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Vatican court orders 2 tombs opened
15-yr-old girl disappeared in summer 1983
Redazione ANSA Vatican City
02 July 201912:56 News
(ANSA) - Vatican City, July 2 - The Vatican court's promoter of justice on Tuesday ordered two tombs in the Vatican's Teutonic Cemetery to be opened after a petition from the family of a 15-year-old girl who went missing in 1983, Emanuela Orlandi.
"The decision," said Vatican spokesman Alessandro Gisotti, "was taken within the context of one of the files opened following a petition by Emanuela Orlandi's family who, as is well known, in recent months reported the possible burying of her body in the small cemetery situated in the territory of the Vatican State".
The Vatican said the two tombs will be opened on Thursday of next week, July 11.
In April the Vatican decided to open an internal probe into the case of Orlandi, a 15-year-old Vatican citizen who disappeared in the summer of 1983.
The Secretariat of State authorised the opening of an investigation into a grave in the Teutonic Cemetery inside the Vatican that some think may be Orlandi's.
Orlandi's brother Pietro said he had met Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Pietro Parolin in the last few months, sometimes with his lawyer Laura Sgro', and "we presented our requests".
"After 35 years of lack of cooperation, the start of an investigation is an important breakthrough," he said.
"We have presented the Vatican with a series of issues, including that relating to the tomb in the Teutonic Cemetery, but not only," said Pietro Orlandi.
"Among the issues are those linked to the discrepancies in the affair, the international legal probe requests that did not succeed, and then the possibility of questioning some cardinals and the request to hear from Giancarlo Capaldo, the magistrate who investigated Emanuela's disappearance in 2012 and who, after being contacted by the Vatican, went to see an authoritative prelate for a sort of "negotiation" on the case.
"And then there's the request to carry out checks on one of the tombs in the Teutonic Cemetery on which rumours have been circulating inside the Vatican for years.
"But I don't want them to open this tomb to do me a favour, I want the truth to emerge".
The Vatican said on March 27 it was handling a request from Orlandi's family to see if the tomb was that of Orlandi.
"We're handling it, we'll find a way. I can't say any more," said the Vatican tribunal's promoter of justice, Gian Pierto Milano.
A lawyer for the Orlandi family said "seeing that the Pope has decided to open the Vatican Archives for the Pontificate of Pius XII in 2020, we make an appeal to the pontiff to give us access to the dossier that regards the investigation into the disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi".
Last summer the Orlandi family lawyer received an anonymous note saying "seek where the angel indicates".
Investigations then led the family to think her remains might be in the tomb, which is pointed to by an angel on the cemetery wall holding a sheet saying RIP.
Speculation on Orlandi's disappearance, and that of another 15-year-old girl in the same summer of 1983, has been rife over the years.
In late November Rome prosecutors said bones found in an annex to the Vatican's nunciature to Italy do not belong to Emanuela Orlandi or the other girl, Mirella Gregori.
Analysis of the remains showed that they date back to before 1964 and belong to a man, the sources said.
Gregori disappeared in May 1983.
Orlandi, the daughter of a Vatican employee, went missing a month later.
The Orlandi case has spawned several theories over the years, including that she was murdered to gain traction to have pope John Paul II's Turkish shooter Mehmet Ali Agca freed, or that organised crime was involved.
Ali Agca was questioned in the case.
In 2016 investigations into the case were shelved.
Six people including a priest were implicated in the investigations on suspicion of complicity in abduction and murder.
All but one had links with the Banda della Magliana, a now-defunct crime gang based in Rome.
In September last year the Vatican described as "false and ridiculous" reports that the Vatican had spent large amounts of money on the case.
In an article published by La Repubblica, Italian investigative reporter Emiliano Fittipaldi wrote about a leaked document that allegedly showed the Vatican spent over 483 million lire, around 250,000 euros, on the case between 1983 and 1997.
In the piece, Fittipaldi reported money went to a pensioner in London and medical expenses in the British capital.
Fittipaldi has written books in the past with revelations linked to the two VatiLeaks scandals featuring embarrassing leaks of confidential documents.
In 2016 Italian film director Roberto Faenza said his latest movie "The Truth is in the Sky" was aimed at encouraging authorities to reopen the Orlandi case.
The film, inspired by Vito Bruschini's "The Truth on the Orlandi Case" book, tells the story of an English TV station which sends a journalist to Rome to investigate the origins of the Mafia Capitale scandal involving city authorities' links to criminal organisations.
"The Truth is in the Sky" is a phrase that Pope Francis said when he met Orlandi's family in the Vatican, Faenza said, adding that in fact he believes the truth is on earth and his film is aimed at encouraging investigators to keep pursuing it.
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Family planning heads for the big time in Rwanda!
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The holidays are upon us and that means lots of time with family and indulging in nostalgic holiday traditions. The royals are just like any other family in this way—they have their own set of traditions, many of which get carried out behind closed (palace, castle, and estate) doors.
Here are 20 royal family holiday traditions that you probably didn't know about—including a few that might surprise you.
The Queen hosts a pre-Christmas lunch for extended family.
Every year, the Queen throws her annual holiday party, which is typically attended by as many as 50 members of the extended royal family, including the the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince George and Princess Charlotte, Prince Charles and Duchess Camilla, Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice, and Zara and Mike Tindall. Both Meghan Markle and Kate Middleton attended this party before their respective royal weddings, and it was a good chance for them to get to know the family before they said "I do."
The royals are obsessed with Christmas cards.
The royals never miss a year of Christmas cards and their lists are extensive. Every year, the Queen and Prince Philip send about 750 hand-signed holiday cards. Philip sends another 200 on his own to various regiments and organizations that are close to him. Prince Charles and Camilla Parker-Bowles also send an annual card, as do Prince William and Kate Middleton and, now, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle.
The royal family spend Christmas at Sandringham Estate.
The royals congregate at Sandringham House in Norfolk in the country for their Christmas celebration. The royal family has owned the estate since 1862 and it's long been their go-to Christmas destination. The Queen gifted Will and Kate a place of their own on the estate, Anmer Hall. After their wedding this year, Harry and Meghan were also given their own place in Sandringham—York Cottage.
The Queen hires out an entire train carriage to get there.
Queen Elizabeth travels to her Sandringham Estate ahead of Christmas on a pre-scheduled public train to King's Lynn, but the royal rents out an entire carriage on the train for herself, Prince Philip and their immediate staff. The Queen travels out to Sandringham about a week before Christmas to get ready to host the family's annual celebration.
The rest of the family arrives on Christmas Eve, in order of importance.
Not only is there tradition dictating what day the rest of the royals should arrive at Sandringham, but there's tradition to the order in which they show up too. Apparently, everyone who's invited to the super exclusive festivities is given a specific arrival slot, dictated by their status within the family. The earlier you arrive, the less important you are. The most junior members show up first and senior members, likePrince Charles, Will, Kate, Harry and Meghan would be among the last to arrive.
Prince Harry and Prince William play an annual Christmas Eve game of soccer.
Every Christmas at Sandringham, Prince Harry and Prince William play in a soccer game with staff at the estate. According to PopSugar, both princes "wear the socks of their favorite teams (Aston Villa for William and Arsenal for Harry)."
They have two Christmas trees.
According to McGrady, "the Royal Family has a large Christmas tree and a large silver artificial tree in the dining room, which is about 30 years old."
And they decorate the tree together.
When the royal family assembles at Sandringham House on Christmas Eve afternoon, the younger members of the fam work together to finish decorating the trees—but not in a gaudy way. "The Queen is not lavish, so the décor is minimal," McGrady told Good Housekeeping.
They shop at department stores.
The Queen famously used to do her Christmas shopping at Harrods in London. The iconic store would reportedly stay open after hours just for Her Majesty, so she could shop in peace.
Gifts are opened on Christmas Eve.
The royal family follows German tradition and exchange gifts on Christmas Eve. Apparently, the gift giving goes down after afternoon tea on Christmas Eve and Prince Philip gets to make the final call on when it's time to start opening gifts.
George sneaks his presents early.
Even though the royals already open their Christmas gifts a little earlier than many families, Prince George can't even wait that long. In a 2016 interview, Prince William revealed that George has a habit of sneaking his presents away from the tree to open them early—something that both Will and his late mother, Princess Diana, did as well.
The royals famously give each other gag gifts.
Instead of exchanging pricey gifts, the members of the royal family give each other gag gifts instead. One year, Kate reportedly gave Harry a "Grow Your Own Girlfriend" kit.
And this isn't just a tradition among the younger generation of royals. According to The Sun, "Prince Charles's favorite-ever gift is reportedly a white leather toilet seat from Princess Anne, which he found so comfy that it now travels with him on his overseas tours."
The staff are given gifts.
According to the royal family's official website, "all members of The Royal Household will receive Christmas presents from The Queen and Her Majesty will personally hand out presents to some members of The Royal Household at Buckingham Palace and at Windsor Castle. Continuing the tradition from her father, King George VI and her grandfather, George V—The Queen also gives Christmas puddings to her staff. About 1500 Christmas puddings paid for by The Queen (through the Privy Purse) are distributed to staff throughout the Palaces, staff in the Court Post Office and Palace police. Each pudding is accompanied by a greeting card from The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh."
Everyone watches the Queen's Christmas address.
According to the Queen's former personal chef, Darren McGrady, the entire royal family is required to gather at 3pm on Christmas Day to watch the Queen's annual Christmas address together.
The Queen reads corny jokes to everyone.
In the UK, Christmas crackers have little, corny jokes inside and Queen Elizabeth reportedly insists on reading the jokes herself. In fact. when the Queen was younger she used to make up her own jokes to tell the family, according to Express.co.uk.
The royal family always attends church on Christmas morning.
The royal family always attends a Christmas morning service at St Mary Magdalene Church. The service is typically 45 minutes.
According to McGrady, alcohol is flowing throughout the family's two-day tradition fest. After church on Christmas day, he told The Daily Mail, "the Queen has a gin and Dubonnet, while Prince Philip has beer. Everyone else will sip a glass of Veuve Clicquot." At Christmas dinner, he says, "the Queen enjoys drinking Gewurztraminer, an aromatic white wine."
Kids aren't allowed at Christmas dinner.
Kids are relegated to the nursery for the big Christmas feast—at least until they're old enough to "conduct themselves in the proper manner at the table," according to McGrady.
Christmas dinner is black-tie—and very exclusive.
The dining room at Sandringham has limited seating. According to PopSugar, "Christmas lunch is 24 adults, and children are seated in the nursery." It's a pretty formal occasion, according to the Telegraph, "with the men wearing black tie suits and the woman wearing gowns, expensive jewelery, and tiaras."
The highlight of the menu is roast turkey, traditionally from local butcher Scoles in Dersingham, and the royal family's Christmas pudding, which is prepared a year in advance to give it time to mature, apparently.
The royals don't overeat at Christmas.
"All the Royals are remarkably disciplined with food. Most simply graze," McGrady says.
The next day, the men go shooting.
According to McGrady, the men are eager to get out of the house the day after Christmas and get up early to go shooting. The women in the royal family, on the other hand, typically stay behind, but join the guys at a cottage on the estate for a hot lunch of beef bourguignon, or venison stew, with mashed potatoes, braised red cabbage and apple pie.


text:
Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease: A prospective cohort study
Atsuhiko Ota, Nobufumi Yasuda, Kazuya Kawai, Katsutoshi Tanioka, Yoshinori Doi, Hiroshi Ohara, Yuichiro Ono
In this prospective cohort study for Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease (IHD), the authors investigated the rate of success of smoking cessation 3 months after hospital discharge and its related factors. The subjects included 90 current smokers admitted for IHD. A total of 58 subjects (64%) had quit smoking for 3 months after being discharged. In comparison with subjects with acute myocardial infarction, those with stable angina (SA) showed a significantly lower frequency of smoking cessation (relative risk of resuming smoking (95% confidence interval): 2.06 (1.09, 3.92), p=0.036). This relationship remained significant even after controlling for sex, age, and scores of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (adjusted odds ratio: 3.39 (1.01, 11.37), p=0.048). However, it became insignificant when hospital admission followed by emergency medical service (EMS) care was additionally adjusted (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48 (0.36, 16.97), p=0.356). The smoking cessation rate in this study was identical to that observed in studies conducted in Japan prior to the recent social changes with regard to tobacco use. SA still appears to be a risk factor for smoking resumption after discharge. Experiencing EMS care would be an intermediate variable in this relationship. Copyright
Ota, A., Yasuda, N., Kawai, K., Tanioka, K., Doi, Y., Ohara, H., & Ono, Y. (2008). Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease: A prospective cohort study. Acta Medica Okayama, 62(3), [2].
Ota, Atsuhiko ; Yasuda, Nobufumi ; Kawai, Kazuya ; Tanioka, Katsutoshi ; Doi, Yoshinori ; Ohara, Hiroshi ; Ono, Yuichiro. / Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease : A prospective cohort study. In: Acta Medica Okayama. 2008 ; Vol. 62, No. 3.
@article{a7bee59ff240440db2f509b709c2e33b,
title = "Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease: A prospective cohort study",
abstract = "In this prospective cohort study for Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease (IHD), the authors investigated the rate of success of smoking cessation 3 months after hospital discharge and its related factors. The subjects included 90 current smokers admitted for IHD. A total of 58 subjects (64{\%}) had quit smoking for 3 months after being discharged. In comparison with subjects with acute myocardial infarction, those with stable angina (SA) showed a significantly lower frequency of smoking cessation (relative risk of resuming smoking (95{\%} confidence interval): 2.06 (1.09, 3.92), p=0.036). This relationship remained significant even after controlling for sex, age, and scores of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (adjusted odds ratio: 3.39 (1.01, 11.37), p=0.048). However, it became insignificant when hospital admission followed by emergency medical service (EMS) care was additionally adjusted (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48 (0.36, 16.97), p=0.356). The smoking cessation rate in this study was identical to that observed in studies conducted in Japan prior to the recent social changes with regard to tobacco use. SA still appears to be a risk factor for smoking resumption after discharge. Experiencing EMS care would be an intermediate variable in this relationship. Copyright",
author = "Atsuhiko Ota and Nobufumi Yasuda and Kazuya Kawai and Katsutoshi Tanioka and Yoshinori Doi and Hiroshi Ohara and Yuichiro Ono",
journal = "Acta Medica Okayama",
publisher = "Okayama University",
Ota, A, Yasuda, N, Kawai, K, Tanioka, K, Doi, Y, Ohara, H & Ono, Y 2008, 'Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease: A prospective cohort study', Acta Medica Okayama, vol. 62, no. 3, 2.
Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease : A prospective cohort study. / Ota, Atsuhiko; Yasuda, Nobufumi; Kawai, Kazuya; Tanioka, Katsutoshi; Doi, Yoshinori; Ohara, Hiroshi; Ono, Yuichiro.
In: Acta Medica Okayama, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2, 01.06.2008.
T1 - Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease
T2 - A prospective cohort study
AU - Ota, Atsuhiko
AU - Yasuda, Nobufumi
AU - Kawai, Kazuya
AU - Tanioka, Katsutoshi
AU - Doi, Yoshinori
AU - Ohara, Hiroshi
AU - Ono, Yuichiro
N2 - In this prospective cohort study for Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease (IHD), the authors investigated the rate of success of smoking cessation 3 months after hospital discharge and its related factors. The subjects included 90 current smokers admitted for IHD. A total of 58 subjects (64%) had quit smoking for 3 months after being discharged. In comparison with subjects with acute myocardial infarction, those with stable angina (SA) showed a significantly lower frequency of smoking cessation (relative risk of resuming smoking (95% confidence interval): 2.06 (1.09, 3.92), p=0.036). This relationship remained significant even after controlling for sex, age, and scores of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (adjusted odds ratio: 3.39 (1.01, 11.37), p=0.048). However, it became insignificant when hospital admission followed by emergency medical service (EMS) care was additionally adjusted (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48 (0.36, 16.97), p=0.356). The smoking cessation rate in this study was identical to that observed in studies conducted in Japan prior to the recent social changes with regard to tobacco use. SA still appears to be a risk factor for smoking resumption after discharge. Experiencing EMS care would be an intermediate variable in this relationship. Copyright
AB - In this prospective cohort study for Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease (IHD), the authors investigated the rate of success of smoking cessation 3 months after hospital discharge and its related factors. The subjects included 90 current smokers admitted for IHD. A total of 58 subjects (64%) had quit smoking for 3 months after being discharged. In comparison with subjects with acute myocardial infarction, those with stable angina (SA) showed a significantly lower frequency of smoking cessation (relative risk of resuming smoking (95% confidence interval): 2.06 (1.09, 3.92), p=0.036). This relationship remained significant even after controlling for sex, age, and scores of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (adjusted odds ratio: 3.39 (1.01, 11.37), p=0.048). However, it became insignificant when hospital admission followed by emergency medical service (EMS) care was additionally adjusted (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48 (0.36, 16.97), p=0.356). The smoking cessation rate in this study was identical to that observed in studies conducted in Japan prior to the recent social changes with regard to tobacco use. SA still appears to be a risk factor for smoking resumption after discharge. Experiencing EMS care would be an intermediate variable in this relationship. Copyright
JO - Acta Medica Okayama
JF - Acta Medica Okayama
M1 - 2
Ota A, Yasuda N, Kawai K, Tanioka K, Doi Y, Ohara H et al. Smoking cessation after discharge among Japanese patients with established ischemic heart disease: A prospective cohort study. Acta Medica Okayama. 2008 Jun 1;62(3). 2.


text:
northlane in - News, CD Reviews, DVD Reviews
Listen To New NORTHLANE Song 'Talking Heads'
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NORTHLANE To Release 'Alien' Album In August
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NORTHLANE Releases 'Heartmachine' Video
NORTHLANE has released a brand new music video for "Heartmachine". The clip, which was directed by Jason Eshraghian, can be seen below. The deeply personal song about the human condition is off of the band's most recent release, "Mesmer", and is the final video in the "Mesmer" collection, which was alluded to in the album ...
NORTHLANE Releases 'Solar' Video
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NORTHLANE Drops Surprise Fourth Album, 'Mesmer'
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Video Premiere: NORTHLANE's 'Citizen'
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NORTHLANE To Release 'Node' In July; New Single 'Obelisk' Now Available
Australian band NORTHLANE will release its new album, "Node", on July 24 via Rise Records. The CD is one of the most ambitious heavy records in recent years and will be the group's first with lead vocalist Marcus Bridge, who joined the fold in November. The monolithic lead single "Obelisk" is now available to stream, ...
INTERVALS: New Song 'The Escape' Available For Streaming
Canadian/U.S. progressive metallers and former instrumentalists INTERVALS have released the song "The Escape", the second single from the band's highly anticipated debut LP, "A Voice Within", due on March 4. Check it out below. INTERVALS is currently touring Europe with PROTEST THE HERO, TESSERACT and THE SAFETY FIRE. INTERVALS recently announced the addition of vocalist ...
INTERVALS: 'Ephemeral' Single Available For Streaming
Canadian/U.S. progressive metallers and former instrumentalists INTERVALS have announced the addition of vocalist Mike Semesky to the group's ranks. The band has released Mike's vocal debut in the form of new single "Ephemeral". Check it out below. Mike's vocals have manifested in many guises over the past few years; most notably on the debut album ...
VEIL OF MAYA Re-Signs With SUMERIAN RECORDS
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Jim Carrey stars in the hilarious comedy about a man who decides to say "yes" to everything, instead of saying "no" all the time, which had left him depressed and alone. Now, as the "Yes Man," he finds himself leading an exciting life, traveling the world meeting interesting people, and along they way finding romance. Also starring Bradley Cooper. Directed by Peyton Reed (THE BREAK-UP, BRING IT ON… ) and produced by David Heyman (HARRY POTTER franchise) and Richard Zanuck (CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY, BIG FISH).


text:
https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Moody-s-Lowers-Airlines-Debt-Ratings-7136664.php
Moody's Lowers Airlines' Debt Ratings
KARREN MILLS
Published 8:00 pm EDT, Wednesday, April 9, 2003
AP Business Writer
Moody's Investor's Service lowered its long-term debt ratings for three of the nation's largest airlines on Thursday, citing higher risks for debtholders because of the drop in airline traffic.
Moody's downgraded the ratings of NWA Corp. and its Northwest Airlines subsidiary, Houston-based Continental Airlines, Atlanta-based Delta Air Lines and ATA Holdings Corp., the parent of Indianapolis-based ATA Airlines Inc., the 10th-largest airline.
About $5.9 billion of debt securities were affected at Northwest, which already had a rating below investment grade.
Northwest, which is based in Eagan, Minn., reported last week that its March traffic was down 6.4 percent from a year ago, including an 11 percent drop after the onset of the war in Iraq. About three of every four seats were filled on March flights, the airline said.
Northwest's approach to cost-cutting and managing liquidity were considered in its ratings downgrade, Moody's said, along with the possibility of government aid to the airline industry and the chance that airline traffic will increase as concerns lessen about the war in Iraq and severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS.
Even if airline traffic picks up, Moody's said pricing is expected to remain very competitive as some carriers reduce fares to generate short-term cash rather than long-term profits.
While Northwest has one of the strongest cash positions among the U.S. carriers, Moody's said continued losses and increased borrowing has eroded the Eagan-based company's financial strength.
At Continental, Moody's said a failure to improve cash flow during the second and third quarters could cause limited liquidity and financial flexibility at the end of the year and during the first quarter of 2004. The airline's rating already was below investment grade.
At Delta, Moody's noted that the company has the highest pilot costs in the industry and that its competitors are likely to lower their labor costs further than Delta.
Since the Sept. 11 attacks, major airlines have laid off roughly 100,000 employees and industrywide capacity is down about 14 percent from where it was two years ago.


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Flack, Reginald Gamble (1/24/1881 - 1975) (3) + -
Flack, Ethel L. (b. 1877) (2) + -
Lake Ontario (2) + -
Scrantom's (Rochester, N.Y.) (2) + -
Andrews, Benjamin P. (1857 - 1938) (1) + -
Behn, Margarette (1854? - 7/1899) (1) + -
Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Cutler, Joseph Warren (7/13/1857 - 1934), Siemer, Martha A. (1876 - 1960), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Stull, Joseph A. (12/28/1828 - 6/13/1903), Stull, Sarah H. (1836? - 1912?), Stull, Otho Sibley (1867 - 1916), Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Humphrey, George P. (1864 - 1952), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Behn, Margarette (1854? - 7/1899), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Miner and Fisk (Rochester, N.Y.)
May Bragdon Diary, June 26, 1893, p. 144
Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Cutler, Joseph Warren (7/13/1857 - 1934), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Gillis, James W. (1845? - 1900), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Lake Ontario
May Bragdon Diary, April 9, 1897 – April 10, 1897, p. 21
Hillman, John Constantine (1865 - 1932), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Dodds, Mary B. (b. 1877?), Powers, Rose Edith (1872 - 1943), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Joiner, Edith M. (7/3/1868 - 7/4/1935), Morey, William Carey (1843 - 1925), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Interpres
Nourse, Lilla (1857 - 1951), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Filmer, William T. (b. 1875?), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.)
Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Nourse, Susan Marie (1831? - 1904), Gilmore, Marjorie Parkhurst (1888 - 6/1973), Joiner, Edith M. (7/3/1868 - 7/4/1935), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Lake Ontario, South Park (Rochester, N.Y.), Charlotte (Charlotte, N.Y.)
Bragdon, May (5/16/1865 - 3/21/1947), Bradstreet, J. Howard (1869 - 1937), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Davis, Helen Alling (4/19/1871 - 4/12/1950), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Orchard, Helen Elizabeth (7/21/1872 - 2/6/1899), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Dake Drug Co. (Rochester, N.Y.), World's Fair (Chicago, Ill., 5/1 - 10/30/1893)
Andrews, Benjamin P. (1857 - 1938), Clark, Edith E. (1884? - 1934), Cutler, Joseph Warren (7/13/1857 - 1934), Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Joiner, Edith M. (7/3/1868 - 7/4/1935), Rogers, Mabel S. (b. 11/17/1870), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Bragdon, Charlotte (8/26/1872 - 12/15/1907), Wilkinson, Henry Wilhelm (11/20/1869 - 12/8/1931), Rowell, Teresina (11/9/1872 - 1945), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Scrantom's (Rochester, N.Y.), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Diana
May Bragdon Diary, February 7, 1904 – April 1, 1904, p. 296
Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Flack, Ethel L. (b. 1877), Steinhausen, Meta (1879 - 1969), Steinhausen, Margaret (b. 7/14/1902), Steinhausen, Amelie (b. 7/14/1902), Steinhausen, Theodore D. (1874 - 1944), Rochester Orphan Asylum (Rochester, N.Y.), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.)
Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Joiner, Edith M. (7/3/1868 - 7/4/1935), MacArthur, Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Clark, Edith E. (1884? - 1934), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Scrantom's (Rochester, N.Y.), Flinch, Pedro
Crump, Gilbert F. (1871 - 1913), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Joiner, Edith M. (7/3/1868 - 7/4/1935), Hilliard, John (1872? - 1935), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Flack, Reginald Gamble (1/24/1881 - 1975), Hubbell Park (Rochester, N.Y.), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Triangle Building (Rochester, N.Y.)
Flack, Ethel L. (b. 1877), Clark, Edith E. (1884? - 1934), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Flack, Reginald Gamble (1/24/1881 - 1975), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.)
Garfield, Helen C. (1835 - 7/18/1911), Bragdon, Katherine Elmina (12/30/1837 - 9/6/1920), Crawford, Letitia (b. 1863?), Scranton, Edgar M. (1860 - 1910), MacArthur, Nellie (b. 4/4/1867?), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Flack, Reginald Gamble (1/24/1881 - 1975), Bragdon, Henry Wilkinson (9/6/1906 - 3/15/1980), Davis', Davis, Charlotte Gleason (4/12/1861 - 1938), Caswell, Herbert Marshall (b. 1860?), Williams, Herma Louise (1885 - 1957), Steinhausen, Theodore D. (1874 - 1944), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.), Seneca Park (Rochester, N.Y.)
Stull, John M. (9/9/1870 - 8/2/1939), Stull, Mary G. (b. 1869?), DeGraff, William (b. 1864?), Cutler, James Goold (4/24/1848 - 4/21/1927), Cutler, Joseph Warren (7/13/1857 - 1934), Gilmore, Joseph H. (b. 9/9/1863), Bragdon, Claude (8/1/1866 - 9/17/1946), Bragdon, May (5/16/1865 - 3/21/1947), Sibley's (Rochester, N.Y.)


text:
Salvation Season 2 Episode 11
A stand-off at the COPE compound leads to tragic results
Serie: Salvation
Director: Stuart Gillard
Guest Star: Willy Lavendel
Episode Title: Celebration Day
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text:
Darren Bent
'Excuses' - Former Derby County striker's verdict on Frank Lampard's first season at Chelsea
Chelsea finished fourth in the Premier League and reached the FA Cup Final
Former Derby County striker Darren Bent believes 'people have made excuses' for Chelsea boss Frank Lampard, the former Rams manager, in his first season in charge of the Blues.
Lampard, who left Derby last summer, has guided Chelsea to fourth in the Premier League and to the FA Cup Final, where they lost 2-1 to Arsenal on Saturday.
This was achieved despite Chelsea being unable to make any signings last summer due to the club's transfer ban and bringing young players through.
But Bent said on talkSPORT : "A lot of people have lauded Frank Lampard for the job he's done this season. He's brought through the youngsters ... but he was forced to do this.
'A year on' - How Krystian Bielik could hold the key to a Derby County system switch
Favourites emerge in race to sign international striker linked to Derby County
"At times people have made excuses for him; yeah he's given them [academy players] an opportunity and they've taken it, but I do think that next season is going to be completely different.
Derby County latest
This is your round up of all things Derby; the one-stop shop that will keep you updated on the latest goings on at Pride Park and beyond.
Transfers, injuries, match-days and managers, we've got you covered.
We'll be bringing the very latest on the Rams throughout the week and around the clock.
Make sure you keep yourself updated with our handy daily catch up...
Must reads...
'Told them' - Wayne Rooney explains his thinking behind Derby County team selections
Defender to miss Derby County's Championship clash at Brentford
Tough start - the lowdown on summer signing's first-team chances at Derby County
Wayne Rooney's unbeaten start as Derby County interim boss tipped to end
You can follow our Rams reporter Steve Nicholson on Twitter, and his email address is Stephen.Nicholson@reachplc.com
"Are they going to sign all these players, will the youth players get more opportunities next season? That's going to be pressure in itself because the people in authority will be like 'hold on, you were forced to do it last season, where are the youngsters this season?'
"It's an open chequebook, they can sign whoever they want. Are these players still going to get the opportunities?"


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Human Taeniasis in the Republic of Korea: Hidden or Gone?
Korean J Parasitol. 2013;51(1):9-17
Korean J ParasitolJournal ArchiveKorean J Parasitol. 2013;51(1)
Publication date (electronic) : 2013 February 18
doi : https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.9
Jong-Yil Chai
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
Corresponding author (cjy@snu.ac.kr)
Received 2012 September 20; Revised 2012 December 18; Accepted 2012 December 18.
History and current status of human taeniasis in the Republic of Korea, due to Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata, are briefly reviewed. Until the 1980s, human taeniasis had been quite common in various localities of Korea. A study from 1924 reported 12.0% egg prevalence in fecal examinations. Thereafter, the prevalence of Taenia spp. ranged from 3% to 14% depending on the time and locality. Jeju-do, where pigs were reared in a conventional way, was the highest endemic area of taeniasis. An analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 genes of 68 taeniasis cases reported from 1935 to 2005 in Korea by a research group revealed the relative occurrence of the 3 Taenia spp. as follows: T. solium (4.4%), T. asiatica (75.0%), and T. saginata (20.6%). However, national surveys on intestinal helminths conducted every 5 years on randomly selected people revealed that the Taenia egg prevalence dropped from 1.9% in 1971 to 0.02% in 1997 and finally to 0.0% in 2004. With the exception of 3 egg-positive cases reported in 2008 and 2 worm-proven cases in 2011, no more cases have been officially recorded. Based on these surveys and also on other literature, it can be concluded that taeniasis has virtually disappeared from Korea, although a few sporadic cases may remain hidden. Human cysticercosis is also expected to disappear within a couple of decades in Korea.
Keywords: Taenia asiatica; Taenia solium; Taenia saginata; taeniasis; prevalence
Human taeniases are distributed worldwide [1]. The diseases are zoonotic because they involve pigs or cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host [1]. They are caused by 3 species of Taenia (their scolices are shown in Fig. 1) - T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. saginata - with the first 2 being transmitted by pigs and the third by cattle [1]. T. saginata and T. solium were undoubtedly observed from ancient times, including the dates of Hippocrates and possibly Moses [2]. However, the 2 species were not specifically differentiated until 1782 [2]. The Greeks (Aristophanes and Aristotle) mentioned the larval stage of T. solium in the tongue of the swine [2]. The larval stage of T. saginata was first observed in cattle in 1675 and was experimentally confirmed in 1863 [2]. The existence of T. asiatica, which is transmitted by swine (liver and viscera) was first notified in Taiwan in the 1930s [1,3], and was subsequently also found in the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) and Indonesia from the 1960s [1]. T. asiatica was reported as a distinct species in 1993 [4].
Scolices of human Taenia tapeworms recovered from Korean patients. (A) A scolex of Taenia solium having 4 suckers and 30 hooklets (arrow) on the rostellum. Scale bar=0.15 mm. (B) A scolex of T. asiatica having 4 suckers but no hooklets. It has more or less elevated rostellum (arrow). Scale bar=0.20 mm. (C) A scolex of T. saginata showing the same morphology as T. asiatica with the exception of the morphology of the rostellum, which is flat or invaginated. Scale bar=0.20 mm.
Human taeniasis was quite common in wide localities of Korea until the 1980s. However, recent national surveys showed that the Taenia egg prevalence became as low as 0.02% in 1997 and 0% in 2004. Thereafter, only 5 sporadic cases were detected during 2006-2011. We can presume that human taeniasis has almost disappeared from Korea. The present paper presents a brief review of the history of human taeniasis and discusses on their current status in Korea.
PREVALENCE OF TAENIASIS NATIONWIDE
Human Taenia tapeworms are mentioned in a medical book in Korea, "Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam", published in 1613. They were termed as "Chon-Baek-Chung", which means "small whitish worm", recognizing the morphology of spontaneously discharged gravid proglottids. However, it was not until 1914 that human taeniasis was first documented by the recovery of eggs in the feces of North Korean individuals [5]. The egg positive rate was 7.8% among 206 hospital patients (Suan Mine Hospital) examined (Table 1) [5]. Various studies conducted up to 1924 reported prevalences higher than 7.2% [6-8]. A report from a prison in Seoul stated that the prevalence of Taenia eggs was 12.0% among 1,280 prisoners in 1924 [8]. However, after 1927, the prevalence became lower than 5.0% and was maintained around 1-2% until the 1980s [9-19]. A notable figure was the 1.9% prevalence in 1971 among 24,887 nationwidely and randomly selected Korean people [17]. At that time, the province with the highest Taenia prevalence was Jeju-do (Island), which recorded the prevalence of 9.4% in rural areas and 5.9% in urban areas, followed by Jeollanam-do, with a prevalence of 4.7% in rural areas and 3.6% in urban areas [17].
Prevalence of taeniasis among Koreansa (1914-2008)
Ten years later, in 1981, the national prevalence had decreased slightly to 1.1% [19]. However, the prevalence in Jeju-do and Jeollanam-do remained high, at 19.2% and 3.0%, respectively [19]. From 1981-1986, the prevalence of taeniasis (national or local) became lower than 1% [20,21], and dropped even lower, to less than 0.1%, from 1992 [22-24]. The prevalence finally dropped to 0-0.01% during 2004-2008 (Fig. 2) [25-27]. Since 2008, only 2 cases have been detected, which were diagnosed as T. saginata by sequencing of the gene encoding mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1), in the Department of Parasitology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea (Eom KS, personal communication). This temporal pattern is an evidence of the declined prevalence of human taeniasis and its present near-virtual absence in Korea.
Graphic presentation of the decreasing patterns of Taenia spp. egg positive rates in Korea. Data are from nationwide or local figures presented in Table 1 from 1914-2008 and from Jeju-do in Table 2 from 1965-2006. Note the remarkably higher egg positive rates in Jeju-do compared to the national figures or data from other local areas during 1965 and 1990.
The exact reasons for this decline of taeniasis in Korea are unclear. However, several factors could have been involved. One is the availability and widespread use of effective anthelmintics, for example, praziquantel and niclosamide. The second is the introduction and subsequent popularity of the flush toilet nationwide, including Jeju-do. The third is improvement of food for pigs (commercial fodders) and strengthening of the meat inspection system, especially for pigs and cattle. Still another factor includes the greatly improved socioeconomic status and health educational level of Koreans in recent generations.
PREVALENCE OF TAENIASIS IN JEJU-DO
A high prevalence (26%) of human taeniasis on Jeju-do was reported by Soh and coworkers in 1963 in an abstract to the 5th Annual Meeting of the Korean Society for Parasitology (KSP); however, the results were not published. In 1964, Kang et al. [28] reported in an abstract to the 6th Annual Meeting of KSP that the prevalence of Taenia spp. eggs (termed tapeworm eggs) among primary schoolchildren in Puk-Jeju-gun was 8.9% in 1963 and 4.3% in 1964 (Table 2). Kang et al. [29], in 1965, further detected 136 proglottid-discharging patients in Jeju-do and successfully treated them with bithionol. In 1967, very high prevalences of taeniasis (37.4% in rural areas and 16.4% in urban areas residents) were found in Aewol-myon, Puk-Jeju-gun, through recovery of eggs from feces [30].
Prevalence of taeniases among people in Cheju-do
In 1971, during a national fecal survey on randomly selected Koreans, the positive rate of Taenia spp. eggs among Jeju-do residents was a little lower, 8.2% (38 positives among 462 examined) [17]. Thereafter, the prevalence remained high, from 12.7% to 20.1%, until 1980 [19,31,32]. From 1985, however, the prevalence began to drop quickly in that year, and until 1992, Taenia egg prevalence rates were 1.5-6.9% in several areas of Jeju-do [21,22,33,34]. In a 1997 survey, the egg positive rate of Taenia spp. was 0%, where it remained through 2006 (Fig. 2) [24-26]. Since 2006, there have been no reports of fecal surveys on Jeju-do residents.
One of the reasons for such a high Taenia tapeworm prevalence until the 1970s in Jeju-do was undoubtedly the traditional way of raising pigs on the island (Fig. 3). Until then, toilets in Jeju-do were located in close contact with pigs. The pigs, usually housed immediately below the toilet, were allowed to eat the freshly defecated human feces, which would encourage active transmission of the life cycle of T. solium and T. asiatica. However, this type of traditional pig raising ceased during the 1980s, and today is exhibited only in several traditional villages used for sightseeing. The change in pig raising drove the decreased prevalence of taeniasis, and also cysticercosis, in Jeju-do.
Taenia asiatica adult worm and life cycle in Korea. (A) An adult worm of T. asiatica recovered from a Korean patient. Scale bar=2 cm. (B) A figure showing a traditionally reared pig in Jeju-do. The toilet used by humans is located far right side of the figure (upper level of the rock).
STUDIES ON T. ASIATICA
The presence of T. asiatica, which is morphologically almost indistinguishable from T. saginata but biologically similar to T. solium, which adopts pigs as the intermediate host, was first reported in Taiwan in the 1930s [3]. The adult tapeworms collected from the mountain tribes (aborigines) of Taiwan morphologically resembled T. saginata rather than T. solium, despite the popular practices of eating pig liver and the unavailability of cattle around the oboriginal environments [35,36]. From 1982-1986, Fan and coworkers [35,37] raised the possibility that this Taenia tapeworm represented a new species, and beginning in 1987 [38,39] began to use the term Taiwan Taenia for this tapeworm. However, as the same kind of Taenia tapeworm was also discovered in Korea and Indonesia in 1988 [40], the name 'Asian Taenia' was more accurately adopted [41]. In 1995, a subspecies of T. saginata, i.e., T. saginata asiatica, was proposed by Fan and co-workers [42,43]. However, in 1993, this peculiar Taenia tapeworm had been proposed as a new species, T. asiatica, in Korea [4].
The existence of this non-solium non-saginata human Taenia tapeworm in Korea was suggested in the 1960s [29,30,44,45]. In particular, a study published in 1969 [44] reported the perflexing epidemiologic finding in Jeju-do that, whereas the majority of adult tapeworms recovered from residents appeared morphologically to be T. saginata, there were little or no Cysticercus bovis-infected cattle in Jeju-do. A similar discrepancy was repeatedly noted in different endemic areas of taeniasis, including Jeollabuk-do [45] and Jeollanam-do [46]. In 1983, a leprosarium in Sorok-do (Island), Jeollanam-do, was reported to show a peculiar finding in the occurrence of Taenia tapeworm infections [46]. Whereas 26 adult specimens recovered from the patients after chemotherapy were all T. saginata based on their morphology, no cattle were reared on this island, no beaf was imported, and only pigs were raised and consumed as pork [46].
In 1990, Min [47] strongly suggested the presence of a third species of Taenia in Korea. Subsequently, the new species description of T. asiatica was made in 1993 by Eom and Rim [4]. In the meantime, the cysticerci of T. asiatica (under the name Asian T. saginata) were reported in the liver of naturally infected pigs from Jeollabuk-do [48]. A human experimental infection was performed using the cysticerci from the aforementioned pig liver, and 2 adult tapeworms were recovered after 2 years, which were morphologically close to T. saginata, 1 being 330 cm in length [49]. Subsequently, pigs and cattle were experimentally infected with eggs from this experimentally infected human, and viscerotropism was found in the distribution of cysticerci in pigs and cattle after 30-165 days in the liver, omentum, and lung in pigs, and only in the liver in cattle [50].
RELATIVE OCCURRENCE OF THE THREE TAENIA SPECIES
Before T. asiatica was reported as a new species, the human Taenia tapeworms in Korea were diagnosed as either T. solium or T. saginata, or were undetermined (this does not represent T. asiatica) [1]. T. asiatica was included among T. saginata because of the almost indistinguishable morphology of the gravid proglottids between the 2 species. Eom and Rim [1] reviewed 7 previous reports on a total of 874 specimens of Taenia tapeworms collected from Koreans during 1965 and 1988, and concluded that the ratio of T. solium and T. saginata was about 1:5. This ratio was either higher, 2:3, in Jeollabuk-do [45], 3:4, in Seoul and Gyeongsangnam-do, and 1:3 or 1:4, in Jeju-do [51,52], or lower, 1:9, in Jeju-do [30]. No T. solium worms were recovered among 10 Taenia worm-recovered cases in Chungcheongbuk-do [51], 26 cases in Jeollanam-do [46], and 58 cases in Jeju-do [34]. Considerable numbers of these T. saginata cases must have been actually T. asiatica cases.
After 1993, no article which properly analyzed the ratio had been available until a study was done in 2005 which reported a ratio of 1 (T. solium): 17 (T. asiatica): 5 (T. saginata) based on the analysis of cox1 and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes from 68 specimens obtained from university museum collections from 1935-2005 [53]. These results obtained before and after 1993 may suggest that T. solium had decreased more quickly than T. asiatica and T. saginata in Korea. It also seems to be true that T. asiatica had been the dominating species over T. solium and T. saginata, and the next was T. saginata followed by T. solium over the past 50-100 years in Korea.
ARE TAENIASES HIDDEN OR GONE?
All 3 species of Taenia tapeworms seem to have now almost disappeared from Korea. However, it cannot be completely ruled out that some sporadic cases may remain hidden, for example, in remote or previously endemic areas. The 2 cases referred to the Department of Parasitology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine in 2011 (Eom KS, personal communication) are such examples.
The detectability of Taenia cases may be different by different Taenia spp. For example, T. solium infection can be completely silent unlike T. saginata or T. asiatica. Whereas the terminal gravid proglottids of T. saginata or T. asiatica tend to actively move and crawl out of the intestine to the anus, thereby eliciting symptoms such as anal itching, those of T. solium pass out of the intestine quite passively [2]. For this reason, T. solium infection is detected on examination of stools only, and may be more easily missed and hidden than T. saginata or T. asiatica infection. To the author's own experience, a substantial number of Taenia egg-negative people in Lao Peoples' Democratic Republic actually expelled adult Taenia tapeworms (mostly T. saginata) after treatment with praziquantel and purging with magnesium salt which was done for recovery of trematode infections. Therefore, to confirm whether taeniasis has completely disappeared from Korea, attention should be paid to such false egg negative cases.
DECREASE OF HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS
Human cysticercosis is caused by T. solium, but not by T. saginata or T. asiatica, though some possibility remains for T. asiatica [54,55]. In Korea, the incidence of human cysticercosis had been high before, but recently a decreasing tendency has been demonstrated. For example, during 1968 and 1987, 425 (0.24%) cysticercosis cases were diagnosed out of a total of 174,770 surgical biopsy specimens obtained in the Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital [56]. Similarly, in 1972-1983, 136 (0.30%) cysticercosis cases were detected out of a total of 45,651 surgical biopsies examined in the Department of Pathology, Kyunghee University Medical Center in Seoul [57]. Another study during 1980-1989 found 112 (0.14%) cysticercosis cases out of a total of 80,947 biopsies in the Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital [58]. However, this ratio became much lower in a follow-up study (1984-2005) in Kyunghee University Medical Center; only 62 (0.029%) were found to be cysticercosis out of a total of 211,859 surgical biopsies [59], which is only 1/5-1/15 that of previous reports [56-58]. These trends of the decrease of cysticercosis among the toal biopsy cases, in particular, data derived from Seoul National University Hospital (1968-1987) [56] and Kyunghee University Medical Center (1972-2005) [57,59] are depicted in Fig. 4.
Decreasing patterns of cysticercosis in Korea based on data from Seoul National University Hospital (1968-1987) [56] and those from Kyunghee University Medical Center (1972-2005) [57,59] both of which are located in Seoul.
The prevalence of cysticercosis can also be estimated by serologic tests, in particular, ELISA. In 1993, Kong et al. [60] reported a seropositive rate for cysticercosis of 2.1% by ELISA among 750 individuals selected from general population selected from different areas of Korea, whereas 4.0% of 2,667 epileptic patients revealed positive reaction. In 2003, a study reported 26 (3.0%) cysticercus positive cases out of 865 serum samples referred from various localities [61]. A serologic reference center located in Seoul (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine) reported an overall seropositive rate of 4.2% for cysticercosis out of a total of 74,448 serum or cerebrospinal fluid samples suspected as neurologic diseases, which were referred from 121 hospitals nationwide during 1993-2006 [62]. An interesting finding in the latter study was that the seropositive rate of cysticercosis apparently showed a decreasing trend, from 7.3-8.3% in 1993-1994 to 1.6-2.2% in 2005-2006 [62].
Cysticerci may live 5-10 years in the human body and thereafter begin to calcify (this may also take years) [63]. Most of the symptoms develop after cysticerci die and undergo calcification [63,64]. Therefore, symptomatic and also seropositive cysticercosis patients would continue to be found until 10-20 years after complete disappearance of human T. solium infection in a community. Therefore, it is presumed that human cysticercosis disappears within 10-20 years after disappearance of human T. solium infection.
In Korea, there was a high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, and Trichuris trichiura) in the past, but the prevalence has now decreased markedly [65] causing no more serious problems due to these parasitic infections. Lymphatic filariasis, due to Brugia malayi, has also posed a problem in several endemic areas, including Jeju-do [66]. However, a declaration was made in 2009 that lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated from Korea [66]. Now, we expect the complete disappearance of taeniasis from Korea in the near future. One thing to consider is the relative lack of data from North Korea on the prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis. An available document on North Koreans reported that the seropositive rate of cysticercosis by ELISA was 9.3% (29/270 people) among people in Cheongjin area in 2004 [67], which was higher than the rates observed in 1993-1994 in South Korea [62]. We do not know the current situation of taeniasis and cysticercosis in North Korea. However, when free communication becomes possible between North Korea and South Korea, the risk for taeniasis transmission should again be taken into considerations.
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31. Seo BS, Rim HJ, Cho SY, Ahn JH, Kwak JW, Lee JW, Kang SC. The prevalence of intestinal helminthes in inhabitants of Cheju Do. Korean J Parasitol 1972;10:100–108.
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34. Soh CT, Lee KT, Kim SH, Fan PC. Studies on the epidemiology and chemotherapy of taeniasis on Cheju Island, Korea. Yonsei Rep Trop Med 1988;19:25–31.
35. Fan PC, Chan CH, Chao D, Chung WC. Studies on some problems of taeniasis among aborigines in Taiwan 1982. In : Program and Summary of Sino-Japanese Seminar on Parasitic Zoonoses; 28-29 August 1982; Hirosaki, Japan. p. 110–115.
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© 2013, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine
(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) :
Author (year)
Subjects (Locality)
No. examined
No. Taenia sp. egg posit. (%)
Stryker (1914) Suan Mine Hospital 206 16 (7.8)b
Kobayashi and Kwon (1917) Hospital patients (Seoul) 323 29 (9.0)
Kojima and Ko (1919) Outpatients and students (Jinju) 1,000 72 (7.2)
Uchida (1924) Prisoners (Seoul) 1,280 154 (12.0)
Mills (1927) Inhabitants (Gyeonggi-do) 7,000 201 (2.9)
Oda (1929) Inhabitants (Jeonju) 442 14 (3.2)
Takemura (1934) Patients (Seoul) 216 4 (1.9)
Sekiguchi et al. (1937) Inhabitants (Kimhae) 4,594 17 (0.4)
Keijo Imperial University (1940) Seoul 717 7 (1.0)
Brooke et al. (1956) Prisoners (North Koreans) 1,726 29 (1.7)
Soh et al. (1961) Outpatients (Seoul) 14,682 80 (0.5)
Seo et al. (1969) Inhabitants (Nationwide) 40,581 284 (0.7)
MHSA & KAPE (1971)c Inhabitants (Nationwide) 24,887 461 (1.9)
Seo et al. (1981) Riparian people (5 major rivers) 13,373 68 (0.5)
MHSA & KAH (1986)d Inhabitants (Nationwide) 43,590 119 (0.3)
MHSA & KAH (1992)d Inhabitants (Nationwide) 46,912 26 (0.06)
Lee et al. (1994) In- and outpatients (Seoul) 52,552 28 (0.05)
KAHP (2004)e Inhabitants (Nationwide) 20,546 0 (0.0)
Chai et al. (2006) Inhabitants (Nationwide) 4,137 0 (0.0)
Cho et al. (2008) Riparian people (4 major rivers) 24,075 3 (0.01)
People from nationwide or local areas, except Cheju-do (Island).
Taenia saginata eggs.
Ministry of Health and Social Affairs & Korea Association for Parasite Eradication.
Ministry of Health and Social Affairs & Korea Association of Health.
Korea Association of Health Promotion.
Kang et al. (1965) Primary schoolchildren 11,063 985 (8.9)
Cho et al. (1967) Rural villagers 577 216 (37.4)
Urban students 1,631 267 (16.4)
MHSA & KAPE (1971) General inhabitants 462 38 (8.2)
Seo et al. (1972) General inhabitants 3,169 402 (12.7)
Kim (1980) General inhabitants 652a 131 (20.1)
MHSA & KAPE (1981) General inhabitants 663 127 (19.2)
Joo et al. (1985) General inhabitants 1,280 50 (3.9)
MHSA & KAH (1986) General inhabitants 401 9 (2.2)
Soh et al. (1988) General inhabitants 1,102 76 (6.9)
KAHP (2004) General inhabitants 300 0 (0.0)
Chai et al. (2006) General inhabitants 100 0 (0.0)
questionnaire study.


text:
Venezia – Mantel fireplace Inspiration
Blog / By Editorial Staff
Venezia Mantel in Moonlight Old World
Venice History
Venice is an extraordinary city well known for its rich history, opulence in arts, astounding architecture and ingenious innovations. The city is emblematic of dazzling romantic imagery as typified by the rowing scenes of Gondola ride coasting along the water canals, availing the pleasure of the magnificent views portrayed in hundreds of Hollywood movies.
Venice is composed of 118 small islands, situated in the Veneto Region of Northeastern Italy, and it solely relies on canals, waterways channels and bridges. To this day, thoroughfares are only accessible either by boat or by walking through its countless twisted streets and crossing small footbridges.
The city, in the middle of a lagoon has a challenging landscape and would have not been habitable if not for the brilliant minds of the Venetian people. Their ingenuity propelled the construction of building structures above water. They used thousands of wood pilings of about 60 feet, driven to the bottom of the lagoon that reached past the silt and dirt until it hit the sturdy hard clay that could hold the weight of the structure piled above it.
However, with the proliferation of building structures, the weight of the city pushed it down deeper into the mud forcing the water out and compressing the soil. This distinctive occurrence has combined forces with the tide movement of Mother Earth and causes cyclical flooding. This phenomenon is what makes Venice well known to date as "The Floating City".
The exuberance and luxuriance of the architectural elements around Piazza San Marco was perpetually inspiring! As the largest square in the city, it is the main location where important government buildings are located and was the central hub for the goings on around the city. It was laid originally in front of St. Mark's Basilica, a small chapel that was inside the complex of the infamous Doge's Palace.
St. Mark's Basilica is aptly named the "Church of Gold" for its extravagance and grandiosity.
The Doge's Palace
The Doge's Palace built in a Venetian Gothic style is considered a masterpiece. The architectural style was influenced by Islamic and Byzantine Architecture. The combined influences of these architectural marvels are symbolic of the Palace's richness and grandeur.
Doge's Palace, also known as Palazzo Ducale has the most intricate and unparalleled interior woodwork! Their use of gilded woodworking significantly elevated their status in the society as the splendor of gold paintings deliberately impressing upon an image of wealth and their status in the upper echelon.
As much as Venice is surrounded by water, their fear from time immemorial has always been fire. Since wood is what the buildings were made of, it was a necessity to come up with a solution wherein they could safely use fire inside their homes. That is when they thought of building hearths, chimneys and fireplaces. With the Venetians' unprecedented love for grand style, they took advantage of the use of fireplaces to flaunt their great wealth and fortune. Their fireplaces were designed bearing a status symbol and built massive for a more imposing effect. They are so big that it could stable a horse! The fireplaces were lavishly embellished with detailed artwork, including family crests. They needed a more visible place to exhibit their glorified power and having an extended mantel with hood, fully ornate, above the fireplace featured all of that.
These ageless mantels became the inspiration behind our Venezia fireplace mantel.
The Venezia is a classical chimneypiece with an overmantel design that is both graceful and elegant in style. The profile has layers of attributes to keep the classical fireplace mantel design interesting within the picture frame style. Although inspired by the exquisite mantel designs at the Palazzo Ducale, the Venezia is conceptualized with current style in mind. It is perfect for all types of living spaces but perhaps a little more partial toward traditional interior designs. The Venezia has an absolute commanding presence yet subtle enough to be the centerpiece in today's homes. The height of this mantel is also adjustable to accommodate most fireplace inserts.
Would you like a bespoke mantel that echoes classic style and royalty? If a timeless and luxurious mantel design is your goal, then you would love our Venezia mantel. To achieve that classical elegance, add a hearth to complete the look.