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Q: Is there a mathematical difference between currying and partial application? I know the following example doesn't make what I am saying rigorous, but hopefully it clarifies to some extent what I mean.

For various computer implementations, dividing by 2 and multiplying by 0.5 require a different number of CPU cycles, even though the two operations are mathematically equivalent. (The first is performing the inverse operation of multiplication with the number 2, which is defined to be multiplication by the multiplicative inverse of 2 which is $\frac{1}{2}$ or 0.5 in decimal.)

Google "practical difference between currying and partial application" and at least the entire first page of results explains some of my skepticism about whether there is a mathematical difference between currying and partial application -- none of the results treat the subject mathematically, i.e. by defining them in terms of Hom functors, and instead discuss how currying and partial application are implemented differently in most functional programming languages.
(In a nod to other websites in the StackExchange network, I will post the results from them:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/218025/what-is-the-difference-between-currying-and-partial-application
https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/290131/what-is-the-difference-between-currying-and-partial-function-application-in-prac)
Notice that in both of the examples given above, they fail to explain any mathematical difference -- instead the difference is explained with examples of lines of code.
While in practice, as in the case when differentiating dividng by 2 and multiplying by 0.5, there is a difference in implementation, it does not seem to amount to a theoretical difference.

A: Currying and partial application are two different concepts, which impose different requirements on the category $\mathcal{C}$. Currying is a strictly stronger concept: one can express partial application using currying, but partial application is not sufficient for currying.
Currying (in cartesian closed category $\mathcal{C}\,$)
In order to talk about currying, the category has to be cartesian closed. In particular, it has to have exponential objects $Y^X$ for any two objects $X$ and $Y$. Currying is then one direction of the adjunction
$$ \mathcal{C}(X \times Y, Z) \cong \mathcal{C}(X, Z^Y)\qquad,$$
meaning that whenever we are given an $f: X \times Y \to Z$, we can obtain the curried version $\lambda f: X \to Z^Y$.
Partial application (in category with finite products)
For partial application, one needs only a category with all finite products (not necessarily cartesian closed). Since there is a terminal object $\mathbb{T}$ (nullary product), it makes sense to talk about elements of objects $X$: an element of $X$ can be defined as a morphism from $\mathbb{T} \to X$. Given an $f: X \times Y \to Z$, we can partially apply $f$ to $x$ as follows:
  $$ f \circ \langle x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y \rangle $$
where $\dagger_Y$ is the terminal morphism $Y \to \mathbb{T}$, the little circle $\circ$ denotes morphism composition, and $\langle - , - \rangle$ denotes the mediating morphism for products. If we now take any element of $Y$, that is, a morphism $y: \mathbb{T} \to Y$, and feed it to the above construction, we obtain:
$$ f \circ \langle x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y \rangle \circ y = f \circ \langle x \circ \dagger_Y \circ y, Id_Y \circ y \rangle = f \circ \langle x \circ Id_{\mathbb{T}}, y \rangle = f \circ \langle x, y \rangle \quad,$$
which is exactly what we would expect from a "partially applied function". Notice: we have built the morphism for "f partially applied to x" without using $\lambda$ or exponential objects. We don't need the full-blown cartesian closedness for that.
Expressing partial application through currying
Suppose that $\mathcal{C}$ is cartesian closed, let $f$, $x$, $y$ as above.
We can curry $f$ and apply it to $x$:
   $$ \lambda f \circ x \quad ,$$
obtaining an element of $Z^Y$. In order to be able to postcompose it with $y$, we have to "unpack" the element of $Z^Y$ using the evaluation morphism $\epsilon: Z^Y \times Y \to Z$. Thus, the morphism that represents "f partially applied to x" is:
  $$ \epsilon \circ \langle \lambda f \circ x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y\rangle \,.$$
Using the universal property of $\lambda f$ and $\epsilon$ (the commuting triangle that one sees in the definition of exponential objects), we can calculate:
  $$ \epsilon \circ \langle \lambda f \circ x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y\rangle =
     \epsilon \circ (\lambda f \times Id_Y) \circ \langle x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y \rangle = f \circ \langle x \circ \dagger_Y, Id_Y \rangle \,,$$
thus our notion of "partial application" defined directly coincides with the notion of "partial application" defined through currying. That means, it does not matter which defintion we take in cartesian closed categories.
When does the difference matter ...
...in programming:
Since categories built into functional programming languages (like $\mathrm{Hask}$) are cartesian closed, it does not really matter when creating simple functional programs.
However, as soon as we start to implement other categories inside our functional programming languages, the difference between "currying" and "partial application" begins to influence our design decisions. In general, it should be much easier to provide only finite products (which allow us to implement partial application), without providing currying. If we use those categories to represent certain computations, providing exponential objects and currying makes the framework more expressive, but we usually lose the possibility to inspect the structure of the computation before evaluating it. This is somewhat similar to trade-off between monads and applicatives: monads are more powerful, but applicatives have a more rigid structure, which can be analysed and optimized much better.
...in mathematics:
There are countless examples when one wants to have partial application, but does not want to think about whether the category one is working in is cartesian closed.
For example, in classical multivariate calculus, we look at smooth functions from $\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^m$, and often want to fix some of the variables, and compute partial derivatives. It is crucial that we do this using only the product structure and partial application, but no currying: if we would take a multivariate function $f: \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}$, and then curry it, we would obtain something like a function from $\mathbb{R}$ to the function space $\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$, and would thereby fall out of the realm of classical multivariate calculus, and land in the realm of functional analysis.
Same with topology: we often want to take some continuous function that depends on multiple variables (some homotopy or something), then fix some of the variables, and argue that the partially applied function is still continuous, and work with that. In basic topology, we do not want to spend lot of time on defining topologies on function spaces, and trying to make the category of topological spaces cartesian closed. We don't have to, because partial application works without currying.
Code examples
The fact that we do not need currying in order to implement partial application can be illustrated in any functional programming language.
The following code snippets show how to implement partialApplication in terms of compose, identity and product, without using lambdas.
Scala (with detailed comments):
// suppose that we are given only identity morphisms,
// composition, terminal morphisms, and products of morphisms
// (mediating morphism for product object)
// [BEGIN: assume that we can treat Scala functions as a "category with products"]
def identity[X]: X => X = x => x
def compose[X,Y,Z](g: Y => Z, f: X => Y): X => Z = x => g(f(x))
def terminal[X]: X => Unit = x => ()
def product[X, Y, Z](fst: X => Y, snd: X => Z): X => (Y, Z) = x => (fst(x), snd(x))
def constant[X](x: X): Unit => X = u => x
// [END: assume]

// We do not need any lambdas in order to express
// partial application!

// non-strict version (x is a morphism that takes unit)
def partialApplication[X, Y, Z](f: ((X, Y)) => Z, x: Unit => X): Y => Z =
  compose(f, product(compose(x, terminal[Y]), identity[Y]))

// strict version, uses const to transform `x` into constant function
def partialApplication[X, Y, Z](f: ((X, Y)) => Z, x: X): Y => Z =
  compose(f, product(compose(constant(x), terminal[Y]), identity[Y]))

// example
val f: ((Int, Double)) => Double = {
  case (n, t) => math.cos(2 * math.Pi * t)
}
val f42 = partialApplication(f, 42)
println(f42(1.0))

The same in Haskell (same comments as in Scala apply):
identity :: a -> a
identity x = x
compose :: (y -> z) -> (x -> y) -> (x -> z)
compose g f = g . f
prod :: (x -> y) -> (x -> z) -> (x -> (y, z))
prod a b = \x -> (a x, b x)
terminal :: a -> ()
terminal x = ()
constant :: x -> (() -> x)
constant x = \u -> x

partialApplication :: ((x, y) -> z) -> (() -> x) -> (y -> z)
partialApplication f x =
  compose f (prod (compose x terminal) identity)

A: I see that this question has already some good answer. Nonetheless allow me to give a personal perspective on the matter.
The definition of currying and partial application are the following:

*

*currying is an operation that takes a function of two (or maybe more argument) and return a function-valued function

*partial application is an operation that takes a function and a value and return the function with one argument bound to a given constant

these definition pretty much correspond to the ones given in wikipedia (follow the link).
In particular if you take a close look at this you can see that formally the operations currying and partial evaluation have the following types
$$\text{curry} \colon [X \times Y, Z] \longrightarrow [X,[Y,Z]]$$
$$\text{partEval}_X \colon [X \times Y,Z] \times X \to [Y,Z]$$
$$\text{partEval}_Y \colon [X \times Y,Z] \times Y \to [X,Z]$$
In particular partial evaluation is exactly what the name says: it is an evaluation that does not evaluate all the arguments of the function.
Hope this helps.

A: Not really if you are considering pure category theory (as the tag suggests):
$$\operatorname{Hom}(X \times Y, Z) \cong \operatorname{Hom}(X, \operatorname{Hom}(Y,Z)).$$
As usual when you have a canonical natural isomorphism, in most context you can replace one object with the other without changing anything.
The notions of "returning" and "evaluating" and so on don't really make sense from this point of view -- all this terminology comes from a world when functions have so-called "side effects". How would you model this mathematically?
add = function(x) {
    print("Hello there!");
    return function(y) {
        return x + y;
    }
}

Here there is a very clear difference between first applying the function to some given x and considering the result, and considering something like f(y) = add(2,y). In other words, we have a function of type Int -> (Int -> Int) that does not come from partial evaluation of a function Int * Int -> Int.
But we're way outside the world of mathematics now. As soon as you're explaining something in terms of "applying" or "evaluating" and then the function "returns" something and so on, you've veered away from category theory and into something else. In mathematics it doesn't matter if I "compute" $f(x)$ now or tomorrow or 100 years from now.

A: As far as I can tell, the only real difference that is ever noted is that partial application combines two steps into one: (1) first it curries a function $f$ and then (2) evaluates the resulting curried function $\tilde{f}$ with a given value.
But then, at least in my unimportant opinion, that shouldn't be called "partial application", since one would expect such a term to be agnostic with respect to what the given value will be in advance. That should instead be "partial application at a given value". But if we partially apply a function of two arguments, for example, but don't specify in advance at what value the curried function will be evaluated, then isn't that just currying? I.e., if given $f(x,y)$ we return $\tilde{f}(z): f(x,y) \mapsto f(z,y)$, then aren't we returning a function with one argument which returns a function of one argument, rather than a function of one input argument which returns a real number, say like $f(2,y)$?
From this viewpoint it doesn't seem like currying and partial application are different at all, since mathematically if you "fix" a value without specifying what the exact value will be, you are just returning the curried function. In other words, I would describe currying as "fixing one of the  $n$ arguments of $f$ to return a new function $\tilde{f}$ which takes one argument as input and returns a function of $n-1$ arguments as output, and partial application as currying and then evaluating the curried function, e.g. $\tilde{f}(2)=f(2,y)$.
EDIT: According to Wikipedia, this is exactly the only difference.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying#Contrast_with_partial_function_application

Partial application can bee seen as evaluating a curried function at a fixed point

Therefore I am just going to post this as community wiki, so it won't affect my reputation, but will hopefully show up in Google search results for anyone in the future who ends up asking a similar question.


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836 words - 4 pages Miguel Beatrice Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals and business firms carry out production and exchange of goods and services through complex transactions involved in prices and markets. By extension called capitalist higher social class of this economic system ("bourgeoisie"), or to the common form would the individual interests of capital owners in both companies, shareholders and patterns, also called capitalism entire social and political order (law, idiosyncrasies, etc..) that orbits the system while structurally determines the possibilities of its content. Capitalism is based ideologically in an economy in which the market prevails, it is usually given VIEW DOCUMENT
1177 words - 5 pages Homelessness in America Homelessness in America is a social problem that we are faced with on a daily basis. Despite the vast number of research done by Americans on homelessness, little is still known about the effect that it has on our society. The overall image that emerges from the effects of homeless people is negative: they're seen as lazy, drug users, alcoholics, and worthless. This study recovers some of the homelessness perspective for an American audience through research, data, and an interview by a homeless person living in Georgia. This study VIEW DOCUMENT
Mental Health Community Service Essay
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Operationally Responsive Space (Ors)
2077 words - 9 pages According to Department of Defense of the Unites States, May 21, 2007 the Deputy Secretary of Defense and Executive Agent for Space recognized the Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) Office as a practical step to adjust space competences to be altering national security necessities and to be an agent for transformation across the public. ("Operationally responsive space,") The Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) is relatively a new office. According to Plan for Operationally Responsive Space, Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) is defined as guaranteed space power concentrated on time satisfaction of Joint Force Commanders' needs. Its reflects ORS as a subdivision of space actions VIEW DOCUMENT
Calyx And Corolla Case Solution
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1259 words - 6 pages Unfreeze, Change, Freeze Kurt Lewin proposed a three stage theory of change commonly referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). It is possible to take these stages to quite complicated levels but I don't believe this is necessary to be able to work with the theory. But be aware that the theory has been criticised for being too simplistic. A lot has changed since the theory was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extremely relevant. Many other more modern change models are actually based on the Kurt Lewin model. I'm going to head down a middle road and give you just enough information to make you dangerous...and perhaps a little more to whet your VIEW DOCUMENT
Personal Experience With Language
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The Capital Budgeting Of Capitaland
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Cmis 245 V4
1283 words - 6 pages The Buffalo National River The Buffalo National River begins as a trickle in the Boston Mountains, where it flows north and then eastward through the Ozark Mountains until it merges 150 miles later with the White River at Buffalo City. The upper Buffalo offers the river's finest scenic beauty. With its massive, towering bluffs, countless waterfalls, watchable wildlife, ties to both historic and prehistoric cultures, and remote, unspoiled location, the upper Buffalo National River wilderness is surely mid-America's finest outdoor destination. In fact, the entire river is such a special place that in 1972, Congress designated it as America's first national river. This unique status VIEW DOCUMENT
445 words - 2 pages 1. According to the Statement of Cash Flows, Chesapeake has a positive cash flow from operations in the amount of $27.8 million in 2009. Moreover, there is a negative cash flow from investing and financing activities in the amounts of -$6.7 million and -$31.1 million, respectively. Chesapeake invested $6.7 million in fixed asset acquisitions. However, Chesapeake still has an overall positive cash flow in the amount of $27.2 million. Although this amount is $10 million lower than the last fiscal year (2008), this should not be too much of a concern at this time because $10 million was used to pay down long-term debt. Overall the main sources of cash was from operations and the main uses of VIEW DOCUMENT
Analisis De Datos Y Algoritmos
1586 words - 7 pages CAP 5 * El numero de formatos pedidos no podrá ser superior a n ni podrá ser menor que 0. Por lo tanto la variable aleatoria binomial tiene un rango de 0 a n * Para encontrar cuantas maneras hay de seleccionar x objetos entre n objetos se utiliza la regla de las combinaciones. * Para encontrar probabilidades: X≥ 3 = prob de 4 +3 x≤3 = prob de 2+3 x> 3 = prob de 4 x< 3= prob de 0+1+2 * La forma de probabilidad binomial depende de los valores n y p, siempre que p=0.5 la distribución binomial es simétrica, sin importar que tan grande o pequeña sea n. cuando es diferente de 0.5 es asimétrica. * 5.32 Cual es el significado del valor esperado de una VIEW DOCUMENT
252 words - 2 pages What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What What VIEW DOCUMENT
2244 words - 9 pages -majority republic. The following year both countries declared themselves to be independent sovereign powers. The Rwandan Hutu majority elected Gregoire Kayibanda as prime minister, while disgruntled Tutsi factions took the hills as guerrilla rebels. These rebels began attacks on Hutu villages. Thousands of Tutsis fled the country into neighboring Burundi and Zaire. Beginning in 1972, Tutsis in Burundi began open attacks on Hutus, causing widespread fear across the border of Rwanda. General Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hut, overthrew Kayibanda in an effort to strengthen Rwandan resolve. He declared himself president and set about changing the nation into a single-party state. The Tusi VIEW DOCUMENT
Shell Retail Stations Non-Fuel Services Offered
1817 words - 8 pages One BSM Fueling Brunei's Future Shell or Royal Dutch Shell Plc is a Dutch-British multinational oil and gas company with its headquarters at the Netherlands. It has operations in over 90 countries and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell has been in Brunei Darussalam since 1929 with over 14,000 staff and contractors. Presently, there are 4 venture companies in Brunei which includes Brunei Shell Petroleum Sendirian Berhad (BSP), Brunei Liquefied Natural Gas (BLNG), Brunei Shell Tankers (BST) and Brunei Shell Marketing (BSM). BSM is a joint venture between His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Di-Pertuan of Brunei Darussalam and Shell Overseas Holding Limited. BSM operates at Bandar VIEW DOCUMENT
European Crisis And Its Effect In The International Market
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350 words - 2 pages Young women beware. The single mother phenomenon is escalating at an alarming rate. Why...Why relegate oneself to a concubine, one night stand, mistress, perpetual girlfriend, common law status. Is it for love, loneliness, insecurity? When is it time to say, enough! Back in the day, a woman was courted, her family treated with respect and approached for her hand in marriage. Children were born in wedlock. That was the norm. Not that things were perfect, but there was a strong demarcation line between right and wrong. Wrong for whom one may ask. Who usually loses when a relationship with children involved goes down the drain? Now anything goes. Women place little value on themselves. Men VIEW DOCUMENT
5782 words - 24 pages -Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce ■ E-ISSN 2229-4686 ■ ISSN 2231-4172 MARKETING STRATEGIES OF GLOBAL BRANDS IN INDIAN MARKETS Dr. Girish Taneja, Associate Professor, Head of Department, School of Business, Faculty of Business & Applied Arts, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India Neeraj Gupta, Lecturer, School of Business, Faculty of Business & Applied Arts, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. Rajan Girdhar, Research Fellow, Faculty of Business & applied Arts, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. ABSTRACT With increasing globalization and international trade, a number of international brands are entering into India which is VIEW DOCUMENT
3255 words - 14 pages Case 1: Cub Foods In 2003, Cub Foods had 78 corporate and 30 franchised stores. The chain built its success by focusing on its primary market: families of four or five individuals with adults ages 24 to early 40s who are informed. Value-conscious consumers – consumers like Leslie Wells. Leslie Wells's recent expedition to the new Cub Foods store in Melrose Park, Illinois, was no ordinary trip to the grocery store. "You go crazy," says Wells, sounding a little shell-shocked. Overwhelmed by Cub's vast selection, tables of samples, and discounts as high as 30 percent, Wells spent $76 on groceries - $36 more than she had planned. Wells fell prey to what a Cub executive calls "the wow VIEW DOCUMENT
2248 words - 9 pages Practice Final Exam Eng-092 Part 1: In this section of the final exam, you will be asked questions about Active Reading Strategies. You will need to know the definitions of each one in order to answer the questions on the final exam. As a way of preparing, test your knowledge of each strategy by defining or describing each one in the space below. Prediction Questioning/Wondering Summarizing Visualizing Making Connections Part 2: Read the following passage in the left column. In the Think-Aloud section in the right column, read the thoughts of someone who has already read this passage. Next, in each blank, identify the reading strategy this reader activated while VIEW DOCUMENT
Warrentless Searches
895 words - 4 pages In this document, an experienced federal official is allocated the job of an instructor, who is accountable for providing aid in educating and managing agents and police officers. My job is to aid the exercising authorities in preparing modules for a two week program which will consist of the subject relevant to search warrants, forth variation, potential cause, reasoning relevant to warrantless queries, etc. This important process is to give 30 authorities the information relevant to the types of queries and warrant searches. A warrant is somewhat of an authorization slip. It grants officers permission to search a particular place or area at a particular time and seize particular VIEW DOCUMENT
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On July 31, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Mick Mulvaney, and the Deputy Assistant to the President, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Michael Kratsios, jointly issued a memorandum on "FY 2020 Administration Research and Development Budget Priorities." This is an annual document, providing overall policy guidance to the federal agencies as they prepare their budget submissions for the next fiscal year. The guidance does not include any specific funding targets, or other specific direction. But the guidance does give an indication of Administration thinking, and that thinking is showing signs of better appreciating the role of federal research and development spending in building a more robust economy than reflected in last year's guidance.
The aspect of the Administration's approach to concerns that U.S. leadership in technology was slipping, endangering U.S. military superiority, that has grabbed the headlines has been the effort to rein China in – most notably through revisions to the law controlling foreign investments in the United States (CFIUS). These revisions are embodied in legislation entitled the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA), which was incorporated into the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (NDAA for FY 2019). As of this writing, the NDAA for FY 2019 has passed both chambers, and is awaiting presidential signature. Limiting Chinese investments in U.S. "emerging and foundational technology" companies, as FIRRMA will do, might limit the flow of U.S. developed technology breakthroughs to China, but it will do nothing to help the United States to make those breakthroughs in the first place. Indeed, it might even slow U.S. technological progress if the flow of Chinese capital to U.S. start-ups is reduced by implementation of FIRRMA.
Federal R&D dollars focused primarily on basic and early-stage applied research, paired with targeted deregulation, and investment in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and workforce development, will strengthen the Nation's innovation base and position the United States for unparalled job growth, continued prosperity, and national security.
The reference in the FY 2019 guidance to budget neutrality is nowhere to be seen in the FY 2020 guidance. Although both documents state that federal spending should focus on basic and early-stage applied research, the FY 2020 guidance notes the importance of programs that improve the transition of federally funded technologies from discovery to practical use. In addition, the FY 2020 guidance is sprinkled with far more references to specific technology areas, reflecting an enthusiasm that seems lacking in the FY 2019 guidance. There are references to artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, hypersonics, advanced microelectronics (including exploring novel pathways to advance computing in a post-Moore's Law era), computing (and in particular quantum information science), and cyber capabilities (including adaptive and automated defensive measures). There is also a discussion of the importance of creating the conditions for the development of an industrial base for commercial activities in space.
Enthusiasm, and expressions of recognition of the importance of research and development, including recognition of the critical role that federal funding of basic research plays in the building of a foundation for technological leadership, is all well and good, but providing the resources to back up the words of the guidance is what really counts. If Congress adopts the Senate Appropriations Committee's two billion dollar plus bump-up in R&D funding, compared to the House-passed bill and compared the President's budget, that will go a long way in answering the question whether the U.S. has the will to do what is necessary to maintain its technological edge.
Please contact the authors of this post if you have any questions.


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Women promoting bioeconomy in eastern Africa
BioInnovate Africa/News/Blog/Women promoting bioeconomy in eastern Africa
BioInnovate Africa women who are promoting bioeconomy in eastern Africa
Blog, 8 March 2020
Celebrating women who are promoting bioeconomy in eastern Africa.
International Women's Day takes place annually on 8 March. This year's campaign, #EachForEqual, draws attention to the difference an individual can make in society. At BioInnovate Africa, women are actively promoting bioeconomy. Bioeconomy, in simple terms, is the use of scientific knowledge to add economic and social value to biological resources, whether in food production, biowaste conversion, industrial processing or environmental preservation. Today, as the world celebrates International Women's Day, we take the opportunity to highlight women in BioInnovate Africa who are at the forefront of promoting bioeconomy in eastern Africa. These women lead BioInnovate Africa supported regional innovation projects that foster a bioeconomy in the eastern African countries of Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Meet the women here:
Ms Gertrude Ngabirano – Rwanda
Ms Gertrude Ngabirano is the executive secretary of the East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO), based in Rwanda. A chemist by profession, Ms Ngabirano pioneered the operationalisation of EASTECO, an East African Community institution that promotes and coordinates the development, management, and application of Science and Technology to support regional integration and socio-economic development. She is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project that is developing a regional innovation-led bioeconomy strategy and policy agenda for eastern Africa. The strategy will showcase the potential for regional cooperation and partnerships for science and innovation in building an eastern Africa bioeconomy.
Dr Dorothy Nakimbugwe – Uganda
Dr Dorothy Nakimbugwe is a senior lecturer in the department of Food Technology and Nutrition at Makerere University, in Uganda. As a scientist, Dr Nakimbugwe is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project on food enriched with insect-based proteins. The project addresses food security and nutrition by scaling up safe production and packaging of edible insects such as crickets and grasshoppers. The insects are highly nutritious and can be eaten as whole or as ingredients to enrich other foods.
Dr Sarah Mubiru – Uganda
Dr Sarah Mubiru is an agricultural scientist. She is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project that is addressing value addition of honey by producing high-quality Aroma Honey Toffees as a healthier option to eat candies for the population in eastern Africa. Dr Mubiru is the founder and managing director of Aroma Honey Limited, located in Kampala, Uganda, a start-up business that produces the Aroma Honey toffees. The healthy toffees are made from 75% honey and 25% natural products.
Prof Amelia Kivaisi – Tanzania
Amelia Kivaisi is a Professor of Applied Microbiology. She was the founding member and first head of department of the department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (MBB) at the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM). She is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project that is producing nitrogen bio-fortified commercial grade organic fertilizer to improve soil management.
Ms Bertha Mamiro – Tanzania
Ms Bertha Mamiro is a senior researcher at the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO). She is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project on nutrient-rich substrate blocks for growing mushrooms. The Project addresses food security and nutrition by scaling up production of substrate blocks for improved mushroom cultivation and yield. The project also creates links and fill gaps along the mushroom value chain, by targeting small and medium scale entrepreneurs to improve their production, processing, and marketing efficiency.
Dr Samira Mohammed – Kenya
Dr Samira Mohammed is an agricultural entomologist and biological control specialist at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe). As a senior scientist, Dr Mohamed is the team leader of a BioInnovate Africa supported project on post-harvest disinfestation of fruits and vegetables using hot water treatment technology. Through the technology, the project aims to address the ban for eastern African countries to export horticultural crops, by ensuring quarantine security and enable regain of access to the lucrative export markets.
Ms Ginette Karirekinyana – Burundi
Ms Ginette Karirekinyana is a social entrepreneur and implementing partner of a BioInnovate Africa supported project on mosquito repellents produced from local plants. She is the founder and director of Karire Products Limited, a start-up business based in Bujumbura, Burundi, that is producing natural and safer mosquito repellant products from plant extracts to prevent malaria. Using essential oils extracted from catnip and other plants grown by smallholder farmers in the region, mosquito repellents are produced in the form of soaps, sprays, and lotions. Ms. Karirekinyana's business addresses health by adding economic and social value to biological resources and enabling farmers to earn more income from their produce.
Click here to learn more about BioInnovate Africa, and here to learn more about icipe.
Written by Valine Moraa


Kata Mutiara Rumah Tangga Kristen – Saat Marah Jangan Berbuat Dosa. Here late at night, I cannot sleep because the same problem come and come again. I don't like to talk about that problem here on my blog and make my readers being pity to me 😳 .
I need to write here so make myself a little bit free. I remember words from the bible "Biarlah kamu marah, tetapi jangan berbuat dosa; berkata-katalah dalam hatimu di tempat tidurmu, tetapi tetaplah diam." Psalm 4:4.
Joyce Meyer terlintas di pikiran saya. Saya mencari kata-kata bijaksana tulisannya. Terima kasih Tuhan kalau kemarahan saya sudah reda.
I found my favorites quotes from Joyce Meyer, at least I can be peace with myself 🙄 .
We all face storms in life. Some are more difficult than others, but we all go through trials and tribulation. That's why we have the gift of faith.
A good marriage is not an accident—it is the result of walking in the light of God's Word.


Louis L'Amour is recognized the world over as one of the most prolific and popular American authors. While every one of his eighty-nine novels is still in print, a lesser known fact is that L'Amour is also one of the all-time bestselling authors of short fiction. Compared by The Wall Street Journal to Jack London and Robert Louis Stevenson, L'Amour's Collected Short Stories are now presented for the first time in paperback.
The Collected Short Stories of Louis L'Amour, Volume 1, features thirty-five action-packed Frontier Stories. It kicks off a series of nine paperbacks, including a two-part volume of Adventure Stories and a two-part volume of Crime Stories, which brings all of L'Amour's short fiction to his millions of readers around the world.


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Telmatoscopus distinctus és una espècie d'insecte dípter pertanyent a la família dels psicòdids.

Descripció
 Mascle: cos de color marró groguenc amb les ales d'igual color, esveltes i amb taques negres als extrems de la nervadura; potes amb escates groguenques pàl·lides als tarsos; ulls separats per una distància igual a, si fa no fa, 8 facetes; absència de sutura interocular; front amb dues bandes piloses que s'estenen per sobre dels ulls; antenes de 16 artells; escap molt llarg (4 vegades la longitud del pedicel); tòrax sense patagi.

Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a Àsia: l'Índia (Assam) i el Pakistan.

Referències

Bibliografia
 Ježek, J., 1989. Contribution to the taxonomy of the genus Telmatoscopus Eat. (Diptera, Psychodidae). Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae. 44B:75-104.

Enllaços externs
 Arctos
 The Animal Diversity Web
 ION

distinctus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Et joystick er en styreenhed, der bruges til at styre et tv- eller computerspil, mange flyvemaskiner og forskellige maskiner, f.eks. gravemaskiner og kraner. Det kan bevæges om to akser om basen og er ofte forsynet med en eller flere trykknapper, der kan aktivere forskellige funktioner.

Joysticket, der på fly også kaldes en styrepind, er først kendt fra Louis Bleriots Bleriot VIII fly fra 1908, hvor det, som det siden har været tilfældet, kontrollerede krængeror og højderor. Oprindelsen til navnet er uklar. Det synes at stamme fra begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede fra den franske pilot Robert Esnault-Pelterie. En anden forklaring er, at det oprindelig bar navnet "George Stick" efter piloten A. E. George, der sammen med kollegaen Jobling konstruerede og fløj et biplan ved Newcastle i 1910.

Et joystick med elektriske kontakter blev patenteret i 1926 i USA af C. B. Mirick ved United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Det var tænkt anvendt til fjernstyring af ubemandede fly. Under 2. Verdenskrig blev det brugt til fjernstyring af missiler og glidebomber. Disse joysticks havde kontakter, der kun kunne registrere en tændt/slukket tilstand, hvor senere joysticks med f.eks. potentiometre kunne give en analog angivelse af joystickets vinkler om de to akser. Det blev da brugt til fjernstyring af modelfly.

I 1967 blev joysticket første gang brugt til et tv-spil og senere også til computere. Udgaver, der også kan roteres, blev også udviklet. Mange joysticks har, ud over et antal trykknapper, en "hat", der i sig selv er et joystick. Den kan i computerspil bruges til at styre synsretningen i spillet.

Mange nyere joysticks til spil kan give brugeren en følelse af kræfter eller rystelser, der virker på pinden.

Kontrollere
Menneske-maskine interaktion


Yesterday I tracked down the season's best denim jackets, and today I'm presenting some of the best tulip skirts around, ranging in price from just $12.80 to $69. As seen on the runways of Lanvin and Tracy Reese, the tulip skirt is a fresh silhouette that will add new life to your warm weather wardrobe. As the name suggests, a tulip skirt has more fabric around the waistline and a close-fitting hemline, similar to an inverted tulip flower. If you're worried about drawing attention to the hip area, fear not: It's all about finding the right length of tulip skirt and balancing it out with the right top (experimentation is key). Go for a high-waist to create a glorious hourglass silhouette. If you've got straight hips, the tulip skirt is a nice way to add some instant curves (which is what I'm banking on). Personally, I think Banana Republic presents the perfect tulip skirt - I love how they've styled it with a short-sleeve scoopneck sweater, platform sandals and a statement necklace. Think you'll be trying this trend?
Poll: How Much Would You Pay for Shades?


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Q: Passing checkbox values to php - missing values I am having an issue where we cannot join up our checkboxes with the other fields being passsed.
If we only check the second checkbox it will take the value of the first row select box.
The rows are joined up by the date e.g.2014-06-02, 2014-06-03
HTML
 <input type="checkbox" name="date_choice[]" value="2014-06-02">
 <select id="event_start" name="event_start[2014-06-02][]"    onchange="area_choice_click()">
 <option value="">Start Time</option>
 <option value="01:00">1.00AM</option>
 <option value="02:00">2.00AM</option>
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   <input type="checkbox" name="date_choice[]" value="2014-06-03">
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 <option value="">Start Time</option>
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PHP
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I was born in 1963; one year before the Tokyo Olympic. From this time, the Shinkansen and the Tokyo tower had been constructed and Japan had entered into the period of rapid economic growth after WWII.When I was child, I had heard the bid sound of piling work anywhere; I say the old residences were broken down to be new buildings and sea and rivers were reclaimed to make roads. That age in Tokyo was the best motif for me having set my face to be a photographer. I shot sceneries to record the history of Tokyo for over 30 years.


The U.K. has picked My Pure Land, an Urdu-language feature from first-time director Sarmad Masud, as its submission for consideration for the 2018 Oscars in the foreign-language film category.
This marks the first time Britain has submitted an Urdu-language title to be its Oscar hopeful. The U.K. has only twice been nominated in the foreign-language category: in 1993 for Paul Turner's Hedd Wyn and in 1999 for Paul Morrison's Solomon and Gaenor, both films shot in the Welsh language. The U.K. has yet to win a foreign-language film Oscar.
Masud's drama, described as a "feminist Western," is based on the true story of a mother and her two daughters who survived a siege on their home by relatives in rural Pakistan, culminating in them having to defend their land from a militia of 200 bandits.
Produced by Bill Kenwright Films, My Pure Land premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival and will have its U.K. bow on Friday. Independent is handling worldwide sales.
The Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences will announce the nominees for best foreign-language film on Jan. 23. The 90th Oscars ceremony will take place March 4.


This must be a cell number, since this is a mobile app, the promo offer will be texted to you.
New How it Works from Troy Howard on Vimeo.
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ALMOST 9 OUT OF 10 CONSUMERS SAY THEY WOULD PAY MORE TO ENSURE A SUPERIOR CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE.
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text:
Collada de Canòlic är ett bergspass i Andorra, på gränsen till Spanien. Det ligger i den sydvästra delen av landet. Collada de Canòlic ligger  meter över havet. En serpentinväg går över passet.

Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  kilometer nordväst om Collada de Canòlic. Närmaste större samhälle är Sant Julià de Lòria,  kilometer öster om Collada de Canòlic.

I trakten runt Collada de Canòlic växer i huvudsak blandskog.

Källor

Bergspass i Andorra


text:
Marvin Stern
Finn Aaserud
Santa Ynez, California
Family background; education at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institution, New York University (Richard Courant); works as engineer at Republic Aviation while a graduate student in mathematics at Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics; Ph.D. thesis on rolling up of von Karman vortex sheet (Kurt Otto Friedrichs). To Convair, 1954; Atlas development program (Hans Friedrich); origins of the University of California, San Diego; moved up to General Dynamics Research & Development division, 1958; organizing and filming the Convair Lecture Series (von Karman, George Gamow). Enters government committee work (von Karman, Courant); transition to Department of Defense; the Kennedy administration (Robert McNamara, Herbert York, Harold Brown); member of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC). Takes position as vice-president at North American Aviation; leaves as a result of Bobby Baker scandal, 1964. Starts non-defense division of Rand Corporation. Commercial contact with scientists in Soviet Union. Defense Science Board Task Force on High-Energy Lasers. Project 137 (Eugene Wigner, John Wheeler, Oscar Morgenstern, Marvin Goldberger); Project Bassoon (Nick Christofilos); A. G. Hill, James McCormack; origins of JASON (Charles Townes, Goldberger).
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (1)
General Dynamics Corporation (1)
New York University (1)
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (1)
United States. Department of Defense (1)
University of California, San Diego (1)
(-) JASON Defense Advisory Group (1)
(-) Rand Corporation (1)
Science and industry (1)
Scientists in government (1)


This beautiful cake by Lyndel Miller in her book 'Naked Cakes' has a coconut cake base, which is beautifully teamed with lemon liqueur, lemon curd and notes of vanilla and honey.
Preheat the oven to 170°C (fan forced). Lightly grease a 20 cm (8 inch) round cake tin. Sift the flour, baking powder and salt into a bowl and use a hand-held whisk to combine well. Using a fork, lightly beat the egg whites and the egg in a bowl, then add the coconut cream, vanilla and coconut extract and whisk until well combined.
Using an electric mixer, beat all the ingredients together for 3–5 minutes or until light and fluffy. Set aside until ready to assemble.
15 minutes or until the mixture thickens enough to coat the back of a wooden spoon. Remove from the heat, cool slightly, then pour into sterilised jars, or cool and serve on a cake. Keeps in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.
Pour the limoncello glaze evenly over the top of the cooled cakes and allow to stand until set.
To assemble, place one of the cakes on a cake stand or serving plate. Using a clean, damp spatula, spread half the honey buttercream over the top of the cake. Place the second cake on top and spread the remaining buttercream over the top of the second cake. Use some of the buttercream oozing out of the layers to thinly 'whitewash' the sides.
Just before serving, spoon the lemon curd over the top of the cake, allowing some to drizzle down the side. Cover the lemon curd with coconut flakes, piling them a little higher in the centre and allowing them to spill slightly over the side of the cake, into the drizzling lemon curd. Pile several large rose petals in the centre of the cake if desired.


At present our patient database running on customized software on Oracle and MS Visual Basic has more than 27,000 cases inputted with over a half a million visits recorded. This data is the epicenter of the PBHRF and makes us attractive for research to the premiere institutions throughout the world. This is an ongoing research initiative that has been on since 2002.


text:
Miloš Biković becomes the first Ambassador of the AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships
Famous Serbian actor Miloš Biković becomes the first Ambassador of the AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships which takes place in the city of Belgrade in November 2021. The appointment was declared at the meeting between the President of Serbia Mr. Aleksandar Vučić and the AIBA President Mr. Umar Kremlev with heads of the Balkan boxing federations.
Mr. Biković claimed he admires the values of boxing as they are really close to the actor's ones.
'The acting profession gives me the opportunity to try different roles. I was already a football & basketball player, a skater. Now I have a role of a boxer in the famous Serbian dramatics 'When Pumpkins Bloomed'. When I was preparing for the role, I started my training and fell in love with boxing, because its philosophy is close to me. Boxing is a noble sport, it teaches us to control our emotions, especially our aggression, to get through the pain; boxing teaches discipline, the ability to stand up for ourselves. And the actor needs these values in his profession,' Biković said.
'This year Serbia will host the AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships, this is an incredibly important event for our country and the whole world. When I was offered to become the Ambassador of the Championships, I realized that this, at first glance, an extraordinary decision has its logical explanation. Today boxing needs to be popularized, and I am happy to support the idea of combining culture and boxing because it is not only a sport discipline, boxing is really a special culture. And I, as a public figure, can draw the attention of people of all ages to the world of boxing, which develops such important character traits,' Mr. Biković added.
'I would like to express my deep gratitude to the President Mr. Aleksandar Vučić for supporting my candidature as the Ambassador of the Championships. I am going to popularize boxing through my public speeches, communication with the media. Also, we are planning motivating videos with my participation, a number of events and broadcasts both on the internet and on television,' the actor claimed.
'I am also very glad to see Mr. Umar Kremlev as AIBA President and I want to wish him all the best in his work. Such a position requires a serious approach, which Mr. Kremlev certainly possesses. This is a person with a great spiritual component who constantly works on himself. It seems to me that these are the qualities that a leader of such a large international organization as AIBA needs,' he added.
'Serbia is a sports nation showing high results in various disciplines. We are looking forward to the AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships, which will be held at the highest possible level,' Mr. Biković underlined.
The post Miloš Biković becomes the first Ambassador of the AIBA Men's World Boxing Championships appeared first on AIBA.
https://www.aiba.org/blog/milos-bikovic-becomes-the-first-ambassador-of-the-aiba-mens-world-boxing-championships/


text:
Questions About Waner Kids
What is Waner Kids? Expand
Waner Kids is a non-profit organization that gives patients & families access to world class treatment for vascular anomalies as well as the support system to help them through it.
When was Waner Kids created? Expand
Waner Kids was founded in 2007.
What is the difference between "Waner Children's Vascular Anomalies Foundation" and "Waner Kids"? Expand
They are the same thing. The full official name is "Waner Children's Vascular Anomalies Foundation", but we call it "Waner Kids" for short.
Where do patients supported by Waner Kids get treatment? Expand
All patients receive treatment at the Vascular Birthmark Institute in New York (VBINY). Dr. Milton Waner is the President & Chairman of Waner Kids and also serves as the Director of VBINY.
Questions About Vascular Anomalies
What is a vascular anomaly? Expand
A vascular anomaly is a tumor made up of blood vessels. There are different types of vessels and these will determine the type of anomaly.
How serious is a vascular anomaly? Expand
A vascular anomaly can be extremely serious, and even life threatening.
Who is affected by vascular anomalies? Expand
Vascular anomalies can affect all children despite race or gender and there is no known hereditary correlation between the anomaly and the parents.
How many children are affected by a vascular anomaly? Expand
The most common anomaly is an hemangioma affecting about 1 in 10 children. Port Wine Stains affect about 1 in 1,000 children and although there are no known statistics for arteriovenous malformations, lymphatic malformations and venous malformations we believe the incidence is about 1 in 50,000.
When do they appear? Expand
Vascular anomalies are all present at or soon after birth.
Why is it so difficult to find a specialist to treat vascular anomalies? Expand
Vascular anomalies are rare disorders. As a consequence of this, most physicians will only see one or two in a lifetime. It is therefore important to go to a center where these vascular anomalies are seen frequently.
Questions About Treatment Costs
What is the average cost of treatment? Expand
On average, it will cost between $10,000 to $50,000 for a procedure. This amount may vary depending on the severity and the length of hospital stay. Frequently, a child will require more than one procedure.
Why do so many families need financial assistance? Expand
There are very few centers that have extensive experience in the treatment of vascular anomalies. It is therefore often necessary for a child to travel out-of-network for treatment. Some insurance companies will not allow this. Depending on the type of insurance the family holds, it is often very difficult to gain out-of-network approval. Insurance companies can be difficult to deal with in this process.


text:
fue un escritor y guionista de ciencia ficción japonés. Con Shin'ichi Hoshi y Yasutaka Tsutsui, fue uno de los escritores más conocidos y laureados de la literatura fantástica japonesa.

Biografía
Minoru "Sakyo" Komatsu se graduó en la Universidad de Kyoto donde estudió literatura italiana. Después de graduarse, hizo diferentes trabajos como el de reportero para una revista o guionista de stand-up para cómicos.

La carrera como escritor de Komatsu comenzó en la década de los 60 al leer Kōbō Abe y clásicos italianos hizo que Komatsu sintiera que la literatura moderna y la ciencia ficción son lo mismo. En 1961, entró en el primer premio de Ciencia ficción de la SF Magazine de Hayakawa con la historia corta "Peace on Earth" donde especula sobre el hecho de que la Segunda Guerra Mundial no acaba en 1945 y un joven se prepara para la invasión aliada. Komatsu recibió una mención honoraria de 5000 yens. Al siguiente año en el mismo concurso, ganó el primer premio con el cuento "Memoirs of an Eccentric Time Traveller". Su primera novela, The Japanese Apache, fue publicada dos años después y se vendieron 50.000 copias.

En Occidente, es conocido por sus novelas Japan Sinks (1973) y Sayonara Jupiter (1982), ambas adaptadas al cine como El hundimiento del Japón (Submersion of Japan) (1973) y Adiós, Júpiter, adiós (Bye Bye Jupiter) (1984). En el momento de la publicación, su visión apocalíptica de un Japón hundido aniquilado por los cambios incurridos a través del estrés geográfico preocupó a un Japón todavía lastrado por la memoria de Hiroshima y Nagasaki. Se inspiró para escribirlo pensando en lo que sucedería si los japoneses nacionalistas perdieran sus tierras, e irónicamente previó el Terremoto y tsunami de Japón de 2011 que desencadenó un desastre en la planta nuclear décadas más tarde, el 11 de marzo de 2011, cuyo resultado estaba interesado en "ver cómo evolucionaría Japón" después de la catástrofe.

Komatsu se involucró en la exposición General de Osaka de 1970. En 1984, Komatsu fue asesor técnico para el concierto en Linz, del compositor japonés Isao Tomita. En 1985, ganó el Premio Nihon SF Taisho. Komatsu fue uno de los autores invitados de la Nippon 2007, la Convención mundial de ciencia ficción de 2007 en Yokohama en la primera convención que se celebró en Asia.

Komatsu murió el 26 de julio de 2011 en Osaka por complicaciones con una neumonía a los 80 años. Cinco días antes de su muerte, su publicación trimestral, "Sakyo Komatsu Magazine", publicó un número con un artículo sobre sus pensamientos sobre el tsunami de 2011. En el artículo, Komatsu expresó su esperanza de que el país superara esta catástrofe. "Había pensado que no me importaría morir cualquier día... pero ahora tengo ganas de vivir un poco más y ver cómo seguirá Japón en el futuro," escribió.

Obras
La obra completa de Komatsu está siendo publicada en formato impresión bajo demanda por la Universidad Internacional Josai.

Novelas
  (1964)
  (1964); título en inglés: Virus: The Day of Resurrection (2012)
  (1965)
  (1965)
  (1966)
  (1966)
  (1969)
  (1972)
  (1973); título en inglés: Japan Sinks (1976)
  (1977)
  (1977)
  (1977)
  (1981)
  (1982)
  (1988)
  (1985)
  (1987, 2000) (inacabado)
  (2006) (coescrito con Kōshū Tani)

Historias cortas
  (1963)
  (1964)
  (1965)
  (1967)
  (1967)
  (1968)
  (1968)
  (1973)
 Blue Space Adventure (1985)
 Flow Innocent Fruit (2000)
 Flying City 008 : Tale of Aozora City (2003)
 (2004)

Entrevistas, chrals y ensayos
 OMORO (1981)
 SF's seminar Sakyo Komatsu (1982)
 ISBN 4-334-97142-3 Testament to the SF (Kobunsha Publishing Co., Ltd., 1997)
 ISBN 4-19-861266-8 Educated (徳間書店, 2001)
-->
Manga
 Maboroshi no Komatsu Sakyō Mori Minoru Manga Zenshū (2002)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sakyo Komatsu Home Page (In Japanese)
J'Lit | Authors : Sakyo Komatsu | Books from Japan
List of his translated works
Tribute him by Aritsune Toyoda, translated by Leslie Furlong

Alumnado de la Universidad de Kioto
Escritores de ciencia ficción de Japón
Guionistas de Japón
Fallecidos por neumonía


text:
Imagining new worlds: Is virtual reality the future of club music?
A visit to Berlin's Future East Festival shows a glimpse of a virtual reality where clubs aren't shut down by COVID.
Natálie Zehnalová
We have unwillingly accepted live streams as the best opportunity to see performed music while the pandemic endures. While some offer a very personal experience, the reality is that none really replicate the social dimension of live culture. "Let's say, we watch the performance, listen to the concert or even dance to the music at our home. Afterwards, where can we get together to share our experience?" asks artist and curator Sam Eyvaz.
Organising a cultural event is, for the Iranian-born, Berlin-based creative, about "creating a community for people to meet and talk, drink and dance together, discuss the performances and socio-political topics, and simply be who they want to be". Eyvaz and his team sought to take virtual events into a new dimension and to replicate the community of their IRL counterparts with Future East Festival, which took place on the 17-18 December. Alongside sets embellished with mind-bending visuals, organisers created a virtual reality environment where the audience could interact with one another and with the artists.
Imagine playing a computer game instead of going to the club: You choose your avatar and enter the festival area, which resembles the remains of a derelict structure partially reclaimed by nature. The borderless grey space gives off a post-apocalyptic vibe, but the cyber vegetation sprouts furiously as if to say that even in dire conditions, there is room for growth and regeneration. If you are not an avid gamer skilled at crawling or gliding through virtual spaces, you might need a moment to get to grips with it all. At first, I wished there were instructions telling me what to do, what tools do I have and what is my task? In this game, however, there is no task or quest. You get to listen to music and have a chat with fellow adventurers, as you would in a club.
Moving your avatar along the path, you encounter permeable bubbles containing individual sets – hop in, and the music starts. Attracted by its pink and blue hues, you opt for the bubble encapsulating the set of Gizem Oruç alias 6zm. You seem to have descended into a neon-lit basement, the atmosphere here is dark and damp, reminiscent of a Berlin club. The humidity of old industrial walls combines with the sweat of the dancing bodies – except, of course, you are still at home. The beat makes you want to jump from your chair and dance or at least bounce your avatar around.
On the dancefloor, you befriend a ghost and a cartoon crocodile. You all agree the music is "groovy", but someone suggests exploring what else there is to see. How about catching some sun? Mustelide is wearing stylish sunglasses behind the decks. In her bubble, the walls of what might have once been a church stick up into the blue sky and bright light comes shining in. Her set transports you into some long-gone summer when you could hug strangers and pass drinks around. Back into the lobby, the artist is chatting to fans. Someone discovers users can add objects together and builds a mushroom shrine guarded by two pugs, because why not?
Eyvaz is pleased with the audience reaction: "I was grateful to see people came to the VR world and communicate with each other, drawing, creating objects, fly around, discover the environment and talk about different things; there were moments that we all felt like kids and we were laughing about silly things." The festival succeeded at evoking a sense of adventure and extending the experience into the spatial and social realms.
Moving the event online, the curatorial team was able to create a truly neutral platform, free from constraints and norms that inevitably regulate our lives, which had always been the intention behind Future East Festiva. Both the team and the artists originally hail from regions affected by repetitive socio-political unrest, including Iran, Belarus, Taiwan, and they aimed to create "a universe where there are no 'other' nations, geneses and ethereal socio-cultural constructs of the zeitgeist but a celebration for the authentic creativity of artists".
Not only did they effectively adapt to the current conditions but opened up exciting new opportunities for both creators and audiences. In a non-pandemic world that we all hope to return to at some point this year, virtual events won't substitute the experience of togetherness that cultural events provide, but they can be a valuable addition. VR can offer new ways of experiencing art and music and sustaining dialogue, allowing artists to collaborate across countries and continents, share diverse narratives and help to diffuse the dominance of major cities in the cultural landscape.
VR could also promote inclusion in club music and open up to people who are excluded from regular club nights. Alternative types of events were on the rise pre-pandemic, but the association of club music with a certain lifestyle remains. For many people, however, it is incompatible with their reality of having a tight schedule, health issues or disabilities, being uncomfortable with substance use or simply not wanting to stay up till dawn. Eyvaz agrees: "I think VR can be a pretty great alternative possibility to experience nightlife."
The game of Future East Festival 2020 is over. But the performances, which were recorded in 360 degrees in an abandoned tuberculosis hospital, can be watched on YouTube.


Looks like Jameson have decided to get into urban gaming. The Jameson Shoreditch Open is being held today, I imagine as part of a repositioning strategy to drive salience for the whisky brand with those trendy young things of East London's cultural capital.
The golf ball through the window shown above is part of the local amplification campaign. Nice and relevant - similar to something Apple Stores did in the USA.