text:
Q: MVC route rule to default to Home controller when no controller passed in url I have some simple views like "About Us" and "Contact Us" that live in the Home controller.
I would prefer the url not have the home part in it like www.xyz.com/ContactUs instead of www.xyz.com/Home/ContactUs
I added a new route that takes care of this but breaks other controllers when not specifying an action in the url
// Home Routes
RouteTable.Routes.MapRoute("HomeRoute", "{action}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" });

// Default
RouteTable.Routes.MapRoute("Default", "{controller}/{action}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" });

This is obviously because the route engine can't tell which route to use for a url like www.xyz.com/ContactUs and uses the 1st one to match.
I also know I can make controllers for each but this seems like a less efficient way. I'd hate to end up with 30 controllers just to wrap one empty view action per view.
I'll probably end up making controllers for each anyway but wanted to know if there is a way to make a route that says something like "If only one parameter is passed, first check to see if it matches a controller, if not assume it's for the home controller."

A: You can use MVC Attribute routing to create these SEO friendly routes.
[Route("About")]
public ActionResult About()
{
    return View();
}
[Route("Contact")]
public ActionResult Contact()
{
    return View();
}

Assuming you have attribute routing enabled.
public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
{
    routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");

    routes.MapMvcAttributeRoutes();

    routes.MapRoute(
        name: "Default",
        url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
        defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index",
                                                          id = UrlParameter.Optional }

    );
}

Another option is to have 2 route registrations similar to what you have tried. It will work for handing the request like yourSite/About/ (it will render executes the About action in your HomeController). But when you request something like yourSite/Books, it will not be handled by Index action of Books controller as that url is matching to the first pattern we defined for SEO friendly routes and you will get a 404 if there is no Books action method in HomeController! (If you did not have this route registration, it would have worked)
routes.MapRoute(
    name: "JustActions",
    url: "{action}",
    defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

routes.MapRoute(
    name: "Default",
    url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
    defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

Another option, if you do not prefer the attribute routing approach, you can register  routes in your RegisterRoutes method for this specific routes one by one. (This is similar to defining the route via attribute routing, but we do it in a single place. Make sure to have the specific routes registered before the generic default one). I personally prefer attribute routing over that as i feel that is more readable.


text:
Minority undercount in census will likely lead to lower political representation, big federal funding losses
by Tammy Joyner March 25, 2022 March 25, 2022
Photo by Enayet Raheem on Unsplash
The U.S. Census Bureau undercounted Blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans for the 2020 census, new government data shows – an omission likely to affect political representation and federal funding for minority communities for years to come.
The national population count every 10 years is used to draw legislative maps for both state and federal elected offices in all 50 states. It's also used to allocate $1.5 trillion in federal money for everything from public housing to healthcare to road construction.
The census has been overcounting whites and Asians for decades while undercounting people of color. But the trend was noticeably magnified for the 2020 census, according to a Census Bureau report released this month. The minority undercount was "larger in magnitude" than for 2010, according to the Census Bureau's Post-Enumeration Survey, performed to assess the national headcount's accuracy.
All told, the survey estimates 18.8 million people weren't counted who should have been. The census counted an estimated 323.2 million total households, up from 300.7 million in 2010. The 2020 census-takers faced a formidable challenge in trying to account for everyone just as the COVID-19 pandemic hit, causing a national shut-down just weeks before the April 1, 2020 deadline, census officials said.
An estimated 5% of Latinos were not included in the 2020 count – over three times the undercount estimate for the 2010 census. Similarly, over 3% of Blacks were not counted. Native Americans and Native Alaskans on reservations were undercounted by over 5%, the report said, a greater error margin than in 2010.
Minorities weren't the only groups undercounted. People under the age of 50, children under the age of four, men, and renters also are underrepresented, while those over age 50, women, and homeowners are overrepresented, according to the survey.
These undercounts, especially among Latinos, will have serious consequences for political representation, education funding and accessing adequate healthcare, according to Latino policy expert Gabriel Sanchez, a governance fellow at The Brookings Institution and political science professor at the University of New Mexico.
"There are economic consequences for all communities of color that were undercounted that will last a full decade," Sanchez told Atlanta Civic Circle.
"It's devastating for resources and the distribution of those resources to communities who desperately need it," he said. "For each person who is under-counted, that could be [a loss of] as much as $200,000 per person over a 10-year-span. That's a scary proposition."
Latinos are particularly susceptible to being undercounted, he explained, because of a higher proportion of undocumented immigrants who fear disclosing information to the government.
In Congress: Latinos make up 18% of the U.S. population but only 9% of the House of Representatives. At the state level, Latinos are even more underrepresented, accounting for only 4% of state lawmakers.
In Education: Undercounts will greatly impact federally funded early-education programs. Funding for the federal Pell Grant, a need-based program that awards up to $6,495 per person annually for college, and student loan programs also is determined by census counts, Sanchez noted. Nearly one in five Pell Grant recipients are Latino, he said, so any cuts to the program's funding would have a dire impact on the Latino community.
In Healthcare: Undercounts affect funding for federal healthcare programs, such as Medicaid. That would put many Latinos in a precarious situation, Sanchez said, since they make up one-third of all Medicaid recipients.
Undercounts and redistricting
Grassroots get-out-the-vote groups in Georgia – fueled largely by people of color – helped put Joe Biden in the White House and two Democratic senators in Congress in the most recent election cycle.
Now, Georgia lawmakers and voting rights groups are entangled in redistricting challenges.
Plaintiffs representing Black and Latino voters sought a temporary injunction to stop Georgia from using the new state legislative and congressional maps for the 2022 elections. In three lawsuits filed in late December, they said the redrawn maps dilute the voting strength of Black voters and violate Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. But earlier this month, a judge for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia allowed Georgia to use its new maps for this year's elections.
"Black and brown voters in Georgia still lack the adequate amount of [political] representation. I can't say how much of that is directly tied to a census undercount, but I know it doesn't help it either," Democratic political consultant Theron Johnson told Atlanta Civic Circle. Johnson is the Georgia director of All On The Line, a Democratic group founded to combat gerrymandering that's funded by the National Democratic Redistricting Committee.
New population demographics
The first data set from the 2020 Census was released in April 2021, and the findings from the Post-Enumeration Survey aren't expected to change the U.S. population count of 331.4 million.
While the United States has become more ethnically diverse since the last census a decade ago,, whites still make up the majority, 57.8%, of the population. However, that's down from 63.7% in 2010. Latinos, at 18.7%, made up the second-largest ethnic group, and Blacks comprise 12.1% of the population, the survey said.
The federal census shows Georgia is more ethnically and racially diverse than a decade ago – and also more urban, with most residents living in the greater metro areas of cities like Atlanta, Savannah, and Macon.
The Post-Enumeration Survey did not provide a state-by-state demographic breakdown. But an Urban Institute report from November found the 2020 census undercounted Georgians by about 1%, or 124,438 people, out of a state population of 10.7 million. That includes 58,098 metro Atlantans.
The nonprofit research group found whites were overcounted, but Latinos were undercounted by 2.85% and Blacks by 2.7%. What's more, homes with at least one noncitizen were undercounted by 3.6%.
Read more about the consequences of the Latino undercount in Sanchez's Brookings article here.
Tagged: 2020 U.S. Census, minority undercount
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Das Produkt "EverQuest : The Darkened Sea (PC)" ist eine Erweiterung für das Hauptspiel der Reihe. Ohne das Hauptspiel kann es nicht benutzt werden.
The story of the Darkened Sea finds Firiona Vie traveling to the Buried Sea on a mission from Tunare to restore balance to Norrath. Firiona meets with the Combine in the domed city of Katta Castrum with hopes to heal their emperor, Tsaph Katta. The city is attacked while Firiona is attempting to heal the emperor. In the chaos, Lanys, aided by a corrupt splinter faction of the Combine, kidnaps the emperor. Norrath's heroes must track Lanys and her allies down in order to thwart Lanys's plans and rescue the emperor.
•	Level Cap Increase — You can now level up your characters to an unprecedented 105!
•	8 New Zones — Brand new zones such as Thuliasaur Island and Combine Dredge offer immersive and captivating adventures.
•	Mount Key Ring — Easily access your entire mount collection in one easy location!


The Year 12 Induction process will take place in July each year and consists of 3 days. Students must attend all 3 days and will be given the opportunity to experience life as a Sixth Former at Barnhill. They will sample lessons, both for their subject choices and for Enrichment, as well as get to know how Sixth Form life works and what to expect.
During the process, students will be given an Induction Summer Task booklet. This will give information on the Summer tasks students are expected to complete ahead of starting in September. You can also download the booklet here. Some subjects also have additional information and resources. This will also be given out during the induction and will be available to download closer to the time.
Any questions about the induction or about Barnhill in general should be directed to the Key Stage Team dealing with Year 11-13.


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Home > News Articles > Congo: Reimagining the Hydrocarbons Code
Congo: Reimagining the Hydrocarbons Code
Image: Afrik21
The Republic of the Congo's energy sector is experiencing a revival. Its recent admission to OPEC and its continued collaboration with the organization has brought the small oil-producing nation a degree of recognition and a seat at the decision-making table. In recent years, the Congo has doubled down on efforts to attract investments in its oil & gas sector, licensing, for instance, two rounds for hydrocarbon production with 28 blocks bidding between 2015 and 2019. In order to strengthen and increase the performance of its own oil & gas industry, the Congo has also operated changes at the legislative level, revising its outdated 1994 Hydrocarbons Code. This time around the impetus is on the development of human capital and technology transfer.
Like many African oil-producing countries, the Congo is still reeling from the 2014-2016 oil crisis, as well as the economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Following 2020's steep decline in global oil demand and OPEC's decision to limit annual oil production, the Congolese economy contracted by 6.8% compared to 0.6% in the previous year. Yet, as the Congo eases its way out of the crisis, the country has also focused on tackling long-standing issues like human capital and the contentious topic of technology transfer.
The Congo's Human Capital Index (HCI) score is among the lowest in the world – slightly above the sub-Saharan African average set at 0.40 compared to the global average of 0.57. Policies geared toward improving education, health, and food security will help increase the productivity and prospects of future generations. The region has already witnessed considerable advancements in higher-level education development, increases in school enrollment, and in health services in the last two decades. However, more tailored measures have been implemented in order to foster the growth of the most valuable industries. Oil rich countries lacking the expertise or technology to conduct large-scale E&P activities themselves design policies destined to bridge the skills and technology gap. A majority of African oil-producing countries have formulated local content requirements, delineating obligations to favor local labor force, goods and services in order to increase domestic capacity through technology transfer. The 2016 revision of the Hydrocarbons code does exactly that.
Revised Legislation
The revised code explicitly states that Congolese nationals should be recruited in priority in all areas of upstream activity. IOCs are required to implement mentoring and training programs to facilitate their progress and acquirement of relevant qualifications. It is also expected that IOCs prioritize or train Congolese nationals for senior level positions. Contracted subsidiaries and service providers are equally obligated to prioritize, train, and promote nationals and are required to set up permanent training programs.
Whereas the 1994 Hydrocarbons Code had merely stipulated the necessity to employ Congolese subsidiaries whenever possible without implementing clear control mechanisms, the 2016 Code contains specific guidelines, which offer the government oversight to appraise the implementation of regulations. The Congo aims to accelerate the pace at which it will secure a sizable, adequately trained local workforce. By doing so, it has capitalized on the presence of IOCs in the country and their know-how, while simultaneously guaranteeing job creation.
Moreover, IOCs, subsidiaries and service providers must contract national public and private companies for supplies and services, even in instances where the commercial offer is superior (up to 10%) to those of other companies. What's more, the 2016 Code includes the negotiation of clauses in partnership agreements between foreign and domestic private companies, as well as Congolese universities or institutes guaranteeing technology transfer, exchange of general expertise and capacity-building.
The NOC
Additionally, the new legislation secures the involvement of the Société Nationale de Pétrole du Congo (SNPC), the country's national oil company, in all petroleum operations as it is the exclusive concessionaire of petroleum mineral titles and is mandated to have a least 15% of all permits issued. Another minimum participating interest of 15%-25% is reserved to private national oil companies. Lastly, all contracts must be approved by both chambers of Parliament and include a 15% royalty on oil net production (reduced to 12% for offshore operations in waters deeper than 500m) or in case of gas net production, 5%.
The 2016 Hydrocarbons Code addresses more adequately the challenges facing the Congolese oil & gas industry. It has largely succeeded in striking the right balance between creating long-term sustainable partnerships with IOCs while remaining focused on improving its industry through comprehensive human capital development as well as technology transfer and expertise. The renewed private sector interest in the country's energy sector confirms this. The Congo garnered considerable praise during OPEC's recent state-visit for the improvements made to its industry and IOCs like TotalEnergies, Eni, and Perenco expressed their desire to continue investing in its oil & gas sector. While the Congo still faces other significant challenges, adopting changes in its most profitable sector might be part of an astute and sound strategy.
Energy Capital & Power will launch Congo-Brazzaville's first ever energy sector specific report, Africa Energy Series: Congo-Brazzaville 2022, in the second quarter of 2022, which will outline the country's COVID-19 recovery strategy and unpack its ambitious plans for the development of its hydrocarbons industry including natural gas development; environmental and social governance; and the energy transition.
Petrofac, Island Drilling Extend Work Offshore Mauritania
Invest in African Energy: African Energy Chamber to Host New Year Reception in London on 26 January
Damon Biesold
Damon Biesold is ECP's Congo Field Editor, where he produces the country's first Africa Energy Series report due to be published in early 2022. Damon has experience working in sub-Saharan Africa and writes about the energy sector in the Republic of Congo. He recently obtained his MA in National Security Studies.
The Republic of the Congo: A Promising Emerging Market
The Central African Country is Aiming for Multi-sector Growth to Accelerate Rapid Economic Growth and Diversification.
The Republic of the Congo to Upgrade Gas in Pursuit of Zero Flaring
The country is committed to zero flaring via gas monetization.
À la découverte du secteur minier congolais
Le gouvernement congolais redouble d'efforts pour relancer le secteur minier du pays.


text:
Category: the Red Planet
Planetary Scientists Suggest Three Landing Sites for Mars 2020
3 Mar 2017 by warrenh, posted in astronomy, astronomy information, astronomy news, astronomy questions, astronomy questions and answers, entertainment, Gale Crater, Goddard Space Flight Center, Mars, Mars 2020 Rover, NASA, NASA's journey to Mars, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Red Planet
One of the oldest regions of the Red Planet discovered, an ancient Martian lake, or the site of an ancient hot spring first explored by NASA's Spirit rover
NASA's Mars 2020 rover's expected to land at one of the three sites noted on this image of the Red Planet. Credits: NASA
Space news (The Journey to Mars: Mars 2020; possible landing sites) – Northeast Syrtis: Jerero crater; or Columbia Hills, on the Red Planet –
Planetary scientists and other scientists attending the third landing site workshop hosted by NASA in order to determine the best place for its Mars 2020 rover to land recommend three places. NASA's been using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for suitable sites since about 2006 and to help in the identification, study, and verification of possible future landing sites for coming manned missions during most recent history. Data and observations provided by the MRO also helped participants narrow down the choices to three during the workshop.
Dr. Matt Golombek, just one of the rocket geniuses working at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Credits: NASA/JPL
"From the point of view of evaluating potential landing sites, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is the perfect spacecraft for getting all the information needed," said the workshop's co-chair, Matt Golombek of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. "You just can't overstate the importance of MRO for landing-site selection."
Leslie Tamppari, another genius working at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Credits: NASA/JPL
"Missions on the surface of Mars give you the close-up view, but what you see depends on where you land. MRO searches the globe for the best sites," said MRO Deputy Project Scientist Leslie Tamppari of JPL.
NASA's Jet Propulsion is famous for employing the experience, skills, and knowledge of geniuses, but this is getting to be ridiculous. Credits: NASA/JPL
"Whether it is looking at the surface, the subsurface or the atmosphere of the planet, MRO has viewed Mars from orbit with unprecedented spatial resolution, and that produces huge volumes of data," said MRO Project Scientist Rich Zurek of JPL."These data are a treasure trove for the whole Mars scientific community to study as we seek to answer a broad range of questions about the evolving habitability, geology, and climate of Mars."
The Journey to the Red Planet
The human journey to the beginning of space and time will be making a stop on Mars sometime in the 2030s if everything goes as planned with NASA's Journey to Mars. Mars 2020 is expected to launch aboard the Atlas V 541 rocket from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida around July 2020. After a journey of millions of miles across the solar system to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover will land at one of three possible sites.
Northeast Syrtis
NASA's Mars 2020 rover could be landing here to look for evidence one-celled life flourished in water accumulated on the surface of the Red Planet. Credits: NASA/MRO/HIRISE
Images of the first possible landing site in the Northeast part of Syrtis Major show Early Noachian bedrock planetary scientists would like to have a closer look at for signs of possible life. An excellent place for study and exploration of the past of the Red Planet, scientists are currently studying whether it's safe for Mars 2020 to land. There could be too many boulders or even steep slopes unidentified in the initial analysis of images of this region making landing problematic at best. There's also always the possibility of something we haven't thought of. If the site is safe, it will be considered for the final choice, and possibly even for the rovers planned by Europe and NASA sometime around 2018.
This part of the Red Planet was once warmed by volcanoes, so planetary scientists want to look for ancient hot springs and even surface ice melt where liquid water could have flowed. Liquid water's one of the catalysts-of-life planetary scientists look for in the search for extraterrestrial life. The layered terrain of Northeast Syrtis could hold a record of ancient simple life forms that existed on Mars during its early history. At the very least it should tell us more about interactions between water and minerals over successive parts of the Red Planet when it was young. This site we should definitely take a look at.
Jezero Crater
NASA scientists plan on using instruments on the Mars 2020 rover to look into the possibility simple, one-celled life could have evolved and flourished in the water of a lake they think existed on the surface of the Red Planet in this region. Credits: NASA/MRO/HIRISE
Rewind time 3.5 billion years in Jezero crater, to when river channels spilled over the crater wall and formed a lake. Planetary scientists see evidence water from this lake carried clay minerals from the lake bed after this body of water dried up. Scientists want to explore the crater for signs microbial life once lived here during events such as this when Jezero crater was a little wetter. For the remains of ancient life in the lakebed sediments.
Columbia Hills, Mars
Scientists think simple, one-celled life could have developed and flourished in the waters of a shallow lake they believe formed here billions of years ago. Credits: NASA/MRO/HIRISE
After additional study planetary scientists and geochemists agree mineral springs once bubbled up from the rocks of Columbia Hills in Gusev crater on the Red Planet. Originally, the Spirit rover found no clear signs water flowed over or existed in the rocks of this region of Mars, but the discovery hot springs once existed here has scientists thinking a shallow lake may have once formed for a time. Warm, inviting waters microbial life could have evolved in, exobiologists are keen to examine soils and lakebed sediments of Gusev crater for their remains.
The Final Landing Site of the Mars 2020 rover
NASA's shortlisted the possible landing sites to the three regions seen in the slideshow above. Credits: NASA/MRO/HIRISE
Possible landing sites of NASA's Mars 2020 rover may change as the mission goes forward, the science mission and even engineering considerations of achieving their goals could change as they learn more. Ultimately, NASA will decide on a landing site with geology indicating a wetter past that also meets all criteria. Stay tuned to the human journey to the beginning of space and time during the months and years ahead to learn more.
Learn about NASA's desire to find private firms and individuals to form space technology partnerships with.
Read and learn about the plasma jets of active supermassive black holes.
Help NASA classify young star systems by becoming a Disk Detective.
Learn more about NASA's Journey to Mars.
Learn more about NASA's contributions to the human journey to the beginning of space and time here.
Discover the Mars 2020 rover.
Learn more about the discoveries of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Discover the Spirit rover.
Tagged astronomy, Curiosity rover, Jerero crater, Leslie Tamppari, Mars, Mars 2020, Matt Golombek, NASA, NASA recommends three landing sites for Mars, Northeast Syrtis, possible landing sites, Rich Zurek of JPL, space news, Spirit rover, the journey to Mars, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Red PlanetLeave a comment
NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover Detects Clues Hinting at a Wetter Past
8 Feb 2017 18 Feb 2017 by warrenh, posted in astronomy, astronomy information, astronomy news, astronomy questions, astronomy questions and answers, Curiosity, entertainment, Mars, Mars rovers, NASA, NASA spacecraft, NASA's journey to Mars, north polar cap, space history, Space Launch System/Orion, space news, Spirit Mars Rover, the Red Planet
During the same relative time period, other clues indicate more oxygen was present in the atmosphere than found currently
This image shows NASA's Curiosity Mars rover at a location called "Windjana," where the rover found rocks containing manganese oxide minerals, which require abundant water and strongly oxidizing conditions to form. In front of the rover are two holes from the rover's sample-collection drill and several dark-toned features that have been cleared of dust (see inset images). These flat features are erosion-resistant fracture fills containing manganese oxides. The discovery of these materials suggests the Martian atmosphere might once have contained higher abundances of free oxygen than it does now.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Space news (planetary science: Martian rocks containing manganese oxide minerals; indicating a wetter surface with more atmospheric oxygen than presently found on Mars) – Mars (the Red Planet), 154 million miles (249 kilometers) from Sol, or 141 million miles (228 million kilometers) from Earth, on average –
This view from the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) on NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover shows the rock target "Windjana" and its immediate surroundings after inspection of the site by the rover. The drilling of a test hole and a sample collection hole produced the mounds of drill cuttings that are markedly less red than the other visible surfaces. This is material that the drill pulled up from the interior of the rock.
This view is from the 627th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (May 12, 2014).
The open hole from sample collection is 0.63 inch (1.6 centimeters) in diameter. It was drilled on Sol 621 (May 5, 2014). A preparatory "mini drill" hole, to lower right from the open hole, was drilled on Sol 615 (April 29, 2014) and subsequently filled in with cuttings from the sample-collection drilling.
Two small patches of less red color to the right of the drill holes are targets "Stephen" (higher) and "Neil," where multiple laser hits by Curiosity's Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument blasted some of the reddish surface dust off the surface of the rock.
The vigorous activity of penetrating the rock with the rover's hammering drill also resulted in slides of loose material near the rock.
MAHLI was built by Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed and built the project's Curiosity rover.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has found rocks at a place called Windjana containing manganese oxide minerals according to reports from planetary scientists studying samples from the region. On Earth rocks of this type formed during the distant past in the presence of abundant water and atmospheric oxygen. This news added to previous reports of ancient lakes and other groundwater sources during Mar's past points to a wetter environment in the study region Gale Crater during this time.
This image from the Navigation Camera (Navcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows a sandstone slab on which the rover team has selected a target, "Windjana," for close-up examination and possible drilling. The target is on the approximately 2-foot-wide (60-centimeter-wide) rock seen in the right half of this view.
The Navcam's left-eye camera took this image during the 609th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (April 23, 2014). The rover's name is written on the covering for a portion of the robotic arm, here seen stowed at the front of the vehicle.
The sandstone target's informal name comes from Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. If this target meets criteria set by engineers and scientists, it could become the mission's third drilled rock and the first that is not mudstone.
The rock is within a waypoint location called "the Kimberley," where sandstone outcrops with differing resistance to wind erosion result in a stair-step pattern of layers. Windjana is within what the team calls the area's "middle unit," because it is intermediate between rocks that form buttes in the area and lower-lying rocks that show a pattern of striations.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed and built the project's Curiosity rover and the rover's Navcam.
Planetary scientists used the laser-firing instrument on the Curiosity Mars rover to detect high levels of manganese-oxide in mineral veins found at Windjana. "The only ways on Earth that we know how to make these manganese materials involve atmospheric oxygen or microbes," said Nina Lanza, a planetary scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. "Now we're seeing manganese oxides on Mars, and we're wondering how the heck these could have formed?"
On this view of the Curiosity rover mission's waypoint called "the Kimberley," the red dot indicates the location of a sandstone target, "Windjana," that researchers selected for close-up inspection and possibly for drilling.
The view is an excerpt from an April 11, 2014, observation by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. In the image's enhanced color, Curiosity itself appears as the bright blue object at the two-o'clock position relative to the butte in the lower center of the scene. That butte is called "Mount Remarkable" and stands about 16 feet (5 meters) high. The rover subsequently drove to within its robotic arm's reach of Windjana. For scale, the distance between the parallel wheel tracks visible in the image is about 9 feet (2.7 meters).
In the area of the Kimberley waypoint, sandstone outcrops with differing resistance to wind erosion result in a stair-step pattern of layers. Windjana is within what the team calls the area's "middle unit," because it is intermediate between rocks that form buttes in the area and lower-lying rocks that show a pattern of striations.
The exaggerated color, to make differences in Mars surface materials more apparent, makes Curiosity appear bluer than the rover really looks.
HiRISE is one of six instruments on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The University of Arizona, Tucson, operates HiRISE, which was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Science Laboratory projects for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed and built the Mars Science Laboratory Project's Curiosity rover.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
Planetary scientists are looking at other processes that could create the manganese-oxide they found in rocks in Mar's Gale Crater region. Possible culprits at this point include microbes, but even optimistic planetary scientists are finding little fan fair accompanying their ideas. Lanza said, "These high manganese materials can't form without lots of liquid water and strongly oxidizing conditions. Here on Earth, we had lots of water but no widespread deposits of manganese oxides until after the oxygen levels in our atmosphere rose."
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover used the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) instrument on its robotic arm to illuminate and record this nighttime view of the sandstone rock target "Windjana." The rover had previously drilled a hole to collect sample material from the interior of the rock and then zapped a series of target points inside the hole with the laser of the rover's Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument. The hole is 0.63 inch (1.6 centimeters) in diameter.
The precision pointing of the laser that is mounted atop the rover's remote-sensing mast is evident in the column of scars within the hole. That instrument provides information about the target's composition by analysis of the sparks of plasma generated by the energy of the laser beam striking the target. Additional ChemCam laser scars are visible at upper right, on the surface of the rock.
This view combines eight separate MAHLI exposures, taken at different focus settings to show the entire scene in focus. The exposures were taken after dark on the 628th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (May 13, 2014). The rover drilled this hole on Sol 621 (May 5, 2014).
MAHLI includes light-emitting diodes as well as a color camera. Using the instrument's own lighting yields an image of the hole's interior with less shadowing than would be seen in a sunlit image. The camera's inspection of the interior of the hole provides documentation about what the drill bit passed through as it penetrated the rock — for example, to see if it cut through any mineral veins or visible layering.
Geologists have found high concentrations of manganese oxide minerals is an important marker of a major shift in Earth's atmospheric composition, from relatively low oxygen levels during the distant past, to the oxygen-rich environment we live in today. Planetary scientists studying the rocks they found in Gale Crater suggest the presence of these materials indicates oxygen levels on Mars rose also, before declining to the present low levels detected. The question is how was Mar's oxygen-rich atmosphere formed?
Planetary scientist Lanza at the summit of Hvannadalsnukur, the highest mountain in Iceland, practicing glacier travel techniques similar to those needed for exploring the farthest reaches of the planet and possibly the solar system.
Credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory
"One potential way that oxygen could have gotten into the Martian atmosphere is from the breakdown of water when Mars was losing its magnetic field," said Lanza. "It's thought that at this time in Mars' history, water was much more abundant. Yet without a protective magnetic field to shield the surface, ionizing radiation started splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Because of Mars' relatively low gravity, the planet wasn't able to hold onto the very light hydrogen atoms, but the heavier oxygen atoms remained behind. Much of this oxygen went into rocks, leading to the rusty red dust that covers the surface today. While Mars' famous red iron oxides require only a mildly oxidizing environment to form, manganese oxides require a strongly oxidizing environment, more so than previously known for Mars."
Lanza added, "It's hard to confirm whether this scenario for Martian atmospheric oxygen actually occurred. But it's important to note that this idea represents a departure in our understanding for how planetary atmospheres might become oxygenated. Abundant atmospheric oxygen has been treated as a so-called biosignature or a sign of extant life, but this process does not require life."
This image from the Navigation Camera (Navcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows two holes at top center drilled into a sandstone target called "Windjana." The farther hole, with larger pile of tailings around it, is a full-depth sampling hole. It was created by the rover's hammering drill while the drill collected rock-powder sample material from the interior of the rock. The nearer hole was created by a shallower test drilling into the rock in preparation for the sample collection. Each hole is 0.63 inch (1.6 centimeters) in diameter. The full-depth hole is about 2.6 inches (6.5 centimeters) deep, drilled during the 621st Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (May 5, 2014). The test hole is about 0.8 inch (2 centimeters) deep, drilled on Sol 615 (April 29, 2014). This image was taken on Sol 621 (May 5).
The sandstone target's informal name comes from Windjana Gorge in Western Australia. The rock is within a waypoint location called "The Kimberley," where sandstone outcrops with differing resistance to wind erosion result in a stair-step pattern of layers. Windjana is within what the team calls the area's "middle unit," because it is intermediate between rocks that form buttes in the area and lower-lying rocks that show a pattern of striations.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The Curiosity rover has been investigating Gale Crater for around four years and recent evidence supports the possibility conditions needed to form these deposits were present in other locations. The concentrations of manganese oxide discovered were found in mineral-filled cracks in sandstones in a region of the crater called "Kimberley". NASA's Opportunity rover has been exploring the surface of the planet since 2004 and recently reported similar high manganese deposits in a region thousands of miles away. Supporting the idea environments required to form similar deposits could be found well beyond Gale Crater.
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover used the camera at the end of its arm in April and May 2014 to take dozens of component images combined into this self-portrait where the rover drilled into a sandstone target called "Windjana." The camera is the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), which previously recorded portraits of Curiosity at two other important sites during the mission: "Rock Nest"
Winjana is within a science waypoint site called "The Kimberley," where sandstone layers with different degrees of resistance to wind erosion are exposed close together.
The view does not include the rover's arm. It does include the hole in Windjana produced by the hammering drill on Curiosity's arm collecting a sample of rock powder from the interior of the rock. The hole is surrounded by grayish cuttings on top of the rock ledge to the left of the rover. The Mast Camera (Mastcam) atop the rover's remote sensing mast is pointed at the drill hole. The hole is 0.63 inch (1.6 centimeters) in diameter. The rover's wheels are 20 inches (0.5 meter) in diameter.
Most of the component frames of this mosaic view were taken during the 613th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (April 27, 2014). Frames showing Windjana after completion of the drilling were taken on Sol 627 (May 12, 2014). The hole was drilled on Sol 621 (May 5, 2014).
> NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover Marks First Martian Year with Mission Successes
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
What's next for Curiosity?
NASA's Curiosity rover's currently collecting drilled rock powder from the 14th drill site called the Murray formation on the lower part of Mount Sharp. Plans call for NASA's mobile laboratory to head uphill towards new destinations as part of a two-year mission extension starting near the beginning of October.
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover completed a shallow "mini drill" activity on April 29, 2014, as part of evaluating a rock target called "Windjana" for possible full-depth drilling to collect powdered sample material from the rock's interior. This image from Curiosity's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) instrument shows the hole and tailings resulting from the mini drill test. The hole is 0.63 inch (1.6 centimeters) in diameter and about 0.8 inches (2 centimeters) deep.
When collecting sample material, the rover's hammering drill bores as deep as 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters). This preparatory activity enables the rover team to evaluate the interaction between the drill and this particular rock and to view the potential sample-collection target's interior and tailings. Both the mini-drill activity and acquisition of this image occurred during the 615th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (April 29, 2014).
The rover will go forward about a-mile-and-a-half (two-and-a-half-kilometers) to a ridge capped with material rich in the iron-oxide mineral hematite first identified by observations made with NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Just beyond this area, there's also a region with clay-rich bedrock planetary scientists want to have a closer look.
The foreground of this scene from the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows purple-hued rocks near the rover's late-2016 location on lower Mount Sharp. The scene's middle distance includes higher layers that are future destinations for the mission.
Variations in color of the rocks hint at the diversity of their composition on lower Mount Sharp. The purple tone of the foreground rocks has been seen in other rocks where Curiosity's Chemical and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument has detected hematite. Winds and windblown sand in this part of Curiosity's traverse and in this season tend to keep rocks relatively free of dust, which otherwise can cloak rocks' color.
The three frames combined into this mosaic were acquired by the Mastcam's right-eye camera on Nov. 10, 2016, during the 1,516th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars. The scene is presented with a color adjustment that approximates white balancing, to resemble how the rocks and sand would appear under daytime lighting conditions on Earth. Sunlight on Mars is tinged by the dusty atmosphere and this adjustment helps geologists recognize color patterns they are familiar with on Earth.
The view spans about 15 compass degrees, with the left edge toward the southeast. The rover's planned direction of travel from its location when this scene was recorded is generally southeastward.
The orange-looking rocks just above the purplish foreground ones are in the upper portion of the Murray formation, which is the basal section of Mount Sharp, extending up to a ridge-forming layer called the Hematite Unit. Beyond that is the Clay Unit, which is relatively flat and hard to see from this viewpoint. The next rounded hills are the Sulfate Unit, Curiosity's highest planned destination. The most distant slopes in the scene are higher levels of Mount Sharp, beyond where Curiosity will drive.
Figure 1 is a version of the same scene with annotations added as reference points for distance, size and relative elevation. The annotations are triangles with text telling the distance (in kilometers) to the point in the image marked by the triangle, the point's elevation (in meters) relative to the rover's location, and the size (in meters) of an object as big as the triangle at that distance.
Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, built and operates Mastcam. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, and built the project's Curiosity rover.
NASA has been exploring these key exploration sites on lower Mount Sharp as part of an effort to investigate evidence the Red planet was once a much wetter environment, which contrasts with the pictures of Mars we have received from our orbiters and rovers. A wetter environment where life could have taken root and grown.
"We continue to reach higher and younger layers on Mount Sharp," said Curiosity Project Scientist Ashwin Vasavada, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. "Even after four years of exploring near and on the mountain, it still has the potential to completely surprise us."
Planetary scientists found the Murray formation consists primarily of mudstone, which on Earth would form from mud accumulated on the bottom on an ancient lake. This seems to indicate any lake environment that existed on the Red Planet lasted awhile, but we'll need to investigate this possibility more. Plans are for Curiosity to investigate the upper regions of the Murray formation, ahead, for at least one year of the mission.
"We will see whether that record of lakes continues further," Vasavada said. "The more vertical thickness we see, the longer the lakes were present, and the longer habitable conditions existed here. Did the ancient environment change over time? Will the type of evidence we've found so far transition to something else?"
Vasavada said, "The Hematite and the Clay units likely indicate different environments from the conditions recorded in the older rock beneath them and different from each other. It will be interesting to see whether either or both were habitable environments."
Read about the ferocious wind nebula astronomers have observed for the first time.
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Learn more about NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and its mission here.
Discover more about the Red Planet.
Read more about NASA's Curiosity rover.
Tagged Ashwin Vasavada, astronomy, crater called "Kimberley, Curiosity Mars rover, entertainment, lower part of Mount Sharp, Mar's Gale Crater region, Mars, Martian rocks containing manganese oxide minerals, Murray formation, NASA, Nina Lanza, space news, the Red Planet, wetter past of Mars, Windjana2 Comments
2 Jul 2015 19 Mar 2016 by warrenh, posted in astronomy, astronomy answers and questions, astronomy information, astronomy magazines, astronomy news, astronomy questions, astronomy questions and answers, astronomy wiki, entertainment, Mars, NASA, the Red Planet
A symbol for war and aggression for human tribes for thousands of years, fear and foreboding grew in the heart whenever a blood-red star, Mars (the Red Planet) appeared and moved across the night sky.
Global mosaic of Mars. Visible in the center of this mosaic is the largest known chasm in the solar system, Valles Marineris. Reproduced from Volume 14 of the Mars Digital Image Model (MDIM) CD-ROM set.
Space & Astronomy Wiki – the planets of the solar system –
With 11 percent of the mass and half the diameter of Earth, Mars is smaller than Venus and bigger than both Mercury and the Moon. A world of geological wonders, with ancient volcanoes dwarfing the biggest mountains on Earth, the Red Planet had warm and wet geological periods in the distant past.
The most studied of the nine planets besides Earth, Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun at an average distance of 142 million miles and is named after the Roman God of War.
Tuesday was Mars Day in ancient Babylonia, who first created the seven-day week because they believed on this day Mars influenced their lives. With two small moons called Phobos and Deimos, that look much more like asteroids from the Main Asteroid Belt, and a surface that looks Earth-like in photographs, the Red Planet is probably the best planet to terraform.
Mars has an atmosphere primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with a little water vapor, and not enough oxygen for you to breath. With a gravity field .375 of Earth's and an average surface temperature of -81 degrees Celsius, it will take generations to make the Red Planet habitable for human life.
You can find out more about Mars here.
Read about the first Earth-sized planet found orbiting in its host star's habitable zone.
Learn more about main sequence stars like our Sun.
Read about floating debris or waves space scientists see on the seas of Saturn's moon Titan.
Tagged Deimos, God of War, Mars, most studied of the nine planets, Phobos, space & astronomy wiki, the Red Planet, Tuesday is Mars Day in ancient Babylonia1 Comment
NASA Seeks Private-Public Business Partnerships to Enable the Human Desire to Explore Mars and Asteroids
3 Dec 2014 27 Feb 2017 by warrenh, posted in astronomy, astronomy information, astronomy news, astronomy questions, entertainment, first manned mission, habitable planets, habital planets, Mars, NASA, space history, space news, the Red Planet
Visiting Mars and a nearby asteroid is an adventure far beyond climbing the tallest mountain or sailing the deepest seas
Low-resolution VMC image acquired on 15 December 2012 at 03:10:03 GMT at an altitude of 9761.02 km above Mars, on Mars Express orbit number 11,396.
On 18 December 2012, this image was selected as the symbolic "first data" to be downloaded via ESA's new Malargüe deep-space tracking station in Argentina. The image was acquired by the Visual Monitoring Camera on the Mars orbiter and traveled 327 million km in just over 18 minutes.
The tracking pass began at about 22:11 GMT (23:11 CET) on 18 December. On arrival at the station, the data were transmitted to ESOC, ESA's European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany.
Credit: ESA
Space news (December 1, 20140) enabling the journey to Mars –
NASA recently reached out to the public to ask for proposals concerning the development of the concepts and technology required to travel to a nearby asteroid or Mars in the near future. They want to develop partnerships with private individuals and businesses to share combined funding to develop faster space propulsion systems, space habitats capable of keeping humans alive in deep space for extended periods, and small satellites to explore the solar system.
This 3D image shows what it would look like to fly over the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The image was generated by data collected by the Rosetta Lander Imaging System (ROLIS) aboard the European Space Agency's Philae spacecraft during the descent to the spacecraft's initial touchdown on the comet Nov. 12.
NASA and their partners will make use of the Moon and space around it to help enable the next phase of the human journey to the beginning of space and time. It will be easier to both manufactures many of the things needed to enable the journey and develop many of the technologies required on or in space around the Moon. At the same time, we'll learn many things about traveling and surviving in space needed to make the trip and return.
NASA seeks proposals to develop a state-of-the-art solar electric propulsion system in the 50 to the 300-kilowatt range. Currently, NASA uses systems generating less than five kilowatts. They have also selected proposals to develop a solar electric propulsion system in the 40-kilowatt range.
NASA currently has Orion in development, a human habitation capable of keeping four human beings alive in deep space for 21 days and bringing them back to Earth in one piece. They seek proposals concerning possible studies and the development of technologies and concepts to allow humans to travel to a nearby asteroid or Mars and return safely after exploring extensively.
They intend to study architecture, subsystems, and engineering of a modular habitat capable of doing the job. NASA will use any habitat designed and engineered to enable planned missions to the Moon, which will help test it for use in future missions. Studies proposed should address transportation, habitation, operations or environmental capabilities of a modular space habitat.
NASA's also hoping to form partnerships with private firms and individuals in the development and delivery of small satellites called CubeSats. Proposals selected will fly as secondary payloads on Exploration Mission-1, which offers an opportunity to launch these CubeSats into deep space and enable future space science, technology growth, exploration and commercial applications.
NASA wants to provide rewards or incentives for private concerns and individuals desiring to take a hand or increase their stake in the future of human space exploration through this announcement. They're doing this in order to both accomplish current missions and objectives and sustain current investments in space technologies and capabilities needed to journey to the beginning of space and time. They expect partners to contribute significantly to any agreement since any technology or capabilities developed could make a lot of money.
NASA asks all interested private firms or individuals to submit their proposals electronically by 4:30 p.m. EST December 12, 2014. American businesses, charities and international institutions are all eligible to apply. All rewards or incentives can be affected by the amount of money available. NASA could hold off on making awards until it receives funding for the next year or decides to make awards in certain areas and keep the rest back until they know exactly where they stand financially.
You can find more information on this NASA initiative here.
For more information on NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships go here.
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Tagged asteroid, cubesats, enabling human space exploration, Exploration Mission-1, Mars, NASA, NASA seeking private partnerships, new space propulsion systems, Orion, space habitats, the Red Planet, travel to an asteroid, travel to Mars8 Comments
NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover Approaches Kimberly Region
2 Apr 2014 25 Oct 2014 by warrenh, posted in Curiosity, entertainment, Gale Crater, Mars, Mars rovers, NASA, the Red Planet
Astronomy News – 2014/03/25
NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover could be traversing terrain similar to large grained sandstone deposits found on Earth scientists studying images taken of the region surrounding the spacecraft believe.
The 160 degree landscape panorama below photographed by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam) on February 19, 2014 during a stop on the missions 574th day shows an eroded sandstone outcrop called Junda and Mount Sharp on the horizon. The panoramic image below is centered on "the Kimberley", a region 282 feet south from the rovers location, NASA scientists are heading Curiosity toward.
The 160 degree panorama here was taken by the Curiosity Mars Rover.
The 360-degree panorama below is also centered on the Kimberley region to the south. The outcrop of eroded sandstone in the foreground is the same one seen in the 160 degree panorama above.
The 360 degree panorama here is south of the Kimberley
The Kimberley region and Mount Sharp were chosen as prime targets of interest for NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover due to study of images taken from orbit of the region last year. Planetary scientists want to take a look at the Kimberley region because four types of sandstone with different textures intersect there.
"The orbital images didn't tell us what those rocks are, but now that Curiosity is getting closer, we're seeing a preview," said Curiosity Deputy Project Scientist Ashwin Vasavada of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "
The contrasting heights of sandstone here indicates varying erosion resistance
The contrasting textures and durabilities of sandstones in this area are fascinating. While superficially similar, the rocks likely formed and evolved quite differently from each other."
The resistance to erosion of different rock types in a location 400 meters north-northwest of the Kimberley results in the different elevations and surfaces shades seen here. Higher elevations indicates more erosion resistant rock, while the flat, tanned surface is a sandstone with low resistance to erosion. This means the medium height rocks to the right center are less resistant to erosion than the taller rocks at the top of the image.
In earth geology sand is defined as fragmentary sediment smaller than 2 mm and 0.062 mm in diameter. Sandstone is the second most abundant sedimentary rock (20-25%) on Earth. The environment of deposition of surface rocks is generally related to mineral composition. A study of erosion of surface rocks and their mineral composition could provide planetary scientists with clues concerning the environment sandstone was formed in millions of years ago.
In geology the material between grains of sand in sandstone is called cement, whatever it's composition. On earth the particular characteristics of cement varies quite a bit, depending on the environmental and geophysical history of the sandstone formation studied. Sandstones with a high percentage of clay-minerals are generally soft and will readily crumble when hit with a hammer. Sandstone with quartz cement is usually hard and rings when struck with a hammer.
Planetary scientists are hoping to have time in the planned schedule of Curiosity to study the sandstone in the Kimberly region. The results would be very interesting and could tell us a lot about the geological history of the Red Planet.
For the most part, the surface terrain NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover has travelled over thus far was finer grained mud stone, rather than the coarser-grained sandstone outcroppings they expect to discover once they reach the Kimberley region of Mars. Sandstone has been seen in a number of different forms on planet Earth and some earth scientists were probably expecting forms to exist on other planets. Time permitting, planetary scientists are hoping to grab a sample of the terrain in the Kimberley region, they can study in depth using laboratory instruments inside Curiosity.
As with earth geology, an understanding of the process that created the different sandstone formations and outcrops in the Kimberly region, could help explain terrain found in Mars Gale Crater and the reason it has a large layered mountain, Mount Sharp, near its center.
"A major issue for us now is to understand why some rocks resist erosion more than other rocks, especially when they are so close to each other and are both likely to be sandstones," said Michael Malin of Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego.
Read this article on how you can take part in the hunt to find nearby asteroids capable of striking the Earth. "NASA's Asteroid Hunting Contest"
Read this article on NASA's Spitzer Telescope looking into the heart of a supernova. "NASA's Spitzer Telescope Stares into the Chaos of Supernova M82"
Read this article on the search for life beyond Earth. "The Search for Life Beyond Earth Takes a Turn at Jupiter"
Tagged astronomy, Astronomy News, Curiosity, Curiosity Mars rover, Mars Curiosity Rover, Mars' Gale Crater, Mount Sharp, NASA, the Kimberley4 Comments
MAVEN Looks for Clues to Mar's Missing Atmosphere
17 Oct 2010 28 Mar 2016 by warrenh, posted in American Astronomical Society, astronomers, Astronomical Societies, astronomy, astronomy news, Dr. Bruce Jakosky, Dr. Ed Weiler, entertainment, Goddard Flight Center, International Astronomical Union, John Hopkins University, Mars, MAVEN, NASA, National Solar Observatory, Royal Astronomical Society, Russian Space Agency, scientists, the Red Planet
An artist's conception of MAVEN in orbit around Mars
Where did Mar's thicker atmosphere go?
This shot shows water ice clouds at the top that indicate a storm front on the Red Planet
Mars has always been a mystery
Astronomy News – Space scientists looking at the atmosphere of the Red Planet have a bit of a mystery on their hands as the facts would seem to indicate that Mars should have a much more prominent atmosphere. The formation of an atmosphere thick enough for liquid water to flow on the planet's surface would have made the Red Planet a very promising place for the formation of life in our solar system. Planet scientists that have been studying Mars and the data collected by instruments they have focused on the Red Planet and are planning on journeying to the Red Planet to delve into the mystery of Mar's atmosphere using MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission), sometime in the future. They want to see if they can find any clues as to where Mar's atmosphere might have gone and the possible reasons it's no longer present on Mars. They also want to see if they can determine a timeline for the disappearance of the Red Planet's thick atmosphere, which could give them an idea whether Mar's had time to develop life forms.
Planet scientists looking at the surface of Mars see features that lead them to believe that the surface of the Red Planet has been a cold and barren place for billions of years. This is hardly the environment for Earth-based life to develop, but surface features resembling water-channels of some kind and minerals scientists know will form in the presence of water have been found on the surface of Mars. These facts lead planet scientists to the possibility that Mars once had a much thicker atmosphere and was warm enough for liquid water to flow along the surface of Mars. The only problem is Mars currently has a very thin atmosphere unable to protect any liquid water that forms on the surface of Mars from the radiation of the sun and consequently any water would have been scoured from the planet's surface, long ago. This environment would be the end-of-the-road for any known Earth-based life form, but it's possible any Martian life forms that existed during the time when Mar's thicker atmosphere went missing could have decided to go underground in order to survive. NASA plans on sending MAVEN out to the Red Planet to see if they can find any clues to the mystery of where Mar's thicker atmosphere went, sometime in 2013, if NASA's current plans stay on target.
Evidence exists suggesting Mars once had a lot more water
What are the possible reasons Mar's no longer has a much thicker atmosphere? Space scientists at this point believe that Sol could be the main culprit in the disappearance of the Red Planet's atmosphere, that Sol's breath, or solar wind, is the possible force responsible for Mars no longer having a much thicker atmosphere possibly capable of supporting Earth-based life. They think it's possible the electrically charged ions and electrons in the solar wind could have slowly stripped away Mar's thicker atmosphere in its early days, after Mars lost its global magnetic field, which would have normally shielded the thicker atmosphere of the Red Planet from the force of Sol's solar wind, just as Earth's global magnetic field protects our atmosphere from the solar wind. Sol's solar wind isn't the only possibly culprit in the disappearance of Mar's thicker atmosphere and NASA's planning on sending MAVEN to the Red Planet within the next two years to take a look at what remains of the upper atmosphere of Mars, the ionosphere and the way the atmosphere of the Red Planet interacts with Sol and its solar wind.
Check out my newest astronomy work at http://astronomytonight.yolasite.com/, and then let me know what you think?
Tagged astronomers, astronomy, Dr. Bruce Jakosky, Mar's missing atmosphere, Mars, Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission, MAVEN, NASA, the Red Plane, water flowing on the Red Planet2 Comments


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NC Social Security Disability
Apr 06, 2011 No Comments by Charles Hall
At the Charles T. Hall Law Firm, we help our clients with NC Social Security disability claims. That's just about all we do. We have five attorneys who all work pretty much full time on NC Social Security disability claims.
There are many attorneys who dabble in NC Social Security disability claims. We're not dabblers at the Charles T. Hall Law Firm. We stick to what we know. Concentrating on this one field gives the firm and its attorneys a wealth of experience that can be used to hep you with your NC Social Security disability claim.
When you want someone who knows the ropes, someone whose law practice is organized around NC Social Security disability claims, the Charles T. Hall Law Firm is there to help you.
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Charles Hall
Charles Hall is the lead attorney for the Charles Hall Law Firm in Raleigh, NC. He has been practicing in the Social Security Disability law field since 1979, is published, and is ready to help new clients win their benefits in North Carolina.
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text:
Urth Caffé at LAX Named Airport Coffee Shop of the Year in International Food and Beverage Awards
Olga Gallardo
Urth Caffé in Terminal 1 at Los Angeles International Airport has been named Best Airport Coffee Shop of the Year.
(Los Angeles, CA) – Urth Caffé & Bar, which is located in Los Angeles International Airport's (LAX) Terminal 1 and managed by Areas, has been named the Best Airport Coffee, Tea, Non-alcoholic Beverage Outlet of the Year at The Moodie Davitt Report's 2019 Airport Food & Beverage Conference & Awards (FAB). The international FAB Awards honor the best in the airport food and beverage industry who are championing innovation and excellence.
"With a world-class destination as enticing as Los Angeles, we are not only committed to building an airport of the future, but also to creating exceptional facilities and experiences for our guests that offer a taste of L.A.," said Jeffrey Utterback, Deputy Executive Director for Commercial Development, LAWA. "We are pleased that a local L.A. favorite, Urth Caffé has been recognized as one of the best airport coffee concessions in the world. This award is another indication that LAX's transformation continues to wow our guests."
Urth Caffé was founded over 25 years ago by Jilla and Shallom Berkman and currently has eight locations in Southern California, including a location at LAX which opened last year and was formally unveiled with the rest of the recently renovated Terminal 1, where Southwest Airlines is located.
"Urth Caffé is honored to be at LAX Terminal 1. We are also pleased to be a leading pioneer of healthy, sustainable travel at the airport by being the first to serve The Traveler's Blend, a certified organically grown, heirloom coffee blend," said Shallom Berkman, founder of Urth Caffé. "We are excited to be recognized as offering the best airport coffee location. We will continue to offer exclusive, highest quality, organic and cutting-edge coffee, teas, breakfast & lunch menu, and fine desserts."
The LAX Urth Caffé location is managed by operating partner Areas, a food and beverage and travel retail company.
"It is a joy to be able to bring an iconic local brand to our guests," said Sergio Rodriguez, CEO of Areas in the U.S. "Our strong partnership with Urth Caffé has produced an impressive offer to LAX travelers featuring superior quality, organic coffee, teas, and specialty beverages. This brand brings a healthy and unique approach to its coffee shop fare of fresh pastries, sandwiches and salads. These, along with our great service, deliver a sense of place and a noteworthy concept."
LAX is the fourth-busiest airport in the world and the second-busiest in the United States, and is currently in the midst of a $14 billion capital improvement program that will ease traffic congestion and improve the guest experience, and is responsive to and mindful of the wellbeing of its neighboring communities. This award is another example of how LAWA is committed to providing world-class customer service at LAX.
View the complete list of winners from the 2019 Airport Food & Beverage Conference & Awards (FAB) by clicking here.


Norbert Schoerner had an exhibit in the Squash court which I totally enjoyed. He has such a beautiful smile that this image does not do him any justice.
We had a great conversation about his work with cinema references in his recent series and how he felt about hanging his images in the squash court. I could have spoken with him forever. He was also on the photo jury.


These are the major cities in Florida based on such criteria as the number of registered companies, business participants, and issued permits.
The population of Florida is estimated to be 19.646 million people (2016). Since 2010, it has increased by 844,462 people (approximately 4.5%). Neighboring states have the following population: currently, 10.007 million people live in Georgia (3.3% population growth since 2010), 4.831 million live in Alabama (1.1 % growth compared with the data for 2010).
The median household income in Florida is $47,507 (2016). Since 2010, it has increased by $198 (0.4%). The highest median household incomes are in the following cities of Florida: Indian Creek ($250,001), Orchid ($223,500), and Belleair Shore ($216,250). These are the median household incomes in the neighboring states: $49,620 in Georgia and $45,483 in South Carolina.
The median property value in Florida is $159,000 (2016). These are the cities in Florida with the highest median property values: Belleair Shore ($2,000,001), Indian Creek ($2,000,001), Golden Beach ($1,659,700), Manalapan ($1,653,800), and Orchid ($1,353,400). Median home prices in nearby states include $148,100 in Georgia, and $159,000 in South Carolina.
A poverty rate shows the percentage of the poor among the entire population. For the state of Florida, the estimated poverty rate is 12.04% (based on the data for 2016). Since 2010, this figure has increased by 0.68 percentage points. The official poverty rate in the U.S. is 12.7 percent (according to the U.S. Census Bureau for 2016). Thus, we see that Florida is below the national level based on this measure (for this indicator, lower is better). Neighboring Florida states have the following poverty level: the poverty rate in Georgia is 14.16%, in South Carolina—13.49%.
In 2016, the median gross rent in Florida was estimated at $1,002 per month. The following cities top the list of places with the highest median gross rent in Florida: Southwest Ranches ($2,782/mo), Manalapan ($2,625/mo), Highland Beach ($2,526/mo), Key Biscayne ($2,349/mo), and Sewall's Point ($2,232/mo). For comparison purposes, we present data on median gross rent in neighboring states: in Georgia renters pay $879/mo, in South Carolina—$1,002/mo.
The estimated rent burden in Florida is 34.4% (based on Census records for 2016). It is considered that if a household spends no more than 30 percent of its income on rent, utilities, and other building costs, such housing is affordable. Rental housing in Alabama is becoming more affordable. In 2010, the rent burden was higher and estimated at 35.0%. Compare the housing affordability in Florida and neighboring states: in Georgia, the rent burden is 31.3%, in South Carolina — 31.1%.
The share of renter-occupied housing units in Florida is 34.73%. This figure has slightly increased compared to 2010, when 32.64% of houses and apartments were rented out. The following cities in Florida have the highest share of renter-occupied units: Ona (100.00%), Waverly (85.83%), and Florida City (74.98%). Here's what rental market looks like in the nearby states: in Georgia 36.67% of housing units are occupied by renters or tenants, in South Carolina—31.41%.
Experts estimate the number of renter occupied households in Florida at 2,836,155 units (based on Census and ESRI data for 2016). In 2015, there were 2,708,246 of such households. Cities in Florida with the largest number of renter occupied households are the following: Jacksonville (146,490), Miami (126,677), Tampa (77,807), Orlando (72,126), and Tallahassee (48,381). Here's what rental housing looks like in nearby states: there are 1,208,418 renter occupied households in Georgia and 1,208,418 households in Alabama.
The total number of eviction judgments in Florida is 71,615 (2016). In 2015, there were 68,598 evictions. Thus, we observe an increase of 4.4%. In the neighboring states, the picture is as follows: 56,963 evictions were conducted in Georgia, 41,099 evictions were conducted in South Carolina.
There were 139,577 eviction cases filed in Florida in 2016. There were 135,650 of such cases in 2015 (growth of 3927 filings, or 2.9% up). Nearby states recorded the following stats: 203,212 cases were registered in Georgia, 86,682 in South Carolina (data for 2016).
The Florida major cities are presented below statically. The majority of the state residents live in these cities. Furthermore, these cities issued the largest number of permits and registered the largest number of businesses.


Bay Area Women in Film & Media (BAWIFM) presents the 2014 Shorts Showcase. We are seeking independent short films, web series, music videos, and transmedia projects to be screened on November 6, 2014 at the Second Act Theater in San Francisco.
3) Press kit (if available) materials/crew breakdown, etc.
Final selection and details of the screening to be published at http://www.bawifm.org on Oct. 13th, 2014.


text:
ARC Review: Nobody's Butterfly by Claire Davis & Al Stewart
Cobweb ghosts are so inconvenient—especially grumpy ones with bad breath. Don't they know silence is golden?
Johnny Strong is the expert; he hasn't spoken in two years. Not one word to anyone except the ghost. The main purpose of life is to avoid people and not get noticed. Friends? He doesn't need them; and certainly nobody wants him despite what the ghost says.
Until a new boy appears at Windybank—Finn Lyons, teenage wizard. He eats frogs, concocts potions, and is always hungry. Not only does Finn stand up for Johnny; he actively seeks his company and soon becomes part of life.
First love; family and words; a heady mix to go in the potion but how will it all turn out?
Hubble bubble; Johnny Strong's in trouble! Silence is not always golden in this sweet, zany story of the purest magic at Christmas.
This short novella was chock full of every bit of the fun, quirky goodness that I've come to expect from Claire and Al's collaborations.
As the story began, it was immediately apparent that Johnny had suffered great loss, as he hadn't spoken a single word to anyone at Windybank in the two years since he'd arrived. Well, anyone other than the ghost that lived in a cobweb outside of his room, that is.
Then we met Finn, who blew in like a force of freaking nature, with his claim that Johnny was a seeker and Finn came after hearing Johnny's call. Because he's Johnny's own personal wizard, after all. And unlike everyone else, he actually heard what Johnny was thinking, without a single word uttered, so he had to be magical, right?
I absolutely loved the easy camaraderie between Johnny and Finn, after Finn had insinuated himself into Johnny's life, much to Johnny's initial horror.
However, this story wasn't all sunshine and rainbows, as the pair began to bond, then transform their easy friendship into something 'more'.
Johnny's loneliness and isolation were evident on every single page, as was the fact that Finn's past had included confinement and starvation. Finn seriously never stopped eating and hoarded food under his bed, like regular feedings would stop on a moment's notice.
In spite of those darker elements, I found this story to be an absolute delight, as Johnny finally began to overcome his fear of abandonment, and Finn at last had a true friend in his corner, fighting for him, where others had previously failed him so miserably.
I realize that this was part of the mystery and charm of the story, but when I finally got to the last page, I was still left with so many questions that I *really* wanted answered.
Such as...
- If the ghost wasn't real, how did it know details to which even Johnny himself wasn't privy?
- If Finn wasn't magical, how could he know with such precision exactly what Johnny was thinking, while not saying a word?
- What happened to Johnny's *entire* family?
- Why were Greg and Anna okay with their budding relationship, as it was clearly against the house rules?
- Did the ghost ever speak to Johnny again, after the original cobweb was blown away?
GAH! I'm a complete sucker for actually *knowing* everything when all is said and done, so those open-ended details nearly made me mental.
I'd rate this one at around 4.25 stars and highly recommend it to fans of Al and Claire's previous fantastical tales.
My ARC copy of the book was provided by the publisher in exchange for a fair, unbiased review.
Labels: 2017, 4.5 stars, adolescence, ARC, comfort-healing, coming of age, ghosts, HFN, little to no angst, little to no sex, M/M, paranormal, quirky, romance


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Q: Oracle Apex- Update field in dml form on basis of another field which is not primary key Can we update a columns value based on another column name in dml form?
Ex: I have created a normal region with static content.
P1_PERSON_ID - Primary key
P1_PERSON_NAME
P1_ASSIGNED_DEPT
P1_APPROVER
In processing- Automatic DML Processing set.
So when this page is run, i wish to select person name (it is select list) and for that person and that assigned_Dept set approver value.
As i select person name, it would in backend fetch person id which is primary key and accordingly update other columns.
So say when i select Person_Name -> Mark, Assigned_Dept HR and put Approver as 1.
I want the table, it_people in this case to update approver as 1 for person_name as Mark and dept as HR.
Something like update it_people set approver-1 where person_name= Mark and assigned_Dept=HR.
Primary key is PERSON_ID but because the form wont have any prefetched value for particular employee, i want it to update one column based on another column values.
Is it possible?
P.S. I had raised similar question but could not explain the correct issue so raised here to clearly mention the requirement.
Oracle Apex 20.1 Automatic DML processing not working to save updates
Old thread

A: I don't have access to your data so I gave it a try with the sample dataset EMP/DEPT. This is a testcase that does exactly what you describe.

*

*Create a form with report on table emp

*In the form attributes, only check "Update Row" as "Allowed Operations"

*For this example, I want to select an employee and update his salary using built in row processing. So I hid all the columns except for the SAL column. Then I made the P1_EMPNO a select list (instead of hidden). This is the primary key field, so if you make it a select list, the selected value in the select list is the primary key for the row you want to update. Source query for P1_EMPNO:

SELECT ename,
       empno
  FROM emp

Now access the form via the "edit" link on the emp report for any employee. Select an employee and change the salary. If you save the correct row is updated.
--Koen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Oscillation of a particle due to electrostatic attraction of 4 rods
I came across this problem in a previous year's version of my AP Physics test, about oscillations and waves. Here is the problem:

My solution:
Since we know $\frac{F}{m} = a, -\omega^2x = \frac{-40x}{(4x^2+4)(\sqrt{2+4x^2}}, \omega =\sqrt{\frac{-40}{(4x^2+4)\sqrt{2+4x^2}}}.$

Since we know that it starts at the extreme position, the position equation of SHM is $x(t) = 0.05\cos\omega t.$ Thus we set $x(t)=0.02$ and see that:

$0.4 = \cos\omega t.$ Plugging  $x$ into the $\omega$ equation above we get that $\cos 2.17t = 0.4$. From here, should I use the period of $\cos$ to find the second solution? Or should I just take the $\arccos$ of this equation?

Thank you.

A:
In the Figure above we see the graphs of the force $\:F(x)\:$ and the potential $\:V(x)\:$ in the region $\:x \in (-5m,+5m)\:$ far from simple harmonic motion.
In the Figure below we see the graphs of the force $\:F(x)\:$ and the potential $\:V(x)\:$ in the region $\:x \in (-0.05m,+0.05m)\:$ with great accuracy simple harmonic motion. Try to find the "spring constant" $\:k\:$ to find what the problem asks for.

A: Where does it say in the problem that the motion is simple harmonic?
For simple harmonic motion the restoring force $F$ has to satisfy the equation $F=-m\omega^2x$ where $\omega$ is a constant independent of $x$.
Such a relationship would produce a force $F$ against displacement $X$ graph which was a straight line through the origin of gradient $-m\omega^2$.
The given force does not satisfy this condition as shown in the graph below.

Noting that $x$ in the force equation is in metres and the displacements are in centimetre you are only going to be concerned with the part of the graph close to the origin.
By inspection the graph looks like a straight line and does have a negative gradient.
So what you need to do is a Taylor expansion of your equation for the force about $x=0$ and ignore any terms of order $x^2$ and above.
If you do not know how to do that then you can use the fact that $x<1$ and so $x^2\ll 1$ to simplify the force equation.
You will then have a relationship of the form $F \approx - k x$ which would give you simple harmonic motion.
This will enable you to find a value for $\omega$ and hence solve the problem.


Spelling. Are you looking for Making up?
What does waking up mean as a name of something?
"Waking Up" is the second studio album by American rock band OneRepublic, released through Interscope Records on November 17, 2009. The album peaked at number 21 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 400,000 copies in the U.S and over 800,000 total.
"Waking Up" is a song by the Britpop group Elastica. It was released as a single in February 1995 and reached #13 on the UK Singles Chart. It preceded the release of their self-titled debut album, which came out the following month.
"Waking Up" is a solo album by Topper Headon best known as the drummer of The Clash. The album was released by Mercury in 1986 with a cover photograph taken by Tim White. "Leave It to Luck" was released as a single and as part of an EP. The album was dedicated to the memory of Pete Farndon.
"Waking Up" is the third studio album from Bethany Dillon. It was released on April 3, 2007. It contains the singles "the Kingdom", and "When You Love Someone".
"Waking Up" is a composition, cataloged instance.
"Waking Up" is a musical single of Elastica.
"Waking Up" is a musical album of Martin Landquist.
"Waking Up" is a musical album of Mitsuru Sutoh.
"Waking Up" is a musical single of Dangerkids.
"Waking Up" is a book by Charles Tart.
also known as "Waking up: overcoming the obstacles to human potential"
"Waking Up" is a 2014 book by Sam Harris.
The Evolution, Function, Nature, and Mysteries of Slumber by Deirdre Barrett, Patrick McNamara Ph.D.
Waking up from naps is easy for some children and harder for others. Some children need a longer amount of time to fully wake up and join the group. Others wake up before most of the other children and need something quiet to do. 2.
Frank just woke up - or partially awake it seems.
Just minutes after she woke up.
View more pictures about Waking up early.
Cast Iron manifolds on the 292 Ford C2AE block that smoke a little during curing. The coating is from Eastwood and is the Stainless Steel Exhaust coating.
Waking up to a vocabulary test!
Book Creator app LLI book, Level A, Lesson 1.
See also the pronunciation examples of Waking Up!
Abc story American Sign Language "waking up"
Go to the usage examples of Waking Up to see it in context!


We all already know that bottled water is bad. It's expensive–more expensive per gallon than gas. It's polluting–a waste of gas to transport all those heavy plastic bottles. And, it turns out, it's not any better for you than tap water. While towns have to report the results of water quality tests annually, most bottled water manufacturers don't even post that information on their web sites. The Government Accountability Office recently concluded that the Environmental Protection Agency does a better job regulating tap water than the Food and Drug Administration does bottled water.
Okay, okay, that's established. My big question: Should I filter my tap water? I had a Brita pitcher when I first moved to Boston. Then I moved to an apartment with a filter in the door of the fridge (terribly inefficient, by the way) and dumped the Brita. When we moved into our current apartment, we switched to straight tap water, and I felt kind of ridiculous for having wasted so much money on filters over the years.
But the New York Times recently published an article about how spikes in pesticide levels in tap water aren't being accurately reported. And when I looked up water filters on Consumer Reports (my bible), they specifically used Boston as an example of tests showing lead levels of 45 times the legal limit. Since lead is usually picked up from the pipes leading to and inside your house, that won't show up on the city's annual report.
On the other hand, there are no children in our house and neither of us are planning on becoming pregant. Those are the two groups that are actually affected by such small levels of contaminants (like with mercury in fish). So we don't really need to worry, right? And having a recurring expense for something we don't actually need (and making it into a habit that's hard to break) is just silly.
On the other other hand, it's kind of freaky to think that I could be drinking heavy metals and E.coli. I might just test our tap water to see if a filter's necessary. Consumer Reports listed a few options, including state-certified labs and an over-the-counter kit. What do you think?
Posted: August 25th, 2009 under Water.
What did you learn? We're looking at the same question at my house.
My water's fine, and the test was super easy. Check out my update: http://pragmaticenvironmentalism.com/2009/09/03/water-filter-update.


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