text:
Q: I have serialized nested objects with JSON, how do I deserialize them? I keep getting "Additional text encountered after finished reading JSON content" when deserializing. I've tried placing the whole "output" into square brackets, didn't work out.
Full error message
Newtonsoft.Json.JsonReaderException:
'Error reading JObject from JsonReader. Current JsonReader item is not an object:
StartArray. Path '', line 1, position 1.'

These are my 2 objects. NOTE: Values are currently commented for easier "output" reading.
class ItemSerObj
{
    public string ItemName { get; set; }
    /*
    public string Value { get; set; }
    public string Quality { get; set; }
    public string TimeStamp { get; set; }*/
}

.
class GroupSerObj
{
    public string GroupName { get; set; }
    /*
    public string UpdateRate { get; set; }
    public string Active { get; set; }*/
    public List<ItemSerObj> Items { get; set; }
}

How I serilzed them.
JsonSerializer serializer = new JsonSerializer();
        using (StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(path + "\\data.txt"))
        {
            using (JsonWriter writer = new JsonTextWriter(sw))
            {
                foreach (ListViewItem group in lV_groups.Items)
                {
                    List<ItemSerObj> itemsObj = new List<ItemSerObj>();
                    tempOPCServer.opcGroup = tempOPCServer.opcServer.OPCGroups.GetOPCGroup(group.SubItems[0].Text);
                    foreach (OPCItem item in tempOPCServer.opcGroup.OPCItems)
                    {
                        ListViewItem listViewItem = new ListViewItem();
                        listViewItem.Name = item.ItemID.Substring(item.ItemID.LastIndexOf('.') + 1);
                        itemsObj.Add(
                        new ItemSerObj
                        {
                            ItemName = listViewItem.Name
                            /*ItemName = item.SubItems[0].Text/*,
                            Value = item.SubItems[1].Text,
                            Quality = item.SubItems[2].Text,
                            TimeStamp = item.SubItems[3].Text*/
                        });
                    }

                    GroupSerObj serializeGroup = new GroupSerObj
                    {
                        GroupName = group.SubItems[0].Text,/*
                        UpdateRate = group.SubItems[1].Text,
                        Active = group.SubItems[2].Text,*/
                        Items = itemsObj
                    };

                    serializer.Serialize(writer, serializeGroup);
                }
            }
        }

The output.
{"GroupName":"Group0","Items":[{"ItemName":"Int1"},{"ItemName":"Money"},{"ItemName":"Int4"},{"ItemName":"Int2"}]}{"GroupName":"Group1","Items":[]}{"GroupName":"Group2","Items":[]}

More readable sorting
{"GroupName":"Group0","Items":[
    {"ItemName":"Int1"},
    {"ItemName":"Money"},
    {"ItemName":"Int4"},
    {"ItemName":"Int2"}]}
{"GroupName":"Group1","Items":[
    ]}
{"GroupName":"Group2","Items":[
]}

What I've tried to deserialize it.
string fromJson;
        using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(path + "\\data.txt"))
        {
            fromJson = @sr.ReadLine();
        }
        JObject fromJsonObject = JObject.Parse(fromJson); //Where exeption occurs.

        IList<JToken> results = fromJsonObject["Items"]["ItemName"].Children().ToList();

        IList<GroupSerObj> deserResults = new List<GroupSerObj>();

        foreach(JToken result in results)
        {
            GroupSerObj deserResult = result.ToObject<GroupSerObj>();
            deserResults.Add(deserResult);
        }

A: For me it looks like your output is wrong. Its an array of objects (multiple groups) so it should be surrounded by [ and ] and each object separated by a comma (,).
Your output should look like this:
[{"GroupName":"Group0","Items":[{"ItemName":"Int1"},{"ItemName":"Money"},{"ItemName":"Int4"},{"ItemName":"Int2"}]},{"GroupName":"Group1","Items":[]},{"GroupName":"Group2","Items":[]}]

You are using a JObject to Parse the Array, but when paring an array we need the JArray, so it should be:
JArray fromJsonObject = JArray.Parse(fromJson); //Where exeption occurs.
for (int i = 0; i < fromJsonObject.Count; i++)
   {
       IList<GroupSerObj> deserResults = new List<GroupSerObj>();
       var deserResult = fromJsonObject[i].ToObject<GroupSerObj>();
       deserResults.Add(deserResult);
   }


Planning a wedding can be, although immensely fun and exciting, stressful. Behind the scenes of beautiful flower arrangements and romantic lighting is a whirlwind of decision-making that can be tricky. Yet although it may appear so, the happiest day of your life does not also have to be the most expensive. If you're planning your wedding on a budget, or simply want to make sure your expenditures are efficient, this list of tips will help you plan the wedding of your dreams without breaking the bank!
Do you want the wedding gown of your dreams or your first choice acoustic band? Do you want the venue you've been eyeing or the dishes from your favorite restaurant? In order to plan the wedding you want, you have to make some sacrifices so that everything can fit comfortably in your budget. Decide the priority order of your vendors, including which ones are at the top of your list. The important part here is that you understand the top 3 vendors that you can't compromise on, and figure out how to adjust the others to fit into your budget.
Just like you want to be smart with how you spend your budget, you want to be smart with how you spend your time. The best idea is to have a short engagement and start making your wedding plans when it is less than a year away. Your opinions, ideas, guest list, and the latest trends can all change if given enough time. Planning too early can leave room for changing your mind once you've already started spending, which can result in losing deposits or needing to take money out of other certain budget areas.
It's a simple concept that as your wedding guest list gets smaller, so do your wedding costs. Most people think that they have to invite everyone in their address book to have a wonderful wedding, but that really is not the case. This notion that a big wedding is a better wedding is an outdated idea. Instead of sacrificing certain planning items like decor or food in order to invite everyone you know, opting for a shorter guest list will allow you to plan your dream wedding on a friendly-sized budget.
Besides the food and drinks that each additional guest requires, there are also the costs of extra place settings, chairs, tables, and centerpiece decor that you will need. Reducing your guest list will noticeably cut all these expenses. With this in mind, it is a smarter move to go with quality over quantity for your invites.
Many people have this notion that secondhand items do not have a place in weddings because everything should be something that you picked, not what someone else picked. However, previously loved dresses and decor certainly have a place at weddings that are on a budget (and you don't have to be a penny pincher to want to save a chunk of cash). Wedding dresses at consignment stores sell for a fraction of their original price and have only been worn once, if at all. Another thrifty option is to sell your wedding items after your big day has passed because, what else are you going to do with hundreds of vases? Although these tweaks are just small adjustments in the grand picture of your wedding, they will save you large amounts of money that could be used for hiring an excellent wedding photographer, or even towards planning an exotic honeymoon!
You may think it doesn't make sense, but weddings that are overseas can actually help couples save money (and not to mention make your wedding extraordinary). Although the flights to a destination wedding cost a pretty penny, the flowers, cuisine, and decor can be so inexpensive that it offsets your plane tickets. Having a destination wedding also cuts your guest list, making your wedding even more affordable and wonderfully intimate.
Wedding planning is a unique process in which knowing too much can actually make your life more difficult. Because of the seemingly endless amount of wedding inspiration that is all over social media and the internet, there is a limit to how much research you should do. Being too curious can harm your budget because many, or all, of the wonderful decor ideas you see are out of a reasonable price range.
Once you have your decisions made, stop browsing the web. This will prevent you from changing your mind when you see a cute centerpiece on Pinterest months after you have already ordered yours. Avoid comparing your wedding to anyone else's you may see on social media: your big day is about something special for you and your partner, and should be exactly how you want it to be.
Although it may be tricky, focus on planning a day that will be perfect for you and your fiancé, and not perfect by someone else's standards. It is important to not create too much financial stress from your wedding, because it starts your marriage off on the wrong foot. Just remember that your wedding is a wonderful occasion that you will cherish for years to come, so make sure you plan something that is truly your own.
When it comes to your wedding day, there should be no cutting corners or compromising. These helpful tips will make planning your wedding on a budget easy!
What Is The Best Site To Create My Wedding Website?


text:
History Faculty
Casserly, Dr. Brian
Faculty-Program Chair
Email: brian.casserly@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: D110E
Brian Casserly has taught at Bellevue College since 2009 and has been a full time faculty member since 2012. Dr. Casserly began serving as Program Chair of the History department in 2022. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 2007. Before joining Bellevue College as a full time instructor, Dr. Casserly taught …more about Casserly, Dr. Brian
Sanchez, Dr. Sabrina
Email: s.sanchez@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: B100D
Dr. Sabrina Sanchez joined Bellevue College in 2012 after teaching at South Texas College on the U.S./Mexico border. After serving as Chair of the History program for 7 years, Dr. Sanchez began serving as Assistant Dean of the Social Science division in 2022. Her specializations include U.S. and Latin American history, Women's history, and Mexican-American …more about Sanchez, Dr. Sabrina
Pulido, Dr. Michael
Email: michael.pulido@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: D100F
Michael Pulido joined the history faculty at Bellevue College in 2018. He earned his PhD from Marquette University in 2017, where his dissertation, Transmitting Revolution: Radio, Rumor, and the 1953 East German Uprising, considered how a national rebellion became thinkable in a dictatorial state. Michael specializes in modern European history and has also worked on projects related to Holocaust experiences …more about Pulido, Dr. Michael
Schultz, Dr. Jaclyn N.
Email: j.schultz@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: B-100 A
Dr. Jaclyn N. Schultz (Jackie) joined the History faculty at Bellevue College in 2020 after completing her Ph.D. at the University of California, Santa Cruz in the same year. Her specializations include U.S. cultural history, the history of race and racism, economic history, and the history of childhood. Her dissertation, "Learning the Values of a …more about Schultz, Dr. Jaclyn N.
Ma, Chiemi
Email: chiemi.ma@bellevuecollege.edu
Phone: Online
Office Location: Online
Chiemi Ma was born in Tokyo, Japan and has resided and traveled across Asia, Europe and North America. Professor Ma's extensive teaching experience includes positions teaching U.S. History and World History at North Seattle, Highline, and Casacadia community colleges in Washington state as well as Humanities & Western Civilization and Comparative Religions at West Hills …more about Ma, Chiemi
Atchison, Dr. Devon
Email: devon.atchison@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: B100B
Dr. Devon Atchison earned her B.A. in History from the University of California at Santa Barbara, and earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in History from Boston University. Her doctoral dissertation, Shades of Change focused on the racial, gender, and class implications of suntanning in America. Dr. Atchison left cold and snowy Boston for the warmer shores …more about Atchison, Dr. Devon
Scott, Dr. Terry
Email: terry.scott@bellevuecollege.edu
Terry Anne Scott has taught history at Bellevue College since 2010. She is an assistant professor of History at Hood College in Maryland. She previously worked as a lecturer at the University of Washington where she was nominated for a distinguished teaching award. Dr. Scott earned her Ph.D. in History at the University of Chicago, …more about Scott, Dr. Terry
Doan, Dr. Robert
Email: rdoan@bellevuecollege.edu
Office Location: B106
Robert Doan has been teaching History for over 20 years, including seven at Bellevue College. After Dr. Doan earned a B.A. in Psychology, he completed his Ph.D. in History from Temple University in Philadelphia. His dissertation, "Green Gold to the Emerald Isle," explored the financial, nationalist, and familial connections that Irish immigrants maintained with their …more about Doan, Dr. Robert
Good, Dr. Polly
Email: polly.good@bellevuecollege.edu
Dr. Polly Good joined the History department at Bellevue College in Spring 2016. At Bellevue, she teaches general U.S. history courses along with developmental math classes. Prior to moving to the Pacific Northwest, she taught courses in U.S women's history, U.S. religious history, and African-American history in Utah, Virginia and Oregon. Dr. Good completed her …more about Good, Dr. Polly
Ricar, Dr. Sondra
Email: sondra.ricar@bellevuecollege.edu
Dr. Sondra Ricar has been teaching history for more than 20 years. She received her BA with Honors in History and Politics from the University of California at Santa Cruz and subsequently received her MA and Ph.D. in World History, specializing in Russian History from the same institution. She has taught US History, American Government, …more about Ricar, Dr. Sondra
Academic Concentration in History
Student Info and Policies
Student Hall of Fame

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">

    <style name="OpenBoxBoldText" parent="@android:style/Theme.Translucent.NoTitleBar">
        <item name="android:textSize">18dp</item>
        <item name="android:textColor">@color/brown</item>
        <item name="android:textStyle">bold</item>
    </style>

</resources>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Are you passionate about missions and church planting among the least reached people groups? Are you gifted in storytelling through videography and photography? If so, we would invite you to consider the Lord's calling to join your passion and your gifts for the sake of the least reached people groups across Europe.
Pioneers in Europe is asking the Lord to provide a person or a team of gifted videographers and photographers to help tell the opportunities and the story of God's work across the European continent. From Ireland to Greece, this calling would entail extensive travel across Europe working with local Pioneers teams to capture the story of God's work and share the vision of Pioneers in Europe.
The ideal candidate would have some experience filming and producing short video stories, photography, and strong written communication skills, and interpersonal skills to work with teams. This position would require support raising.
To begin exploration of this role, fill out the form below and someone from our team will be in touch!


text:
Q: Форматирование PHP кода в Visual Studio Code с помощью расширения php-cs-fixer Установил расширение php-cs-fixer
Подключил правила
"php-cs-fixer.rules": "@PhpCsFixer"

Форматирование работает, но исправляет код, например
if ($pass == '')

на такой
if ('' == $pass)

Это дико раздражает. Как исправить?
@u_mulder, я нашел такой текст в двух местах:
C:\Users\***\AppData\Roaming\Composer\vendor\friendsofphp\php-cs-fixer\src\RuleSet.php
и
C:\Users\***\AppData\Roaming\Composer\vendor\friendsofphp\php-cs-fixer\src\Fixer\LanguageConstruct\IsNullFixer.php

правка не помогает.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: I need to know how to use perlin-noise to generate an artificial STI in python I would like to artificially generate an image called sti. Referring to the following paper, I can generate an image like the one below. I would like to run these in python to generate data like the image below, but I am having trouble understanding how to code it. Please someone help me.
(STI :The images represent vectors at random angles.)

a) Training/Validation Dataset To create the training/validation
dataset, we generated 128x128 sized artificial STI data based on
Perlin noise. Specifically, first, 300 base images were generated by
weighting and averaging the pixel values of 3 to 5 stripe pattern
images generated by randomly selecting the number of nodes for setting
the gradient in the Perlin noise in the range of 2 to 48. In order to
obtain STIs with various luminance distributions, 100 images were
randomly selected from the base images and rotated by selecting a
rotation angle from a normal distribution with a variance  of 1.5
degrees from the target angle, and the final artificial STIs were
obtained by normalizing the weighted average of pixel values (Figure
3). The dataset was classified into 360 classes with 0.5-degree
increments between 0 and 180 degrees, and each class (one angle
increment) contained 100 images for training and 10 images for
accuracy verification. The total number of data included in the
dataset is 360x100 = 36,000 training pairs and 360x10 = 3,600 images
for accuracy verification.

enter image description here


text:
Tags Privacy
Tag: privacy
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Last year, the European Union Parliament agreed on the text of the General Data Protection Regulation. The GDPR updates and harmonizes existing legal guidelines for the region, touching on various aspects of privacy and data empowerment for European citizens....
This Plugin Gives Anonymity To Your Students In Moodle Forums
Cristian T. Duque - May 9, 2017
Can a fully functioning democracy work in the absence of anonymity to protect freedom of speech? While armies of political scientists spend century after century in this debate, you can go a more practical route, by using the anonymous...
SCORM and Moodle: A Dismal Relationship That May Last Forever
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Home >Industry >Private banks split over proposal to remove cap on foreign holding
At present foreign holding is capped at 74% and the industry leaders ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank have the maximum exposure to foreign capital. Photo: AFP
Private banks split over proposal to remove cap on foreign holding
2 min read . Updated: 21 Jan 2018, 03:32 PM IST PTI
The Narendra Modi government is reportedly planning to allow 100% foreign direct investment in the private sector banks
Mumbai: Private sector banks are split on the speculation that government may remove the cap on foreign holding in them, with some welcoming it while others clearly not enthused by the proposed reform measure.
"I think you have to make up your mind whether banking is intrinsic to an economy or not. If it is intrinsic to an economy, do you want all earnings out of something which is intrinsic to the economy to be exported?" asked Kotak Mahindra Bank joint managing director Dipak Gupta.
"Banking, whether you like it or not, is sort of a bellwether for how directionally an economy moves. Hence, it is not appropriate to have 100% foreign owned banks," he argued.
However, Rana Kapoor of Yes Bank took an entirely contrasting view and wholeheartedly welcomed the move.
"I think it's a good step. There are already two to three banks who are very close to the present cap of 74%. In terms of opening up the market, it will be a good message, a very good signal," he said.
HDFC Bank, which is among the large banks to have been hitting the 74% ceiling often, refused to comment saying it is too early and there is nothing on the table officially now.
"Cannot comment now as there is nothing on the table," Paresh Sukthankar, deputy managing director of the country's most valuable bank, told reporters over the weekend during the earnings presser.
According to media reports, the Narendra Modi government is reportedly planning to allow 100% foreign direct investment in the private sector banks.
At present the same is capped at 74% and the industry leaders ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank have the maximum exposure to foreign capital.
Reports that came a week after the government increased FDI caps in single-brand retail to 100% under the automatic route, and Air India (49% with approval; already the same amount of foreign capital is allowed in private sector airlines), said government is also considering allowing 49% foreign ownership in state-run lenders, most of them crippled with low core capital due to mounting bad loans and the resultant losses, from 20% now.
To drive his point home further, Kotak Bank's Gupta drew parallels between the defence and banking and said as in the former, government should not allow 100% foreign ownership in banking too and should not be doing so in every sector.
He also said the savers should be given the benefit of all the good that is happening in the core economy, of which banking is an important part. Kapoor said apart from increasing FDI in banking, government and the Reserve Bank should also work towards getting one or two big foreign banks to open 100% subsidiaries in the country.
"We've seen a tremendous contraction of foreign banks of late," he said, adding their roles are now restricted to helping in exercises like equity and debt raising and also external commercial borrowings.
Kapoor said a lot of Fortune 500 companies are interested to invest in the country and having such banks will help in getting more foreign capital.
Liberalising foreign holding norms in many sectors has been a contentious issue for decades and any move on banking, especially with general elections a little over a year away, will be a very interesting step.


text:
Unless they follow vaccination rules, Google employees may lose pay and ultimately be fired
Industrytech
December 17, 2021: According to internal documents viewed by CNBC, Google has told its employees that they will lose pay and will eventually be fired if they don't comply with the company's Covid-19 vaccination policy.
A memo circulated by leadership said employees had until December 3 to declare their vaccination status and upload documentation showing proof or applying for a medical or religious exemption. The company said after that date, it would start contacting employees who hadn't uploaded their status or were unvaccinated and those whose exemption requests weren't approved.
The document said employees who haven't complied with the vaccination rules by the January 18 deadline would be placed on "paid administrative leave" for 30 days. After that, the company will put them on "unpaid personal leave" for up to six months, followed by termination.
While much of the tech industry continues to push back return-to-work plans and companies large and small prepare for a flexible future, Google requires its workforce to eventually come into physical offices three days a week at some point in the new year. And it's showing limited patience for those who refuse to get vaccines, which have been widely available for months.
The Biden administration has ordered U.S. companies with 100 or more workers to ensure their employees are fully vaccinated or regularly tested for Covid-19 by January 18. In early November, a federal court issued a stay-on order, putting a halt to the administration's efforts.
Still, Google asked its more than 150,000 employees to upload their vaccination status to its internal systems, whether they plan to come into the office or not. The company indicated that it intends to follow Biden's order.
"We expect that almost all roles at Google in the U.S. will fall within the scope of the executive order," Google's memo said. "Anyone entering a Google building must be fully vaccinated or have an approved accommodation that allows them to work or come onsite," the company said, adding that "frequent testing is not a valid alternative to vaccination."
CEO Sundar Pichai announced in July that the company would require vaccinations for those returning to offices. At the time, the plan was to reopen in January. But in early December, amid ongoing concerns about infection numbers, Google told U.S. employees it would not yet require them to return to offices. However, leaders encouraged employees to continue coming in "where conditions allow them to reconnect with colleagues in person and start regaining the muscle memory of being in the office more regularly."
Employees have not universally accepted the vaccine mandate. Several hundred Google workers have signed and circulated a manifesto opposing the company's requirements, which leadership said would apply to all employees, even those working from home, who engage directly or indirectly with federal government contracts.
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While some technologies have small advantages over others, most produce somewhat satisfactory or good results. Almost anyone can purchase and resell teleport hub technology, satellite terminals and satellite space segment. Not everyone can provide excellent service, or the necessary experience to keep the customers satisfied.
The one differentiating factor between satellite service providers is the level of service that you receive during the commisioning of your system, when you call call in for help, and the level of experience of the technician that installs or troubleshoots your system.
The challenges of providing satellite service.
If you consider all that is required to keep a tiny satellite dish pointed at a satellite that is 22 300 miles away, within a fraction of a degree, while the vessel rocks and rolls and changes course on the ocean below. If you think of the blockage from land masses, buildings, the ships superstructure and other surrounding hazards. If you consider the effect of a thunderstorm, near the vessel or the teleport. Relying on the ships compass to give a consistent heading and the GPS to give an accurate position. Hoping that the adjacent satellites, spaced just 2 degrees away, will not have a stronger level than the signal you are tracking or that there is not some other interference lurking on your vessel, or the boat across the anchorage. And then there are the challenges of changing satellite beams while you move from region to region.
Not to mention the IP issues, network bottleneck issues onboard, and on shore, that could slow down your network. And we have not even talked about telephone issues.
As a 21 year veteran of satellite communications, I am still amazed that the whole system works as well as it does.
With all these complexities, the odds are that you will, at some stage, need some assistance from your service provider.
How long does it take before you can talk to someone that knows?
In my opinion, the best services would provide the quickest navigation, straight to technical support, to a person that knows exactly what you are asking about, has access to all your information, and knows exactly what needs to be done to correct the problem, whether it is something they can do themselves, or they know who to escalate it to.
Whether you are calling in to subscribe to a new service, or calling in with a problem with an existing service, the first annoying barrier that you might come across is the Automated Voice Response (AVR). I realise that this is a cost saving measure, but is it not a pleasure to have the phone answered by a live, knowledgeable person, and even better, by the person that you need to speak to?
Some AVRs are quite efficient and quickly get you where you need to be, while others are quite painful to navigate, especially if you need to call back several times.
If they provide a telephone number for technical support, why does one need to press all those keys to choose between Sales, Billing, and other departments before you can get to technical support?
I can understand waiting on hold for a few minutes if all representatives are really assisting other customers, as long as I don't have to go through agony to get there.
Is your power switch turned on?
The next hurdle could be the script reading, Customer Service Representative with no concept of your needs or the service you are calling about. If your system is down, you have usually tried most of the remedies in the customer service script, before you call in. You really need to be talking to a technician that has real time access to monitoring and troubleshooting tools, especially when calling at premium satcom or roaming cellphone rates.
The best companies provide real time 24x7 technical support directly from the teleport or NOC manned by personnel with real field experience..
Smaller companies provide personal service and expertise.
When your provider is a small company, you are more likely to be talking to one of the principals of the company, or one of the innovators that engineered the network.
"Two weeks ago I couldn't even spell satellite engineer and now I are one".
The advantages of larger satellite service providers is that they have deep pockets, and lots of unused bandwidth available on many different satellites, so it is not an exteme hardship for them to bump up your bandwidth to get get you through a problem, or to switch you to one of their many other satellites. It is exteremely costly for smaller companies to provide such options, on the off chance that someone will need them.
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text:
David Edelmann and Szerena Edelmann
Czechoslovakia, 1918-1938
These are my parents: Szerena and David Edelmann. My parents had this photo taken one year before the end of my father's service in the Czech army. My father came on leave to Kosice, and met with my mother right away, of course. My father took this photo with him, when his leave was over and he had to go back to his unit. My father kept it in his chest pocket till the end of his service. This photo was taken in Kosice in 1925.
My father studied in a Czech school and later - in a grammar school. My father was very handsome: tall and slender with big dark eyes and handsome features. He was also a decent, honest and noble man of principles. He hated lies. At the age of 18 my father went to work for a confectionery company owned by two Jews. The owners valued my father well and employed him back after his service in the army. He got promotions and was paid well. My father was recruited to the Czech army at 19. He served near Prague and had good memories about his service in the army.
My father met my mother when he was 18. My mother was 15. She was a pretty blonde with wavy hair, gray-greenish eyes, snow-white teeth and was lovely built. Her name was Szerena Klein. Since her childhood everybody called her 'Szoszi' My parents fell in love once and for all. My mother received the first awards at beauty contests in her town several times.
My mother had many admirers, but my father became number one. My parents got married on 14 July 1929. He was 24 and my mother was 20 years old. They had a real Jewish wedding with a rabbi and a chuppah. My father was working for the company. He rented a two-room apartment and furnished it.
My father began to write before he went to the army. At first he wrote poems inspired by his love of my mother. I read these poems, when I was a child, and admired their lyrical nature and beauty. The first letters in lines composed my mother's name or deklaration of his love of her. My father wrote my mother poems of letters from the army. Regretfully, they got lost during the war. My father became chief editor of the communist weekly 'Mai Nap' ('Today') published in Hungarian where his writer's talent was fully realized. My father had to work a lot to support the family. Besides, the newspaper was also funded by its employees. My father was a convinced communist, and it had nothing to do with his material situation.
Interviewee: Judita Haikis
Ella Levitskaya
David Edelmann
Austria-Hungary pre 1918
Departmental head/manager in socialist
Szerena Edelmann
Year of changing:
Judita Haikis (English)
Katarina Loefflerova "The Importance Of A Good Vacation"
Singer Alexander
Katarina Lofflerova
Herta Vysna
Henrich F.
Bedrich Hecht


text:
CodeJunkie has asked for the wisdom of the Perl Monks concerning the following question:
, I'm just attempting to write a module and was wondering if it is bad practise to have subroutines within the module that don't *return* anything? For example, I have a common subroutine I use all the time called printFile(); It goes like this:
sub printFile {
my ($file) = @_;
open FH, "<$file" or return;
print while (<FH>);
close FH; # do not complain if it cannot
Now I want to include this in my module so I can use it as and when I like in my programs, but is this bad coding practice? (I know I should be using a templating system also, but that's a whole other story :-) )
Comment on Bad Module Code
Re: Bad Module Code
by tilly (Archbishop) on Jul 11, 2003 at 16:06 UTC
And what do you do when some stupid reason (eg a missing directory, write permissions) causes the files to not open and therefore for nothing to get written?
Not returning anything is reasonable. No error checking either is bad practice.
Re: Re: Bad Module Code
by CodeJunkie (Monk) on Jul 11, 2003 at 16:16 UTC
Yes I totally agree with the principle of error checking obviously, but in this case I don't want it to die if the file is missing or it can't be printed. It is just printing HTML markup out to the browser so if it fails it should be reasonably obvious.
Although having said that, it would be quite nice to print out a message explaining why it didn't work. So I will fix that.
Re: Re: Re: Bad Module Code
by diotalevi (Canon) on Jul 11, 2003 at 17:07 UTC
No, printing would be the wrong thing. Setting $@, using warn() (or something from Carp, throwing an exception would be better. But certainly don't print().
I do that all the time. I have a wrapper around IO::File that provides a few more option (like when to check for existence and the like), plus throws errors for Error. The closing function doesn't actually return anything.
Personally, though, I'm anal and always return 1 from functions that are auto-successful. But, that's more from superstition than any real reason.
by sauoq (Abbot) on Jul 11, 2003 at 18:04 UTC
I'm just attempting to write a module and was wondering if it is bad practise to have subroutines within the module that don't *return* anything?
It's actually pretty hard to write a Perl subroutine that doesn't return anything. For example, you might be surprised to learn that your sub returns 1 on success and undef if either of your system calls, open() or close(), fails.
Without an explicit return, the sub will return the value of the last expression evaluated. As luck would have it, close() will return 1 if it succeeds, so your sub will too.
When you use an empty return statement, the sub will return either undef or an empty list depending on the context in which it was called.
Perl only really lets you return nothing when the sub is called in void context (and a return value wouldn't be used anyway.)
by smalhotra (Scribe) on Jul 11, 2003 at 19:26 UTC
In perl's spirit of DWIM (Do What I Mean) and its design for doing what comes naturally, your function (recopied below) may now *return* anything while returning a lot of useful information:
printFile($file) or warn "Could not printFile, '$file': $!";
Thanks to the design you will get a meaningful (undef) return if either the open or close fail. Aah, I love this language It does what you want it to do even when you don't think you told it to do anything. It's like perl can read my mind.
$will->code for @food or $$;
by blue_cowdawg (Monsignor) on Jul 11, 2003 at 16:03 UTC
Well... It is probably a bad idea to have subs anywhere that don't return values for at least some form of "I was able to do that" or "bad things happened to me" kinds of flags to the calling environment.
This is regardless of if you are writing a module or simply a procedure oriented piece of code.
Having said that I violate my own rule all the time when I am coding in a hurry.
Peter L. Berghold Brewer of Belgian Ales
Peter@Berghold.Net www.berghold.net
by exussum0 (Vicar) on Jul 11, 2003 at 19:34 UTC
Well, that depends. Some things may have useless return calls, such as those that try and push out a command.
take, say.. something that initiates garbage collection, or flushes buffers. You can't really say it succeeds or fails other than the fact that you've told it to run or not.
I readily admit, there could be a return value if the request for the subsystem to run is fine, but sometimes, you just don't know. Look at sun's sync function for instance :)
look at sun's sync function for instance :)
Please... I just ate... :-)
by del (Pilgrim) on Jul 11, 2003 at 17:27 UTC
That subroutine could return a value, though. The last returned value within the subroutine will be the return value of the subroutine.
perldoc -f close
" Closes the file or pipe associated with the file handle, returning true only if stdio successfully flushes buffers and closes the system file descriptor. "
by ajdelore (Pilgrim) on Jul 11, 2003 at 19:37 UTC
In the case of a single program or script, I would agree that it is unimportant that your function return anything if this is not needed.
However, since this is a module, and intended for re-use, the function may be used in other situations that you might not anticipate.
In this case, I believe that any function should return at minimum a 1 or 0 to indicate success/failure. Of course, as others have very astutely pointed out, your function does this anyways.
</ajdelore>
OT beef: How may vi users out there press Esc while editing text in the textarea field and lose everything they wrote? Grrr...
by Anonymous Monk on Jul 11, 2003 at 16:11 UTC
What you could do is wrap the contents of your sub in an eval block and return with an error code to the caller if eval saw an error, sort of like try/catch.
by bobn (Chaplain) on Jul 11, 2003 at 16:57 UTC
Don't forget that if called as a method, the first parm will be the invocant (object).
--Bob Niederman, http://bob-n.com
by ihb (Deacon) on Jul 12, 2003 at 15:18 UTC
You've been given many comments and suggestions, so I won't second them.
What I find most upsetting with the code though is that it doesn't localize FH and $_. That is bad, bad, bad. Forgetting to localize $_ is far too common. See Localizing $_ and while (<FH>) { ... }. (Is really: "Re: Re4: matching every occurrence of a regex") for a brief list of (core/common) modules that at that time didn't localize $_--potentially causing bugs in the user's program.
ihb
Actually, die shouldn't return anything. Nor should confess :) HA!
by QwertyD (Pilgrim) on Jul 13, 2003 at 20:04 UTC
Whether your sub actually returns anything to the caller is one thing, but whether its return value means anything is another.
In the module's documentation, it's fine to either leave out a mention of what the sub returns, or explicitly say that what the sub returns is unspecified. This tells anybody using your sub that they should not rely on anything it returns. This way, in a later version of the module, if you decide that you want to return true, or a status code, or some kind of error message, you can, and you won't break any existing code.
For a little more on this, see the "Specifying semantics" section of Ned Batchelder's essay on interfaces. He uses the term "undefined" instead of "unspecified", but that's just because the languages he usually programs in probably don't have undef.
How do I love -d? Let me count the ways...
by runrig (Abbot) on Jul 12, 2003 at 01:35 UTC
But your function is returning something. It is returning false if there is an error opening or closing the file, and true otherwise. Whether or not you use the return value is another matter...


text:
La XX edizione del campionato europeo di scherma si è svolta dal 2 al 7 luglio 2007 a Gent, in Belgio.

Risultati

Uomini

Donne

Medagliere

Altri progetti

 2007
Competizioni sportive a Gand
Scherma nel 2007

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Jennifer Lopez Glow After Dark has charismatic floral-wood scent. It opens with top notes of passion fruit, white cherry and mandarin orange. It's heart includes florals like jasmine, rose, peony and orange blossom. The fragrance ends with musk, patchouli and white woods.
J.Lo Glow After Dark is very popular all over the world. You can become the center of attention everywhere you go. Experience the feeling of success with this extraordinary fragrance by J. Lo.


text:
Q: Better ways to create an interactive list? I have a custom list created on SharePoint which is being used by users to create requests.
The list has multiple one line Text columns and Check Boxes.
Users raise around 15-20 such request every day. I want to make it easier for them to raise these requests, as good amount of time is being sent in raising it.
Could someone please advise an easier and more interactive way to do it on SharePoint.

A: Well, it depends also on the form's structure. If you e.g. have a checkbox for some question, which other questions are dependent of, you might want to have users to automatically skip some of the questions when the user doesn't tick the checkbox.
As an example:

Question 1: "I want to have a sandwich with my coffee"
--> Question 2: "Which fillings you'd want?"
--> Question 3: "Do you have any allergies?"
----> Question 4: "Which allergies?"

Now if the user chooses not to tick the checkbox on Q1, the user won't have to answer the question 2-4. Although you could feel this generates additional questions from "Do you/Don't you?" --> "Which/What?", it's still way faster to finish a form which has only checkboxes than multiselect/free-form text fields.
This functionality is called cascading. You'll get a good overview of the subject, and multiple existing answers, by browsing the tag cascading.

Additional things for you to consider:

*

*Do users input texts with only a few variations?

*

*-> Use dropdown-box/radio-button checklist, or use managed metadata field which offers suggestions for input

*Do users input user names from your domain?

*

*-> Populate the users straight from AD by using People-field instead of manually writing


do any Blackberry devices alow for the use with leather work gloves/welding gloves?
if so which blackberry devises allow use with everyday work gloves?
any one that you can use the kb with....if you can in gloves. I have a Z30 and I can use it with North Face etip winter gloves. I doubt any phone allows use with plain leather gloves or welding gloves???
If you have a pkb one.
Is the problem that by the time you stop welding, put the torch down and take gloves off the person calling has either rung off or gone to voicemail?
I don't know any BlackBerry phone for that purpose but if I am not wrong lumia phones can be used with gloves.
How do you organize your home screen?
How can I set a Whatsapp wallpaper for my BlackBerry Z3?
Password Keeper, does it work with Browser?


• Unique local knowledge of the suggested locations, creativity and, above all, valuable local industry contacts that offer us favorable rates conditions.
• Destination knowledge and local connections will save you both time and money in research, negotiations and will guarantee preferential services and peace of mind.
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text:
Changing Sci from Post-Publication Peer-Review to Single-Blind Peer-Review
How to Achieve Compliance with GDPR Article 17 in a Hybrid Cloud Environment
A Hybrid Approach: Dynamic Diagnostic Rules for Sensor Systems in Industry 4.0 Generated by Online Hyperparameter Tuned Random Forest
10.3390/sci2040077
Koutsoyiannis, D.
Kundzewicz, Z. W.
Peer-Review Record
Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?
Sci 2020, 2(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci2040077
by Demetris Koutsoyiannis 1,* and Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz 2
Reviewer 1: Yog Aryal
Reviewer 2: Ronan Connolly
Reviewer 3: Stavros Alexandris
Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 / Published: 20 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers 2020 Editors' Collection)
DOI: 10.3390/sci2030081
Reviewer 1 Report
# The authors proposed a new approach to analyze the well-known problem. Similar studies are generally performed on longer time series (https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21691, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1007-x ). It would be interesting to see how the results based on the proposed approach in this paper compare with the previous works.
# The literature review misses recent/relevant works. For instance,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4053-2019
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00034.1
Author Response
(as it appears in https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/3/72)
Reply to Reviewer 1 – Yog Aryal
We thank Yog Aryal for his review [1], his positive evaluation of Version 1 of our paper [2] and his suggestions of relevant references [3-6].
In fact, the references [3-4] had already been reviewed extensively in our Version 1. It is true, however, that these refer to time spans longer than in our study. In our Version 2, and specifically in the new Appendix 1, we explain our reasoning why we delimit our study period to 1980-2019 and do not use controversial data of earlier periods.
Also, in Version 2 we have included the Reviewer's suggestions [5-6] within the new Appendix 4, where we explain our theoretical disagreements with the methodologies in both these papers. Because of these disagreements, we do not proceed in comparisons of results.
1. Aryal, Y. Review of Atmospheric Temperature and CO₂: Hen-or-Egg Causality? (Version 1). Sci 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/3/72 (posted and accessed on 25 September 2020).
2. Koutsoyiannis, D.; Kundzewicz, Z.W. Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality? (Version 1). Sci 2020, 2, 72.
3. Stips, A.; Macias, D.; Coughlan, C.; Garcia-Gorriz, E.; Liang, X.S. On the causal structure between CO2 and global temperature. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 21691, doi:10.1038/srep21691.
4. Stern, D.I.; Kaufmann, R.K. Anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change. Clim. Chang. 2014, 122, 257–269.
5. Verbitsky, M.Y., Mann, M.E., Steinman, B.A., and Volobuev, D.M.: Detecting causality signal in instrumental measurements and climate model simulations: global warming case study. Geosci. Model Dev. 2019, 12, 4053–4060, doi: 10.5194/gmd-12-4053-2019.
6. Hannart, A.; Pearl, J.; Otto, F.E.L.; Naveau, P.; Ghil, M. Causal counterfactual theory for the attribution of weather and climate-related events. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2016, 97 (1), 99-110.
Review of "Atmospheric temperature and CO2: Hen-or-egg causality?"
Summary of manuscript and general comments
It is a well-known observation in statistics that, "correlation does not imply causation". A large body of literature exists arguing that global temperature (I will use "T" for short) trends are somewhat correlated to atmospheric CO2 trends. Various theoretical and/or computer model-based analyses have argued that changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations are a major driver (if not THE primary driver) of global temperature trends, i.e., that the direction of causation is CO2 → global temperatures. However, in their manuscript, the authors (Koutsoyiannis and Kundzewicz) essentially argue that from an empirical point of view, the net direction of causality of the CO2/T correlation has not yet been satisfactorily established. Moreover, they present intriguing empirical evidence that suggests the net direction of causation might be the opposite, or at least that there are feedbacks in both directions.
The theory that (a) atmospheric CO2 is the primary driver of global temperature trends and (b) that human activity is the only significant driver of atmospheric CO2 trends since the start of the Industrial Revolution currently dominates the relevant scientific literature. In particular, the theory was the primary motivation for the setting up in the 1980s of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), whose reports have been highly influential and are often assumed to represent the "scientific consensus" on all matters related to "climate change". And, the theory underpins much of the framing of the discussion within the IPCC reports.
Moreover, the theory has become highly politicised and even daring to ask questions about it has become "politically incorrect".
However, as scientists, I believe we should be less concerned about the political correctness of a scientific theory and be more interested in its scientific robustness. Indeed, Sarewitz (2011) also notes that encouraging active scientific inquiry into "consensus statements" is ultimately also important for policymakers:
"The very idea that science best expresses its authority through consensus statements is at odds with a vibrant scientific enterprise. Consensus is for textbooks; real science depends for its progress on continual challenges to the current state of always-imperfect knowledge. Science would provide better value to politics if it articulated the broadest set of plausible interpretations, options and perspectives, imagined by the best experts, rather than forcing convergence to an allegedly unified voice" – Sarewitz (2011)
Therefore, I agree with the authors that we should be encouraging open-minded scientific inquiry into our prevailing paradigms. If our current paradigms are truly robust, then they should easily survive critical scientific inquiry, and so we should have nothing to fear from such inquiry. On the other hand, if our paradigms are unable to withstand such inquiry, this would indicate that we may be in need of a better paradigm (Kuhn, 1962).
The authors conclude on the basis of their manuscript,
"This poses challenging scientific questions of interpretation and modelling for further studies. In our opinion, scientists of the 21st century should have been familiar with unanswered scientific questions, as well as with the idea that complex systems resist simplistic explanations"
In light of my comments above, even the epistemological value alone of this manuscript of this conclusion (and the arguments leading to it) make the paper worthy of consideration for publication. The intriguing results implied by Figures 1 and 2, the timeliness of the analysis following several months of the many COVID-19 national lockdowns (with a significant reduction in anthropogenic CO2 emissions – as opposed to concentrations) also merit publication. Finally, the analysis itself highlights key conflicts between the simple narrative of the theoretical understanding of the prevailing paradigms on CO2 and empirical observations. Even if these conflicts can ultimately be resolved within the current paradigms, the authors findings demonstrate that the inter-relationships between CO2 and T are more complex than typically assumed. Therefore, the authors' findings should be of interest to the scientific community.
However, as it stands, there is some room for improvement. Below I will make a number of comments and suggestions for how I think the manuscript could be improved. Although some of these are just suggestions, I recommend the authors consider these comments and revise their manuscript accordingly.
In my opinion, my recommendations could be implemented with relatively minor revisions, but if they prompt the authors to make more substantive revisions, this is acceptable to me. Overall, I think the manuscript is an important one, but needs some improvement first.
Recommendation: Minor revisions necessary
1. Acknowledge the wider epistemological framework for your framing of the topic
I first of all recommend reading our recent paper, Connolly et al. (2020). It is a long paper, but I think you would find Section 3.1 particularly relevant.
Note our suggestion that there are currently 4 distinct paradigms on the relationship between T & CO2. This distinction between four paradigms overlaps somewhat with your two proposed directions of causality, however it suggests that there are additional complexities that need to be considered other than the net direction of causality. Using your schematic in the graphical abstract, Paradigms 1 and 2 would imply egg to hen, while Paradigms 3 and 4 would imply hen to egg. Paradigms 2 and 3 suggest that at least some feedback occurs between egg and hen.
I leave it up to you whether you decide to incorporate into your framework this concept of there being at least four paradigms, rather than just two. But, you should at least refer to it.
However, a more serious limitation of your current framing is that as far as I see it the hen/egg correlation is not strictly T→CO2 vs. CO2→T. Rather, as I see it the two sides of your proposed hen/egg relationship are:
"T→CO2". Changes in global temperatures alter the balances between several of the natural sinks and sources of atmospheric CO2. The net effect of these leads to an increase in atmospheric CO2 with global warming (and equivalently a decrease in atmospheric CO2 with global cooling)
"CO2→T". I argue that this proposed causality can actually be split into two components.
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are the sole reason for the observed multi-decadal increase in atmospheric CO2 since 1958 (and if we assume the Antarctic ice core estimates are reliable, since the start of the Industrial Revolution)
Changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have been the primary driver of global temperature changes over this period
(2a) and (2b) are actually separate hypotheses which should be evaluated separately. They also are both compatible with (1). This has several implications:
For example, because (1) does not strictly depend on what the actual drivers of global temperature changes are, it could apply regardless of whether global warming is mostly (or entirely) natural or mostly (or entirely) anthropogenic. In the latter case, this could therefore act as a feedback to the 2(b) causality, while in the former case it could be independent of (2).
Because 2(a) and 2(b) are separate hypotheses, it is possible that one of them might be valid, but the other not. If 2(b) transpires to be invalid, but 2(a) transpires to be valid, then CO2 might be increasing due to anthropogenic emissions, without being the primary driver of global temperatures. In that case, it might be that neither the "hen" or "egg" causality would apply. One might then ask why trends in CO2 and T appear to have been correlated in the modern era. Actually, as I will discuss below, depending on the datasets you consider, the apparent correlations are not always as compelling as is commonly claimed.
I suggest that, from an epistemological perspective (which I think your paper is trying to present), we should systematically consider the various combinations of (1), (2a) and (2b), rather than simply treating this as a 1 vs 2 "hen vs egg" scenario. That would give us at least 2^3 = 8 scenarios rather than just two:
1 = true; 2a = true; 2b = true
1 = true; 2a = true; 2b = false
1 = true; 2a = false; 2b = false (i.e., exclusively "T→CO2")
1 = true; 2a = false; 2b = true
1 = false; 2a = true; 2b = true (i.e., exclusively "CO2→T")
1 = false; 2a= true; 2b = false
1 = false; 2a = false; 2b = true
1 = false; 2a = false; 2b = false
I would also recommend considering the possibility that each of these three proposed causalities might be "partially true", rather than either true or false. That would give us at least 3^3 = 27 scenarios rather than the 8 scenarios outlines above.
With regards to how much of the recent warming is natural vs. anthropogenic, I suggest considering Sections 4 and 5 of the Connolly et al. (2020) paper I mentioned above, where we show that there is still considerable ongoing debate over this challenging question in the literature.
2. How strong is the correlation between T and CO2?
In Section 2, you indicate that the correlations between T and CO2 might be different on different timescales. You note that part of this may be related to uncertainties over proxy reconstructions. Nonetheless, you suggest that there may be a reasonable correlation over the Phanerozoic era, by comparing one T reconstruction and 3 CO2 reconstructions in Figure 3. It might also be worth referring to the debates between Shaviv and Veizer (2003) who argued on the basis of other reconstructions that T and CO2 are not well correlated over this period. But, then noting that this claim was disputed by Rahmstorf et al. (2004) and Royer et al. (2005). Both of these latter two papers generated some correspondence (see references at the end).
You note, on the basis of Antarctic ice core estimates, that there appears to be a stronger correlation between T and CO2 during the glacial/interglacial transitions of the last 400,000 years, but that there is some evidence that the direction of causation may be T→CO2 on these timescales.
The rest of your analysis largely focuses on the modern instrumental records, i.e., after the Mauna Loa record began in 1958. This is reasonable, and I think it is good that you note the distinction between correlations on short timescales vs longer timescales.
However, have you considered the debates over the intermediate timescales? I would recommend consider the literature cited in Section 3.1 of Connolly et al. (2020) which I mentioned above. In particular, I would draw your attention to the debates over whether the stomatal based estimates of paleo-CO2 over the last few millennia are more or less reliable than the Antarctic ice core estimates. These stomatal-based estimates imply that the pre-industrial variability of atmospheric CO2 concentrations was significantly greater than that implied by the Antarctic ice cores.
You may also be interested in the debates over the pre-1958 instrumental measurements prompted by Beck's 2007 and 2008 papers (Beck sadly passed away shortly afterwards).
3. Improve the discussion of the relevant literature
Over the years, several researchers have presented similar arguments to you, from various perspectives. Typically, these studies are vehemently disputed by other researchers. In turn, these rebuttals are typically countered by the original authors. Perhaps some of the vitriol in such correspondence is related to the politically-charged nature of the topic (as mentioned in my preamble).
At any rate, I think it is important that you acknowledge more of this earlier literature making similar arguments, and also address the criticisms of that earlier literature where relevant to their analysis.
For some of the key references, I would again recommend you consider the literature cited in Section 3.1 of Connolly et al. (2020) which I mentioned above. However, I would particularly draw your attention to the following:
Ole Humlum et al. (2013)'s paper which somewhat overlaps with your analysis. Link here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.08.008 This study was critiqued by Richardson (2013): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.03.011 and Masters & Benestad (2013): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.03.010
Murry Salby has also been making similar arguments. As far as I know, he hasn't published any of this analysis in a peer-reviewed journal yet. But, he has given a few talks. Here's one of his more recent ones (2018): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rohF6K2avtY
4. On your proposed mechanism for T→CO2
In Section 6, you briefly postulate some of the mechanisms by which increasing T could cause increasing CO2.
I agree with you that increasing global temperatures should lead to increasing atmospheric CO2 from increased soil respiration. Indeed, in a recent paper - ÓhAiseadha et al. (2020), we briefly pointed out that this leads to the surprising fact that the net night-time soil warming caused by wind farms is probably leading to an increase in biological CO2 emissions which may well be counteracting some (or all) of the reduction in anthropogenic CO2 emissions the wind farms are hoped to cause.
You might find some of the references we cite in Section 4.2.4 of ÓhAiseadha et al. (2020) relevant for your arguments.
However, I would suggest that there are other mechanisms by which global temperatures could alter atmospheric CO2 concentrations – and broadly they typically are of the same sign, i.e., more warming leading to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
For instance, I would also note that the solubility of CO2 in water decreases with increasing temperature. So, it is plausible that increasing temperature could also cause increasing CO2 through outgassing from the oceans. This is something we are considering for a manuscript that we are working on. However, we are still evaluating this hypothesis, as we are realising there are several unresolved issues associated with the transfer of CO2 across the surface ocean/air boundary.
Nonetheless, the transfer of CO2 back and forth between the surface oceans and the atmosphere is an important component of the annual CO2 fluxes. Therefore, changes in average SST may also be contributing to changes in atmospheric CO2.
Also, we still haven't published this formally, but our current best explanation for the high seasonal variability of the Barrow (and other Arctic CO2 monitoring stations, e.g., Alert, Canada) is that it is probably related to the seasonality of sea ice. That is, when the oceans are covered by sea ice, no gaseous exchange can occur, but once the sea ice melts in the Arctic summer, CO2 can be exchanged. And because the sea surface temperature is relatively cold, the CO2 solubility is relatively high, i.e., CO2 enters the oceans.
If this hypothesis is correct, then it suggests that changes in average sea ice cover from changing global temperatures might also alter atmospheric CO2.
These proposed mechanisms are less well grounded in the literature than the soil respiration mechanism. However, I suggest that you should at least consider the possibility of other mechanisms.
5. Minor comments
1. At the end of the Introduction, you state, "Interestingly, Figure 2 also shows a rapid growth in emissions after the 2008-2009 global financial crisis…". However, Figure 2 only seems to plot the results for 2017-2020. Am I missing something?
2. In Section 2, you suggest that the key findings of John Tyndall (1865) were preceded by an earlier study by Eunice Foote (1856). I have seen this claim being made in some circles, however it doesn't stand up to scrutiny. I suspect the popularity of the claim seems to be more related to the current fashionability of judging the importance of an individual researcher's work based on their gender, race or nationality, rather than an actual genuine interest in establishing accurate history. That is, within certain circles the fact that Eunice Foote was an American woman while John Tyndall was an Irish man (as am I, for what it's worth) is apparently of more importance than their actual findings. However, I suggest you read Foote (1856) and Tyndall (1865) more closely.
Tyndall was effectively looking at the infrared activity of the various (then known) atmospheric gases, and identified that H2O and CO2 (as well as several other trace gases, including CH4) were infrared-active, while the bulk gases, N2 and O2 were not (Argon had not been discovered at that stage, but is also IR-inactive). Building on Joseph Fourier's work (a French man, for what it's worth) in the 1820s, Tyndall suggested that this could indicate that changes in atmospheric H2O might be involved in the glacial/interglacial transitions (which as you note currently are believed to be driven by Milankovitch orbital cycles). Arrhenius (1896) later argued that variations in CO2 were a better candidate. This was in turn later disputed by Angstrom (1901) and Simpson (1929), for example.
Later, Callendar (1938) revisited Arrhenius's theory, and argued that anthropogenic CO2 emissions since the 19th century could also explain the observed Northern Hemisphere warming from the end of the 19th century up to 1930s. It is worth noting that Simpson was one of the commenters on that paper and was somewhat sceptical. It is also worth noting that the warming Callendar identified was later followed by Northern Hemisphere cooling from the 1950s to 1970s. However, during this Northern Hemisphere cooling period, several researchers began developing theoretical frameworks and computer models that argued CO2 was the primary driver of global temperatures via altering the rates of infrared cooling of the Earth, e.g., Plass (1959); Manabe & Wetherald (1975). The current paradigm that CO2 is the primary driver of global temperatures builds upon these models by Plass, Manabe & Wetherald et al.
However, Foote's study was not looking at infrared absorption. She was looking at the absorption of incoming sunlight. Also, she failed to replicate Tyndall's identification of H2O as being the dominant infrared absorber in the Earth's atmosphere. Moreover, in my opinion, she didn't present any great insights to explain her findings. Compare her 1.5 page long article to the ~40 page treatise of Tyndall which presented rigorous documentation of assumptions, tests and preliminary measurements as well as detailed discussions of the context of his findings for the then-knowledge of chemistry (as well as his comments on glacial cycles, which was actually a relatively minor aspect of the study).
If Foote's study of the absorption of incoming sunlight is supposed to represent a description of the "greenhouse effect" theory, then it begs the question of what exactly is the "greenhouse effect theory" she discovered – it certainly isn't the one that current climate models use (which is based on theoretical calculations based on infrared fluxes within the atmosphere). And, if it was merely the fact that she was considering the absorption of radiation by the atmosphere (neglecting the emission of radiation by the atmosphere), then Fourier's 1920s research predates hers.
3. Page 5. A typo: "While we occasionally use the Ganger [sic] statistical test…"
References cited in this review
Angstrom, K. 1901. KNUT ANGSTROM ON ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION. Mon. Wea. Rev. (1901) 29 (6): 268. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1901)29[268a:KAOAA]2.0.CO;2
Callendar, G.S., 1938. The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature. Quat. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 64:223-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49706427503
Connolly et al., 2020. "How Much Human-Caused Global Warming Should We Expect with Business-As-Usual (BAU) Climate Policies? A Semi-Empirical Assessment" Energies. 13:1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061365
ÓhAiseadha, C. et al., 2020. Energy and climate policy – an evaluation of global climate change expenditure 2011-2018. Energies, 13:4839. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184839
Kuhn T.S. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. 264pp.
Manabe, S.; Wetherald, R.T. (1975). The Effects of Doubling the CO2 Concentration on the climate of a General Circulation Model. J. Atmos. Sci. 32: 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032<0003:TEODTC>2.0.CO;2
Plass, G.N. (1959). Carbon Dioxide and Climate. Sci. Am. 201:41-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24940327
Sarewitz D 2011 The voice of science: let's agree to disagree Nature 478 7–7
Simpson, G.C. 1929. Past Climates. Nature 124, 988–991 (1929). https://doi.org/10.1038/124988a0
Shaviv, N.J. and Veizer, J., 2003. Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate? Geol. Soc. Am. Today. https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/13/7/pdf/i1052-5173-13-7-4.pdf
Rahmstorf, S. et al. 2004. Cosmic rays, carbon dioxide, and climate. Eos, 85:38-41. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO040002
Comment and reply to Rahmstorf et al. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO480004 and https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO480005
Royer, D.L. et al., 2005. CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate. Geol. Soc. Am. Today. https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/14/3/pdf/i1052-5173-14-3-4.pdf
Comment and reply on Royer et al. 2005. https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/14/7/pdf/i1052-5173-14-7-18b.pdf
Shaviv, N.J., 2005. On climate response to changes in the cosmic ray flux and radiative budget. J. Geophys. Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010866
Reply to Reviewer 2 – Ronan Connolly
We thank Ronan Connolly for his very detailed review [1], his positive evaluation of Version 1 of our paper [2] and his suggestions of a great deal of relevant references, most of which we were unaware of.
In Version 2 we reviewed and cited virtually all of the references he suggested. Exceptions are a suggestion for a videotaped talk and some references on general epistemological issues (e.g. Kuhn on the structure of scientific revolutions). Instead of citing the latter, we thought it fairer to recognize the review by Connolly, which is available in open access, as an individual literature entry and cite it per se. Indeed, due to its extent, detail, broad scope and original ideas, we believe that this review is a citable item (see our Conclusions section).
Section "How strong is the correlation between T and CO2?": In section 2 of Version 2 we have included the discussion about the study by Shaviv and Veizer [3] and all related commentaries. We were reluctant to include analyses for intermediate time scales, as we have not studied them, but we cited Connolly et al. [4] in our Conclusions Section. About Beck's [5] paper, we have devoted the new Appendix 1 (see also our replies to the other reviewers).
Section "Improve the discussion of the relevant literature". In addition to what we have already noted above, we are thankful to the Reviewer for pointing out the study by Humlum et al. [5] and its commentaries, all of which we have cited in Version 2.
Section "On your proposed mechanism for T→CO2": In our Section 6 we have cited ÓhAiseadha et al. [7] but we do not refer to the effect of wind farms as we deemed it not relevant to our study. We are thankful for the idea about the effect of temperature on solubility of CO₂ in water and we have included it as an additional possible physical explanation. However, we believe that the quantification of that effect is not easy and needs tricky calculations, which are out of the scope of our paper and perhaps of our own expertise. We thus look forward to Connolly's publication reporting his results on this.
Section "Minor comments": We are thankful for the careful reading and the spotting of two typos. As per the discussion about Foote [8], in view of the Connolly's [1] analysis we have changed our phraseology in the sentence where we refer to Foote [8], but we did not expand our discussion, preferring to refer to Connolly [1] and another couple of references for the details.
1. Connolly, R. Review of "Atmospheric temperature and CO2: Hen-or-egg causality?" (Version 1). Sci 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/3/72 (posted and accessed on 09 October 2020)
3. Shaviv, N.J.; Veizer, J. Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?. Geol. Soc. Am. Today 2003, 13 (7), 4-10.
4. Connolly, R.; Connolly, M.; Carter, R.M.; Soon, W. How Much Human-Caused Global Warming Should We Expect with Business-As-Usual (BAU) Climate Policies? A Semi-Empirical Assessment. Energies 2020, 13, 1365.
5. Humlum, O.; Stordahl, K.; Solheim, J.E. The phase relation between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature, Global and Planetary Change 2013, 100, 51-69, doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.08.008.
6. Beck, E.-G. 180 Years of atmospheric CO2 gas analysis by chemical methods. Energy and Environment 2007, 18 (2), 259-282.
7. ÓhAiseadha, C.; Quinn, G.; Connolly, R.; Connolly, M.; Soon, W. Energy and Climate Policy—An Evaluation of Global Climate Change Expenditure 2011–2018. Energies 2020, 13, 4839.
8. Foote, E. Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays. Am. J. Sci. Arts 1856, 22, 382–383.
Review by Stavros Alexandris on sci-02-00072-v2 document.
I think that the submitted work (sci-02-00072-v2) is a robust and comprehensive document, carefully prepared. The main findings (results) are consistent with the research made and are reflected in the conclusions. The authors use reliable sources of information and have an excellent and extended discussion in all almost sections of the document.
Indeed, the smart title of the work chosen by the authors with the crucial question "Hen-Or-Egg Causality?" gives an essential dimension of the problem since a substantiated answer to the query would be very interesting to know not only to the scientific community but the global society. A clear answer - regardless of its direction (T→CO2 or T←CO2) - would then answer the question: Global warming has natural or anthropogenic causes and, what is the magnitude of this direction? Thus, the title of the manuscript wording entirely reflects the content of the paper.
The authors examine both causality directions thoroughly and develop a stochastic representation, trying to explain and detect through basic and essential elements the conditions of causality. I would say that the authors in this section have indeed been impartial, and they achieve convincing results.
At a first glance in Figures 1 & 2, with a joined-up approach, one could discover the self-evident and logical argument on the relation between CO2 concentration and global energy emissions of CO2 in the last four years. This argument is very clearly analyzed and commented on by the authors.
The interesting points of this paper are the methodologies and statistical approaches that the authors have developed to ensure the presentation of results in an efficient way. An original idea of the authors is the graphical representation of the results, offering better visualization of the lag direction, and magnitude in all ranges of the time series.
Besides all the above, I would like to point out something that gives substantial value to this work, even though that might not be visible to readers. The two authors of this work are unquestionably recognizable scientists from the international scientific community, not only from their writing and research works but also their different views and positions on the controversial topic of climate change. This collaboration is a model of scientific partnership that could teach a lot the new researchers and the academic community. The real consensus lies in documenting findings beyond any prejudice.
I would suggest as an improvement of the work a more extensive introduction to include important bibliographic references to the historical background that strengthen the main finding of the paper. e.g. Beck (2007) [1] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0958305X0701800206
Also, I would suggest an extension of this section 6. (Physical interpretation)
[1] Beck, E. G. (2007). 180 years of atmospheric CO2 gas analysis by chemical methods. Energy & Environment, 18(2), 259-282.
Reply to Reviewer 3 – Stavros Alexandris
We thank Stavros Alexandris for his review [1], his positive evaluation and approval of Version 1 of our paper [2], and his suggestions of a relevant reference [3].
We are very pleased that the Reviewer noted strengths of our paper, its novelty and impartiality, and that he found our results convincing.
He also noted our "different views and positions on the controversial topic of climate change." We gladly read his words: "This collaboration is a model of scientific partnership that could teach a lot the new researchers and the academic community. The real consensus lies in documenting findings beyond any prejudice." Indeed, having various views on a range of issues, we were united in the curiosity of listening to what the data say, without making subjective assumptions.
The reviewer suggests that we extend our Introduction and strengthen the section on Physical interpretation. We have reacted to this suggestion by adding new material. As regards the Introduction we note that we wanted to keep it brief and focused on our motivation, as well as the logic and structure of our paper. Therefore, the new material has been added in the next section 2 ("Temperature and Carbon Dioxide— From Arrhenius and Palaeo-Proxies to Instrumental Data"), which contains most of the literature review. Note that Version 2 includes a lot of new references (a total increase of 66% with respect to Version 1).
The reviewer also suggests citing Beck [3], which we did in the new Appendix 1. We also cited there the critics thereof and the disputes or controversies that have resulted. We explain that this, indeed interesting and relevant, issue would certainly need an individual paper with this particular aim. For our present paper, we preferred to delimit our study to the period 1980-2019 rather than dive on controversies about the reliability of data of earlier periods.
1. Alexandris, S. Review of Atmospheric Temperature and CO₂: Hen-or-Egg Causality? (Version 1). Sci 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/3/72 (posted and accessed on 26 September 2020).
The manuscript is obviously improved after revision. I thank/appreciate the authors' effort to explain every single detail on the theoretical basis and interpretation of the methodology and findings very clearly and thoroughly. I think the methodologies are robust. Overall, the authors' have presented the whole story persuasively. The findings/conclusion of this work are somewhat contrasting to the public perception about the causes and effect of the global warming, I believe. The authors have explained their methodology/data and findings very clearly so that interested readers can easily reproduce the results and interpret them. Finally, this paper will open a new discussion on methodology/interpretation of the well-known problem and hence should be published.
As appear online.
Once again, we thank Yog Aryal for his review, his positive evaluation and approval of Version 2 of our paper.
We are very pleased that the Reviewer appreciated our effort, explanations and theoretical analyses, and that he found that we have presented the whole story persuasively and with robust methodology. We are particularly pleased by his comment that this paper would open a new discussion on methodology/interpretation. Indeed, we look forward to it.
PS. We take the opportunity to thank the journal for the nice experience it offered us. We are particularly enthusiastic with the eponymous post-publication peer review system, which certainly is a most promising, revolutionary approach for the future of journal publishing.
The authors have adopted most of my suggested revisions as well as those of the other reviewers. I think this revised version has significantly improved and is now a worthy addition to the scientific literature on this topic.
With that in mind, I now recommend publication. However, I have a few additional comments which the authors might like to consider first.
I note that the authors chose not to adopt my suggestion of splitting their "CO2 → T" causality into two components, i.e., "human activity → CO2 → T". This is fine, as the prevailing paradigm treats both components as being effectively just the one step. However, I would recommend that the authors consider this split in their future research, as I explained in point 1 of my "Specific comments" in my review of version 1.
Specifically, while human activity may increase atmospheric CO2, the effect this might have on atmospheric temperatures (including surface air temperatures) depends on what the true value of the "climate sensitivity" is, i.e., the expected increase in global temperatures to a doubling of atmospheric CO2. As discussed in Sections 4 and 5 of the cited Connolly et al. (2020) paper, there is considerable ongoing debate over this. If the climate sensitivity is at the lower end of the values published in the literature, then it is plausible that the increases in CO2 over their study time period (1980-2019) might not have had a significant effect on T over that time frame. Rather, the changes in T over that period might have been determined by other factors, e.g., changes in solar activity.
[With that in mind, see for instance our Soon, Connolly & Connolly, 2015 paper: Willie Soon, Ronan Connolly and Michael Connolly (2015). "Re-evaluating the role of solar variability on Northern Hemisphere temperature trends since the 19th century", Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 150, November 2015, Pages 409-452 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.010 ].
In that case, the "human activity → CO2 → T" causation would have been broken at the second stage, but the first stage could have still been valid, i.e., "human activity → CO2". The analysis in their paper would still be relevant.
In the second paragraph of Section 3, the authors claim "… and (c) the ground-based CRUTEM4 series is affected by urbanization (a lot of ground stations are located in urban areas)". This is the subject of considerable ongoing debate. While I agree with the authors on this (e.g., see Section 3 of the Soon et al. 2015 paper mentioned above), they should either:
a) Rephrase this sentence to be less assertive, i.e., to suggest that urbanization bias might potentially be a factor
b) Or, acknowledge that this is a contentious debate and refer to some of the conflicting studies on this. Again, we provide a review and some discussion of this debate in Soon et al. 2015 which might be useful for this.
In Section 4.2, the authors correctly draw attention to the challenges in concluding "causation" from "correlation". With that in mind, they might also be interested in reading Section 1.1 of the aforementioned Soon et al. 2015, where we distinguish between 4 types of correlation: "causal correlation"; "commensal correlation"; "coincidental correlation"; and "constructional correlation".
Finally, if the authors want to make the manuscript more concise (and thereby more accessible), I wonder if the Appendices could be included as Supplementary Material instead. This would make the manuscript shorter by 8 pages, and if the authors added a few comments to draw the readers' attention to their significance, it would let readers who want these extra details know.
As it appears online
Once again, we thank Ronan Connolly for his review, his positive evaluation and approval of Version 2 of our paper.
We are very pleased that the Reviewer found Version 2 significantly improved and a worthy addition to the scientific literature on this topic.
We appreciate his additional comments he offers us to consider, for which our responses follow.
1. We agree with the Reviewer that this is an issue to consider in our future research. Indeed, a single paper cannot study all folds of a subject that is as complex and also as important as the relationship of temperature and CO2 concentration. We are thus taking a note of the suggested paper for our future research.
2. We agree with the reviewer and we will follow the first suggestion he offers, i.e. to replace "is" with "might potentially be" in the statement in question.
3. Again, this is an issue that we will certainly consider in our future research, which we have already announced in Version 2 (see p. 24; "While we too are preparing a theoretical study, in which we will discuss in detail some theories …".
4. We respectfully disagree with this comment for two reasons. First, the Appendices contain important information, which was put in Appendices to improve the readability of the body of the paper, not because it is supplementary information. Second, because some of the Appendices (in particular, Appendices A and D) have been created in response to review comments on the Version 1, and thus they belong to the reasons why the reviewer finds Version 2 "significantly improved". Our choice to put this new information in Appendices does not at all mean that we devalue the reviewers' comments. On the contrary, we believe it is evident that we have put a great effort to address these constructive comments. In other words, our choice of the paper structure is merely related to optimal readability of the paper. We are confident that other readers would have similar questions with the reviewers. Keeping the Appendices attached to the body of the paper these readers will conveniently find our answers.
I had pointed out from in my first review that the submitted document is an original work with a high degree of documentation. Thus, I have nothing further to say. At the second stage, the authors have successfully answered all the questions/comments and they improved and enriched the document. I am very satisfied with the ending result of the manuscript and I think it will be interesting to the scientific community. I highly recommend the publication of the work in your journal.
As it appears online.
Once again, we thank Stavros Alexandris for his review, his positive evaluation and approval of Version 2 of our paper.
We are very pleased that the Reviewer noted that we have successfully answered all the questions/comments and we improved and enriched our paper.
Sci, EISSN 2413-4155, Published by MDPI Disclaimer
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal Sci are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.


text:
Raptors have slow start but end up rolling past Pacers 104-91
Written by admin on 24/07/2019 Categories: 苏州美甲美睫培训
INDIANAPOLIS – Toronto's dynamic backcourt delivered a one-two knockout punch Tuesday night. Again.
This time with All-Star starter Kyle Lowry spreading the floor and DeMar DeRozan finding his way to the basket, their teammates exploited other openings in Indiana's defence. It was simply too much for the struggling Pacers.
DeRozan finished with 24 points, Lowry had 19 and three of their teammates also scored in double figures, as the Raptors pulled away 104-91.
"I'm getting more comfortable every single day," said DeRozan, who missed 21 games with a torn tendon in his left groin. "Just getting back to used to playing the game I'm accustomed to playing,"
Without DeRozan, the Raptors were 12-9.
With him – and Lowry – they looked more like the team with the third-best record in the Eastern Conference.
Toronto (30-15), the NBA's fifth-highest scoring team, shot 46.6 per cent from the field after starting the game in a 9-0 hole, made nine 3-pointers and even managed to play the more physical Pacers to a virtual draw on the glass. The Atlantic Division-leading Raptors won their third straight and broke the franchise record for most wins before the All-Star break.
But without DeRozan and Lowry, it's unlikely any of this would have been possible.
The two combined for 15 of 32 from the field and finished with 13 rebounds and 10 assists. Lowry was 3 of 7 from beyond the arc, including back-to-back 3s to start a 15-4 third-quarter spurt that pushed what had been a five-point lead to 73-57 with 2:42 left.
Lowry was 10 of 13 from the free-throw line and scored five of the Raptors points in a half-closing 7-1 spurt that gave Toronto a 50-44 lead.
"They made more plays. They've got a couple all-stars on their team and they're tough to guard," said Pacers coach Frank Vogel. "They're great at picking up fouls and they're full of tricks. It wasn't anything we weren't doing. You just have to credit their offensive abilities."
It wasn't just DeRozan and Lowry creating havoc for Indiana (16-31).
Neither was on the floor when the backups rescued Toronto from a 32-21 deficit early in the second quarter with a 20-0 spurt. But after Indiana rallied to tie the score at 43, Lowry ignited the late second-quarter run and Indiana never caught up again.
The Pacers thought they were as close as 58-55 midway through the third. But a replay review wiped out David West's putback at the shot-clock buzzer and Lowry answered with the two 3s to spur the 15-4 run that put Indiana in a 73-57 hole.
Rodney Stuckey scored 22 points to lead the Pacers, and Solomon Hill added 15.
But Tuesday night was not good enough for the Raptors believe they're just getting started.
"We're still not a finished product," coach Dwane Casey said. "We've still got a lot to work on. Guys have to stay hungry, stay focused because it's a long season."
Raptors: Toronto caused all sorts of problems for Indiana the past couple of seasons, and that hasn't changed. The Raptors have won three straight in the series, including both meetings this season, and four of the last five overall against Indiana.
Pacers: The return of George Hill has given the Pacers a different look. But after combining for 30 points in 40 minutes over the previous two games, Hill went just 5 of 14 from the field and had 13 points in 20 minutes.
If there was one clear difference Tuesday, it was free-throw shooting. While the Pacers went 16 of 23, the Raptors finished 27 of 34 —; an 11-point discrepancy that was accounted for almost the entire point differential.
The short-handed Pacers have not been able to escape their injuries this season. Paul George is expected to miss the entire season with a broken right leg. C.J. Miles sat out Tuesday with a strained left groin. George Hill is still trying to play through soreness from his injured groin. But that's not what Vogel believes the problem has been. "Our margin of error has been slim all year. We understand that and we've got to play better."
Raptors: Host Sacramento on Wednesday night.
Pacers: Host Knicks on Thursday night.
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