Alexandra Costumes apart from other costume companies is its "unique, eye-catching designs and styles."
Dana says, "We aren't afraid to step outside the box and be different."
Pattern Maker and Designer Jordynn Beckman shares that the inspirations for the various costume designs often come about through research into the latest trends in fabric, color and silhouette through retail, runway and future forecasting sources. The product development team considers what's happening in pop culture through multiple social media channels. They look at what's trending in music, movies and new styles of dance in the industry.
Speaking of the creative process, Jordynn explains, "We design by category, then break the designs down into collections and different styles. We try to offer a wide range of costumes that could potentially cater to each style and pathos of dance."
She adds, "Since I also manage the pattern making of the costumes, I know that the fabric and the fit of the garment are the first things I look to perfect, and then from there we apply our artwork and create beautiful, one-of-a-kind, dye-sublimated costumes."
The dye sublimation process is an undeniably unique feature of Alexandra Costumes. It allows the costumes to show extreme detailing while still being comfortable.
Alexandra notes, "Being able to move freely while performing is obviously so important. So, I think dye-sublimation has changed the game in that regard. There is no bulkiness or layers, so you are able to move better, and everything on the costume stays in place!"
Jordynn chimes in, "Yes, exactly. As a pattern maker, you still have to be aware not only of the presentation of the costume but also the functionality of the costume. We start with a functional fabric that is also comfortable against the skin, then we perfect the fit of the silhouette and make the seams comfortable so there is no irritation during a performance."
For context, a traditional costume can have up to 10 pattern pieces just on its front. Jordynn says that's what makes dye-sublimation so wonderful – that Alexandra Costumes can start with a basic biketard pattern, add detailed artwork and still make it look exactly like the 10 piece-front biketard. "It truly is equal or more realistic than the traditional sewing of 10 pieces," Jordynn says. "Especially when you may want to add multiple layers of fabrics and trims."
She emphasizes that this allows designers to be very creative, with anything and everything being capable of being customized. This also helps Alexandra Costumes have the means to continue to add new styles throughout the year.
Alexandra says, "We know that everyone is looking for costumes for different shows at different times of the year, so we want them to have new options. We also don't want to wait the full year to bring out awesome new designs if they are ready to go!"
Offering new designs all year means that models must always be on call. That's why so many of Alexandra Costumes' models are from local high school dance teams. For this inaugural catalog, the company brought in 10 models and completed three different days of shooting.
Dana notes that because so many of these models are familiar with Just For Kix, the photo shoots are "super fun and laid back" when they take place at the manufacturing headquarters in Baxter, MN. That fun, friendly environment is something that Just For Kix, and now Alexandra Costumes, is known for.
"We will continue to do everything we can to have outstanding customer service and quality products," Dana says. "Those are both our number one concerns with Just For Kix and will continue to be extremely important with Alexandra Costumes."
Jordynn encourages all studio owners, dance teachers and coaches to really consider Alexandra Costumes for their performance needs this year. Some of her personal favorites from this inaugural Costume Catalog are the "2 Legit" Hip-Hop Collection, the Matrix Biketard, the Reign Leotard and the detailed themed costumes, like the Queen of Hearts Biketard.
"We may be new to the dance costume industry, but our company has many years of experience," Jordynn says. "We strive to provide excellent customer service, fast delivery and quality product. You can expect unique, one-of-a-kind designed costumes that fit and feel amazing at a competitive price that will make you stand out from your competitors on stage."
Shop Alexandra Costumes' 2017-2018 Collection now at www.alexandracostumes.com.
Related Items:Alexandra Clough, Alexandra Costumes, costumes, Dana Clough, dance costumes, dance recital costumes, Jordynn Beckman, Just For Kix, recital costumes
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text:
More of the same please
After two games on the road – and 4 points – Queen's are back home at Hampden on Saturday to play Stranraer in their final match of 2016.
Ahead of the game the club media spoke to Gus MacPherson to get his thoughts.
Reflecting on the win over league leaders Livingston last Saturday, a delighted Gus described the win as a fantastic three points. He further commented "Considering we had players out due to injury, illness and non availability, it was a magnificent performance in very difficult conditions. The game was in doubt on Saturday morning due to the heavy rain and that resulted in the pitch being very heavy to play on."
"I was particularly delighted with the response of the players after we went a goal behind so close to the interval. The quality of defending in the final 20 minutes was exceptional and we have Wullie Muir to thank for that penalty save."
Looking ahead to the Stranraer game Gus said " Stranraer are in a false position in the league. They have quality in their squad particularly in players such as Willie Gibson and Craig Malcolm. We have had two contrasting games against them so far this season. They dominated the first game at Hampden. We won convincingly at Stair Park. We fully expect another tough match on Saturday but the confidence in our squad is very high with the run we have been on."
On the injury front the gaffer confirmed that Gregor Fotheringham is still out due to an ankle injury. Ross Millen also is out due to illness. However the good news is that Gavin Mitchell is now back training and will feature in a few friendly matches in the very near future.
Stats Life
The opposition: Stranraer currently sit bottom of the league, one point behind Stenhousemuir. They come to Hampden on the back of a recent lack of form only picking up four points in the last five games.
Head to head: Played 123; Queen's Park 44; Draw 29; Stranraer 50.
Last meeting of the teams: Saturday 5 November – Stranraer 0 Queen's Park 2.
Recent form: Queen's Park:WWWDW; Stranraer: WLDLL.
Match officials: Referee – David Munro Assistant Referees – Joseph Lawson and Ross Birrell.
Other League One fixtures: East Fife v Livingston, Stenhousemuir v Alloa Athletic.
Our next match: Saturday 7 Jan v Airdrieonians at Hampden Park. Kick off 3:00pm.
Ian Cairns2020-05-23T17:21:35+00:00December 30th, 2016|


With the wedding being at 12pm PST on Sunday means 5am Monday in Australia. I had set 2 alarms to wake me up. I thought that should get me up and I napped. I was really looking forward to the wedding, I was so excited that I woke up in the middle of the night and glanced at the clock...3am...good, i can sleep for another 1.5 hours at least. I woke up again a little while later and looked at the time again...3am...and it didn't even register in mah sleepy kitteh brain that the battery had died, and I slept again. I heard the other alarm go off and hit the off button thinking that i can afford another 2 mins. I was soo exausted the day before. Next thing knew it was 5.30am and I jumped out of bed and logged in immediately. I landed in front of the dance pavilion, heart racing, feeling dreadful that I had missed the ceremony :( I scanned the crowd, quite a few familiar faces, several that I haven't seen in ages (Spanki, JC, Jojo, Daffy, Ades), and a few that I haven't met before. Feeling ashamed of myself I hung around the edge of the dance pavilion and didn't talk much. JC came up to me and we talked a lil bit, made me laugh too, thats the kind of guy he is.
[13:22] Justyn Maurer: and the minister strips!
So, don't feel bad! Luv yer, bro!!!!
thanks for da pounce n licks bro...realli needed it. I just had a bad day yesterday and was feelin guilty that i missed the ceremony. Well wishing won't change the past so I'll focus on the happi memories of your big day.


Description: This property is ideal for anyone that wants the best of both worlds; large acreage only 8 minutes from downtown Hattiesburg. The entire property is a blank slate that was machine planted last winter. The pine plantation is well-stocked and growing great. There are several hills overlooking Myers Creek that would be ideal building sites for a country home or weekend getaway. There are several great spots for food plots and a power line that has historically been used as a dove field. The land along the creek would also be ideal for pasture land for livestock. This is truly a rare opportunity at a great price.


Totally awesome, thought provoking, and beautifully written! As a PwD, I can totally relate, and want to thank you for putting your emotions and personal stories out there for us to learn from.
I really love this blog -- this is my request for more!!
This made me cry. The only person I can hug comfortably is my sister and mum. I can't hug other people, it feels awkward and wrong. Perhaps this is why. Thank you.
Andrew, I read this at a time when I have been called to offer Connection workshops to PwD's. It has touched me deeply, and Id like to connect with you and chat about what my aspirations are. In my day to day life, Im a Lifestyle Trainer and Intimacy Coach. And I have a strong calling to bring the connection work to PwD's.
To all the people who have read Andrews article and have been touched emotionally - how would you feel to have a regular function you can attend where you can dance to music, meet others and learn the art of touch?
really moved by what you write here - you deserve loving touch from everyone - I hope you get more of it!


Today, Wednesday 26th September, marks European Day of Languages 2018, a day that promotes the rich linguistic and cultural diversity of languages in Europe, as well as encouraging lifelong language learning in and out of school. According to the official website, there are 800 million Europeans represented in the Council of Europe's 47 member states – that's a lot of people speaking a range of different languages, many of whom are bilingual, trilingual or even multilingual!
To celebrate this year's European Day of Languages, we've chosen some of our favourite words from the languages of Europe that are either culturally unique or untranslatable – or both!
Meaning: the microexpression that forms around the lips when something was not especially funny in the first place, but somehow you still can't help but smile at the end.
If you are interested in learning a new language, International House schools offer many different courses for all types of learners across our network of 160 language schools, including English, Spanish, German, Italian, French, Russian, Portuguese, Mandarin, Arabic.
Study Abroad with us in one of 55 different locations worldwide, or check out our extensive list of local Community Schools.
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Why Should You Learn German?
5 Reasons to Learn a Language!


text:
Lisa Rinna 'RHOBH': Harry Hamlin Refuses To Film For Bravo Series [VIDEO]
12:21 AM EDT 10/24/2014 by Lindsay Cronin, Celebeat Reporter
Harry Hamlin won't be starring alongside his wife on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills season five.
Lisa Rinna Discusses The Stars Of 'The Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills'
Although Lisa Rinna was recently added to the cast of the Bravo reality series, fans won't be seeing her husband on the show. According to a new report, Hamlin refused to film scenes for The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills after his team decided the show could be detrimental to his career.
"Harry wants nothing to do with RHOBH, and has been told by his agents that appearing on that reality show would be bad for his career," a source told Radar Online on Oct. 23. "He previously did a reality show with Lisa, which was quickly canceled. Lisa respects his decision to not participate but hates how it's quickly becoming a storyline on the show."
Lisa Rinna And Eileen Davidson Get Into "Screaming Match" During 'RHOBH' Season Five
Rinna, along with fellow soap star Eileen Davidson, joined the cast of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills over the summer, following the exits of season four stars Joyce Giraud and Carlton Gebbia.
Already, there has been tons of drama on set, much of which involves Davidson. In recent weeks, Davidson has been accused of fighting with both Rinna and Kim Richards.
"In particular, Eileen is constantly asking where Harry is whenever there is a group outing. Lisa has replied that Harry is busy with other work commitments, but that doesn't stop Eileen," the source added. "It has lead to some very heated arguments, especially since Lisa is always saying how perfect her marriage is."
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills returns to Bravo later this year.
TagsLisa Rinna, Harry Hamlin, The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, Bravo, Reality TV


text:
Air Conflicts: Pacific Carriers PlayStation 4 Edition
Air Conflicts: Pacific Carriers is a historical arcade flight simulation set in WWII. Take your seat in the cockpit and experience intense air combat from both sides of the war.
Source link: https://www.playstation.com/en-us/games/air-conflicts-pacific-carriers-playstation-4-edition-ps4/
Air Conflicts: Pacific Carriers is a historical arcade flight simulator set in WWII. Take your seat in the cockpit and experience intense air combat from both sides of the war. Play as Lucas Stark, a courageous and patriotic admiral in the US Navy, fighting for the ideals of his country in a war that will change him forever. Experience the other side of the conflict in the Japanese campaign, featuring Hideaki Hashimoto, a determined Japanese admiral fighting to conquer the Pacific and bring honor to the Holy Emperor of Japan and himself.
Starting off in command of an aircraft carrier in the Pacific, you will take control of an entire squadron of aircraft, switching between them tactically to manage your ammunition levels and conquer the skies and seas in locations such as Pearl Harbor, Midway and Wake Island. Engage in an in-depth single-player campaign or battle your friends in a highly competitive multiplayer mode.
🔽🔽🔽🔽🔽🔽 Air Conflicts: Pacific Carriers PlayStation 4 Edition v1 ( – PKG)
Agents of Mayhem
Air Conflicts: Secret Wars Ultimate Edition


text:
Falling in love with Wes Anderson—again
on May 16, 2012 by Pete Hammond
Given the prestigious opening night slot at Cannes, director/co-writer Wes Anderson finds himself in competition for the first time at the French film festival—and Moonrise Kingdom is worthy of prizes. The director of quirky fare with a rabid cult-like following (Rushmore, Bottle Rocket, The Life Aquatic, The Fantastic Mr. Fox) has made a charming, magical and really funny new work about two unique young kids discovering love over one unforgettable summer, and it's the director's most accessible movie yet. Opening in America on May 25, strong word of mouth and a marquee cast could turn this Kingdom into Anderson's biggest box office hit to date, and it should prove a critical hit and awards magnet. But make no mistake: this is undeniably the work of a director with a very specific and pointed comic style that is not for every taste. Those who succumb to its charms will be transported.
Immediately, Anderson and co-writer Roman Coppola establish a time and place that is both haunting and lyrical. During an idyllic summer in 1965 on the New England island of New Penzance, we meet its two young stars, book-mad 12-year-old Suzy Bishop (Kara Hayward) who is about to experience first love with brilliant 12-year-old boy scout Sam Shakusky (Jared Gilman), a kid recently tossed aside by his foster parents. Meeting first at a church pageant, the pair carry on a year-long correspondence during which they plot a secret pact to run away to a private island they nickname Moonrise Kingdom. Sam manages to bolt the scout troop's camping location (where he has been taunted and bullied) to meet up with Suzy in the wilderness after she ditches her home and overbearing parents (Frances McDormand and Bill Murray). And the chase is on as Anderson alternates between the young sweethearts' budding relationship and the adults determined to restore heartbreaking sanity, a posse that includes her parents, a rigid scoutmaster (Edward Norton), a local cop (Bruce Willis) and a social worker (Tilda Swinton), plus the on and off screen narrator (Bob Balaban). We're all caught up in the summer adventures of these two innocents whose essential purity is contrasted by their obnoxious—and less mature—elders.
Plenty of films detail first love, but nothing short of George Roy Hill's sweet A Little Romance (1979) has captured it with quite the originality and freshness of Anderson's work here. It's a risky proposition to center an entire film around two newcomers, but Hayward and Gilman prove to be exceptionally fine young actors who bring individuality and style to Suzy and Sam without ever veering into cloying clichés. Both are completely natural as they deliver Anderson and Coppola's precise dialogue with the same assurance as all the veterans in the cast. Murray and McDormand create hilarious energy together as a long-married, now quite-agitated couple chasing their rebellious daughter, and while Norton's scoutmaster could have been too contrived, he donates as understated humanity, as does Willis' concerned and humane local sheriff. Swinton gives nuance to a potentially one-note role and Balaban is perfect as the narrator, a great device that gives the film the feel of one of the books Suzy loves to read.
Production values are exceptional, particularly Robert Yeoman's lilting cinematography and Alexandre Desplat's terrific musical score which gets a unique shout out (literally) during the must-not-miss end credits. Moonrise Kingdom is one of this year's most memorable movie experiences, an irresistible and completely enchanting look at first love Wes Anderson-style.
Distributor: Focus Features
Cast: Jared Gilman, Kara Hayward, Bruce Willis, Frances McDormand, Bill Murray, Bob Balaban, Tilda Swinton, Edward Norton, Jason Schwartzman.
Director: Wes Anderson
Screenwriters: Wes Anderson, Roman Coppola
Producers: Wes Anderson, Scott Rudin, Steven Rales, Jeremy Dawson
Rating: PG-13 for sexual content and smoking
Tags: Jared Gilman, Kara Hayward, Bruce Willis, Frances McDormand, Bill Murray, Bob Balaban, Tilda Swinton, Edward Norton, Jason Schwartzman, Wes Anderson, Roman Coppola, Scott Rudin, Steven Rales, Jeremy Dawson
leoadam on 01 April 2020
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Every Friday James and I take the girls to Taste of the World Market, or "Food Truck Friday" as we call it in our house. It's so nice because it's like going out to eat without all of the stress of ensuring the girls are on their best behavior. Plus there's either a DJ or live music and Aria loves to play near the fountain.
This also gives me a chance to actually wear something other than a t-shirt, which has become my uniform these days with an infant. If you haven't noticed by my IG OOTD, blush is my obsession these days and this tank is no exception. It's easy and comfy; my two favorite things!


text:
\section{Introduction}
\PARstart{A}{}key factor behind the growth of the semiconductor
industry for the past 40 years has been the continuous scaling of
the device dimensions to obtain higher integration and performance
gain. According to the International Technology Roadmap for
Semiconductors (ITRS) 2005, the scaling of CMOS technology will
continue for at least another decade \cite{ITRS}. Scaling trends
also indicate that the devices of the next decade will be quasi-one
dimensional (Q1D) nanowires (NW) with spatial confinement along two
directions. Due to the compatibility with the existing fabrication
facilities, and the superior performance of silicon-on-insulator
(SOI) based metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors
(MOSFETs) \cite{ColingeSOI}, ultra-narrow SOI NWs are expected to
play a critical role in future technology nodes. Therefore, it is
crucial to accurately model and estimate the performance of these
devices.

The low-field electron mobility is one of the most important
parameters that determine the performance of a field-effect
transistor. Due to the reduced density of states for scattering in
1D structures, the electron mobility in nanowires is expected to
increase significantly \cite{SakakiJJAP}. Some experimentalists
\cite{CuiNL,KooNL} claim to have observed such enhancement of
electron mobility in SiNW FETs. But Kotlyar {\it et al}.
\cite{KotlyarAPL} have shown that, in a cylindrical SiNW, the
phonon-limited mobility decreases with decreasing diameter due to an
increased overlap between the electron and phonon wavefunctions.
Recent work also shows that surface roughness scattering (SRS)
becomes less important in ultra small SiNWs \cite{WangAPL}.

In this work, we investigate the mobility of electrons in a
rectangular SiNW by taking into account electron scattering due to
acoustic phonons, intervalley non-polar optical phonons, and
imperfections at the Si-SiO$_2$ interface, and also discuss the
importance of incorporating the confinement of acoustic phonons in
these structures. Section \ref{DevStr} describes the device
structure used in this study and the components of the simulator
employed to calculate the mobility. The simulation results are
presented in Section \ref{SimRes}, while concluding remarks and a
brief summary are presented in Section \ref{Concl}.

\section{Device Structure and Mobility calculation}\label{DevStr}

The structure considered in this work is a long, narrow SiNW on
ultrathin SOI, similar to the channel of the device depicted in Fig.
\ref{DevStrPotY} that was originally proposed by Majima {\it et al}
\cite{MajimaEDL}. This ultra-narrow SOI MOSFET has a 700 nm silicon
substrate, an 80 nm buried oxide, an 8 nm thick SOI layer and a 25
nm gate-oxide. The width of the SiNW in the present simulation is
varied from 30 nm to 8 nm, and the channel doping is uniform at
$3\times 10^{15} cm^{-3}$. A schematic of the device and the
potential profile along the cutline $CC^\prime$, obtained by
self-consistently solving the 2D Poisson and 2D Schr\"{o}dinger
equations, are shown in Fig. \ref{DevStrPotY}. The large wire length
enables us to approximate it as infinite in the direction of the
current flow, so only the carriers' lateral momenta (and not their
positions) need to be updated in the Monte Carlo kernel. The long
wire also implies that transport is diffusive (the length exceeds
carrier mean free path), which justifies the use of semi-classical
Monte Carlo simulation.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig1a.eps}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig1b.eps}
\caption{The top panel shows the schematic of the simulated SiNW on
ultrathin SOI. The conduction band profile depicted in the bottom
panel is taken along the red cutline $CC^{\prime}$ from the top
panel. The width of the channel is 30 nm.} \label{DevStrPotY}
\end{figure}

As mentioned before, only phonon scattering and surface-roughness
scattering  are considered in this work. SRS was modeled using
Ando's model \cite{AndoRMP}, and the phonons were treated in the
bulk mode approximation. Since the wire is very lightly doped, the
effect of impurity scattering was not included. A nonparabolic band
model for silicon, with nonparabolicity factor $\alpha=0.5 eV^{-1}$,
was used in the calculation of the scattering rates. The details of
the simulator and the derivation of 1D scattering rates can be found
in Ref. \cite{RamayyaASU}; here, we present only the final
expressions used for the scattering rates calculation.

The intravalley acoustic phonon scattering rate, assuming elastic
scattering and the equipartition approximation, is given by
\begin{equation}\label{AcScatRate}
\Gamma^{ac}_{nm}(k_x)=\frac{\Xi^2_{ac}k_BT\sqrt{m^*}}{\sqrt{2}\hbar^2\rho\upsilon^2}\
\mathcal{D}_{nm}\frac{(1+2\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}{\sqrt{\mathcal{E}_f(1+\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}}\
\Theta(\mathcal{E}_f),
\end{equation}
where $\Xi_{ac}$ is the acoustic deformation potential, $\rho$ is
the crystal density, and $v$ is the sound velocity. $n$ and $m$ are
the initial and final subband index, respectively, while
$\mathcal{E}_n$ and $\mathcal{E}_m$ are the corresponding subband
energies. $k_x$ is the initial wavevector in the $x$-direction, in
which the motion is unconfined; $\mathcal{E}_{k_x}$ is the initial
(parabolic) kinetic energy associated with $k_x$, and
$\mathcal{E}_f$ is the final kinetic energy, given by
\begin{subequations}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{acc_energy}
\mathcal{E}_{k_x}&=&\frac{\hbar^2k^2_x}{2m^*},\\
\mathcal{E}_f&=&\mathcal{E}_n-\mathcal{E}_m+\frac{\sqrt{1+4\alpha\mathcal{E}_{k_x}}-1}{2\alpha}.\label{Ef}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
$\mathcal{D}_{nm}$ represents the electron-phonon wavefunction
overlap  integral \cite{KotlyarAPL}, given by
\begin{equation}\label{OverlapPh}
\mathcal{D}_{nm}=\iint|\psi_n(y,z)|^2|\psi_m(y,z)|^2\,dy\,dz\, ,
\end{equation}
where $\psi_n(y,z)$ and $\psi_m(y,z)$ are the electron wavefunctions
in subbands $n$ and $m$, respectively.

The intervalley non-polar optical phonon scattering rate is given by
\begin{equation}\label{OpScatRate}
\begin{aligned}
\Gamma^{op}_{nm}(k_x)=\frac{\Xi^2_{op}\sqrt{m^*}}{2\sqrt{2}\hbar\rho\omega_0}\
&\left(N_{0}+\frac{1}{2}\pm\frac{1}{2}\right)\
\mathcal{D}_{nm} \\
&\times\frac{(1+2\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}{\sqrt{\mathcal{E}_f(1+\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}}\
\Theta(\mathcal{E}_f),
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\Xi_{op}$ is the optical deformation potential, and
$\mathcal{D}_{nm}$ is defined in (\ref{OverlapPh}). The
approximation of dispersionless bulk optical phonons of energy
$\hbar\omega_0$ was adopted, where
$N_{0}=\left[{\exp(\hbar\omega_0/k_BT)-1}\right]^{-1}$ is their
average number at temperature $T$. The Heaviside step function
$\Theta(\mathcal{E}_f)$ ensures the conservation of energy after
scattering, so the final kinetic energy $\mathcal{E}_f$ in the case
of optical phonons is similar to that in the acoustic phonon
expression (\ref{Ef}), but with an additional $\mp\hbar\omega_0$ on
the right-hand-side to account for the emission/absorption of a
phonon of energy $\hbar\omega_0$.

Assuming exponentially correlated surface roughness
\cite{GoodnickPRB} and incorporating the wavefunction deformation
using Ando's model \cite{AndoRMP}, the SRS rate is given by
\begin{equation}\label{SRScatRate}
\begin{aligned}
\Gamma^{sr}_{nm}(k_x,\pm)=\frac{4\sqrt{m^*}e^2}{\hbar^2}&\frac{\Delta^2\Lambda}{2+(q^{\pm}_x)^2\Lambda^2}|\mathcal{F}_{nm}|^2
\\
\times
&\frac{(1+2\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}{\sqrt{\mathcal{E}_f(1+\alpha\mathcal{E}_f)}}\
\Theta(\mathcal{E}_f),
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{E}_f$ is given by Eq. (\ref{Ef}), and $\Delta$ and
$\Lambda$ are the r.m.s. height and the correlation length of the
fluctuation at the Si-SiO$_2$ interface, respectively. To fit the
experimental data, $\Delta$ = 0.45 nm and $\Lambda$ = 2.5 nm are
used in this work to characterize the SRS due to each of the four
interfaces. $q_x^{\pm}=k_x-k_x'$ is the transferred wavevector,
where the angle between the initial ($k_x$) and the final ($k_x'$)
electron wavevector  can only be 0 or $\pi$, corresponding to the
$\pm$ in the superscript. The SRS overlap integral in Eq.
(\ref{SRScatRate}), for the top and bottom interface, is given by
\begin{equation}\label{OverlapSRy}
\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{F}_{nm}=&\iint
dy\,dz\left[\psi_m(y,z)\mathcal{E}_m\frac{\partial{\psi_n(y,z)}}{\partial{y}} \right. \\
&+\left.\psi_n(y,z)\varepsilon_y(y,z)\psi_m(y,z) \right.\\
&+\left.\psi_n(y,z)\mathcal{E}_n\frac{\partial{\psi_m(y,z)}}{\partial{y}}\
\right].
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}

\noindent The SRS rate and its corresponding overlap integral for
the two side interfaces can be obtained by interchanging $y$ and $z$
in Eq. (\ref{OverlapSRy}).

Using the wavefunctions and potential obtained from the
self-consistent Poisson-Schr\"{o}dinger solver, the scattering rates
are calculated. The phonon deformation potentials were taken from
Ref. \cite{TakagiJJAP}. A Monte Carlo transport kernel
\cite{JacoboniRMP} is used to model electron transport in the
unconfined $x$ direction under the influence of a very low lateral
electric field. The mobility of the electrons in the channel is then
calculated from the ensemble average of the electron velocities
\cite{JacoboniRMP}.

\section{Simulation Results}\label{SimRes}

\subsection{Validation of the Simulator}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{\label{Fig2} Low-field mobility in a 30 nm wide SiNW as a
function of the effective transverse field, as obtained from the
simulation (filled circles) and the experiment of Koga {\it et al}.
\cite{KogaED} for a 2D electron gas (solid line).} \label{Mu30}
\end{figure}
A device with a width of 30 nm [at this width, electrons in the
channel feel very weak spatial confinement along the width direction
and therefore behave like a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG)] was
used to compare the mobility results obtained from our simulator
with the experimental data of Koga {\it et al.} \cite{KogaED} for a
2DEG of the same thickness. Fig. \ref{Fig2} shows the calculated
low-field electron mobility variation with the transverse effective
field. Although there is a good agreement with the experimental data
at high fields, we find that the simulator overestimates the
mobility in the moderate and low-field regions, where phonon
scattering dominates. This discrepancy is due to the bulk phonon
approximation used in the calculation of the electron-phonon
scattering rates, and a similar result has been reported in
ultra-thin SOI structures \cite{GamizSOI,DonettiAPL}. The importance
of including phonon confinement in the calculation of the
electron-phonon scattering rates in nanostructures has previously
been established \cite{YuPRB,SvizhenkoJP}. In ultra-thin and
ultra-narrow structures, the phonon spectrum is modified due to the
mismatch of the sound velocities and dielectric constants between
the wire and the surrounding material
\cite{PokatilovSM,PokatilovPRB}, in our case -- silicon and SiO$_2$.
Presently, we are working on incorporating confined acoustic phonons
in the calculation of electron-phonon scattering rates in SiNWs, and
the results will be presented in a subsequent publication. Even for
a relatively wide, 30-nm wire, preliminary results indicate that the
acoustic phonon scattering rate is significantly higher when phonon
confinement is included in the calculation.

\subsection{Effect of Decreasing Channel Width}

\begin{figure}
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig3.eps}\label{Fig3}
\caption{Variation of the field-dependent mobility with varying SiNW
width. The wire thickness is kept constant at 8 nm.} \label{MuVsW}
\end{figure}
The variation of the field-dependent mobility with decreasing
channel width was investigated on a series of SiNWs, while keeping
the channel thickness at 8 nm. Fig. \ref{MuVsW} shows the mobility
for SiNWs with the widths of 30 nm, 16 nm and 8 nm. Two important
results regarding the mobility behavior in the width range
considered can be deduced from Fig. \ref{MuVsW}: (i) the mobility at
high transverse fields, which is dominated by SRS, increases with
decreasing wire width and (ii) the mobility at low-to-moderate
transverse fields, determined by phonon scattering, decreases with
decreasing wire width.

\subsubsection{Effect of Bulk Phonon Scattering}

\begin{figure}
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig4.eps}
\caption{Variation of the overlap integral for the lowest subband
with varying wire width, obtained from (\ref{OverlapPh}) at a
constant sheet density of $N_s=2.9\times10^{11} cm^{-2}$.}
\label{OverlapVsW}
\end{figure}

Phonon scattering variation with decreasing wire width is determined
by the interplay of two opposing factors: (i) reduction of the final
density of states for the electrons to scatter to, and (ii) an
increase in the electron-phonon wavefunction overlap
(\ref{OverlapPh}). The former results in an enhanced mobility, while
the latter results in mobility degradation. The overlap integral
(\ref{OverlapPh}) shown in Fig. \ref{OverlapVsW} for various widths
increases with a decrease in the wire width due to an increase in
the electron confinement. In narrow wires, the increase in the
electron-phonon wavefunction overlap dominates over the
density-of-states reduction, resulting in a net decrease in the
electron mobility at low-to-moderate transverse fields.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig5.eps}
\caption{Variation of the average distance of carriers from the top
interface (below the gate) for various wire widths as a function of
the effective transverse field.} \label{AvDist}
\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{Fig6.eps}
\caption{Electron distribution across the nanowire, for the wire
width of 30 nm (left panel) and 8 nm (right panel). In both panels,
the transverse field is 1 MV/cm, the wire thickness is 8 nm, and the
color scale is in $\times10^{19} cm^{-3}$. } \label{eDen}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Effect of Surface Roughness Scattering}

The SRS overlap integral given by (\ref{OverlapSRy}) has three
terms. Two are due to deformation of the wavefunction, and the
third, dominant term depends on the strength of the field
perpendicular to the interface. Since the field normal to the side
interfaces is very weak, SRS due to these interfaces is much less
efficient than scattering due to the top and bottom ones. The
decrease in SRS with decreasing wire width can be understood by
following the behavior of the average distance (\ref{avDistEq}) of
the carriers from the top interface:
\begin{equation}\label{avDistEq}
\langle y\rangle
=\frac{1}{N_l}\sum_{i,\nu}N^{i,\nu}_l\iint|\psi^\nu_i(y,z)|^2 y\
\,dy\,dz\quad ,
\end{equation}
where $N_l$ is the total line density and $N^{i,\nu}_l$ is the line
density in the $i^{th}$ subband of the $\nu^{th}$ valley. In Fig.
\ref{AvDist}, we can see that the carriers are moving away from the
top interface as the width of the wire is decreased, and are
therefore not strongly influenced by the interface. This behavior is
also observed in the case of ultrathin double-gate SOI FETs, and is
due to the onset of volume inversion \cite{BalestraEDL,GamizJAP}. As
the SiNW approaches the volume inversion limit, carriers cease to be
confined to the interfaces, but are distributed throughout the
silicon volume. Fig. \ref{eDen} shows the distribution of carriers
in a 30 nm wire and a 8 nm wire at the same effective field; we can
clearly see that the carriers are confined extremely close to the
interface in the 30 wide nm wire, whereas they are distributed
throughout the silicon layer in the case of the 8 nm wire.

\section{Conclusion}\label{Concl}
The transverse-field dependence of the low-field electron mobility
in rectangular silicon nanowires was calculated using a
self-consistent 2D Schr\"{o}dinger-Poisson--1D Monte Carlo
simulation. The effects of varying the wire width and the relative
importance of phonon scattering and surface roughness scattering
were investigated. For widths in the range between 30 nm and 8 nm,
the phonon-limited mobility (dominant at low to moderate transverse
fields) was found to decrease with decreasing nanowire width,
because of the increase in the electron-phonon wavefunction overlap.
Surface roughness scattering was found to decrease with decreasing
width due to volume inversion. At high transverse fields, volume
inversion results in an appreciable mobility enhancement.

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