If you want to experience a next task or even a full time situation, working from home is an excellent method of achieving this. The amount of time you allocate in your business will probably be directly relevant to the level of good results that you take pleasure in. After reading this short article, you need to have a much better notion of what is required to manage a successful business from home.
In order to market something and also you usually are not certain what, allow it to be something you make use of. For a item to market successfully, it must fill a need buyers have that is not really currently being satisfied. If it enhances your way of life, it stands to reason others can benefit continue from it too.
You need to obtain a post office container for all of your company mailings. Do not share your family's property tackle online, for your organization. This assists defend your personal identity along with the identity of the family members.
Once you wide open for business, email everybody you already know and let them know that you will be willing to agree to their requests. Share discount rates or totally free items to enable you to get the business started out. Also, you will want to tell them to get the word out. This type of advertising and marketing is not costly and incredibly valuable.
Pick a company name that privately resonates with you. Get a domain address immediately, even if you haven't constructed a site nevertheless. Most domains are pretty inexpensive, and yes it is advisable to ascertain one particular as soon as possible. When figuring out to acquire a complete internet site, post an individual web page internet site that contains your contact details and brand.
Your small business purpose should certainly illustrate your enterprise in 1 or 2 phrases. Allow them to have information about everything you do and what you want to do together with the company. In these sentences, you must explain the excellent features of your own business and also you wish to complete.
Get at ease with self-marketing. You're likely to need in order to sing your company's praises. Your potential customers need to believe your choices are the most useful readily available. Endorsing oneself is a crucial skill that may substantially increase your financial well being.
When you are aware how to get it done, advertising your online business is easy and quick. A good beginning is creating a website once you can. Setting up a website will require no more than each day. Site signing up can cost minimal, sometimes you can also buy it for no expense in any way. Even if you have a fee, the profits from the internet site will rapidly replace with it.
You need a intend to support establish your internet business. It will explain what your organization does in a few phrases. When any person asks you about your organization, recite your target in their mind. You'll impress prospective customers because they are self-confident and well informed about your organization along with its merchandise.
If you don't promote your work at home organization, it is going to fall short swiftly. You should use every single dialogue that pertains to your business to advertise it. It's vital that you carry business card printing with you at all times, allowing you to have them available to pass through out while in these sorts of events.
In case you are just starting out determine relationships within your business, you could possibly take into account excusing some laxity with your customers' payment practices. However, this can significantly lessen your profits. Using clear and understandable agreements with fees and penalties for later payments can help protect you financially.
It's very easy to immerse yourself inside of job once you work at home. Set-aside a certain region where you comprehensive work and devote some time off at the conclusion of each day, that is to not be invested in working, but on friends and relations only.
If you cannot rationalize a income tax deduction, usually do not create them back. Keep an eye on your bills and discover about what sort of items you can write off of your income taxes. Make sure every item you assert can be used for your business.
Check with others for assistance on the way to boost your home-based business. Every person can have an view about how you ought to manage your organization. This is a thing that is never going to modify, so realize continue how to accept them. Graciously accepting other individuals thoughts and guidance is important. Allow individuals have their suggestions and maintain quickly to yours. Always keep dedicated to these viewpoints necessary to you, and carry on the journey to organization development.
Don't do chores whilst you function. Ironing or tasks in your home should be carried out right after operating hrs. Attempting to do both at the same time can result in mistakes.
If you're running a business at home, you need to placed a great deal of operate in. However, you also needs to tends to make a bit of time for rest, also. Make sure to reserve time to commit with family and friends so that you can continue to be comfortable. Should you constantly operate, you will likely get scorched out easily. Operate during typical business hours except if totally needed to then add extra time.
It is no magic formula that being placed in a business office seat many of the time can lead you to get excess fat. You should be certain to get some good exercise every single day. Working from your home also makes it much simpler to keep fit, since there are a lot more possibilities for you to figure out by without having any commute time. You can even do leg squats or raise weights while you are operating. You might run or walk every single day in case you have a chance. Stay in good condition in order to stay effective.
A great earn more income business strategy will direct you to good results. Even if you do not consider wooing brokers and loan providers, you need to nonetheless build a created program. With your own business plan, you are required to plainly articulate your brief and long-term goals, so you should identify each and every necessary phase as a way to attain them.
You will get the flexibleness and diversified job assignments you desire having a home based business business. Regardless of whether you would like profit or exciting, you could see it to be fulfilling. The subsequent post provides you with some terrific strategies for jogging your house business enterprise.


text:
How to Kill Hawthorn Stumps
By Joyce Starr, Landscape Design Certificate
½-inch drill bit
Stump killing herbicide
Contractor's bag
Hawthorns are beautiful trees and thought by some to be magical. Many cultures would never think to cut one down. If you have a hawthorn that needs to be removed, whether from disease or misplacement, do not forget to treat the remaining stump. Just because the tree is cut down does not mean it will not sprout back to life again. It is essential the trunk of the hawthorn be dealt with as soon as possible after the tree has been cut down.
Cut the hawthorn's trunk as close to the ground and make the cut as even as possible when chopping the tree down. This will give you less of the tree to try to kill and a flat surface to apply the herbicide, where it is less likely to run off.
Wipe off any sawdust left on top of the trunk after you have made your cut. The sawdust will act as a barrier between the herbicide and the fresh flesh of the tree.
Chop the top of the cut stump with an ax or chain saw. Make several cuts, several inches deep, into the top of the trunk.
Drill several holes into the top of the stump, being sure to not drill through the side of it, as this will open up an exit point for the herbicide to leak out. Use a ½-inch drill bit and drill as deep as you can get into the stump. The diameter of the stump will determine how many holes you will need to drill. For a trunk that is approximately 12 inches in diameter, drill five to six holes into it.
Pour herbicide specifically designed to kill hawthorn or woody stumps into the holes and across the top of the trunk, covering it completely. Herbicides containing triclopyr amine, triclopyr ester and glyphosate seem to work best on killing hawthorn's woody stumps.
Cover the entire hawthorn stump with a black plastic bag. Contractor's bags work best. They are heavy duty, thicker and will hold up longer under environmental conditions.
Weight the bag down and keep in place by either piling dirt around the edges or using bricks or rocks to hold it down. The object is to keep the stump from getting any oxygen or sunlight.
Wait approximately six months and remove the bag. The hawthorn stump should be dead and starting to show the first signs of decomposition.
Though a stump may be dead, it may take up to three to five years for the stump to totally decay back into the ground.
University of Florida-Information on Killing Trees and Stumps
Information on Hawthorn Trees
How to Kill Sweetgum Trees
How to Drill Holes & Put Herbicide Into Trees to Kill Them
How to Kill Mesquite Trees in Texas
How to Kill Cedar Trees
How to Remove a Cedar Stump
How to Kill Evergreen Trees

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Girard on Girard
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You are here: Home / Sport / When Was Billiards Invented?
When Was Billiards Invented?
June 1, 2020 by Peter 1 Comment
When did billiard start? When was it first invented? And, when did billiards starts to become a pool? You just might like playing billiard without worrying when it was first invented. But, without the history, you wouldn't have the game to play.
This is a game that most of us love to play. It is also a game that has become an official sport in many countries and that many people are playing regularly for fun.
Most people know billiards as a pool. This is basically the same game, but with different balls and different rules. When was billiard invented, and how did the table and balls chance over the years? These are the history of billiards and pools.
When Was Billiards First Invented?
If you think that billiard is a new game that isn't that old, then you need to think again. Billiard was played by kings and later by everyone else during the 15th century. It isn't clear exactly what year billiard was invented, but there are reports of it being played from the 15th century.
It was played in Northern Europe and there are also reports that it was played in France as well. After the 16th century, the game started to get popular in more countries.
This is according to reports. Billiard was played outdoors at first but later became an indoor sport. The billiard game as we know it was played first in 1870.
How Did It Change Over the Years?
At the beginning of the game, during the 15th century, this was a game that was played outside. It had a table, with a rail to prevent the balls from falling off. In the beginning, it was only men who were allowed to play the game. However, women started playing years later.
The table changed a lot as well. The look of the table was different, even during some centuries the shape of the table was different, with different types of holes, holes at different places, and different numbers of holes.
But, one thing always stays the same. The color of the table surface. It was green during the beginning of the billiard, and it is still green. Yes, there are some of the tables that have different colors, but this isn't the official colors.
How to Level a Pool Table
Women and Billiard and Pool
During the early years of billiard and pool, men were the only ones that were allowed to play billiard and pool. Especially in public at pubs and bars. Only they were allowed to play in competitions and make bets on who is going to win.
There was no reason why women couldn't play behind closed doors in the privacy of their own homes, or with friends. It was just not allowed in public.
Only during the early 1900s women were allowed to start playing billiard and pool in public. But they still weren't able to play in competitions and to bet on players like the men. This only changed during recent years, when women got the same rights as men.
Today, some women are better than men and are just as competitive in the sport as men. Especially with the official sport. Women can now also play in bars, pubs, and for money, just like men. There are no rules against it just because the player is a woman.
Some Other Interesting Information About Billiard and Pool History
When you are looking at the history of billiards and pools, you will see that there is some interesting information that you might not have known about it.
In America, the traditional billiard that is also known as English billiard was the only version played until 1870. Then, the other variations of billiards, like a 15 ball pool, and American four-ball pool. Today, there is a huge variety of pool and billiard games with rules that are being played in America and all over the world.
Only during the late 1800's that the pool table was invented the way that we know it. The 12 feet pool table with the four holes on each corner and two in the middle. The surface of the table was green, as we know it.
The green surface represents the grass of the outside where billiard was played first during the 15th century.Billiard. When was it invented and how did it change over the years? There are many reports that the game was played since the early 15th century.
But, it was played outside, in a completely different way than what we know today. It was only during the 1800s that billiard became the game that we know and play today. The only thing that is still the same is the table. The surface of the table is green.
In the beginning, it was only men that were allowed to play, but today men and women are playing billiard and pool and enjoy playing in competitions.
Filed Under: Sport
Johnny Pleasants says
I was curious to see a Gunsmoke rerun and Matt Dillon and Quint were playing pool. Did they really have the game in Dodge City Kansas then?
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text:
Gleason was an unincorporated community located  in Mineral County, West Virginia, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Mineral County, West Virginia
Coal towns in West Virginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Footnotes is the first solo exhibition of work by Michelle Forsyth in Toronto. Her work is both material and conceptual, and includes: sculpture, weaving, writing, painting, in addition to printmaking, which she uses to examine her changing relationship to the objects in her home. Recent screenprinted photographs of bundled objects and screenprinted text passages that have been folded and photographed against patterned backgrounds will be included in this exhibition.
Michelle Forsyth employs a diverse array of material processes to create a taxonomy of objects in her home. She is a proponent of decorative repetition, she champions the power of colour to stir emotions, and she swoons over the use of florid language that elicits forgotten moments or evokes scenes just barely remembered. Tales of companionship and narratives describing human vulnerability often accompany her works. Whether embedded within the structure of the work itself, or included as a footnote to a piece, she uses these stories to express her gratitude for those with whom she has shared her life. Forsyth thinks of these stories when she works in the studio, and her process is focused on keeping her hands busy so she can think, mourn, and commemorate her past.
Michelle Forsyth holds an MFA from Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ); and a BFA from the University of Victoria (Victoria, BC). Her work has been included in exhibitions at venues such as: Mulherin + Pollard, (New York, NY); Zaum Projects (Lisbon, Portugal); The BRIC Arts Media House (Brooklyn, NY); Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar (Doha, Qatar); Pentimenti Gallery (Philadelphia, PA); Auxiliary Projects (Brooklyn, NY); The Hunterdon Museum of Art (Clinton, NJ); The Luminary Center for the Arts (St. Louis, MO); The Charleston Heights Arts Center (Las Vegas, NV); Deluge Contemporary Art (Victoria, BC); and Mercer Union (Toronto, ON). She has received grants from the Canada Council (Ottawa, ON), Artist Trust (Seattle, WA), and was awarded the Larry Sommers Memorial Fellowship (Seattle Print Arts, WA). She has participated in residencies at the Banff Centre (Banff, AB), and The Frans Masereel Centrum (Kasterlee, Belgium). Michelle Forsyth currently teaches at OCAD University (Toronto, ON).
© Open Studio, the artist, the author, 2018. Copy editing by Sara Kelly.


text:
Das früheisenzeitliche (500–400 v. Chr.) Gräberfeld von Årre () liegt am Tingvejen und Trehøjevej im Dorf Bryndumsager (auch Brøndumsager), unweit dreier großer geschützter Grabhügel, östlich von Varde in Südjütland in Dänemark. Das etwa 12 ha große Gräberfeld, das größte aus der vorrömischen Eisenzeit in Dänemark, mit etwa 1500 Hügeln mit Urnengräbern war 1892 noch sichtbar und lag an einem Platz, an dem sich drei Altstraßen trafen.

Der heute oberflächig nicht sichtbare Tuegravpladsen wurde 1892, 1953–1954 und 2008–2012 von Archäologen untersucht. So war es möglich, das Ausmaß des Gräberfeldes zu ermitteln.

Die meisten Hügel hatten 4,0 bis 8,0 m Durchmesser und Höhen von 30 bis 60 cm. Die Urnen enthielten Eisennadeln, Gürtelschnallen, Finger- und Ösenringe. Insgesamt wurden über die Zeit rund 450 Gräber mittels unterschiedlicher Methoden ausgegraben. Die ersten Ausgrabungen erfolgten im Jahr 1892 durch Anders Peter Madsen (1822–1911). Zu dieser Zeit waren die Hügel in der Landschaft noch zu erkennen. 1953 und 1954 erfolgten Grabungen durch Carl Johan Becker (1915–2001). Die letzten wurden 2008 vom Varde Museum gemacht. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden die Urnen CT-gescannt.

Bevor das Hügelgräberfeld errichtet wurde, gab es hier drei große Grabhügel, die während der Bronzezeit zwischen 1700 und 1000 v. Chr. errichtet wurden.

Ein ähnlicher Tuegravplads wurde in Årupgård westlich von Gram gefunden.

Siehe auch
 Liste eisenzeitlicher Gräberfelder

Literatur
 Tine Lorange: Gensyn med tuegravpladsen ved Årre 2010 Opdating 2009 S. 139–145
 Karsten Kjer Michaelsen: Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid (= Politikens håndbøger.) Politiken, Kopenhagen 2002, ISBN 87-567-6458-8, S. 302

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Beschreibung dän und Bild
 Beschreibung dän. und Bild
 Beschreibung bei fundogfortidsminder  (dänisch)
 Bild einer Urne von Årre

Gräberfeld in Dänemark
Kultbau
Archäologischer Fundplatz (Germanische Eisenzeit)
Bauwerk in Varde Kommune
Geographie (Varde Kommune)
Grabbau in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa


Purchase a gift card and you give the opportunity to share love and spread hope. You help sustain fair wages, dignifying and safe working conditions, and Christian discipleship for the women creating each piece of jewelry and every textile offered by Trade for Freedom.
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text:
Ray Turner's Day in Country Music History
Posted By: prajakta October 11, 2018 @ 10:24 am Ray Turner's Day in Country Music History
October 11th: On this day
Born on this day near McMinnville, Tennessee, was Dottie West, country music singer and songwriter. Along with Patsy Cline and Loretta Lynn, West is considered one of the genre's most influential and groundbreaking female artists. Her career started in the early 1960s, with her Top 10 hit, "Here Comes My Baby Back Again," which won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance in 1965. She died in hospital on September 4, 1991 after being involved in a car crash a few days earlier when she was on her way to perform at the Grand Ole Opry.
Born on this day, was Gene Watson, country singer, best known for his signature song "Farewell Party" and the 1975 hit "Love in the Hot Afternoon," and his 1982 hit "Fourteen Carat Mind." Watson has scored six Country #1's, 23 top tens and over 75 charted singles.
Born on this day in Northfield, Minnesota, was Paulette Carlson, country singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the 1980s as the founder and lead vocalist for the country band Highway 101. With Highway 101, she charted four #1 hit singles, and seven Top 10 hits.
Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins and Johnny Cash kicked off an eleven date tour of the Southern US states in Abilene, Texas.
Johnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar was released in the US. The singer's debut album contained four of his hit singles: "I Walk the Line," "Cry! Cry! Cry!," "So Doggone Lonesome," and "Folsom Prison Blues." This was the first LP ever issued on Sam Phillips' Sun Records label.
Born on this day was Josh Kear American songwriter. His credits include Lady Antebellum's #1 "Need You Now", for which Kear won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year and Best Country Song at the 53rd Grammy Awards and Carrie Underwood's #1 "Before He Cheats." Kear was award "Songwriter of the Year" at the 2013 ASCAPCountry Music Awards, where he was also awarded "Song of the Year", along with Chris Tompkins, for Luke Bryan's "Drunk on You".
American Western swing musician Tex Williams died. Williams is best known for his talking blues style and had the 1947 novelty hit with "Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)" which he co-wrote with Merle Travis.
Benjamin David Hodges was freed on $5,000 bond after police in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, arrested him for shooting out the window of a tour bus used by Pat Green's band. He was charged with shooting a gun into an occupied vehicle, while the bus was parked on the street which shattered the driver's side window.
Billboard changed its Hot Country Songs from an airplay-only chart to one that reflected both airplay and music downloads. As a result of the new methodology, Taylor Swift's "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" – which had previously peaked at #13 – rebounded back up the chart and became the first #1 single under the new methodology. In the process, the song became the first to top both the country and Billboard Hot 100 charts since "Amazed" by Lonestar in March 2000 and – with nine weeks at #1 – was the longest running chart-topper on the country chart since "Almost Persuaded" by David Houston in 1966.
Tags: Carl Perkins, Dottie West, Elvis Presley, Gene Watson, Johnny Cash, Ray Turner's Day in Country Music History, Tex Williams
Ray Turner's top 10 List


text:
<?php

class Admin_controller extends CI_Controller
{

  public function __construct()
  {
    parent::__construct();
    $this->load->model('getDB/Users_model');
    $this->load->model('Posts_model');
  }

  //Loads the Home page view
	public function index(){
		$data['title'] = "Three Musketeers Blog";
		$data['page'] = 'admin/home';
		$this->load->view('admin/templates/template', $data);
	}

	public function admin_profile(){
		$data['title'] = "Three Musketeers Blog";
		$data['page'] = 'admin';
		$this->load->view('admin/templates/template', $data);
	}

  public function show_users(){
    $data['users'] = $this->Users_model->get_users();
    $data['title'] = "Three Musketeers Blog";
    $data['page'] = 'admin/users';
    $this->load->view('admin/templates/template', $data);
  }

  public function delete_user(){
    $id_user = $this->input->post('id');
    $res = $this->Users_model->delete_user($id_user);

    if($res){
      $url = base_url() . 'Admin_controller/show_users';
      echo "<script> alert('¡User deleted!');
      window.location.href='$url';
      </script>";
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Materials to make hard-wearing, bendable non-conducting substrates for wearables and other flexible electronics are essential for the next generation of integrated devices. In this vein, researchers at the University of Twente have reformulated ceramic materials so that they have the flexibility of paper and the lightness of a polymer, but still retain exceptional high-temperature resistance. The new material has been dubbed flexiramics.
High-tech materials such as flexible polymers show promise in this regard, as doesboron nitride, and may eventually make the cheaper, but more brittle insulators – such as those made from traditional ceramics – a thing of the past. However, the new ceramic material, named flexiramics, could give these new materials a run for their money as it is not only a tissue-like material that is easy to fold without breaking, it is also reportedly inexpensive and easy to produce.


text:
Reds Mad
Reds Latest
Reds News
Old Firm derby could define Steven Gerrard's managerial career - for better or worse
No matter what happens at a frosty Ibrox on Saturday, someone is coming away with the wind beneath their sails.
For a resurgent Celtic side, it's a chance at redemption. Having won the Scottish Cup, completing their historic quadruple Treble in the process, they look a side rejuvenated, and six straight wins in all competitions have them fancying a win at the home of their rivals that would be considered an upset.
It would be considered an upset because Rangers are, realistically, a win away from taking home the Premiership title.
? Scottish Premiership table pic.twitter.com/e3crLoGDEs
— SPFL (@spfl) December 30, 2020
The defending champions may have played three games fewer than their title rivals but a defeat would leave them 19 points off the pace. Napkin maths: that's a ten point gap even assuming they win their games in hand.
Up against a team who have now played 55% of their season and dropped points twice, that looks an unassailable chasm.
The chance to put that sort of distance between the clubs is not one that comes around too often for Rangers these days.
And it's one Steven Gerrard knows his team must capitalise on.
Steven Gerrard says his Rangers squad have more confidence and belief ahead of their match against Celtic compared to the first time he took charge of a Glasgow derby. pic.twitter.com/brc4jI1XHW
— Sky Sports Scotland (@ScotlandSky) January 1, 2021
As formidable as the Light Blues have been since returning from the pandemic enforced hiatus, the post-Christmas capitulation of last season is a demon they are yet to fully exorcise. They were favourites for the league last Christmas: ten games later, Celtic were 13 clear, and the season was called.
It was a painful collapse and while even the most ambitious of gamblers would hesitate to bet on a similar Celtic comeback this time around, should Rangers fall to defeat this weekend, those ghosts will begin to re-emerge.
Gerrard's personal history plays into this too. He's yet to win a league as player or manager and has a storied history of letting things slip. But he'll be putting that to the back of his mind as he tries to take control of what he can.
He has a few problems to solve ahead of the big one, none morseo than in his depleted midfield. Scott Arfield and Ryan Jack have arguably been two of the standout players in the Premiership this season but each are injured, and the engine room looks light,
Steven Gerrard confirms Scott Arfield will definitely miss their next '2 or 3 games' and could be out for a few weeks.
The club are waiting for a second opinion on his scan. pic.twitter.com/hwONyKGmzH
— Andrew Maclean (@_AndrewMaclean) December 30, 2020
Glen Kamara, Steven Davis and Joe Aribo are a strong enough trio in their own right, but they will come up against a Celtic midfield far stronger than the one that faced them in October. The arrivals on the scene of fringe players David Turnbull and Ismaila Soro, who took charge against Dundee United on Wednesday, make Lennon's team far more dynamic and far less predictable, just in time for a make or break trip to Ibrox.
The gap between the teams may suggest a clear favourite ahead of Saturday's clash but there is no room for complacency. Celtic are in the best shape they have been in this season, and with proven winners all over the park, they will be out to settle a score. The self-belief that has taken them to nine successive titles isn't yet back in full swing, but it's not a million miles away.
Gerrard knows their bubble needs bursting and Rangers have the pin in their hand. It's down to them to use it.
One year ago today, the last Old Firm derby with fans in attendance. pic.twitter.com/X1SGNgzyms
— Fitba Culture (@fitbaculture) December 29, 2020
Unless Gerrard's team are systematically dismantled, they will leave Ibrox on Saturday with a cushion at the top of the table, and favourites to win the title at the fifth time of asking. Their relentless efforts so far, winning each of their last 13 league matches by an aggregate score of 39-3, has put them into that privileged position.
Yet you still can't shake the feeling that, for all their prior brilliance, they can't afford to let up for a second. Certainly not this weekend.
It may be the match that, for better or worse, comes to define Steven Gerrard's managerial career
Ianis Hagi gets some words of wisdom | Mark Runnacles/Getty Images
Lose, and he'll hear the shouts of same old, same old starting to resonate in the distance.
Win, and he has finally overcome the demons of the past.
Source : 90min
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text:
Biology Dictionary
Lac Operon
BD Editors
Lac Operon Definition
The lac operon, short for lactose operon, is a series of three genes in bacteria that produce the necessary enzymes to obtain energy from lactose. An operon is any series of genes that are controlled by the same promoter and operator sequences, which tell the enzymes responsible for transcribing mRNA where to attach to the DNA. Typically, glucose is the sugar of choice for bacterial organisms, but when this supply runs lows, the lac operon allows the organisms to survive on lactose. The three genes contained within the lac operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. Each gene produces a specific enzyme needed to process lactose, but it also takes energy to produce these enzymes.
LacY produces an enzyme responsible for transporting lactose through the cell membrane, allowing the bacteria to access the resource. LacZ is the enzyme required to separate lactose into its constituent parts, galactose and glucose. The final gene, lacA, produces a molecule which may help metabolize galactose. Two regulatory mechanisms ensure that the genes of the lac operon are not expressed when they aren't needed. First, when lactose is not available to the organism, the organism cannot express the lac operon. This condition is caused by another gene, lacl, which exists near the lac operon in the genome. See the image below:
While lacl gene is expressed all the time, it produces a protein which blocks the promoter region of the lac operon. This protein will bind to the operator region of the lac operon until molecules of lactose bind to it. When lactose is present in high enough concentrations, all of the lacl protein becomes bound up, and the lac operon can be expressed. The second regulatory mechanism of the lac operon involves the presence of glucose. In the presence of glucose, the concentration of a signal molecule cAMP remains low. When glucose is absent, cAMP is high and binds to specific protiens that promote the attachment of RNA creating proteins to the DNA, which increases the expression of the lac operon. Several other smaller regulatory mechanisms inhibit the transportation of lactose when glucose is present, so the cell will utilize the more energy efficient material first. The following diagram shows the different expression sequences of the lac operon.
Bacterial use these complex mechanisms of regulation to only express the lactose digesting proteins in the right environment. Many other operons exist that are similar in form, and control the metabolism of other substances. The importance of the operon lies in that all the genes are expressed at the same time, allowing a cell to immediately be able to active an entire metabolic pathway with only a few chemical signals.
Related Biology Terms
Operon – Several genes that are transcribed at the same time, due to sharing a promoter region.
Gene – A functional unit of DNA that produces a protein.
RNA Polymerase – The enzyme responsible for assembling messenger RNA by matching nucleotides to the DNA sequence.
1. A colony of bacteria live within the gut of a predator. The predator catches a small mammal, which has both glucose stored in the blood and cells, as well as lactose produced by the mammary glands. When the predator eats the small mammal, the bacteria in the predator's gut have a chance to digest all of the materials. Is the lac operon expressed?
C. Only at a basal level
Answer to Question #1
C is correct. Glucose is a much better source of energy, and requires less energy to break down. The regulatory mechanisms of the lac operon ensure that resources are not wasted in breaking down lactose. When high amounts of each are present, the repressor protein that halts the transcription of the lac operon binds to lactose instead of the DNA. This allows a small level of transcription of the operon to take place. When the glucose is used up, the cellular levels of cAMP will rise, and it will bind to the lac operon as an RNA Polymerase promoter. When this happens, the genes will be expresses at a much higher rate, as cAMP continues to draw new polymerase molecules onto the DNA.
2. A scientist finds a molecule which acts in the same way as cAMP, binding to the DNA and allowing a greater transcription of the lac operon to occur in bacteria. The scientist feeds these bacteria lactose and glucose, and expects that they will grow much faster than bacteria that cannot process both glucose and lactose at the same time. Is he right?
A. Yes, they will obtain much more energy than typical bacteria
B. No, the lac operon will not function in these conditions
C. No, cells are limited by other factors
C is correct. Part of the reason cells didn't evolve to use lactose and glucose at the same time is because they cannot use that much energy at once. The creation of energy must be precisely balanced with the use of energy, or the concentration of ATP will be too great in the cell. If this happens, reactions may happen spontaneously, and not in the ordered manner required to sustain life.
Disaccharide
Enzyme Substrate Complex
Recessive Allele
Metaphase I
Prophase II
Aldosterone
Midsagittal Plane
Artificial Selection
Adaptive Radiation
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The new Davis Vantage Vue weather station combines Davis' legendary accuracy and rugged durability into a compact station that's easy to set up and use. Vantage Vue includes a sleek but tough outdoor sensor array and a distinctive LCD console. Its unique Weather Center function provides additional information on each weather variable. In addition, Davis has made Vantage Vue radio-compatible with our flagship Vantage Pro2 stations so you can mix-and-match most components.
For the ultimate in weather monitoring, add WeatherLink to your Vantage Pro, Vantage Pro2, or Vantage Vue. The data logger fits neatly into the weather station console or Weather Envoy, storing weather data even when it's not connected to your PC. Later, download the data and use the software to create graphs, generate summaries, and more.
Choose a logging interval of 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes. Depending on the logging interval, store up to six months of data before downloading.


FOR THOSE OF US WHO DEFINE "what I can't live without" as "the entire botanical world," and nevertheless dare to go seed-shopping online or on paper…caveat emptor. I'm one of those types, which is why I'm forcing myself to re-read my seed-catalog shopping rules before starting to write any orders. Maybe you should, too?
I just pulled out my old "crockett's victory garden" book and was starting to make a dream list of what to grow. Then I hop over to your blig and you are talking seed ordering. Your tips are very timely because I want to order everything!
I am trying to get three generations to garden together at my house. I figure I can easily hook my son in law but my two daughters are a challenge. One likes to cook, the other likes to sun at the pool. Now my grandson was my gardening pal before computer games and the pool but I am going to try to entice him back to the garden by growing watermelon and pumpkins. Jerry is hopeless, he does not garden or eat the veggies!
Let's see how this venture goes. We meet in two weeks to pool our wish list and get orders in.
side the gardening magazines are the Cook's Illustrated and Bon Appetit….
It's hard not to go on a seed shopping spree! I totally agree!
Thanks, Margaret, for the encouragement and guidelines. Again!
As a somewhat new gardener, rules don't really work for me yet. I have not yet learned what I prefer to grow or what grows best in my garden. This will also be my first time starting seeds indoors with grow lights. This may be rationalization, but I feel more free to give in to temptation and experiment.
@Val: As you can probably tell, I never stick to the rules, either. But it does help me to sit down and try to remind myself what I *really* want to grow before I end up with 20 packets of seed that I don't use. :) But experimentation is the only way to learn to grow things, you are totally correct. Enjoy the adventures!
Hi Margaret. I am sure you are about to go into one of your coldest weekends in along time, so am I. So what better thing to do then start the germination test on old seed? I feel better already. Of course I have a question for you. Do you get good test results on peas or string beans without coating them with an innoculant?
Hi, Terryk. I get fine results in the test w/the peas and beans, yes, without any treatment. I usually use inoculant in the garden, especially if the soil is cold/wet in the first sowings.
Thanks for the feedback. Stay warm and cozy with Jack!
Happy to report most of my seed germinated very well, even some arugala from 2008! Lettuce and mâché seems to be slower or had been stored poorly and may need to be re-ordered.


How do you get homeowners interested in improving their home energy efficiency — and more importantly, to take action? I worked with a client, Tim Carryer, as part of a project for my Communication Design studio to develop solutions to inform homeowners and get them to take steps to improve their home efficiency by getting a Home Energy audit.
I chose to create an online quiz because it's a fun, quick, and painless way to learn about how home comfort is directly connected to home energy efficiency, and also is shareable and linkable to a form to schedule an actual audit.
Tim gave no restrictions in regard to medium, so I began by deciding on a communication strategy to inform possible mediums.
From reading reports on homeowners' sentiments about energy audits and speaking with homeowners, I found that many homeowners perceive energy efficiency as daunting, expensive, confusing, and most of all, boring. With everything else going on in their lives, they don't want to spend time learning about it. They also aren't motivated enough to spend money and effort to make their homes more efficient even though they understand that it can save them money in the long run.
I chose the idea of home comfort as a series of diagnostic symptoms to approach a homeowner with, instead of addressing energy efficiency from the beginning, since there are tangible issues (symptoms) that can be resolved by sealing a home to be more energy efficient.
Tim says that best way to get homeowners to take action is to listen to their experiences in their own homes to begin a dialogue, and I noticed that the top google search suggestions for "why is my home..." or "why does my house feel..." were all related to issues of comfort that people experience, so keeping these channels in mind, I decided to make a quiz that could be featured in the results of searches like this.


We rise to the challenge we're given. The same applies to the wheel dimensions of the new Panamera . The tires are wider, the contact surface larger – for enhanced performance under acceleration and braking. As of now, optional sizes of up to 21 inches are available from a range of wheel designs, assuring you of a grand appearance. The Panamera Turbo is equipped as standard with 20-inch wheels. The material? Alloy, of course. The design? Classic and sporty. A choice of other 20- and 21-inch wheels is available on request.
A stunning identifying feature at the front: LED headlights with four-spot daytime running lights, including Porsche Dynamic Light System (PDLS) on the Panamera Turbo .


I spent some time today working on a new pretty pink collar for our smallest yorkie to keep my mind occupied. I used a scrap piece of a honey bun strip that started out about 16". I used my folding pen (still love this item) and folded the sides in on the strip and then folded the strip in half (image inset) and sew the strip closed.
Then I got her original collar and used it as an example to figure out where all the pieces go. I didn't do very well with sewing the the pieces together. There were some tight spaces. Maybe because I had the wrong foot on the sewing machine. I never changed my walking foot.
At first glance of the collar photo, it looks great.
But, when you look closer, you see it's not as it seems. It's not put together very well. Strings are everywhere and not so sure about it's strength and durability.
If anyone has any hints as to how you sew tiny strips together without making a mess, please pass them along.


Sounds good, don't you think?
I'll bring this handy iBook with me, of course, so you'll still hear from me, whether you like it or not.
Just read some thoughts from Paul Cantrell's blog, Comparing Notes. Read the entire post here.
1. Concerts probably fall into this same group of what Putnam would call social captial building activities, along with picnics and churches and voting. Playing music in the home as a social activity certainly is. The decline of public interest in classical music, which is live music at its heart, is likely a part of the broad phenomenon Putnam is talking about.
2. Classical music culture in particular has lots of built-in bonding, and is quite good at that, but is not so good at bridging. In spite of the outreach campaigns and attempts at watering down or explaining up the music for "everyone else" — institutional efforts at bridging — there's very little bridging built into the musical culture itself.
Frank Zappa (1940 – 1993) US singer, guitarist, philosopher, actor, The Real Frank Zappa Book, ch. 8 (1989; written with Peter Occhiogrosso).


Minor marks and edgewear to boards. Slight soiling to endpapers. Board corners slightly bumped. Size: Large 8vo ( 9 to 11 inches). Text body clean and un-marked. Binding tight, covers & spine fully intact. Edges lightly soiled or stained. ISBN: 0387229493. ISBN/EAN: 9780387229492.


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'Game Of Thrones' May End With Two Shortened Seasons
By Angie Han/April 15, 2016 9:00 am EST
Even as we look ahead to another thrilling season in Westeros, it may be time to start preparing ourselves for the very end. A new report indicates Game of Thrones could go out with abbreviated seventh and eighth seasons, meaning we may only have 13 episodes left once season 6 wraps up.
Speaking with Variety, showrunners David Benioff and Dan Weiss revealed that they are considering two final, shortened seasons for Game of Thrones, with season 7 consisting of seven episodes and season 8 consisting of six. "I think we're down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap," said Benioff. "That's the guess, though nothing is yet set in stone, but that's what we're looking at."
HBO has been quick to clarify that no official decision has been made. "In every conversation, that's been [the showrunners'] thinking," HBO entertainment president Michael Lombard told Entertainment Weekly. "It will be interesting to see how strongly they feel about being definitive about that when we are in a position to announce seasons 7 and 8."
For the past several years, HBO and the showrunners have been at odds about the length of the series. Benioff and Weiss have been eyeing a seven- or eight-season run for a long time now, while HBO has understandably been reluctant to let them go. Game of Thrones is HBO's most popular series ever, at a time when the premium cable network has struggled to launch new drama hits. "As a television executive, as a fan, do I wish they said another six years? I do," said Lombard. "[But] I'm always an optimist, and I do believe we will figure this out."
Some shows are designed to run indefinitely, petering out only when audience interest does. Game of Thrones could, theoretically, go on forever — as long as there are greedy, power-hungry people in Westeros, there will be stories for the show to cover — but from the beginning it's been a single, massive story about the battle for the Iron Throne. At some point the show is going to have to deliver on a definitive ending to that story, and it's likely to be more satisfying if it gets to go out on its own terms rather than just spin its wheels for the sake of ratings.
Game of Thrones season 6, which consists of 10 episodes, premieres April 24.


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Plumbing Services – Garbage Disposal Repair
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Month / March 2016
March 28, 2016 August 10, 2016 by William Moore
Donald Trump in Sanders' Hometown
Donald Trump, who is a Republican presidential candidate, was seen at a rally on Thursday at Vermont. He was disrupted recurrently by protestors though Donald Trump's staff attempted to shade the crowd. Hundreds and thousands of people were waiting in queue for hours. They were waiting to get inside the Burlington event. During the campaign, more than 20,000 people were distributed free tickets. They were given free to Flynn Center for the Performing Art. It had just 1400 seats but 20,000 tickets were distributed.
To cut the crowd, the rally goers who had tickets in hand waited for several hours in cold. When they entered the venue, they were asked whether they support or not support Trump. If they say that they do not support Trump, they are not allowed inside. They have to exit the building.
Adam Linnebur has turned away. He was from South Burlington, Vermont. He was asked whether he would vote for Trump, he replied that he had no idea. Linnebur told that he did not expect such a response. He also told that there was nothing mentioned on the ticket. It was not compulsory to support Trump.
Trump managed the situation by saying that there were 20,000 people arrived for 1400 spots. He told that he was taking care of his people. He does not take care of people who do not vote for him or remain undecided. He said that if people remained loyal to him, he would show his loyal in return. He added that most guys did not come since they were afraid of him.
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We analyzed the relationship between zooplankton species richness and the area of 34 natural and 55 artificial lakes in Brazil (total of 89), with area varying between 0.01 to 2,430 km2.
A total of 33 studies were found in the specialized bibliography, containing data from zooplankton sampled in the limnetic areas, here analyzed through descriptive statistics, nonparametric group comparisons, Spearman correlation, and non-linear regression.
The relationship between zooplankton richness and area in Brazilian lakes depend both on the size and type of the environments. Contradicting aspects of the biogeographic theory, in small environments (up to 6 km2) there is no significant influence of the area on the richness, whether it is natural (ponds) or artificial (dams, reservoirs). The natural lakes present greater richness and habitat variation independent of the size, possibly due to a more diverse composition of niches. Large natural lakes are scarce in Brazil but, with dams, area and zooplankton richness are positively correlated on an intermediate scale, up to 39 km2, critical point of size from which species' richness stabilizes.
For the artificial lakes of large or intermediate size in Brazil, area and richness of microcrustaceans have a point from which richness starts to stabilize, as would be expected by the biogeographic theory. But in small size environments there is no evidence confirming this association. Also, it is observed that the natural lakes present higher and more variable values for richness than the artificial ones.
Nós analisamos as relações entre a riqueza de espécies zooplanctônicas e a área de 34 lagos naturais e 55 artificiais no Brasil (total de 89), lagos com tamanhos variando entre 0,01 e 2430 km2.
Foram consultados 33 artigos disponíveis na bibliografia especializada, contendo dados de zooplâncton amostrados nas zonas limnéticas, analisados nesse estudo por meio de estatísticas descritivas, correlação de Spearman e regressão não-linear.
A relação entre a riqueza de espécie zooplanctônicas e a área de lagos brasileiros depende do tamanho e do tipo de ambiente. Contradizendo aspectos biogeográficos teóricos, em ambientes pequenos (até 6 km2) não há influência significativa da área sobre a riqueza, em lagos naturais e artificiais (reservatórios e açudes). Lagos naturais apresentam maiores riquezas e variação de habitat independente do tamanho, possivelmente devido a composição mais diversa de nichos. Grandes lagos naturais são escassos no Brasil, mas em reservatórios, a area e a riqueza do zooplâncton são positivamente correlacionadas em uma escala intermediária, até 39 km2, um ponto crítico de tamanho de área para que a riqueza estabilize.
Para lagoas artificias de tamanho grande ou intermediário no Brasil há um ponto no qual a riqueza estabiliza, como esperando nas teorias biogeográficas. Porém em ambientes pequenos não há evidências dessa relação. Também foi observados que lagos naturais exibem valores de riqueza maiores e mais variados do que os artificiais.
Biodiversity is a widely used term but its definition is not always clear. In a simple and robust way, biodiversity is commonly measured by the species' richness (a kind of diversity alpha, local), referring to the number of species that inhabit a specific area or sample unit ( Barros, 2007 ).
The increase of species richness (S) with area (A) is one of the fundamental rules in ecology and biogeography. Many studies report, characterize, and interpret the mechanisms of relations of species-area (SARs), practically for all biomes and taxa ( Connor & McCoy, 1979 , 2001 ; Williamson, 1988 ; Rosenzweig, 1995 ; Lomolino, 2001 ; Drakare et al., 2006 ; Albert & Reis, 2011 ; Perbiche-Neves et al., 2014 ). Many studies confirm that this tendency of richness increases with area.
There are different ways to establish the best methods to analyze these relations. Some revisions have been published to try to standardize them ( Dengler, 2009 ), however because of the number of biotic and abiotic factors acting on the communities, points of stabilization of richness increases lacks in literature, presenting a gap in knowledge about this variation. For example, the estimation of this critical point could be helpful for the sizing of environmental conservation units pointing if a minimum size of area is necessary to be considered for stabilizing the species richness of a selected community.
An increasing species-area relation was observed for fish ( Albert & Reis, 2011 ) and for zooplankton, varying with the area of eco-regions ( Abell et al., 2008 ; Perbiche-Neves et al., 2014 ), referring to the hydrographic basins. The highest neo-tropical number of species of fish and zooplankton occurs in the Amazon and Paraná River basins ( Albert & Reis, 2011 ; Perbiche-Neves et al., 2014 ).
In Brazil, there are no studies that compared zooplankton diversity between natural and artificial lakes. Most of the studies focus on artificial lakes, especially reservoirs for hydropower generation ( Silva & Perbiche-Neves, 2016 ). Brazilian natural lakes are formed by erosion or deposition in river banks, for example in Amazon, Doce, Paraguay, and Paraná River basins. Generally, natural lakes are older than artificial lakes, which were constructed after the 1950's for hydropower generation, aquiculture, or water supply.
Both natural and artificial lakes tend to have eutrophication of their waters, slowly or quickly, depending on several variables, such as nutrients concentrations, depth, water retention time, etc. Due to the age and historical processes, natural lakes have more species than artificial lakes, explained by the stabilization of the community in general (but not excluding immigration, relaxing and extinction in different rates), including many types of habitats, egg banks and, its availability in the sediment, etc. If this idea is true, other questions can be investigated, including whether the area size is more important that all these appointments on the number of species. Additionally, what are the implications of human interventions in the artificial lakes? In Brazil, there is no information relating to these questions. One reason is the scarcity of natural lakes in this country, as found in other continents, including North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. Any comparison of natural and artificial lakes in Brazil is restricted to the small-sized environments.
The present study analyzed relations between the species richness of microcrustaceans and areas in natural and artificial (reservoirs) lakes in Brazil. The aims were: (1) To check if areas of Brazilian aquatic environments and microcrustaceans species' richness are positively correlated, according to the biogeographical theories; (2) Compare the relations species-area in natural and artificial aquatic environments, supposing major richness in the natural systems; and (3) To estimate the critical value for aquatic environment areas, from which occurs a stabilization of microcrustaceans' species richness. Our data also contributes to the knowledge of the areas sizing for environmental conservation.
The study was based on values of species richness and areas of lakes in Brazil ( Figure 1 ) found in literature, using these key-words in digital basis: Cladocera; cladocerans; Copepoda; copepods; limnology; zooplankton; reservoirs in Brazil; natural lakes Brazil; marginal lakes; floodplain lakes; species richness. There were used the follow basis: Google Schoolar; Scopus; Scielo and ISI Web of Knowledge. The selected papers are listed in the Table 1 , from 1984 to 2016. Data from 33 studies involving 83 natural and artificial lakes (dams, reservoirs, ponds) were tabulated for a conjunct analysis of these results. The variables extracted were: area of lakes, type of environment (natural and artificial) and the species richness of Cladocera and Copepoda. Litoranean sites were not added. We found 34 natural lakes and 55 reservoirs, totalizing 89 environments. Same places studied by different authors were added as different studies.
Figure 1 Distribution of the natural (red circles, N = 32) and artificial (blue circles, N = 51) lakes used in this study.
Table 1 List of studies used in our analysis.
The correlation between richness of cladocerans and copepods was performed using the Spearman´s correlation coefficient ρ and tested to the 5% significance level. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to study the trend of the species richness according to the area and environment type (natural and artificial lakes). Due the similar tendency of microcrustaceans' species, we decide to use a joint analysis (total richness).
While reservoirs areas ranged from 0.01 up to 2430 km2, the natural lakes showed areas smaller than 6 km2 (with the exceptions of Saco de Tapes (189 km2 ), Tarumã Mirim (10 km2) and Batata lakes (25 km2)). The correlation between total richness and area for each environment was analyzed using a Spearman's ρ and tested using t-distribution; the comparison of richness distribution in natural lakes and reservoirs was made using the non-parametric test of Wilcoxon and the homogeneity of variance was studied with Brown-Forsythe test, being all made with 5% of significance level.
where: y is the total richness in log scale; x is the area in log scale (km2); β0andβ1 are parameters associated with the linear phases (pieces) to be joined in the piecewise model; γ is a smoothing constant arbitrarily defined ( γ=0.1 ); and the parameter τ is the critical value for log of area from which the richness seems to stabilize. The log transformation was necessary due to the different orders of magnitude in area measurements.
The fitted model is graphically described as two intercepting straight lines, y=β0+β1x and y=β0+β1τ (horizontal line), which are joined by a smooth hyperbolic function with curvature controlled by the parameter γ . The inclusion of the hyperbolic transition is made only to overcome statistical problems in estimation and inference for nonlinear regression, which appear when models have discontinuous derivatives (see Seber & Wild, 1989 ). Thus, it allows obtaining more reliable estimates for parameters of the model.
The model was fitted by nonlinear least square technique and non-parametric bootstrapping (2,000 samples) was used for make inferences about the parameters ( Bates & Watts, 1988 ). All the statistical analyses were carried out with R software ( R Core Team, 2018 ).
The species richness of Cladocera and Copepoda were positively associated with area by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( ρ= 0.6782; p < 0.001; Figure 2 ). Using a preliminary descriptive analysis, we verified that cladocerans and copepods richness is similar in the way they are correlated with area of the environments. Thus, we opted in use the total richness of these two groups of organisms as response variable.
Figure 2 Conjunct distribution of species richness of copepods and cladocerans (●, black circles) and Spearman coefficient pointing a positive association (p < 0.001) for these variables.
In natural lakes there was no correlation between richness and area ( ρ=0.0805 ; p = 0.6356). However, it is important to note that almost all natural lakes in Brazil are small in size (< 6 km2). As mentioned early, only three exceptions are found in our database.
Considering the small sized artificial lakes, similar result was obtained - in dams and reservoirs with area up to 6 km2, there was no significant correlation between richness and area ( ρ=−0.1328 ; p = 0.5556). However, we observed a significant and positive correlation when the data for intermediate and large reservoirs (from 6 to 2430 km2) were included in the analyses ( ρ=0.6794 ; p < 0.001). The richness increases until a critical point, from which it seems to stabilize ( Figure 3 ).
Figure 3 Total richness of microcrustaceans (copepods plus cladocerans) in function to the area of natural lakes (●, black circles) and reservoirs (○, clear circles), considering lakes between: (A) 0 to 1.2 km2; (B) 0 to 30 km2; (C) 0 to 100 km2; and (D) 0 to 2430 km2.
In small environments (< 6 km2) there was different distribution for richness of species in lakes and reservoirs (W = 524; p < 0.001), being the largest values found in natural lakes ( Figure 4 ). We also verify at this scale that the richness variance is smaller in reservoirs when compared with natural lakes, since the variances differ by the Brown-Forsythe test (W = 11.04; p < 0.001).
Figure 4 Boxplot of total species richness of microcrustaceans (copepods + cladocerans) in natural lakes (L) and reservoirs (R) until 6 km2 of area. Clear circles are outliers.
The estimated values obtained to describe total richness of microcrustaceans (copepods + cladocerans) in function of the reservoir area, by fitting the piecewise linear model ( Equation 1 ) are presented in Table 2 , and the fitted curve is shown in Figure 5 . As expected, there was a critical point for area from which richness stabilizes. This point was estimated as being 3.66 (in log scale), corresponding to 38.86 km2. The 95% percentile IC for τ was [1.93, 5.49], indicating that the critical point belongs to the range from 6.89 up to 242.26 km2 with 95% confidence.
Table 2 Estimates and percentile confidence intervals for the parameters of the fitted piecewise linear model with hyperbolic smooth transition.
Figure 5 Linear piecewise model with hyperbolic smooth transition fitted to describe total richness of microcrustaceans (copepods + cladocerans) in function of the reservoir area.
Comparing the natural and artificial lakes, natural lakes are richer and present greater variance in species richness. Even in small environments, natural lakes could present richness superior to that of the largest artificial lakes ( Padovesi-Fonseca & Rezende, 2017 ). The reason may be the more diversified niche composition in these environments, age, and/or a great variety of biomes. Artificial lakes can be constituted of uniform environments, which give rise to a small richness of microcrustaceans, as reflected in our results.
In small environments, the richness was different between natural and artificial lakes, with higher values for natural lakes. This result contrasts with Merrix-Jones et al. (2013) , in which differences have not been found in zooplankton richness between 79 natural and artificial lakes in the world. However, the composition of species was different when considering the variables depth, productivity, longitude, and electrical conductivity. The greater richness in natural lakes in the present study can be attributed to the greater availability of ecological niches in these environments compared to the artificial lakes, which have less heterogeneity ( Merrix-Jones et al., 2013 ). The history of the environment can also interfere as most natural lakes are older than reservoirs, which were generally built after 1950. In small and shallow natural environments, there are usually more aquatic macrophytes, which provide more niches and refuges for zooplankton ( Padovesi-Fonseca & Rezende, 2017 ).
Natural lakes are associated with less recent events of formation, flood, and eutrophication. When they are of small extension, they have a uniform sedimentary condition and limnetic zones, making possible the proliferation of only a few species of microcrustaceans, as it has composition of poorer niches. In natural environments, the microcrustacean species also had more time to adapt and increase the egg banks in the sediment so that they could be resilient and avail, harmonically, all available resources in the physical environment. This is commented on in the revision about egg banks in the sediment of Gyllström & Hansson (2004) . Meanwhile, in the case of artificial reservoirs, recent disturbances may have affected the ecosystem in such a way that populations of microcrustaceans have efficiently occupied all of the niches that the environment offers, leading to the lowest richness.
The similar behavior to Copepoda and Cladocera richness according to the area can be justified by the habitats and resources that these organisms use. Variations in the vertical column of water and in benthic zones, such as phytoplankton density, luminosity, and flow, should similarly affect the richness of these groups, owing to their ecological similarities.
The differences in the relationship between species' richness and size of area occurs in natural and artificial lakes. Although the natural environments do not exhibit a significant relationship between species area, it resembles the scarcity of large natural lakes in Brazil, and data on medium and large artificial lakes indicated effects of the area on the microcrustaceans' richness.
In statistical problems of regression and correlation, it is known as the influence of the range of observations. It is common for conclusions to vary according to the data range ( Seber & Wild, 1989 ). Our database for artificial environments presents an example of this effect: while a significant correlation between richness and area in small artificial lakes was not found, in the medium and large environments, the total richness of microcrustaceans tends to increase according to the area until it stabilizes to a maximum value. This increase can occur because reservoirs' compartmentalization, new environments and niches, varying according to the morphometric condition and water residence time ( Nogueira et al., 2008 ; Perbiche-Neves & Nogueira, 2013 ).
The stabilization point estimate is important because it can be used for the sizing of aquatic conservation areas, such as in the implementation of aquatic preservation areas of small environments. In contrast, large systems will not increase the richness.
The critical point (stabilization) could be estimated at 39 Km2, but this estimate was imprecise since its confidence interval is quite wide (7 and 243 Km2). Generally, artificial lakes with less than 39 Km2 have microcrustacean richness up to ideal (equilibrium). The missing of diversity in the microfauna, in turn, places these small environments on the risks of ecological degradation, seen in the importance of microcrustaceans for the support of the trophic chain and quick response for environmental disturbances ( Perbiche-Neves et al., 2016 ).
It was observed that the area does not have any effect on the richness of these species of microcrustaceans in the lakes of small extension (less than six square kilometers), which have great richness variation. Natural small area lakes presented either low values of richness, or values higher than the largest reservoirs, showing the area as a bad predictor of richness in this type of environment. It is possible that the high variation masked the effect of the area on the richness of the species, contradicting a fundamental aspect of the biogeographic theory. The variability of richness among lakes of the same size was likely major compared to the richness area relation, therefore rejecting our hypothesis.
Cite as: Longato, L.O., Ferreira, I.E.P. and Perbiche-Neves, G. Relationship between zooplankton richness and area in Brazilian lakes: comparing natural and artificial lakes and trends. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2018, vol. 30, e309.


From time to time I hear from someone who is so fed up with their car they've decided to stop making payments and "walk away from it." I always tell them, DO NOT EVER do that voluntarily. It is always the worst option available.
Here's the setup: You take out a loan to buy a car. The lender has a lien on the car as you make payments. If you want to sell the car, you have to pay off the lien to get a clear title. Sometimes, people get in situations where they decide to simply walk away from the car and the loan and just let whatever happens happen. The lender considers this a default.
To most rational people this seems completely insane, but it's often the result of several scenarios. I've seen people who had a defective car and felt it was "unfair" to be paying the bank for a car that didn't run. Or the buyer ran into financial trouble — lost a job, costly divorce, etc. — and decided they could not afford to make the payments anymore. I have even seen cases where a co-signer who was not in possession found out that the other signer had stopped paying, and the co-signer thought it was "unfair" that they had to make the payments for a car that someone else was driving. Unfair as it may be, they're still on the hook.
Here is what happens when you stop paying: The bank hires a company to go snag your car. This is the actual repossession. A tow truck shows up and drags the car away, often with your belongings in it. The car is taken to a yard where it is held because there is usually a right of redemption period where you could recover the car (if you pay a bunch of fees and get the loan caught up). The car sits in the lot and gets covered with grime. Your belongings vanish.
The car is then sent to an auction where it is presented as a bank repo. The buyers at these auctions know that this is a crapshoot. So, the car sells for pennies on the dollar. The bank then sends you an accounting. What they received for the car, minus the auction fees, minus the legal fees, minus the cost of the repo and the storage, and minus the other sundry fees from the loan contract and you end up with a "net." That net is applied to your outstanding loan.
The outstanding loan less this net will almost always leave you with a balance. In fact, the balance might not be reduced much, if at all, depending on how well your car did at auction.
So, now you owe a balance and you have a bank repossession on your credit history. What happens next? The bank sues you when you don't immediately pay the balance and they get a judgment against you. That judgment includes the amount of the balance, plus attorney's fees and court costs, plus interest. And this judgment also goes on your credit report. Hey, the hits just keep on coming!
What should you have done?
Well, just about anything but this. You could have sold the car yourself and gotten much more than the car will realize at a bank auction. Then you wouldn't have had any of the fees tacked on (or the repo and judgment on your credit).
I know that if you are upside down on your loan, this might be a problem. But you need to think long and hard about this. Is there any way you can scrape up the money necessary to get yourself out from under the loan? Can you borrow it from friends or relatives? I'd even consider putting a few thousand on a credit card if it will keep you from going the voluntary repo route, which will tank your credit even worse and expose you to legal problems.
If — and I still say you need to do what you can to avoid this — If the repossession really is unavoidable, then cooperate with the bank. Don't make them chase you for the car. Bring it to them and keep it clean. Anything you can do to keep their costs and fees down will benefit you when they calculate the net to you after the auction.


After updating to 4.1, I am no longer able to create OnClicked events in the Level blueprint, but can inside an actor blueprint. Existing instances of OnClicked events in a project work fine, but if I delete one, I cannot re-place it.
Try selecting the actor you wish to add the on-clicked event to, then in your level Blueprint, right-click and at the top of the drop-down you'll see "add events for [your object name]" In there, you'll see the input events, etc. (At-least I am). You can also start typing "Click" and find it too.
Yep... that's what's missing. It's there within an actor blueprint, but the Input options are completely absent from the level blueprint.
I've reproduced the issue and have a fairly good sense of what has happened. It is going to be inconsistent, some Actors will have the events available and others will not. Unfortunately I don't have a workaround at this time but I will try and get a solution in place as soon as possible.
EDIT: I should note, that if you are compiling your own source and there is a particular Actor class that is causing you immediate issues, you can go to the UCLASS definition of it and remove the hidecategories=(input) (or input portion of the hidecategories). This will have the effect of showing those events, though also showing some other things that probably don't want to be shown. The problem is a couple of different changes related to property/function categorizations coming together in an undesireable way.
Thanks Marc, I'll keep on eye on this question for more info.
How to access Widget Blueprint objects from Level Blueprint?


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Newsletter Vol. #1 That's how I see it!
Newsletter Vol. # 2 That's how I see it!
Newsletter Vol. # 11 That's how I see it!
Newsletter Vol. #13 That's how I see it!
Newsletter Vol. # 22 That is how I see it!
Newsletter Vol. # 25 That's how I see it
Vol. # 27 That's how I see it!
Hello and welcome to this week's newsletter.
What you will find in this weeks newsletter: Universal Daycare-do you care? Something from the book; "Scattered Minds"; Intrusive Parenting is bubble-wrapping our kids and they are paying the price; NHL Quiz; just what is The Connection Between Sleep and Weight; understanding Anger better; Reader Response.
Universal Daycare
It's different today. The economy is such that both moms and dads need to work just to cover the necessities. And single moms certainly need to work to live and if they have young kids, they will end up in daycare/kindergarten.
Yes it was different in my time (several centuries ago) my wife stayed home with the kids most of the time (or part-time two days a week). Wasn't easy on a teachers salary but we managed. So this whole issue of daycare is new but of great interest since becoming a "Papa." Is daycare good for kids, do we need a full day of kindergarten to get our children ready for the rigors of grade one? The Editorial in October MacLean's (does this mean I am doing an editorial on an editorial?) suggested that universal daycare may have some doubters.
Advocates of universal day care, as well as full-time kindergarten, once promoted the concept on the basis it gave young participants a measurable benefit in cognitive skills (i.e. reading, writing and math) over their peers. However, numerous studies have concluded that while there may be a short burst of improvement in test scores for children in these programs, any gain tends to "wash out" by early grade school. Over the long run, there is no noticeable difference between the test scores of children who attend day care or full-day kindergarten, and those who don't.
As of late it seems many of the studies done on day care have shifted away from the promise of significant benefits in cognitive skill development to improvement in areas such as impulse control, risk-taking and emotional stability--all important in later success in life.
The famous HighScope Perry Preschool Study, which examined the effect of intensive early education intervention on 58 low-income children in Ypsilanti, Michigan, is widely cited as proof that universal day care improves social skills. Every tax dollar spent on the program returned $13 in savings to society due to lower welfare costs and jail time over the subject's lives.
However, what works for a very small sample of disadvantaged kids (HighScope Perry Preschool Study) may not work so well when applied to a large population. This is what researchers Kevin Milligan, Michael Baker, and Jonathan Gruber concluded upon examining Québec's universal daycare program.
The negative impact of the Québec program on the non-cognitive outcomes of young children appears to persist and grow as they reach school ages. This result is strongest for boys aged 5 to 9. Among teenagers, self-reported health and life satisfaction are significantly lower for former daycare attendees. There is also a greater propensity to criminal behaviour. Exposure to the Québec program leads to higher rates of crime when compared to other Canadian children.
So what does this mean for those of us who depend on daycare and kindergarten? I believe these negative results on daycare/kindergarten don't have to be true for many attendees. The reason I say this is first, I believe there is a greater benefit for children to learn to socialize at a young age-they need other children. However, if we just dump our kids off at daycare/kindergarten and have minimal contact with them after they come home from their program, I am more inclined to believe what the researchers above found in their studies. However, if we interact with our children-read books, do puzzles, learning games, give them experiences in the community, show them love and patience-in other words spend quality time with them, then their experience at daycare/kindergarten will yield only positive outcomes later in their lives.
What you think about universal daycare. danrosin@drcounselling.com
"Scattered Minds"
"If parents shift their focus off the child and become more responsible for their own actions, the child will automatically (perhaps after testing whether the parents really mean it) assume more responsibility for himself," writes Michael Kerr, psychiatrist. "If parents focus on being responsible for themselves and respecting boundaries in relating to their children, the children will automatically grow towards being responsible for themselves."
Parents are not willing to allow their children and youth to take responsible risks; risks that might actually lead to bruises, tears, and disappointment and real life consequences that research tells us contribute heavily to social and emotional maturity. As a result, we have seen a steep increase in the number of children referred to school psychologists for anxiety and mood issues, few of which are directly related to trauma or neglect or abuse (though those sadly exist) but many of which have their roots in an intrusive parenting style where the child's thoughts, behaviours, and consequences are over-scripted and, quite frankly, bubble-wrapped.
Many parents with best intentions forget that what we really should be doing is raising adults who will be confident, forgiving, compassionate, and yes, maybe even scarred.
Kelly Dean Schwartz, Chair, Family Psychology Section,
Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)
A disgruntled customer returns to our store a few days after she had bought a cordless phone from me. She demanded her money back.
What seems to be wrong with it? I asked.
It cuts out every time I get about two or three blocks away from my house, she replied.
Perhaps, I suggested, I could interest you in a cellular phone instead?
The Quiz
Named after a player known for scoring and toughness, "one goal, one assist and one fight" in a single game by a player is known as what?
The last active player to have played in the World Hockey Association during the 1970s retired in 2004. Who was it?
In 1968, what was the first expansion team to reach the Stanley cup final?
Richard Dean Anderson's television character, MacGyver, often wore a hat with his favourite NHL team logo on. What team wasn't?
Known for his political endeavours, who is the only hockey player to have been named MVP of the playoffs a year before being named rookie of the year in the NHL?
In 1971, who became the first NHL player to sign a contract worth a total of $1 million?
Since 1982, Mike Illitch has been the owner of the Detroit Red Wings. What fast-food chain does the Illitch family also own?
Appearing 10 times as a player and seven times as an executive, whose name is engraved the most on the Stanley Cup?
Answers below
Parents will often say their child has a "powerful" personality. It's not about the child's power but rather the inefficiency of the parent's own emotional thermostat that enables the fluctuations in the child's moods to set the emotional tone of the whole household. Parents are often unaware of how profoundly their own mind states and their own lack of internal self-regulation affect the child.
The Connection Between Sleep And Weight
Over 13 million Canadians are overweight or obese, but for those trying to shed pounds, giving up on a full nights sleep for a 5 AM gym session might do more harm than good. Lack of sleep actually increases appetite and drives people to binge on unhealthy "comfort foods," according to Dr. Charles Samuels, medical director of the Calgary-based Centre for Sleep And Human Performance.
According to results from Scienta's 2010-11 Symptom Profiler, those who said they got less than four or five hours sleep at night reported the most negative health symptoms-and those who slept over 10 hours didn't fare very well, either.
Lack of sleep boosts appetite, Samuels says releasing hormones like ghrelin (which signals hunger) into the system. "The body assumes were under stress, and we go into survival mode," and this drives us to eat more calorie dense foods. One study, published in Annals Of Internal Medicine in 2010, tracked 10 healthy adults who were put on a calorie-restricted diet, and assigned them to sleep 5.5 or 8.5 hours per night; those who got the least amount of sleep also lost less body fat and felt hungrier than those who slept longer.
If the goal is weight loss, the number one thing-is that you've got to get the sleep you need.
Kate Lunau
Gordie Howe hat trick, Mark Messier, St. Louis blues, Calgary Flames, Ken Dryden, Bobby Orr, Little Caesars Pizza, Jean Beliveau
If you got these all correct--let me know. danrosin@drcounselling.com
Human anger is not a biological reflex like this needs, nor simply a reactive display designed to ward off enemies. You may become roused to anger by memories and symbols as well as by real and present dangers, and you maintain that anger for years
It is the hypothalamus and limbic system that are most responsible for emotional behaviour, by which they usually mean rage, fear, and sexual desire. Anger is exclusively human emotion because only humans can judge actions for their intention, justifiability, and negligence--only humans of the wiring to do this.
It doesn't take courage to be angry
But it takes a lot of courage to talk about one's anger
Reader Response
Cell phones are the bane of my existence. We are nurturing a
generation of young folks who are exposing themselves to huge health
risks, and possible issues with communication and intimacy. A
telephone that does everything for you is in danger of replacing a
companion. I worry for the future....it is starting to look like the
sci-fi descriptions of the "Brave New World". Merika
Big scam warning!!!
DO NOT press 90# on your telephone for ANYONE!
I received a telephone call last evening from an individual identifying himself as a Telus Serviceman, who was conducting a test on the telephone-lines. He stated that to complete the test I should touch nine (9) and then zero (0), followed by the pound sign (#), and then to hang up. Luckily, I was suspicious, and I refused. Upon contacting the telephone company I was informed that by pushing 90#, you are giving the requesting individual full access to your telephone line, which enables them to place long distance calls billed to your home phone number. I was further informed that this scam has been originating from many of B.C. Alta. Ont. NB. local jails and prisons.
Vivian Thompson, Crime & Fraud Prevention Coordinator
District 5,South Surrey RCMP, British Columbia
Thanks Jake!
"Spring has sprung the grass has ris
I wonder where the birdys is?"
And please quit snowing.


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Rally against gun violence set for 5 p.m. Monday, alongside one addressing environmental issues
by Marc Levy | Aug 2, 2021 | Checklist | 0 comments
Home | Checklist
By Marc Levy
A Rally for Our Youth is planned for 5 p.m. Monday at City Hall to raise awareness of the city's increased gun violence.
The event is sponsored by the My Brother's Keeper, Cambridge, Task Force in collaboration with individual community members, organizers said. It is happening at the same time and place as a Rally for Cambridge Trees, but MBK "is not co-sponsoring the event with other community-based organizations or community working groups," organizers said in a Monday email.
The lawn at City Hall is a standard place for people to rally ahead of City Council discussions on a topic. Monday is the only council meeting of the summer, and the agenda includes orders about both tree protections and a recent spate of gun violence in The Port.
"Our community has sadly buried two of its youngest and most vulnerable community members this year as a result of gun violence, which we deem to be a public health crisis. MBK, Cambridge, believes a resource-rich city like Cambridge can mitigate and solve this crisis by implementing a series of intentional, strategic frameworks," anti-violence organizers said.
Gun violence is disproportionately affecting the 16- to 30-year-old population in Cambridge, and frequent shootings being perceived as routine, they said. "This rally strives to initiate the most important conversation that needs to be had in the City of Cambridge. The depths of poverty and trauma know no bounds, and violence is the byproduct. Not naming the problem will never mask the fact that the problem exists," Ty Bellitti said.
The group made proposals against the violence in a recent letter to the editor.
Cambridge City Council, class, crime, race


"Price not bad for a true BBQ place. Brisket very good. Wait staff were on their game with a busy Fri night."
"Food is fair at best. Last time we were there it was not very clean and the food was over seasoned. Chef must love garlic. There are much better places in walking distance we'll pass in the future."
"Weapon signs area gone but they should post a sign that says service is ssssssslllllllllllooooooooowwwwww"
"While give the waiter credit for being nice. He can drop the 5 star dinning act anytime. It is an Applebee's not the top of the Ritz."
"Be prepared to have problems with your reservation/room. Have stayed 3 years in a row and each year a problem from double billing to not having a room for the confirmed reservation. I won't be here 4"


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'Opening Doors' - UT Austin A: Person Who Influences You
RRRakolnikov 1 / -
Person who influences you (Grandfather chosen),
An old laminated paper with an aphorism in Chinese on it is taped to my wall. Though it is worn out and faded, I kept it with me because of its origin. The aphorism was written by my grandfather as an encouragement, and it said "The Door to Learning is Understanding." Whenever I have trouble understanding a new concept from class, I ask myself "Where is my Door?" It immediately reminds me of my grandfather, who I dubbed "XX," and how he opened the first Door for me.
XX came to the United States to visit my family when I was ten and he decided to teach me Chinese. Every day, I would come home, throw my backpack into my room, and join XX at our Formica dining table, where he waited, reading the Chicago Tribune. For the first few days, I struggled, desperately trying to memorize the exact strokes and the forms of each and every single word. XX quickly noticed my frustration and told me to put my pencil down. He illustrated the origins of simple Chinese characters such as "water", telling me how it started as a drawing of a crooked creek and then evolved into its modern from. Then, he told me how the more complex characters formed, such as the character for "eat," which incorporated the character for "mouth." I listened with rapt attention, and my new-found interest in the origins of Chinese characters broke down the wall blocking me from learning. These Chinese characters became easy to understand, with their own identities and stories. Learning, XX said, is about understanding a concept, its origins, and its applications. It is never about memorizing.
In his mind, XX only taught my Chinese; in reality, he taught me much more. I have benefited from the idea of understanding material instead of just "learning," which helps me tackle tough tasks. As a Teaching Assistant for the Pre-Calculus and Calculus classes at my high school, I have had many opportunities to teach students what my grandfather had taught me. Last year, a freshman came up to me in Pre-Calculus with a furrowed brow and pursed lips and told me he was struggling with the trigonometric properties they were learning. I sat down and showed him how to obtain the trigonometric identities from basic concepts, and he smiled, saying only "I understand." I smiled too: this was the same way XX taught me to learn Chinese.
XX's proverb has proved invaluable to me through the years, mainly because of a hidden meaning in one character that I cherished the most. When I visited XX in XXXXX, we headed into a shop and I rushed in front of him to open the door, for which he thanked me. His thanks were absolutely unnecessary. I may have opened the door to a shop for him, but he has opened the door to the world for me.
Note: XX denotes the little pet name I've given my grandfather (To show that we were pretty close)
XXXXX is where he lives.
beccalevesque - / 45
In his mind, XX only taught myme Chinese; in reality, he taught me much more.
Last year, a freshman came up to me in Pre-Calculus with a furrowed brow and pursed lips and told me he was struggling with the trigonometric properties that they were learning.
I smiled too; this was the same way XX taught me to learn Chinese.
This is good. you wrote of the person who influences you, how he influenced you, and the manner in which you applied the influence.:)
More countries are opening their doors to welcome more tourist [5] ✓ ~ 2017 - Writing Feedback
Ielts - Colleges are definitely the doors opening to new areas of knowledge [NEW] ✓ ~ 2014 - Writing Feedback
Common app prompt 5 college application essay : opening new doors. [2] ✓ ~ 2017 - Undergraduate
"I look forward to opening new doors" - SOP for M.Engr. in Mechanical Engineering [3] ✓ ~ 2011 - Graduate
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