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South Africa's Dirtiest Spy Tricks
by Jeffrey St. Clair - Alexander Cockburn
The dirtiest secrets of South Africa's apartheid regime are now spillingout in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Cape Town. It's a pitythat the chilling stories haven't been made much of a ripple here in theUnited States, whose own intelligence agencies have, down the years, traveledalong the same path and possibly offered useful signposts to their SouthAfrican colleagues.
Back in 1997 a South African agent admitted to smuggling drugs to raisemoney for terror schemes including chemical experimentation on blacks. Hesaid he had done this on behalf of the Directorate of Covert Collections,a super-secret unit within South Africa's military intelligence apparatus.The drugs — Ecstasy and Mandrax — were manufactured in labs run by DrWouter Basson, one of the chieftains of South Africa's chemical and biologicalweapons program. Basson was arrested in 1997.
Last week's hearings at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offeredvivid insights of what went at Roodeplaat Research Laboratories, a militaryinstallation near Pretoria, where Basson (a cardiologist by profession,who numbered former president PW Botha among his patients)oversaw productionof infamous materials. A veterinarian, Dr Schalk van Rensberg, testifiedthat "The most frequent instruction" from Basson was for developmentof a compound that would kill but make the cause of death seemingly natural."That was the chief aim of the Roodeplaat Research Laboratory."
The Laboratory manufactured cholera organisms, anthrax to be depositedon the gummed flaps of envelopes and in cigarettes and chocolate, walkingsticks firing fatal darts that would feel to the doomed victims like bee-stings.Van Rensberg took his riveted audience painstakingly through what he called"the murder lists" of toxins and delivery systems. These included32 bottles of cholera which, one of the lab's technicians, Mike Odendaal,testified, would be most effectively used in the water supply.
There were plans to slip the still imprisoned Nelson Mandela covert dosesof the heavy metal poison, thallium, designed to make his brain functionbecome "impaired, progressively", as Van Rensberg put it.
In one case lethal toxins went from Roodeplaat to a death squad detailedby the apartheid regime to kill one of its opponents, the Reverend FrankChikane. The killers planted lethal chemicals in five pairs of his underpants,expecting him to travel to Namibia, where they reckoned there would be "verylittle forensic capability." Instead Chikane went to the United Stateswhere doctors identified the toxins and saved his life.
The big dream at Roodeplaat was develop race-specific bio-chemical weapons,targeting blacks. Van Rensberg was ordered by Basson to develop a vaccineto make blacks infertile. He told the Truth Commission that was his majorproject assigned to him by Basson. There were plans to distribute infectedT-shirts in the black townships to spread disease and infertility.
Americans need not entertain any feelings of moral superiority. Backin 1960, in the course of one of the Agency's frequent attempts to assassinateFidel Castro, the CIA planned to put thallium salts in Castro's shoes andon his night-table when he was visiting New York to address the United Nations.The scheme collapsed only at the last moment. Years later, a CIA-suppliedteam tried to assassinate Nicaragua's foreign minister, Miguel d'Escoto,by giving him a bottle of Benedictine, laced with thallium. (Illustratingof the like-mindness of government assassins everywhere, Saddam Hussein'ssecret police also tried to assassinate one of its prime foes with thallium.)
Race specific onslaughts were made by US army researchers into bio-chemicalwarfare in the 1950s. In the early 1990s it was reported that psychiatristsat the National Institute for Mental Health were testing new medicationsto try to correct what they supposed to be chemical imbalances allegedlyfound in both violent monkeys and men. This disclosure came shortly aftergovernment psychiatrist Fred Goodwin created an uproar by comparing violentinner-city youths with "hyper-aggressive monkeys". Goodwin wasduly installed as the boss of NIMH.
One of the investigators for the South African Truth Commission, ZhensileKholsan, has said that there is a strong suggestion that, in the words ofone South African press report in the Johannesburg Sunday Times, "drugswere fed into communities that were political centers, to cause socio-economicchaos." Black communities in the United States have expressed similarsuspicions, particularly about the arrival of crack in South-Central LosAngeles in the early 1980s, imported by CIA-sponsored Nicaraguans raisingmoney for arms. On March 16 of this year CIA Inspector General Fred Hitzfinally conceded to a US Congressional committee that the Agency had workedwith drug traffickers and had obtained a waiver from the Justice Departmentin 1982( the beginning of the Contra funding crisis) allowing it not toreport drug trafficking by its assets.
Back in the 1950s CIA researchers were investigation the consequencesof putting LSD and other chemicals in reservoirs. Was the lethal arsenaldeployed at Roodeplaat assembled with useful advice the CIA and other USagencies? There were most certainly close contacts down the decades. Itwas a CIA tip that led the South African secret police to arrest NelsonMandela. Another Truth Commission here wouldn't do any harm. In fact weshould have it in permanent session. CP
Jeffrey St. Clair is editor of CounterPunch. His new book is The Big Heat: Earth on the Brink co-written with Joshua Frank. He can be reached at: sitka@comcast.net. Alexander Cockburn's Guillotined! and A Colossal Wreck are available from CounterPunch.


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EN24 World
Home Canada Rideau Canal to Open This Winter Despite Restrictions
Rideau Canal to Open This Winter Despite Restrictions
After consulting the health authorities, the National Capital Commission (CCNNational Capital Commission) continues its preparations for the safe opening of the Rideau Canal. The goal is to provide exercise space only.
The CCNNational Capital Commission recognizes the importance of going out for exercise during the pandemic , said the commission in a press release released Wednesday evening.
According to Valérie Dufour, senior manager of strategic communications at the CCNNational Capital Commission, the Rideau Canal will be open for skating. On the other hand, there will be no hut to change or to eat. The National Capital Commission will set up more places to wash hands and directional stairs to access the rink. Due to provincial public health guidelines, the bistro CCNNational Capital Commission of the Rapides-Remic park will not open as long as the state of emergency lasts , also indicates the press release.
The CCNNational Capital Commission ask skaters to wear a mask.
The CCNNational Capital Commission also plans to open a section of the Queen Elizabeth Driveway 7 days a week from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. for active users. It will therefore be closed to motorists like this summer.
Green light for outdoor activities
In addition, the measures on outdoor activities were specified at the end of the day on Wednesday.
Outdoor skating rinks, cross-country ski trails, trails and parks will be able to continue their activities.
However, the authorities ask to practice the chosen sport in a family bubble and to respect social distancing.
Team sports, however, are not permitted and the ski hills remain closed.
Krystal Jameson owns the ice rink River Oak, 30 minutes from downtown Ottawa. Several health measures are in place at home to limit the risk of the spread of COVID-19. No more than 25 people are tolerated at a time on the ice, the wearing of a mask is obligatory when the skates have been put on and visitors must register in advance, to control traffic.
Krystal Jameson is the owner of the River Oak Rink.
Photo: Radio-Canada
The latter applauds the flexibility of the Government of Ontario with regard to outdoor sport activities and emphasizes the importance of being active during a pandemic.
There are several people who do not have access [à des infrastructures pour faire du sport] at their home. To tell people who will not be able to leave their homes for several weeks, I think it will have a lot of negative effects from the point of view of the mental health of people, but also on the companies, which like us, do their best to comply with the regulations , commented Ms. Jameson.
With information from Estelle Côté-Sroka, Nicole Chiasson and Aimée Lemieux
[ source link ]
https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1763008/canal-rideau-patinoire-commission-capitale-nationale
#Rideau #Canal #Open #Winter #Restrictions
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Get Brown v. Board of Education from Amazon.com
Order our Brown v. Board of Education Study Guide
Chapter 1: Race and the Schools Before Brown
Chapter 2: The Grass Roots and Struggling Lawyers
Chapter 3: The Court Decides
Chapter 4: Crossroads, 1954-55
Chapter 5: Southern Whites Fight Back
Chapter 6: Striving for Racial Balance in the 1960s
Chapter 7: The Burger Court Surprises
Chapter 8: Stalemates
Chapter 9: Resegregation?
Chapter 10: Legacies and Lessons
Important People
Brown v. Board of Education - Chapter 3: The Court Decides Summary & Analysis
James T. Patterson
This Study Guide consists of approximately 40 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Brown v. Board of Education.
Although foes of President Franklin Roosevelt claimed he stacked the Supreme Court with liberals, the court was supposed to be non-partisan. There is evidence that he was never non-partisan. Chief Justice Roger Taney was a southern sympathizer who handed down the decision in the Dred Scott case which incited the Civil War. The Court had imposed its racist interpretations on Plessy. Conservative justices during Roosevelt's presidency threatened to sabotage the advancements under the New Deal. When Brown arrived at the Supreme Court, the panel consisted of liberals and moderates all appointed by Roosevelt and Truman. There were bitter internal conflicts and strong philosophical differences within the court. Most followed the policy of judicial restraint and were careful not to strike down state or federal laws. Justice Hugo black was a strong advocate of constitutionally-guaranteed rights and carried a worn copy...
(read more from the Chapter 3: The Court Decides Summary)
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Brown v. Board of Education from BookRags. (c)2020 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Anime, Film, Manga, Transmedia
Alita: The Struggle of Japanese Adaptation
Date: February 21, 2019Author: James K. Wight 0 Comments
I spent the best part of last week trying to wrap my head around Alita: Battle Angel. With my background in Japanese language and culture, and my interest in film, I figured that this would be something that I'd at least be interested in.
I had read some of the manga in advance, but this isn't going to be a case of what's different, what's the same, what did they change – there are already lists online if you're curious. No, this is a look more at how it exists in the cultural space, and as a franchise.
Japan is cool. It is cited as a great example of 'soft power', exporting cultural iconography like ninjas, samurai, mythology, animé, robots, technology, electronics, automobiles, and so on.
It's such a resource to the country, that it has its own governmental policy index.
Photo of Akihabara – the hub of all things animé, video game, and manga.
In terms of transmedia specifically, Japan has their own 'Media Mix' equivalent. This essentially functions the same as a Western transmedia franchise, but there is certainly a difference in business models with how much money companies are willing to put into a single franchise and their consumer base.
But as for Battle Angel: Alita, even for someone with an interest in Japan and robots, this was more just something I was aware of, but not something I was really engaged with.
For your typical westerner, or even animé fan, it felt niche. That doesn't mean it's bad, far from it – I personally love the world and mythos of the story – but it means that it could be a difficult sell.
Think about cultural osmosis. Your typical cinema-goer is going to be familiar with names big names like Pokémon, Dragonball, Godzilla, and maybe Astro Boy, Gundam, and Death Note.
But Alita? I would imagine that the people first hear about this franchise is as a James Cameron passion project.
THE UNFORGIVING WORLD OF WESTERN ADAPTATION
Think about some of the biggest clunkers of western takes on Japanese material. We have Dragonball Evolution (set in an American high school), Death Note for Netflix (with main character Light Turner – sounds like a dimmer switch), and then we have Ghost in the Shell accused of whitewashing in 2017.
In trying to make it more commercial, each film loses the authentic cultural appeal.
All of these were met pretty poorly for a three main reasons:
Whitewashing Japanese Culture.
Disloyal to, or 'dumbing down', the source material.
A feeling like an IP cash grab.
This is the case with all three examples in some way shape or form. It never felt like any of these movies needed to be made, and that they felt like an embarrassing mirror twin of the original intent.
But it is a really tricky line for producers to figure out when it comes to adapting these sorts of properties. There are often years, sometimes decades worth of Manga, movies, animé, toys, and trading cards to sift through before they figure out what they're even going to adapt, and whether it will be well-received.
Things are going to have to be cut out in one way or another, but the common issue can also come down to audience – and the first point about westernising Japanese culture. This misstep was what doomed Dragonball Evolution and led to some uncomfortable questions for Ghost in the Shell – but casting better-known actors like Scarlett Johansson.
Thankfully, the world of Alita both in the Manga, the animé, and the blockbuster, is built around a cultural melting pot. The diversity is already written into the source material, which is a real blessing when it comes to a property like this. It's less an accusation of appropriating Japanese culture, and more a mixture of multiple influences through a Japanese lens.
That said, this film isn't predicted to do well at the box office, and has been critically panned, and I think it comes down to that anxiety about what exactly this film is supposed to be.
Critical and Audience score from 21 Feb 2019.
Now the consensus is that it will need the foreign market to shore up its box office – whether it succeeds due to its Japanese background and Chinese appetite for high-concept CGI Sci-Fi, we'll just have to wait and see.
For cool special effects it's very well done, but it's the story that critics have picked on for letting it down. Namely, pointing out absent character motivation and plot points – all of which were addressed in the original source material over hundreds of issues.
FANDOM: THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
Certainly, in the world of social media, fan response can be quick, uncontrolled, and instantaneous. Word-of-mouth can quickly brand something as inauthentic, lame, bad, or "not as good as the original".
From a marketing perspective, it's vital to get fans on board. They have money, they're likely to see the next instalment of an established franchise – they're a safe market.
But animé is already a niche market to start, so as soon as you add a more commercial element to it, there's a danger that you may move people away from the remake – especially if they feel manipulated.
Yet Alita really doesn't have a substantial fanbase – at least not one large enough to rest a $200 million on. Instead all the marketing is about this incredibly big-budgeted personal James Cameron project. Given the lack of knowledge of the franchise in the West, that's probably the smartest move.
On the one hand, a small fanbase can be a bit of a blow to producers when it comes to selling. But it can also lead to more creative freedom.
They're primary audience isn't the niche fanbase, it's more of a Western YA crowd. For a property like this, I think that's a real blessing.
After all, if it were a bigger IP like Dragonball there's already a huge fanbase that would scrutinise every last detail about the changes to the origin, characters, design, mythology, etc.
An IP has to do right by its fans first – and with social media, now more than ever.S
So, with a little freedom in adaptation, and a big name like James Cameron leading the project, this should have the potential to be great. Japanese influences in a modern CGI Western environment.
So, what went wrong?
TOO. MUCH. WORLD-BUILDING.
I'm not sure if there's an official term for this, but I'll refer to it as Phantom Menace Syndrome.
This is where a producer or director falls in love more with the world-building and history than the story, and is a very dangerous trap to fall into when devising a cinematic property.
George Lucas' Star Wars: Episode I had many other issues, but a big one was how the universe was developed. Dialogue-heavy exposition, cool CGI landscapes, and character motivations focused on moving from one action sequence to the next.
Before long, you've lost track of where you are, who's which character, what the motivations are, who the villain is, what the heroes want – it's a mess. It's a mess born out of ambition and passion, but still a mess.
Alita suffers a similar fate.
James Cameron has made his passion for the source material well-known in the past, writing 180 pages on the story and world.
At a run time of 2h 22m, this was the cut down version.
So, the question is how you use the time effectively for adaptation. When it comes to Alita the consequences come in the balance between world-building and characterisation.
Dialogue is used to explain the world, the history, the war, the battle suit, flashbacks to Mars and so on. It does not develop the character, and there is no hook to engage with what these characters want.
I believe this is more of an issue with the budget and adaptational constraints. Again, it's a tricky source material to adapt, with the Manga revealing character motivations and details out of sequence.
An interesting world? Absolutely. But without that character motivation to hook the audience, it's a struggle.
Cool Sci-Fi cyborgs are great, but without a plot it all becomes noise.
This is why I'm a firm believer in transmedia storytelling for world-building, developing the world in different avenues gives the audience-goer time to breathe and engage with it how they see fit. The Mars subplot could have been explored more in short episodes on streaming services, video games, revised Western comic book tie-ins – just about anything.
Star Wars: Episode I for the N64 developed the Pod-racing subplot in a video-game avenue far better than in the film, and Knights of the Old Republic did a great job in establishing the ancient mythos.
Perhaps other avenues could have been better used as a tie-in to help familiarise people with the premise – especially seeing as it was such a focus of the film. Expensive? Absolutely, video games aren't cheap to make, but this film cost $200 million – so diversifying those funds to make a $150 million blockbuster and a $50 million video game isn't too far fetched … worked for the Matrix.
The world is so big, that it is impossible to cram in every aspect into this film without losing essential character development. So why not risk diversifying funds?
FROM TERMINATOR TO ALITA
There's a lot going on here thematically, and the cyberpunk elements serve a purpose in the manga – less so the film. Without bogging you down with too much detail, the Japanese relationship with robotics and technology is different to the west.
Due to the Shinto and Buddhist history of the country, there is a greater affinity for our technological counterparts. Whether they are innocent robot children like Astro Boy, a symbiotic relationship in Neon Genisis Evangelion, or teaching your kids healthy life lessons like in Doraemon, there is a greater compassion towards machinery.
Although both are indestructible killing machines, the cultural response to them differs greatly.
This comes down to the concept of Animism – the idea that everything, living or not, has a "soul" or "spirit" and are regarded as equal – they're not human, they're just different.
Conversely, the robot, cyborg, and technology is often frowned upon in Western context. Judeo-Christian values paved the way for an anthroprocentric view of the world – man mastering nature and being the next best thing to the divine.
Naturally, robots come in two forms – slave or enemy.
To see this in action, think about Western media. How many robots or cyborgs are good guys?
Terminators? The Borg? Cybermen? The Matrix? HAL 9000? Even good humans become more machine-like when they become evil – as seen in Anakin's transformation into Darth Vader.
The good robots are the subservient inhuman R2D2 and C3PO, Robbie the Robot, and the Jetson's Rosie, never rebel against their human masters.
This is why I was very interested in this film. With someone like James Cameron, creator of the Terminator, looking at something so culturally different, there are lots of great themes to explore. Robo-ethics, prejudice, humanity, posthumanism, mortality, immortality, resurrection, technology v. nature, playing God – all themes explored in the manga that could have really given the film much more depth and meat to it.
Alas, they weren't.
Everyone seems very comfortable with their robotic selves – cyborgs are just part of everyday life. Characters literally have their heads ripped off and put on a robot body without expressing any horror (or any reaction for that matter) at their newfound cyborg fate.
All that potential to explore our dehumanising relationship with technology.
Instead we get …
A … SPORTS MOVIE?
I think this was the biggest misstep for me personally. Alita: The Motorball Kid. For those uninitiated, Motorball is the cyberpunk future sport that everybody's obsessed with in this universe. I'm not too familiar with the rules, but there's a ball, and people on rocket roller skates try to get the ball into the goal – standard sports stuff I guess.
Except, I felt like this was handled a little differently in the manga and was really more of a side-plot at best. Sports can really help immerse oneself in the world – Harry Potter did this well with Quiddich, but the entire plot of the films didn't revolve around it.
Instead, Alita is predominantly a Motorball player – and needs to become a Motorball champion to eventually fight the villain is. It is where the greatest visual spectacle lies, and we see some gruesomely cool cyborgs compete in the third act … but a fictional sport isn't a hook; not when you're trying to immerse yourself in a world, and not when you can't tell who's winning and losing.
"Now THIS is Motorball!"
Alita: Battle Angel, 20th Century Fox
Sports works in Rocky and Karate Kid because it's an event the films build up to and a culmination of what these characters have learnt.
But when doing a cyberpunk sci-fi Japanese robot manga adaptation, there's far more meat to analysing the struggles with her inhumanity and being a combat robot trying to find love.
When it comes to the designs, I would absolutely love to play a video game of Motorball, but it feels so odd compared to the more interesting themes of cyborgs, robots, and eventually immortality.
WHY END, WHEN YOU CAN STOP?
There isn't a villain.
Well, there is in the manga: Desty Nova. A character built up as hiding in the shadows and living literally above the rest of the cyberpunk city.
He communicates through his human servants on the ground, but his goal is more to do with immortality – something the film very very briefly touches on.
His relationship to Alita is unclear, but the film ends hinting at a sequel. If there is a sequel?
This sort of highlights the issue with this film. We are half-way through the hero's journey at best. Alita wasn't even really aware of the villain, or had motivation to go after him, until he did away with her love interest.
It really feels like we've just finished the first act of a much larger project.
I think the goal could be to get people more interested in the manga, where they can read about what happens there. But the marketing made it clear that this was a mainstream blockbuster from the creator of Avatar.
That's a different demographic to your typical manga reader, and I'm not sure that there's going to be major demand for a sequel due to its confusing market placement.
THE AKIRA COMPARISON
If I were to compare this movie to any manga-to-film adaptation, it would probably be Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira (1988). The themes are similar enough, and both Battle Angel: Alita and Akira felt like adult gritty series.
But most importantly, their film adaptations are both incomplete. It is impossible to cram thousands of pages of Manga and world-building into a single feature film – thinks have to be cut, and things need to be cut. That, and both Alita and Akira see their films end at a mid-way point – Akira more successfully.
The reason I bring Akira up is because it knew what to focus on. The Manga goes into more world-building, you learn more about the rivalry between the bikers, the religious priest has a huge backstory with the titular Akira that gets entirely cut, once Akira returns there is a new world order established with him and Tetsuo … all cut from the film. But it needed to be.
The film was a character focus between Tetsuo and Kaneda, with the psychic plot point being a catalyst to their relationship. If fans liked the film, they could read more about it in the Manga.
It can be done, and I think Alita: Battle Angel had the same potential as something like Akira. But whereas Akira knew that it needed to streamline, I think that James Cameron was almost too ambitious.
WHAT COULD HAVE WORKED?
James Cameron is a thoroughly talented film maker, having such enormous titles like Terminator and Avatar under his belt. So, I don't think it's fair to have some just-done-an-MA graduate pick apart everything he's worked on, and was clearly passionate about.
That said, I think there are three major issues with this film: Audience, Story, Tone.
You could argue that there's just not a Western appetite for animé-inspired robot girl protagonists, but we have seen successes built on similar high-concept themes in the past: The Matrix for example. This movie did have the potential to be new and interesting, combining a well-established American producer with a Japanese robot genre. But you also have to figure out where it sits in the market as a result.
Japanese animé fans could just go for the more authentic cultural exports. The cheaper to produce properties, which can claim to be more intrinsically linked to the country that produced it.
Why do we need James Cameron to give us this CGI film when there's a grittier underground animé film from 1993?
It's too niche to be a huge blockbuster success, and too mainstream to appeal to the animé fans that loved the original property.
Audience appetite is an external factor, and a good story can transcend cultural barriers. But the story is a mess.
We have a lot going on here in terms of tone. The start feels like a Spielberg movie about a scientist and his robot daughter. Then we have techno-sci-fi noir like in Blade Runner where she has to work as a robot bounty hunter. Then we go back to a romance teen subplot. Then we have an alien war backstory … then we have an epic sports bounty-hunter finale, then FINALLY we see the main villain supposedly pulling the strings behind the scene … without confrontation.
This is an adaptation of the first few volumes of the Manga, and there is already a lot of high-concept stuff going on. Supposedly, the titular Alita wants to discover who she is, but she's highjacked by wanting to enter this roller-ball cyborg sport, to try to jog her memory (I think).
Don't treat this as a synopsis, this is more how I felt after leaving the film and the information I was able to retain.
A good story often boils down to what a hero wants, and why they can't get it. Often, James Cameron is great at writing such high-concept stories with relatable stakes.
But that method of storytelling doesn't translate into a manga adaptation. The manga doesn't see Alita wanting to know who she is, and it instead feels reminiscent of a father/daughter relationship. Each volume explores another episode, but the world and characters are revealed over time.
In playing down the Motorball side of things, and focusing more on Alita's robot-human struggle, and giving a greater villain (she faces off against a couple of henchmen, but not the big bad) and a motivation for him wanting to destroy/study her … then there could be something to work with.
Of course, there would need to be changes to the source material, and perhaps the order events happen. But this is crucial when it comes down to translating thousands of pages worth of manga into a western blockbuster, even if it means sacrificing some of the world-building on the big screen.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A MANGA-BLOCKBUSTER?
I think anything's possible in film, but there need to be changes made to format. Alita focused on the world more than the characters, and the story suffered for it. It was almost hindered by a loyalty to the manga – albeit a worthy challenge.
For now, I'm cautiously optimistic about Detective Pikachu of all things. This isn't an adaptation of the main series animé but focuses on a single aspect of the world and develops it.
I think if we saw greater development of smaller aspects of the world, that could be fascinating, and that could be something to consider when looking at adapting Japanese source material.
But as it stands, time will tell.
If you liked this post, or other weird bits of transmedia, multi-platform, media mix thoughts, please follow, share, subscribe, and so on.
AdaptationAlitaAnimeBattle AngelBlockbusterFilmJames CameronJapanManga
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Mountains and woods, a way of life that flowed between work and tradition, the passing of time measured by the hissing of the loads transported downhill along the cableways. A clever system of transport, quick and less exhausting, used to move the mountain products to the valleys.
Same mountains, same woods. A modern way of life that rans fast, chaotic in the build-up areas, peacefulness up the mountains but the same hissing that brings back to the woods a new ideal to help the economy of the High Lands.
The cableway has been transformed into the Zipline, and on the steel cable the dream of flight becomes reality. A safe flight, within everybodies reach, it does not require special efforts, courage or ability and it serves to keep the mountain and the valley connected.


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Bubblegum (letterlijk: kauwgom) is een Amerikaanse muziekstijl in de popmuziek die eind jaren zestig tot begin jaren zeventig populair was. Het was een mengeling van garagerock en Monkees-achtige teenyboppermuziek: begeleiding door een elektronisch orgel of hammondorgel, handgeklap, doowopachtige achtergrondzang, simpele refreinen en gitaarakkoorden en een op de jerk gebaseerd ritme. Soms zijn er invloeden vanuit de psychedelische muziek en noemt men deze substroming psychedelische bubblegum. De term bubblegum is beladen, zeker Europese artiesten die zelf eigenlijk ook bubblegum maakten, gebruikten voor zichzelf deze term absoluut niet omdat hij kinderachtig zou zijn.

Het nummer Green tambourine van Amerikaanse groep The Lemon Pipers uit 1967 wordt beschouwd als de doorbraak voor dit genre, maar Hanky panky van Tommy James and the Shondells was al een hit in 1966. Andere voorbeelden zijn Simon Says van 1910 Fruitgum Co., Sugar, Sugar van The Archies en Dizzy van Tommy Roe. Opmerkelijk is het grote aantal one-hit wonders dat dit genre heeft voortgebracht. Bekende producers in de bubblegum is het duo Jerry Kasenetz and Jeff Katz voor het label Buddha Records (nu Buddah Records). Ze namen zelf ook nummers op onder de naam Kasenetz-Katz Singing Orchestral Circus.

Soms worden artiesten uit een latere periode ook onder dit genre beschouwd, zoals Middle of the Road, de glamrockband The Sweet en later Tiffany, maar Middle of the roadmuziek of Teenyboppermuziek is dan een betere benaming.

Vanaf circa 1993 kwam de teen pop opzetten met artiesten als Britney Spears en Christina Aguilera. Deze muziekstijl heeft echter niets gemeen met de bubblegum, behalve dat het voor een jong publiek en veelal door jonge artiesten wordt uitgevoerd. Ze is veel commerciëler en grootser geproduceerd en heeft haar wortels in de dance en r&b.

Enkele bubblegum-artiesten
 1910 Fruitgum Company
 The Archies
 Crazy Elephant (hitje Gimme Gimme Good Lovin''')
 The Lemon Pipers
 The Monkees
 The Ohio Express
 The Royal Guardsmen (hitje Snoopy vs. the Red Baron'')
 Tommy James and the Shondells
 Tommy Roe

Popgenre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Advanced Business Consulting (ABC) is a Quality based Management Consulting and Training firm established to support the implementation of best class business management tools for both private and public sector organizations. Through our affiliation with leading experts in a wide variety of management disciplines, we enable our clients to benefit from our expertise and become better equipped to meet the challenges of their customers where quality transformation is the only constant.
We strive to be the leading Consulting and Training Institution in the field of Best Business Practices, Total Quality Management and to be recognized as a major contributor to raising management competency in Afghanistan.
We are committed to provide high quality, high value consulting and training services to our clients through optimum utilization of our academic knowledge and practical experience in field of business management.
To provide value added services to our clients' for improving their potential in productivity and profitability with the assurance that they receive the practical business management tools necessary for immediate and sustained performance improvement in efficient and cost effective manner by utilizing our skilled consultants and trainers.
To be the preferred "state-of-the-art business management solution provider" locally and internationally.


This book provides readers with insightful knowledge and understanding to bariatric Lap-Band treatment. Beyond nutritional guidance, emotional and physical aspect related to utilizing the Lap-Band as a true tool is obtained in the pages of this book. Gentile's multidisciplinary, holistic approach to Lap-Band surgery will enlighten and inspire readers to take better control of their health by connecting mind, body and spirit.
This entry was posted in Body Mind Spirit, Health, Medical, Non-Fiction and tagged body, body mind spirit, health, medical, mind, spirit. Bookmark the permalink.


Now is a great time to buy a home and Mastercraft can help you; whether it is new construction or an existing home. We are a full service realty company. If you are interested in building a new home we can also help you sell your existing home. When selling your existing home Mastercraft Realty has the ability to market it to the world through many online search engines.


Includes unlimited streaming of Subtraction via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality download in MP3, FLAC and more.
Comes with Subtraction and Asleep by Gleb Kanasevich on cassette with download code. Asleep is the polar opposite of Subtraction, blackened, doomed out, feedback worship via bass clarinet.
Distro item. Comes with download code. Asleep is the polar opposite of Subtraction, blackened, doomed out, feedback worship via bass clarinet.
Comes with Subtraction and Naked Brunch by Luca Sigurtà & Sergio Sorrentino. Extra cd comes with download code.
"Subtraction" is a concept piece that is a result of researching alternative approaches to playing the clarinet. The mechanical approach to playing the instrument focuses on seeing the clarinet as a tube without holes, a blank canvas, with the performer being one whole with the instrument. Starting out from a totally closed position, the player creates openings in the body of the tube (simply by lifting fingers) and changes the original drone. As a result, a unique microtonal scale and harmonic world are born.
The order of the fingers being lifted is intended to be as instinctive and natural as possible, avoiding any awkward positions. With elimination of stress, the performer and the listener are gradually immersed in a trance. The electronic effects gain a life of their own and build a growing pulse. As the pulse finally materializes, the fingers begin moving faster, in a strangely frenetic but totally free dance of our subconscious.
The track is one continuous 45-minute musical line, and it has not been conceived as a goal-oriented piece, but more as an environment, a universe to be explored."


text:
Q: (c++) reading from a text file I made this program that asks users to enter the grade of some students, determine whether they pass or fail and then determine how many pass and how many fail the exam. Here's my code:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
    int passing = 0;
    int failing = 0;

    int mid_grade;
    int final_grade;

    int student = 5;

    while (student > 0)
    {
        cout << "Enter mid-term grade: ";
        cin >>  mid_grade;

        cout << "Enter final grade: ";
        cin >> final_grade;

        double total_grade = (double)mid_grade*3/10 + (double)final_grade*7/10;;
        cout << "The total grade is: " << total_grade << endl;
        student --;

    if (mid_grade < 4 || final_grade < 4 || total_grade < 10)
        {
//          cout << "Fail." << endl;
            failing++;
        }
    else
        {
//          cout << "Pass!" << endl;
            passing++;
        }
    }
    cout << passing << " student passed" << endl;
    cout << failing << " student failed" << endl;
    return 0;
}

what I want to do now is to tell my program to read the mid-term and the final grade in a text file I made then calculate the total grade (like I did in the above code), then show the grades on the screen, determine who pass and fail the exam and the total number of students who pass/fail the exam.
Here's what my text file looks like:
Mid-term    Final
8           5
9           6
10          11
15          17
9           20
11          19

A: Alright so this should help. I put some notes. You need to create a text file in the same directory /src called grades.txt
should look like this
10 9 8 7 4 3 4 5 5 9

You will need to change things. But this should give you a good starting point or where you should be going. Hope this helps.
    #include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
    int passing = 0;
    int failing = 0;

    int mid_grade = 0;  //Always initilize your variables!!!
    int final_grade = 0;

    int student = 5;

    //Create a variable to open the file
    ifstream inFile; inFile.open("src\\grades.txt");

    while (student > 0)
    {
        cout << "Enter mid-term grade: ";
        inFile >>  mid_grade;
        cout << mid_grade << endl;

        cout << "Enter final grade: ";
        inFile >> final_grade;
        cout << final_grade << endl;

        cout << "student number" << student << endl; //Notice it goes backwards you have to fix it.
        double total_grade = ((double)mid_grade*3)/10 + ((double)final_grade*7/10);
        cout << "The total grade is: " << total_grade << endl;
        student --;
        cout << endl;

    if (total_grade < 7)
        {
//          cout << "Fail." << endl;
            failing++;
        }
    else
        {
//          cout << "Pass!" << endl;
            passing++;
        }
    }`enter code here`
    cout << passing << " student penter code hereassed" << endl;
    cout << failing << " student failed" << endl;
    return 0;
}

A: I'd read the file, skip the 1st line, then read the rest, line by line, using stringtokenizer to get the two values to work with.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


When you're putting your resume together, you must constantly strive to customize it for each position you plan to seek. it's also important to tweak your resume's style depending on the type of school you may end up working for. Some school districts have a long history of traditional rules and values. If you're seeking employment with an education district that fits this profile, you may need to write a traditional special education teacher resume. Here is how you can make your resume fit this particular style.
If you have applied for a teaching job with a school system that has been around for decades, it's possible you may need to stick to a traditional style resume. With these kinds of school systems, a human resources department may be evaluating your information, so keep it informative and concise. Traditional organizations aren't looking for excess information or verbal creativity. The human resources department simply wants to know if you have experience and the right credentials. You should detail your educational background, your teaching experience, your career highlights and a summary of what you're looking for. Doing so can help you get closer to the perfect teaching job in special education.
Unprofessional Look: With a resume written in a traditional style, you must also keep the presentation traditional. Don't use colorful paper when printing it out, and stay away from decorative font choices.
Forgetting to Fix Errors: If you're trying to get a teaching job, making spelling mistakes or typos is something that takes away from your credibility. Get a friend or colleague to help you proofread your resume if needed.
Too General: School districts want to see the specifics about each teaching position you've held. Make sure you use measurable details and numbers throughout your resume.
Weak Verbiage: As you write your resume, it's a good idea to use strong action words for your former job responsibilities. Avoid weak or wishy-washy language to get more results from your credentials.
Dedicated special education teacher with eight years of experience. Solid history of effective teaching methods for diverse learners. Ability to engage and motivate students who have a variety of individual needs. Positive attitude and strong desire to make a difference. Looking for a position as a special educator in the new academic year.
Managed a caseload of 15-20 students per year.
Developed lesson plans for English Language Arts grades six and seven.
Wrote IEP goals and accommodations for students.
Created writing rubrics and graphic organizers for students.
Adapted lessons to reflect reading levels and abilities of students.
Conducted reading and math academic assessments of students.
Led a team of five faculty members on a special education referral committee.
Supported instruction in the third grade classroom.
Instituted a mathematics manipulatives program for more hands-on learning.
Implemented literacy centers to develop reading skills.
Worked with the general educator to help students reach IEP goals.
Ensured county compliance with all educational plans.
Prepared observation reports for students with behavior intervention plans.
Supervised student teacher interns in developing special education teaching skills.


text:
Q: override list.ToString() ok, im in learning stage already, make search and dont find, i want return .ToString() from my list<> but this in using
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;

namespace eciv {
    using Pontos = List<Ponto>;  // I need override ToString()

    public partial class FPrincipal : Form  {

        private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)  {
            Pontos aa = new Pontos();
            aa.Add(new Ponto(2, 3));
            aa.Add(new Ponto(3, 4));
            textBox1.Text = aa.ToString();  // here I need help
        }
    }

    public class Ponto {

        public double X;
        public double Y;

        public Ponto() {}

        public Ponto(double x, double y) {
            this.X = x; this.Y = y;
        }

        public Ponto(Ponto p) {
            this.X = p.X;
            this.Y = p.Y;
        }

        public override string ToString() {
            string s = "(" + this.X.ToString() + "," + this.Y.ToString() + ")";
            return s;
        }
    }
}

In textBox I get this value
System.Collections.Generic.List`1[eciv.Ponto]

I want something like this
((2,3),(3,4))

I think it's this but it doesn't work
public override string ToString() : Pontos {
    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
    s.Append("(");

    foreach (Ponto p in this)
    {
        s.Append(p.ToString() + ",");
    }

    s.Replace(",", ")", s.Length - 1, 1);
    return s.ToString();
}

A: You cannot override a method in some class if you are not inheriting from that class. So the solution is simple - instead of creating name alias, create a class which inherits List<Ponto>:
public class Pontos : List<Ponto>
{
    public override string ToString() => $"({String.Join(",", this)})";
}

Or format list in place:
textBox1.Text = $"({String.Join(",", aa)})"; // consider use meaningful names for variables

I would go for the second option if you want to convert pontos list to string only once - string formatting is not a good reason to introduce a new type.

If you need to convert this list to string several times, you can create some private or extension method for formatting list of objects (not necessary Ponto objects). E.g.
public static string Stringify<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values)
   => $"({String.Join(",", values})";

And usage
textBox1.Text = aa.Stringify(); // works with List<int> etc

Links:

*

*String.Join - don't use StringBuilder if you want to join items in one string

*Extension Methods - extend existing classes with new functionality

*String Interpolation - nice new syntax for formatting strings

A: You can create your own List<T>, which overrides the ToString()-method
public class MyList<T> : List<T>
{
    public override string ToString()
    {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        s.Append("(");
        foreach (var element in this)
        {
            s.Append(element.ToString() + ",");
        }
        s.Replace(",", ")", s.Length - 1, 1);
        return s.ToString();
    }
}

A: Instead of calling ToString() on List<T>, you can create a string based on ToString() implementation you create for Ponto class like this:
Pontos aa = new Pontos();
aa.Add(new Ponto(2, 3));
aa.Add(new Ponto(3, 4));

StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
s.Append("(");
s.Append(String.Join(",", aa));
s.Append(")");

textBox1.Text = s.ToString();


Excuse my tardiness! It's been… a busy & not a health friendly week… So I've done most of this from my phone, which I've learnt is an exercise in patience. Here's a blog tour schedule of the Random Magic Tour: Pirates! There's a treasure hunt and all sorts of fun posts so make sure you check out each one!


Which site are you having this issue with?
My comment for Noni applies to you as well. If you have ruled out caching, you will have to use the second publishing option and place the code from Duda on each page of your Homestead site.
Then you will have to instruct me - what is "the second publishing option and place the code from Duda on each page of your Homestead site"? I am not familiar with any kind of second publishing option and I am not familiar with Duda.
Interestingly, when I last made changes to the mobile site about a month ago, I had no problem - all the changes were successful and I could see them on my phone. What happened to cause the change?
Hmmm.. I just went back into my mobile site on my phone and now the changes are showing up. I wander if there was just some kind of delay? Anyway I think I am good to go now, thanks.
BTW - I am the new administrator on our website.... Is there any way I can I get the "name" changed from James to Faye?
Oh! Yes. If you click on your name in the top right side of the Community page and go to your account, you can click "Edit Account" and change any information that needs to be updated.


text:
Gun Ownership and Crime Trends
For decades, gun control activists have predicted that crime will increase as more people own more guns or burdensome restrictions on gun rights are repealed. The opposite has been true. Americans own more firearms and Americans in more states can lawfully carry a concealed firearm than they could decades ago but crime rates have fallen significantly.
In 2019, the violent crime rate fell to the 2nd lowest total rate since 1971 and the murder rate was less than half of what it was at the 1980 peak. The two lowest violent crime rates of the last 48 years were 2014 and 2019.[1]
The violent crime rate has decreased 52% from the 1991 all-time high. Americans have acquired more than 215 million new firearms in the same time period – more than doubling the number of privately-owned firearms in the United States.[2]
As violent crime has decreased, the number of Right-to-Carry (RTC) states and the number of people who carry guns for protection away from home have risen to all-time highs.
Every state now has a system allowing residents to obtain a concealed carry permit. There are 42 RTC states, more than 19.48 million people with carry permits, and data shows that permit holders are statistically more law-abiding than the general public.[3]
Women and minorities are the fastest growing concealed carry permit holder populations, and the number of female permit holders are increasing faster than male permit holders among every ethnic or racial group for which data is available.[4]
People who use guns to defend against robbery and aggravated assault are less likely to be injured than people who use other means, or no means, of self-defense.
A 1986 survey of felons for the federal government found that 40% had not committed one or more crimes because they feared that their prospective victims were armed. Thirty-four percent of criminals had been scared off, shot at, wounded, or captured by an armed victim.[5]
It's an article of faith among gun control supporters that more guns will bring about more crime. For example, in the mid-1970s, the Brady Campaign, campaigning for a ban on handguns,[6] predicted: "There are now 40 million handguns owned by private individuals in the United States—about one gun for every American family. At the present rate of proliferation, the number could build to 100 million by the year 2000 (which isn't as far off as you think). The consequences can be terrible to imagine—unless something is done."[7] In 1979, when the group was known as Handgun Control, Inc., it updated its prediction, saying, "Right now over 50 million HANDGUNS flood the houses and streets of our nation. . . . HANDGUN production and sales are out of control."[8]Gun control supporters have made similar doomsday predictions about Right-to-Carry laws, "assault weapons," and "large capacity" ammunition magazines.[9]
More Guns—Since the early 1990s, the number of privately-owned firearms has more than doubled, from about 192 million to more than 405 million - including more than 167 million handguns.[10] Americans acquire roughly 10 million new firearms annually. More than 19.48 million Americans have carry permits.[11] The AR-15 is the most popular firearm in the country, and the number of these firearms Americans own has increased from several hundred thousand to nearly 18 million.[12] The number of so-called "large capacity" magazines - the regular magazines used in rifles like the AR-15 and in semi-automatic handguns designed for self-defense – numbered in the tens of millions decades ago and, today, are so common that the number in circulation is seemingly incalculable.
Despite gun control supporters' predictions, murder and total violent crime have decreased by more than half since 1991. In 2014, total violent crime fell to a 44-year low, murder to an all-time low.[13] The rate in 2019 was slightly higher than in 2014 but still the 2nd lowest violent crime rate since 1971.
Less gun control – Over the last quarter-century, many federal, state, and local gun control laws have been eliminated or made less restrictive. The federal "assault weapon" ban, upon which gun control supporters claimed public safety depended, expired in 2004. The violent crime rate last year was 21% lower than it was in 2004 and the murder rate was more than 9% lower.
The federal handgun waiting period, for years a priority for gun control supporters, expired in 1998 in favor of the NRA-supported national Instant Check and the murder rate has since dropped 20%. Accordingly, some states have eliminated obsolete waiting periods and purchase permit requirements.
Every state allows residents to lawfully carry a concealed firearm. Twenty-one states do not generally require a permit to lawfully carry a concealed firearm. Eight states retain some discretion over who can obtain a permit, and the remaining states are shall-issue states: any law-abiding resident who meets the established requirements can obtain a permit to carry a concealed firearm.
All states have hunter protection laws, 48 have range protection laws, 45 explicitly prohibit local gun laws more restrictive than state law, 44 protect the right to arms in their constitutions, and 33 have "castle doctrine" laws protecting the right to use guns in self-defense.
Crime Trends
The interactive visualization below displays historical crime data going back to 1960 (or 1965 for the state of New York). The violent crime rate includes homicide, aggravated assault, robbery, and rape. The FBI definition of rape was changed in 2012 (taking effect January 1, 2013). The revised definition of rape is utilized in total violent crime calculation beginning in 2013. Prior to 2013, the legacy definition of rape was used. For more information on the definition change, see the FBI's Rape Addendum in the 2013 Crime in the United States report.[14]
[1] FBI, "Crime in the United States: 2019." Data Table 1: Crime in the United States. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-1
[2] Estimate based on 1994 survey estimate from Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use, available at http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Cook-et-al.-1996-Guns-in-America.pdf, Police Foundation. Estimates for subsequent years are based on manufacturing data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "Firearms Commerce in the United States, Annual Statistical Update 2019" available at https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/report/2019-firearms-commerce-report/download.
[3] Lott, John R. "Concealed Carry Permit Holders Across the United States: 2020." Report from the Crime Prevention Research Center. October 2, 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3703977.
[5] Wright, James D. and Peter H. Rossi. "The Armed Criminal in America: A Survey of Incarcerated Felons." National Institute of Justice. July 1985. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/97099NCJRS.pdf
[6] In 1976, the group, then known as the National Council to Control Handguns, explained, "The first problem is to slow down the increasing number of handguns being produced and sold in this country. The second problem is to get handguns registered. And the final problem is to make the possession of all handguns and all handgun ammunition - except for the military, policemen, licensed security guards, licensed sporting clubs, and licensed gun collectors - totally illegal." (Richard Harris, "A Reporter At Large: Handguns," The New Yorker, July 26, 1976.) In 1982, when known as Handgun Control, Inc., the group filed a brief in Quilici v. Morton Grove, in support of the Illinois town's handgun ban. In 2008, Brady Campaign filed a brief to the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller, in support of Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban.
[7] NCCH, "There is now a nationwide, full-time, professional organization to battle the gun lobby!" pamphlet, no date, but circa 1975.
[8] HCI pamphlet, "By this time tomorrow, 24 Americans will be murdered," circa 1979 or 1980.
[9] See the NRA-ILA 'Assault weapons' and 'Large' Magazines and Right-to-Carry fact sheets.
[10] Estimate based on 1994 survey estimate from Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, Guns in America: Results of a Comprehensive National Survey on Firearms Ownership and Use, available at http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Cook-et-al.-1996-Guns-in-America.pdf, Police Foundation. Estimates for subsequent years are based on manufacturing data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "Firearms Commerce in the United States, Annual Statistical Update 2019" available at https://www.atf.gov/firearms/docs/report/2019-firearms-commerce-report/download.
[11] Lott, 2020.
[12] National Shooting Sports Foundation, "NSSF Releases Firearms Production Figures." https://www.nssf.org/nssf-releases-firearms-production-figures/
[13] FBI, "Crime in the United States: 2019." Data Table 1: Crime in the United States. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-1.
[14] FBI, "Crime in the United States: 2013" Rape Addendum. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rape-addendum/rape_addendum_final
I used to think gun control was the answer. My research told me otherwise.
Before I started researching gun deaths, gun-control policy used to frustrate me. I wished the National Rifle Association ...
Harvard Scholar: Guns unlikely to blame for increase in violent crime
SIEGEL: First, let me put to you a very common reaction to rising violent crime or rising murder ...
Urban Myth: Crime Doesn't Pay – California City Authorizes Stipends to Gang Members
In a special meeting on August 29, the nine-member City Council of Sacramento unanimously agreed to allocate $1.5 ...
California lawmakers vote to give judges discretion over longer sentences in gun crimes
State lawmakers on Wednesday approved a bill that would allow judges to decide against imposing prison-sentence enhancements of ...
Baltimore City Council narrowly passes weakened mandatory minimum gun bill
Without discussion, the Baltimore City Council on Monday narrowly passed weakened legislation originally designed to impose a mandatory ...
Baltimore Gives Preliminary Approval to Weakened Gun Bill
Baltimore officials have approved legislation originally designed to impose a mandatory one-year jail sentence on people who illegally ...
Career prosecutor, acting Maryland U.S. attorney says plans 'afoot' to bring more gun violence resources to Baltimore
Stephen M. Schenning, who has been serving as Maryland's acting U.S. attorney since Rod J. Rosenstein left to ...
More Good News: Trump, Sessions Crack Down On Violent Criminals
Stacy Washington details how the Trump administration is prosecuting felons with guns more vigorously than the previous administration.
UK Home Secretary
UK Home Secretary takes further action to tackle knife crime
The proposed new action would restrict the online sale of knives and ban possession of dangerous or offensive ...
Southeast Baltimore lawmakers release anti-violence plan
The plan from state Sen. Bill Ferguson and Dels. Luke Clippinger, Brooke Lierman and Robbyn Lewis, all Democrats, ...
Here Are the Facts About Spikes in Crime That Sen. Dick Durbin Didn't Want Me to Share
Virginia: AG-Elect Jason Miyares to Focus on Punishing Criminal Actions Instead of Law-Abiding Gun Owners
Have we become too paranoid about mass shootings?
Widespread Ignorance: Americans Wrongly Believe Most Gun Deaths in US Are Homicides and Mass Shootings
NRA Statement on Texas Governor's Safety Action Report


Ernst, D., Hodge, A., Schultz, A. (2015). Enhancing Proof Writing via Cross-Institutional Peer Review. PRIMUS: Problems, Resources, and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies 25(2), 121-130.
Hodge, A., Love, B., Grandgenett, N., & Swift, A. (2014). A Flipped Classroom Approach: Benefits and Challenges of Flipping the Learning of Procedural Knowledge. In P. Lowenthal, C. York, & J. Richardson (Eds.), Online learning: Common misconceptions, benefits, and challenges (49-60). Hauppague, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
White, D, Donaldson, B, Hodge, A., Ruff, A. (2013). Examining the effects of Math Teachers' Circles on teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching. International Journal for Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 1-28.
Love, B., Hodge, A., Grandgenett, N., & Swift, A. (2013). Student learning and perceptions in a flipped linear algebra course. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 1-8.
Duffield, S., Wegeman, J., Hodge, A. (2013). Examining how professional development impacted teachers and students of U.S. history courses. Journal of Social Studies Research, 37(2), 85-96.
Young, B., Hodge, A., Edwards, C., & Leising, J, (2012). Learning mathematics in high school courses beyond mathematics: Combating the need for post-secondary remediation in mathematics. Career and Technical Education Research, 37(1), 21-33.
Weber, C. & Hodge, A. (2012). Navigating the gendered math path understanding women's experiences in university mathematics classes, International Review of Qualitative Research, 5(2), 153-174.


text:
Tag: singer-songwriters
by Jim Allen December 25, 2022 Comments1
2022 Singer/Songwriter Albums You Need to Know
For fans of singer-songwriters, 2022 was a great year. Check out these artists –some new, some familiar –before the year ends.
by John Visconti February 25, 2021 Comments3
The One-Hit Wonder File: Dean Friedman's "Ariel"
Dean Friedman's quirky hit about a vegetarian Jewish girl fond of getting high was one of the catchiest tunes of the 70s.
by Will Wills December 21, 2020 Comments4
The Bee Gees: "How Do You Mend A Broken Heart?"
Even if you hate disco, the new HBO documentary about the Bee Gees is worth a watch. Their story is one of talent, resilience, and family.
by Allison Rapp October 16, 2020 Comments1
Tom Petty's "Wildflowers & All the Rest"
Tom Petty revealed his deepest issues on "Wildflowers." But there were songs left out — until now. This new release is a complete picture.
by Eoghan Lyng September 24, 2020 Comments1
Lou Reed's "New York": The Reissue
"New York" isn't just the title of the new Lou Reed reissue; it was the city that shaped him and his music from Day One.


The only objects scooped up have been "fishing equipment and other flotsam" not connected to the Malaysia Airlines plane.
PERTH, Australia — Despite what Australia called an "intensifying search effort," an international hunt Sunday by aircraft and ships in the southern Indian Ocean found no debris linked to the Malaysian jet that vanished more than three weeks ago.
But at least four orange objects that were more than 2 meters (6 feet) in size were seen by the crew of an Australian P3 Orion search plane, said the pilot, Flight Lt. Russell Adams, after returning to base.
The planes taking part in Sunday's search included three Australian P3 Orions, a Japanese P3, a Chinese Il-76, a Korean Orion, a U.S. Poseidon, and two Malaysian C-130s.
Eight ships were on the scene, an area roughly the size of Poland or New Mexico, about 1,850 kilometers (1,150 miles) west of Australia. The vessels include the Australian navy supply ship HMAS Success, which was designated to carry any wreckage found.
Abbott said a former Australian defense chief, Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, will head a new center in Perth for search and recovery operations, coordinating the international effort.
Searchers were hampered by rain and low clouds, but still were able to look for debris because of visibility of about 10 kilometers (6 miles). It takes planes about 2 1/2 hours to get to the area, allowing a five-hour search before they must return.
For a full week, searchers relied on satellite imagery from various countries as they tried to find the plane in a zone to the south of the current area. They abruptly shifted the site Friday after authorities concluded the plane could not have traveled as far as they had thought based on its estimated speed and fuel consumption.
The Ocean Shield, an Australian warship with a U.S. device that detects "pings" from the flight recorders was joining the search. It will still take three to four days for the Ocean Shield to reach the search zone.
"The ship will take part in the surface search until the debris is positively identified and an underwater search area is then predicted," U.S. Navy Capt. Mark Matthews said.
The area is dominated by a muddy ocean floor known as Broken Ridge, which is actually a plateau where depths range from as shallow as about 800 meters (2,625 feet) to about 3,000 meters (9,843 feet).
At the edge of the plateau closest to Antarctica is the Diamantina trench, which has been found to be as deep as 5,800 meters (19,000 feet) within the confines of the search zone, although it could be deeper in places that have not been measured.
Information on the flight data and cockpit voice recorders may help investigators resolve what happened on Flight 370. Speculation includes equipment failure, a botched hijacking, terrorism or an act by one of the pilots.
At a hotel near Kuala Lumpur, a group of Chinese relatives of passengers on the plane demanded that the Malaysian government apologize for its handling of the search. They also are angry that Prime Minister Najib Razak announced March 24 that Flight 370 went down in the Indian Ocean before any wreckage was found.
The group, which flew in from Beijing, waved banners that read: "We want evidence, truth, dignity," and "Hand us the murderer. Tell us the truth. Give us our relatives back." They also demanded a meeting with Najib.
Two-thirds of the 227 passengers were Chinese. China has urged Malaysia to be more open about the investigation, while Malaysian officials have defended their handling of the probe and the information they have provided to the relatives.
In Beijing, tensions were still high at a hotel where other Chinese relatives have been meeting with Malaysian representatives. On Sunday, one woman asking questions called Malaysia Airlines "criminal suspects" to applause from the crowd of about 250 people.
Relatives asked why materials being shown to them were in English and not Chinese.
Malaysia Airlines said it would fly family members to Perth, but only once wreckage is confirmed to have been found from the plane. It said a family assistance center would be set up in Perth.
In Sepang, Malaysia, not far from the airport where Flight 370 originated, Lewis Hamilton of Britain won Formula One's Malaysian Grand Prix and dedicated his win to the victims of the flight and their relatives. Before the race, fans held a moment of silence.
"We hope very soon there is news to give comfort to the families," said spectator Chris Sprangers of Australia.
Wong reported from Kuala Lumpur. Associated Press writers Scott McDonald and Eileen Ng in Kuala Lumpur; Chris Lines in Sepang, Malaysia; Kristen Gelineau in Sydney; and Rod McGuirk in Canberra, Australia, contributed to this report.


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Calendar Classical
Ted Rosenthal, Noriko Ueda & Quincy Davis
Nov 22 | Fri | 7:30 pm | $25 Event is Over
Pianist Ted Rosenthal is a virtuoso with a tremendous jazz feeling and knowledge. He brings Noriko Ueda on bass and Quincy Davis on drums for a weekend of trio.
Venue: Mezzrow Jazz Club
163 W 10th St Map
La Traviata at Metropolitan Opera
Michael Mayer's sumptuous staging, a highlight of the 2018–19 season, returns with two casts of bright stars. Sopranos Aleksandra Kurzak and Lisette Oropesa share the role of Violetta, the opera's tra...
Porgy and Bess at Metropolitan Opera
Prototype Festival: Blood Moon at Baruch Performing Arts Center
Through Jan 18 Thu
In this taut, poetic, opera-theatre work, three characters reckon with the past on the night of a full moon: a nephew who returns to the mountain-top where he left his aunt to die forty years earlier,...
Upcoming Events at Mezzrow Jazz Club
Jeb Patton, David Wong & Rodney Green - 01/18/20
Bennett Paster, Ed Howard & Joe Strasser - 01/19/20
Pianist a BU - 01/20/20
Jesse Harris, Jon Dryden, Kenny Wollesen & Tony Scherr - 01/21/20
Tyler Blanton, Drew Gress & Johnathan Blake - 01/22/20
Drummer Bill Goodwin - 01/23/20
Tom Guarna, Joe Martin & Clarence Penn - 01/26/20
Ryan Keberle & Vic Juris - 01/27/20
Nate Radley & Gary Versace - 01/28/20
Guitarist Vic Juris - 01/29/20


text:
Colleges, Departments, and Organizations
Digital Library of Information Science & Technology (DLIST)
JournalEncyclopedia of Human Factors and Ergonomics (3)Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (1)Cognitive Aspects of Electronic Text Processing (1)Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the 21st Century (1)Computer Supported Collaborative Writing (1)Designing user interfaces for hypermedia (1)Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (1)Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Vol. 50 (1)Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (1)HCI and the Millenium (1)View MoreAuthors
Dillon, Andrew (21)
McKnight, Cliff (6)Richardson, John (4)Karwowski, Waldemar (3)Carroll, John M. (1)Coakes, Elayne (1)de Mul, Sjaak (1)Feeney, M. (1)Gabbard, Ralph (1)Green, Catherine (1)View MoreTypes
TIMS: A framework for the design of usable electronic text
Dillon, Andrew (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1996)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (1996) TIMS: A framework for the design of usable electronic text. In: H. van Oostendorp and S. de Mul (eds.) Cognitive Aspects of Electronic Text Processing. Norwood NJ: Ablex, 99-120. Introduction: Despite the claims and the promises, the hype and the visions, the reality of electronic text is far less impressive than the rhetoric that surrounds it. Internet, World Wide Webs, MOSAIC, e-journals, word processors, and of course, hypertext are all pushed forward as examples of this triumph of technology, this liberation of the human reader and writer, this future of unlimited information for everyone. Yet, for all this, as has been outlined in detail elsewhere (see e.g., Dillon 1994), the typical reader of an electronic information source will likely suffer loss of orientation, lower reading speeds, and possibly greater fatigue than the typical reader of a paper document for few demonstrable benefits.
A Psychological investigation of researcher's perceptions of texts
Dillon, Andrew (London: Bowker-Saur, 1990)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (1990) Accessing information: a psychological analysis of researchers' perceptions of texts. In: M. Feeney and K. Merry (eds.) Information Technology and the Research Process, London: Bowker-Saur, 104-113. Abstract: An important aspect of any application of new technology is understanding how the proposed users of this technology conceptualise the task domain. In terms of the research process this requires an appreciation of researchers' practices and preferences. Only in this way is it possible to develop technology which will support the researcher. The present paper outlines work carried out within the academic community under the British Library funded Project QUARTET. It reports on research aimed at understanding human interaction with a variety of text-based information sources with a view to specifying user requirements for future technologies. By employing personal construct theory and repertory grid analysis it becomes possible to shed light on researchers' perceptions and uses of current sources of information. Results are presented and the implications of such findings for the development of information storage, retrieval and presentation systems will be discussed.
Dillon, Andrew; Turnbull, Don (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005)
Information architecture has become one of the latest areas of excitement within the library and information science (LIS) community, largely resulting from the recognition it garners from those outside of the field for the methods and practices of information design and management long seen as core to information science. The term, â â information architectureâ â (IA), was coined by Richard Wurman in 1975 to describe the need to transform data into meaningful information for people to use, a not entirely original idea, but certainly a first-time conjunction of the terms into the now common IA label. Building on concepts in architecture, information design, typography, and graphic design, Wurmanâ s vision of a new field lay dormant for the most part until the emergence of the World Wide Web in the 1990s, when interest in information organization and structures became widespread. The term came into vogue among the broad web design community as a result of the need to find a way of communicating shared interests in the underlying organization of digitally accessed information.
Group dynamics meet cognition: applying socio-technical concepts in the design of information systems
Dillon, Andrew (London: Springer-Verlag (Springer-Verlag Series on CSCW), 2000)
This is a preprint version of Dillon, A. (2000) Group Dynamics Meet Cognition: applying socio-technical concepts in the design of information systems. In Coakes, E., Willis, D. and Lloyd-Jones, R. (eds.) The New SocioTech: Graffiti on the Long Wall, Springer Verlag Series on CSCW, London: Springer, 119-125. Chapter overview: Socio-Technical Systems Theory (STST) has been widely mentioned and applied in the domain of information systems implementation (see e.g. Eason [1], Mumford [2]). Dillon and Morris [3] argue that the term STST is now generally applied to many user-centered orientations to design and implementation. Unlike the pragmatism of usability engineering which aims to support the design of technologies that are compatible with users' abilities and needs[4], STST posits underlying drives and motivations to use tools that supersede concerns with effectiveness and efficiency alone. In the present chapter, STST is re-examined for relevance to contemporary software design practices. Specifically, the unconscious drives to gain control and enhancement through one's work are seemingly at odds with a strictly cognitive approach to interaction that dominates studies of human-computer interaction. STST is here critically assessed in the light of what is now known about user acceptance of new information technologies. Emerging ISO-backed usability standards are in turn critically evaluated in the light of STST's richer analysis to identify weaknesses in the current usability engineering approach to design and implementation. Reconciling the psychodynamic and the cognitive in a manner that enables pragmatic application of STST in design is gained through the formulation of operationalised measures of the forces shaping acceptance.
User centered design of hypertext and hypermedia for education
McKnight, Cliff; Dillon, Andrew; Richardson, John (New York: Macmillan, 1996)
Winner of the 1997 Brown Publication Award from ECT. This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: McKnight, C., Dillon, A., and Richardson, J. (1996) User Centered Design of Hypertext and Hypermedia for Education. In: D. Jonassen (ed) Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. New York: Macmillan, 622-633 Abstract The chapter begins by describing the fundamental concepts of hypertext and gives a brief overview of the different philosophical perspectives manifest in the key figures of the field. It then considers the role of hypertext in learning, concluding from a review of empirical evaluations that many of the claims for hypertext have failed to be substantiated. It is argued that for a variety of conceptual and methodological reasons, it is extremely difficult to evaluate hypertext experimentally in an educational context. However, rather than simply abandon either hypertext or empirical evaluation, the chapter concludes by arguing for an empirically grounded, user centred approach to the design of hypertext based on a knowledge of the users, their tasks, the information space and the context in which the three interact.
The Evaluation of software usability
Dillon, Andrew (London: Taylor and Francis, 2001)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (2001) Usability evaluation. In W. Karwowski (ed.) Encyclopedia of Human Factors and Ergonomics, London: Taylor and Francis. Introduction: Usability is a measure of interface quality that refers to the effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which users can perform tasks with a tool. Evaluating usability is now considered an essential part of the system development process and a variety of methods and have been developed to support the human factors professional in this work.
Technologies of Information: HCI and the digital library
Dillon, Andrew (New York: ACM Press/Addison-Wesley, 2002)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. (2002) HCI and the technologies of information. In: J. Carroll (ed.) HCI and the Millennium: New York: ACM Press/Addison Wesley, 457-474. Abstract Digital libraries represent the latest and perhaps the most important stage in the transformation of our relationship to information and its supporting technologies. While the World Wide Web has raised to broad consciousness the ideas of rapid, remote access to vast collections of distributed, hyperlinked documents, users are as often confused and disoriented by such resources as they are empowered. As we enter the new millennium the possibilities for new forms of information seem boundless. Meeting the design challenges requires HCI to offer valid, reliable and timely guidance. At the same time, the creation of digital libraries provides a research forum for HCI that is rich, relevant and receptive to our inputs. The present chapter will briefly examine the initiation of the digital library concept, the early HCI involvement in this domain and present a vision of the future of HCI research and design for new information technologies.
Space - the final chapter or why physical representations are not semantic intentions
Dillon, Andrew; Richardson, John; McKnight, Cliff (Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1993)
The term â hypertextâ evokes many images (e.g., nodes and links, semantic webs, non-linear access and so forth) but perhaps one of the most common is that of users struggling to find their way around a complex information space. As a result, navigation has become a subject of great interest to many researchers in the field. In this chapter we will discuss navigation through hypertext in terms of its relevance as a concept as much as its presence as an issue and try to draw lessons for design and research from the psychological work that has been carried out on navigation in physical space. We will attempt to show that while relevant to hypertext, discussion of navigation is prone to difficulty when researchers and designers misapply arguments and evidence from the physical domain to the semantic domain.
Never mind the theory, feel the data: Observations on the design of hypertext-based user interfaces
Dillon, Andrew; McKnight, Cliff (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. and McKnight, C. (1995) Never mind the theory, feel the data: Observations on the design of Hypertext-based User Interfaces, In W. Schuler, J. Hannemann and N. Streitz (eds.) Designing User Interfaces for Hypermedia, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 117-125. Introduction: In the present paper we will seek to place the design of hypermedia-based user interfaces in the appropriate context of user-centred system design. In so doing we will outline what we believe to be the major methodological issues. As this will indicate, we view hypermedia design as essentially no different from any other kind interface design in terms of process and problem. Hence the methodological issues for hypermedia interfaces need to be seen as design problems rather than cognitive scientific ones. In this vein, we argue for a data-driven approach to design that seeks theoretical insight at the methodological and process level of design rather than the user level.
A Comparison of linear and hypertext formats in information retrieval
McKnight, Cliff; Dillon, Andrew; Richardson, John (Oxford: Intellect, 1990)
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: McKnight, C., Dillon, A., and Richardson, J. (1990) A comparison of linear and hypertext formats in information retrieval. In R. McAleese and C. Green, Hypertext: state of the art, Oxford: Intellect, 10-19. Abstract An exploratory study is described in which the same text was presented to subjects in one of four formats, of which two were hypertext (TIES and Hypercard) and two were linear (Word Processor and paper). Subjects were required to use the text to answer 12 questions. Measurement was made of their time and accuracy and their movement through the document was recorded, in addition to a variety of subjective data being collected. Although there was no significant difference between conditions for task completion time, subjects performed more accurately with linear formats. The implications of these findings and the other data collected are discussed.


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Брджани () — населений пункт у Хорватії, у Пожезько-Славонській жупанії у складі міста Плетерниця.

Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 49 осіб.

Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:

Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 10,77 °C, середня максимальна — 24,97 °C, а середня мінімальна — -5,72 °C. Середня річна кількість опадів — 813 мм.

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Essays Database Essays Pearl Harbor and the Truth Essay
Pearl Harbor and the Truth Essay
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The Day of Deceit or the Day of Infamy, or both? The surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor was the entire reason for the United States' entrance into World War II. Many elements play into this event. For instance, the Japanese chose this site for several reasons. In addition, there are various theories that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was made aware of this attack, yet allowed it to occur. Known as "The Day of Infamy ", the bombing is taught in our history classes for an infinity of years to come.
How did we react at the time? What did Washington do to prevent this? Why Pearl Harbor anyway? The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a desperate FDR's backdoor into the Second World War.
December 7, 1941 dawned bright, clear and beautiful over Pearl Harbor. In fact, according to Deborah Bacharach's book, "Pearl Harbor", Fleet Chaplain William A. Maguire noted approvingly from abroad the Arizona that this day "was a day for the tourists" (Bachrach 8). However, two hundred and thirty miles to the northwest of Pearl Harbor activity of a different nature was taking place. "Japanese pilots had already donned their warrior ceremonial dress, with their fresh loincloths, good luck belly bands and freshly pressed red shirts to show a warrior's disdain for blood.
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They had eaten their ceremonial meals. They were ready for attack" (Prange 21).
According to William Shapiro's book, at about the same time, off the coast of the Hawaiian Islands, abroad the destroyer U.S.S. Ward, Lieutenant William W.
Outerbridge noticed a mysterious object in the water. He ordered his crew to fire at it. The ship's guns sank a midget Japanese submarine lurking in the water. Outerbridge sent a report of his sighting the fleet. There was a delay in decoding Outerbridge's message. When John E.
Earle, the fleet's commander's chief in staff, finally received it at 7:12 a.m., he dismissed it as a false alarm. Therefore, one warning was ignored (58).
Sometime after 7:53 a.m.
, reports Shapiro, U.S. radar crews in Hawaii picked up blips on their radar screens showing approaching aircraft. They were assumed signals from a group of Flying Fortresses expected to be making previous stopovers. In which case, another signal was ignored (59).
At 7:53 a.
m., Japanese flight attack Commander Mitusuo Fuchida approached his target. He knew he was in a precarious position because his air fleet was dangerously far from its carriers. He expected t find American planes waiting to fight back. Instead, he found nothing except the sunshine. It seemed to him as if the Americans were welcoming him to their country, leaving themselves open to civilian destruction (Bachrach 8)
'Tora, tora, tora,' Fuchida radioed back excitedly to his commander, Chuichi Nagumo, waiting with the fleet.
Tora…was the code meaning that the Japanese had succeeded in launching a surprise attack. Two minutes after this signal Japanese bombs began falling like hail on the ninety-six helpless hips in Pearl harbor's Battleship Row.
The attack was such a complete surprise that it took American forces a few moments to realize what was going on.
"Finally Commander Logan Famsey, a naval patrol plane operations officer, sounded the alarm. ' Air raid pearl harbor! This is no drill!' " (Bachrach 11).
Bombs exploded everywhere. Screams of the wounded and the scared filled the air. Five torpedoes struck the Oklahoma. Eight minutes later the ship was bottom up in the mud at the harbor.
Only thirty-two of the on-hundred-twenty-five men trapped within the ship finally were cut free thirty-six hours later. Again at 8:40 the second wave of Japanese planes approached Pearl Harbor. By then the first shock of the attack had passed. American forces did what they could to defend the fleet. (13)
Soon it was all over. All but a small number of Japanese planes had made it back to their carrier fleet.
READ: World issues Essay
Naguam, his ships and his victorious pilots headed back to the Pacific Ocean, preparing to launch a similar attack against the Philippine islands and their famous commander, Douglas MacArthur. During their course, the Japanese left the smoldering ruins of the once proud American Pacific Fleet (15).
For a year and a half the debate that raged the length was over going to war or .
Pearl Harbor Essay 694 Words | 3 Pages
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December 7, 1941 was a day that will live in infamy, a day when 2,400 men needlessly lost their lives while serving America. Millions of dollars of American military equipment was destroyed. It was a day of horror, disbelief, discontent, and shame. The people of the United States never imagined anything like this could happen to them. They were a neutral country, only providing supplies for the Allies. This activity made the Axis powers mad. At the time of the start of World War II the United States was a leading world country, not only did it have one of,...
Pearl Harbor Essay My report is about the attack on Pearl Harbor.In this report I will explain what happened and why it happened.So you know, Pearl Harbor is located on Oahu island, Hawaii. Pearl Harbor was the operating base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.The Japanese pulled a surprise attack on the U.S. on December 7, 1941 at 7:50 A.M. during the beginning of World War II. On November 26 a powerful Japanese task force, under the command of vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, left the Kuril Islands; on December 2 it received a coded message issuing the attack order.The undetected Japanese...
December 7, 1941 was a day that will "live in infamy", a day when 2,400 men needlessly lost their lives while serving America. Millions of dollars of American military equipment was destroyed. It was a day of horror, disbelief, discontent, and shame. The people of the United States never imagined anything like this could happen to them. They were a neutral country, only providing supplies for the Allies. This activity made the Axis powers mad. At the time of the start of World War II the United States was a leading world country, not only did it have one of,...
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The Day of Deceit or the Day of Infamy, or both? The surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor was the entire reason for the United States' entrance into World War II. Many elements play into this event. For instance, the Japanese chose this site for several reasons. In addition, there are various theories that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was made aware of this attack, yet allowed it to occur. Known as "The Day of Infamy ", the bombing is taught in our history classes for an
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