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Older lesbians and gay men: Long-term care issues
Harriet Cohen
L.C. Curry
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C.A. Walker
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Many health and social service providers lack awareness of and knowledge about the long-term care (LTC) needs of the lesbian and gay population, about how to provide culturally-sensitive and affirming services and programs, and about ways to increase accessibility and acceptability of LTC options for lesbian and gay older adults. This article reviews the history of oppression experienced by lesbians and gay men, what is known about them, and issues for consideration by staff in LTC facilities. A life course perspective provides the conceptual framework for understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by older lesbians and gay men in LTC. Recommendations are provided to combat heterosexist assumptions and enhance culturally competent care.
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2 Annals of Long-Term Care February 2008
Recognizing and responding to the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
elders will promote better services for ALL elders because it promotes sensitivity and
respect for diversity in all its aspects, as well as creating a space where sexuality and
aging in general can be explored and discussed.
—Quam (n.d.)
Similar to other aging Americans who are constrained by ageist stereotyping
and misconceptions, older lesbians and gay men face such problems as loss of fam-
ily and friends, health concerns, increased isolation from community, fear of
dependency, and reduced income.1Older lesbians and gay men may experience
additional challenges as they approach mainstream health and social service agen-
cies and programs. As young and middle-aged adults, lesbians and gay men expe-
rienced structural and institutional homophobia, heterosexism, and anti-gay vio-
lence in healthcare, housing, employment ,and civil rights.2Nowas older adults,
they also experience inequality and disparity because of unequal coverage for same-
sex couples under policies regulating Social Security and private pension plans.3
When the caregiving needs of older lesbian and gay men can no longer be met
bytrusted partners, friends, and relatives, they may be reluctant to access tradi-
tional community-based and institutional long-term care(LTC) services.4
Unrecognized caregiving needs, concerns about affordable housing, and real or
anticipated homophobia and heterosexist attitudes byagency staff in LTC facili-
ties further marginalize older lesbians and gay men5and can compromise their
quality of care.
Current demographic trends reveal that the U.S. population is aging. The gay
and lesbian population over 65 is also aging,6and by 2030, there will be 4-6 mil-
lion older lesbian, gay, and bisexual people.7This approximation is conservative
because neither the U.S. Census Bureau nor other population studies ask about
sexual orientation. Based on the commonly used estimate that 3-5% of the older
population utilizes nursing home care8by 2030, between 120,000 to 300,000
older lesbians and gay men will reside in nursing homes across the United States,
while others will reside in the community with the support and assistance of
friends, family, and utilization of health, social service, and community-based
LTC services.
Although there is a lack of information about specific demographic character-
istics of this population, what is known is that this older lesbian and gay popula-
tion is heterogeneous. In addition to cultural, ethnic, and racial diversity, older
lesbians and gay men differ in other factors such as education, income, abilities,
history of partnerships (including previous heterosexual marriage), length of cur-
Older Lesbians and Gay Men:
Long-Term Care Issues
Harriet L. Cohen, PhD, LCSW, Linda Cox Curry, PhD, RN, David Jenkins, PhD, LCSW,
Charles A. Walker, PhD, RN, and Mildred O. Hogstel, PhD, RN, BC
Dr. Cohen is Assistant Professor,
Dr. Curry is Professor, Dr. Jenkins is
Associate Professor, Dr. Walker
is Associate Professor, and Dr.
Hogstel is Professor Emeritus,
Harris College, Texas Christian
University, Fort Worth, TX.
Many health and social service
providers lack awareness of and
knowledge about the long-term
care (LTC) needs of the lesbian and
gay population, about how to provide
culturally-sensitive and affirming
services and programs, and about
ways to increase accessibility and
acceptability of LTC options for les-
bian and gay older adults. This arti-
cle reviews the history of oppression
experienced by lesbians and gay
men, what is known about them,
and issues for consideration by
staff in LTC facilities.Alifecourse
perspectiveprovides the conceptu-
al framework for understanding the
challenges and opportunities faced
byolder lesbians and gaymen in LTC.
Recommendations are provided to
combat heterosexist assumptions and
enhance culturally competent care.
(Annals of Long-Term Care: Clinical
Care and Aging 2008;16[2]:xx-xx)
Lesbians and Gay Men
rent or past same-sex relationships, children, age and
experience of coming out, and the degree of identification
as gay or lesbian.9The life course perspective emphasizes
the diversity of life paths of individuals and recognizes the
impact of historical events on age cohorts.10 Regardless of
their diversity, older lesbians and gay men share a com-
mon history of discrimination, such as rejection, oppres-
sion, invisibility, and threats of violence.11
History of Oppression
Older lesbians and gay men are sometimes referred to
as the "pre-liberation" generation who were labeled "sick
by doctors, immoral by clergy, unfit by the military, and
amenace by the police."12 For them the "the heavy moral,
social and legal injunctions against homosexuality have
weighed heavily."13 Hutchinson10 emphasizes that the life
course perspective links childhood and adolescent experi-
ences with later experiences in adulthood. Heterosexism
or homophobia created hostile environments for lesbians
and gays in the past, and these forms of oppression still
permeate our society and affect the quality of life of older
lesbians and gay men.
Heterosexism is a system of beliefs and attitudes "that
denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual
form of behavior, identity, relationship or community."11
Homophobia is an irrational fear and hatred of people
because of their sexual orientation.14 Inaddition to expe-
riencing homophobia and heterosexism in the larger com-
munity,older lesbians and gay men often confront ageism
in the lesbian and gay community.15Although society is
moreopen and accepting of sexual diversity than before
the Gay Liberation Movement began in the early 1970s,
older lesbians and gay men may still carryscars from their
experience of discrimination and stigmatization.16
Marginalized in Healthcare and
Many health and social service providers lack aware-
ness of and knowledge about long-term care needs of the
lesbian and gay population, about how to provide cultur-
ally sensitive and affirming services and programs, and
about ways to increase accessibility and acceptability of
long-term care options for lesbian and gay older adults.
The needs of older gay men who Berger17 referred to as
"gay and gray" and older lesbians who Kehoe18 called the
"triple invisible minority" (female, old, gay) have been
excluded from research and practice.1Anti-gay bias has
been recognized by the Gay & Lesbian Medical
Association since 1994, when medical professionals and
students reported hearing negative and disparaging com-
ment about lesbians, gay,bisexuals and transgender peo-
ple.19 As a result, older lesbian and gay adults may mis-
trust the health, social service, and aging services delivery
network, and may refuse or be reluctant to access them20
even when their health and safety is at risk.
Victimization of older adults, including elder abuse
(physical, emotional, sexual), financial exploitation, neg-
lect, and abandonment, is perpetrated by spouses, part-
ners, adult children and staff in LTC facilities, and it has
been documented in the gerontological literature.8What
has not been researched is "victimization based on sexual
orientation [as] an additional form of elder abuse that can
occur simultaneously with other types of elder abuse."2
The fear of discrimination and disclosure, plus the risk of
victimization, may increase the vulnerability of older les-
bians and gay men.
Marginalized in Research
Agrowing, but limited, body of research on older les-
bians and gay men has begun to emerge; however,most
studies utilizesmall samples, are nonrepresentative, do
not reflect ethnic and racial diversity,and recruit from
gay-friendly religious and social organizations.16 The
research has been criticized for its attention to upper-
middle-class, white, well-educated gay men who are
active in the gay community.21 Other methodological
issues, such as inconsistency in defining age cohorts22 and
failure of researchers to employ strategies to ensure valid-
ity and reliability, have created additional challenges in
research with older lesbians and gay men.
Research findings for some diverse groups are avail-
able. For example, cancer rates differ for heterosexual
African-American and white women. Breast cancer is the
most commonly diagnosed cancer for all heterosexual
women in the United States; however, the second most
commonly diagnosed cancer for African-American
women is colon and rectum cancer, while white women
are more often diagnosed with lung cancer. Research is
desperately needed to ascertain the cancer diagnosis rate
and effectiveprevention strategies for lesbians, who may
have never given birth, used oral contraceptives, or even
had regular physician exams.7
Annals of Long-Term Care February 2008 3
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Research about lesbians and gay men has previously
lacked funding and recognition by the mainstream
research community.23 In March 2006, however, the
Department of Health and Human Services, through the
National Institute of Mental Health, released a Program
Announcement (RO1) inviting grant applications under
the category"Health Research with Diverse Populations,"
which included research affecting the health of lesbian
and gay men and related populations. Including lesbians
and gay men as a research population is an important step
forward by the federal government. Nonetheless, there are
many challenges in applying and receiving federal fund-
ing for what many gerontologists viewas a politically con-
troversial, special interest or fringe group.
What WeKnow About Older Lesbians
and Gay Men
As with older adults, myths and stereotypes about
older lesbians and gay men reflect negativecharacteristics,
such as loneliness, lack of companionship,dissatisfaction
with their lives, and absence of satisfying sexual relation-
ships.23 Current research indicates that older lesbians and
gays are less likely to be living with life partners or their
children and are more likely to live alone than their het-
erosexual counterparts.7Although they are more likely to
live alone, they do not necessarily report feeling lonely
and isolated. In contrast to the myth of loneliness, older
lesbians and gay men are no lonelier than their heterosex-
ual counterparts or younger lesbians and gay men. Social
networks, sometimes called "family of friends" or "fami-
lies of choice" that older lesbians and gay men have devel-
oped may provide a buffer during times of loss and need.14
Studies of older gay men17 and older lesbians24 show that
they desirecompanionship and involvement in satisfying
sexual relationships, as do heterosexual people.
Common Fears
Recent studies describe the health, social service, and
LTC needs of older lesbians and gay men in various geo-
graphic locations: Chicago,25 Canada,26 rural Maine,27
California,22 and mid-Atlantic states.28 The locality in
which these studies were conducted differed but two
themes emerged consistently: Fear of discrimination and
fear of disclosure prevented utilization of needed services.
Although no studies explore how older lesbians and gay
men negotiate their multiple identities when they transi-
tion from the community to LTC, fear of discrimination
and fear of disclosure might well apply to this population
as they access LTC and or move into LTC facilities. Studies
reveal that some older lesbians and gay men are willing to
access generic health and LTC services through mainstream
organizations when the aging service network is aware,
understands, and is prepared to meet their unique needs.29
Because culturally sensitive services are not consistent-
ly available, the importance of partners and friends is
underestimated or ignored, and older lesbians and gay
men do not seek or receive needed services. Some older
lesbians and gay men may chose to move to an exclusive
lesbian and gay retirement community; however, many
will havereasons to stay in their local communities
because of financial resources, straight friends or cowork-
ers, family members, or lack of desire to live in a segregat-
ed community.
Innegotiating between the heterosexual society and the
homosexual community,some older lesbians and gay men
havedeveloped "crisis competence"30 or "stigma manage-
ment"28as they havelearned to address the environmental
pressures in their lives. While many older gay men and les-
bians are"described as psychologically well adjusted,
vibrant, and growing older successfully,"1some struggle
with their aging. A lack of research about the health con-
cerns of lesbians and gay men contributes to these struggles.
In fact, except for HIV, healthcare issues among midlife and
older lesbians and gay men urgently need attention.
Despite the victimization, many lesbians and gay men
have learned ways to master the minority stress and
stigmatization imposed by the external environment. They
develop internal resources and external supports, leading
to resiliency.20 Yet some of their adaptive coping mecha-
nisms that served as protective factors when they were
younger—avoiding identification of themselves and their
partners to others, avoiding identification with the lesbian
and gay communities, and avoiding services—may not be
life-affirming as they get older.31 The decision to conceal
one's sexual orientation, based on fear and anxiety, may
prevent them from receiving appropriate services.
Retreat to the Closet
Like older adults in general, older lesbians and gay
men may struggle with developmental tasks associated
with successful aging, such as claiming pride with their
life's accomplishments, finding meaning in their lives,
and engaging in social and productive activities.11Because
of the limitations on aging services that address the spe-
cialized needs of older lesbians and gays; however, many
hide their sexual orientation when they are faced with
dependency on agencies and services. The concern that
these experiences and threats of prejudice, marginaliza-
tion, and physical harm will persist and affect their qual-
ity of care is increased.
Older lesbians and gay men "often find themselves
having to [go] back into hiding,"26when they became ill,
vulnerable, and dependent on others.2The decision to
return or not to return to the closet demonstrates the
interplay between human lives and historical times,
human agency in decision making, the diversity of the life
experiences, and the impact of earlier events and transi-
tions on current and future transitions10,32,33,which are
themes reflected in the life course perspective.
It is particularly troubling when older lesbians and gay
men, who havepreviously lived fully or partially open lives,
decide they must hide a critical part of their identity, i.e.
their sexual orientation, in order to feel physically and
emotionally safe in nursing homes, assisted living facilities
or retirement communities.34,35 Concealing their sexual
identity limits lesbians and gay men's ability to integrate
their life experiences across their lifespan and to make
meaning of their lives. This concealment creates a potential
tension because if previously open older lesbians and gay
men decide to retreat to the closet to feel safe, then cultur-
ally competent health and social service practitioners can-
not address the challenges and barriers facing them.
Although it is not clear whether the retreat to the clos-
et is internally or externally motivated,35 many older les-
bians and gay men fear homophobic attitudes from staff
and other residents, and as a result, their needs may go
unrecognized.4Even those "who had open relationships,
who were active in the community, and who were com-
fortable with their identity were often unwilling to open
themselves up to additional vulnerabilities that accompa-
ny coming out."15 Examples of homophobia among nurs-
ing home staff include refusal to bath "the lesbian" and
workers threatening to reveal a resident's lesbian identity
to other residents and to staff.3Alifelong relationship
may be negated during a medical crisis, when gay couples
are separated into different nursing homes, without
regard for their long term relationship.36
Other lesbians and gay men agonize about accessing
LTC services "because they worry that their integrity and
their life choices will not be honored …and their long
term partnerships may not be recognized or valued."11
Same-sex partners are often denied visitation privileges in
hospitals and LTC facilities and chosen families are often
excluded from making decisions about an older lesbian or
gay man's care in LTC facilities.29 In fact, "people have
been prepared to die at home without sufficient care,
rather than go back into the closet in order to enter an
otherwise appropriate nursing home setting."37
Long-Term Care: Challenges and
While for many ethnic individuals and heterosexuals,
the family of origin serves as a protection against an
oppressive society, some lesbians and gay men have found
their home and nuclear family a place of rejection and
hostility.As a result, lesbians and gay men havelikely
developed a networkof close friends or chosen families of
choice to whom they can turn when in need,31 but "soci-
ety has not always acknowledged the importance of these
"chosen families."38 Therefore, it is imperativefor health
carepractitioners to understand that a move to a nursing
home for an older lesbian and gay man may mean the loss
of a supportivecommunity,making it more difficult to
adjust to the new, and potentially hostile, environment.
In addition to social discrimination, this population
faces income discrimination in the form of unequal finan-
cial factors, such as retirement income, Social Security,
private pensions, and Medicaid. Older lesbians and gay
men are not eligible for the Social Security survivor ben-
efits when a loved one dies.39 Although some older les-
bians and gay men may be covered under domestic part-
ner benefits for health care, they are not eligible to receive
retirement benefits or Medicaid spousal impoverishment
protection.28
Ethical Mandates
Social workers, nurses, and LTC administrators have
an ethical responsibility to treat all people with respect
and dignity. In the state of Texas, LTC administrators are
governed by directives from the Department of Aging and
Disability Services (DADS). DADS mandates continuing
education for LTC administrators and requires annual
continuing education content on business and manage-
ment practices, resident care, and ethics. Tolerance for
resident and family diversity is highlighted.
Social work's core values of service, social justice, digni-
ty and worth of the person; importance of human relation-
ships; and integrity and competence mandate that social
workers adhere to ethical standards in practice, research,
and education. Through the more recent versions of the
Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and
Accreditation Standards40 and the National Association of
Social Work Code of Ethics,41 the profession of social work
has reaffirmed its devotion to addressing issues of social
justice associated with sexual orientation.42
Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the
American Association of College of Nursing (AACN)
supportethical nursing practice. The first of nine revi-
sions in the ANA Code of Ethics emphasizes "compassion
and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique-
ness of every individual" (Retrieved July 25, 2006,
www.nursingworld.org/ethics/chcode.htm). Core profes-
sional values cited in the AACN Essentials of
Baccalaureate Education include altruism, autonomy,
human dignity, integrity, and social justice. Core knowl-
edge required for professional nursing practice includes
human diversity and lifestyle variations in which the pro-
fessional nurse is a client advocate, sensitive to the needs
of individual patients or vulnerable populations.43
From the brief descriptions above, it is clear that LTC
administrators, social workers and nurses are required to
achieve similar ethical competencies related to marginal-
ized and vulnerable clients. However, some providers may
not be aware of the heterosexual assumptions and homo-
phobia that construct barriers to welcoming and inclusive
services and settings for older lesbians and gay men or
may not have thought about these issues previously.
Affirming Practices
An organizational approach for mainstream health and
social service agencies and LTC facilities to demonstrate
affirming practice is developing "statements of nondis-
crimination that include sexual orientation"44,which can
affect agency policy and practice. Healy14identifies four
guidelines for providing culturally sensitive services:
awareness, combat heterosexist assumptions, learn about
culturally competent practice, and utilizeinclusivelan-
guage and actions for culturally sensitiveaffirmativeprac-
tice. Anetzberger45 suggests initiating conversations with
staff and administrators about gay and lesbian issues that
may affect quality of careand providing a "mechanism for
hearing directly from older gays and lesbians regarding
what they perceiveas their needs, concerns, issues and
service preferences.43 Other recommendations can be
found in Table I.
While communities, policy makers, and health and
social service organizations struggle with how to prepare
for the increasing demands of an aging population, more
research is needed to better understand the challenges and
barriers experienced by of older lesbians and gays in
accessing and utilizing LTC. Because of the heterosexist
and hostile environment that existed for this population
when they were younger, and may still exist for many
older members of the lesbian and gay populations, it is
imperative that researchers and practitioners adhere to
their profession's guidelines for cultural competency.
Most significant is the protection of these individuals
from exploitation and harm while participating in
research projects.
Cultural sensitivity training for LTC facility staff, resi-
dents and their families can assist LTC facilities to pro-
Table: Affirming Practice with
Older Lesbian and Gay Adults:
Recommendations for Aging, Health,
and Long-Term Care Practitioners
•Do not assume heterosexuality. Use "partner" rather
than "spouse" or "marital status" on the intake form.
Pay attention to the name or pronoun of the significant
others in the person's life.
•Understand that lesbian and gay couples are not
covered by many legal rights and privileges available
to heterosexual couples. Encourage lesbians and gay
men to complete advance directives and other legal
documents recognized in their states.
•Challenge negative and derogatory comments.
•Avoid focusing solely on the client's sexual orientation
or gender identity.
•Understand the person's history of discrimination and
oppression, and how that has impacted beliefs,
attitudes, and behaviors.
•Be aware of your own internal prejudices, and ask
others to help you address your personal questions,
fears, and concerns.
•Acknowledge the diversity within the lesbian and gay
•Develop a list of local resources for lesbian and gay
clients.
•Be aware that lesbians and gaymen mayhavecreated
"chosen families" who maynot be biologically or legally
related, but are veryimportant sources of supportand
assistance.
•Start with a strengths perspective, and recognize the
resiliency that older lesbians and gay men have
developed in response to a hostile environment.
•Become an advocate and confront people when they
makederogatory comments.
•Develop lesbian- and gay-affirming staff development
for all staff.
vide an environment where older lesbians and gay men do
not need to fear or to hide, but can experience the same
quality of life of older adults in general. More research
and practice strategies are necessary to insure the presence
of ethical policies and practices ending discrimination
against older lesbians and gay men and create welcoming
and affirming environments, positively affecting the dig-
nity of and respect for all older adults.
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45. Anetzberger GJ, Ishler KJ, Mostade J, Blair M. Gray and gay: A community dia-
logue on the issues and concerns of older gays and lesbians. Journal of Gay &
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46. Martin J,Meezan W. Applying ethical standards to research and evaluations
involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. Journal of Gay &
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... This made it possible to identify the final 42 articles meeting the objective of this scoping review. Of these 42 articles, 19 were reviews: 14 non-systematic narrative reviews (20,23,24,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38), 1 systematic narrative review (39), 2 critical reviews (3, 5), 1 descriptive review (40), and 1 concept analysis article (41). A further 16 of the articles consisted of original research: 10 used qualitative methods (16,17,(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49); 4 were based on quantitative methods (21,(50)(51)(52), and 2 used mixed methods (53,54). ...
... Others explored the experience and needs of LGBTQ+ older adults in relation to health care services (23,28,31,34,41). Some of the study aims placed greater emphasis on the particular aspect of the clinical practice of nurses working with LGBTQ+ older adults to be taken into consideration, such as: the consequences of the history of oppression of these individuals on their health (29), sociolegal aspects in residential care facilities (36), making nursing education programs more inclusive of LGBTQ+ older adults (32), promoting nursing science research on healthcare issues for LGBTQ+ older adults who remain invisible (5), highlighting the transformative leadership of nurse administrators in the advocacy of LGBTQ+ older adults (3), exploring the attitudes that nurses and other members of the care team have toward older gay and lesbian people (24), and finally, making health care services more inclusive and culturally safe for LGBTQ+ older adults through the lens of "cultural safety," a concept often studied among indigenous people in New Zealand (38). ...
Recommendations for nursing LGBTQ+ older adults: A scoping review
Samy Taha
Amélie Blanchet Garneau
Laurence Bernard
Background: The older population is growing. One particular group among this population, LGBTQ+ [1] older adults, are sometimes discriminated against by health care professionals. In this context, this scoping review sought to describe the extent of knowledge about nursing practice among LGBTQ+ older adults and to summarize the implications for clinical nursing practice. Method: The scoping review method that uses the framework set out by Peters et al. from the Joanna Briggs Institute was adopted. Results: The recommendations for nursing LGBTQ+ older adults were grouped into five key areas: raise awareness of the existence of LGBTQ+ older adults, their historical context, and their experiences of health care; refrain from heterocissexist and heterocisnormative preconceptions by adopting inclusive language and an open-minded attitude; support LGBTQ+ older adults and their caregivers or family of choice; create a safe and confidential environment; and finally, promote the inclusion of LGBTQ+ older adults in the health care system. Conclusion: The results could be used by nurses and other health care professionals to optimize the quality of care for LGBTQ+ older adults and to promote their inclusion.
... Las consecuencias de esta situación para los residentes LGBT son claras: gran parte de ellos escogen 'volver al armario' cuando ingresan en una residencia por temor a ser discriminados. Es decir, quizá muchas décadas de vivir su identidad y orientación sexual de manera abierta en la comunidad, entrar en la residencia es un paso atrás dramático y un recorte drástico de derechos (Cohen, Curry, Jenkins Walker, & Hogstel, 2008;Johnson et al., 2005). El temor a revelar la identidad sexual no sólo tiene efectos en el ámbito de los derechos, sino que puede implicar consecuencias negativas para el funcionamiento psicológico y la salud mental (Beals, Peplau, & Gable, 2009;Bybee, Sullivan, Zielonka, & Moes, 2009). ...
Personas Mayores LGBT que Viven en Instituciones de Cuidado: Desafíos y Barreras para el Mantenimiento de Derechos Sexuales
Feliciano Villar
Josep Faba
Rodrigo Serrat
Montserrat Celdrán
El derecho a la libre expresión de la identidad y orientación sexual de las personas mayores que viven en entornos institucionales se ve sometido a una serie de desafíos específicos que lo ponen en riesgo. El objetivo del artículo es identificar y reflexionar sobre esos desafíos y reflexionar sobre medidas para atenuarlos o eliminarlos. Para ello se describe el contexto de estigma sexual asociado al colectivo LGTB, y como puede verse agravado entre los mayores. A continuación, se comentan los temores y expectativas que presentan los mayores LGTB respecto al cuidado institucional, así como las actitudes hacia los miembros de ese colectivo tanto de los profesionales como de los residentes heterosexuales. Finalmente, se plantean diversas propuestas para garantizar los derechos sexuales de las personas LGTB que viven en instituciones.
... Specifically, they fear being neglected, judged, or abused by health care providers (Barbara, Quandt, & Anderson, 2001;Brotman, Ryan, & Cormier, 2003), or being rejected or ostracized by other residents (Stein, Beckerman, & Sherman, 2010). This may lead many of them to "go back into the closet" when entering a LTCF, even if they had been open about their sexual identity when living in the community (Cohen, Curry, Jenkins, Walker, & Hogstel, 2008;Johnson et al., 2005). This fear of disclosing one's sexual identity has been found to lead to negative consequences for psychological functioning and mental health (Beals, Peplau, & Gable, 2009;Bybee, Sullivan, Zielonka, & Moes, 2009), and it may result in even stronger feelings of isolation and loss than those that commonly accompany institutionalization (Stein et al., 2010). ...
Disclosing a LGB Sexual Identity When Living in an Elderly Long-Term Care Facility: Common and Best Practices
M. Teresa Martínez
This study aims at exploring staff perceptions of common and best practices toward a situation in which an older resident discloses their non-heterosexual sexual identity, differentiating between gay men, lesbians and bisexuals. A total of 2,254 staff members from 96 Spanish long-term care facilities took part in the study. They were asked about what do they think most of their workmates would do and what they think should be done in a situation in which an older resident discloses his/her non-heterosexual sexual orientation. The results indicate that, in general, staff's attitudes to non-heterosexual older residents' disclosure of their sexual identity are quite tolerant and open. However, differences in staff perceptions of common and best practices indicate that there is still potential for improvement. Results underline that factors such as residents' sexual identity (and particularly, bisexuality), generation, professional position and the prevailing model of care influence staff responses.
... Only~50% expressed confidence that healthcare providers would 'treat them with dignity and respect' [10]. Given that over 120 000 LGBT seniors will be living in nursing homes by 2030 [20], future physicians must be aware that real or anticipated fear of discrimination exists, and may lead to fear of disclosure and additional unmet healthcare needs. ...
Addressing the healthcare needs of older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender patients in medical school curricula: a call to action
Med Educ Online
Sophie M. Cannon
Vipul Shukla
Allison Vanderbilt
Medical students matriculating in the coming years will be faced with treating an expansive increase in the population of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients. While these patients face healthcare concerns similar to their non-LGBT aging peers, the older LGBT community has distinct healthcare needs and faces well-documented healthcare disparities. In order to reduce these healthcare barriers, medical school curricula must prepare and educate future physicians to treat this population while providing high quality, culturally-competent care. This article addresses some of the unique healthcare needs of the aging LGBT population with an emphasis on social concerns and healthcare disparities. It provides additional curricular recommendations to aid in the progressive augmentation of medical school curricula. Abbreviations: Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME); LGBT: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender
... As a result, it is expected that the number of LGB individuals entering LTC facilities will increase, due to not only the large size of the generation but also a greater likelihood of LGB older adults being open about their sexual orientation (Doll, 2012). Specifically, Cohen, Curry, Jenkins, Walker, and Hogstel (2008) estimated that roughly 120,000-300,000 older LGB adults will reside within nursing homes by 2030. This highlights the need for developing a better understanding of older adult sexuality, particularly among LGB adults. ...
Staff Member Reactions to Same-Gender, Resident-to-Resident Sexual Behavior Within Long-Term Care Facilities
Andrew Ahrendt
Eric Sprankle
Alex Kuka
Keagan McPherson
The current study assesses ageism and heterosexism relating to older adult sexual activity within long-term care facilities. To assess caregiver reactions, 153 residential care facility staff members read one of three vignettes. Each vignette described a scenario in which a staff member walks in on two residents (male/female, male/male, or female/female) engaging in sexual activity. Although no main effects were discovered for vignette type, exploratory analyses revealed that the facility where participants were employed was significantly related to their ratings of approval. Furthermore, an interaction effect between vignette and facility types was also discovered for caregivers' approval of sexual activity among residents. Additionally, a strong overall approval rating of older adult sexuality was reported by staff members. The results of this study warrant that further research is necessary regarding older adults' perception of caregiver bias, as well as further investigation of caregivers' perceptions of older adults' sexual activity.
... The literature related to aging-related community needs and services addressed caregiving (Hash, 2001(Hash, , 2006, housing (Cahill & South, 2002;Chandler et al., 2005;de Vries, 2006;Hamburger, 1997;Lucco, 1987), and long-term and end-of-life care (Cohen, Curry, Jenkins, Walker, & Hogstel, 2008;Connolly, 1996;Jackson, 2008;Smolinski & Colon, 2006;Stein & Bonuck, 2001). Fredriksen-Goldsen and Muraco (2006) suggested that many of the concerns of older gay men parallel those concerns of their heterosexual counterparts (Friend, 1991;Grossman et al., 2001;A. ...
Aging Gay Men: A Review of the Literature
Eric Fenkl
The population of older Americans is growing, as is the population of older Americans who identify as gay or lesbian. It has been estimated that by 2030, one in five Americans will be age 65 or older, with approximately four million of those individuals identifying themselves as gay or lesbian. Even by the most conservative estimates, this indicates that approximately 1.2 to 1.4 million of those individuals will be older gay men. Despite these significant shifts in population, reports show that a more contemporary appraisal of the needs of older gay men is warranted. Additional inquiry into the needs of older gay men was further validated in 2011 by the landmark report released by the Institute of Medicine that called attention to health disparities often encountered by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. In an effort to more fully understand the state of the science related to aging among older gay men, an integrated literature review was conducted. The purpose of this article is to present this literature review of aging among gay men within an established framework that can facilitate and guide further research inquiry.
Addressing the health needs of older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults
M.J. Simone
J.S. Appelbaum
Quality of sexual life of nursing home residents
A. Dupras
The goal of this review article is to discuss the meanings and the functions of sexuality of older adults living in nursing homes and to increase awareness of staff and family members to these issues. Although nursing homes are increasingly recognized as provider of sexual health services, there is evidence that a majority of residents do not receive the services. The article tackles the subject of the sexual well-being of nursing home residents by proposing theoretic and practical tools in order to guide professional interventions. Sexology may contributes to enhance quality of sexual life by helping nursing homes to ensure the physical, psychological and social well-being of their residents with regards to sexuality. They can achieve this goal by integrating sexual rights in the cultural change movement of nursing homes. The sexual modernization of nursing homes is described first by specifying the project's purpose with the presentation of the historical and social context, second by observing the present situation with a description of the attitudes and behaviors of residents and staff, third by choosing strategies for change such as setting a general goal that must be clarified in a sexuality policy and a staff training program, preserving sexual identity of residents entering institution, and finally establishing a research structure. It is concluded that listening to sexual needs of residents is necessary for the enhancement of their quality of sexual life.
Changing the Culture of Long-Term Care: Combating Heterosexism
Online J Issues Nurs
Susan V Schwinn
Shirley Dinkel
The purpose of this article is to describe how heterosexism impedes the provision of culturally competent care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) residents in long-term care (LTC) facilities. LTC facilities continue to employ staff members who lack an understanding of sexuality and sexual diversity in the elderly. In this article, we identify the heterosexual assumption, namely heterosexism, as the primary issue surrounding the holistic care of the LGBTQ elder in LTC. We first review the literature related to LGBTQ elders in LTC facilities, identifying the themes that emerged from the review, specifically the definitions of homophobia and heterosexism; perceptions of LGBTQ elders as they consider placement in LTC facilities; and staff knowledge of and biases toward sexuality and sexual diversity in LTC settings. Then, we suggest approaches for changing the culture of LTC to one in which LGBTQ elders feel safe and valued, and conclude by considering how facility leaders are in a unique position to enable LGBTQ elders to flourish in what may be their last home.
Considerations for Sexuality Education and Services for LGB Elders
Am J Sex Educ
Julie Chaya
Donna J. Bernert
Sexuality education and health services for elderly individuals who reside in care settings (e.g., assisted living facilities, nursing homes, retirement communities) have received limited attention in the professional literature. However, the lack of sexual health promotion practices in elder care facilities can be detrimental to older adults' overall health and quality of life. Barriers to sexuality education services for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) elders are explored and include history of LGB equality in the United States and lack of social support, as well as discrimination among formal care facilities and health care professionals. The Community Readiness Model (CRM) is proposed for addressing these barriers. The purpose of the CRM is to assess readiness characteristics of a community before program implementation and then build capacity with programming in that community for support and education. Sexuality educators currently have the opportunity to develop and implement sexual health education and promotion resources that can potentially improve the quality of life for LGB individuals transitioning into the latter stages of the life course.
Social Services for Senior Gay Men and Lesbians
Jean K Quam
Psychosocial support for families of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people
Y.C. Padilla
V.C. Aravena
Physical and mental health of older lesbian, gay and bisexual adults
Arnold H. Grossman
7. The Victimization of Older LGBT Adults: Patterns, Impact, and Implications for Intervention: Research and Clinical Perspectives
Kimberly Balsam
Anthony R. D'Augelli
Services for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults
Bradley D. Zodikoff
This chapter presents an overview of community-based social services for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults. It focuses specifically on service delivery issues with respect to LGBT older adults. Beginning with a discussion of the specific service concerns of the LGBT older adult population, drawing from current research, the chapter describes the availability of services for LGBT older adults across the country, including information to assist providers in locating existing services in their own communities. It highlights key practice principles for working with LGBT older adults and for promoting LGBT-sensitive services within mainstream organizations. Finally, it identifies selected policy issues that directly affect the health and well-being of LGBT older adults and their families.
Older Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgender Persons
Sandra S Butler
Although the experience of aging for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) individuals is in many regards indistinguishable from that of their non-GLBT counterparts, there are nonetheless special circumstances and a history of discrimination that bear noting when working with this population. There is considerable diversity within the GLBT community itself. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender elders vary in characteristics such as cultural, ethnic, or racial identity; physical ability; income; education; history of marriage and/or child rearing; and place of residence. They also vary in terms of the degree to which their GLBT identities are central to their own self-definition, and their level of affiliation with other GLBT individuals and organizations. This chapter examines social work practice with GLBT older adults. The purpose is to introduce practitioners to information and resources so that they might better serve older GLBT individuals. It begins by tracing some of the historical events and circumstances that have shaped the lives of the current cohort of GLBT elders. The invisibility of GLBT elders will be discussed next, a phenomenon that has resulted from a history of discrimination and oppression. GLBT elders bring certain unique strengths to the aging process; they also face some particular challenges. These are outlined, along with suggested practice guidelines.
Handbook of child psychology. Theoretical models of human development
G.H. Elder Jr
M.J. Shanahan
Gay and Gray: The Older Homosexual Man.
CONTEMP SOCIOL
Barry D. Adams
Raymond M. Berger
Gay and Lesbian Aging: Current Perspectives and Future Directions for Social Work Practice and Research
FAM SOC
Peter Donahue
Lynn Mcdonald
For many years in social work, as in many other professions and disciplines, very little was known about gay men and lesbians. There was an even greater dearth of knowledge regarding gay men and lesbians as they move through the aging process. Social work has been criticized for its ignorance, intolerance, and insensitivity in this area. Following the Stonewall Riots in 1969, there was an emergence of both interest and research into homosexuality and, subsequently, homosexuality and aging. The authors critically examine the current status of social work regarding practice and research with older gays and lesbians and presents recommendations for both practice and research.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Aging Research and Clinical Perspectives
Douglas Kimmel
Tara Rose
Steven David
Reconstructing Identity After Trauma
Thomas E Smith
Marianne Yoshioka
Sandra A. Zygarlicki
Report on innovations
HOW LIFE COURSE DYNAMICS MATTER FOR PRECARITY IN LATER LIFE
Richard A. Settersten
This presentation examines precarity and aging through a life course lens. It uses three central dimensions to conceptualize precarity in later life: (1) time (e.g., linked to earlier life periods), (2) domains (e.g., linked to experiences and statuses in education, work, family, health, or wealth), and (3) levels (e.g., linked to individual, relational, institutional, demographic or historical ... [Show full abstract] experiences). Empirical illustrations reveal five important lessons: that precarity often (1) has spillover effects across time, domains, and levels; (2) has social origins and consequences, bringing potential malleability and openness to intervention; (3) is felt acutely in and expressed through social relationships, making it an interpersonal phenomenon; (4) is experienced in distinct ways for women and men and members of distinct social groups; and (5) is associated with social inequalities, meaning that some of its causes, as well as protections against it, stem from the welfare state, thus making it a political phenomenon.
Employing Mexican American Folklore as an Educational Tool to Teach Cultural Competence
April 2019 · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education
Leyla Feize
Denise Longoria
Alfredo Fernandez
The goal of this research was to explore Mexican American cultural elements through folklore as a way of addressing cultural competence. Content analysis of 21 stories, which were collected from Mexican American older adults, indicated that strong family ties, gender roles, and religiosity are central cultural elements in Mexican American culture. Critically evaluating cultural factors and ... [Show full abstract] employing constructive cultural elements can assist social work professionals in providing effective social services to this population via culturally competent practice.
Commitment Without Marriage Union Formation Among Long-Term Same-Sex Couples
June 2009 · Journal of Family Issues
Corinne Reczek
Sinikka Elliott
Debra Umberson
The majority of Americans will marry in their lifetimes, and for many, marriage symbolizes the transition into long-term commitment. However, many Americans cannot legally marry. This article analyzes in-depth interviews with gays and lesbians in long-term partnerships to examine union formation and commitment-making histories. Using a life course perspective that emphasizes historical and ... [Show full abstract] biographical contexts, the authors examine how couples conceptualize and form committed relationships despite being denied the right to marry. Although previous studies suggest that commitment ceremonies are a way to form same-sex unions, this study finds that because of their unique social, historical, and biographical relationship to marriage and ceremonies, long-term same-sex couples do not follow normative commitment-making trajectories. Instead, relationships can transition more ambiguously to committed formations without marriage, public ceremony, clear-cut act, or decision. Such an understanding of commitment making outside of marriage has implications for theorizing alternative forms of union making.
Determining the primary caregiver for disabled older adults in Mainland China: spouse priority and l...
February 2018 · Journal of Family Therapy
Mengting Li
Haijing Dai
Researchers have widely discussed the key role of having a spouse and proximity of family in the provision of elder care, but the relationship between kinship and living arrangements in primary caregiver selection has not been fully examined. Based on the 2011–2012 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, multinomial logistic regression models were built to test the effects of kinship and ... [Show full abstract] living arrangements on primary caregiver selection. This study found that spouses were most likely to assume the primary caregiver role, even when the elderly couple lived with their adult children. This study suggests that more social services should be provided to support spousal caregivers, and that the different needs of spouse and adult child caregivers should be considered in interventions. Practitioner points • Be mindful that the prevalence of non co‐residence between aging parents and adult children affects the provision of elder care • Support programmes should be developed for spousal caregivers • Be aware of the different needs of spouse and adult child caregivers when designing family interventions for them


In 1916, a three-masted ship named Hero sailed under Norwegian colors out of the Elbe River in Germany. Loaded with cargo and ostensibly bound for Australia, she was in reality a German raider: the Seeadler, commanded by German aristocrat Count Felix von Luckner. She was tasked with destroying as many British merchant vessels as possible.
Told from the viewpoint of the utterly out-foxed and infuriated British Admiralty trying to capture this mysterious raider, The Sea Devil follows von Luckner's extraordinary exploits. Born into a proud German military family, he ran away to sea at the age of thirteen, returning eight years later with a knowledge of navigation and a position as officer in the German Navy, ready to take command of the Seeadler and attempt to run the Baltic blockade.
Cleverly disguising the Seeadler as a Norwegian sailing vessel, with one of his crew dressing up as his wife, von Luckner fooled the British into allowing the Seeadler through the blockade. Von Luckner went on to destroy fourteen ships, but in the most gentlemanly fashion: his modus operandi was swashbuckling adventure interspersed with champagne interludes, and only one man died in the raids.
These unusual techniques caused much confusion back at the Admiralty, which was unable to keep pace with von Luckner until a Danish ship reported his whereabouts near Australia. Preparing for his escape, von Luckner paid his hundreds of prisoners for their time in captivity, gave them a captured boat of their own to sail away in, and turned for the South Seas via Cape Horn. It was now a race against time between von Luckner's schooner and the fastest British cruisers sent to capture him. They all sped toward Cape Horn, the most dangerous stretch of water on the planet.
This was WWI fought in the way many hoped it might be when it started in 1914: over by Christmas, lots of fun to be had, nothing too serious . . . And this is the story of a truly extraordinary character.
Swashbuckling adventure and lashings of champagne: this classic war story is far removed from life in the trenches. Tasked with destroying as many British merchant ships as possible, German aristocrat Felix von Luckner and his ship the Seeadler succeeded in spectacular fashion, taking 14 British vessels with the loss of only one life, in between hosting lavish parties for their prisoners and evading the British Admiralty in a daring game of cat and mouse.
Sam Jefferson is a journalist and maritime historian, and is one of the leading authorities on the clipper ship era. He is a former Deputy Editor of Sailing Today, and writes regularly for Classic Boat, Sailing Today and Traditional Boats and Tall Ships. He is the author of Clipper Ships and the Golden Age of Sail, Sea Fever, and Gordon Bennett and the First Yacht Race Across the Atlantic, all published by Bloomsbury.


With warm weather just around the corner (hopefully), it will soon be time to turn on your air conditioner. When it comes to air conditioning installation in Easton, PA, and other nearby areas, Curtis Total Service is the name people trust.
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You might have to deal with unnecessary, costly repairs that could have been addressed and prevented at less cost if they were noticed sooner.
If your system isn't working efficiently, you may see higher monthly utility bills.
The indoor air quality can suffer, silently harming your family's health.
The airflow might be inconsistent and hot/cold spots can develop inside your home.
The potential lifespan of your unit will decrease.
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Honda is bringing their A-Game to the electric car thunderdome. Styling some seriously good looking, almost retro throwback vehicles to compete with the electric juggernaut Tesla.
Between the Urban EV and the Sport EV (not to mention the new electric cycle they also debuted), and Ford allegedly aiming for an electric fleet in just a few years, petrol motors are looking more and more like a thing of the past. No word yet on price (rumor is beating the pants off Tesla), but these are scheduled to release in 2019... but there's a catch. They aren't expected to be released in North America until later. No confirmed or rumored date, we just know Honda isn't planning an American EV until after they've conquered Europe.


text:
Q: Sabre SOAP session creation failing in .net 4.5 I am building a POC (windows project) and trying to invoke sabre session create request. I have got sts url for generating WSDL, and could generated proxy class in Visual studio 2015, with .net 4.5 using link http://webservices.sabre.com/wsdl/sabreXML1.0.00/usg/SessionCreateRQ.wsdl.  Now i have Sabre supllied user id and password for my company and i tried placing them in the request like suggested in post "Consuming Sabre soap services using .net" but didn't have luck, as the proxy class objects are throwing error when invoking the service at new CRT url (https://sws-crt-as.cert.havail.sabre.com) of Sabre.  Exception: " System.ServiceModel.Security.SecurityNegotiationException: Could not establish secure channel for SSL/TLS with authority 'sws-crt-as.cert.havail.sabre.com'. ---> System.Net.WebException: The request was aborted: Could not create SSL/TLS secure channel.".  Here there is any inner exception (with same text as outer exception) which indicates InternalSTatus attribute of the exception as "RequestFatal".  The app.config content is given here for reference as well
Please help me in point the mistake (possible in web.config/code)
  <system.serviceModel>
    <behaviors>
      <endpointBehaviors>
        <behavior name="SessBehavior">
          <clientCredentials>
            <clientCertificate storeLocation="LocalMachine" storeName="TrustedPublisher" x509FindType="FindByThumbprint" findValue="E3FC0AD84F2F5A83ED6F86F567F8B14B40DCBF12" /><!--EV SSL CA G3-->
          </clientCredentials>
        </behavior>
      </endpointBehaviors>
    </behaviors>
    <bindings>
      <customBinding>
        <binding name="SessionCreateSoapBinding">
          <textMessageEncoding maxReadPoolSize="64" maxWritePoolSize="16" messageVersion="Soap11" writeEncoding="utf-8">
            <readerQuotas maxDepth="2147483647" maxStringContentLength="2147483647" maxArrayLength="2147483647" maxBytesPerRead="2147483647" maxNameTableCharCount="2147483647" />
          </textMessageEncoding>
          <httpsTransport maxReceivedMessageSize="20000000" maxBufferSize="20000000" maxBufferPoolSize="20000000" />
        </binding>
      </customBinding>
    </bindings>
    <client>
      <endpoint address="https://sws-crt-as.cert.havail.sabre.com"
                behaviorConfiguration="SessBehavior"
                binding="customBinding"
          bindingConfiguration="SessionCreateSoapBinding" contract="SessionCreate.SessionCreatePortType"
          name="SessionCreatePortType" />
    </client>
  </system.serviceModel>

Code for creating session:
public SabreSessionInfo sabreCreateSession(string user, string pass, string pseudo, string org, bool doGetAirVendors)
{
    SabreSessionInfo inf = new SabreSessionInfo();

    try
    {
        string userName = user;
        string password = pass;

        string PCC = pseudo;

        string domain = "LA";

        DateTime dt = DateTime.UtcNow;
        string tstamp = dt.ToString("s").Replace("-","").Replace(":","") + "Z";

        SessionCreate.MessageHeader msgHeader = new SessionCreate.MessageHeader();

        msgHeader.ConversationId = tstamp;

        SessionCreate.From from = new SessionCreate.From();
        SessionCreate.PartyId fromPartyId = new SessionCreate.PartyId();
        SessionCreate.PartyId[] fromPartyIdArr = new SessionCreate.PartyId[1];
        fromPartyId.Value = "99999";
        fromPartyIdArr[0] = fromPartyId;
        from.PartyId = fromPartyIdArr;
        msgHeader.From = from;

        SessionCreate.To to = new SessionCreate.To();
        SessionCreate.PartyId toPartyId = new SessionCreate.PartyId();
        SessionCreate.PartyId[] toPartyIdArr = new SessionCreate.PartyId[1];
        toPartyId.Value = "123123";
        toPartyIdArr[0] = toPartyId;
        to.PartyId = toPartyIdArr;
        msgHeader.To = to;

        //Add the value for eb:CPAId, which is the IPCC.
        //Add the value for the action code of this Web service, SessionCreateRQ.

        msgHeader.CPAId = "AnyCPA";
        msgHeader.Action = "SessionCreateRQ";// Web method name
        SessionCreate.Service service = new SessionCreate.Service();
        service.Value = "Session";
        msgHeader.Service = service;

        SessionCreate.MessageData msgData = new SessionCreate.MessageData();
        msgData.MessageId = "mid:" + tstamp + "@clientofsabre.com";
        msgData.Timestamp = tstamp;
        msgHeader.MessageData = msgData;

        SessionCreate.Security security = new SessionCreate.Security();
        SessionCreate.SecurityUsernameToken securityUserToken = new SessionCreate.SecurityUsernameToken();
        securityUserToken.Username = userName;
        securityUserToken.Password = password;
        securityUserToken.Organization = org;
        securityUserToken.Domain = domain;
        security.UsernameToken = securityUserToken;

        SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQ req = new SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQ();
        SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQPOS pos = new SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQPOS();
        SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQPOSSource source = new SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQPOSSource();
        source.PseudoCityCode = PCC;
        pos.Source = source;
        req.POS = pos;

        SessionCreate.SessionCreatePortTypeClient clientObj = new SessionCreate.SessionCreatePortTypeClient("SessionCreatePortType");
        Task<SessionCreate.SessionCreateRQResponse> resp = clientObj.SessionCreateRQAsync(msgHeader, security, req);
        resp.Wait();

        inf.conversationID = msgHeader.ConversationId;
        inf.sabreToken = security.BinarySecurityToken;
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
    }
    return inf;
}

A: The problem is that the URL only accepts TLS 1.2 which might not be enabled by default.
In the class you execute the instantiated SessionCreate object, add the line below:
System.Net.ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = System.Net.SecurityProtocolType.Tls12;
This should solve it.

A: TLS 1.2 on .NET 4.0 or higher
System.Net.ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = System.Net.SecurityProtocolType.Tls12;
TLS 1.2 is not supported on .NET 3.5 so we are using a numeric representation of it
System.Net.ServicePointManager.SecurityProtocol = (System.Net.SecurityProtocolType)3072;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Great Canadian Baking Show Season 02 Episode 05 Watch Free Online
Posted on June 25, 2021 October 31, 2022 Author videobakery Comment(0)
The Great Canadian Baking Show Season 02 Episode 05 Descriprion
For the Signature Challenge, the bakers were asked to make a fruit-filled slab pie: a shallow pie that is rectangular rather than round, baked in a rimmed baking sheet pan or jelly roll pan, in two hours and 15 minutes. The Technical Challenge gave them two hours and 15 minutes to create two dozen palmiers, 12 sweet and 12 savoury, using rough puff pastry. For the Showstopper Challenge, bakers had four and a half hours to produce a basket of 18 breakfast pastries—six croissants, six Danish, and six sweet buns.
Don't miss new episodes of your favorite show
The Great Canadian Bake Show Season 1
Episode 01 | Episode 02 | Episode 03 | Episode 04 | Episode 05 | Episode 06 | Episode 07 | Episode 08
The Great Canadian Baking Show Summary
A group of amateur Canadian bakers are convened for a baking competition. There is a theme to each week's competition, generally in the vein of the type of goods the competitors are to bake (i.e. cakes, cookies, pastry, etc.).
Each week, they are given a set amount of time to complete each of three challenges, their finished products which are evaluated by expert judges. The first weekly challenge is the signature bake, the competitors to bake something from their home recipes which are to signify who they are as bakers within the category. The second weekly challenge is the technical challenge, where each of the competitors are provided the same recipe, in large part of something they may have never heard of let alone baked before in their lives.
This challenge is to see how knowledgeable the competitors are about general baking concepts. Their finished products are evaluated blind in that the judges have no idea who baked what. The third weekly challenge is the showstopper challenge, in which the competitors are to pull out all the stops to produce a baked good which overall grand appearance is as important as taste. At the end of the week based solely on the three challenges, the judges will name the best competitor star baker, and will send one competitor home, that person whose competition has come to an end.
The final three competitors enter into the finale, the winner of that week who will be crowned the overall competition winner.
The Great Canadian Baking Show FAQ
Where is the great Canadian baking show filmed?
Produced by Proper Television in association with the CBC and Love Productions, the show is filmed on the grounds of the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto during mid-summer, then premiered in November for season 1, and September for seasons 2 and 3, on CBC.
What channel is the great Canadian baking show on?
The Great Canadian Baking Show Produced by CBC Television
Who are the judges on the great Canadian baking show?
Bruno Feldeisen and Kyla Kennaley are the judges on the Great Canadian Baking Show
Who won the great Canadian baking show?
The Great Canadian Baking Show (season 1 2017) – Winner Sabrina Degni
The Great Canadian Baking Show (season 2 2018) – Winner Andrei Godoroja
The Great Canadian Baking Show (season 3 2019) – Winner Nataliia Shevchenko
Who are the hosts of the great Canadian baking show?
For its first two seasons, the show was hosted by Dan Levy and Julia Chan, with French-born Canadian chef Bruno Feldeisen and Canadian-Australian pastry chef Rochelle Adonis as judges. Taylor and her friend and Baroness von Sketch Show co-star Aurora Browne are also new to the series, replacing Schitt's Creek creator Daniel Levy and English actor Julia Chan as hosts
How to apply for the great Canadian baking show?
You can apply at https://www.cbc.ca/
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Tagged The Great Canadian Baking Show Season 2 Watch Online, The Great Canadian Baking Show Watch Online
Bake Off: The Professionals Season 01 Episode 01 Watch Free Online

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BUT INSTEAD U FIND 44 DOLLARZ ON A PARK!
Are you talking about Count Bleck?
You get taken away by a moderator in need of a life.
You turn into Mr. L and destroy all worlds.
Mr L from paper mario?
The quack attack is fed bread, and then is tamed.
You find yourself that your skin has gone inside out, you scream in agony as it twists and turns, feeling the burn... And everything you touch sears your muscles and nerves. Your skeleton begins to disintegrate slowly until you look like a deflated whoopie cushion. In the end, millions of bugs and bacteria chip your flesh away, leaving you like a pile of rotten meat.
but you can't since water a solution has different proprieties of matter... so u die.


Former Cabinet minister Ben Bradshaw is to lead a Labour campaign for a Yes vote in the Alternative Vote, it is reported in Wednesday's Guardian.
Fittingly for Labour's contribution to a pluralist campaign, the Labour Yes campaign will engage a very wide range of Labour voices, as can be seen by the pressure groups Compass and Progress from the left and right of the party among those joining forces to launch the new advocacy group shortly. (I also plan to advocate a Yes vote and to support the new Labour Yes group personally. The Fabian Society does not take collective organisational positions under our rules).
There are clearly going to be some Labour voices on both sides of the referendum argument. Ed Miliband, as leader, has committed to supporting a Yes vote, and I expect that most prominent Labour figures will also do so. But others in the party are uncertain or agnostic, while some support the current election system and are actively hostile. (Toby Perkins, MP for Chesterfield, argues against on LabourList today). Where there are disagreements about what is good for our democracy, we will all do well to show that we can handle those with mutual respect.
Andy Burnham has said that Labour will want to prioritise the Scottish, Welsh and local elections. He suggests that this means that the party should not put (scarce) resources into the referendum question, and no doubt the official party machine will be focusing strongly on those elections.
Everybody in the Labour party should be able to agree on the goal of maximising Labour gains next May (whatever views they might hold on electoral reform - for, against and not sure). But it is too early to say that this should always mean keeping the two issues entirely separate.
* Could Labour win more votes in May if Ed Miliband, in his first major electoral test as party leader, was to be prominent in keeping his pledge to support a Yes vote in the referendum? Or could Labour do better if its leader tries to stay out of that argument?
* Are there local elections where local parties think that it will be important for the party to appeal to key groups of voters for local Labour candidates and parties to be seen to be on the side of reform?. An obvious example could be in university towns where many disaffected LibDem voters might be up for grabs. Will it matter to this key target group what Labour says or does on political reform?
Andy Burnham's priorities argument will surely mean that he and the party will want to support local parties who have good reasons to believe that taking a position on electoral reform - for example, in candidate literature - would win votes for Labour in May. While Burnham remains in principle a (lukewarm) supporter of AV, he might reasonably argue that the same permissive approach should apply to candidates who believe that calling for a No vote will win Labour votes on their patch.
* What should happen in London? There are no May 2011 local elections because the big event is a year later. Ken Livingstone - Labour's candidate for Mayor in 2012 - is a long-standing advocate of reform and will support a Yes vote. Could Ken leading Labour-branded campaigning in London for a Yes vote play an important role in mobilising activists and voter identification? Could it have any impact on helping Labour to win over potentially crucial Green and LibDem second preferences, given that London already has preferential voting for Mayor?
To assess this, it might be important to keep a close eye on the London Tories. Will Boris Johnson be using the opportunity to boost his own campaign for Mayor? Whatever the calculations, Labour in London will not want to be placed at a disadvantage for 2012 by the right.
* Could we take this opportunity to build Labour everywhere?
The Yes campaign may particularly appeal to Labour parties where the party is weak - and who have lost votes in the past to a tactical squeeze. AV would allow everybody who supports Labour to vote Labour, without worrying about whether it might let the Tories in. Many people in the party are interested in a Labour version of the US Democrats' "50 state strategy", which realises the dangers of a long-term organisational retreat if there is too exclusive a focus on swing marginal seats. Being the only party of opposition could offer Labour a particular opportunity to rebuild its organisational presence and vote in the South-West, South and South-East of England. Could the local elections and referendum be used as an opportunity to do this?
Of course, there will rightly be many arguments about the Alternative Vote which are not about party interest. There will be a plural, cross-party and no-party Yes campaign - where Caroline Lucas of the Greens and Nigel Farage of UKIP will join Labour leader Ed Miliband and the Liberal Democrats in advocating a Yes vote.
The No campaign will be doing whatever it can to not appear Tory-dominated by involving other voices too.
But the Labour party will want to think hard about both its strategy and tactics. On several of the issues outlined here, there is at least plausible argument for a permissive approach to enabling campaigning for Labour alongside campaigning for AV - where local parties believes it would win Labour support.
Some of the arguments might be stronger or weaker when scrutinised. Before we decide exactly how Labour should approach the AV referendum, we will need to open up the debate about what would be best for Labour in May.
Oh good, I really rate Bradshaw (I did, after all, vote for him when he was my MP), although he's not without flaws he's deeply committed personally to reform.
There're similar tactical discussions going on within the LDs--how closely linked do we want the yes campaign to be, and should we concentrate on locals, etc.
Ken leading the London campaign will be useful, and given Boris won on transfers as well I suspect he won't be too vocal in the anti campaign.


In 2015 my daughter Marie was entering 7th grade. She was very nervous over the summer prior to entering the new school. The first 4 weeks of school she skipped out on doing her homework and participation in classes. When I confronted Marie she told me that going to the Math resource room was making the other kids think she was not smart. During the fall Marie brought her grades up. She began to exhibit a high nervousness about school work. Dad had work shirts that had splatters of paint and oil stains. She would only wear those and a hoodie. We sought out a counselor to assist with her ongoing anxiety/depression due to school.
At Christmas she played a melody of songs on her clarinet showing a wonderful exhibit of her talent. In January, she exhibited slowness in responding in conversations. One time in a restaurant she could not tell me what she would like on the menu. We thought she was tired.
Marie kept mostly to herself, often going off to read 500-page Sci-Fi novels within two days. She was a sponge for knowledge. In March, she was writing a paper on unsolved mysteries for school re: Sci-Fi (aliens), wars, CIA and Nostradamus. She wrote an email to the teacher. The sentences were missing words and appeared incoherent so her teacher alerted us. Over the next 24-48 hours, my girl's memory disappeared. She woke up to calling me a CIA leader to working with aliens as she studied this at school. I immediately called the doctor and he told me to take her to emergency room.
On March 10, 2016 our lives forever changed. Marie spent 12 days in the hospital as she celebrated her 13thbirthday. We had spinal taps and a myriad of other tests with a conclusion of possible Encephalopathy a-typical source. The only possible source mentioned untreated pneumonia virus at age 7. She then experienced multiple hospital stays to discover the correct medication fit. In the fall of 2016, encephalopathy with a-typical source was on her records as a diagnosis.
In 2017, we finished up the IVIGs and did two treatments of Rituximab. I reached out to Dr. Mooneyham (North Carolina), who was advising our team in Connecticut. We corresponded and Marie was improving but still had those delusional thoughts. We decided to make the move to North Carolina because this was the place where the medical experts were located and I hoped a breakthrough would happen there.
Marie is making strides on her recovery under doctor supervision. When it comes to this fight to have Marie find her voice, our journey is not over. She has been in the hospital now over a month to try another medication. Let me tell you never give up on that there will be a cure in our lifetime. Why Marie lost her memory is still a mystery.
Lastly, one night praying out loud, I concluded although my daughter does not remember me, let us still enjoy our days together. Learning to accept but still keep things moving is key. My Thanksgiving has come and gone as my daughter remains in the hospital adjusting to this new medication.
Please never give up. Your loved one's spirit lives, as their voice might be silent during a long recovery to heal. I continue to research and learn along the way to assist doctors for my daughter's care. My wish for anyone feeling like there is no hope, remember to be grateful for the small wins. Stay strong.


This regulation, pursuant to Article 8 of the Cosmetics Law, is to ensure the management of manufacture (import) and safety management by defining standards of negative ingredients, restrictive ingredients used in cosmetics and by determining the matters related to cosmetic safety management standards in market. This regulation shall be applied all the cosmetics of manufacture, import or distribution.
Please note that this affiliated translation is not included in ChemLinked paid membership benefits.


text:
Hemistych, także półwiersz (gr. hemi 'pół' i stíchos 'wers') – fragment wersu.

W metryce antycznej pojęcie definiujące fragment wersu wyznaczony przez cezurę, która przecina stopę wierszową.

W poezji nowożytnej określa się w ten sposób połowę wersu wyodrębnioną przez średniówkę. Wers podzielony średniówką składa się z dwóch hemistychów, najczęściej równej długości, zwanych także członem przedśredniówkowym i członem pośredniówkowym.

Wyraźny podział na hemistychy występował w aliterowanym wierszu staroangielskim. Także w wierszach starogermańskich często jedno (lub dwa słowa) z pierwszego półwiersza aliterowało z jednym słowem z drugiego półwiersza. Oba hemistychy miały po dwa akcenty.

Przypisy

Wers
Poezja

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Erfurtprogrammet var ett tyskt socialdemokratiskt partiprogram antaget vid Tysklands socialdemokratiska partis (SPD) partikongress i Erfurt i oktober 1891, på förslag av Karl Kautsky. Det ersatte Gothaprogrammet, som antogs 1875.

Externa länkar
 Socialismens grundläror: Bearbetning efter Erfurterprogrammet (1892) av Karl Kautsky

1891 i Tyskland
Politik i Tyskland
Socialism
Politik i kejsardömet Tyskland
Tysklands socialdemokratiska parti
Politikåret 1891
Erfurt


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A new alliance of Islamist militant groups linked to al Qaeda on Monday has claimed responsibility for an attack on a luxury resort in Mali that killed at least five people on Sunday.
Suspected jihadists killed at least five people at a Mali luxury resort just outside the capital Bamako.
In his first official visit outside Europe, president Emmanuel Macron says France will be ''uncompromising'' in the battle against Islamist extremists in Mali.
A suicide bomber has detonated a vehicle packed with explosives in an army camp in northern Mali.
A gathering of 35 heads of state and government around Mali's President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita in Bamako was a dream come true for the country's authorities.
The 27th Africa-France summit has kicked off with more than 30 African leaders meeting with French officials in the Malian capital, Bamako.
Cheick Ag Aoussa was the number two in the High Council for the Unity of Azawad, one of many armed groups in the country.
Some say they are prepared to forgive Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi for the destruction of 10 mausoleums and religious sites in Timbuktu during Mali's 2012 conflict.
Former Islamist rebel Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi has been found guilty of war crimes for destroying historical sites in Timbuktu during Mali's conflict in 2012.
Malian citizen Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi's trial in the International Criminal Court in The Hague is a legal first.


Please advise me the best tax saving investment plan.?
There are quite a few options u can opt for tax savings.
A) Tax saving Mutual Funds ("MF") –> which comes with a lock-in period of generally 3 yrs. i.e. you can not get back your money within 3 yrs. from the time you put them into MF. This is a Highest return given option and also the riskiest one.
B) Fixed Deposits ("FD") –> put a money in a bank FDs which are "Tax-savings" for a fixed tenure (generally 5 yrs). You will get cumulative and safe interest.
C) LIC –> Life Insurance Corporation of India. You must be knowing about this. It is advisable to secure your life against any danger. There are various plans provided by LIC out of which you can opt the best suited one.
D) PPF –> Public Providend Fund, same as normal PF which a Salaried employees possess. Difference is it is a scheme for a tenure of 15 yrs and you can withdraw the amount only once and that too after 5 yrs. You can open a PPF accnt from any SBI branch or Post-office. You have to make sure to have atleast 1 entry per year i.e. you have to deposit atleast a minimum amnt (Rs. 500/- I guess) atleast once in a year to continue healthy scheme.
E) NSC bonds –> National Saving Certificate bonds are available at Post-offices. You will get safe return on this after a fixed tenure.
These are the widely used investment plans now a days. If you are a risk taker then go for 100% MF, if you are a moderate risk taker then go for 60% MF, 20% PPF and 20% FD and if you do not want any risk then go for 100% PPF, FD and/or NSC. I would suggest to secure your life with LIC along with other investments.
Hope this will be helpful to you. If you have any further query please let me know.
SBI Magnum Tax Gain or Sundaram INP Pribas Tax Saver or Pricipal Tax Saver. any of these 3 are good. dont put your money in too many Tax saving funds. rather choose 2 best funds and put your money.
you can consider http://www.ratekhoj.com/fixeddeposit/taxsavingsfixeddeposits/index.php which has quite good information. Look at the links on the left for tax savings schemes in banks, post office, mutual funds/Equity Linked Savings Schemes (ELSS).
hey all the insurance polices,mutual funds,national savings…come under IT section 80c for rebates.but insurance is the sector whose gains are tax free.now a days you can opt for ULIPs where you get benefit of both insurance and mutual fund together.i would prefer you to go for ulips of HDFC standard life as the company has transparent to you.
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