text:
A 2017-es női labdarúgó Európa-bajnokságot Hollandiában rendezték július 16-a és augusztus 6-a között. A címvédő a német válogatott volt. Ez volt a 12. női labdarúgó Európa-bajnokság, 16 részt vevő országgal.

Hollandia 2014. december 4-én kapta meg a rendezés jogát.
A német válogatott 22 éves győzelmi sorozata szakadt meg azt követően, hogy a negyeddöntőben kikaptak a dán csapattól. Ez volt a torna történetében mindössze a második vereségük, legutóbb az 1993-as döntőben kaptak ki.

A házigazda Hollandia története első Európa-bajnoki címét szerezte, miután a döntőben 4–2-re legyőzte a dánokat.

Helyszínek
A torna mérkőzéseit a következő hét helyszínen rendezték:

Lebonyolítás
A 16 csapatot 4 darab 4 fős csoportba sorsolták. Mindegyik csoportból két csapat jutott tovább az egyenes kieséses szakaszba. Az A csoportból a továbbjutók a B csoportból kaptak ellenfelet, a C csoportból az első két helyezett a D csoportból kapott ellenfelet. A csoportok első helyezettjei a másik csoportból a második helyezettet kapták a negyeddöntőben. Ebben az évben sem rendeztek bronzmérkőzést. A csoportok végső sorrendjét a körmérkőzések után határozták meg. A győzelem 3, a döntetlen 1 és a vereség 0 pontot ért. Ez a rendszer megegyezik az 1996. és 2012. között használt férfi Európa-bajnokságéval.

Részt vevő csapatok

Sorsolás
A csoportok sorsolását 2016. november 8.-án tartották Rotterdamban. A csapatokat négy kalapból sorsolták ki, a Holland válogatottat nem rakták kalapba, mert rendezőként őket automatikusan az A csoport első helyére tettek. Az első kalapban a kijutók közül a világranglistán a három legjobb kijutott európai csapat került, a másik három kalapban már négy csapat foglalt helyet.

Csoportkör

A csoport

B csoport

C csoport

D csoport

Egyenes kieséses szakasz

Negyeddöntők

Elődöntők

Döntő

Gólszerzők
5 gólos
 Jodie Taylor

4 gólos
 Vivianne Miedema

3 gólos
 Sherida Spitse
 Lieke Martens

2 gólos

 Nina Burger
 Nadia Nadim
 Toni Duggan

 Babett Peter
 Ilaria Mauro
 Daniela Sabatino

 Carolina Mendes
 Stina Blackstenius
 Lotta Schelin

1 gólos

 Stefanie Enzinger
 Lisa Makas
 Sarah Zadrazil
 Janice Cayman
 Elke Van Gorp
 Tessa Wullaert
 Pernille Harder
 Theresa Nielsen
 Sanne Troelsgaard
 Katrine Veje
 Fran Kirby
 Jordan Nobbs

 Nikita Parris
 Ellen White
 Camille Abily
 Amandine Henry
 Eugénie Le Sommer
 Josephine Henning
 Isabel Kerschowski
 Marozsán Dzsenifer
 Fanndís Friðriksdóttir
 Cristiana Girelli
 Daniëlle van de Donk
 Shanice van de Sanden

 Ana Leite
 Jelena Danyilova
 Jelena Morozova
 Erin Cuthbert
 Caroline Weir
 Vicky Losada
 Amanda Sampedro
 Ramona Bachmann
 Ana-Maria Crnogorčević
 Lara Dickenmann

Öngólos
 Millie Bright (Hollandia ellen)

Jegyzetek

További információk
 http://www.uefa.com/womenseuro/

európa bajnokság
Női labdarúgó-Európa-bajnokságok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
It's All in My Head
Professor's 'Funky Fizix in Film' talk wraps up MT...
MTSU student ambassador fills ..
Professor's 'Funky Fizix in Film' talk wraps up MTSU Star Party fall schedule
by Randy Weiler
MTSU Department of Physics and Astronomy professor Eric Klumpe will close out the monthly Star Party series for the fall semester with his "Funky Fizix in Film" lecture at 6:30 p.m. Friday, Dec. 1, in Wiser-Patten Science Hall Room 102.
First Friday Star Parties are a way for the department to bring the MTSU, Murfreesboro and surrounding communities together. The event will feature a lecture followed by telescope viewing, weather permitting.
This photo, courtesy of NASA.gov, depicts infrared echoes of a black hole eating a star. (Photo courtesy of NASA.gov)
The event, which is free, is open to the general public and MTSU students and faculty. To find parking and Wiser-Patten, visit http://tinyurl.com/MTSUParkingMap online.
Klumpe's "Funky Fizix in Film" talks and Black Hole Trivia continue to be popular among attendees.
"Black holes are fascinating objects and they are occasionally used in science fiction films as a plot element," he said.
"My talk is about discussing some of the more nuanced and less well-known properties of black holes — hence the name 'Black Hole Trivia.'"
The Department of Physics and Astronomy is one of 11 departments or schools in the College of Basic and Applied Sciences.
For more information about the series or the astronomy program, call 615-898-2130 or visit www.mtsu.edu/programs/astronomy.
MTSU has more than 240 combined undergraduate and graduate programs.
— Randy Weiler (Randy.Weiler@mtsu.edu)
campus community, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Middle Tennessee State University, MTSU, special events
MTSU professors, alumnus are Murfreesboro's 2021 arts laureates [+ VIDEOS] January 15, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As someone who suffers from DMD ( decision making disorder), finding a place to have lunch is quite hard. While walking around I noticed they have a sushi restaurant! Well that did it. I have a weakness for sushi.
Yes, after much deliberation I decided to self diagnose, myself, with DMD.
So I just got to say yuck. But since you enjoy. Hope it was good.


text:
The Prison Reformer Who Champions Ted Cruz
SourceMichael Hough Facebook
The route to the White House: news, stories and analysis from on and off the presidential campaign trail.
Because conservatives such as Michael Hough are leading the fight against recidivism and mass incarceration.
PART OF A SPECIAL SERIES FROM OZY
STATES OF THE NATION
Join OZY as we travel through all 50 states to uncover the challenges and meet the innovators reshaping a country that's more divided than ever.
The Daily Dose APR 21 2016
Michael Hough's statehouse digs are filled with awards — from the American Conservative Union here, the Leadership Institute there. You can't miss the gold-framed Declaration of Independence, the old George W. Bush campaign sign or the NRA logo carpet outside the state senator's office. The photo of him and Ted Cruz glad-handing isn't shocking, either, since Hough's leading the presidential candidate's primary efforts here in Maryland. What's more surprising: the picture next to it — of Hough and his wife, posing with another White House hopeful. "My wife likes Donald," the father of three says, painfully.
What's a state campaign chairman to do? Hough's received high praise as "a respected conservative leader" from Cruz himself, though the 36-year-old lawmaker faces not just a divided home, but a divided state — one that could go the way of his wife if polls hold true during Maryland's primary on Tuesday. It's just one of many apparent contradictions. Bespectacled with a slick, Cruz-ian comb-over, Hough today looks nothing like the long-haired rock star of his garage-band days. He's an Air Force vet who never served outside Wyoming. And while he plays the part of a bona fide guns-and-faith conservative well, Hough's most significant work is in … compassionate prison reform?
The Justice Reinvestment Act — which eases sentencing laws for nonviolent drug offenders and pushes offenders to treatment rather than prison — passed into law this month, in no small part thanks to Hough, who led the Republican efforts to craft it. He's also helped push through bills limiting civil asset forfeiture ("You had the ACLU and the prosecutors support it, which never happens," he brags) and reforming police conduct and accountability — without being "antipolice," Hough claims. Popping open a Diet Coke, at just past 8 a.m., Hough calls the justice act the largest reform "in a generation" — and some experts agree it's a doozy.
Yet, not everyone's happy: "The Senate amended the life out of it," the Maryland Alliance for Justice Reform's Pat Schenck tells OZY. It's something to build off of and "a once-in-a-lifetime bill," says Keith Wallington of the Justice Policy Institute, if only because "Maryland has (historically) set the bar pretty low for justice reform." And while an early proposal included a reduction in prisons and budget savings nearing $250 million over 10 years, the Senate version went down to "a paltry" $34 million, Wallington says. "That's a little overblown," Hough counters, though he agrees the budget savings in the final bill will be less than originally projected.
Ted Cruz and Michael Hough at CPAC.
Source Michael Hough Facebook
At first blush, this stalwart Republican seems like an unlikely advocate for addicts and rampant recidivists. But while GOPers such as Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan birthed and expanded the war on drugs decades ago, red state leaders from Texas to Utah and Georgia have recently championed justice reform due to both compassionate conservatism and a response to "draconian laws" that proved costly yet rarely improved public safety, says Lauren Krisai with the Reason Foundation, a libertarian think tank. As a teen growing up with an alcoholic father, Hough knew the tug and pull of crime and addiction — the Nirvana fan got through those years fixing cars, dying his hair blond and red, and ignoring school to the tune of a 2.0 GPA — but as an adult he became an expert in addressing those problems. "We over-criminalize everything," says Hough, whose non-legislature job is as a senior policy adviser on criminal justice for the Faith & Freedom Coalition. "This is where my Christianity and libertarianism come together."
Even if Cruz loses Maryland, Hough could be crucial in the near future: He'll play a role in selecting the state's delegates to the Republican National Convention in July.
It's also where his past and present collide. After high school, Hough enlisted and was sent to Cheyenne, Wyoming, to work on Minuteman III missiles — aka nukes. After returning to Maryland newly married, he took his younger brother away from his father, who took his own life in 2005. Hough graduated cum laude in political science from Towson University. He then served as an aide and, later, as campaign manager to Maryland State Sen. Alex X. Mooney before entering politics himself. Now he's evoking figures such as Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul and Utah Sen. Mike Lee — faith-filled conservatives who think less drug policing is better for society.
In any other year, Hough's late-voting state with nearly 40 delegates up for grabs would likely be a footnote on the Republican electoral calendar. But every delegate is now crucial for Trump, who's in the lead and trying to sew up the nomination without a contested convention. For his part, Hough still believes his home state could stop the real estate mogul in his tracks next week, and he's busy rallying volunteers and evangelizing other lawmakers to lend support. Even if Cruz loses Maryland, Hough could be crucial in the near future — by helping select the state's delegates for the GOP's convention in July, where they could swing their support behind Cruz if there's a contested ballot.
Certainly, a Republican makes his mark in a Democrat-dominated state by getting on board with meaningful bipartisan legislation and attaching his or her name to national party leaders whenever possible. Being in the minority party limits Hough's lawmaking potential, sure, though he sees the political landscape shifting thanks to a historic 2014 election that made Larry Hogan the state's third Republican governor and added nine conservative seats in the statehouse. A few more would let them sustain vetoes, Hough notes, and when Hough closes his eyes, he imagines a Maryland that looks more like Massachusetts: solidly liberal legislatures paired with Republican execs such as Mitt Romney or Charlie Baker.
Which begs the question: Could he see himself following Hogan on a path to the governor's mansion? "I don't know that I necessarily fit the mold," he says with a dose of Catholic self-deprecation. A reason not to believe him: In the two political races of his young career — a state delegate run in 2010 and state Senate in 2014 — he beat incumbents by 30 percentage points each time. And if not vying for statewide office, Hough could always parlay his criminal justice expertise into an administrative post … perhaps as part of a Cruz White House? Hough wouldn't comment, though such moves — from think tank policy wonk to administration adviser — are hardly uncommon. Says Qorvis Communications managing director Michael Petruzzello, whose Washington, D.C., firm tracks the key influencers of presidential candidates: "You see that all the time."
OZY2016
The Newly Elected Governors to Watch in 2017 — Including the Next Pence
These laboratories of democracy have elected new leaders worth watching.
How to Kill the Electoral College
While the Electoral College will likely back Donald Trump today, there are certain moves critics could make to ensure the presidency goes to the winner of the popular vote.
As Health Care Implodes, Health Care Companies Boom
Many physicians believe upheaval is good for them, but that may be bad for us.
Will Trump's Cabinet Picks Get Confirmed?
These are Donald Trump's much-scrutinized picks — and some may surprise you no matter which side of the aisle you sit on.
Russian Election Hacking: Is It Time to Declare War?
In a conversation with OZY, political scientist Joseph Nye says that it could be time for retaliatory sanctions against Russia.
More from 2016


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Astrophysical Classics: Evidence for Europa's Subsurface Ocean
by Kerrin Hensley | Sep 28, 2018 | Classics | 0 comments
Note: In this ongoing series, instead of summarizing a recent result from astro-ph, we will discuss a historical discovery from a paper that has become an astrophysical classic.
Title: The Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1
Authors: Bradford A. Smith et al.
Year Published: 1979, closed access
In January 1979, Voyager 1 took its first picture of Jupiter during its once-in-a-lifetime interplanetary cruise through the gas giants and their moons. In the few months bracketing the spacecraft's closest approach to the largest planet in our solar system, Voyager 1 snapped dazzling photos of Jupiter and its moons Ganymede, Io, Europa, Callisto, and Amalthea. These images are compiled in a 21-page Science paper published that same year that summarizes the findings of the first phase of Voyager 1's cruise. (If you can get your hands on the paper, I highly recommend it, if just to look at the pictures. They aren't as detailed as those from the Juno spacecraft currently orbiting Jupiter, but they truly are classic!)
While the paper is chock full of photographs of the whorls of red and yellow clouds on Jupiter, Io's pitted and scarred surface, and bright craters splashed over the dark material that covers Ganymede, let's focus on a small moon that in this 1979 paper merited only a few brief paragraphs: Europa (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. The highest-resolution image of Europa available to date. While we know the surface is mostly water ice, the composition of the reddish material is still unknown. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute
The beginning of the section on Europa is squeezed into four lines above a full-page spread of relief maps, where you could easily miss it. In this brief section, the authors note that Europa's surface is crisscrossed with dark lines some 50-200 km wide, which can be seen in Figure 2. They propose that the intricate pattern of lines is due to tectonic activity, but don't settle on a cause. The most interesting part of this short Europa-centric snippet is the final line, delivered almost casually: "A water and water-ice outer shell as much as 100 km thick is quite possible. (!!!!!!!!!!!)" (Exclamation points mine.)
Figure 2. A shaded relief map of Europa's surface, generated from multiple images of the moon taken by Voyager 1. Figure 14b from the paper.
Beneath its shifting and cracking ice shell, Europa could harbor an immense subsurface ocean. Could the tidal stresses that Jupiter exerts on the small moon, repeatedly deforming and stretching the moon and heating it by friction, provide enough energy for life to form in these waters? Or is the ocean filled with compounds that could make life unlikely? And just how thick is the ice shell? Could we ever drill through it to reach the liquid underneath? Before we start to answer — or even ask — these questions, we need more evidence of this proposed water ocean. To figure out what's going on under Europa's icy surface, we're going to need another spacecraft.
Fast-forward to 1997. The first Jovian orbiter, Galileo, has been surveying the Jupiter system for two years. Among its many targets is ice-covered Europa, which orbits Jupiter in just 3.5 days, well within the confines of its sprawling magnetosphere (see Figure 3). (Jupiter's magnetosphere is so large that if it were visible to our eyes it would be the largest object in the night sky — several times larger than the full Moon.)
Figure 3. Jupiter's magnetosphere with Earth's magnetosphere shown to scale. Jupiter's magnetotail stretches away from the Sun and almost as far as the orbit of Saturn. Credit: Fran Bagenal and Steve Bartlett
On Galileo's first pass near Europa, its magnetometer picked up a subtle change in the strength of the ambient magnetic field. This small perturbation in the background magnetic field from Jupiter was interpreted to mean that Europa had a permanent magnetic field of its own — a discovery that, if true, would be incredibly exciting. However, later analyses revealed something different: The results were consistent with the presence of a conducting layer beneath Europa's surface — like a salty subsurface ocean.
A 2000 Science paper details how this works on Europa. While the strength of Jupiter's magnetic field at Europa's location remains more or less constant, the direction changes as Jupiter rotates. This time-varying magnetic field induces a current in the conducting liquid layer, which in turn generates its own magnetic field, which is picked up by the magnetometer as a departure from the expected magnetic field. So we've detected an ocean beneath miles and miles of ice on a distant moon, without the aid of visible water plumes, because of the way it responds to an imposed magnetic field. This is hugely exciting, but there's still so much we don't know about Europa's ocean.
2020 – 2030?
What does the future of Europan exploration hold? Luckily, the next two decades should bring two new missions to the Jupiter system: NASA's Europa Clipper, set to launch in the 2020s, and ESA's Jupiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE), with a planned launch year of 2022. Although JUICE's primary target is Jupiter's moon Ganymede — the largest moon in the solar system and the only one known to possess an intrinsic magnetic field — the spacecraft will carry an ice-penetrating radar capable of probing the upper layer of Europa's ice shell. Europa Clipper will also carry an ice-penetrating radar as well as a magnetometer, which should help us determine whether or not Europa has a subsurface ocean, how salty it is, and how thick the ice shell is. Until then, we'll have to be content with our own imagining of what lies beneath the ice.
Featured image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
About Kerrin Hensley
I am a graduate student at Boston University, where I study the upper atmospheres and ionospheres of Venus and Mars. I'm especially interested in how the ionospheres of these planets change as the Sun proceeds through its solar activity cycle and what this can tell us about the ionospheres of planets around other stars. Outside of grad school, you can find me rock climbing, drawing, or exploring Boston.
Astrophysical Classics: Predicting Tidal Heating of Io The first detection of an inverse Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Active Cryovolcanism on Europa? Hold on to Your Moons! Ice, Atmospheres and the Grand Tack
Un clásico: Evidencia de un océano bajo la superficie de Europa | Astrobites en español - […] original: Astrophysical Classics: Evidence for Europa's subsurface ocean, por Kerrin […]
habitability star formation exoplanets stars galaxies stellar evolution theory black holes astrophysics transits AAS binary stars spectroscopy statistics supernovae simulations Kepler protoplanetary disks astronomy AGN cosmology accretion dark matter astronomical methods radio astronomy observations planetary science solar system galaxy evolution planet formation


text:
Q: Populate html dropdownlist with fetched mysql data using Node.js/Express.js Attempting to populate a select dropdownlist with data using Express.js.
Project Structure

users table

MySQL config file
dbConnection.js
const mysql = require('mysql');

var dbConnection = mysql.createConnection({
    host:      'localhost',         // database host
    user:       'horation',         // your database username
    password: 'hmsvictory',         // your database password
    port:       3306,               // default MySQL port
    db:       'display_images'         // your database name
});
dbConnection.connect((err) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log('Connected to MySQL Server!');
});

module.exports = dbConnection;

index.js
'use strict';
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();

var _sql = require("mysql");

var myConnection  = require('express-myconnection');

var _config = require('../DataStore/dbConnection');
 var dbOptions = {
    host:      _config.host,
    user:       _config.user,
    password: _config.password,
    database: _config.db
                }

app.use(myConnection(_sql, dbOptions, 'pool'));

/* GET home page. */
router.get('/', function (req, res) {
_sql.connect(_config.dbConnection()).then(() => {
    return _sql.query`SELECT name FROM studentinfo`
}).then(result => {
    console.log(result);
    // Pass the DB result to the template
    res.render('/index', {dropdownVals: result.recordset});
}).catch(err => {
    console.log(err)
})
});
module.exports = router;

index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title></title>

Binding MySQL data to a DropDownList

    Name:
   <select>
      <% for (const i in dropdownVals) { %>
        <option value="<%= dropdownVals[i].id %>"> <%= dropdownVals[i].name %> </option>
    <% } %>
</select>

app.js
const express = require('express'),
path = require('path') // add path module,
  app = express(),
  cors = require('cors'),
  bodyParser = require('body-parser');

// make server object that contain port property and the value for our server.
var server = {
  port: 4040
};

// routers
const router = require('./routes/index');

// use the modules
app.use(cors())
app.use(bodyParser.json());
app.use(express.json())
app.use(express.urlencoded({extended: true})) // parsing incoming requests with urlencoded based body-parser

// use router
app.use('/index', router);
// router user input
app.get('/', function(req, res) {
    res.sendFile(path.resolve(__dirname,'views') + '/index.html');
 });

// starting the server
app.listen( server.port, () => console.log(`Server started, listening port: ${server.port}`));

Running the above code, I'm getting this:

However, I was expecting to get this dropdownlist:

Required:
How can I fetch MySQL data from users table and display in index.html dropownlist?

A: I was expecting help from here, however, in the meantime, I managed to change app.js file to this and it worked!
'use strict';
const express = require('express');
const path = require('path');// add path module,
const cors = require('cors');
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
const engine = require('consolidate');

const app = express();

// view engine setup
 app.set('views', __dirname+ '/views');
 // make server object that contain port property and the value for our server.
 //app.engine('html', engine.mustache);
 app.engine('html', require('ejs').renderFile);
 app.set('view engine', 'html');

 // routers
 const apiRouter = require('./routes/index');

 // use the modules
 app.use(cors());
 app.use(bodyParser.json());
 app.use(express.json())
 app.use(express.urlencoded({extended: true})) // parsing incoming requests with urlencoded based body-parser

 // use router
 app.use('/', apiRouter);
 // router user input
 app.get('*', function(req, res){
   res.render('index.html');
 });

  const server = {
  port: 4040
};

// starting the server
 app.listen(server.port, () => console.log(`Server started, listening port: ${server.port}`));

Happy coding

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Motivated student pursing degree in Business Finance while working in education. Have ands on professional experience in budgeting and payroll. Also proven history in customer service, meeting goals, and creating problem solving.
Implemented prepared lesson plans in classrooms.
Worked with principal's office on disciplinary issues and finding new ways to connect with students. Brought down ratio down 20%.
Reviewed and maintained all vouchers, check payments, and receipts for external auditing.
Qualified customer with best plan and service to fit their needs.
Used expansive knowledge of computers and mobile devices to match with customer's needs.


text:
A Malacoptila a madarak (Aves) osztályának harkályalakúak (Piciformes) rendjébe, ezen belül a bukkófélék (Bucconidae) családjába tartozó nem.

Rendszerezésük
A nemet George Robert Gray angol zoológus 1841-ben, az alábbi 7 faj tartozik ide:

Malacoptila fulvogularis
bajszos bukkó (Malacoptila panamensis)
Malacoptila mystacalis
Malacoptila striata
Malacoptila rufa
Malacoptila fusca
Malacoptila semicincta

Előfordulásuk
Egy faj Mexikóban és Közép-Amerikában, a többi Dél-Amerikában honos. Természetes élőhelyeik a szubtrópusi és trópusi síkvidéki és hegyi esőerdő, erdők és szavannák, valamint emberi környezet.

Megjelenésük
Testhosszuk 18-23 centiméter körüli.

Jegyzetek

Madárnemek


text:
COVID-19 in Nursing Homes - Learn More.
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and Neglect Law GET YOUR FREE CONSULTATION WITH AN ATTORNEY TODAY
A.R. and A.R. and M.R. v. Marshway Limited Partnership, Marshway, L.L.C. and CIG Management L.L.C.
$6.0 million settlement for the families of 6 children who died in a tragic apartment fire on Chicago's north side. Two other children sustained severed burns in the fire. The landlords of the building failed to have proper and working smoke detectors in violation of the Chicago Municipal Code and the children were not able to escape the building in time.
D.B. v. J.L. Adler Roofing Inc. Et Al.
$5.7 million settlement for a 27-year-old Joliet, IL roofer in a workplace injury case who was paralyzed when he fell from a roof as a result of the general contractor's failure to provide appropriate safety devices.
Chicago Daily Law Bulletin article
John Doe, et al. v. Major Hotel Corporation
$4 million settlement awarded to three attendees at a national convention who contracted salmonella poisoning, leading to crippling arthritic injuries.
John Doe v. Major American Automobile Manufacturer
$3 million settlement against a car manufacturer that improperly designed the fuel delivery system of a vehicle, resulting in a fuel-fed fire after a head-on collision which killed the occupants of the vehicle.
L.S. v. Chicago Housing Authority
$2.3 million Chicago fire injury settlement for two boys who were severely burned in a Chicago Housing Authority apartment fire.
W.M. v. S.E. Et Al.
$1.2 million premises liability settlement for a Mundelein handy man who was seriously injured while working for the defendant. The defendant was aware of the unsafe conditions on her propery but failed to remedy the conditions or warn or prohibit the plaintiff from accessing the area.
J.W. v. Digby's Detective and Security Agency
$1 million settlement for a teenager who was shot by gang members outside of a Chicago Housing Authority building while visiting his girlfriend, because a security guard agency failed to provide proper security.
J.H. for S.H v. Stammich Management
$975,000 settlement for the mother of a young man who suffered a fatal brain injury after falling from the porch of a second story Chicago apartment. The lawsuit alleged that the porch railings were 10 inches lower than the Chicago Building Code's requirements and the apartment owner failed to maintain the porch in a reasonably safe manner.
R.T. for R.K. v. Jiffy Lube International
$850,000 settlement for the family of an 88-year-old man Chicago man who died after suffering serious injuries in a fall at a Jiffy Lube service center.
N. J. v. Undisclosed Property Owner & Mgmt Co.
$775,000 settlement for the family of a three-year-old boy who fell out of a 3rd story window to his death 10 days after his mother removed a broken window from their apartment and covered the opening with plastic. The landlord/managing company failed to have the window repaired in a timely manner.
J. C. v. Rose Garden Restaurant
$510,000 settlement against a restaurant which caused patrons to wait in area too close to steps leading to downstairs banquet area leading to a fall down the stairs resulting in a fractured hip and foot, causing the foot to become severely infected requiring a skin graft.
P. O. v. The Catholic Bishop of Chicago
$500,000 settlement against property owner for an 83-year-old woman who tripped and fell on plywood planks at cemetery while visiting her husband's grave and fractured her right hip, post-operative infection requiring the removal of her prosthesis.
A.C., independent administrator of the estate of B.S. v. Country Lanes, Inc., et al.
$412,500 settlement for a 69-year-old man who fell after missing a step at a bowling alley due to inadequate lighting. He suffered an aggravation of his cervical myleopathy and his injuries resulted in surgery; he died after developing post operative complications.
L.C. v. Undisclosed Village
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Atari VCS to Hit Retailers Next Week — GeekTyrant
filmem June 5, 2021 2 min read
Atari is trying to re-enter the console game and raised funds to release the Ataric VCS via Indiegogo a couple of years ago. By now, backers should be enjoying their new consoles full of retro arcade and Atari 2600 games. Atari recently announced though that on June 15, fans will be able to purchase the game from retailers including Best Buy, GameStop, Micro Center, and the official Atari VCS site starting at $299.99.
The Atari VCS is a console/PC hybrid that has a built-in Chrome browser and apps as well as the ability to be loaded with Windows, Linux, or ChromeOS. This really opens up the possibilities for the machine. As a console, the system comes with Atari VCS Vault which has 100 arcade and Atari 2600 classics to enjoy from the start. There are over a dozen other titles available including Boulder Dash Deluxe, Danger Scavenger, Guntech, Jetboard Joust, Sir Lovelot, Something Ate My Alien, Tailgunner, Atari's Missile Command: Recharged, and more. The library is certainly lacking for now, but it is just getting its retail launch and maybe announcements could be made during E3.
I'm definitely interested to see if the Atari VCS can get enough of a fan base to warrant some growth. As special launch day deals, GameStop and Best Buy will be offering a free Atari Speakerhat with the purchase of the Atari VCS All-In bundle for $399.99 which comes with the base system and a Classic Joystick and Modern Controller (worth $59.99 each). Meanwhile, Micro Center and Atari VCS will offer consumers a free digital copy of Missile Command: Recharged.
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Incoming the PRO, Infinix hot 3 Pro plus is the big brother of the infinix hot 3 tagged playhot, the major difference between this two phone is the Ram size the infinix hot 3 Pro comes with a cool 2 GB RAM unlike its predecessor having just 1 GB RAM.
At the moment there is still an ongoing competition for selfie lovers with infinix hot 3, giving more prove to the fact that much consideration was given to selfie pics lovers when making these phones, both the hot 3 and the Pro version coming with a nice "soft flash" tagged with the 2 Mega Pixel front facing camera. The back Camera has a 8 mega pixel.
As we said earlier, the RAM is packed with 2 GB to enable seem less multitasking and gadgets to give a wonderful performance to game lovers. The internal storage is packed with a 16 GB memory which is expandable up to 32 GB through an external microSD card.
22 hours talk time, 9 hours browsing time and 33 hours of music playback.


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Welcome to Common Gunsense
I hope this blog will provoke some thoughtful reflection about the issue of guns and gun violence. I am passionate about the issue and would love to change some misperceptions and the culture of gun violence in America by sharing with readers words, photos, videos and clips from articles to promote common sense about gun issues. Many of you will agree with me- some will not. I am only one person but one among many who think it's time to do something about this national problem. The views expressed by me in this blog do not represent any group with which I am associated but are rather my own personal opinions and thoughts.
Gun guys getting away with illegal activity
Are law enforcement officers just plain afraid to deal with the gun guys when they do something wrong for fear of being attacked by them? Or why else would this situation in Illinois not end in some sort of charge against the offender? I find this one particularly interesting because it pitted gun owner against gun owner. One gun owner and NRA member who lobbies for conceal and carry at the Illinois Capitol called the offender irresponsible. Yes, it happened. I guess even gun owners can get mad when a bullet from an unregistered "gun range" in a neighbor's yard comes flying into his house. From the article:
"Debra Gaskin said the officer who came out to their three-acre property said there was nothing he could do, that range shooting was legal in some parts of Will County, especially where the houses were far apart. When she persisted, insisting that firing into a person's home was not legal, he called another officer. Together, the officers went to the neighbor's house. Bill Gaskin, having returned from work, did the same.
Sheriff's police spokeswoman Kathy Hoffmeyer said deputies found a makeshift shooting range on Joseph Merritt's property. It had three shooting areas, about 30 yards wide and separated by 10-foot-high concrete block walls, Hoffmeyer said.
"The homeowner said he always believed that the range was safe," Hoffmeyer said. "And when he found out why the deputies were there, he was physically upset and concerned."
Merritt was unable to be reached for comment. He did not have a working phone number listed.
Bill Gaskin said Merritt apologized and offered to pay for the damage caused by one of the 25 or 30 shooters at the target practice event he was hosting that day.
Gaskin said that event was run by DMZ Tactical in Homer Glen. A man named "George," of DMZ, who would not confirm his last name, says he was at the event but insists he did not run it. He said he also apologized for the wayward shot.
"We do everything possible to keep it safe," "George" said. "This was an accident."
Bill Gaskin said his encounter with "George" turned ugly after he asked about the shooting instructor's credentials.
"George" on Thursday told the SouthtownStar that he's been teaching people how to shoot since he got out of the Marines in the 1990s. His website describes his mission as "tactical firearm training for the rest of us." DMZ Tactical has been in business for a couple of years now, "George" said, although it is not registered with the village of Homer Glen nor with the Illinois secretary of state's office. The address listed on his website leads to a box inside a UPS Store.
Still, "George" insists, "It's not illegal, it's done legitimately, and we're as safe as possible."
He also accused Bill Gaskin of being "anti-gun."
Bill Gaskin said he is a member of the NRA and Illinois Rifle Association.
"I'm not anti-gun, just anti-irresponsible shooting," he said. "I lobby in Springfield each year for conceal and carry because I believe in it. I don't believe in irresponsible gun practices." (...)
Though Merritt has agreed not to host any more events at this address, Bill Gaskin said he's concerned for the safety of others.
Curt Paddock, director of the Will County Land Use Department, said shooting is allowed in Will County on property zoned C-6 commercial, according to county ordinances. Paddock said no properties in the area where Gaskin lives appear to be zoned C-6.
He says his office will investigate, if the homeowners file a complaint.
So why didn't sheriff's police cite Merritt? Hoffmeyer said deputies found a spent 9 mm round on the floor of the son's closet.
Sheriff Paul Kaupas said the deputy interviewed the homeowner and the shooting party's host and everyone cooperated.
"It doesn't appear there was any criminal intent," Kaupas said. "The state's attorney's office will review the case. It's not illegal to shoot a gun on your property unless zoned otherwise, but that sanction would come from them (land use) based on our report."
The police report described the incident as non-criminal damage to property. But according to Sect. 24-1.5 of Illinois' gun law, reckless discharge of a firearm, which endangers the bodily safety of an individual, is a Class 4 felony.
"I just don't understand," Debra Gaskin said. "They could have killed my son.""
Never mind public safety. Stupid and dangerous all the way around. No felony charges though the law says there should be. What's going on? Why not? Further, who needs "tactical firearm training"? What country do we live in again? Are we at war? We have stray bullets flying around in neighborhoods coming from the law abiding and the not so law abiding. We have children being shot to death by stray bullets. We have a close call where a teen or two could have been shot by a guy who says it's perfectly legal to do what he's doing and saying he was trying to keep it safe. How can shooting guns at targets in your back yard possibly be safe when you have a makeshift gun range too close to homes? As "dog gone" noted in a reply on a recent post on this blog, don't shooters need to follow the bullet they shoot and know where it is going? Don't responsible gun owners know to follow gun safety rules? Why are gun ranges in neighborhoods in the first place? Don't shooters know how far bullets can fly? Where is common sense? This is the version of America the NRA loves. Raise your hand if you think this is a good idea.
Posted by japete at 3:24 PM
vention, Open Carry, gun shooting ranges, Illinois gun laws, law abiding citizens and guns, NRA, stray bullets
dog gone July 9, 2012 at 6:34 PM
Trying to keep it safe, and keeping it safe, are two different things, obviously.
The police SHOULD have cited these guys for reckless firing of weapons, and they should have determined who the shooter was and charged them --- if they had the round from the kid's closet, ballistics could have made a match to the gun, presumably.
I hope the homeowners sue and file a complaint, and I hope they file a complaint as well against law enforcement for not doing their job, particularly so far as a proper investigation is concerned.
If you are shooting repeatedly, whether you intend to shoot someone or someone's house, you clearly intend to shoot in their general direction. This wasn't an accidental discharge that went in an unfortunate direction; this was part of intentional shooting. That should be enough for reckless endangerment.
Fred July 9, 2012 at 8:06 PM
Why no felony charges? The law specifies "reckless discharge", and the legal definition of 'reckless' in both negligence and criminal cases is "careless to the point of being heedless of the consequences." As a disinterested observer, I'd say someone who set up concrete block barriers for his range doesn't fit the 'reckless' standard. IANAL, YMMV, but the DA seems to be of like mind.
Who needs "tactical firearm training?" Who needs golf training, or tennis lessons, or flight training? No one. But we live in a free country where individuals have the right to pursue happiness as they see it, whether it involves flying aircraft over homes, hitting golf balls (which can kill), or shooting firearms, within the law of course.
I'm curious what you would consider "too close to homes." There isn't any description in the news report on the distance from the range to the house, or of the construction of the range apart from the 10-foot block walls. If a bullet left the range, there is a problem that needs to be addressed, but it doesn't follow that there is insufficient distance. I've seen commercial, properly zoned shooting ranges in the middle of shopping malls with residential housing just a couple of hundred feet away, all perfectly safe.
The problem here seems to be the use of metal targets, which can deflect bullets up. Perhaps the range would be safe with wood and paper targets, but without knowing more details, I can't tell.
As to the more, ahhh, rhetorical questions, by definition responsible gun owners know to follow safety rules, gun ranges are in neighborhoods because it certainly is possible to have a safe shooting range almost anywhere, so if zoning permits it is a legit use of property. The range owner is responsible for safe operation and any consequent damages, just as the shooter is responsible for each bullet (all bullets come with a lawyer attached!). Thankfully, only property was damaged in this case.
And thanks for listening to my opinion.
japete July 9, 2012 at 8:56 PM
Gun ranges don't belong in residential neighborhoods, period. Bullets fly. People get injured or killed.
Fred July 10, 2012 at 1:10 PM
If your standard is "people get injured or killed" then we probably need to ban pools and spas from residential areas. Approximately 100 children drown every year in backyard pools, and that isn't even counting the potential for spinal injury. Lawnmowers are pretty dangerous too, not only to the operator but to anyone nearby due to flying debris. The American Assoc. of Pediatrics reported more than 200,000 mower-related injuries in 2010.
I don't expect I'll change your mind, but when ranking things that are dangerous in residential areas, I'd rather have a properly designed range next door than an improperly maintained mower or an unfenced pool.
japete July 10, 2012 at 1:18 PM
We don't need to ban pools. We do already have strict regulations for the purpose of keeping children from drowning in them. If you build a pool in your back yard, you must fence it in. Public swimming pools have to have life guards. It's a terrible thing when children drown. But drownings don't come any where near the number of gun deaths of children of certain ages. Lawnmowers- are they designed to kill people? NO. Yes, people have accidents but I haven't heard of any lawnmower homicides or suicides by lawnmower. Your arguments are not even worth considering when you say things like that. Think about it. Until you can prove to me that lawnmowers are weapons designed to kill, we don't have anything to talk about. All household items are capable of injuring people- knives, chairs, tripping on toys, falling down the stairs, putting fingers in a socket, etc. When it comes to causes of death, they don't come close to guns. Guns are among the top 10 causes of death in America in most age categories. In some age categories, firearms are the second or third cause of death in America. That is quite different from lawnmowers or pools. Try something else based on fact. Incidentally, are you suggesting a ban on guns then? I am not but I was wondering why you used the word "ban" here.
Jack July 10, 2012 at 2:13 AM
Who needs firearm training? Everyone who owns a gun. Actually change that to just plain "everyone". Training is the single best way to "prevent gun injuries and death". Acording to your banner this is what you are striveing for. If this is truly your goal you should be promoting all forms of gun training.
Obviously there is a problem with this "unregistered gun range" however the article does not give enough information to determinw what the problem is. It could be improper construcion, unsafe rules, failure to inforce the range rules, or any number of other issues. It is very possible to have safe gun ranges in residential neighborhoods, as shown by the hundreds of such ranges that do exist with no problems. Condemning all gun ranges becuse a single unregistered gun range had a problem is like condeming all doctors because one unlicensed doctor botched an operation.
Gun training combined with accessable safe ranges where you can practice is probibly the best combination to prevent accidental and unneeded gun injuries and death. A goal that everyone supports.
japete July 10, 2012 at 6:45 AM
Of course, people should be trained when they carry guns around. You are aware though, that no training is required to buy a gun. Some states require no training for permit holders. That is a major problem, to say the least. Gun ranges are fine. Who needs "tactical" training as if going to war. That is not necessary. The average gun owner is not going to be in situations that require tactical training. Some of you gun guys imagine yourself in situations like that where you will be fighting against your own government on the streets of America. A makeshift gun range in a residential neighborhood is just plain wrong and dangerous. Find places outside of town. Even those have had problems however. In Texas, there was a shooting of a young boy playing basketball on a school's playground when a bullet from some guys target shooting in a woods nearby ( in a rural area) hit the boy. In my area, several guys were target shooting in the woods when a bullet from one of their guns flew across a major highway and ended up shooting a little girl on her way into her church. These are totally irresponsible and unacceptable. Guns are inherently dangerous and should be treated with the ultimate respect.Too many gun owners are cavalier about this and don't practice the rules of safety. If even one life is lost as a result, it is one too many.
Bryan Strawser July 10, 2012 at 1:49 PM
japete writes: "You are aware though, that no training is required to buy a gun."
This depends on the state. Massachusetts, for example, requires training prior to purchasing or possessing a firearm.
"Who needs "tactical" training as if going to war. That is not necessary. The average gun owner is not going to be in situations that require tactical training. Some of you gun guys imagine yourself in situations like that where you will be fighting against your own government on the streets of America. "
Most "tactical" training isn't about going to war. It's about how to safely and effectively use your firearm for self-defense. It's quite similar - and sometimes the same - training that police officers receive in similar situations. In many cases, it's actually taught by police.
For example, several local firearm training companies here in the Twin Cities are led by local police officers - who provide the same sort of training in their day job to their fellow officers.
So that means that people can act as if they are police officers on the streets and stop criminals, respond to domestic abuse situations, etc.?
japete writes: "So that means that people can act as if they are police officers on the streets and stop criminals, respond to domestic abuse situations, etc.?"
Absolutely not. And that's not what's being covered in this sort of training either.
But you just said, Bryan, that local police officers provide the same sort of training in their day job to their fellow officers. How can you say it isn't training people to do the job of police officers? You aren't making sense.
A firearms instructor can teach courses on the defensive use of a firearm to other officers and civilians - the same set of general skills apply.
That's what we're talking about here - firearms training. Not a law enforcement skills class on how to make an arrest, respond to domestic abuse situations, and so on. No one is trying to make a permit holder into a police officer.
These sorts of classes are offered through Minnesota by a number of firearm instructors who happen to be police officers in various jurisdictions in the state.
Given that you've frequently critical of the sorts of training that permit holders receive, even in Minnesota with our fairly stringent training requirements, I would think that you would be in support of permit holders obtaining additional training.
I am in support of training. But remember, the article said this guy was training people as if they were in the DMZ or what the heck does the name mean anyway? This man has a military mentality and that is what he was trying to do. When you use the name DMZ, it means something, right? That is not needed.
That's the name of his company. There's nothing in the article that talks about the details of the training. Besides, it's a free country - are you suggesting that this sort of training should be regulated or prohibited/banned?
apete writes: "No felony charges though the law says there should be"
The Illinois Criminal Code does not say this.
In order for a person to be charged with the Class 4 Felony "Reckless Discharge of a Firearm" - there needs to be:
1) Criminal Intent - which did not exist in this situation.
2) The Reckless Discharge of a Firearm - as defined in the statute, and in line with the Illinois Criminal Code's definition of recklessness - which was not at all met in this situation.
Both of these have to exist - neither did, and thus there were not any criminal charges.
Was this stupid? Yes. Ignorant of safety guidelines? Yes. Assuming the individual in question is a NRA Certified Instructor, which I think he's claiming to be in the article - it's triply stupid. He should know better.
But criminal? No.
If it isn't, it should be. It sounds like there will be more investigation yet.
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Walmart Shootings
Walmart halts sales of handgun ammo, handguns, and open carry
New Trajectory
Music: Somewhere In America by The Alternate Routes
Ohh Shoot
Woman laying in bed shot in head when bullet comes through row house wall
Armed With Reason
A Lott of Lies about guns in the New York Times
Kid Shootings
3 year old Missouri girl killed in accidental shooting
Can guns "go off" without someone pulling the trigger?
In my blog post that has stirred up the "gun guy" blogosphere, "Where there is an open mind...." , one of the questions ...
Gun laws in Greece
I will be away from my blog for a few weeks because of a trip to Greece. My husband and I and another couple are traveling to mostly the...
On-line gun sales a problem
I hope you are checking out my newer blogging site on Wordpress. I think you'll like the different format. I have been blogging there ...
Where are the victims?
The NRA has the clout. Unfortunately, we have the victim/survivor stories. Should victims speak out about gun violence? Do they have any exp...
" Where there is an open mind..."
I saw this posted at the place where I exercise. "Where there is an open mind, there will always be a frontier". This is pretty ap...
No we can't
We simply can't do nothing about the daily toll of life from bullets. Particularly after the focus on what happened in Tucson has given ...
A Law Abiding Citizen
Armed Road Rage
Brady Campaign to prevent gun violence
Campaign to Close the Gunshow Loophole
Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
Common sense for kids and guns
IANSA Women's Network
Kids and Guns ( brochure about safety in the home)
Legal Community Against Violence
Mayors Against Illegal Guns
Media Matters (gun facts)
Meet the NRA
NRA's safe gun use and storage information
Ohio Cease Fire
Protect Minnesota
States United to prevent gun violence
Students for gun free schools
Wisconsin Anti-Violence Effort
Women in Crime Ink
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Comments are allowed but are moderated for civility and decency. My blog is intended to change public opinion about the gun debate and all readers will not agree with me. No comments that demean, debase, attack, call names, or are generally impolite, rude and offensive will be published. In general, comments that are "snarky", mean, overly aggressive or harassing will not be published. Keep the language clean and respectful. Anonymous commenters are not allowed on this blog. Thanks to my readers for participating.
Common Gunsense
Check out the Protect Minnesota Facebook Page
Protect Minnesota- preventing gun violence
Favorite books and movies about gun violence prevention and policy
"A Well Regulated Militia" by Saul Cornell
"America's Great Gun Game" by Earl E. McDowell
"American Gun"- movie about a shooting and how the gun was traced
"Balance of Power" by Richard North Patterson
"Beyond the Bullet" by Heidi Yewman
"Lethal Logic; Exploding the Myths That Parlalyze American Gun Policy" by Dennis Henigan
"Looking for a Few Good Moms" by Donna Dees-Thomases
"Nineteen Minutes" by Jodi Picoult
"Unintended Consequences" collected articles by the Violence Policy Center
Videos about gun shows and gun violence prevention
" The Good News", song by Sara Thomsen about a church shooting
Desription of a gun show from Ladd Everitt of Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
Do you need a background check to buy a gun? Ladd Everitt of Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
Gunshows- No Questions Asked
Jimmy Kimmel parodies Starbucks/Open Carry
Kids and Guns
NY City hidden camera video of gun shows
Rachel Maddow talks about April 19th gun rallies
The Young Turks talk about lawsuit against state of Texas by 18 year old
Video of Open Carry protesters in Wisconsin
Video of Seattle Starbucks press conference about Open Carry of guns
Video of Tracy Ullman at a gun show- satire
Virginia Tech shooting victim, Colin Goddard, tells his story and exposes gun show no background check sales


enlightenment theses in the aftermath of the French Revolution.
2 Since the 1960's many specialist historians have tended towards a negative verdict on its validity.3 Yet.5 Through this particular perspective. the meanings. capitalism. feudalism.1 Its conventional meaning can be summed up loosely as implying a capitalist bourgeoisie conquering the old feudal state for its own new social purposes. This comprises assumptions about macro- historical development. and 2 . or to the general interests of the ruling class. social structure and social agency: The specific revolutionary moment is seen as a crucial point. thus tying the two to each other with the power of effective history. a necessary form of change. to another. As a contribution to this long-standing debate. During most of the 20th century this concept was central to interpretations of the developmental processes of the modern bourgeois. The main driving powers in this transition are socio-economic needs and interests. implications and validity of this concept are still being discussed among historical sociologists. society. particularly Marxists.4 Though it would surely be overhasty to judge the theoretical success and prospects of Marxism as a general theory of history by the success or failure of the concept 'bourgeois revolution'. crystallized on a concrete level in the notion of classes in reciprocal conflict. especially in the wake of 'revisionist' critiques of the traditional social interpretations of the French and English revolutions. this paper proposes to focus on the genesis of the concept 'bourgeois revolution' as a network of concepts concerning social structure and development.The concept 'bourgeois revolution' has been a main theme of several important debates among historians and social theorists. even if not with the power of theory or logic. discussions about the one has invariably held implications for the other. And the main object of the revolutionary is the state. within a long-term process of transition from one long-dominant social type. or capitalist. conceived as a political apparatus or form of power functionally related in one way or the other to the basic socio-economic interests. we may reconsider also the historical roots of Marxist thought.
Also. particularly the historical theories of civil society in Scottish and French 3 . The second one is the moment of romanticism gaining dominance after the French revolution.thus indirectly confront questions of its specificity and its relation to other currents of thought. one may view mode of enquiry as a way of considering one aspect of this question often somewhat denigrated by recent revisionists and historical sociologists. aspects of the prehistory of future socialist revolutions. though necessary.6 The main proposal in the following is that the concept 'bourgeois revolution' developed gradually during the nineteenth century by way of a synthesis of three distinct world views. And finally the socialist critiques of capitalism gaining strength from the 1820's onwards and culminating in Marxist theories of historical development. at the same time typologically similar precedents of future socialist revolutions and typologically different. to what extent were the classic bourgeois revolutions likely to be conceived as 'bourgeois' in the terms of their own epoch. So the first main contribution occurred within the world view of enlightenment. each with its own specific historical period of appearance and dominance. Only within the perspective of a future socialist revolution did the earlier large-scale revolutionary events achieve their significance as bourgeois revolutions. oriented towards a radically different future beyond the capitalist stage of development. The first world view is enlightenment notions of the history of civilization dominant in European thought during the latter half of the eighteenth century. within the long-term evolution of civilization. developing theories of long-term historical evolution through distinct stages of social development. This highlighted notions of human agency and rupture and thus concepts of class as a historical agent and revolution as a specific mode of change. synthesizing the prior elements within an enlarged temporal framework. namely.
civil society is also middle class society. Here notions were developed of historical progress through distinct stages of social development towards modern civil society.Enlightenment figures writing mostly from the 1740's till the 1790's: Adam Smith. hence the close semantic relations between civil society. In David Hume's and particularly John Millar's analyses of the English Civil War. This innovative notion of 'civil' society is defined and demarcated both structurally and historically.9 Hence. in this view. the state is essentially an instrument for the preservation of the existing social order. civil society is viewed here as a distinct historical stage comprising both commercial development and cultural refinement. the stages defined by specific 'modes of subsistence'. in associating the revolutionaries with new commercial and industrial capital. or the 'middle ranks' or 'middle classes'. against the non-industrious rentiers. John Millar. This is different from what can be found in earlier theories such as those of Hobbes or Locke. If we turn from these Scottish forefathers to their French disciples who during the French Revolution applied Smithian historical categories in order to understand the process they were going through.10 4 . the historical result of conflicts arising from contradictions between old and new social interests. such notions of macro- social development are tentatively developed further.7 In a structural sense it is conceived as a specifically social sphere. monopolists and feudal high nobility. to the benefit of the ruling social strata and the protection of the propertied against the poor. Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and others. Historically. say Antoine de Barnave or Pierre-Louis Roederer. we find some significant further developments of these concepts. civilized society and commercial society in the writings of Smith. both from the latter half of the eighteenth century. opposite to the political state.8 Also. socio-economic modes of production and reproduction. that is. to whom 'civil society' and 'political society' designated the same thing.
their historical writings show no real connection between particular historical action and the general developmental processes. Thus. of conflict and harmony in history.13 These historians. or the modern understanding of social revolution in general. publicists and politicians were romanticists in so far as they intended to resituate certain achievements of enlightenment history in a new theoretical context of the historical particular. from changes in furniture design to the fall of the Roman Empire. but there is no notion of macro-social or macro-historical agency. we find precisely such intertwined notions of revolution as rupture and macro-historical class agency. Augustin Thierry and others. viewing it as the culmination of the latter. sensibility. in the hands of the French. François Guizot. civilized commercial society becomes bourgeois society. juridical and historical category of the bourgeoisie. of human agency. Yet.14 And especially in the hands of French historians inspired by Hegel's philosophy of history this resulted in a grand synthesis of affirmation and negation. the concept of revolution and class developed here do not emphasize the moment of rupture and social agency associated with modern notions of bourgeois revolution. with its roots in the medieval towns.Apart from connecting the French Revolution with the long-term civilization process. Turning to the great French romantic liberal historians from the restoration and July monarchy period. these writers identify the socio-economic middle class with the social.12 And though terms such as 'rank' or 'class' are associated with large socio-economic interest groups of great importance to the social structure as a whole. King Charles and Oliver Cromwell both play important roles in their writings. and a longing for harmony and love as principles for social cohesion.11 In the writings of Smith and Millar the word 'revolution' covers all different sort of change.15 5 .
According to Guizot. the history of civilization culminates in the post-revolutionary settlement of that balance of forces between people. Mignet and Thiers that we find the first great presentations of the histories of revolutions proper – as ruptures within a limited number of years. From moderates of the National Assembly. But where he really unfolds the new conception of class struggle is in the internal development of the revolution. or bourgeois society. in his History of the French Revolution from 1824 Mignet views the Revolution as the result of the long-term evolution of the third estate.20 Thus. 6 . power passed to the Jacobin government with its basis in the "lower classes".16 And integral to this perspective are the concepts of class and class struggle as motor forces in both the general development of world history and the particular internal dynamics of revolution.17 Thus. is commercial society. with a similar cycle of political and social radicalisation and de- radicalisation. Guizot would agree with Smith that civil society. power was returned to the hands of the bourgeoisie and parts of the nobility in what Mignet terms a "geometrical" movement from the lower to the upper classes. reflecting the strong position of the bourgeoisie. meaning essentially the bourgeoisie with its roots in new forms of commercial wealth and manufacture. And after the fall of Robespierre.18 In Guizot's multi-volume History of the English Revolution published from 1826 till 1850's the English Civil War is basically reconstructed as a social revolution along lines of the French. parliament and monarchy achieved through constitutional monarchy. It is in the writings of Guizot. yet macro-historically significant because of their roots in the long-term history of civilisation.19 Together with this new view of revolution and class agency as intertwined socio- historical features we see in the reasoning of Guizot and several of his contemporaries a new emphasis on the state as the instance securing the civilized and moral character of modern civil society.On important condition of this is the fact that the concept of revolution itself has been reconstructed in the wake of the French Revolution.
this new bourgeois society needs to be heavily mediated by the political state.Also. Yet. he begins his work by proclaiming the French Revolution as the consummation and ending of class struggle. for still we have not encountered the orientation towards the future necessary to provide the necessary historical perspective for this conception. all of these commentators share a certain epochal apologetic. Eager to show the present as the harmonized telos of history. that is. But we have yet to disclose the actual expression 'bourgeois revolution'. in Guizot's view. Any revolution expressing the moderate liberal principles of 1789 as Guizot and Mignet see them must be the final one. conceived clearly as a post-capitalist social order. bourgeois society. according to Mignet.22 And since history is inextricably bound to conflict and revolutionary change. based on the world-historical process of technical innovation initiated by the development of capitalism. historical time cannot significantly transcend the present epoch. Thus. in some cases causing a violent revolution necessary for the progress of civilisation. in order to produce the grand harmony of differing social interests desired by Guizot.21 So with the moment of romanticism some of the main ingredients of the conception of bourgeois revolution: macro-historical progression through grand stages of development. in order to be truly civilized and moral. not as the return to pre-capitalist or pre-modern forms of social cohesion. Mignet provides a good example of this. he would agree that the history of civilization leads to a conflict of interests between the new bourgeois class and the old-regime state. class struggle and class agency. This epochal apologetic was gradually transcended in social thought with the development of modern forms of socialism. We see this modern form of socialism evolving mainly on the basis of the enlightenment liberalism mentioned above 7 . This is no coincidence.
achieving a genuine emancipation of human beings from the alienated relationships of capitalist society. It is here that we find the precise expression 'bourgeois revolution'. It is here that we disclose. a fact often forgotten in attempts to deduce a theory of history or a sociology of revolution from these short passages. this whole edifice is re-synthesized.and romantic impulses. continues to hold sway over the political state. But though this surely indicated a progressive step. the liberation of the political. according to Marx. Therefore the political revolution is a precondition for a future revolution. particularly Moses Hess. And it is clear that the categories 8 . particularly through Saint-Simonism and some of the Young Hegelians in Germany. bourgeois-capitalist society. The social sphere. The French Revolution. this liberation is still limited by its purely formal character. But the more general background to these passages should probably be sought in Marx's earlier writings of the years 1843 and 1844. And with Marx's transformation of perspective from the speculative sphere to the historical practice in the here-and-now. was a political revolution. Marx's most intensive work in the history of the French Revolution. The state as such was brought into existence together with modern bourgeois society.23 In this precise form the expression can be found in only a few instances within the writings of Marx and Engels. the human revolution. resulting in the separation of the political sphere from the social. mainly in the writings dating from the years around 1848. And it is here that he conceives his basic critique of that Revolution and of Jacobinism.24 And the context of these uses of the term is almost always an attempt at political intervention by means of historical example. Marx's most famous and oft-quoted judgments concerning the French Revolution and the English Revolution derive from such political interventions. in terms not yet influenced by conceptions of social class.25 This context of political intervention itself suggests the way in which this concept is linked with a socialist project for the future. rather than a thorough and detached historical analysis.
the separation of the political and the economic. but central features of this process is crystallized within certain social. but as Marx gradually unites them with the notion of class and with a more concrete analysis of capitalist society. This is 'bourgeois revolution' as a general process. bourgeois revolution is primarily a world-historical process. the bourgeois revolutions. in the plural. these thoughts are still rather speculative and general. this is still only the most general contours of these transformations. the revolutions as events. but also from post-capitalist societies of the future. Simultaneously.political and human here are reciprocal: The political revolution is only political because it is contrasted with the human one. and what for the young Marx was the mere political revolution is now reconstructed as a grand social transformation through which the capitalist mode of production wins out on a world-historical scale. This implies its structural opposition to the modern state as well as its historical demarcation not only from pre- capitalist societies of the past. the modern concept of bourgeois revolution appears.26 Of course. In a wider sense. bourgeois society is conceived as structurally and historically rooted in the capitalist mode of production. 9 . It does not confront the specificity of individual revolutionary transformations. Thus. political and cultural revolutions. what to Smith and Guizot appeared as the achievement of civilized commercial society. this sense of a post-capitalist social alternative as a collective mental structure contributed greatly to the credibility of such macro-historical categories of analysis as bourgeois revolution. For Marx. and the relative demise of the term in mainstream historiography should probably be related to the general lack of faith in social alternatives today. Such macro-historical considerations not only provide the general theoretical framework for Marxist analyses of bourgeois revolutions but also explain the importance of such past social transformations for Marxism. And yet.
Literature Avineri. between the structural and the historical. between the ideological. Antoine de 1960 .Thus. A. Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Exchange. 'Bourgeois revolution' can hardly be satisfactorily defined in the formal and static terms of. Fernand Rude). The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany.L. and London's Overseas Traders. say analytical philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Brunner. Otto et al.27 Suffice it to say that a greater knowledge of this concept as historical- dynamic entity should be a starting point of any discussion of this concept. Cambridge: At the University Press Barnave. meaning and social reality. Whether this multiplicity of meanings is a sign of strength or weakness I shall not judge in this context. Cambridge: The Past and Present Society. Robert 1993.): The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone. 'Bourgeois Revolution and Transition to Capitalism' in Meier. or the juridical. Robert 1989. Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Hegel's Theory of the Modern State. (ed. the political and the economic. Shlomo 1972. reflecting a dialectical interconnection between the particular and the universal. either confounding Marx's analysis of a world- historical process with specific revolutionary events. and many historians of revolutions have proceeded from certain category mistakes. or paying insufficient attention to the precise relationship between the civil and the capitalist aspects of this. et al.) 1974-97. David & Geoff Eley 1984. (Hrsg. 271-304 Brenner. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett 10 . whether we wish to retain it as an analytical category or not. 1550-1653. 'bourgeois revolution' derives from a rather complex interaction of words. Introduction à la Révolution française (ed. the political and the socio-economic. for it is a historical term. Political Conflict. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press Brenner. Many of the later disagreements about the applicability of this concept as an analytical category can be at least partially explained by this background. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin Blackbourn. pp.
Callinicos. French Historians and Romanticism: Thierry. Entstehung und Geschichte.M. George 1987. 'How Revolutionary were the Bourgeois Revolutions?'. Henry 2006. François 1989. Pourquoi la Révolution d'Angleterre a-t-elle réussi?. London: George Virtue Johnson. Histoire générale de la civilisation en Europe. Ehud's Dagger: Class Struggle in the English Revolution. New York: Berghahn Hobsbawm. Berlin: B. Münster: Dampfboot Griewank. Paris: Pichon & Didier Guizot. Istvan & Michael Ignatieff 1983. the Saint-Smonians. Natural Law and Moral Philosophy: From Grotius to the Scottish Enlightenment. London: Verso Holstun. Historical Materialism. pp. John A. Neil 2003. International Socialism no. The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the End of the Reign of James II. Douglas 1963. pp. London: Pluto Press Davidson. Rethinking the French Revolution: Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge. François 1856. '"Revolution": An Enquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term'. Quinet Michelet.: Suhrkamp Guizot. Knud 1996. Ceri 1993. Penser la Révolution française. Histoire de la Révolution d'Angleterre. London: Routledge Davidson. Paris: Didier Guizot. 3-33 Davidson.. Die subjektlose Gewalt: Theorie der Entstehung bürgerlicher Staatsgewalt. 58. Vol. Arthur 1949. Discovering the Scottish Revolution 1692-1746. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Haakonssen. Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution. 3-54 Davis. Cambridge: At the University Press Comninel. 13. 1990. Der neuzeitliche Revolutionsbegriff. Paris: Didier Guizot. pp. 13. Historical Materialism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 11 . Echoes of the Marseillaise. 2 Vols. François 1845-46. Historie du protectorat de Richard Cromwell et du rétablissement des Stuarts. 3. London: Verso Hont. London: Verso Crossley. Frankfurt a. 'Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism'. The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution. 'How Revolutionary were the Bourgeois Revolutions? (cont'd)'. Behr Guizot.J. Heide 1990. 43. Histoire de la république d'Angleterre et de Cromwell (1649-1658). 2 Vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hatto. François 1828. Gramsci and Italy's Passive Revolution. The Science of a Legislator. Mind. No. Alfred 1964. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hume.. Neil 2005b. 1789-1815. 113-171 Cobban. Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment. Guizot: Aspects of French History 1787-1874. Karl 1973 . 232.) 1979. David 1847 [1754-56]. 4. No. pp. Alex 1989. Vol. London: Croom Helm Furet. (ed. Guizot. Paris: Didier Haakonssen. François 1854. The Bourgeois Revolution in France. François 1850. E. Vol. Paris: Gallimard Gerstenberger. Knud 1981. No. James 2000. Neil 2005a. 495-517 Heller.
Paris: Gallimard 12 . pp. Le moment Guizot. Naturzustand und Naturgeschichte der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. 825-838 Koselleck. Claudio J. 'Gesellschaft. Vol. Berlin: Dietz Medick. 'Revolution.free. 1976.fr/bg-dini. Reinhard 1999. Hans 1973. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Mignet. Manfred 1979. John 1818 [1787. 1989.). II. Rebellion. Histoire de la révolution française. 'Historiography'. 'The Meanings of "Bourgeois Revolution": Conceptualizing the French Revolution'. An Historical View of the English Government from the Settlement of the Saxons on Britain to the Revolution in 1688. Boris G. F. Historien libéral 1796-1884. pp. Neuwied & Berlin: Luchterhand Riedel. Social Science and the Ignoble Savage. Murray G. Mignet. Aufruhr.. L'historiographie romantique française. Dumont Millar. Bürgerliche Gesellschaft und Staat bei Hegel. H. Reinhart 1984. Ronald L.htm Marx Engels Werke (several editions). Bruxelles: H. in Alexander Broadie (ed. Vol. Civil Society: History and Possibilities. Colin 1991. L'Esprit de la Révolution de 1789. Bernard (ed.) 2001. Reinhart 1969. Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity. 1844 . Bertel 2007. 258-279 Réizov. The Historical thought of François Guizot. Yvonne 1973. 54. Bürgerkrieg'. 1956. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pierre 1985. Rut 1925. London: Verso Moss. Guizot als Historiker. Brunner 1974-97. Brunner 1974-97. Durham & London: Duke University Press Markner. pp. Washington: The catholic University of America Press Pittock. 'Der neuzeitliche Revolutionsbegriff als geschichtliche Kategorie'. New York: Greenwood Press Kaviraj. http://markner.-A. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Meek. '"Civil Society" oder "Bürgerliche Gesellschaft"'.) 1990. 719-800 Roederer. No. London: J. bürgerliche'. Vol. Science and Society (forthcoming) O'Connor. Sudipta & Sunil Khilnan i (eds. The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment. Michael & Robert Sayre 2001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Keiser. pp. Pierre-Louis 1831. Saint-Louis Knibiehler. Lille: Université de Lille Koselleck. 1803]. Paris Rosanvallon.Katz. The French Revolution and Marxism (Science & Society special issue. Mawman Mooers. From Feudalism to Capitalism: Marxian Theories of Class Struggle and Social Change. Mary Consolata 1955. V. 653-788 Löwy. Moskva: Editions en langues étrangères Riedel. 2003. 22. Manfred 1970. Studium Generale. 3) Nygaard. The Making of Bourgeois Europe.
Albert Mathiez. 2 To name but a few examples. Holstun 2000. Adolphe 1839 [1823-27]. The genesis of a concept studied through historiography and political theory (in Danish). Conrad 1973 (ed. Mooer 1991. Geschichtschreibung und historisches Denken in Frankreich 1789-1871. Thiers. Heller 2006. 4 To cite some of the most important contributions since the 1980s. in chronological order: Davis 1979. Michelet. No. All constructive criticism is will be kindly received. Teschke 2003. Gerstenberger 1990. Brenner 1989. Ellen Meiksins 1991. The English Revolution of the 1640's has been termed a 'bourgeois revolution' by such prominent scholars of the field as Christopher Hill and Brian Manning. Albert Soboul. Comninel 1987. Vol. Geopolitics. Augustin Thierry. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Wood. Edgard Quinet. Historical Materialism. 13. Katz 1989. London & New York: Verso Teschke. conversely. briefly summarizing some of the main results of my PhD dissertation: Bourgeois Revolution. Georges Lefebvre. Norbert 1988. Moss 1990. perhaps due to the resurgence of 13 . and the Making of Modern International Relations. Wood 1991.e. Davidson 2005b. Les Maitres de l'histoire 1815-1850. Peter 1958. Adam 1976 (1759). State Formation and the Absence of the International'. Paris: Furne et Cie Walch. The Pristine Culture of Capitalism. Benno 2003. it has certainly been re-enlivened in the last few years. Callinicos 1989.Russell. Zürich: Verlag Berichthaus Teschke.). Hobsbawm 1990. The Myth of 1648: Class. The Theory of Moral Sentiments: Oxford: Oxford University press Stadler. Blackbourn 1984. and. Jean 1986. Benno 2005. i. several historians and historical sociologists from Barrington Moore to Ralf Dahrendorf and Hans-Ulrich Wehler have held the lack of a victorious bourgeois revolution in Germany to be the main explanation for the subsequent Nazi victory. George Rudé and Michel Vovelle all held this revolution to be bourgeois and capitalist. London: Verso 1 This paper is a work in progress. during the years of the most vehement anti-Marxist sentiment in academic and political circles as well as the immediate aftermath of the bicentennial of the French Revolution. The Origins of the English Civil War. Davidson 2005a. 'Bourgeois Revolution. Brenner 1993. London & Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Smith. The Scottish Enlightenment and Hegel's Account of 'Civil Society'. 3-26 Thiers. Genève & Paris: Editions Slatkine Waszek. Mignet. Historie de la Révolution française. 10 bind. Guizot. Teschke 2005.. Though the debate may seem to have been somewhat quiet in the 1990's. Furet 1989. Russell 1973. 2 pp. 3 The most important revisionist writings comprise Cobban 1964. Similar analyses have been applied to a range of other national delepments. the majority of the great social historians of the French Revolution.
Koselleck 1984. On the four-stage theory of history: Meek 1976. 550. Smith 1976. 5 Methodologically. but closely linked to this event a much larger cultural or ideological rupture with some of the dominant features of Enlightenment thought: its rationalism and optimism – a socially generated epistemological break. 8 However. one could of course argue that the social contract theory propounded by Hobbes and Locke does contain some of the logic of the state-society dualism. 9 Hume 1847. pp. the misery and malfunction of the manual labourers. so to speak.radical projects in general within academic circles and society and also a certain fatigue in post- modernism and revisionist interpretations of revolutions. or whether it may 14 . Roederer 1831 11 On the development modern concept of revolution: Koselleck 1969. 6 Of course. 7 On the concepts of civil society in the Smithian and other traditions: Kaviraj 2001. Haakonssen 1996. Hont 1983. allowing for a new balancing of the elements of thought. 342. as part of explaining why even ever so unintended outcomes happened to come out exactly as they did. e. 313. Vol. On the one hand. lead them to moment of doubt as to whether commercial society is really so civilized after all. Hatto 1949 12 Cf. by presupposing individuals capable of rational social choice. Griewank 1973. a notion of world views inspired by Lucien Goldmann and an understanding of social history as a concrete totality in development. For it is revealing that one may already find elements of historical pessimism and doubt in the works of Adam Smith and John Millar. unless one subscribes to a strong version of evolutionist determinism very rarely defended among historical sociologists today. Callinicos 1989. Millar 1818. pp.g. this seeks to combine the approaches of German conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte) with more conventional approaches to the history of political ideas. the precise forms of action and intentions must indeed be seen as a crucial link in historical explanation. [Davis 1979. their writings show an overall optimism in the theoretical framework supporting the long-term civilization process towards the telos of civilized commercial society of generalized commodity production. Mooers 1991] Yet. Haakonssen 1981. On the other hand. Blackbourn 1984. 584f. On civil society and bourgeois society in the Marxian tradition: Markner 2001. 195 13 Behind this significant change in concepts and ideas lies not only the French Revolution as a political. this latter question is not immediately relevant to definitions of 'bourgeois revolution' proceeding from the unintended long-term consequences of political or institutional changes. economic or military event. Riedel 1979. their empirical observations of the effects of such commercial activity in their own day. III 10 Barnave 1960.. On the historical theories of the Scottish enlightenment theorists in general: Medick 1973. Pittock 2003.
is severely underexposed. but it took a great social and cultural upheaval to put these notions to the centre stage of ideas and conceptual apparatuses. So. canals. On Guizot as an historian and a political theorist: Johnson 1963. a much more active sense of the state. sometimes with socio-economic interests. is markedly stronger if we turn to Rousseau or Adam Ferguson. The most extensive analysis of Mignet's historical writings is Knibiehler 1973. O'Connor 1955. Rosanvallon 1985. of course. Keiser 1925. p. sometimes being synonymous with "orders" (that is. Stadler 1958. education. Avineri 1972. Crossley 1993. Vols. 15 . Mignet 1844. just as Bürger may be translated as either citizen (citoyen) and bourgeois. 20 Guizot 1828 21 This. not to mention social goods not necessarily well- handed by private capital. Guizot 1854. the juridical-political estates). On Hegel and the enlightenment views on civilization and its history: Waszek 1988. 25 I present Marx's use of the concept bourgeois revolution in a bit more detail in Nygaard 2007. Thiers 1839 17 This is still a rather vague category of class. e.g.really work on its own. Guizot 1850. IV-VII. Riedel 1970 16 Guizot 1828. This conception of the state is significantly different from the mere instrumentalist notion mentioned earlier. On the great French Historians of this period and their contexts: Walch 1986. Réizov 1956. generally Marx Engels Werke. of course. 15 The role of Hegelianism in French philosophy of history during the 1820's. in some respects the elements of agency as a necessary moment in developing civilized society is already there in some instances of Enlightenment theory. the writings of Kant and Hegel. Guizot 1856. 24 Cf. as in the general European political theory of the entire period from circa 1820 to circa 1848. 14 This notion of romanticism as world-view is loosely inspired by considerations in Löwy 2001. 385. bürgerliche Revolution. rather closely resembles Hegel's views on this matter. p. 22 Mignet 1844. 18 Cf. bürgerliche Gesellschaft in German is simultaneously civil and bourgeois society. Correspondingly. Mignet 1844.) This points towards a notion of a much more active state apparatus as the instigator of poor relief. but the internal rift between theoretical optimism and practical-empirical doubt is strongest in the writings of Smith and Millar. This is clear from the use of the latter terms in. 2 23 Though the German form of this expression. (This moment of doubt. such as bridges. 19 Guizot 1845-46.. I show some strong Hegelian influences on Guizot in my PhD thesis cited above. roads and so on. is semantically related to term bourgeois it does not significantly distinguish between this and the civil aspects.
conditioned by certain precisions. Marx Engels Werke. Vol. in Nygaard 2007. 16 .26 Marx: 'Zur Judenfrage'. I 27 I defend a use of the concept as a category for social and historical analysis.


text:
Q: can i recast a differential equation as an array equation to use in matlab? I was asked to write a code (.m file) to model a system described by these two equations using matlab
y1" = 5 y1' + 6 y1 - 3
y2" = 5 y2' + 4 y1' + 6 y2 - 4

These two equations are the only things given
should i write them as an array first and how?


text:
La fosse 3 de la Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire est un ancien charbonnage du Bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, situé à Auchy-au-Bois. Le fonçage de ce puits débute le  et l'extraction commence en . Pendant les travaux, une ancienne fosse de la Compagnie des mines d'Auchy-au-Bois est reprise après plus d'un quart de siècle d'abandon et devient le puits d'aérage 3 bis.

La Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire est nationalisée en 1946, et intègre le Groupe d'Auchel. La production étant trop faible, la fosse est fermée en 1950, en même temps que la fosse 2 - 2 bis, et le puits comblé.

Au début du , Charbonnages de France matérialise la tête du puits 3. Il subsiste un seul bâtiment de la fosse. Le terril conique 34 a été inscrit le  sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco.

La fosse

Fonçage

Alors que la Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire possède déjà les fosses 1 - 1 bis et 2 - 2 bis en activité, elle décide d'ouvrir à Auchy-au-Bois une nouvelle fosse à  au sud-est de la première et à  de la seconde, de sorte à former un alignement entre ces trois fosses. Le fonçage commence le  et est continué jusqu'à la profondeur de . Le puits est cuvelé en béton armé.

En parallèle, l'ancienne fosse 2 des mines d'Auchy-au-Bois, située dans la même commune et abandonnée depuis 1900, est remise en service à partir de 1927, et devient la fosse 3 bis des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire. Elle est située à  à l'est du puits 3.

Il est également à signaler que la fosse 3 a été entreprise à  à l'est de l'avaleresse ouverte par la Société de l'Éclaireur du Pas-de-Calais en 1861 et abandonnée l'année suivante à la profondeur de , étant donné que les terrains qu'elle était destinée exploiter ont été concédés à la Compagnie des mines d'Auchy-au-Bois par le décret d'extension de la concession en date du .

Exploitation

La fosse 3 commence à produire en , tandis que la fosse 3 bis assure l'aérage, moins d'un an après l'abandon de la fosse 1 - 1 bis, située à Enquin-les-Mines, et arrêtée en 1928.

La Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire est nationalisée en 1946, et intègre le Groupe d'Auchel. La production étant jugée trop faible, la fosse 3 est fermée en 1950, en même temps que la fosse 2 - 2 bis, et les puits sont remblayés.

Reconversion

Au début du , Charbonnages de France matérialise la tête du puits 3. Le BRGM y effectue des inspections chaque année. Les seuls vestiges du carreau de fosse sont le bâtiment comprenant la machine d'extraction et la salle des pendus. Une entreprise occupe le site.

Le terril

Le terril 34, 3 de Ligny, situé à Ligny-lès-Aire et Auchy-au-Bois, est le terril conique de la fosse 3, productive de 1929 à 1950. Il fait partie des  répartis sur  qui ont été inscrits le  sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco. Il constitue le site 106.

La cité

Deux maisons ont été bâties après la Nationalisation près du carreau de fosse.

Notes et références

 Notes

 Références

 Références aux fiches du BRGM

 Références à

 Références à

 Références à

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Fosse n° 3 bis des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire
 Compagnie des mines de Ligny-lès-Aire
 Groupe d'Auchel
 Liste des biens du bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco, site 106

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Fosse 3A
Ligny-lès-Aire 3