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/Ryan Air Pestle
Ryan Air Pestle
Essay by review • May 20, 2011 • Essay • 902 Words (4 Pages) • 795 Views
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Politically, there are operating restrictions, (timing, rotations and slots), which airlines have to work within. The benefits in joining an alliance, is that it makes otherwise unreachable routes, a reality. This also ties with slots, as each national carrier in their home cities, has the monopoly. Another political benefit is the joint route agreements, which all members of an alliance can utilise.
Capacity in Europe exceeds demand, which leads to rate wars, equalling lower yields for companies. Economically, alliances lead to a greater control on capacity, therefore reducing competition and increasing yields. Alliances also reduce the near term possibilities of airport expansion. By code sharing airlines are able to not only split costs but to offer services and enter markets, they might not be able to do on their own. This leads to less aircraft at airports, therefore less space is required, and is another way in gaining access to prime airports, which can expand further. Another factor is the cost of safety; alliances can share these additional costs on joint services. Globalisation has played part by making it easier for airlines across the world to join forces. Social These are strong from an employer staffing perspective. Airlines in alliance/code-share can reduce costs by utilising only one airline's staff. September 11th 2001, contributed to a major downturn in the airline industry, accelerated, and accentuated the current trend. It negatively affected consumer confidence and passenger numbers subsequently reduced. Passengers resorted to land substitutes or in business teleconferencing.
These social and technological factors are still very much affecting airline travel.
Other recent factors affecting the industry is heightened security, leading to increased costs, slower turnaround times and therefore lower utilisation of aircraft, and Health and Safety issues surrounding Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), which may force airlines to increase their current seat pitch, thus reducing the number of passengers that can be carried. Rising oil prices and airline rate wars have led to huge losses sustained by all airlines. Most airlines however do have hedging policies on fuel, which can limit these losses. In February 2001, most airlines introduced a fuel surcharge to both passengers and cargo tariffs. This surcharge lasted for ten months, until airlines were forced to withdraw, due to falling fuel prices, although this has now been reintroduced. Technological
Technology in this industry is fast moving and very expensive. Alliances, give the opportunity for joint investment ventures, such as shared check-in systems. SWOT Analysis
The UK airline industry is one of the most competitive and strong airline industries in the world. The speed of air travel and the fall in real prices has meant that air travel has increased market share of passenger transport. In terms of fatalities per passenger mile, the long-term safety record of air travel is better than other modes of transport.
Ryanair carries out its routine checks and repairs on its aircraft using its own engineers which means that some maintenance costs are included in the staff cost. Also has cost advantage because of its ability to achieve 25minute turnarounds and therefore can run two more flights a day in its schedule than rivals such as B.A. Their use of secondary airports means that they are able to negotiate deals, e.g. airport paying for cost
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Lightning in a Bottle: After a whirlwind run, Thunderheist cools down.
What Bertie has been busy with for so long is Thunderheist, an electronic-dance music project composed of him and vocalist Omalola Isis Salami. Graduating from a pair of online buddies to a constantly performing group with a song in a major movie, the journey has been improbable. Next year will be the first that the Canadian duo has spent apart since their 2005 formation. After the all-consuming Thunderheist dramatically upset his status quo, a simple diversion like catching up on Websites has become Bertie's respite from the new norm.


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ten and soprano: I run?
Last week was getting used to keeping up with this house again...and not really keeping up so well, but loving the feeling that we were trying our best.
Wednesday was my last chance to preserve my self-respect. I was trying to have the house looking decent by Thursday afternoon, because Xiao Chen was coming back to watch the little ones. That was all about my pride, of course.
Wednesday morning some of the Relief Society sisters came over at nine-thirty to sing together. I was still trying to make the guest bathroom presentable, still trying satisfy Grant's DVD watching whims, and still wondering if I had time to provide refreshments (surely not at that point) all while attempting to be attentive to the group leader. I had to apologize for my odd behavior. "In five minutes I'm going to walk out of the house with Cindy the dog," I said.
"Is it our company?" Paula asked.
It was pet show and tell day at Caitlin's preschool. Here's a picture.
Thursday morning I cleaned like a beast, panted my way over to Katherine's house for playgroup, cried tears of joy when Katherine served real guacamole, made the kids leave a bit early and reluctantly, greeted Xiao Chen, then headed of to ISB. I don't like having time restraints on Thursday, but I am always grateful to have the chance to spend time at school. It was Kyle's music class marimba presentation. I even got a chance to play.
Thursday night the family all pitched in on the clean-up. I was walking the recycling out to the bins and looked in our big front window to see Rob teaching Mary and Olivia how to vacuum. More tears of joy.
Talk about tears. How many times have I seen the Terry Fox documentary? It still makes me emotional. I've been grateful that ISB makes it a priority to teach the kids about important causes. Last year I agreed to run the Terry Fox run with Mary, almost eight months pregnant. That wasn't a great idea. She still remembers the humiliation that we came in very last.
Here are Olivia and her best friend Sora, and another with Bethany in the stands among her classmates.
This year the run was scheduled for the last week of September, but they had to reschedule. The pollution level was too high. The second date was Friday, October 16th. I guess they decided to make it more efficient by having all the lower elementary grades run together at the same time for twenty minutes. I like it. Much less humiliating to the slow among us.
Here I am trying to pretend like I'm only slow because I'm holding a toddler. That didn't last long. Grant wiggled down and shot off like a natural.
I brought Grant because he loves to run. He ran two and a half laps with a big smile on his face. Is it just my laziness or is a half a mile plus a lot for a two year old? When the running time was up he asked "I run?"
Friday night we had a fairly successful homemade pizza making. We still need more experimentation.


Two matches of Pakistan Super League (PSL) second edition have been scheduled for Saturday to be played at Dubai International Cricket Stadium.
The first match will bring Lahore Qalandars and Karachi Kings in the ground which would decide the fate of each team in play-offs.
The match will start at 4.30 p.m. (Pakistan Standard Time).
The second match will be played between Quetta Gladiators and Peshawar Zalmi and will start at 9.00 p.m. (Pakistan Standard Time).


text:
Press Club of Cleveland picks 6 for 2017 Journalism Hall of Fame
Updated: Aug. 29, 2017, 2:16 p.m. |
Published: Aug. 29, 2017, 1:16 p.m.
Plain Dealer business staff
CLEVELAND, Ohio -- The Press Club of Cleveland has selected six leaders from the local media industry, including two former Plain Dealer employees, to be inducted into The
of Cleveland 2017 Journalism
This year's Hall of Fame induction class consists of:
Joe Frolik
Janet Macoska:
Russ Mitchell
David Molyneaux:
Joe Mosbrook:
Carol Story
In addition, the 10th annual Chuck Heaton Award, which is given to someone in the journalism field who is respected for his or her contributions to the profession as well as in the community, will go to Tom Moore of radio station WTAM 1100.
According to a press release, Moore has been a news anchor at WTAM and other radio stations since 1995, and has covered Cleveland news on the radio since 1987. He serves on an alumni advisory board to the School of Broadcast and Cinematic Arts at his alma mater, Central Michigan University, is coordinator of the Northeast Ohio support group of the Acoustic Neuroma Association and is active with St. Angela Merici Parish in Fairview Park. For the past 20 years he has been secretary-treasurer of the Cleveland chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and twice served as president of the Ohio Associated Press Broadcasters Association.
"The best thing about the
inductions is that they honor the best in journalism," said Thom Fladung,
president, during last year's ceremony.
"We've heard plenty, particularly lately, about what's wrong with journalism. These people are all about what's right with journalism," he added.
This year's inductees will be honored at a gala Nov. 2 at LaCentre Conference & Banquet Facility, 25777 Detroit Road in Westlake.
The Press Club of Cleveland created the Journalism Hall of Fame in 1981. Plaques honoring inductees are displayed at Nighttown, 12387 Cedar Road, in Cleveland Heights, which serves as the club's unofficial home.
To see the 2016 Hall of Fame recipients, or for more information about the event, go to the Press Club of Cleveland's website.


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The International Brotherhood of Teamsters, with 1.4 million members, is one of the largest labor unions in the world. Teamsters Joint Council 43 which represents Teamsters in Michigan has about 60,000 members under its umbrella, and Teamsters Local Union 337 represents about 10% of that contingency with about 6,600 members. The Teamsters is also the most diverse union in the U.S. today. It would be hard to identify a Teamster on the streets because we are everywhere. The Teamsters represent industries from A to Z - airline pilots to zookeepers. Additionally one out of every ten union members is a Teamster.
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text:
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}

The non local effect of quantum entanglement is probably the distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics \cite{Schrodinger1936b} and certainly the one that most departures from the intuition of classical mechanics. In classical mechanics the closer the systems are the stronger are the effects of any interaction between them. This is not necessarily the case in quantum mechanics. Quantum correlations may have a direct effect in the quantum state of one of the interacting systems irrespective of the distance it is separated from the other.

For instance, let us consider the typical example of quantum entanglement consisted in the generation of particles with spin $\frac{1}{2}$. Let $|+\rangle$ and $|-\rangle$ be the corresponding quantum states of the positive and negative spin, respectively, along the $z$ axis. Because the conservation of the spin the particles must be created in pairs in a composite entangled state given by
\begin{equation}
| \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left(  |+\rangle_1 |-\rangle_2 \pm   |-\rangle_1 |+\rangle_2 \right) .
\end{equation}
If we  perform a measurement over one of the particles in the $\left\{|+\rangle, |-\rangle\right\}$ basis, whatever is the result that we obtain, we  know at the same time the state of the other particle, regardless of the distance between them. This is essentially the non-local effect of the quantum entanglement.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{figure01.png}
\caption{Parametric amplifier.}
\label{figure01}
\end{figure}

Another example of quantum entanglement, probably less known but more interesting for the kind of things we are dealing with in this presentation, is the parametric amplifier of quantum optics (see, for instance, Refs. \cite{Walls2008, Scully1997}). The parametric amplifier is a non-linear device that splits a photon of frequency $2\omega$ supplied by a pump into two photons each with frequency $\omega$ (see, Fig. \ref{figure01}). The Hamiltonian of interaction between the classical pump and the two modes $\hat a_1$, $\hat a_1^\dag$ and $\hat a_2$, $\hat a_2^\dag$ is \cite{Walls2008}
\begin{equation}
H_I = i \hbar \chi \left( \hat a_1^\dag \hat a_2^\dag e^{-2i\omega t} - \hat a_1 \hat a_2 e^{2i\omega t} \right) ,
\end{equation}
where $\chi$ is a constant related to the properties of the non-linear optical medium. The solutions to the Heisenberg equations in the interaction picture are
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat a_1(t) &=& \hat a_1 \, \cosh\chi t +  \hat a_2^\dag \, \sinh\chi t   \\
\hat a_2(t) &=& \hat a_2 \, \cosh\chi t +  \hat a_1^\dag \, \sinh\chi t ,
\end{eqnarray}
and the initial two mode vacuum state of the field evolves into a linear combination of perfectly correlated number states \cite{Walls2008}
\begin{equation}\label{Psi}
|\Psi(t) \rangle = e^{\chi t \left( \hat a_1^\dag \hat a_2^\dag - \hat a_1 \hat a_2 \right) } |0_1\rangle |0_2 \rangle = \frac{1}{\cosh \chi t} \sum_n \left( \tanh\chi t\right)^n |n_1\rangle |n_2\rangle .
\end{equation}
Now, the state of the mode $1$($2$) is given by the reduced density matrix $\rho_{1(2)}$ that is obtained by tracing out from the composite state (\ref{Psi}) the degrees of freedom of the partner mode $2$($1$). It turns out to be \cite{Walls2008}
\begin{equation}\label{RHO00}
\rho_{1(2)} = {\rm Tr}_{2(1)} \{ |\Psi(t)\rangle \langle \Psi(t)| \} = \frac{1}{Z} \sum_n e^{-\frac{1}{T} (n+\frac{1}{2})} |n_{1(2)}\rangle \langle n_{1(2)}| ,
\end{equation}
where, $Z=\frac{1}{2}\sinh 2\chi t$, and $T^{-1}(t) =  \ln\tanh^{-2}\chi t$. The state (\ref{RHO00}) is a quasi thermal state with a very specific pattern of its thermodynamical properties. If no entanglement were present the modes would remain in their vacuum states and the observers in the boxes (see, Fig. \ref{figure01}) would measure no particle at all in their photo-counters. The interesting thing is then that even if the observers are isolated from each other, if they recognise the pattern (\ref{RHO00}) in the state of their corresponding modes they can infer with high probability of success the existence of the partner modes and the entanglement between them.

The example of the parametric amplifier is specially interesting in the case of cosmology because an expanding spacetime may act as a classical pump for  the modes of the matter fields that propagate along distant regions of the spacetime. Then, analogously to the case of the parametric amplifier, the state of the field in two classically disconnected regions may become represented by a quasi thermal state with a specific pattern of the thermodynamical properties that would depend on the rate of entanglement between the modes of the field in the two regions. The remarkable thing is then that even if the observer may have no direct access to a very distant region of the spacetime, if he or she finds the field in a quasi thermal state with a pattern that follows that of the entangled case, then, he/she can infer the existence of the distant region and the entanglement of the corresponding modes just from the state of the field in the own region!

This is then directly applicable to the case of a multiverse, where by the multiverse one can generally understand the consideration of many different copies of a single piece of the spacetime, each one with their own properties. In principle, all the copies except the one in which we live should be disregarded as being physically inaccessible, and thus, redundant or irrelevant. The most one could do is to take statistical measures of all the universes of the multiverse and formulate statistical predictions. This is what we can call the statistical paradigm of the multiverse (see, for instance, Refs. \cite{Vilenkin1995, Garriga2000, Garriga2001}) and it was the only paradigm of the multiverse taken into account until recent years. However, the power of predictability of the statistical paradigm of the multiverse is quite reduced because in order to make predictions one must assume a principle of mediocrity \cite{Vilenkin1995}, i.e. one has to assume that our universe is one of the most probable universes of the multiverse. Making some sense because it generalises the Copernican principle, the assumption of the mediocrity principle is controversial because we could well be a very strange phenomena of nature violating no physical law. Furthermore, because the statistical paradigm of the multiverse predicts everything within it, then, no concrete prediction can be done actually for a single universe (i.e. everything is possible in the multiverse).

A different paradigm of the multiverse has been developed in the last decade. It can be called the interacting multiverse \cite{Mersini2008c, Mersini2008d, RP2010, RP2011b, Alonso2012}, where entanglement and other non local interactions can be present between the states of the corresponding spacetimes and the fields of the classically disconnected regions. The universes still conserve their classical meaning because they are  isolated from a classical point of view, i.e. light signals cannot joint events of two different universes and therefore no causal relation may exist between their events, at least in the classical (local) sense. Even though, quantum correlations and other non local interactions may still be present, which would be ultimately rooted in the choice of boundary conditions at the origin of the universe or in a residual effect from the underlying theory, whether this can be one of the string theories or the quantum theory of gravity. These non local effects are expected to be large in the earliest stage of the universe and they could propagate and imprint some effect in the observable properties of a large universe like ours. In that case, the multiverse, and the underlying theories, would become a testable proposal as any other theory in cosmology.

\section{Quantum cosmology and the state of the early universe}\label{quantumstate}

Quantum cosmology is the application of the quantum theory to the universe as a whole, i.e. to the spacetime and the matter fields that propagate therein, all together. In the canonical picture the state of the universe is given by a wave function that depends on all the degrees of freedom of the spacetime and the matter fields, and it is the solution of the quantum version of the Hamiltonian constraint,
\begin{equation}\label{HC01}
\hat H \Psi = 0 ,
\end{equation}
where $\hat H$ is the operator form of the Hamiltonian that corresponds to the Einstein-Hilbert action of the spacetime plus the action of the matter fields. However, for most of the evolution of the universe this can be described by a slow changing background spacetime and small energy fields propagating therein. In that case, the Hamiltonian constraint (\ref{HC01}) can be re-written as
\begin{equation}\label{HC02}
\left( \hat H_{bg} + \hat H_m \right) \Psi = 0 ,
\end{equation}
where $\hat H_{bg}$ is the Hamiltonian of the background spacetime and $\hat H_m$ is the Hamiltonian of the rapid varying fields. The wave function $\Psi(q_{bg}, q_m)$ depends then on the degrees of freedom of the background spacetime, $q_{bg}$, and on the matter degrees of freedom, $q_m$. In the semiclassical regime, it can be written as a WKB solution of the form \cite{Hartle1990}
\begin{equation}\label{SCWF01}
\Psi = C(q_{bg}) e^{\pm \frac{i}{\hbar} S_0(q_{bg})} \chi(q_{bg}, q_m) ,
\end{equation}
where $C(q_{bg})$ is a slow varying function of the background variables, $S_0(q_{bg})$ is the action of the background spacetime, and $\chi(q_{bg}, q_m)$ is the wave function of the fields that propagate in the background spacetime. Inserting the semiclassical wave function (\ref{SCWF01}) into the Hamiltonian constraint (\ref{HC02}) and solving it order by order in $\hbar$, one obtains: at zero order in $\hbar$, the classical equations of the background spacetime; and at first order in $\hbar$, the quantum equations of the fields that propagate therein. Thus, the wave function $\Psi$ and the Hamiltonian constraint (\ref{HC02}) contain all the physical information about the classical spacetime  and the quantum matter fields. In that sense, the wave function $\Psi$ represents the state of the whole universe.

For the shake of concreteness, let us consider a homogeneous and isotropic spacetime with a scalar field $\varphi$ propagating therein. Then, the wave function $\Psi$ can be written as the product of two wave functions \cite{Kiefer1987, RP2018a}
\begin{equation}\label{Psi01}
\Psi(a,\varphi_0 ; x_{n}) = \Psi_0(a,\varphi_0) \chi(a,\varphi_0; x_{n}) .
\end{equation}
The wave function $\Psi_0$ represents the state of the homogeneous and isotropic background, which is entirely described by the dynamics of the scale factor $a$ and the homogeneous mode of the scalar field $\varphi_0$. It is the solution of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation \cite{Kiefer1987, Hartle1990}
\begin{equation}\label{WDW01}
 \hat H_{bg}  \Psi_0 = \frac{1}{2 a} \left( \hbar^2 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial a^2} + \frac{\hbar^2}{a} \frac{\partial}{\partial a} - \frac{\hbar^2}{a^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \varphi_0^2} + 2 a^4 V(\varphi_0) - a^2  \right)  \Psi_0 = 0 ,
\end{equation}
where $V(\varphi_0)$ is the potential of the scalar field. All the information about the inhomogeneous modes of the scalar field, $x_n$, which are here treated as small perturbations, is encoded in  the wave function $\chi(a,\varphi_0; x_{n})$ in (\ref{Psi01}). It is now easy to show that the wave function $\Psi$ contains: at zero order in $\hbar$, the dynamical information of the classical background spacetime and, at first order in $\hbar$, the quantum information of the inhomogeneous modes $x_n$ that propagate along the background spacetime. Let us first notice that in the semiclassical regime $\Psi_0$ can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{SCWF03}
\Psi_0(a,\varphi_0) = C(a,\varphi_0) e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar} S(a,\varphi_0)} .
\end{equation}
In that case, the Wheeler-DeWitt equation (\ref{WDW01}) is satisfied at zero order in $\hbar$ if $S(a,\varphi_0)$ is a function that satisfies the Hamilton-Jacobi equation \cite{Kiefer1987}
\begin{equation}\label{HJ01}
-\left( \frac{\partial S}{\partial a} \right)^2 +\frac{1}{a^2} \left( \frac{\partial S}{\partial \varphi_0} \right)^2 + 2 a^4 V(\varphi_0) - a^2 = 0 .
\end{equation}
Now, choosing as the time variable the WKB parameter $t$ defined by \cite{Kiefer1987}
\begin{equation}\label{WKBt01}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \equiv  \frac{1}{a} \frac{\partial S}{\partial a}\frac{\partial }{\partial a} - \frac{1}{a^3} \frac{\partial S}{\partial \varphi_0}\frac{\partial }{\partial \varphi_0}  ,
\end{equation}
the equation (\ref{HJ01}) transforms into
\begin{equation}\label{FE01}
\dot{a}^2 + 1 - a^2 \left( \dot{\varphi}_0^2 + 2 V(\varphi_0) \right) = 0 ,
\end{equation}
which is the Friedmann equation of the background spacetime. The dynamical equations of $a(t)$ and  $\varphi_0(t)$, given by
\begin{equation}\label{MOM01}
\dot{a} =  \frac{1}{a} \left( \frac{\partial S}{\partial a}\right) \ , \ \dot{\varphi_0} = - \frac{1}{a^3} \left( \frac{\partial S}{\partial \varphi_0} \right) ,
\end{equation}
can be directly obtained from (\ref{WKBt01}). Thus, the classical equations of the background spacetime are obtained from the $\hbar^0$ order of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. On the other hand, inserting the wave function (\ref{Psi01}) into the total Hamiltonian, $H = H_{bg} + H_m$, where $H_m$ is the Hamiltonian of the perturbation modes, it is obtained at first order in $\hbar$ of $H_{bg}$,
\begin{equation}\label{SCH00}
i \hbar \left( \frac{1}{a} \frac{\partial S}{\partial a}\frac{\partial }{\partial a} -\frac{1}{a^3} \frac{\partial S}{\partial \varphi_0}\frac{\partial }{\partial \varphi_0} \right) \chi = H_m \chi ,
\end{equation}
which is exactly the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for the inhomogeneous modes of the scalar field if one considers the time variable defined in (\ref{WKBt01}) for the background spacetime. Therefore, the wave function $\Psi$ in (\ref{Psi01}) and the Hamiltonian constraint (\ref{HC02}) contain all the physical information of a single universe. They contain the classical information of the background spacetime and the quantum information of the matter fields that propagate therein.

\section{Creation of universes in entangled pairs}

The symmetries of the Friedmann equation with respect to a time reversal change, $t\rightarrow - t$, in the definition of the time variable (\ref{WKBt01}), and the associated symmetry in the Wheeler-DeWitt equation (\ref{WDW01}) with respect to a change in the sign of the function $S(a,\varphi_0)$, makes that the general solution of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation should be written as
\begin{equation}\label{Psi02}
\Psi = \sum \Psi^- + \Psi^+ = \sum C_- e^{-\frac{i}{\hbar} S_0} \chi_- + C_+ e^{\frac{i}{\hbar} S_0} \chi_+ ,
\end{equation}
where, $C_+^* = C_-$ and $\chi_+^* = \chi_-$, and the sum extends to all the possible configurations for the semiclassical regime of the spacetime and the matter fields. In (\ref{Psi02}), $\Psi^-$ and $\Psi^+$ are customary referred as the expanding and the contracting branches of the universe, respectively, because in terms of the time parameter $t$ defined in (\ref{WKBt01}) and taking into account the correspondence principle between the classical momentum $p_a^c$ and the quantum momentum, $\hat p_a = - i\hbar\partial_a$, in the classical limit ($\hbar \rightarrow 0$),
\begin{equation}
- a \dot a \equiv p_a^c \sim \langle \Psi^\pm | \hat p_a | \Psi^\pm\rangle = \pm \frac{\partial S}{\partial a}  ,
\end{equation}
one obtains
\begin{equation}\label{FE03}
\dot a = \mp \frac{1}{a} \frac{\partial S}{\partial a} ,
\end{equation}
where the $-$ sign corresponds to $\Psi^+$ and the $+$ sign to $\Psi^-$. Then, one should assume that $\Psi^+$ represents a contracting universe and $\Psi^-$ an expanding one. However, the problem with that interpretation is that the time variable $t$ defined in (\ref{WKBt01}) cannot be the physical time in the two branches if for the physical time we mean the time variable measured by a real clock, which is eventually made of matter. The real time is that given in the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, which is the one that ultimately drives the behaviour of matter. If one follows the development of the preceding section with the time defined in (\ref{WKBt01}) for the wave functions $\Psi^+$ and $\Psi^-$ one obtains
\begin{equation}\label{SCH01}
\mp i \hbar \left( \frac{1}{a} \frac{\partial S}{\partial a}\frac{\partial }{\partial a} -\frac{1}{a^3} \frac{\partial S}{\partial \varphi_0}\frac{\partial }{\partial \varphi_0} \right) \chi_\pm = H_m \chi_\pm ,
\end{equation}
where the $-$ sign corresponds again to $\Psi^+$ and the $+$ sign to $\Psi^-$. Equation (\ref{SCH01}) is the Schr\"{o}dinger equation for the fields $\chi_+$ and $\chi_-$ only if one assumes that the physical time variables in each branch, $t_+$ and $t_-$, respectively, are defined as
\begin{equation}\label{T01}
t_- = t = - t_+ .
\end{equation}
In that case, each addend in (\ref{Psi02}) corresponds, in terms of their physical time variables, to a pair of both expanding universes that however carry associated opposite values of their momenta conjugated to the configuration variables $a$ and $\varphi_0$. Then, the creation of universes in pairs, as represented in (\ref{Psi02}), entails the conservation of the total momentum conjugated to the configuration variables. Let us notice that the  conservation of the energy is guaranteed even in the case of the creation of a single universe because the gravitational energy is negative and equals the energy of the scalar field. However, the conservation of the generalised momentum $\vec p = (p_a,p_{\varphi_0})$ is only preserved by the creation of universes in pairs with opposite values of their momenta, as it happens in the creation of particles in a quantum field theory.

In fact, the resemblance between the expansion (\ref{Psi02}) and the one made in a quantum field theory is not a coincidence \cite{Strominger1990, RP2010}. The configuration space $\{a,\varphi_0\}$, called the minisuperspace in quantum cosmology \cite{Hartle1990}, can be formally taken as a spacetime with a given geometry and metric element given by \cite{RP2010, RP2018a}
\begin{equation}\label{MSM01}
d\sigma^2 = - a da^2 + a^3 d\varphi_0^2 .
\end{equation}
From (\ref{MSM01}) one can see that the scale factor formally plays the role of the time like variable of the minisuperspace and the matter field(s) the role of the space like variable(s). The wave function $\Psi(a,\varphi_0)$ can then be seen as a scalar field that \emph{propagates} in the minisuperspace spanned by the variables $\{a,\varphi_0\}$, and thus, a formal parallelism can also be taken between the creation of universes in the minisuperspace and the creation of particles in a curved spacetime. The expansion (\ref{Psi02}) can  be generalised  to
\begin{equation}\label{PT01}
\Psi(a,\varphi_0) = \int d\mu \left( \Psi^+_\mu \chi_\mu^+ b_\mu + \Psi^-_\mu \chi_\mu^- b^*_\mu \right)  ,
\end{equation}
where $\mu$ is the set of parameters that determine the transformation (\ref{PT01}), $d\mu$ is the corresponding measure, and $b_\mu$ and $b^*_\mu$ are two constants that can be promoted to the creation and the annihilation operators of universes \cite{RP2017c, RP2018a}. The universes must then be created in pairs with opposite values of their momenta to satisfy  the conservation of the total momentum in the minisuperspace, as particles are created in pairs with opposite values of their momenta in a quantum field theory.

For instance, let us consider the inflationary stage of the universe, where the potential of the scalar field can be  considered approximately constant,  $H_0^2 = 2 V(\varphi_0)$, with $V(\varphi_0)$ evaluated at some initial value $\varphi_0(t_0)$. Then, the wave function $\Psi(a,\varphi_0)$ can be expanded in Fourier modes as
\begin{equation}\label{WF04}
\Psi(a,\varphi_0) = \int \frac{d K}{\sqrt{2\pi}}  \left( e^{\frac{i}{\hbar} \, K \varphi_0}  \, \Psi^+_K  \,  \chi_K^+  \,  \hat{b}_K
+  e^{- \frac{i}{\hbar} K \varphi_0}  \,  \Psi^-_K  \, \chi_K^-  \, \hat{b}_K^\dag \right) ,
\end{equation}
where the amplitudes $\Psi^\pm_K(a)$ satisfy
\begin{equation}\label{WDW02}
\hbar^2 \frac{\partial^2{\Psi^\pm}_K}{\partial a^2} + \frac{\hbar^2}{a} \frac{\partial{\Psi^\pm}_K}{\partial a} + \Omega_K^2(a) \Psi^\pm_K(a) = 0,
\end{equation}
with,
\begin{equation}\label{OMEGAK}
\Omega_K = \sqrt{H^2 a^4 - a^2 + \frac{K^2}{a^2}} = \frac{H_0}{a} \sqrt{(a^2 - a_+^2) (a^2-a_-^2) (a^2+a_0^2)} ,
\end{equation}
being $a_+$ and $a_-$ the zeros of the function $\Omega_K$, with $a_+ > a_-$ (see, Refs. \cite{RP2011b, Garay2014}, for the details). The WKB solutions of (\ref{WDW02}) are given by
\begin{equation}
\Psi_K^\pm \propto \frac{1}{\sqrt{a \Omega_K(a)}} e^{\pm\frac{i}{\hbar}\int \Omega_K(a) da} ,
\end{equation}
and the Friedmann equation of each single universes in terms of their physical times reads [see (\ref{FE03}) with (\ref{T01})]
\begin{equation}\label{FE02}
\frac{\partial a}{\partial t_\pm} = \frac{1}{a} \Omega_K = \frac{H_0}{a^2} \sqrt{(a^2 - a_+^2) (a^2-a_-^2) (a^2+a_0^2)} .
\end{equation}
There are  two Lorentzian regions for which real solutions of the Friedmann equation (\ref{FE02}) can be obtained, located at $a<a_-$ and at $a>a_+$, respectively. In between there is a Euclidean region that acts as a quantum barrier, where the Euclidean solutions of the Wick rotated version of (\ref{FE02}) are called instantons (see Fig. \ref{figure02}, left). Now, a double Euclidean instanton can be formed by glueing two single instantons at the contact hypersurface $a_-$, whose analytic continuation gives rise to a pair of universes in the Lorentzian region with opposite values of their momentum (see, Fig. \ref{figure02}, right).

Quantum gravitational corrections should  be taken into account as well and they might slightly modify the picture. However, for the case for which the glueing hypersurface $a_-$ is larger enough than the Planck length, the quantum gravitational corrections would be subdominant and the global picture presented here should not be significantly modified.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm]{figure02.png}
\caption{Left: there is a Euclidean region between two Lorentzian regions, where classical solutions of the Friedmann equation can be given. Right: a double Euclidean instanton can be formed by matching two single Euclidean instantons, the analytic continuation of which gives rise to two expanding universes.}
\label{figure02}
\end{figure}

As explained in Sec. II, the wave functions $\chi_K^+$ and $\chi_K^-$ would  follow the Schr\"{o}dinger equation (\ref{SCH01}) with the time variables $t_+$ and $t_-$ of their respective spacetime backgrounds, i.e.
\begin{equation}
i\hbar \frac{\partial \chi_\pm}{\partial t_\pm}  = H_m \chi_\pm .
\end{equation}
If we restrict to small linear perturbations the inhomogeneous modes behave like small harmonic oscillators \cite{Halliwell1985, Kiefer1987}. The quantisation of the modes follows as usual, by expanding them in terms of the solutions of the harmonic oscillator and promoting the constants of the expansion into quantum operators,
\begin{equation}\label{QEx01}
\hat x_{n}(t) = v_n^*(t) \, \hat a_n + v_n(t) \, \hat b_{-n}^\dag ,
\end{equation}
where $v_n(t)$ and $v_n^*(t)$ are two independent solutions of the wave equation
\begin{equation}\label{HOEQ01}
\ddot{x}_{n} + \frac{3 \dot{a}}{a} \dot{x}_{n} + \omega_n^2 x_{n} = 0 ,
\end{equation}
with a time dependent frequency given by \cite{Kiefer1987, RP2018a}
\begin{equation}\label{OMEGAM02}
\omega_n^2(t) = \frac{n^2-1}{a^2(t)} - m^2    ,
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the mass of the scalar field.

In the case that the matter content of the entangled universes is represented by a complex scalar field, then, because $\chi_\pm^* = \chi_\mp$, one would expect that the matter is created in the observer's universes and the antimatter in the partner universe \cite{RP2017e}, being both separated by the Euclidean barrier of the double instanton. In that case, $\hat{a}_{n}^\dag$ and $\hat{a}_{n}$ in (\ref{QEx01}) would be the creation and annihilation operators of matter in one of the universes and, $\hat{b}_{n}^\dag$ and $\hat{b}_{n}$,  the creation and annihilation operators of matter in the other one\footnote{Antimatter from the point of view of an observer in the former universe.}. In the case of a real field the particles are their own antiparticles and thus, $\hat a_n = \hat b_n$, with $[\hat a_n, \hat b_n^\dag] = 1$. However, we here retain the different names $\hat{a}_{n}$ and $\hat{b}_{n}$ because in the case of the entangled universes they are still commuting operators as they act on the modes of the field in each single universe of the entangled pair.

We need to impose now the boundary conditions that fix the state of the field. For this, we impose that the perturbation modes are in the composite vacuum state of the invariant representation of the harmonic oscillator (\ref{HOEQ01}). The invariant representation has the great advantage that once the field is in a number state of the invariant representation it remains in the same state along the entire evolution of the field \cite{RP2017d}. In particular, once the field is in the vacuum sate of the invariant representation it remains in the same vacuum state along the entire evolution of the field. It is therefore a stable representation of the vacuum state along the entire evolution of the universes. For the modes $\hat a_n$ and $\hat b_{-n}$, the invariant representation can be written as \cite{Lewis1969, RP2010}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{IR01a}
\hat{a}_{n} &=& \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \left(  \frac{1}{\sigma} x_{n} + i ( \sigma p_{x_{n}}  - M \dot{\sigma} x_{n}  )  \right) , \\ \label{IR01b}
\hat{b}_{-{n}}^\dag &=& \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} \left(  \frac{1}{\sigma} x_{n} - i ( \sigma p_{x_{n}}  - M \dot{\sigma} x_{n} )  \right) ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\sigma=\sigma(t)$ is an auxiliary function that satisfies a non-linear equation (see, Ref. \cite{RP2017d} and references therein for the details). In that case, the perturbation modes stay in the vacuum state of the invariant representation
\begin{equation}\label{VS01}
|0 \rangle = |0_a 0_b \rangle = |0_a\rangle_I  |0_b\rangle_{II} ,
\end{equation}
along the entire evolution of the universes. However, an internal observer would measure the particles of the scalar field in the instantaneous diagonal representation of the harmonic oscillator (\ref{HOEQ01}), which is the representation that defines the instantaneous vacuum state at the moment of the observation. Then, if $\hat c_n$, $\hat c_n^\dag$ and $\hat d_n$, $\hat d_n^\dag$ are the diagonal representations for the universes $I$ and $II$, respectively, they are related to the invariant representation by the Bogolyubov transformation \cite{RP2018a}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{BT01a}
{a}_{n} &=& \mu(t) \, {c}_{{n}} - \nu^*(t) \, {d}_{-{n}}^\dag  , \\ \label{BT01b}
{b}_{-{n}} &=&   \mu(t) \, {d}_{-{n}} - \nu^*(t) \, {c}_{{n}}^\dag ,
\end{eqnarray}
where, $\mu \equiv \mu_n$ and $\nu \equiv \nu_n$, are given by \cite{RP2018a}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{MU02}
\mu(t) &=& \frac{1}{2} \left( \sigma \sqrt{a^3 \omega_n} +  \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{a^3 \omega_n}}  - i\dot{\sigma} \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{\omega_n }}  \right) , \\ \label{NU02}
\nu(t) &=&\frac{1}{2} \left( \sigma \sqrt{a^3 \omega_n} -  \frac{1}{\sigma\sqrt{a^3 \omega_n}}  - i\dot{\sigma} \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{\omega_n }}  \right) ,
\end{eqnarray}
with, $|\mu|^2 - |\nu|^2 = 1$ for all time.

The state of the perturbation modes in one single universe of the entangled pair would then be given by the state that is obtained by tracing out from the composite state
\begin{equation}\label{RHO01}
\rho = | {0}_a {0}_b \rangle \langle {0}_a {0}_b | ,
\end{equation}
the degrees of freedom of the partner universe. Analogously to the example of the parametric amplifier presented in Sec. I, one can show \cite{RP2018a} that the state of the field in each single universe of the entangled pair is
\begin{equation}\label{RHO02}
\rho_c = {Tr}_d {\rho}= \prod_{n} \frac{1}{Z_n} \sum_N e^{-\frac{1}{T_n} (N+\frac{1}{2})} | N_{c,{n}} \rangle \langle N_{c,{n}}| ,
\end{equation}
where, $Z_n^{-1} = 2 \sinh\frac{1}{2T_n}$, and, $T_n^{-1}(t)  = \ln\left( 1 + |\nu_n(t)|^{-2}\right).
$
The inhomogeneous modes of the scalar field in each single universe of the entangled pair turn out to be in a quasi-thermal state whose thermal properties depend on the rate of entanglement between the universes. The consideration of the state (\ref{RHO02}) as the initial state of the perturbation modes in the computation of the power spectrum of the CMB would imply a different and possibly distinguishable pattern for the final outcome, so it can provide us with a way of testing definitely the proposal of the creation of universes in entangled pairs.

\section{Observable effects of entangled fields in the early universe}\label{entangledfields}

The observable consequences of the creation of universes in pairs and the subsequent entanglement of the modes of the scalar field that propagate in their spacetimes can be split in two main effects. The first one is the effective modification of the Friedmann equation and, thus, the modification of the evolution of the universes that departures from the inflationary expansion in the very early stage. This pre-inflationary phase of the universe would have observable effects in the power spectrum of the CMB. In particular, it would produce a suppression of the power spectrum of the lowest modes which is currently under investigation \cite{RP2018a, Morais2018}. The other effect is the distribution of the modes of the matter field in a quasi thermal state that should produce specific and distinguishable features in the astronomical data.

In general,  quantum corrections and other non local interactions \cite{Alonso2012, RP2016} are expected to be present in the early stage of the universe and they may induce some observable effect in the  properties of a universe like ours. A first attempt has been made in Ref. \cite{Morais2018}, where it is obtained a suppression of the power spectrum for the lowest modes that could be compatible with the observed data. However, the appearance of an extra peak in that region of the power spectrum invalidates the simplifications made in the model considered there. However, the importance of Ref. \cite{Morais2018} is that it establishes the possibility of observing the effects of quantum cosmology, including those derived from the entanglement between newborn universes, in the properties of the CMB.

Another phenomena that would produce a modification of the Friedmann equation is the backreaction of the matter fields. In our case, the backreaction of the entangled  fields is given by the energy of the modes \cite{RP2018a}
\begin{equation}\label{ESH01}
\varepsilon =  \frac{H_0^4}{8} \left\{ 1 - \frac{m^2}{H_0^2} \log\frac{b^2}{H_0^2} + \left( 1+ \frac{m^2}{H^2} \right) \left( 1 - \frac{b^2}{H_0^2} \right) \right\} ,
\end{equation}
where $b$ is the SUSY breaking scale of the subjacent landscape \cite{Mersini2008c, Mersini2008d}, and it is expected to produce the same observable imprints to those found in Refs. \cite{Mersini2008c, Mersini2008d, Mersini2017a}. In that case, it would also  produce a suppression of the lowest modes of the CMB. However, a suppression of the lowest modes of the CMB can be produced by many different effects and, furthermore, the dispersion of the observational data in that region of the spectrum is so high that it is not very useful to discriminate between different models. We need therefore a more specific effect to test the creation of the universes in entangled pairs.

The distinguishing feature of our model is that it predicts that the initial state of the field  is in the quasi  thermal state (\ref{RHO02}) that is derived from the entanglement with the modes of a partner universe. It produces a pattern for the spectrum of fluctuations, given in terms of the spectrum of fluctuations of the invariant vacuum (disentangled state) by \cite{RP2018a}
 \begin{equation}\label{QF01}
 \frac{\delta\phi_\textbf{n}^{th}}{\delta\phi_\textbf{n}^{I}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\left( 1 + \frac{x^2}{(1+x^2 )(1+\frac{m^2}{H^2 x^2})} \right) }  ,
\end{equation}
that cannot be reproduced by any other known effect, mainly because: i) it is not derived from a vacuum state, and ii) it is not either derived from an exact thermal state because the modes are not thermalised yet in (\ref{RHO02}), i.e. the temperature $T_n$ is not the same for all modes. In fact, one can see that the  large modes ($x\gg 1$) are not affected by the entanglement between the universes. However, the departure from the vacuum state is significant for the horizon modes, $x \sim 1$. That should produce distinguishable  effects in the properties of the CMB and, thus, it might help us to discriminate if our universe was created as a twin universe in an entangled pair.

\section{Conclusions}\label{conclusions}

There is a formal parallelism between the quantum description of the wave function that represents homogeneous and isotropic universes in quantum cosmology and the quantum description of a scalar field that propagates in a curved spacetime. It allows us to consider the creation of the universes in entangled pairs as the most favoured way in which the universes can be created because, only in that case, the total momentum associated to the configuration variables of the minisuperspace is conserved. The two created universes are usually referred as the expanding branch and the contracting branch. However, they are both expanding universes in terms of the time variable that appears in the Schr\"{o}dinger equation of each single universe, which is eventually the physical time variable provided by actual clocks.

The matter fields that propagate in the pair of newborn universes become entangled too, an entanglement that is decreasing along the evolution of the universes but can still be enough to modify the state of the field in the early universe. In particular, the matter field of each single universe becomes represented by a quasi thermal state that would induce a specific and distinguishable pattern in the observable properties of an evolved universe like ours. That makes the interacting multiverse be a testable proposal as any other in cosmology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The move likely to impact 800,000 undocumented workers including more than 7,000 Indian-Americans.
Following years of falling earnings, job cuts and restructuring, Rovio returned to profit in 2016 on the back of its Angry Birds 3D movie and recovering game sales.
The price represents a 17.6 per cent premium to Rockwell's $119 share price before news of the talks emerged on August 4.
Donald Trump is expected to announce on Tuesday if he will end the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program but will give Congress six months to craft legislation to replace it, according to local reports.
The US government has already asked Congress for $7.85 billion as an initial contribution towards recovery efforts, which Abbott called a "down payment".
The Michael and Susan Dell Foundation will also match $1 for every $2 donated to the new fund for the first $36 million raised. The matching campaign started on Friday and will continue through midnight on September 4.
As a result of the outages, major pipelines carrying gasoline, diesel and jet fuel started to adjust deliveries or close lines outright because of a lack of supply.
Berkshire is now the largest shareholder in the second- and third-largest U.S. banks, with stakes of roughly 6.6 percent in Bank of America and 10 percent in Wells Fargo & Co, according to Reuters data.
Bartering is a form of exchange that enables producers to reduce reliance on bank loans to finance the crop as they receive inputs such as agrochemicals from Bayer.
Flood damage in Texas from Hurricane Harvey may equal that from 2005's Hurricane Katrina, the costliest natural disaster in US history, said an insurance research group on Sunday.
Former GE CEO Jeff Immelt, whose name was on the shortlist, on Sunday removed himself from the running for the top job.
Earlier this month, Supreme Court ordered the liquidator to start the auction process for Sahara group's Aamby Valley resort town.
The rise of Donald Trump, the vote by Britain to leave the European Union and the spread of opposition to globalisation have worried central bankers and many mainstream economists who feel that the problems associated with globalisation have overshadowed the benefits and morphed into broad opposition to it.
Awards in the six-nation Gulf Cooperation Council dropped to $56.1 billion in the January-June period from $69.3 billion a year earlier, according to MEED Projects.
Moon has repeatedly urged North Korea not to "cross the red line" but had not previously elaborated what that would constitute.


LOS ANGELES (AP) - This is what a tough cookie Valerie Harper is: Despite her prolonged fight against cancer, she accepted the demanding role of a woman with Alzheimer's to draw attention to the disease.
The result is "My Mom and the Girl," a short film written, directed and produced by Susie Singer Carter, who plays opposite Harper in the story drawn from the filmmaker's experience with her own mother, Norma Holzer.
Harper etches the disease's unpredictability as her character, Nanny, whipsaws between awareness and confusion, warmth and anger. Carter portrays her devoted daughter, and the "Girl" in the title is a transgender woman (Harmony Santana) whom Nanny meets when she ventures out on the street one night, as Carter's mother did. Liz Torres plays an affectionate caregiver.
"'That's the last thing I want to do, is live in this world more,'" was Carter's response. Then she realized she had an obligation to tell the story, "and it all lined up the way it should," including Harper's participation. The film's depiction of Nanny's undimmed spirit parallels both Holzer's and Harper's journeys, Carter said.
Disease is "tragic and it's hard and it beats the crap out of you … and it shifts your life in all ways that you wouldn't expect, and you don't want it to go there. But you're here and you've got to make the best of it," she said.
The film, which relied on crowdfunding and support from the group UsAgainstAlzheimer's, was screened this month for Oscar consideration and awaits distribution.
It's Harper's first time back at work after a series of health setbacks, said Tony Cacciotti, her husband and manager. She was diagnosed in 2013 with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, a rare condition that occurs when cancer cells spread into the fluid-filled membrane surrounding the brain, and was given just months to live. She has disproved that prognosis.
"Two or three times, she was out of it, she wasn't going to survive," Cacciotti said. Before a stage performance in 2015, she was rushed by helicopter from Maine to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, "where they saved her life," he said. A pressure-relieving shunt was placed in her brain after another crisis.
Recently, he said, a drug that had proved a life-saver for the last four years started to lose its effectiveness, and Harper entered a second-stage trial for a new medication. She's also working to boost her strength with daily walks and hoisting light weights while watching TV.
"I'm feeling great," said Harper, bubbly and upbeat during a phone interview, crediting her husband's loving care and doctors at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
Filmmaker Carter predicted that audiences will be surprised that Harper, who gained fame in "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and as star of the spinoff "Rhoda," is so adroit at drama. She also gets to show off her singing voice, which she's displayed on stage and in the occasional TV variety show.
"I think most of us know Valerie from her comedies on television but, my God, her breadth of work is extraordinary and her range is phenomenal," Carter said.


You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'scones' tag.
Imagine that you are a foodie of epic proportions. You spend all your time making food, eating food, or thinking about making or eating food. Your mailbox is regularly filled with issues of Bon Appetit and Food & Wine magazines. Browsing the cheese section at Whole Foods is your idea of a good time. You're convinced that the way to a man's heart is through his stomach, because that's the way to yours.
Now imagine that you are also long-plagued with mysterious medical ailments and that you have noticed strange symptoms randomly take hold of your body. You drift from doctor to doctor, who all brush you off or look at you like you've gone senile, until one comes up with an answer that actually makes sense: you have food allergies. Not only do you have food allergies but you are also (gasp!) gluten intolerant!
Quel horror! What a disaster. Can a worse fate befall such a committed foodie?
No. I am here to tell you that it cannot.
Not long ago I was sharing some pate de campagne on crusty French bread with a foodie friend. We were rolling our eyes and mocking all the poor souls who claimed to have all sorts of food allergies, intolerances, and enzyme deficiencies. We agreed that these people actually suffered from food phobias that were manifestations of a deep-seated fear of gaining weight or dying from cancer. We also agreed that these people were generally a pain to eat with.
Now I am one of those people.
I have been told that I am intolerant of several foods, some of which I rarely or never eat–like kidney beans and cola nuts. Other things I gorged on daily, in one form or another, like wheat, milk, and eggs. Not surprising, since these items all fall in the list of top seven allergens. But excuse me! How do you live a life void wheat, milk, and eggs without moving to the Himalayas and subsisting on brown rice and yak butter?
For the last couple of months I have been finding out how.
The first week of my avoidance diet was a living hell. I found myself repeatedly breaking down in tears or throwing pans across the kitchen a la Gordon Ramsey, wondering what in the world I was going to eat. No more pasta carbonara. No more Quiche Lorraine. No more almond croissants the size of baseball mitts. Soon I pulled myself together, however. I was feeling so lousy and nothing else had helped that I told myself I had to give this an honest try.
I began by eating foods that were naturally gluten-free. I bought Egg Replacer and found a delicious Greek style yogurt made from goat's milk. I switched to Manchego cheese, the deliciously pungent Spanish cheese made from the milk of sheep. Slowly I began to find my way.
The first month I felt terrible. I actually felt even worse than I had before. But after five weeks, six weeks, I began to feel amazingly well. I bounded out of bed with energy. I smiled more. My belly no longer looked like I was carrying around a five-month-old fetus. I even lost some of the weight that I'd been finding so impossible to get rid of.
I don't know if I totally buy into this food allergy thing. I think that very few people have actual food allergies but sensitivities seem to be another issue altogether. Because our food is grown in such depleted soil and so many of us are exposed to chemicals and pollution that even environmental allergies are increasing exponentially, it makes sense that many of us would react to certain foods. I don't know if I am willing and able to cut out all these cherished foods forever, but knowing that I feel so much better when I do has made it so much easier to stay away from them. Furthermore, the couple of times I have cheated, I broke out with hives on my face, which makes those little cheats seem hardly worth it.
Not knowing if I could forgo my daily baked good, I did a fair amount of research in gluten-free baking, which lead me to Annalise Roberts' wonderful book Gluten-Free Baking Classics. Annalise has come up with a blend of flours that substitute beautifully for wheat flour in a lot of recipes. Many of the things I have made from this book have been a close approximation of the "real thing". In fact, Gourmet magazine once wrote about this book … "we dare anyone to detect that they [chocolate chip cookies] weren't made with traditional wheat flour".
I don't know if I would go that far in terms of these scones, but when faced with the prospect of going without, I would say that for gluten-free, they're pretty dang good.
1) Preheat oven to 425F. Position rack in center of oven. Line heavy baking sheet with parchment paper.
2) Combine milk and cranberries in a glass measuring cup and set aside.
3) Combine flour, sugar, baking powder, xanthan gum, and salt in a large bowl of an electric mixer. With mixer on low, cut butter into flour mixture until it resembles a coarse meal. Alternately, use a food processor. Put mixture in a small bowl and set aside.
4) Beat eggs in the same large bowl of electric mixer until very light and foamy. Add milk and flour mixture and mix at medium-low speed for 1 minute. Use lightly floured hands to pat dough into a large 1-inch thick round on a lightly floured surface. Cut out scones with a 2 1/2-inch round cookie cutter or a glass. Press dough scraps together and repeat.
5) Place dough on prepared baking sheet and put in center of oven. Turn oven temperature down to 375F and bake for 20-25 minutes until golden and cooked through. Serve with warm butter or preserves.
Note: When measuring the flour mix, do not scoop up flours with measuring cups as this will pack the flour down too much. Measure each flour by scooping it into the measuring cup and leveling with a straight edge. Measuring accurately is even more crucial in GF recipes than in others. Combine all of the flours in a plastic container and shake to combine. Large amounts of flour can be mixed for later. The flour mix is best kept refrigerated, as it can go rancid after four months or so.
Last Saturday I actually baked something fabulous. This was a very big deal. I never bake anything fabulous. Maybe decent. Maybe tasty-but-ugly. But never fabulous. At least, I never think of it that way. This is partly because of my over-arching perfectionism. I'm no pastry chef but I always expect to bake like one. Last week saw a good couple of disasters in the kitchen, which is why I haven't posted much of anything lately. I bungled a lemon yogurt cake and some cupcakes I made ended up largely in the garbage.
Needless to say, I spent a very long time on the treadmill the next day.
1) Preheat oven to 400F. Combine the flour, the baking powder, and salt in a large bowl. Add the butter and mix with a pastry blender until the butter is in pea-sized pieces.
2) Toss together the Cheddar and dill with 1 tablespoon of the flour mixture in a separate bowl.
3) Mix the eggs and buttermilk and quickly add to the flour mixture. Combine until just blended. Incorporate the Cheddar and dill.
4) Dump the dough on a well-floured surface and knead for 1 minute, adding more flour if needed, to prevent sticking. Roll the dough into a 3/4 inch thick square. Cut into four squares and then in half to make triangles.
5) Brush the tops with egg wash. Sprinkle each scone with the coarse salt. Bake on a sheet lined with parchment paper for 20-25 minutes until crusty and golden.


What is gotu kola ()? Gotu kola is also known by many other names, including brahmi, centella, Indian pennywort, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort, white rot, hydrocotyle, Indian water navelwort, and talepetrako. Gotu kola is not related to kola (cola) nut.Gotu kola has been used orally (by mouth) in alternative medicine as an aid to treating anxiety, depression, fatigue, memory loss, colds and flu, upset stomach, diarrhea, ulcer, bladder infections, liver problems, and diabetes. Gotu kola has also been used to treat circulation problems, varicose veins, anemia, lupus, menstrual problems, and birth control.Topical forms of gotu kola have been used in alternative medicine to aid in wound healing and reducing scars.Not all uses for gotu kola have been approved by the FDA. Gotu kola should not be substituted for medications prescribed for you by your doctor.Gotu kola is often sold as an herbal supplement. There are no regulated manufacturing standards in place for many herbal compounds and some marketed supplements have been found to be contaminated with toxic metals or other drugs. Herbal/health supplements should be purchased from a reliable source to minimize the risk of contamination.Gotu kola may also be used for other purposes not listed in this product guide.
What is the Generic name for gotu kola?
What are the side effects of gotu kola?


Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh, Vice President of Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences welcomed Ms. Jane Bocklage.
December 12, 2017, at the headquarters of Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), No. 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vice President of the Academy - Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh met Ms. Jane Bocklage, US Counsellor in ASEAN came and worked at Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences.
Attending the meeting with Vice President was: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Cu Chi Loi, Director of Institute of American Studies; Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoang, Director of Institute for Southeast Asian Studies; Assoc.Prof.Dr. Pham Hong Thai, Director of Institute for Northeast Asia Studies; Assoc.Prof.Dr. Chu Duc Dung, Director of Institute of World Economics and Politics; Dr. Hoang The Anh, Deputy Director of Institute of Chinese Studies; MA. Van Thi Thanh Binh, Deputy Director of International Cooperation Department.
Attending with Ms. Jane Bocklage was Colonel Jacky Ly, Political Counsel James Mc Cormick, Political Expert Vu Ha Phuong.
On behalf of Academic's Leader, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh expressed his pleasure to welcome Ms. Jane Bocklage and the delegation to visit and work at Academy. He praised the cooperation between the United States and Vietnam over the past time and emphasized the importance of issues related to the United States, Vietnam and ASEAN in the general transformation of the region. Accordingly, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh affirmed the great significance of ASEAN towards the development of Vietnam; analyzed the close cooperation between Vietnam and ASEAN along with ASEAN's advantages and disadvantages in some fields of non-economic cooperation (political, cultural and social); highlighted the contributions of VASS to social and human sciences research in closing the cooperation gap of ASEAN countries on social and cultural development.
Ms. Jane Bocklage expressed her honor and thanks for the warm welcome of the Academy. At the same time, she would like to discuss the development cooperation of ASEAN regional, the view of US cooperation on the three pillars (politics, security, economy, culture and society) and hoped the United States would play an important role in cooperative relations with ASEAN in the coming time.
At the end of the meeting, Jane Bocklage and Assoc.Prof.Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh appreciated sharing of valuable information about prospects of relations between the United States and ASEAN, along with common priorities of two countries related to ASEAN and South China Sea on the basis of free agreement maritime, demilitarizing in the South China Sea. Thereby, creating opportunities and potential cooperation between the two sides to the challenges posed in the context of global integration today.


You hear that word, and perhaps you think of children in Africa... or maybe refugees in some faraway land. Not here. Not in Tucson. Not a full-grown man, standing in your own doorway.
But that's what Steven was: malnourished.
And he had taken a long, torturous road to malnutrition — growing up in a world of alcohol and drugs, with two abusive stepfathers, never knowing his birth father. With no spiritual guidance whatsoever. "All I knew about God came from the Pledge of Allegiance at school," he says.
Steven functioned almost like a father to his three brothers and his sister — because his parents were so often drunk, or high, or fighting... or in jail. His home life was so awful, he worked extra hard in high school just to graduate a year early and get out on his own. He fled to beautiful Tucson. Here, he built a good life. He enjoyed a good job in the mining business, with a good salary.
On that day of tragedy, Steven began drinking. He drank absolutely every day, for 2,191 days in a row.
Homeless, wandering the streets, Steven lurked behind restaurants near closing time, then dug through the trash, hoping to find something edible. He staggered from month to month, gradually wasting away. But it was hunger that finally saved his life.
One morning he awoke famished, and began walking down 29th Street looking for something to eat. He had never heard of Gospel Rescue Mission, but he saw people coming in and out carrying clothes. Maybe a place that offered clothing would offer food as well?
Knowing firsthand the pains of hunger, Steven now helps feed others here at the Mission.
The generous support of our donors and volunteers helped save Steven's life. But more men, women, and children are still hungry today, and "There's something you can do!" Please donate today and help save another person like Steven. Thank you in advance and God bless you!
He was a business owner. Popular. Successful.
And a true patriot: he served in the U.S. Army National Guard for years.
Bill couldn't figure out why he was chronically self-destructing. In frustration, he started drinking. Project after project collapsed. His résumé — once honorable — degenerated into an embarrassment. His reputation got so bad, he couldn't find corporate work anywhere. He ended up turning to the only employment he could find: working as a day laborer.
Yet at 57, he couldn't keep up with the younger guys. He needed more energy. Power bars didn't cut it. Finally, Bill made a deadly mistake: he started ingesting meth. He was addicted in a flash — overwhelmingly addicted. It wasn't long before he was such a mess, he couldn't work at all... and soon he was evicted from his apartment.
God in His mercy led Bill to Gospel Rescue Mission. And thanks to the generous support of caring friends like you, we were here for him. We welcomed him, gave him a place to sleep, clothes and meals — and we introduced him to the love of Jesus, the only power that could really change his life.
Bill isn't the last one who will need us, though. Another desperate, downtrodden, downhearted soul will show up on our doorstep tomorrow.
Bill's story is just one great example of how a life can change, even when things seem hopeless. He entered our recovery program and enrolled in our "Genesis" discipleship program. In the days that followed, he was amazed to finally discover what started his downhill slide in the first place: he witnessed a traumatic event involving his family that he had to keep a secret. This resulted in him living with fear and anxiety and, at times, physical abuse because of what he had witnessed.
Bill had grown up as a prisoner of fear. His instinctive response was to push himself to succeed in business and find his identity there. So when success eluded him, Bill self-destructed.
This breakthrough insight set him on the road to a whole new life.
Here at the Mission, Bill discovered that God never intended him to find his identity in status as a business owner, or in financial success. God designed him to find his identity in Jesus Christ, as a reflection of God's love.
Bill has graduated from our recovery program — and he's training to become a recovery support specialist with the National Association of Mental Illness.
And God, in His grace, has chosen to work through you and me, allowing us to serve here as the hands and feet to His foundation of Love.
Please partner with us today to help us continue in this work, provide emergency shelter — and more — for someone like Bill, someone in dire need, by giving generously today. Thank you in advance! God bless you.
Roberto's Story - "The Difference is God"
He's an easy-going guy – always quick to lend a hand here at the Mission.
But it was a different story when we met. Back in 2016, Roberto was in the grips of an aggressive alcoholism that was slowly destroying his life.
"At my worst I would go through 10-15 tall boys and a 30 pack of beer every day. I must have spent $700 or more on alcohol every month," Roberto admits.
His addiction cost him his home, his job, even his relationship with his wife and daughter who, when we met him, he hadn't spoken to in six years. It was only when he finally wore out his welcome sleeping on people's couches, that he found himself at the doors of the Gospel Rescue Mission.
The plan was to sleep, shower, and sober up in hopes of finding work. But with his alcoholism still unresolved, there was little hope that Roberto's plan would be successful – and God knew it. Soon after he arrived, changes in the fire safety codes reduced our men's shelter capacity from 130 beds to just 55. Suddenly Roberto was one of over a hundred men that found themselves out on the streets with nowhere to go.
Jeff was once proud to wear the uniform of our nation. He launched his career as a service member with the Military Police. His career was cut short by cancer — when he was only 20 — but he fought back and won. Full of confidence, he plunged ahead — got married, made money, acquired possessions — and felt like he was totally in control. But he wasn't.
When we see someone missing teeth, we tend to "label" them... We somehow tend to think of them as unintelligent... unprofessional... even untrustworthy. No, it doesn't really make sense, logically. But most of us do it.
That's what happened to Jonathan. He was still just a young boy when he fell in with the wrong crowd. He started putting substances in his body. Soon he was a full-fledged addict. Year after year, he battled his addictions ... and lost.
If someone were to ask, "What's the best thing about a traditional holiday meal?" At first, some might think, "The food." But really, when you get right down to it, no matter what the menu is ... the best thing about it probably isn't the food ... It's the love.
It's the people around the table, who love you. It's the sharing. The chatter. The laughter. That "full feeling" — not just after a big meal... that feeling that life is good... it's complete... it's full of God's blessings.
Each year, the Arizona Coalition to End Homelessness host an Awards of Excellence Luncheon in which they honor ten individuals from across Arizona in the achievements towards ending homelessness. It is a great honor to be nominated and chosen for one of these awards. This year, our 2013 GRM Men's Center Shelter Graduate who now works at Old Pueblo Community Services, Philip Pierce was given this honor. His award was presented by Wes Shepherd, also a GRM Men's Center Shelter Graduate and 2010 AZCEH Award Winner, who is now our Men's Shelter Supervisor.


For many drivers it's all too easy to be blasé about mobile phone use when in charge of a vehicle. It seems that our 24/7 attachment to our smartphones today has at least something to do with it, while drivers getting away with mobile use may also lull them into a false sense a security.
Despite this, drivers should sit up and take note: mobile phone-related crashes have killed 67 people in the last three years, making mobile use the most common, and deadliest cause of fatalities on our roads. If that stat isn't enough for drivers to be warned off their smartphone when travelling, then perhaps the most recent changes in the law will – which we explain in this blog.
Despite mobile phone use having been prohibited at the wheel since 2003, their use by drivers remain worrying commonplace. Whilst it's difficult to put concrete figures on how many drivers today take the risk of texting and talking while driving, we do know that around 3,600 drivers were given penalties during the last police enforcement week, which runs from the 23rd to the 29th of January. We also know that drivers seem to be less worried about using their mobiles today, than in previous years – with the RAC's Report on Motoring 2016 finding that 31% of drivers now admit to the practice, as opposed to 8% in 2014.
These figures are certainly worrying, but we should be clear here, never have the Department of Transport been more determined to drive down mobile phone usage behind the wheel. And the Government has now put in place tough new measures to help them do just that.
As of March 2017, new legislation was introduced that shook up the way in which people were prosecuted following an accident occurring as a result of mobile phone use. Namely, this means that drivers are now prosecuted in a similar way to those who cause an accident by speeding, with six penalty points added to a driver's license in addition to a fine of £200. This rule will apply to all, however for new drivers the introduction of a six point limit maximum over the first two years will result in their having to retake both the practical and theory driving tests.
How can you use your mobile phone while driving?
– A sat nav that is mounted in a hands-free holder (you should note that if your sat nav is affecting your ability to drive safely, police are still able to prosecute).
– A music player – however the same rule applies in relation to be distracted.
Notably, the only time you can legally use your mobile while driving is if you need to call 999 or 112 in the case of an emergency and it's either unsafe or impractical to stop. For everyone else, they must pull over in a suitable place, park up and switch their car off.
to book your first lesson today.


text:
Security Council has received Iran nuclear file
February 8, 2006 21:56
The UN Security Council is preparing a short letter to acknowledge receipt of the Iran nuclear file from the International Atomic Energy Agency, but has no plans to take up the controversy over Tehran's nuclear ambitions, UN diplomats said Wednesday. The IAEA board said it lacked confidence that Iran's nuclear program was aimed at producing electricity as Tehran claims - not nuclear weapons as the United States and the European Union suspect. It also accused Tehran of violating the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Ambassadors from the five permanent council members - the United States, Russia, China, Britain and France - discussed the response to a letter from IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei, transmitting the board's resolution and the Iran file after a council meeting Wednesday morning. US Ambassador John Bolton, the current Security Council president, said he would be circulating a draft reply to ElBaradei "fairly shortly" to the 14 other council members for comments. The United States will then "work to get agreement on the letter" and send it to the IAEA, he said, refusing to comment further.
Germany's Merkel, planning to serve full term, backs under-fire protegee
By ANDREW SILOW-CARROLL / JTA
Gas pains in the eastern Mediterranean
By LAWRENCE RIFKIN/THE MEDIA LINE
At least 23 people feared dead in Japan animation studio fire in Kyodo


text:
Q: Is there a way to integrate this vector expression analytically? We are tasked with determining whether or not $\exists V:\mathbb{R}^3\to\mathbb{R}$ such that $\vec{F}(t)=\vec{r}(t)/|\vec{r}(t)|^3$ satisfies
$$
\vec{F}(t)=-\nabla V
$$
Intuitively I wish to therefore integrate the given expression for $\vec{F}(t)$ with respect to $t$, in hopes of obtaining another expression in terms of $t$, which I may then claim is equal to $-V$. I know that the expression I obtain from integrating $\vec{F}(t)$ must be a scalar, if $\vec{F}(t)$ is to satisfy the given relationship, since $V$ is a scalar function, but since the expression given for $\vec{F}(t)$ is a vector quantity, I'm a little stomped on how to proceed.
Any hints and suggestions are appreciated. Thank you.

A: Given the symmetry use spherical coordinates:
$$
F=\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}|^2} \hat{\mathbf r}
$$
so you can integrate and find
$$
F=-\nabla \frac{1}{|\mathbf r|}
$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Why does my pygame game get slower over time? I'm making a pygame project, but for some reason my game slows down slowly: after playing for a few minutes the fps is only 10 instead of 26 (normal). My task manager says it constantly uses 0.4% of my memory (16GB RAM), the use doesn't increase so probably there is no memory leak (btw: the cpu usage is a lot though: 20% for a game of only 500 lines of code (I have Ryzen 5)).
Also: the falling fps drops more drastically: in the beginning if I fall the fps is the same as walking, but after a while it's only 10 even tho the walking fps is 17 or so. Does anyone have an idea what could be making my game slower and slower over time, and especially the falling (like: is there something like a memory leak that could be causing this, even tho the memory/processor usages don't increase)?
This is the falling code (inside the player class, this function gets called every tick if the player is not jumping):
def fall(self, tiles):
    if not self.collision_from_below:
        self.y_velocity += 1
        for tile in tiles:
            if tile.top <= self.top + (self.y_velocity ** 2)/2 and tile.top >= self.top and self.right >= tile.left and self.right <= tile.right or tile.top <= self.top + (self.y_velocity ** 2)/2 and tile.top >= self.top and self.left >= tile.left and self.left <= tile.right:
                self.bottom = tile.top
                self.y_velocity = 0
        self.y += (self.y_velocity ** 2)/2
    else:
        self.y_velocity = 0

Edit: after testing with task manager again, I saw that the cpu usage does increase, but it stops increasing at around 20% (it starts at 1% and quickly increases (+/-1% per second)

A: It is very likely that over time you add more and more objects to a container (list or pygame.sprite.Group) but never remove them. The more objects are in the container the slower the game becomes. Do you shoot bullets, but do not remove them when they are outside the window bounds? Do you spawn enemies and constantly increase the number of enemies? Or do you create other objects over time?


Rochester: I believe that the new Democratic Socialist members of Congress have their hearts in the right place, but not their heads. Like them, I too believe that our federal government should do more and spend more to help make the lives of our citizens better just like our traditional allies do. However, there has never been a truly "socialist" economy in the history of the world which was ever able to produce enough wealth to meet the survival needs of its citizens. It has never worked. So it is foolish to call yourself a socialist. You are just giving conservatives a new insult and put-down to call you. A lot has been said about Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's proposal to tax the marginal incomes of those earning over $10 million a year by 70%.
Manhattan: I am writing this letter because Attorney General Letitia James' false claim that immigrants built New York City. Actually it was enslaved black Africans who built the infrastructure of lower Manhattan that is still in use today. To ignore, minimize or disregard these facts is extremely offensive. Despite popular belief, we are not all immigrants. People brought to the New World in chains were never immigrants and neither are their descendants; we are American descendants of Slaves. It's baffling that an educated black woman would make such a statement to win favor with immigrants and undocumented people at the expense of a group whose contributions made New York City and state the great city and state they are today. Heyward Johnson Jr.
White Rock, British Columbia: Research shows that babies of all races innately prefer the close proximity of other members of their own race, although the gradual acquisition of racial intolerance is typically environmental, such as from parents or extended caregivers. So, one's natural notation of others' skin-color is instinctual. Thus, perhaps actor Liam Neeson not only had reason to be outraged at his brutally raped close friend's perpetrator, but also had the additional motivation — however unjust on a human level — of the black-and-white racial divide? Further add to the already volatile mix that we males are also predisposed to the testosterone factor and one can find Neeson "looking to be set upon [in a black-resident neighborhood] so that I could unleash physical violence." Even if one, including myself, cannot reason himself away from such unpleasant reactive emotions, one at least can be aware of them and their unacceptability in a civilly humane society. Frank Sterle Jr.