text:
Digital Encyclopedia
Virtual Collection
Digital Encyclopedia of Ancient Life→
Echinodermata→
Chapter contents:
–– 1. Exclusively Fossil Taxa
–– 2. Crinoidea ←
–– 3. Asteroidea
–– 4. Ophiuroidea
–– 5. Echinoidea
–– 6. Holothuroidea
You can find 3D models of Crinoidea here!
This page was written by Jansen Smith. It was last updated on May 26, 2020.
Above image: Fossil crinoids from the Jurassic by Kevin Walsh; Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
Class Crinoidea Snapshot
Examples: sea lillies and feather stars
Ecology: marine filter feeders
Key features of group: pinnuled arms, multi-component stalk
Diversity: ~660 living sp., ~6,000 extinct sp.
Fossil record: Ordovician to Recent
Crinoids, like other members of the phylum Echinodermata, are exclusively marine animals with pentaradial symmetry and water-vascular systems. Though some groups have lost the stalk in adult forms, crinoids are considered to follow the stalked, radial morphology, as the stalkless forms are derived from stalked ancestors. Crinoids are generally considered to be the sister group (i.e., closely related but least similar) to the other living echinoderm classes (see the phylogeny below). Unique from other extant echinoderm classes, crinoids feed primarily by filter feeding. To feed, crinoids use their stalk, or column, to elevate the crown (i.e., cup with vital organs, and feather-like arms) into the water column. When the stalk is present, as in most fossil forms, crinoids are often referred to as sea lilies—crinoid means "lily-like" in Greek. The stalk has been lost in adults of many modern crinoids (a stalk is present in larval stages), called feather stars, as an adaptation to be more mobile than their fossil predescessors. Today, more than 660 species of living crinoid have been identified, and more than 6,000 fossil species have been described, with the oldest dating to the Tremadocian Stage (485.4 – 477.7 million years ago) of Ordovician Period. In the sections that follow, we will explore the anatomy of crinoids before looking at their diversity and ecology from the Ordovician to the present.
Highly simplified overview of Echinodermata phylogeny based in part on the hypothesis of relationships presented by Reich et al. (2015). Image by Jaleigh Q. Pier; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.
Crinoid skeletal anatomy
The crinoid skeleton contains numerous elements made of magnesium-rich calcite and are held together by a combination of ligaments and muscles. Crinoids have two general components, a crown used for feeding and reproduction, and a column used to elevate the crown into the water column and for attachment to the ocean bottom. The crown and stalk each include two parts. The crown includes arms, which attach at their base in a radial arrangement to the second part, a cup or a ovate calyx, which contains the vital organs. The two parts of the stalk are the columnals, which give the crinoid its height, and the holdfast, which is used to keep the crinoid in place. In the following sections, we will take a closer look at each of these parts.
Basic anatomy of a crinoid. Image by William I. Ausich; Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
Crinoid arms serve three major functions: respiration, suspension feeding, and locomotion. The large surface area of the arms facilitates gas exchange in respiration. As passive suspension feeders, crinoids also rely on their arms to capture tiny food particles from the water column. Each arm is lined with tube feet—extensions of the water vascular system—covered in a sticky mucus. When a food particle is captured by one of the tube feet, the crinoid uses its tube feet to move the particle moved into an ambulacral groove. From there, the food moves to the mouth. Watch the video below to see a living crinoid suspension feeding.
Watch a feather star feeding. In the close up (17s - 27s), you can see the feather star use its tube feet to catch food particles and transfer those particles to the ambulacral groove, which leads to the mouth. "VERY SPINY FEATHER STAR - 바다나리 류" by Sea School. Source: YouTube.
The final major function of crinoid arms is locomotion in some post-Paleozoic crinoids (watch the videos below to see the crinoids in action). Early crinoids, during the Paleozoic, did not have the capacity to move and, instead, attached themselves to the place where they settled from the water column as larvae. Towards the second half of the Paleozoic, some crinoids may have evolved the capacity for locomotion (see the figure on generic diversity below), potentially crawling with their arms and cirri. More mobile, stalkless crinoids belonging to extant clades (e.g., comatulids), followed in the Late Triassic. Stalkless crinoids can move either by crawling along the ocean bottom or by using their arms to actively swim. When crawling, stalkless crinoids use their arms to pull themselves across the substrate and, interestingly, this behavior has also been observed in some stalked crinoids. As such, the crawling behavior may have served as an intermediary evolutionary step towards active swimming. Today—and presumably for the millions of years since the Late Triassic—many comatulid crinoids swam using alternating strokes of the arms, powered by contraction of their muscles. It has been hypothesized that swimming and crawling behaviors help crinoids avoid predators. For example, many feather stars are nocturnal, hiding from predators during the day, but crawling to a feeding perch at night. Similarly, stalked crinoids can crawl away from a predator or move to find more suitable habitat for suspension feeding (learn more in the paleoecology section below).
Crinoid: Actinocrinites gibsoni (PRI 78779) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
Check out the arms and cup of this fossil monobathrid crinoid Actinocrinites gibsoni from the Carboniferous (Mississippian) Edwardsville Formation of Montgomery County, Indiana (PRI 78779). A feeding gastropod, Platyceras (Orthonychia) equilaterum, is associated with this specimen (PRI 78780). Specimen is from the research collection of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Length of crinoid is approximately 10 cm. Model by Emily Hauf.
The crinoids' arms attach at their base to the cup (or calyx), which contains the vital organisms. The cup is encased by plates, providing structure and protection. The topside of the cup, also referred to as the oral side (as opposed to aboral), contains both the mouth and, typically, the anus, which are connected by a U-shaped gut. Around the mouth, which is usually central in the cup, ambulacral grooves carry food from the arms using small cilia (tiny moving hairs) to transport the small food particles captured by filter feeding.
Crinoid: Eucalyptocrinites caelatus (PRI 70772) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
The crown of a camerate crinoid, Eucalyptocrinites caelatus, from the Silurian period of Niagara County, New York (PRI 70772). Specimen is from the collections of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Specimen is approximately 5 cm in length and represents the calyx and arms of the crinoid animal.
Columnals
The majority of the stalk (column) is a series of columnals, which begin immediately below the cup. Though the stalk has been lost in many modern comatulid crinoids (at least in their mature, adult forms), columnal components of the stalk are among the most common Paleozoic fossils. These skeletal components, also called columnals, are preserved in such great abundances that they were purportedly used as jewelry in North America, the United Kingdom, and Germany, where they were referred to as "Indian beads," "St. Cuthbert's beads," and "St. Boniface pennies," respectively. When a crinoid is alive, the columnals are connected by soft tissues; however, when the crinoid dies, these tissues decay and leave behind a hole in the center of each columnal. Because a crinoid stalk is made up of potentially dozens of columnals, which break apart after the animal dies, they leave behind a great many fossils. Take a closer look at columnals in the image and 3D models below.
Devonian rock from Upstate New York with an abundance of fossil crinoid columnals. Photo by Jansen Smith.
Crinoid stem segments (PRI 76734) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
A piece of crinoidal limestone consisting of hundreds of indvidual crinoid stem segments, from the Mississippian Keokuk Limestone of Monroe County, Indiana (PRI 76734). Specimen is from the collections of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Longest dimension of specimen is approximately 8.5 cm. Model by Emily Hauf.
Fossil specimen of an articulated series of crinoid stem segments from the Pennsylvanian of Tulsa, Oklahoma (PRI 76733). Specimen is from the collections of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Specimen is approximately 4.5 cm in length. Model by Emily Hauf.
In the living organism, the stalk is primarily a support structure used to elevate the food gathering portions of the animal into the water column. In early crinoids from the Paleozoic, an attachment region, called a holdfast, was present at the base of the stalk and was used to cement the crinoid to hard substrates.
Crinoid: Eucalyptocrinus sp. (PRI 76776) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
Fossil specimen of the holdfast of the camerate crinoid Eucalyptocrinus sp. from the Silurian Waldron Shale of Shelby County, Indiana (PRI 76776). Specimen is from the collections of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Longest dimension of rock is approximately 9.5 cm.
Starting during the Ordovician, many crinoids evolved holdfast structures for attachment to a greater variety of substrates. In some groups of more modern crinoids (e.g., isocrinids), the holdfast has been replaced by a set of cirri, which can release and regrasp the ocean bottom, allowing the crinoid to move. The cirri can also occur along the stalk in some crinoids and these are also used to grasp and attach to substrate. Because crinoids can still be found alive today, we can study living individuals to learn more about the anatomy and physiology of this group. Watch the video below to learn more about crinoids.
Sea Star on a Stick - Introducing Crinoids from Charles Messing on Vimeo.
Learn more about crinoids from crinoid researcher Charles Messing in this video entitled, "Sea Star on a Stick: Introducing Crinoids" by Charles Messing. Source: Vimeo.
Crinoid diversity through time
The evolutionary history of crinoids and their diversity can be broken into two general segments, Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic—three distinct Paleozoic crinoid faunas have been discussed in the literature but, for simplicity, will be considered them together here. After first evolving in the Ordovician, crinoids were a prominent member of ocean bottom communities in the Paleozoic. Like many other organisms, crinoids were hard hit by the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. In a severe evolutionary bottleneck, as few as one genus survived the extinction. Post-Paleozoic crinoids eventually regained the ecological diversity of their predecessors but never recovered the variety of morphological forms found from the Paleozoic. To date, more than 6,000 fossil crinoid species have been decribed, and at least 660 modern species are known. Modern crinoid genus-level diversity has nearly matched Paleozoic levels as sea lilies and feather stars continue to evolve. The abundance of modern genera compared to Cenozoic diversity is likely an artefact of sampling because shallow-water feather stars do not live in a habitat that favors preservation and deep-water rocks are rarely preserved where they can be sampled for macrofossils.
"Generic diversity of crinoids through the Phanerozoic showing the relative proportions of taxa possessing locomotory traits (red) and those lacking such traits (black). Locomotory traits include muscular arm articulations with a well-developed fulcral ridge, fulcrum-bearing cirri distributed along the length of the stalk, absence of a cementing or root-like mode of attachment: for the Paleozoic, this includes only some cladid genera, while for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the comatulids, isocrinids, and holocrinids. Generic data from Sepkoski (2002) and Webster (2003)." Figure and caption from Baumiller and Messing (2007) in Paleontologica Electronica; Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.
Paleozoic crinoids
Crinoids first appeared in the fossil record during the Tremadocian Stage (485.4 – 477.7 million years ago) of the Ordovician and became diverse during the Great Ordovician Biodiversity Event—a time when many clades of early life diversified. In the Early Ordovician, most crinoids were obligate hard-substrate taxa with relatively primitive holdfasts (for examples, see the 3D models below). They were commonly a dominant component of nearshore, hardground ecosystems. During this early Paleozoic time, crinoids possessed relatively sparse arrays of arms, each lined with a large ambulacral groove; however, these features changed quickly as the group diversified and specialized. By the Middle Ordovician, crinoids evolved a broader set of holdfast types, allowing them to move beyond strictly hardground substrates. Crinoids were hard hit during the end-Ordovician mass extinction event, with groups like the Diplobathrida, Disparida, and Hybocrinida losing more than 75% of their genera. This extinction, and the subsequent recovery, marks the transition from the Early to the Middle Paleozoic crinoind evolutionary fauna.
Crinoid: Daedalocrinus sp. (PRI 49826) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
The fossil disparid Daedalocrinus sp. from the Ordovician period (PRI 49826). Disparids such as this one were common in deeper, lower energy environments. This specimen is on public display at the Museum of the Earth, Ithaca, New York. Length of specimen is approximately 7.5 cm.
Crinoids: S. bilineatus and B. christinae (PRI) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
Fossil specimens of the cladid crinoids Stellarocrinus bilineatus (PRI 49827) and Brabeocrinus christinae (PRI 76675) from the Pennsylvanian Bond Fm. of Livingston County, Illinois. Specimen is on display at the Museum of the Earth, Ithaca, New York. Longest dimension of rock is approximately 8.5 cm.
Crinoids diversified in the Silurian and Devonian until reaching their maximum fossil diversity during the Early Carboniferous—this time is also called the Mississippian Period. During the middle of the Paleozoic, the first muscular arm articulations evolved in the cladid group, which eventually gave rise to all post-Paleozoic diversity. The evolution of muscles is notable, as these muscles contribute to crinoid flexibility and locomotion, with potential for rapid movement. In fact, the crinoid capacity to move likely evolved during the Devonian, potentially in association with the innovation of muscles.
A comatulid crinoid, Tropiometra carinata, demonstrating the use of cirri for substrate attachment. This mode of attachment is common in modern crinoids and likely began to evolve by at least the Mississippian. Photo by Seascapeza; Creative Commone Attribution-Share Alike Unported 3.0 license.
The Mississippian is often referred to as the "Age of Crinoids" because of the biodiversity and shear abundance of crinoids—it was during this time that the Late Paleozoic crinoid evolutionary fauna arose. By this time, most crinoids had evolved to use rooted or cirri attachments rather than the cemented holdfasts common in early Paleozoic crinoids. Though the vast majority of these crinoid species still were not capable of movement, evolution away from cemented holdfasts enabled them to live in a wider variety of environments, regardless of the substrate. As the Paleozoic Era came to a close, Crinoid diversity had already begun to decline before the decimation of the end-Permian mass extinction. Only one lineage of crinoids, the Articulata, survived the mass extinction and some evidence suggests only a single genus persisted.
Post-Paleozoic crinoids
Following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, crinoids underwent a major evolutionary radiation. With this radiation, many crinoid species evolved the capacity for movement and, by the end of the Middle Triassic, mobile crinoids were in the majority, compared to immobile forms. Although there was species turnover—similar rates of extinction and origination of species—crinoids passed through the end-Triassic mass extinction with relatively little loss of diversity.
Free-living Uintacrinus socialis specimens from the Cretaceous of Kansas. These stalkless crinoids likely lived in floating colonies, making them somewhat unique in their life habit compared to other crinoids. Photograph by Jonathan R. Hendricks of specimens on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science.
Crinoid diversity during the Mesozoic reached its peak towards the end of the Jurassic. Despite the dominance of mobile crinoids in the Triassic, sessile (i.e., non-moving) crinoids diversified rapidly throughout the Jurassic. Though many of the sessile genera survived into the earliest Cretaceous, most of them went extinct before the Middle Cretaceous. From that point onward, mobile crinoids have dominated the crinoid fauna.
An array of Jurassic Seirocrinus and Pentacrinites (members of the Pentacrinitidae famliy) attached to a piece of driftwood. This specimen is on display at the Urwelt-Museum Hauff Holzmaden. Image by Ghedoghedo; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Mesozoic crinoids never recovered the morphological diversity that they exhibited during the Paleozoic but equaled, if not exceeded, the ecological diversity of their predecessors. As discussed by Michael Foote (1999), the restriction in morphological diversity may be due to genetic constraint. That is, the crinoids that survived the Permo-Triassic extinction—potentially a single genus—did not have the genetic tool kit required to "build" the types of features found in Paleozoic crinoids. This effect, called a bottleneck, limited the variety of forms that were possible for Mesozoic crinoids.
Starting in the Mesozoic and continuing into the Cenozoic, predation on crinoids contributed substantially to the dominance of mobile genera. During the Mesozoic, escalating ecological processes led to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, wherein predators became more powerful and more efficient. Consequently, the ability to escape predators would have been a significant advantage for mobile crinoids. Mobile crinoids remain the most dominant forms today, comprising as much as 85% of the fauna. Of the stalked crinoids that remain, none live naturally in depths less than 150 meters. The presence of more active predators in the shallower ocean has relegated these once dominant forms to deeper ocean habitats.
Examples of living crinoids, including an isocrinid (top left) and two comatulida (bottom left; right). Top left image from NOAA (public domain). Bottom left image from NOAA (public domain). Right image by Alexander Vasenin; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Today, crinoids have regained a high level of generic diversity and are represented by more than 660 living species. Though the Cenozoic record of crinoids is depauperate, more than 6,000 fossil species have been described since the Ordovician. The numerous genera of Recent crinoids compared to fossil crinoids of the Cenozoic likely reflects preservational bias, particularly against mobile taxa like feather stars that live in habitats with low preservational potential. Additionally, fossils commonly undergo taphonomic processes, becoming compressed, fragmented, and otherwise challenging to interpret and identify. With continued study, Cenozoic crinoid diversity may increase.
Crinoid (paleo)ecology
All crinoids are suspension feeders, meaning they extract their food from water as it flows past them. Unlike some other suspension feeders that actively pump water past their own feeding apparatuses (e.g., some sponges, bivalves), crinoids are considered passive suspension feeders because they only capture food particles and do not manipulate the flow of water as it passes them. Early crinoids, such as those dominant during much of the Paleozoic, were often cemented to a single location and unable to move. As such, it was critical for these stationary animals to be situated in a location where water currents facilitated suspension feeding. Although the adult organisms were stationary, the crinoid larvae were, and still are, plankontic. Considering living crinoids and other organisms with similar life habits, it is likely that the crinoid larvae were able to detect suitable locations before settling out of the water column and growing into adults. To learn more about how crinoids are studied, and particularly how studies of living crinoids are used to understand fossil crinoids, watch the video below.
Learn more about crinoids, and how they are studied, in this video, "Living Fossils - Full Episode" by ChangingSeasTV. Source: YouTube.
Water currents in the ocean are variable, which means the food supply to stationary crinoids was also variable. To cope with this variability, Paleozoic crinoids evolved slightly different body plans when living in areas with weaker (e.g., deeper water) or stronger (e.g., shallower water) currents. As discussed by Holterhoff (1997), in shallower environments, where water currents were commonly strong, crinoids were more likely to have a large calyx and a dense array of arms and pinnules. To the contrary, fossil crinoids from deeper environments, where water currents were weaker, had a smaller calyx and fewer arms and pinnules. As crinoids evolved the ability to move, particularly toward the end of the Paleozoic, this pattern likely broke down, as individuals could move themselves to an optimal water current for feeding.
During the Mesozoic, individuals in one family, Pentacrinitidae, utilized a particularly novel approach to life. Pentacrinitids, which are an extinct relative of the living isocrinids and potentially an evolutionary descendent of the earliest free-living isocrinids, attached themselves to driftwood and moved with it as it floated around the ocean. Interestingly, a group of barnacles employs a similar strategy today: they attach to whales and and various types of floating debris and suspension feed while moving through the water. With this strategy, the floating pentacrinitids—and some barnacles, today—could access a broader array of food resources than individuals attached to the ocean bottom. Despite this innovation, pentacrinitids went extinct during the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic.
A reconstruction of Pentacrinites attached to a piece of driftwood. Image by NobuTamura; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
In today's oceans, the majority of crinoids are capable of moving themselves. Some species of comatulids (i.e., feather stars) are even capable of swimming for short periods. Those that cannot swim, including some feather stars and the isocrinids, move instead by crawling along the seafloor. By being mobile, these crinoids can position themselves for more efficient filter feeding and, critically, mobility allows the crinoids to escape some of their predators, like sea urchins and fish.
A swimming comatulid crinoid. "Rare Moment Feather Star is Caught Swimming" by Caters Clips. Source: YouTube.
Watch as a stalked isocrinid, Neocrinus decorus, crawls away from a predatory sea star (off camera). "Crawling Crinoid" posted by gamecraziness2. Source: YouTube. Video captured by Tomasz Baumiller.
Predation on crinoids
Predation has played an important role in the diversification and distribution of crinoids in space and time. Early on, in the Ordovician and Silurian, there is very little evidence of predation on crinoids; however, from the Devonian onward, evidence of predation becomes abundant. As discussed by Tomasz Baumiller (2008), the evidence of predation can take several forms, including damaged cups and arms, evidence of arm or pinnule regeneration, and crinoid remains preserved in fossilized fish scat. Whereas the capacity to swim and crawl is likely an effective defensive strategy against crawling sea stars and urchins, it is less effective against more agile swimmers like fish. Crinoids have developed an additional defensive strategy, autotomy, that can be deployed against fish, sea stars, and sea urchins alike.
A selection of crinoid predators, including boarfish (Antigonia capros; left), sea stars (Pycnopodia helianthoides; middle), and sea urchins (Calocidaris micans; right). Left image by NOAA/NMFS/SEFSC Pascagoula Laboratory; Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. Middle image by MOs810; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Right image by NOAA Okeanos Explorer (public domain).
Autotomy is the intentional loss of an appendage and is a defensive strategy that has evolved independently in different branches of the tree of life. For example, some lizards will lose their tails when pursued or captured by a predator. If they are being pursued, the tail often distracts the predator, allowing the lizard to escape. Likewise, losing the tail can be an effective means for getting free from a predator's grasp. Crinoids do not have tails to lose, but they will often drop an arm, or even their stalk, in order to avoid fatal predation.
Watch as a sea urchin consumes a feather star on the sea floor. Not even autotomy could save the feather star this time. "Sea urchin consumes a feather star crinoid" by UM News Service. Source: YouTube.
Much like the mythical hydra regrowing its heads, when a crinoid loses an arm, it grows back either one or two fully functional arms in its place—many crinoids actually do this in order to increase their number of arms and, thereby, increase their capacity to suspension feed. In addition to observing modern crinoids utilizing this anti-predatory behavior, evidence of arm loss and regeneration can be found in the fossil record, including from the Paleozoic. The proportion of individuals in a community with evidence of autotomy can be highly variable, ranging from 0–100%, but modern and fossil frequencies typically range from 15–30%. Because of their autotomy behavior, predation is not fatal for crinoids in many cases.
Crinoid parasites and commensalists
In addition to antagonistic predator-prey interactions, fossil and modern crinoids interact closely with a variety of other organisms. In the Ordovician through Permian fossil record, a group of snails called platyceratids are often found attached to crinoids (see if you can find it in the 3D model below). Initially, paleontologists in the 1800s thought the crinoids were eating the platyceratid snails because the snails are often found on the top side of the cup, close to the crinoid's mouth.
Crinoid: Agaricocrinus americanus (PRI 70601) by Digital Atlas of Ancient Life on Sketchfab
Fossil specimen of the monobathrid crinoid Agaricocrinus americanus from the Mississippian Edwardsville Formation of Montgomery County, Indiana (PRI 70601). Also present is a small, parasitic gastropod called Palaeocapulus equilateralis. Specimen is from the collections of the Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, New York. Length of crinoid is approximtely 10 cm.
After examination of additional specimens, this hypothesis was rejected in favor of a new explanation: the snails were actually eating the effluent released by the crinoid (i.e., coprophagy). Given the common position of the snails near the anal opening of the crinoids, which is coincidentally located very near the mouth, this explanation portrays the relationship as a commensalism—an interaction between species where one species benefits and the other species neither benefits nor suffers. Continued study of fossil crinoid specimens, particularly studies examining cross-sections from the region where the snails attached to the crinoids, has revealed the presence of small drill holes. These holes suggest that the snails may have bored into the crinoid to consume nutrients straight out of the crinoid gut, and potentially the reproductive organs. That is, the snails may have been parasites. There are several species of platyceratid snail, and they are found on a variety of crinoids, leaving open the possibility for multiple types of interactions. It is clear that the snails benefitted from the interaction by gaining food; however, it remains unclear whether the interaction was always negative from the perspective of the crinoid, or merely a neutral one in some cases.
Modern crinoids, especially comatulids, are also regularly observed with other organisms—including shrimp, lobsters, worms, and fish—living on and amongst their arms. The relationships between the crinoids and these organisms is somewhat variable, ranging from parasitic (e.g., interactions with worms) to mutualisms where both organisms benefit (e.g., interactions with shrimp, lobsters, and fish). The crinoids serve as a host and, indirectly through their larger size, protect the smaller organisms from their predators. The smaller organisms also benefit by feeding on food trapped amongst the crinoids' arms and pinnules. Through this feeding, some of the smaller "hitch hikers" clean the crinoid, which may benefit the crinoids. Watch the video below to learn more about these relationships and to see the organisms in action.
Learn more about crinoid ecology in this video on "Feather Stars and Their Animal Invaders" by Nat Geo WILD. Source: YouTube.
Next Section: Asteroidea
Previous Section: Exclusively Fossil Taxa
Ausich, W. I. 1980. A model for niche differentiation in Lower Mississippian crinoid communities. Journal of Paleontology, 54: 273-288.
Ausich, W. I. 1998. Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (Phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 72: 499-510.
Baumiller, T. K. 2008. Crinoid ecological morphology. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 36: 221-249.
Baumiller, T. K., and F. J. Gahn. 2018. The nature of the platyceratid–crinoid association as revealed by cross-sectional data from the Carboniferous of Alabama (USA). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology, 137: 177-187.
Cole, S. R., D. F. Wright, and W. I. Ausich. 2019. Phylogenetic community paleoecology of one of the earliest complex crinoid faunas (Brechin Lagerstätte, Ordovician). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 521: 82–98.
Foote, M. 1999. Morphological diversity in the evolutionary radiation of Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic crinoids. Paleobiology, 25: 1-115.
Gorzelak, P., M. A. Salamon, D. Trzęsiok, R. Lach, and T. K. Baumiller. 2016. Diversity dynamics of post‐Palaeozoic crinoids–in quest of the factors affecting crinoid macroevolution. Lethaia, 49: 231-244.
Hess, H., W. I. Ausich, C. E. Brett, and M. J. Simms. 2002. Fossil crinoids. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, 300 pp.
Holterhoff, P. F. (1997). Paleocommunity and evolutionary ecology of Paleozoic crinoids. The Paleontological Society Papers, 3: 69-106.
Wright, D. F., W. I. Ausich, S. R. Cole, M. E. Peter, and E. C. Rhenberg. 2017. Phylogenetic taxonomy and classification of the Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology, 91: 829-846.
Unless otherwise indicated, the written and visual content on this page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. This page was written by Jansen A. Smith. See captions of individual images for attributions. See original source material for licenses associated with video and/or 3D model content.
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Q: Bind from ngstorage to dropdown I used ngstorage to save some value in localstorage
My contrroller is:
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My view is:
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when reload the page angular can not bind the selectedlanguage
Thanks in advance

A: In the ng-options attribute, you can specify the values and title for each option in the expression it self, your other issue was that you're specifying an object as the ng-model, you need to tell the dropdown which value to match on, so accessing language on the selectedlanguage object will work fine.
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The above is the same as below, but a more complex expression, the below is just easier to read but it's exactly the same:
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Demo: https://jsfiddle.net/suunyz3e/289/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Something special happens when you discover your true self. We know what we've created is different. We are the most amount of custom in the city. Suits, Shirts, Blazers, Shoes, Overcoats, Denim & much much more. What we provide to our clientele is not just special to us, but also FOR you.
Our experience is catered specifically for you. Flip through fabrics and access our wealth of knowledge.
We've aligned ourselves with the top fabric mills out of the United Kingdom & Italy. Coupled with our expert Master Tailors, you're destined to feel a suit so special, it'll have you wondering why you haven't tried us sooner!


Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Senator Chris Evans, has said overseas students who are currently studying in Australia will still have options for permanent residence if they have the skills and qualifications needed by employers.
Students studying in Australia have been reassured that they will still have an option to seek permanent residency if their occupation is on the new Skilled Occupations List.
The comments came only a day after the announcement of major changes to the Australian skilled migration program, including the process by which an overseas student can seek permanent residence.
International students currently studying in Australia who hold a vocational, higher education or postgraduate student visa will still be able to apply for permanent residence if their occupation is on the new Skilled Occupations List (SOL), which will be announced mid-2010.
The new SOL will focus on addressing Australia's future skills needs, and aim to deliver a mix of professions and trades in areas such as healthcare, engineering and mining.
Those overseas students currently studying a course in an occupation that is not on the new SOL will have until the end of 2012 to apply for a temporary skilled graduate visa.
The temporary skilled graduate visa will enable holders to spend up to 18 months in Australia to acquire work experience and find an Australian employer willing to be a sponsor on completion of their course.
"Australia welcomes international students and will continue to provide an opportunity for those who have the necessary qualifications and skills to find an Australian employer willing to sponsor them for a permanent visa," the minister said in a media release.


I, Samantha, am a writer by passion, and formerly by profession. These days, I've stepped away from the computer to follow my dream of becoming a pastry cook.
This blog started because, as the fiance of a firefighter in New York City, I found myself searching for a community of those who have experienced the FDNY Academy and beyond.
It turns out there is very little out there specific to the FDNY and that which girlfriends, fiances, and wives face on a daily basis. This prompted a change in the direction of this blog in May 2015. Before I was just looking to explore life and better myself; then I decided to create such a resource through stories of this lady and her firefighter.
One day in early 2013, this downstate New York girl from a big family fell for the western New York motorcycle-riding Man who is an only child. I was a word-nerd working from home, and he was an engineer working in a piano factory, but we were always waiting for the FDNY to call his number.
While we had already built a life filled with love, family, and great times, our lives entered a new, foreign chapter in 2015. I was no longer just a confidante, adventure companion, soul mate, and girlfriend; I had been asked to become the crucial piece of The Man's support system as he began his journey to becoming a firefighter in the great city of New York.
He is realizing his dream, reaching new limits of physical and mental ability. I will stretch my editorial muscles, navigating the realm of healthy self-expression, and exploring new levels of support, love, respect, and dedication. While we grow independently, The Man and I remain unified as we paddle through uncharted waters, balancing a life of sweet and heat.
We hope that our journeys bring entertainment, love, lessons, and hope to firefighters, their partners and family, and more. Feedback is always welcome! To reach out and share your own stories with us and others, click here to contact The Lady and the Firefighter.
You are a beautiful Lady indeed! Inside and out!
Thank you! I'm trying to get the hang of it!


text:
Who Are Rory and Danielle on 'Love Is Blind'? Meet the Couple Left on the Cutting Room Floor
By Brett White Twitter @brettwhite Feb 25, 2020 at 11:10am	 359 Shares
Photos: Netflix
Don't Feel Ashamed of Your Streaming History When You Look Back on 2020
'Love Is Blind' Foreshadowed the Insanity of 2020
The 10 Most WTF Game Show Moments of 2020
'Stranger Things', 'Bird Box', and More Originals are Now Streaming for Free on Netflix
Love Is Blind, Netflix's smash hit reality romance series, is highly addictive and endlessly engaging. Watch just one episode and you'll find yourself completely obsessed, awash with questions. There's enough fascinating minutiae to fixate on in regards to the handful of romances that made it into the show, the ones that constitute this saga's already dense canon. But as with Star Wars or any rich fictional mythology, there's somehow even more story to be told between the scenes! Yep, just like every creature in the Mos Eisley cantina, every single participant in Love Is Blind has a rich story about their time in the pods—and that includes relationships and full-blown engagements that we did not get to see! The Love Is Blind expanded universe must be explored!
Thankfully, one half of one of the unseen engaged couples spilled the tea to Women's Health. You might remember Rory Newbrough (28, a live-streamer or "brand director" as labeled on the show) as the de facto therapist, the guy who we only ever saw counseling all the other dudes through their relationships. It truly felt like he was a therapist and/or plant dropped into the experiment in order to coax exposition and emotions out of the guys. But no, he was involved in the process too—and he found love!
He found it with Danielle Drouin, a 29-year-old yoga instructor/model. The two hit it off immediately, according to Rory, and would talk for "19 or 20 hours a day" (which confirms that the pods definitely have time manipulation capabilities that may explain how people fell in love after a day). The two even got an elaborate meeting-for-the-first-time hallway scene, and none of it made the cut. Instead, this is basically the extent of what we saw of Danielle's time in the pods:
We saw more of Rory, but only in the context of him counseling other guys on their relationships. But what we didn't see, he says, is that he also coached Giannina, Amber, and LC through their dates with other men, too!
So, why didn't we see any of this on the show? The show, in real Season 1 fashion, had no idea if this wacky premise would even work. "They were like, 'We were expecting one or two [engagements], not eight! We set up to film five!'" said Rory. "It was this weird whiplash moment, like 'What!?' They just kind of gave us our phones back and said 'Good luck, thanks for joining us, but we just can't cover your story.'" Rory and Danielle paid for their own getaway to Miami, but broke up soon after. And Love Is Blind creator Chris Coelen told Entertainment Weekly that Danielle is now with Matt Thomas, another one of the show's rarely-seen podlings (what else do we call them?).
Also, this means that 8 couples left the pods with rings on their fingers.
Cameron & Lauren
Carlton & Diamond
Damian & Giannina
Kenny & Kelly
Mark & Jessica
Barnett & Amber
Rory & Danielle
? & ?
Who is the eighth couple?! Great, now there's more mystery surrounding Love Is Blind than before!
If you want to learn more about Rory and Danielle, you can follow them on Instagram at @iam_daniellerose and @rorynewbrough. Tune into the season finale of Love Is Blind on Thursday, February 27 starting at 3:01 a.m. ET to find out how many of the couples actually say "I do."
Stream Love Is Blind on Netflix

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


> Research Library > McAfee > Why Malicious Cyberactivities Are "The Greatest Transfer of Wealth in Human History"
Cybercrime and cyberespionage cost the world millions and even billions of dollars annually. Add to that loss of confidential data and intellectual property, business disruptions, reputation damage, and the cost of securing networks and systems. In addition to the financial costs, malicious cyberactivities have larger ramifications on the social fabric of our society, such slowing the pace of innovation, distorting trade, and creating job loss. All of these factors make estimating the cost of cybercrime a big challenge.


A moisturizing toner that provides moisture to very dry and sensitive skin, this herbal botanical extract helps to condition the skin and helps to refresh and moisturize the skin.
No paraben, mineral oil, artificial dyes, animal derivatives.
Does not contain any paraben, mineral oil, artificial dyes, and animal derivatives.
How to use: After cleansing, take an appropriate amount of this product to the cotton pad and wipe according to the direction of the skin texture.


text:
Persone
 Hiroshi Tsutsui – musicista e compositore giapponese
 Mariko Tsutsui – attrice giapponese
 Tetsuya Tsutsui – fumettista giapponese
 Yasutaka Tsutsui – scrittore e attore giapponese

Altro
 Clan Tsutsui – clan di samurai del medioevo giapponese discendenti del clan Fujiwara

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Perhaps non-players don't always believe us, but most chess fans would find it hard to deny that Chess is a beautiful game.
Although games can last for hours, and it can feel – to those who aren't gripped by a position's nuances – that it would be more entertaining to watch paint dry, there is often more drama and action on a chess board than you would ever see on a football field.
Although every game starts the same way – 16 pieces versus 16 pieces, all in their traditional starting positions – the virtually limitless possibilities mean that we never quite know what we're going to get.
But I can tell you what we want to see. We want to see an Immortal Game.
The first chess match to receive the title of "The Immortal Game" was played in London, in June 1851, between Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky. And it's hard to think of a chess game more exciting – with bold, dramatic sacrifices leading to a stunning checkmate.
You can view the game (via a rather nifty animated GIF) to the right of this article.
And earlier this month, a brand new chess game was touted as an "Immortal Game", and perhaps one of the greatest games of the 21st century.
The stunning game was played by 16-year-old chess phenomenon Wei Yi versus Cuba's Lazaro Bruzon Bautista at a recent tournament.
And like Adolf Anderssen, Wei Yei proves he has no problem making dramatic sacrifices to gain an advantage and lead his opponent's king into a mating trap.
As "Ginger GM" Simon Williams explains in the following video, what's impressive is not just that White saw the rook sacrifice on F7 (which probably many would have viewed as an interesting line), but that Wei Yei appears to have pieced together the rest of the jigsaw and seen that a checkmate was up for grabs umpteen moves later.
Is it right to call the Wui Yei / Lazaro Bruzon Bautista a classic "immortal" game? I don't know. But it's darn impressive, and beautiful to watch.


text:
Jan August Clarysse (Meulebeke, 2 februari 1814 - Roeselare, 3 november 1873) was een West-Vlaamse priester, oudheidkundige en architect.

Als zoon van Franciscus Clarysse (1771-1837) (een arbeider die zich had opgewerkt tot aannemer) en van Regina Van Steenkiste (1786-1819), was hij reeds op jonge leeftijd vertrouwd met de praktijk van de bouwkunde.

Architect
Volgens zijn voornaamste biograaf A. de Leyn kwam zijn talent als architect reeds aan het licht in zijn scholierentijd, toen hij de plannen tekende voor een huis op de markt te Tielt. Toen hij bij de dood van zijn vader de leiding overnam op de bouwplaats van de kerk te Meulebeke-Marialoop, bleek eveneens zijn inzicht in bouwkunde.

Na zijn collegejaren te Tielt en te Roeselare studeerde hij verder aan het Grootseminarie te Brugge, waar hij op 21 mei 1842 tot priester werd gewijd.

Als architect is hij vooral bekend van de kerken te Maria-Aalter - parochiekerk Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Bijstand of Hulp der Christenen (1850-1851), Poesele (1850-1851), Gontrode (1854-1855), Serskamp (1856-1858), Wontergem (1857-1859), Doomkerke - neogotische Sint-Caroluskerk (1864-1867) en Roeselare parochiekerk Onze-Lieve-Vrouw (1864-1876).

Publicaties
 Leergang van praktische bouwkunde, z.j.
 Over het Gotiek, z.j.
 Geschiedenis van Wingene (onuitgegeven).

Referentie
Jean VAN CLEVEN, Jan August Clarysse, in: Nationaal biografisch woordenboek, Brussel, Paleis der Academiën, deel 10, 1983, kol. 109-114*
 Fernand BONNEURE, Jan August Clarysse, in: Lexicon van West-Vlaamse schrijvers, Deel I, Torhout, 1984.

Belgisch architect
Belgisch rooms-katholiek priester
Vereniging West-Vlaamse schrijvers


Megan Alton over at Waking Up Happy has been conducting interviews as part of her Knowing Birth series. I am honored to have my interview featured.
…It was only when I was pregnant that I learned about Ina May Gaskin. I found out that the Farm's Midwifery Center was still around, and went down there for a weekend to check it out (both the Center and the community in general). It wasn't going to be realistic to have my baby there, but from being there and after a long conversation with one of the original and still-practicing midwives, I felt better-equipped to make a decision (even though the videos they showed scared the crap out of me)….
What qualifications do you look for in a midwife/OB/primary care provider?
Read the rest of the interview over at Waking Up Happy.


text:
Carriera

Giocatore
Cabralzinho giocò per Santos, São Bento, Fluminense, Palmeiras e Bangu, con un'esperienza negli Stati Uniti d'America con gli Houston Stars.

Nell'estate 1967 con il  disputò il campionato nordamericano organizzato dalla United Soccer Association: accadde infatti che tale campionato fu disputato da formazioni europee e sudamericane per conto delle franchigie ufficialmente iscritte al campionato, che per ragioni di tempo non avevano potuto allestire le proprie squadre. Il Bangu rappresentò gli , che concluse la Western Division al quarto posto finale.

Allenatore
Iniziò ad allenare nel 1979, allenando tra gli altri il Santos nel 1995 e lo Al-Zamalek in Egitto tra il 2002 ed il 2003 e tra il 2004 ed il 2005. Mentre allenava lo Zamalek rifiutò offerte di lavoro dell'Al-Ahly e della Nazionale di calcio dell'Egitto.

Ha poi allenato l'Espérance in Tunisia dal maggio al novembre 2008 ed aveva già allenato il club africano nel 2007; nel settembre 2009 è stato assunto dall'Al-Ittihad Al-Sakndary.

Nel gennaio 2014 è stato nominato nuovo allenatore del Syrianska, neoretrocesso nella seconda serie svedese, ma dopo sole tre settimane di precampionato lascia l'incarico per motivi personali.

Palmarès

Giocatore

Competizioni statali

São Bento: 1962

Bangu: 1964

Bangu: 1966

Competizioni nazionali

Palmeiras: 1969

Allenatore

Competizioni statali

Goiás: 1996

América-MG: 2001

Figueirense: 2002

Competizioni nazionali

Al-Zamalek: 2001

Al-Zamalek: 2002-2003

Esperance: 2006-2007

Competizioni internazionali

Al-Zamalek: 2002

Al-Zamalek: 2003

Note

Collegamenti esterni


Make sure you perfect your door knocking technique as a new agent.
Are you a new agent and nervous to go door knocking?
Don't get caught off guard. Not appearing knowledgeable enough is one way to turn away a potential client. Here are Loida Velasquez's tips on how to be a prepared and effective door knocker.
The 3:13-minute mark shows a great way to make sure you are prepared enough.


History (from Greek ἱστορία – historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often generically implied to mean human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians.


text:
Bluff, Durban achieves International Whale Heritage Site status
Spearheaded by Helga du Preez and Melissa Lee, of Soul of South Durban (SODURBA) Community Tourism Association, the campaign to bid for Whale Heritage Site status for eThekwini has seen fruition. Inspired by the World Whale Conference held in Durban in June 2017, du Preez, supported by WILDOCEANS' Rachel Kramer, Matthew Cocks of WESSA and Bluff ward councillor JP Prinsloo worked assiduously with the Bluff Steering Committee to meet the criteria required by the World Cetacean Alliance (WCA) to apply for certification.
Established by the WCA, Whale Heritage Sites are an initiative aimed at increasing the protection and conservation of cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and their habitats while also contributing to sustainable livelihoods, the arts, science and education.
Whale Heritage Site (WHS) status is granted to those places around the world where cetaceans are celebrated through art, education, research and cultural events; where sustainable practices and livelihoods are continually improved to ensure the health of cetacean habitats and the long-term economic health of human communities; and where respectful coexistence with cetaceans is supported through law, policy and cooperation.
Whale Heritage Sites are high sea or coastal marine areas, and less often freshwater rivers and lakes, where cetaceans live, and the associated land areas. Whale Heritage Sites are identified against criteria that interweave natural and cultural elements and acknowledge critical places that, for reasons of physical and social geography, are sites where people can coexist with cetaceans in an authentic and respectful way.
"Whale Heritage Sites are becoming the gold standard for responsible whale watching destinations worldwide," said Jean-Michel Cousteau, honorary president of the World Cetacean Alliance, which runs the certification initiative.
Accreditation as a Whale Heritage Site brings regional, national, and global attention to the area and helps to promote sustainable tourism, marine conservation, and the whale-related cultural heritage of coastal communities. Out of nine international applications only two where successfully, the Bluff in Durban (South Africa) and Hervey Bay in Australia. The potential economic impact on the South Durban Basin and eThekwini as a whole is tremendous and will be embraced by all stakeholders who will benefit from the steering committee's achievement. Only two such sites exist in the world and the Bluff is one of them. "This can be a strategic job creator and investment opportunity in our city and community. Given the difficult economic climate and high unemployment rate such an opportunity should be widely embraced. This is also a chance for us to keep building towards our vision of making the Bluff a Green Community," said JP Prinsloo, ward councillor for the Bluff area.
The Bluff offers an historic whaling station and many opportunities for whale and dolphin watching along the extensive coast. This presents an opportunity for tourists to take a cultural and environmental journey from the cruel, irresponsible activities of commercial whaling to the respect these magnificent animals now deserve from conservation authorities around the world.
The future success of the Whale Heritage Site status will rely heavily on building partnerships and getting private investment. Another key success factor will be the response by the city of eThekwini and their drive towards supporting this fledgling industry. The combined efforts of SODURBA, WILDOCEANS (a programme of the WILDTRUST), WESSA Treasure Beach, councillor JP Prinsloo and local municipal officials has proved successful. These successes include an annual Welcoming of the Whales Festival attended by more than 6000 people in 2019, a Whale Sports festival, establishing view sites, whale themed art installations along the whale heritage route and a 3m whale sculpture called Destiny.
Dylan Walker, CEO of the World Cetacean Alliance said, "We would like to thank The Bluff Steering Committee for the outstanding work undertaken that has culminated in this certification. We view the Bluff as a wonderful example of how a small, but dedicated, group of people working tirelessly can develop responsible and sustainable tourism with associated benefits for local human and cetacean communities in an area that faces many other environmental and social challenges."


Greg Zorian will be teaching a pompadour class at the New York State Barber Expo. This is the 2nd Annual New York State Barber Expo which will host some of the country's top barbers, lead educators, and most prominent companies in the barber industry, on Sunday, September 17 at the Empire State Plaza Convention Center in Albany, New York. Along with the class the How To Cut Hair barber education company and the Zorian of New York men's premium grooming product company will be exhibiting their products at booth number 210 and will be featuring many show specials. The products on display will include Barber DVDs which demonstrate a variety of men's haircuts and barbering techniques, premium pomades which include high shine and matte finishes, shaving products, and specialty shampoos and styling gels all with unique fragrances and packaging.
In the Pompadour class you will learn the many barbering techniques necessary to create a perfectly balanced pompadour. Using a mix of scissor over comb, clipper over comb, straight razor sculpting, fading, and blending techniques Greg will walk you through the step by step process to completing this popular haircut. You will also learn the styling techniques and products necessary to make your pompadour stand out in a crowd. Before and after the class stop by booth number 210 for live cutting demonstrations, product specials, and to meet Greg and some of his team members.


In the last month or so I've gotten a lot of "WHEN'S YOUR BOOK COMING OUT ALREADY?!" messages. Ok, so no one used all caps and no one yelled the question at me. But at this point, I interpret everything book related to ALL CAPS. I'm just that excited.
I make no apologies for my title, even though we all know its a gross exaggeration of what happened this past weekend at the LIT conference I attended with my friend Lindsay.
I am the slowest learner ever. Its unfortunate because it means I have to keep learning the same lessons, and boy, lessons are the HARDEST.
Step 1. Your wonderful husband is working the late shift today, meaning you got to sleep in a little bit and he helped out with the kids all morning. SCORE!


text:
I rimatori toscani di transizione, conosciuti anche come  rimatori siculo-toscani , sono un gruppo di poeti, che dopo la caduta degli Svevi nel Regno di Sicilia, hanno ereditato la tradizione della poesia siciliana e il suo tema centrale dell'amore, introducendo anche altri temi come la politica, la guerra, la morale e il quotidiano vivere civile.

Mentre i poeti della scuola siciliana, come Giacomo da Lentini, Pier della Vigna, Cielo d'Alcamo, Odo delle Colonne, vivono alla corte di Federico II di Svevia e ne interpretano i valori dominanti, rielaborando a loro volta esempi della lirica provenzale, i poeti dell'area centro-settentrionale sono immersi nella società comunale, con la sua vitalità e con i suoi problemi. Questo spiega la tematica più ampia, che a sua volta richiede la creazione di un linguaggio poetico meno rarefatto, a volte anzi aspro e difficile. Emerge, in un clima di duri contrasti politici, il ceto borghese, alla ricerca di un sistema di valori etici e civili adatti al mondo più aperto e complesso delle città.

Vengono riprese le forme della canzone e del sonetto, originario della Scuola siciliana, ma si sperimentano anche altre forme metriche, come la ballata, e altri temi, come nel caso della canzone politica, sul modello del sirventese provenzale. La lingua utilizzata è il toscano.

I principali autori sono Guittone d'Arezzo, autore di un Canzoniere dove tratta argomenti amorosi e moralistici, considerato il maestro di Bonagiunta Orbicciani, nonostante fosse più giovane di lui, Chiaro Davanzati, Compiuta Donzella e Brunetto Latini, autore del poemetto didascalico Il Tesoretto.

Voci correlate
 Lirica toscana
 Scuola siciliana

Letteratura italiana del XIII secolo


text:
Crystal healing amulet with Black Tourmaline, Norwegian Moonstone & Bronzite
Crystal healing amulet with Black Tourmaline, Norwegian Moonstone and Bronzite. The necklace is beaded with smooth stones, and minimally braided with intricately thin black micro-macrame cord, very strong and durable, yet soft and comfortable to wear. This would make a perfect crystal energy companion for those who prefer a more minimalistic style or who need to wear more understated jewellery for example in some work environments.
The length of the necklace is fully adjustable from as short as you wish to approx. 52 cm (20.5) all around length. The central Black Tourmaline is approx. 2 cm (0.8") wide and the beaded part extends approx. 6.5 cm (2.6") on both sides.
One of the most well-known protective stones, shielding its user from negativity. A shamanic stone used for grounding during vision quests. Empowering for those who work in challenging environments. Purifies and transforms denser energies into lighter vibrations and is also detoxifying for the body. If you're sensitive to electromagnetic smog, you may get relief by wearing black Tourmaline.
NORWEGIAN MOONSTONE (aka Black Labradorite, Larvikite)
Repels negative energy and can make you more adaptable to life's situations. It also stimulates inner visions so it's very suited to meditation. Black Labradorite is also said to connect with nature spirits. On physical level, it is said to be good for renewing and maintaining vitality and youthfulness.
Encourages loving, non-judgemental mindset. Helps in gaining certainty about one's decisions and the right course of action. Bronzite is said to bring harmony into discordant situations, protective when the wearer might feel a lack of control. Instils a feeling of calmness when having "many irons in the fire". A stone of focused action. Grounds you into the knowing that "All Is Well".


One day, high school student Sakaki Yuuichi awakened his power to see words over other people heads. It is the ability to see the power of enemy's soul called "Lord of Soul" (named by his sister). Suddenly suspicious people with words like "Undead," "Witch," "Vampire" started to appear everywhere around him! Furthermore, the "Serial Killer" Natsuki started to approach the confused Yuuichi....!?
A fighting comedy story about the "strongest" brother who endured the "training" of his "chuunibyou" older sister begins!
Neechan wa Chuunibyou was published digitally in English as My Big Sister Lives in a Fantasy World by J-Novel Club from December 3, 2016 to December 30, 2017.


text:
package docker

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/base64"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"regexp"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/control-center/serviced/commons"
	dockerclient "github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient"
	"github.com/zenoss/glog"
)

const (
	DefaultSocket   = "unix:///var/run/docker.sock"
	DefaultRegistry = "https://index.docker.io/v1/"
	Latest          = "latest"
	MaxLayers       = 127 - 2
)

// IsImageNotFound parses an err to determine whether the image is not found
func IsImageNotFound(err error) bool {
	if err != nil {
		if err == dockerclient.ErrNoSuchImage {
			return true
		}
		var checks = []*regexp.Regexp{
			regexp.MustCompile("Tag .* not found in repository .*"),
			regexp.MustCompile("Error: image .* not found"),
		}
		for _, check := range checks {
			if ok := check.MatchString(err.Error()); ok {
				return true
			}
		}
	}
	return false
}

// Docker is the docker client for the dfs
type Docker interface {
	FindImage(image string) (*dockerclient.Image, error)
	SaveImages(images []string, writer io.Writer) error
	LoadImage(reader io.Reader) error
	PushImage(image string) error
	PullImage(image string) error
	TagImage(oldImage, newImage string) error
	RemoveImage(image string) error
	FindContainer(ctr string) (*dockerclient.Container, error)
	CommitContainer(ctr, image string) (*dockerclient.Image, error)
	GetImageHash(image string) (string, error)
	GetContainerStats(containerID string, timeout time.Duration) (*dockerclient.Stats, error)
	FindImageByHash(imageHash string, checkAllLayers bool) (*dockerclient.Image, error)
}

type DockerClient struct {
	dc *dockerclient.Client
}

func NewDockerClient() (*DockerClient, error) {
	dc, err := dockerclient.NewClient(DefaultSocket)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &DockerClient{dc}, nil
}

func (d *DockerClient) FindImage(image string) (*dockerclient.Image, error) {
	return d.dc.InspectImage(image)
}

func (d *DockerClient) SaveImages(images []string, writer io.Writer) error {
	opts := dockerclient.ExportImagesOptions{
		Names:        images,
		OutputStream: writer,
	}
	glog.Infof("Exporting images %s", images)
	return d.dc.ExportImages(opts)
}

func (d *DockerClient) LoadImage(reader io.Reader) error {
	opts := dockerclient.LoadImageOptions{
		InputStream: reader,
	}
	return d.dc.LoadImage(opts)
}

func (d *DockerClient) PushImage(image string) error {
	imageID, err := commons.ParseImageID(image)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	opts := dockerclient.PushImageOptions{
		Name:     imageID.BaseName(),
		Tag:      imageID.Tag,
		Registry: imageID.Registry(),
	}
	creds := d.fetchCreds(imageID.Registry())
	return d.dc.PushImage(opts, creds)
}

func (d *DockerClient) PullImage(image string) error {
	imageID, err := commons.ParseImageID(image)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	opts := dockerclient.PullImageOptions{
		Repository: imageID.BaseName(),
		Registry:   imageID.Registry(),
		Tag:        imageID.Tag,
	}
	creds := d.fetchCreds(imageID.Registry())
	return d.dc.PullImage(opts, creds)
}

func (d *DockerClient) TagImage(oldImage, newImage string) error {
	newImageID, err := commons.ParseImageID(newImage)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	opts := dockerclient.TagImageOptions{
		Repo:  newImageID.BaseName(),
		Tag:   newImageID.Tag,
		Force: true,
	}
	return d.dc.TagImage(oldImage, opts)
}

func (d *DockerClient) RemoveImage(image string) error {
	return d.dc.RemoveImage(image)
}

func (d *DockerClient) FindContainer(ctr string) (*dockerclient.Container, error) {
	return d.dc.InspectContainer(ctr)
}

func (d *DockerClient) CommitContainer(ctr string, image string) (*dockerclient.Image, error) {
	imageID, err := commons.ParseImageID(image)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	opts := dockerclient.CommitContainerOptions{
		Container:  ctr,
		Repository: imageID.BaseName(),
		Tag:        imageID.Tag,
	}
	return d.dc.CommitContainer(opts)
}

func (d *DockerClient) fetchCreds(registry string) (auth dockerclient.AuthConfiguration) {
	if registry = strings.TrimSpace(registry); registry == "" {
		registry = DefaultRegistry
	}
	auths, err := dockerclient.NewAuthConfigurationsFromDockerCfg()
	if err != nil {
		return
	}
	auth, ok := auths.Configs[registry]
	if ok {
		glog.V(1).Infof("Authorized as %s in registry %s", auth.Email, registry)
	}
	return
}

// Generates a unique hash of an image, based on the creation time and command of each layer.
// CC-1750: the hash does NOT include the layer size because during HA testing we ran into
//          an edge case where 2 copies of the same image on different machines had different
//          layer sizes.
func (d *DockerClient) GetImageHash(image string) (string, error) {
	historyList, err := d.dc.ImageHistory(image)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	var buffer bytes.Buffer
	for _, history := range historyList {
		imageDataString := fmt.Sprintf("%d-%s\n", history.Created, history.CreatedBy)
		buffer.WriteString(imageDataString)
	}

	h := sha256.New()
	sha := base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(h.Sum(buffer.Bytes()))

	return sha, nil
}

func (d *DockerClient) GetContainerStats(containerID string, timeout time.Duration) (*dockerclient.Stats, error) {
	var retErr error
	statsChan := make(chan *dockerclient.Stats)
	stopChan := make(chan bool) // unused since we are NOT streaming
	finishedChan := make(chan bool)

	opts := dockerclient.StatsOptions{
		ID:      containerID,
		Stats:   statsChan,
		Stream:  false, //Pull the stats once then exit
		Done:    stopChan,
		Timeout: timeout,
	}

	// Start streaming stats
	go func() {
		retErr = d.dc.Stats(opts)
		finishedChan <- true
	}()

	// Grab the one result
	result := <-statsChan

	// Wait for the api call to exit
	_ = <-finishedChan

	// Check for errors and return
	if retErr != nil {
		return nil, retErr
	}

	return result, nil
}

// FindImageByHash searches all local images for an image with the given hash
func (d *DockerClient) FindImageByHash(imageHash string, checkAllLayers bool) (*dockerclient.Image, error) {
	opts := dockerclient.ListImagesOptions{
		All:     checkAllLayers,
		Digests: false,
	}

	allImages, err := d.dc.ListImages(opts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	for _, apiImage := range allImages {
		if hash, err := d.GetImageHash(apiImage.ID); err == nil {
			if hash == imageHash {
				return d.FindImage(apiImage.ID)
			}
		} else {
			glog.Warningf("Error computing hash for %s: %s", apiImage.ID, err)
		}
	}

	return nil, dockerclient.ErrNoSuchImage
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Posted May 1, 2017 by Sage & filed under Media, Yoga.
The first of this odd-numbered month means a new video is up at Core Strength for Real People. This one is not for core strength, but for core release. If you get enthusiastic about ab exercises, you can get too tight across the front of your body, putting extra pressure on your back. The stretches you'll find in this sequence target pectoralis minor and the hip flexor muscles to help bring you back into balance front to back. As a bonus, they're relaxing!
Enjoy the preview above, and buy or rent the entire video at the Core Strength for Real People page. Better yet, subscribe, and for less than the price of one Pilates or yoga class, you'll get access to the entire library, and a new video to challenge you every other month. There are lots more fun challenges—and release exercises—coming your way! Get started now.


Exhibits for the Equal Remuneration Case will be posted to this page when received.
Amended tables in relation to modern award rates amended to align the 4 year graduate entry point with the 4 year graduate entry point in the Professional Employees Award 2010.
Response to questions from the Full Bench asked during proceedings on 28 November and 7 December 2011 in regards to Commonwealth funding.
Bundle of letters from parties in support of joint submission as at Wednesday 7 December 2011.
SPRC Report profiling non-government community service organisations in New South Wales, Social Policy Research Centre.


Tekken 5 Pc Game is a fighting game developed & published by Namco in 2004 for the arcades and in 2005 for PlayStation 2. It is the 5th canonical installment, and 6th main installment, in the popular Tekken series, marking the 10th anniversary of the series. The game was upgraded to Tekken 5.1, which had mostly balance changes to gameplay, and later an update Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection which was released for the arcades in 2005 & later ported to the PlayStation Portable as Tekken: Dark Resurrection. You can also download Tekken 6.
Update: Installation instructions for complete setup process have been added.
The game removes numerous major gameplay changes introduced in Tekken 4, such as uneven stage terrain, in the favor of a faster gameplay akin to older games in the series. It is also the 1st game in the series to feature the ability to customize characters with accessories, clothing, & other aesthetic items purchased with in-game currency. There are up to Thirty-two characters to choose from, including 7 new fighters. The home version includes a mode known as the Devil Within, a variant of Tekken Force introduced in Tekken 3. Unlike Tekken 5.1 which only tried to balance the game, the update Dark Resurrection adds a host of the new content, especially in its home version for PSP.
Tekken 5 Game is credited with taking series back to its roots. It incorporates a quicker, more fluid fighting system, improved graphics, returning characters, & some of the Tekken series' trademark countless stages. New to Tekken 5 is a crush system which affects the vulnerability of a character even as they attack. For example, a move with jumping properties, such as a hop kick, will be completely invulnerable during mainly of its animation time to all of the opponent's low attacks.
It also retains its wall juggling concept from the Tekken 4, but the element is in fact less easy to abuse & easier to defend against. Home version is a collector's edition of sorts, as it includes arcade versions of Tekken, Tekken 2, Tekken 3 and StarBlade. Tekken 5 also allowed the players to customize their fighter for the first time, allowing them to change colors of their outfits, buy additional costumes, and equip them with items by using the money gained from playing Story, Survival, Time Attack, the side-story Devil Within, & Arcade Battle modes.
Tekken 5 Iso includes a beat 'em up minigame in the direct lineage to Tekken Force modes in Tekken 3 & Tekken 4 called Devil Within. This minigame follows the adventures of the JinKazama as he searches the G Corporation in search for information on his missing mother & other answers. Being somewhat story oriented, player is not permitted to use their own choice of characters like last iterations. The game also uses a limited button system, incorporating a Block & Jump button as well as sizing down the attack buttons to simple "Punch" & "Kick" buttons. Along with fighting different Jack models in the mini-game, player must pursue minor key quests to proceed. This mode is one of the 2 ways to unlock the playable version of the Jin's Devil incarnation, Devil Jin.
Tekken 5 Pc Game is 5th Edition of tekken series. It is also can be found in google by tekken 5 download for pc, Tekken 5 Iso, Tekken 5 Full Download, Tekken 5 Free Download, Tekken 5 Full Game Download, Free Download Tekken 5 keywords.
Right click on the downloaded file and click on "Extract here".
Now right click on the file named "pcsx2.rar" and click on "Extract here" again.
Once extracted, Open the folder named "pcsx2".
Double click on the file named "pcsx2.0.9.6.exe" to start the game.
Controls that move from side to side do not work. The game ignores.


This event was epic! Over 1000 people came through the door with 260 of those making prints for our gigantic tile wall. For many this was their first time ever making a print! Huge thanks to Satellite Project Space and our many volunteers for making this event possible.


text:
View All Mitsubishi
Unlock Ratings
View Pricing Information
Predicted Reliability
Predicted Owner Satisfaction
2019 Mitsubishi Outlander Ratings & Reliability
Outdated and outclassed, the Outlander struggles to compete. Its high point is a standard tiny third-row seat, a rarity in this class. Though the ride is absorbent, it is also buoyant and doesn't feel tied down; Mitsubishi says the ride has been improved for 2019. Handling is clumsy, with slow steering response and lots of body lean in corners. The base 2.4-liter four-cylinder is mated to a CVT that amplifies the engine's howl when drivers ask for power. Acceleration is leisurely at 10 seconds from 0 to 60 mph, and its 24 mpg overall is lackluster. Top-tier GT trims get a 3.0-liter V6 and six-speed automatic. Forward collision warning and lane departure warning are available on some trims. The plug-in hybrid can do a claimed 22 miles on electric power before switching to hybrid mode.
2016 Redesign Year
Mitsubishi's small SUV alternates between mediocrity and competitiveness. The original Outlander was powered by a noisy 2.4-liter four-cylinder, which delivered unimpressive acceleration and fuel economy. Handling suffered from overly light steering and pronounced body lean. A 2007 redesign considerably improved the Outlander, making it a competitive small SUV. Originally available only with a punchy V6, an improved four-cylinder arrived in 2008, returning 22 mpg overall. Responsive steering with good driver feedback gave the Outlander a sporty feel. An optional third-row seat was unusual for the class. A 2014 redesign stripped the Outlander of any athleticism, making it feel dated and cut-rate. Emphasizing utility on a budget, the third-row seat became standard. A plug-in hybrid joins the line in 2018.
Average Retail Price
Reliability Verdict
Owner Satisfaction
View Local Inventory
2018 $16,700 - $28,800 $14,320 - $27,395
All Ratings & Reliability
Emphasizing utility on a budget, the 2014 redesign stripped the Outlander of any athleticism, making it feel dated and cut-rate. Compared to the previous Outlander, this retooled model handles clumsily, tending to lumber through corners feeling like a larger vehicle than it is. The cabin is noisy, the front seats aren't supportive enough, and interior trim looks cheap and feels insubstantial. On the plus side, the third-row seat became standard. Overall though, we see little reason to consider buying the Outlander.
2015 $10,675 - $16,075 $8,295 - $13,520
2014 $8,925 - $13,925 $6,505 - $11,330
The 2007 redesign considerably improved the Outlander, making it a competitive small SUV with a refined and responsive powertrain. The interior is roomy and offers a tiny third-row seat, which is an unusual option in this category. A backup camera integrated into the navigation system is another welcomed optional feature. Alert steering with good driver feedback gives this edition of the Outlander a sporty feel to accompany its agile handling. However, to accomplish this, ride quality is on the stiff side. Road noise is pronounced too. Fit and finish are also a bit of a let down. Originally available only with a punchy V6, an improved four-cylinder arrived in 2008, returning 22 mpg overall.
2013 $7,625 - $11,775 $5,185 - $9,210
2012 $6,325 - $9,425 $3,900 - $6,900
Over the years, Mitsubishi's small SUV has alternated between mediocrity and competitiveness. As an example, while ride quality is reasonably comfortable, the 2003 version of the Outlander doesn't compete well with the best models in this class. Although it has reasonable passenger space; acceleration, handling, and fuel economy are all unimpressive. However, it should be noted side airbags were made standard for the 2006 model year.
2006 $3,175 - $4,450 $960 - $2,035
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text:
The Metropolis of Bessarabia (), also referred to as the Bessarabian Orthodox Church, is an autonomous Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan bishopric of the Romanian Orthodox Church, situated in Moldova. Its canonical jurisdiction is the territory of the Republic of Moldova, and over the Moldovan and Romanian Orthodox diaspora from the former USSR.

The Metropolis of Bessarabia was created in 1918, as the Archbishopric of Chișinău, and organized as a Metropolis, in 1927. Inactive during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia (1940–1941) and the Soviet rule in Moldova (1944–1991), the Metropolis of Bessarabia was re-activated on 14 September 1992, and raised to the rank of exarchate, in 1995. The current Metropolitan of Bessarabia is Petru (Păduraru).

History

In 1812, after the annexation of Bessarabia by the Russian Empire, the Orthodox churches were re-organized as the Eparchy of Chişinău and Hotin, from the churches and monasteries of the Metropolis of Moldavia on that territory that no longer belonged to the Principality of Moldavia, by Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni, a popular promoter of Moldavian/Romanian language and culture, who also served as its first Archbishop. After 1821, the Russian state and church started an extended policy of Russification.

In 1858, after southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which soon united with Wallachia to form Romania, the Orthodox churches in Cahul, Bolgrad, and Ismail re-entered under the Romanian Church jurisdiction of the Metropolis of Moldavia, which established the Diocese of the Lower Danube, in 1864. In 1878, after Russia re-annexed southern Bessarabia, the Russian Church jurisdiction was reinstated.

In 1918, after the Union of Bessarabia with Romania, the archbishop Anastasius Gribanovsky of the Eparchy of Chişinău was ousted after he refused to accede to Romania's demand to secede from the Russian Orthodox Church and integrate the eparchy in the Romanian one. With the advent of Greater Romania in 1918, there were three church bodies: the autocephalous Romanian Orthodox Church (on the territory of  Smaller Romania—prior to 1918—formed in 1872 from the union of the Metropolis of Ungrovlahia with Metropolis of Moldavia), and the non-autocephalous Metropolis of Bessarabia and Metropolis of Transylvania. Therefore, in 1925, the rank of the Romanian Orthodox Church was raised to that of a Patriarchate, with the Metropolis of Bessarabia as one of its five sees. Gurie Grosu was the first Metropolitan of Bessarabia, and Efrem Enăchescu the second.

After the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia in 1940, the church, which then was a non-autonomous Metropolis, was banned, and its property has either changed uses, or was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, which established the Bishopric in Chişinău and Moldova. In 1980s, two more bishoprics were added, and the See raised to the status of the Archdiocese, in 1990, and as the Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova, in 1992.

After Moldova's independence in 1991, part of the clergy followed Petru Păduraru, the Bishop of Bălţi, and re-established the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The Romanian Orthodox Church considered that, during the time, the Russian Orthodox Church jurisdiction on the former territory of Bessarabia was an unfair and abusive act in terms of historical reality and canon law, and as long as it remains under the Russian Orthodox Church, the jurisdiction right of the Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova can be exercised only to the Russian ethnics of Moldova.

The Russian Orthodox Church also refused to recognize the authority of the Bessarabian church, and the two metropolia started an uneasy co-existence. During the 1990s, the one subordinated to the Russian Orthodox Church gained the protection of the country's authorities and established itself as the official church, while the Orthodox Church of Bessarabia was refused registration according to the country's new law of religions. In 2004, after years of legal hurdles and a final decision by the European Court of Human Rights, the Orthodox Church of Bessarabia received official registration, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic of Moldova recognizing it as "the spiritual, canonical, historical successor of the Metropolitan See of Bessarabia which functioned till 1944, including". About 20% of country's Orthodox churches were or changed to be under its jurisdictions; a strong desire to similar moves has been expressed in many other parishes.

This decision continues to be a major area of tension with the Russian Orthodox Church. The position of the Romanian Orthodox Church in the dispute with the Russian Orthodox Church over the territorial jurisdiction is, according to a press release, that the two Metropolitan Sees should "peacefully co-exist and brotherly cooperate (…) harmonising, with wisdom and realism, the territorial principle with the ethnic principle, as agreed in the pastoral service of the Orthodox in Diaspora."

Structure and organization
The church is currently recognized only by some other Orthodox Churches, since the Patriarchate of Moscow opposes its recognition by all of them. The current Metropolitan of Bessarabia is Petru Păduraru (born 24 October 1946 in Ţiganca, elected as metropolitan in 1992), and it has about one third of the orthodox community in Moldova.

The Metropolis of Bessarabia consists of four eparchies:
Archdiocese of Chișinău
Diocese of Bălți
Diocese of Southern Bessarabia
Diocese of Dubăsari and Transnistria

See also
History of the Orthodox Church in Moldova
Religion in Moldova
List of members of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Metropolis of Moldavia and Bukovina
St. Teodora de la Sihla Church
Luminătorul
Misionarul

Gallery

References

External links
Official website
Website
Liberté de la Métropolie de la Béssarabie
Freedom of the Metropolis of Bessarabia
DECLARATION ECRITE N° 265 concernant l'arrêt de la Cour d'Appel de la République de Moldova relatif à la légitimité et à la liberté de la Métropolie de Bessarabie
WRITTEN DECLARATION No. 265 on the decision of the Court of Appeal of the Republic of Moldova on the legitimacy and freedom of the Metropolis of Bessarabia
Droit de l'Eglise métropolitaine de Bessarabie à sa propre succession juridique
Right of the Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia to its own succession in title
Complicité de la Patriarchie de Moscou et de toute la Russie avec le régime illégale et sécessioniste installé à l'Est de la République de Moldova
Complicity of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia with the illegal and secessionist regime installed in the east of the Moldovan Republic
Statement concerning the arguments of the representatives of the Romanian Orthodox Church justifying the decision to establish dioceses of the Metropolia of Bessarabia
Territorial Jurisdiction According to Orthodox Canon Law. The Phenomenon of Ethnophyletism in Recent Years, a paper read at the International Congress of Canon Law, 2001, (Ecumenical Patriarchate website)
Torna a Patriarcato di Mosca

Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova
Christian organizations established in 1918


text:
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace SeriousGameToolbox.Guards
{
    public static class Guard
    {
        public static void AgainstNullArgument(string name, object arg)
        {
            if (arg == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(name);
            }
        }

        public static void AgainstNullOrEmptyString(string name, string objectToTest)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(objectToTest))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("The string " + name + " cannot be " + objectToTest == null ? "null" : "empty");
            }
        }

        internal static void AgainstEmptyCollection(string name, IEnumerable collection)
        {
            Guard.AgainstNullArgument("collection", collection);

           if (!collection.GetEnumerator().MoveNext())
           {
               throw new ArgumentException("Collection cannot be empty : " + name);
           }
        }
    }
}


text:
'Oops, sorry' doesn't let Israel off the hook
By Adam Shatz
Aug. 1, 2006 12 AM PT
ADAM SHATZ is literary editor of the Nation.
IN THE WEST, Qana, a small Lebanese village southeast of Tyre, is believed by some to be the place where Jesus performed his first miracle, turning water into wine. In Lebanon and throughout the wider Arab and Muslim world, however, the village's name has for the last decade been synonymous with something else: the killing in April 1996 of more than 100 men, women and children who had taken refuge in a U.N. compound, hiding from Israeli shelling directed at Hezbollah. Over time, Qana has been sculpted by Hezbollah into a symbol of martyrdom, a Shiite version of Sabra and Shatila.
The Qana massacre, as it soon became baptized, sparked outrage throughout the Arab and Muslim world and raised the stature of Hezbollah. It also nourished the fury of Al Qaeda. "The horrifying pictures of the massacre of Qana, in Lebanon, are still fresh in our memory," wrote Osama bin Laden in August 1996, in his first fatwa declaring war against the United States.
Although Israel expressed "regret" for its "mistake," it justified the attack as a response to Hezbollah's firing of two Katyusha rockets and eight mortars from areas near the compound. The architect of Israel's "Operation Grapes of Wrath," Prime Minister Shimon Peres, argued that Hezbollah bore responsibility for the Qana disaster, claiming it cynically used civilians as human shields.
History repeated itself Sunday with grisly precision when Israel, in the midst of another war with Hezbollah, bombed a residential apartment building in Qana, killing as many as 56 civilians, 37 of them children. Once again, Israel insisted that it had made a "mistake" for which Hezbollah was ultimately responsible because it was launching rockets toward Israel from the village of Qana.
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, in a speech Monday announcing that Israel would not adhere to the 48-hour cease-fire to which it had agreed under American pressure, said, "I am sorry from the bottom of my heart for all deaths of children or women in Qana.... We did not search them out ... they were not our enemies, and we did not look for them."
Let us assume, for the sake of argument, that Israel did, in fact, make the same mistake twice in Qana -- or, to take another recent example, in Gaza, where a family of eight spending an afternoon on the beach was killed by an errant Israeli shell in June. If Israeli assertions are true that these killings of scores of civilians were unintentional, does that mean that Israel can claim the high ground in its battle with Hezbollah and Hamas? Is Israel's "accidental" violence against civilians somehow better, or more morally acceptable, than that of a Hamas suicide bomber who steps into a pizzeria seeking to kill civilians? Or a Hezbollah guerrilla firing a Katyusha in the direction of a Haifa residential neighborhood? In short, do Israel's declared intentions make a difference?
To the victims in Qana and Gaza, the answer to these questions is obviously no. Nor will Olmert's "condolences" be greeted with anything gentler than sarcasm in the Arab and Muslim world, particularly because Israel barely paused after Qana before resuming airstrikes against Lebanon.
Of course, Israel is not really addressing its "apologies" to the Arab world but to the West, the club of "civilized" democracies in which it proudly claims membership. The argument Israel and its supporters make to this audience is that Hezbollah and Hamas deliberately target civilians, whereas Israel only accidentally kills them in the noble cause of antiterrorism. Israel may be guilty of manslaughter, but not of murder.
But this distinction is meaningful only up to a point, and Israel, consistent with its history of violent raids in refugee camps and crowded cities, passed this point almost as soon as the offensive began.
Rather than limiting its strikes to key Hezbollah positions and pursuing all available diplomatic channels, as might be expected of a mature regional power with nuclear weapons, Israel launched a vengeful war on Lebanon, which, it has since been reported, was planned over a year in advance. It has displayed a callous disregard for human life, for Lebanon's infrastructure (which only in recent years had begun to recover from Israel's 1982 invasion), for the stability of Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora's fragile government and for the country's natural environment, now facing an ecological catastrophe from an oil spill caused by the bombing. An estimated 750 Lebanese, overwhelmingly civilians and many of them children, have died, a dozen times more than the 50-plus Israelis (more than half of them soldiers) killed by Hezbollah.
Israel's "humanitarian intervention," as Defense Minister Amir Peretz risibly characterized the war in Lebanon, has been far more costly of civilian life than Hezbollah's rocket attacks into Israel. Faced with mounting, televised evidence of Israel's behavior, the country's supporters abroad have taken great pains to portray the Israeli Defense Forces as a uniquely moral army, governed by a rigorous moral code yet forced to make tough decisions in a cruel environment. According to Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz, for instance, Israel deserves praise for warning civilians to evacuate areas it has targeted for bombing.
Those who remain may be civilians, he says, but they are less than innocent. This conveniently overlooks the fact that many people, particularly the elderly, are in no position to leave their homes at a moment's notice. Moreover, a number of Lebanese civilians who have followed these warnings have been killed on roads that have come under constant Israeli fire. As a result, many Lebanese, including those in Qana, have chosen to stay put rather than brave the roads.
ANOTHER ARGUMENT made by Israel's defenders is that it cannot be held responsible for killing civilians in militant strongholds.
Michael Walzer, the influential Princeton moral philosopher and author of "Just and Unjust Wars," recently opined in the New Republic that when Arab guerrillas "launch rocket attacks from civilian areas, they are themselves responsible -- and no one else is -- for the civilian deaths caused by Israeli counterfire." One expects this rationalization of collective punishment from a defense minister; coming from a "just war" theorist it is most odd. (By this criterion, the French Resistance would have been "responsible" if the Nazis had destroyed a village sheltering anti-Fascist partisans.)
In fact, Walzer's logic is explicitly repudiated by human rights groups. They weren't persuaded by this argument in 1996; in its damning report on the first Qana attack, Human Rights Watch concluded that the use in Qana of "deadly anti-personnel shells designed to maximize injuries on the ground -- and the sustained firing of such shells, without warning, in close proximity to a large concentration of civilians -- violated a key principle of international humanitarian law." And Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch, has rejected it again this time: The most recent strike on Qana "suggests that the Israeli military is treating southern Lebanon as a free-fire zone."
When Israel targets densely populated areas in hopes of killing one or a handful of militants, knowing that it may end up killing dozens of civilians, it can hardly claim to be showing concern for humanitarian law or civilian life. And by asking that we judge it by its professed intentions, rather than by its actions, Israel is asking too much of us and far too little of itself.


Man..sasha&dasha are completely apart from Masha,honestly never seen them like this in years.In my view all signs lead to masha&dasha&sasha are gone..there is an sasha&dasha and there is masha.Gess is possible N&B come to try to change things but not sure what could be done.
I think Dasha is pregnant thus the Baby Girl balloon and may explain the change in the relationships. Recall it wasn't that long ago we saw Dasha really crying a lot. Now I want to state this is my opinion and I have no proof but no one on here seems to talk about the balloon. What the hell else could it mean?
With Nelly and Bogdan visiting, I wonder what the sleeping arrangements will be. I think I read somewhere, that Nelly is guarded with Bogdan, no extra females, so sharing a bed with Masha may not work. Also, Masha in bed with Sasha+Dasha, may not happen.
If that is the case, that means that at some point we will have a retirement, is not it?
I gave up trying to predict what RLC will do a long time ago. And I can guarantee you no one else on here has figured them out either. The only thing I can guarantee is they are marketing and customer service idiots without a doubt.
It is a great question. Nelly and Bogdan are married and they do not fool around with anyone that I have seen since they came to RLC.
Wow, Dasha really having a cry. Never seen it this bad. Masha trying to comfort her.
Strange days in this house,Dasha seems to had some pains and Masha give her water with some medicine and took her to wc without cams,hope isn't nothing serious.
Gess Dasha it's ok because N&B are giving some big smiles in livingroom,well at least Masha is there with her in wc.
Dasha was on her cell when she started to cry. The last time she had a real bad cry was when she was on her cell. Someone she is talking to is upsetting her. Very proud of Masha she really stepped up to help Dasha.


text:
Home Event Guides SpecialNEW!
New Class
New Update with Celestial Defense
24th May 2018– Action packed MMORPG Legacy of Discord is introducing a brand new exciting game mode: Celestial Defense will pit players against waves of enemies and put their fighting skills to the ultimate test.
Update Content:
- Celestial Defense
02:00-05:00 May 24th EST
14:00-17:00 May 24th HKT
08:00-11:00 May 24th EU
The event will be available for players with a minimum level of 60 and will open on June 4th- 6th, from 8:40 pm to 9:00 pm.
In the Celestial Defense mode player will be randomly placed in one of four teams, each of which corresponds to one of the four Dragonshard colors: blue, orange, green and purple. Each Dragonshard color will have a different effect on the players:
· Blue: Increases attack
· Orange: Increases movement speed
· Green: Increases all attributes
· Purple: Amplifies damage
Players must protect the mysterious Girl Spark as well as their teams own Dragonshard against the Dark Legion which will send wave after wave of monsters to attack from four different directions in Celestial City.
No great battle goes without reward and so players will be awarded Glory for each defeated enemy. A monster will add 10 Glory to the ranking while a Boss will increase Glory by 100. The rankings can be viewed during the battle and there will also be a separate Boss Ranking(Based on the number of bosses killed) and a Team Glory Rating (based on the total Glory of team members).
Additionally, double rewards from Gold Dungeon, EXP Dungeon and Tower of eternity will be available during Celestial Defense.
About Legacy of Discord
Legacy of Discord, full name Legacy of Discord – Furious Wings, is a free to play mobile Action RPG released by Yoozoo Games. It is the most popular mobile ARPG in EU/NA. Since its launch in late 2016, nearly 70 million guardians with 15 languages from over 190 countries have fought in the universe. According to App Store and Google Play, it is one of top 5 grossing mobile games in 106 countries and regions.
About YOOZOO Games (SZ.00217)
YOOZOO Games is a global entertainment company specializing in game development and distribution. The company is headquartered in Shanghai with offices in London, Berlin, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other major cities. Since its founding in 2009, YOOZOO has launched a multitude of highly successful products and forged a global distribution network.
Official Site:http://www.yoozoo.com
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Instagram is the platform that most businesses prefer due to the reach of new audiences and the ability to respond to people who comment on the posts. Instagram has even enabled some features for businesses where you're able to tag products in your posts. Analytics are important for various reasons and my TOP 5 reasons are below.
1. Helps you identify your target audience on that platform: Being able to identify your target audience can help you in a variety of ways. The main reason is that Instagram has its own audience as does any other platform. Making sure you're on the right platform is key.
2. Helps you determine the type of content your followers prefer to see: Looking at the content part of your analytics you're able to see: Reach, Impressions, Engagement, Likes, Comments, etc. By taking your time to look at this part of your analytics helps you with creating the content that is needed to keep your followers engaged.
3. Tells you the best days and times to post: This information is vital because there are a lot of infographics floating all over the world wide web that tell you when to post. With Digital Marketing there is never a one-size-fits-all approach. You have to do what works best for you.
4. Monitor your marketing efforts: Taking a bi-weekly or monthly look at your numbers can help you determine if you're not posting enough or if you're posting too much. Men lie, women lie, NUMBERS DON'T! Create an excel sheet and mark the date of when you started taking a look at your analytics. You can even just monitor your followers from month to month. That's a clear indication of if things are working or not. If you're doing follow and unfollow or follow me and I follow you, STOP THAT TODAY! You're actually doing more harm than good.
5. If you don't do the first 4 you're doing yourself and your business a disservice.
Instagram is a great platform that allows you to express not only yourself but your brand through images and videos. Make sure you're worth watching by taking note of the tips above.