text:
The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST)
D. W. Beaty, M. M. Grady, H. Y. McSween, E. Sefton-Nash, B. L. Carrier, F. Altieri, Y. Amelin, E. Ammannito, M. Anand, L. G. Benning, J. L. Bishop, L. E. Borg, D. Boucher, J. R. Brucato, H. Busemann, K. A. Campbell, A. D. Czaja, V. Debaille, D. J. Des Marais, M. Dixon
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B. L. Ehlmann, J. D. Farmer, D. C. Fernandez-Remolar, J. Filiberto, J. Fogarty, D. P. Glavin, Y. S. Goreva, L. J. Hallis, A. D. Harrington, E. M. Hausrath, C. D.K. Herd, B. Horgan, M. Humayun, T. Kleine, J. Kleinhenz, R. Mackelprang, N. Mangold, L. E. Mayhew, J. T. McCoy, F. M. McCubbin, S. M. McLennan, D. E. Moser, F. Moynier, J. F. Mustard, P. B. Niles, G. G. Ori, F. Raulin, P. Rettberg, M. A. Rucker, N. Schmitz, S. P. Schwenzer, M. A. Sephton, R. Shaheen, Z. D. Sharp, D. L. Shuster, S. Siljeström, C. L. Smith, J. A. Spry, A. Steele, T. D. Swindle, I. L. ten Kate, N. J. Tosca, T. Usui, M. J. Van Kranendonk, M. Wadhwa, B. P. Weiss, S. C. Werner, F. Westall, R. M. Wheeler, J. Zipfel, M. P. Zorzano
Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing "habitable" environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological "mimics," and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.
S3-S152
Meteoritics and Planetary Science
https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13242
atmospheric gas
Beaty, D. W., Grady, M. M., McSween, H. Y., Sefton-Nash, E., Carrier, B. L., Altieri, F., ... Zorzano, M. P. (2019). The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 54(S1), S3-S152. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13242
The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return : International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). / Beaty, D. W.; Grady, M. M.; McSween, H. Y.; Sefton-Nash, E.; Carrier, B. L.; Altieri, F.; Amelin, Y.; Ammannito, E.; Anand, M.; Benning, L. G.; Bishop, J. L.; Borg, L. E.; Boucher, D.; Brucato, J. R.; Busemann, H.; Campbell, K. A.; Czaja, A. D.; Debaille, V.; Des Marais, D. J.; Dixon, M.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Farmer, J. D.; Fernandez-Remolar, D. C.; Filiberto, J.; Fogarty, J.; Glavin, D. P.; Goreva, Y. S.; Hallis, L. J.; Harrington, A. D.; Hausrath, E. M.; Herd, C. D.K.; Horgan, B.; Humayun, M.; Kleine, T.; Kleinhenz, J.; Mackelprang, R.; Mangold, N.; Mayhew, L. E.; McCoy, J. T.; McCubbin, F. M.; McLennan, S. M.; Moser, D. E.; Moynier, F.; Mustard, J. F.; Niles, P. B.; Ori, G. G.; Raulin, F.; Rettberg, P.; Rucker, M. A.; Schmitz, N.; Schwenzer, S. P.; Sephton, M. A.; Shaheen, R.; Sharp, Z. D.; Shuster, D. L.; Siljeström, S.; Smith, C. L.; Spry, J. A.; Steele, A.; Swindle, T. D.; ten Kate, I. L.; Tosca, N. J.; Usui, T.; Van Kranendonk, M. J.; Wadhwa, M.; Weiss, B. P.; Werner, S. C.; Westall, F.; Wheeler, R. M.; Zipfel, J.; Zorzano, M. P.
In: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, Vol. 54, No. S1, 01.03.2019, p. S3-S152.
Beaty, DW, Grady, MM, McSween, HY, Sefton-Nash, E, Carrier, BL, Altieri, F, Amelin, Y, Ammannito, E, Anand, M, Benning, LG, Bishop, JL, Borg, LE, Boucher, D, Brucato, JR, Busemann, H, Campbell, KA, Czaja, AD, Debaille, V, Des Marais, DJ, Dixon, M, Ehlmann, BL, Farmer, JD, Fernandez-Remolar, DC, Filiberto, J, Fogarty, J, Glavin, DP, Goreva, YS, Hallis, LJ, Harrington, AD, Hausrath, EM, Herd, CDK, Horgan, B, Humayun, M, Kleine, T, Kleinhenz, J, Mackelprang, R, Mangold, N, Mayhew, LE, McCoy, JT, McCubbin, FM, McLennan, SM, Moser, DE, Moynier, F, Mustard, JF, Niles, PB, Ori, GG, Raulin, F, Rettberg, P, Rucker, MA, Schmitz, N, Schwenzer, SP, Sephton, MA, Shaheen, R, Sharp, ZD, Shuster, DL, Siljeström, S, Smith, CL, Spry, JA, Steele, A, Swindle, TD, ten Kate, IL, Tosca, NJ, Usui, T, Van Kranendonk, MJ, Wadhwa, M, Weiss, BP, Werner, SC, Westall, F, Wheeler, RM, Zipfel, J & Zorzano, MP 2019, 'The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST)', Meteoritics and Planetary Science, vol. 54, no. S1, pp. S3-S152. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13242
Beaty DW, Grady MM, McSween HY, Sefton-Nash E, Carrier BL, Altieri F et al. The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 2019 Mar 1;54(S1):S3-S152. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13242
Beaty, D. W. ; Grady, M. M. ; McSween, H. Y. ; Sefton-Nash, E. ; Carrier, B. L. ; Altieri, F. ; Amelin, Y. ; Ammannito, E. ; Anand, M. ; Benning, L. G. ; Bishop, J. L. ; Borg, L. E. ; Boucher, D. ; Brucato, J. R. ; Busemann, H. ; Campbell, K. A. ; Czaja, A. D. ; Debaille, V. ; Des Marais, D. J. ; Dixon, M. ; Ehlmann, B. L. ; Farmer, J. D. ; Fernandez-Remolar, D. C. ; Filiberto, J. ; Fogarty, J. ; Glavin, D. P. ; Goreva, Y. S. ; Hallis, L. J. ; Harrington, A. D. ; Hausrath, E. M. ; Herd, C. D.K. ; Horgan, B. ; Humayun, M. ; Kleine, T. ; Kleinhenz, J. ; Mackelprang, R. ; Mangold, N. ; Mayhew, L. E. ; McCoy, J. T. ; McCubbin, F. M. ; McLennan, S. M. ; Moser, D. E. ; Moynier, F. ; Mustard, J. F. ; Niles, P. B. ; Ori, G. G. ; Raulin, F. ; Rettberg, P. ; Rucker, M. A. ; Schmitz, N. ; Schwenzer, S. P. ; Sephton, M. A. ; Shaheen, R. ; Sharp, Z. D. ; Shuster, D. L. ; Siljeström, S. ; Smith, C. L. ; Spry, J. A. ; Steele, A. ; Swindle, T. D. ; ten Kate, I. L. ; Tosca, N. J. ; Usui, T. ; Van Kranendonk, M. J. ; Wadhwa, M. ; Weiss, B. P. ; Werner, S. C. ; Westall, F. ; Wheeler, R. M. ; Zipfel, J. ; Zorzano, M. P. / The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return : International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). In: Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 2019 ; Vol. 54, No. S1. pp. S3-S152.
@article{a8e70f6d127a46e292dfedbd7fbc422d,
title = "The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return: International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST)",
abstract = "Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing "habitable" environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological "mimics," and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.",
author = "Beaty, {D. W.} and Grady, {M. M.} and McSween, {H. Y.} and E. Sefton-Nash and Carrier, {B. L.} and F. Altieri and Y. Amelin and E. Ammannito and M. Anand and Benning, {L. G.} and Bishop, {J. L.} and Borg, {L. E.} and D. Boucher and Brucato, {J. R.} and H. Busemann and Campbell, {K. A.} and Czaja, {A. D.} and V. Debaille and {Des Marais}, {D. J.} and M. Dixon and Ehlmann, {B. L.} and Farmer, {J. D.} and Fernandez-Remolar, {D. C.} and J. Filiberto and J. Fogarty and Glavin, {D. P.} and Goreva, {Y. S.} and Hallis, {L. J.} and Harrington, {A. D.} and Hausrath, {E. M.} and Herd, {C. D.K.} and B. Horgan and M. Humayun and T. Kleine and J. Kleinhenz and R. Mackelprang and N. Mangold and Mayhew, {L. E.} and McCoy, {J. T.} and McCubbin, {F. M.} and McLennan, {S. M.} and Moser, {D. E.} and F. Moynier and Mustard, {J. F.} and Niles, {P. B.} and Ori, {G. G.} and F. Raulin and P. Rettberg and Rucker, {M. A.} and N. Schmitz and Schwenzer, {S. P.} and Sephton, {M. A.} and R. Shaheen and Sharp, {Z. D.} and Shuster, {D. L.} and S. Siljestr{\"o}m and Smith, {C. L.} and Spry, {J. A.} and A. Steele and Swindle, {T. D.} and {ten Kate}, {I. L.} and Tosca, {N. J.} and T. Usui and {Van Kranendonk}, {M. J.} and M. Wadhwa and Weiss, {B. P.} and Werner, {S. C.} and F. Westall and Wheeler, {R. M.} and J. Zipfel and Zorzano, {M. P.}",
doi = "10.1111/maps.13242",
pages = "S3--S152",
journal = "Meteoritics and Planetary Science",
publisher = "The University of Arkansas Press",
number = "S1",
T1 - The potential science and engineering value of samples delivered to Earth by Mars sample return
T2 - International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST)
AU - Beaty, D. W.
AU - Grady, M. M.
AU - McSween, H. Y.
AU - Sefton-Nash, E.
AU - Carrier, B. L.
AU - Altieri, F.
AU - Amelin, Y.
AU - Ammannito, E.
AU - Anand, M.
AU - Benning, L. G.
AU - Bishop, J. L.
AU - Borg, L. E.
AU - Boucher, D.
AU - Brucato, J. R.
AU - Busemann, H.
AU - Campbell, K. A.
AU - Czaja, A. D.
AU - Debaille, V.
AU - Des Marais, D. J.
AU - Dixon, M.
AU - Ehlmann, B. L.
AU - Farmer, J. D.
AU - Fernandez-Remolar, D. C.
AU - Filiberto, J.
AU - Fogarty, J.
AU - Glavin, D. P.
AU - Goreva, Y. S.
AU - Hallis, L. J.
AU - Harrington, A. D.
AU - Hausrath, E. M.
AU - Herd, C. D.K.
AU - Horgan, B.
AU - Humayun, M.
AU - Kleine, T.
AU - Kleinhenz, J.
AU - Mackelprang, R.
AU - Mangold, N.
AU - Mayhew, L. E.
AU - McCoy, J. T.
AU - McCubbin, F. M.
AU - McLennan, S. M.
AU - Moser, D. E.
AU - Moynier, F.
AU - Mustard, J. F.
AU - Niles, P. B.
AU - Ori, G. G.
AU - Raulin, F.
AU - Rettberg, P.
AU - Rucker, M. A.
AU - Schmitz, N.
AU - Schwenzer, S. P.
AU - Sephton, M. A.
AU - Shaheen, R.
AU - Sharp, Z. D.
AU - Shuster, D. L.
AU - Siljeström, S.
AU - Smith, C. L.
AU - Spry, J. A.
AU - Steele, A.
AU - Swindle, T. D.
AU - ten Kate, I. L.
AU - Tosca, N. J.
AU - Usui, T.
AU - Van Kranendonk, M. J.
AU - Wadhwa, M.
AU - Weiss, B. P.
AU - Werner, S. C.
AU - Westall, F.
AU - Wheeler, R. M.
AU - Zipfel, J.
AU - Zorzano, M. P.
N2 - Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing "habitable" environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological "mimics," and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.
AB - Executive Summary: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing "habitable" environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological "mimics," and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.
U2 - 10.1111/maps.13242
DO - 10.1111/maps.13242
SP - S3-S152
JO - Meteoritics and Planetary Science
JF - Meteoritics and Planetary Science
IS - S1
10.1111/maps.13242


text:
Q: Folder recovery with rm command I deleted /bin folder from computer in Ubuntu with rm command.
How can recover it ?

A: Reinstall your system from a live session. Mount the partitions without formatting them;that will preserve your setting and files.
Mind though that it is wise to create a backup of your personal files from the live session before doing this.
And stop using "rm" in combination with "sudo" or a root session and evaluate why you feel the need. There should not be a reason to remove any file in the base of the system. If you installed software in the base system don't do that (use /opt/) or use the correct tool to remove them (like apt purge or apt remove).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ian Gordon Morris (* 22. Januar 1957 in England; † 7. Oktober 2010 in Napier) war ein neuseeländischer Pop-Rock-Gitarrist, Sänger und Musikproduzent.

Leben
Ian Morris wurde in England geboren und kam Im Alter von 9 Jahren mit seinen Eltern nach Neuseeland. Ab 1975 bis 1980 (und von 2006 bis 2008) wirkte er in der neuseeländischen Rockband Th' Dudes als Gitarrist und Backgroundsänger mit, mit denen er 6 Alben veröffentlichte. In der übrigen Zeit war er überwiegend als Musikproduzent für neuseeländische Pop/Rock-Acts tätig. Unter dem Pseudonym Tex Pistol veröffentlichte er ab 1986 Pop-Rock-Balladen und erreichte dabei zweimal Platz 1 der Charts.

Diskografie

Album
 1988: Nobody Else

Singles
 1986: The Ballad of Buckskin Bob
 1987: Game of Love
 1988: Nobody Else

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Musiker (Neuseeland)
Rocksänger
Musikproduzent
Neuseeländer
Geboren 1957
Gestorben 2010
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The vacancy rate in Hong Kong's core business district continues to be low. One Hennessy, a Grade A office building in Wanchai, which is owned by Huaying Group, was completed in the first quarter of next year. However, it has been pre-leased by 80%. The final four-tier rent is now available, with an intention to rent more than 100 yuan.
Yan Weicheng, the head of the agency department of Jones Lang Lian Industry, said that the owner launched the last 4 floors of the One Hennessy from the 23rd to the 26th floor. Each floor can be rented for about 12,000 square meters. The total rented area is about 48,000 square meters, which can be layer by layer or one. And rent, the intention to rent more than 100 yuan.
He pointed out that the tenants currently enrolled are mainly in the financial industry. There are also law firms and asset management companies. Most of them are companies that are currently renting office buildings in Central and intending to relocate. The landlord temporarily asks the tenant to rent a minimum of one floor and will not rent it again. At present, the pace of enterprise expansion has not been hit by the Sino-US trade war. It is estimated that the office market will not be reflected until 6 to 9 months.
The One Hennessy office building starts from the 11th floor and has a total of 21 floors. It has been rented out of 17 floors and the maximum transaction is over 100 yuan. The largest tenant is a Chinese bank with a maximum rent of 8 floors.
In addition, the Bank of America's Central Bank recorded two consecutive transactions. The news pointed out that Capital Strategy (00497) and related parties just spent about 54.4 million yuan to purchase the 8th floor of the Bank of America Center on the 33rd floor, with a building area of 1361 square meters and a price of about 39,970 yuan. According to the data, since the building price of the building has risen above 40,000 yuan in August last year, it has not recorded a transaction of less than 40,000 yuan for more than one year. According to the Land Registry, the former site was originally purchased by a lawyer in 2011 for $32.527 million. It is now sold to Kyrgyzstan, and the book still earns a total of 21.8721 million yuan, an appreciation of 67.2%.
Another transaction in the Bank of America Center was 4 rooms on the 10th floor, with a building area of 1,837 square feet, with a hand-to-hand price of about 78.91 million yuan, and a price of 43,000 yuan.


text:
Bonanza Slot
Oops! Game is not working.Why not try one of these casinos instead
Yes-Bothways
Time to Gear Up and Hustle
Bonanza was a show on NBC that aired from 1959 to 1973. It was a western series and was one of the longest running TV series in the US with an impressive 431 episodes broadcasted over 14 seasons. If you have never seen it, or not familiar with Bonanza, this video slot Bonanza Slot by Big Time Gaming will give you better understanding and appreciation of the show.
Bonanza Slots certainly does not disappoint when it comes to graphics and sound effects. Big Time Gaming successfully combined great design and interesting game features. The 3D imagery and modern sound effects will truly add to the excitement. As you start the game, you will immediately notice the beautiful woodland scenery, complete with foliage and rocky environment. A wood cabin can be seen from the left side of the screen as well as a water wheel at the right. Big Time Gaming exerted a lot of effort to make the backdrop a serene and relaxing sight. The backdrop of the reels is made of stone, thus giving you the impression that it's a mining-themed game. You will find a total of six reels and while spinning them, you will hear some sort of hillbilly music in the background – appropriate and not annoying or distracting. The basic symbols here are playing card symbols 9, 10, J, Q, K, and A. The symbols with greater value are gemstones, with the most valuable one represented by the diamond symbol.
Bonanza is all about money, and you'll soon find out why. The game has a mining theme and the Bonanza title is appropriate since it usually refers to a gold mine or a gold rush, a chance to earn cash – it simply says that luck can be on your side. The game has 6 reels and has unique row set up. It could have as much as 7 rows and will vary during each spin. The unusual reel set up actually has a purpose, and Big Time Gaming made it that way to incorporate their Megaways feature. This feature offers players several ways to win.
The symbols used in the game are appropriate and relevant to the theme. Most of the symbols will remind you of the treasures that you can find in a gold mine. The lower-valued symbols can award you 80 to 175 coins for a full house. The gemstones, which are the higher-paying symbols, can get you higher payouts: the green emerald and blue emerald pays 200 coins for a full row, the red ruby pays 750 coins for a full row, and the diamond will reward 5,000 coins for a full row. Aside from the symbols mentioned, there are also special symbols to look out for: the wild and free spin symbols.
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Notice the symbols rolling on top of the reels? You should pay attention to them because they can potentially give you pay off better than you would have expected. The symbols on these carts will affect reels 2, 3, 4 and 5. The collapsing reels and the symbols carted in and out can be a little overwhelming at first, but its benefits definitely overpower the drawbacks.
If you manage to complete the 'GOLD word' you can expect plenty of prizes. The letters will appear on the reels and you need all the letters in order to trigger the feature which awards you 12 free spins. You can also retrigger the free spins feature by collecting 5 more scatter symbols. During the free spin mode, the background of the game switches to an underground theme. Each time you blow up a portion of the mine, the game's multiplier increases. You can get colossal wins since the multiplier can increase without any limit.
Megaways Feature
The Megaways feature is the core special feature of Bonanza. Since it is not the usual 5x3 grid, you will experience playing with 6 reels and up to 7 symbols per row, thus providing more excitement as each spin is unique and has a lot of potentials to churn out huge payouts. Big Time Gaming is the only developer that uses the Megaways feature that can give you enormous 117,649 ways to win! This alone can inspire you to play Bonanza and other Big Time Gaming slot machines,
A Refreshing Surprise
With the proliferation of new slots games in casinos, you would think that you have seen everything. Casino slots have been inspired by storybooks, mythological characters, movies, cartoons, Hollywood stars, and celebrities but Bonanza is proof that there are so many things possible when it comes to game development.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
American Resources Corporation Added to Membership of Russell Microcap(R) Index
FISHERS, IN / ACCESSWIRE / June 13, 2019 / American Resources Corporation (NASDAQ: AREC), a supplier to the rapidly growing global infrastructure marketplace, with a primary focus on the extraction, processing, transportation and selling of metallurgical coal to the steel industry, was added as a member of the Russell Microcap® Index, which will become effective after the US market closes on June 28, as part of the 2019 Russell indexes reconstitution.
Membership in the Russell Microcap® Index, which remains in place for one year, means automatic inclusion in the appropriate growth and value style indexes. FTSE Russell determines membership for its Russell indexes primarily by objective, market-capitalization rankings and style attributes.
'We are honored to be joining the Russell Microcap® Index', stated Mark Jensen, Chief Executive Officer of American Resources Corporation. 'This is a testament to the hard work of our team in building a company founded on bringing a modernized approach to the metallurgical coal mining industry. As this represents another milestone, we remain focused and determined to continuing our path of being the fastest growing, most efficient market participant in our industry and executing for our shareholders, customers, and employees alike'.
Russell indexes are widely used by investment managers and institutional investors for index funds and as benchmarks for active investment strategies. Approximately $9 trillion in assets are benchmarked against Russell's US indexes. Russell indexes are part of FTSE Russell, a leading global index provider.
American Resources Corporation continues to focus on its growth objective by efficiently leveraging its large number of core mining permits and through identifying strategic, supplemental acquisitions and continuing to consolidate quality coal assets for future growth and production. The company is committed to being one of the lowest cost operators in CAPP and throughout all its coal mining, processing, and transportation operations.
For more information on the Russell Microcap® Index and the Russell indexes reconstitution, go to the 'Russell Reconstitution' section on the FTSE Russell website.
About American Resources Corporation
American Resources Corporation is a supplier of raw materials to the rapidly growing global infrastructure marketplace. The company's primary focus is on the extraction, processing, transportation and selling of metallurgical coal and pulverized coal injection (PCI) to the steel industry. The company operations are based in the Central Appalachian basin of eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia where premium quality metallurgical products are located.
The company's business model is based on running a streamlined and efficient operation to economically extract and deliver resources to meet its customers' demands. By running operations with low or no legacy costs, American Resources Corporation works to maximize margins for its investors while being able to scale its operations to meet the growth of the global infrastructure market.
http://www.americanresourcescorp.com
Institutional/Retail/Individual Contact:
American Capital Ventures
Howard Gostfrand, President
305-918-7000 - Office
hg@amcapventures.com
www.amcapventures.com
Mark LaVerghetta
Vice President of Corporate Finance and Communications
investor@americanresourcescorp.com
About FTSE Russell
FTSE Russell is a leading global index provider creating and managing a wide range of indexes, data and analytic solutions to meet client needs across asset classes, style and strategies. Covering 98% of the investable market, FTSE Russell indexes offer a true picture of global markets, combined with the specialist knowledge gained from developing local benchmarks around the world.
FTSE Russell index expertise and products are used extensively by institutional and retail investors globally. Approximately $16.2 trillion is currently benchmarked to FTSE Russell indexes. For over 30 years, leading asset owners, asset managers, ETF providers and investment banks have chosen FTSE Russell indexes to benchmark their investment performance and create investment funds, ETFs, structured products and index-based derivatives. FTSE Russell indexes also provide clients with tools for asset allocation, investment strategy analysis and risk management.
A core set of universal principles guides FTSE Russell index design and management: a transparent rules-based methodology is informed by independent committees of leading market participants. FTSE Russell is focused on index innovation and customer partnership applying the highest industry standards and embracing the IOSCO Principles. FTSE Russell is wholly owned by London Stock Exchange Group.
For more information, visit www.ftserussell.com.
SOURCE: American Resources Corp.
https://www.accesswire.com/548638/American-Resources-Corporation-Added-to-Membership-of-Russell-MicrocapR-Index


text:
Q: How to show text input alongside tree nodes in ext js 4 I was able to create a tree view [using EXTJS 4 ] with context menu[options are add,edit,delete],
So if i right click on any of tree node context menu will appear,
If i click "Edit", a text box should appear at the selected tree node and able to rename it.
Any ideas ?
Thanks,
Sri

A: use Ext.Editor (check out this demo):
var editor = new Ext.Editor({
    field: {
        xtype: 'textfield'
    }
});
tree.menu = Ext.create('Ext.menu.Menu', {
  items: [
    // ...
    {text: 'Edit', action: 'edit'},
    // ...
  ]
});
tree.on('itemcontextmenu', function(view, record, HTMLTarget, i, e) {
  // Let's save record and HTMLTarget for further use
  tree.menu.record = record;
  tree.menu.HTMLTarget = HTMLTarget;

  tree.menu.showAt(e.getXY());
  e.preventDefault();
});
tree.menu.on('click', function(menu, item, e){
  if (!item) return;
  switch(item.action) {
    // ...
    case 'edit':
      editor.startEdit(Ext.get(menu.HTMLTarget), menu.record.get('text'));
      editor.on('complete', function(me, value) {
        this.record.set('text', value);
      }, menu, {single: true});
    break;
    // ...
  };
});

A: check this http://www.sencha.com/forum/showthread.php?2430-TreePanel-with-Context-Menu
function onItemClick(item){
        console.info('You clicked: '+ item.text);
    }

...
var menuC = new Ext.menu.Menu({ id: 'mainContext', items: [
            { text: 'edit', handler: onItemClick } , { text: 'delete', handler: onItemClick }
            ]
});

it's for adding actions for menu items


text:
**View the areas of the Orthodox Mission featured on this page. - Click the Map -
Orthodox Missionary Fraternity
Orthodox Missionary Fraternity is a supporting organization dedicated to helping the efforts of the Orthodox missionaries all over the world. It is a charitable association officially registered with the state of Greece, administratively independent, spiritually belonging to the Church of Greece and audited yearly by the municipal authorities of Thessaloniki.
Our Fraternity was established in 1963 under the name "Friends of Uganda" by the zealous missionary Fr. Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos (1903-1972), who first opened the roads of modern Eastern Orthodox Mission to Sub-Saharan Africa, when in 1961 he visited Uganda. The unprecedented experiences and imperative needs he faced made him write to his spiritual friends:
"Help me. People here are thirsty for Orthodoxy, for Christ, and they are hungry at the same time".
A group of his friends responded to his call for help and formed the first missionary association in Greece in order to morally and materially help the missionary cause. From the beginning, our main activity has been collecting and sending money for the needs of the Missions, as well as spreading the call for Mission in Greece and elsewhere.
In 1978, our organization got the name by which it is known today, expanded and renewed its purpose to assist all the Orthodox missonaries in Africa, Asia, Oceania and America.
First and foremost, the Mission aims at spreading the Gospel, the joyful message "Christ is Risen", and leading every soul regardless of race and language to their final destination, the Heavenly Kingdom. It is exactly the same purpose of the Church. Hence it has been so said:
The Church without the Mission is a church without a purpose.
Alongside the missionary activities, though, the missionaries also do a charitable work in the countries where they serve, relieving those suffering of poverty and pain, founding orphanages, schools, medical centers, organizing soup kitchens, drilling for water or otherwise sharing Christ's love.
In all these, we have been supporters since the beginning and that's why the Orthodox Missionary Fraternity and prominent members of its have been honored by the Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa for their offer. The most honored and distincted one was the late Panagiotis Papademetracopoulos, a great benefactor of the Fraternity, who was awarded the Holy Cross of Saint Mark by the Patriarchs Nikolaos and Petros of Alexandria. Similarly awarded were Mr. Vaios Prantzos, former president of the Fraternity, Constantinos Daoudakes, founding member and for half a century a worker of the Mission, and Mr. Nostis Psarras, vice president.
All the members of the board and the Fraternity offer their services voluntarily, without any remuneration. After all, the biggest reward for us is to know that with your own help the Orthodox missionaries bring souls to salvation. Let's keep on supporting them.
During the last 12 months, 1461 friends of the Missions supported the catechetical and charitable struggle of the Orthodox Church to all nations. We are grateful for this!
Without your help, the Orthodox Mission could not be accomplished. Our missionaries would not be able to travel to distant regions, supervise operation of schools, organize theological seminaries, run clinics. Without your contribution, the soup kitchens for the poor and the educational sponsorships would have been a past. Without your love, the word of God could not have reached to places when it was previously never heard.
All these efforts often have continuous and pressing financial requirements. It would be a great relief for us, if you could support us by donating whatever you can afford.
Our missionaries wait for your own invaluable help, so that they can ease the pain in the countries, where they minister. Even goods that are needless for you are fully needed by our brothers in the poor countries of the world. Various goods, such as food and medical equipment, can become the means to make them smile. Let's not be indifferent. Some people wait for the Christ and your love.
Urgent needs: Long-term food, personal care products, cleaning products, equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, crutches, walkers), medical equipment, holy utensils.
Permanent needs: clothing and footwear, medicines, bedclothes, household items (vitrics and linens), bicycles.
Telephone/fax: +30 2310279910
Opening hours: 18.00-19.30 weekdays and 11.00-13.00 Saturdays.
Makenzi King 6, Thessaloniki 546 22, Greece
https://orthodoxmission.org.gr


text:
La morte di Megalopoli è un romanzo breve di genere fantascientifico apocalittico scritto da Roberto Vacca e pubblicato nel 1974.

Il romanzo è basato sull'idea contenuta nel saggio precedente di Vacca Il medioevo prossimo venturo (1971).

Descrizione
In un futuro prossimo (identificato all'epoca nei primi anni novanta), basta un casuale incidente per provocare in una reazione a catena la completa disfatta e autodistruzione degli Stati Uniti, a causa del crollo di un sistema logistico-informativo-strutturale dimensionato al millesimo, che cede per via di un relativamente "piccolo" incidente.

Tra le varie anticipazioni contenute vi è una sorta di navigatore satellitare e un'integrazione dei sistemi di informazione. L'importanza che gli individui avevano nel "precedente" mondo non conta nulla e sono diversi i valori che essi distinguono nel nuovo, sebbene in generale il successo di ogni singolo duri pochi giorni.

Note

Voci correlate
 Fantascienza apocalittica e post apocalittica
 Storia della fantascienza italiana
 Il Medioevo prossimo venturo

Edizioni

Collegamenti esterni

Romanzi di fantascienza
Romanzi di autori italiani


text:
DUP, historic, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, utah
From 1847 to 1869 approximately 86,000 persons, mainly converts to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, left their established homes to build anew in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains. About 6,000 were buried along the way. Hilda Anderson Erickson, last known surviving Utah pioneer, died Jan. 1, 1968, age 108, thus ending an illustrious era. Other late survivors were: Tora Nielsen J. Starkie, 1961; Minnie Peterson Brown, Selina Beddous Kelsey, Harriet Paris Smith Clawson, 1962; Heber Charles Cox, 1963. They were representative of the thousands of western pioneers who left to posterity a rich heritage of faith, fortitude, leadership and vision.
Check out all of the historic markers placed by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers at JacobBarlow. com/dup


text:
Q: realitive import inside zipimport python I have an application structured like this:
|-- main.py
|-- lib.py
|-- scripts.zip
|   |-- run.conf
|   |-- script1.py
|   |-- more scripts...
|   |--
|   |-- base.py

main.py imports script1.py, which has a class that inherits from base.py
main.py code:
module_name = 'script1'
import zipimport
            importer = zipimport.zipimporter('scripts.zip')
            if module_name not in sys.modules:
                importer.load_module(module_name)

script1.py code:
from . import base

class doesstuff(base.scriptbase):

    def __init__:
        pass

when main.py tries to import script1.py with zipimport, this happens:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py"
    importer.load_module(module_name)
  File "scripts.zip/script1.py", line 1, in <module>
SystemError: Parent module '' not loaded, cannot perform relative import

It first I thought it was beacuse zipimport basically puts scripts.zip in the system path, but when I modify script1.py
script1.py code:
import base #zip file should be in the system path as a base

class doesstuff(base.scriptbase):

    def __init__:
        pass

I get this:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py"
    importer.load_module(module_name)
  File "scripts.zip/script1.py", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named 'base'

So apparently it isn't quite part of the system path.
so I'm not sure how to have one of the scripts inside the zip file import one of their own. I've tried a couple variations of the above, and pretty much all of them end up with the Systemerror.
How can I do this?


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text:
Rick Wilson gives Democrats the perfect blueprint to shut down Jim Jordan at impeachment inquiry
Republican strategist Rick Wilson. Image via screengrab.
House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) recently moved Rep. Jim Jordan (R-OH) to the House Intelligence Committee in the hopes of getting one of President Donald Trump's fiercest defenders into impeachment hearings.
However, conservative strategist Rick Wilson on Tuesday gave House Democrats the perfect way to shut Jordan down -- by bringing up his alleged role in covering up sexual abuse of wrestlers during his tenure as a coach at Ohio State University.
"I will max out to any member of the impeachment committee who tells Gym Jordan to sit down until he admits [what] he saw in the showers and why he covered up sexual abuse of athletes in his program," Wilson wrote on Twitter.
I will max out to any member of the impeachment committee who tells Gym Jordan to sit down until he admits he saw i… https://t.co/W5gma3vKxR
— Rick Wilson (@Rick Wilson)1573566992.0
Jordan's role in the coverup of a sexual abuse scandal at Ohio State University in the 1990s returned to the spotlight this week when a wrestling referee claimed that he informed Jordan and other coaches of sexual misconduct by team doctor Richard Strauss, who was later found to have sexually abused at least 177 athletes during his tenure at OSU.
The referee is now the second person who says they informed Jordan directly of allegations of misconduct against Strauss, who worked at OSU from 1979 to 1996.
Trump plans over 100 pardons on his last day in office amid reports his allies are selling them
President Donald Trump is expected to issue about 100 pardons on his final day in office, Tuesday, CNN reported Sunday.
Trump's last full day will show "a mixture of more controversial pardons to white-collar criminals, some high-profile rappers, some of the president's political allies."

The report didn't say whether or not Trump and his family will be among the pardons. To issue a pardon, however, Trump would have to outline the crimes he and his family committed in specific detail.

A report earlier Sunday revealed that Trump's allies have been selling pardons. Rudy Giuliani specifically demanded $2 million for a pardon from a former CIA officer. Giuliani is also working to get a pardon for himself.

"One lobbyist, Brett Tolman, a former federal prosecutor who has been advising the White House on pardons and commutations, has monetized his clemency work, collecting tens of thousands of dollars, and possibly more, in recent weeks to lobby the White House for clemency for the son of a former Arkansas senator; the founder of the notorious online drug marketplace Silk Road; and a Manhattan socialite who pleaded guilty in a fraud scheme," the New York Times reported.

It's unclear how many of Trump's pardons will stand, as each will likely be investigated for potential bribery.

Some of the insurrectionists from last week's attack on the U.S. Capitol are blaming Trump for inviting them and demanding that they also be pardoned.


First up, here's what we know about Torchwood's rapturously anticipated fourth season (airing stateside on Starz): It will have an extra- international flavor (including an extended stopover in L.A.), Bill Pullman has been cast as the Big Bad, and joining Captain Jack's team full-time will be Mekhi Phfifer and Alexa Havins. But here's what we don't know: What it'll be about! Well, put on your thinking caps and hold onto your hats.
Now before you hand me over to the 456 for committing the ultimate injustice (impossible asterisk quizzes) know this: I'll be filling in letters throughout the day, culminating with an all-out reveal right around 5:30 pm/ET — which, coincidentally, is around the time Torchwood boss Russell T. Davies will be meeting with reporters at the Television Critics Assoc. press tour to talk up (you guessed it) the new season.
So here's what you do now: Start breaking down the riddle in the comments section, come back later (and later still) as I fill in the blanks, and then plant yourselves here at around 5:30 pm/ET for the full reveal and (hopefully) bonus details live from the Torchwood panel at TCA.
Oh, and one last thing: Said premise is going to make Torchwood: Children of the Earth look like mere child's play. You thought that conceit was dark? Just wait.


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Nearly 40 comforting favorites arranged in our easy to read and play E-Z Play Today notation.
The third edition of this fantastic collection of country tunes in E-Z Play® Today notation features 72 all-time hits.
Our updated 5th edition features over 75 of the best holiday songs ever in our patented E-Z Play® Today notation.
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Includes favorites such as: Aloha Oe Bridal Chorus Can-Can Polka For He's a Jolly Good Fellow The Marine's Hymn Oh Susanna Yellow Rose of Texas and more.
19 perennial songs from the popular duo written in our famous EZ Play notation for your convenience.


text:
Home→Amusements→Really Simple Early American History 100 — The Beginnings
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Really Simple Early American History 100 — The Beginnings
As a prerequisite to some forthcoming opinion pieces, I offer an occasional bit of relevant historical information. There won't be much, only enough to provide some background for the topic at hand, and no more. I'll try to keep it so simple that even liberals and recent public school indoctrinates can grasp it.
Once upon a time, in a place far far away, a marginally competent explorer named Christopher Columbus thought he could sail directly from Spain to Asia.
While he should be commended for having faith that he wouldn't sail off the edge of the Earth, he neglected to consider rumors that the Vikings and other folks were spreading about a big chunk of continent between the two places. Since the Panama Canal didn't exist, he was pretty well screwed and didn't know it.
The not-so-bright explorer, was so convinced he was right that when he finally did stumble upon some land he called the native people he found there, "Indians." He was only off by about Six Thousand miles.
A very competent Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, however, proved that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as Columbus supposed, but a huge, new continent.
This continent was presumably called America, rather than Columbia, because we didn't want to name a continent after a screw-up, regardless of how well meaning he may have been. We saved that name for a more appropriate place, the District of Columbia.
Meanwhile, the Vikings were laughing their asses off because they knew it was there all the time. They were just smart enough not to want anything to do with it.
When word of the New World hit the papers, (there were no Radio, TV or Internet back then) another bunch of people left their old countries (mostly England) and moved there to escape their Kings and Queens and start over.
Some of these people [refugees, colonists, invaders …] came because they were tired of paying taxes to the King when the King gave them no say-so in how he was spending their money.
The mean old, insecure King also forced them all to join his church, so he and his equally greedy evil henchmen would have total control over every aspect of their subject's lives.
A really big burr under the blanket of these fiercely independent people, however, was that they wanted to be able to say and believe whatever they wanted, and worship whatever their idea of a God was — or not.
Enough of The People living here in what would become The United States of America, wanted these natural rights and freedoms so much that they wrote up a paper telling the King to shove it, declared their independence and proceeded to gave some evil tyrants the first of several good old-fashioned American ass-whuppin's.
A lot of really good people died fighting for our freedom, and "We The People" finally wrote ourselves up a Constitution that guaranteed that we could believe whatever we wanted — or not, and say what we wanted, or not, and not have to put up with the same kind of BS we had to deal with under the evil King — forever.
Other people soon flocked to the new "land of the free" so that they could work and worship in a land based on tolerance, common-sense moral law and love for the brotherhood of man.
As a bonus, these new "Americans" could build out their own dreams (or fail, learn and try again) without having to serve under the unfair taxes and despotic control of a King and his thuggish tax collectors.
Meanwhile, the Spaniards were well underway with their near extinction of a number of South American societies and the conquest of that continent.
A lot of other stuff that happened after that. We had that tacky slavery thing where African tribal chiefs conquered neighboring tribes and sold the captured people to other Africans in America, starting the North American Slave Trade.
We bought the South Western part of the country from the.Mexicans and Louisiana from the French so that someday we could enjoy California Style Cajun Tacos. We then busied ourselves with the attempted genocide of the indigenous population.
We had more wars, a few of them were really bad. Earthquakes, fires, droughts and a really big depression happened. More wars happened and we dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan to put an end to one.
But that's enough history for now children. It would be a shame to spoil the lesson by entering into areas that are currently considered (by a few, loud extremists) to be so politically incorrect or socially intolerable that we shouldn't discuss them in polite company, or inside 'their safe space.'
(We'll explore hypocrisy in a future lesson.)
That's All For Now,
<– His Mark
Really Simple Early American History 100 — The Beginnings — 1 Comment
Steve Walsh on September 1, 2018 at 6:09 am said:
The phrase "gave them no say-so," above, is the entire reason for the "presentment" of the 5th Amendment. It gives Americans "say-so" over their governance.


text:
Twin Cities Daily Planet (https://www.tcdailyplanet.net/high-school-reform-horizon/)
High school reform on the horizon
By Linda Lincoln () | September 12, 2007
Changes could reroute students entering high schools by next year
With the beginning of the new school year, hundreds of ninth-graders in the Minneapolis Public Schools (MPS) district are taking the exciting but daunting step of beginning their high school careers. Their biggest worries are likely about making friends, wearing the right clothes and not getting lost in the hallways.
Parents and administrators have bigger concerns, however, because the Minneapolis school district is in the middle of a major high school reform process that will significantly change the way that students are assigned to high schools. Recommendations are expected this fall, and the changes will go into effect by the time this year's eighth-graders apply to high schools for the 2008–2009 school year.
According to Craig Vana, associate superintendent for high schools and alternative sites for MPS, the current reform process became necessary when the district learned its system for admitting students to high schools was out of compliance with federal guidelines.
The problem lies with the 23 small learning communities, or SLCs, that make up the programming at the seven Minneapolis high schools: Edison, Henry, North, Roosevelt, South, Southwest and Washburn. An SLC is designed to be a school within a school, offering students the chance to take courses from a specific team of teachers with a particular educational focus.
Examples of SLCs include the cosmetology program at Edison, the international baccalaureate (IB) program at Henry, the open program at South and the arts and humanities program at Southwest.
The goal is for students to be part of a smaller community, where they will receive more individual attention and support, rather than becoming lost in a large and impersonal high school setting. Every student has an SLC designation; incoming students apply to an SLC at a high school, not to the high school in general.
The problem is that in the past, each SLC was allowed to have admission requirements, such as grade point averages and attendance rates. In fall 2006, federal officials informed the district that these requirements put the district out of compliance with the terms of the federal grant that helps fund the SLCs, which amounts to approximately one million dollars a year.
The McKnight Foundation, which provides approximately $400,000 in SLC grant money annually to the district, also pointed out wide disparities in the quality of SLCs offered, strongly recommending that the district focus on providing more equitable programming and more rigorous academic offerings throughout the city.
Vana said the unintended effect of the SLC entrance requirements has been to segregate students. "The entrance criteria limited access to SLCs," he said. "Our own data showed that we were segregating a number of ethnic groups."
Without entrance requirements, and without a system of community schools where students in a specific area are automatically assigned to the closest school, the district needs to come up with a new process for assigning students to SLC programs. According to Vana, the new process will take several factors into consideration, the first being "academic pathways," which refers to the type of K–8 school or middle school from which the students are coming.
For example, the district would consider the South Open program to be a pathway for students coming from Marcy Open. Not all K-8 and middle school programs have pathways that clearly lead to an SLC, however. Community schools — like Folwell Middle School, for example — don't have a specific academic focus, and some magnet schools — such as Seward Montessori — don't lead to a specific SLC. Vana said an emphasis on pathways would mean that parents of younger students should think about their high school plans when selecting an elementary school for their children. "We need to help parents with that piece," he said.
In addition to pathways, the district will consider more clear-cut criteria, such as what attendance area a student lives in and whether the student already has a sibling attending a specific school. A reliance on attendance areas, however, might make some parents nervous, because Minneapolis has had an open enrollment policy in recent years, with 18 out of the 23 SLCs accepting students from across the city. Many families from Northeast Minneapolis, for example, currently send their children to the South Liberal Arts or Open programs, though they are technically in the Edison attendance area.
Before working out the specific details of the new admissions process — including the number of students admitted to each SLC — Vana said district officials are waiting to see what recommendations emerge from the district's current strategic planning process, which is being led by McKinsey & Co., an independent consultant. Vana said he expects that high school reform will be one of the main issues addressed, and the recommendations are expected to be presented to the school board for approval in October or November.
Vana did say, however, that the public should expect a greater emphasis on equity and academic rigor in SLCs across the city. Although there will no longer be entrance requirements, there will be expectations for staying in a specific program. "We're not going to water down IB or pre-engineering," he said. "The idea is to provide the educational rigor in every SLC so that every student, if they choose, can go on to postsecondary education."
That said, Vana emphasized that the public schools need to educate all children, regardless of their academic skills or performance. "The reality is that these are public schools, so we have to work with every kid," he said. "But if a student isn't meeting expectations in a specific SLC, there are people who can help him or her to make another choice." What there won't be, he said, is "a basket-weaving option so students can just slide through."
The district is also working on expanding programs popular at one school to other high school sites. There has been talk, for example, of expanding IB to Washburn and offering more advanced placement (AP) classes at North and Edison. The ultimate goal, said Vana, "is for every school to provide an equitable and excellent world-class education for every kid."
For more information about the district's strategic planning process, see the article on that topic in the August issue of The Bridge or online at www.readthebridge.info/node/2156.


This study explores graduates of a baccalaureate-level program in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Engineering Technology, and aims to determine the experience of graduates after they completed their degrees and began work in the field for which they were trained. The authors surveyed on-campus and on-line graduates, and their low response rate resulted in a non-representative sample. The authors found that graduates felt the program was useful in their employment, and that they had positive perceptions of the faculty and curriculum. The graduates also provided examples of how the program could have better prepared them for their careers.
Feutz, M., & Zinser, R.


Midst the 2018 heatwave it was off to Knuston for WD's annual residential event.
It was a pleasure to show people round and instructive to reflect how much our knowledge and understanding has come on over 8 years. In itself it shows that local heritage activism works.
We are making some progress toward a playable authentic version of this classic game.
Some aspects are timeless innovations that have become mainstream - other bits have fallen out of use as better systems have been devised ... nevertheless, this is where today's ancient wargame began.
In this play through, archery made a bigger than usual impact, none of the light troops running way, and a group of 3 elephants being shattered by bowshooting (2 elephants killed, the last being panicked and out of control - though, it must be said, it went on to do considerable damage albeit not under the direction of its notional commander!) ..
We also added some chariots into the mix (at the far end of the table) with mixed results.
A great stress buster of a weekend in what has become a hell of a year.


Plastic waste is a big problem, though one most consumers don't think about often or even periodically. Collectively, we "throw out" tons of junk garbage each and every year, and, it's got to go somewhere. Trouble is, with so many disposable products, it's very difficult to deal with all that waste. Junk removal services cart away sizeable loads on a daily basis, but, that only transfers plastic waste from one location to another. Currently, under 35 percent of households and fewer than 10 percent of businesses in the United States recycle, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. This is just one reason why it's important to know how to reduce plastic waste.
It takes only five plastic bottles to create enough fiber to manufacture a single square foot of carpet. The same number of plastic bottles is enough fiber to stuff a ski jacket full. American households throw out an astonishing 2.5 plastic bottles each and every year. If just a single ton of plastic were recycled, it would create enough energy generated by a two-person household for an entire year. Some junk is easy to deal with, like yard waste disposal. It can be used to compost, to create new items, or burned for warmth (provided it's not toxic or dangerous).
Shop with reusable bags. If you're wondering why retailers are turning to reusable bags away from plastic shopping bags, it's because of the sheer amount of waste generated. When you shop with reusable bags, you are lessening the amount of plastic waste and have less throw out.
Forgo drinking bottled water. We all know there's no magic in bottled water; in fact, the water coming out of your tap is probably just as good of quality as local municipalities have high standards. If you still want better water, use an insulated container and fill it with filtered water.
Buy regular household needs in bulk. While it's convenient to buy small units, it creates more waste in your home to throw away. To save money and make fewer trips to the store, buy products in bulk. It's less expensive and creates less plastic waste in your household.
Purchase boxed products rather than bottled. If you have the option to buy boxed products instead of bottled products, do so and reduce plastic waste. When you purchase boxed products, it's easier to recycle and/or dispose of cardboard over plastic.
When you have a lot of plastic waste and need to dispose of it without any hassle, just phone 800-433-1094 or visit Junk Garbage Removal. We not only provide plastic waste disposal, but also, many other services, such as appliance removal and total property clean outs.


A longtime Kennedy supporter, Reid was a Texas campaign volunteer in 1960. He also filmed President Kennedy's arrival at Dallas Love Field on November 22, 1963. Over the next decade, he took numerous photographs and home movies in Dealey Plaza. Recorded April 24, 1996.
Mr. Reid passed away on March 15, 1999.