The first research panel discussion at the International Symposium on Online Journalism(ISOJ) on Friday, April 15, covered topics ranging from accountability journalism, journalists' security and use of Twitter, and the employment of virtual worlds in storytelling.
Research on these topics was presented at the Blanton Museum of Art, on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. The discussion was led by Amy Schmitz Weiss, the ISOJ research chair and an associate professor at the School of Journalism and Media Studies, San Diego State University.
James Breiner, of the University of Navarra in Spain, presented his research titled "The Economics of Accountability Journalism: What Price is Right?" His study looked at the difficulties of building an economic model around investigative journalism.
Because investigative journalism is usually subsidized by advertising or even by tax dollars in some countries, he claims it has never been priced in a true economic market. However, it has a good return on investment when looking at recovered tax dollars or through the fines levied as a result of an investigative report.
And the audience for investigative reporting exists, he argues, as evidenced by ground-breaking reports such as Swiss Leaks and The Panama Papers. But the real question is, how much will users pay and how many users do you need to support an organization conducting investigative journalism?
Through several examples of media who get their funding through a small and dedicated base of readers, he argued it's important to build a good relationship with a core group of readers instead of going for scale. But he left the audience with this lingering question: Whether through public subsidies, non-profits/grants, relationships, subscriptions, paywalls or even pay-per-story, who is going to pay for accountability journalism and how much?
Susan McGregor, of Columbia University, presented her work with Elizabeth Watkinstitled, "Security by Obscurity: Journalists' Mental Models of Information Security." The two scholars found that with all of the recent awareness of how little data security people have, not many journalists are taking steps to protect their own data.
Half of investigative journalists, who tell stories in a field that partially relies on leaked data, are not using information security tools as part of their work, including protected sources. Further, less than 40 percent said they changed their communications methods with sources after the Edward Snowden revelations about spying by the National Security Agency. So why aren't journalists taking steps to protect their data?
McGregor approached this question through "mental models," which is a mental system people use to work through processes and make decisions. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 15 journalists and seven editors about security preferences, practices and concerns, the researchers found two overarching themes.
First, the need for information security was related to the specific beat, geography or story being covered. Secondly, the journalists addressed any concerns by meeting face-to-face with sources.
In other words, if the reporter felt that the topic might be sensitive or that they may be targeted, they opted for in-person interviews to alleviate any potential digital security issues. Otherwise, they weren't concerned and felt that their obscurity was their security.
Hence, "security by obscurity" becomes the mental model.
However, McGregor cautioned journalists who may think they are out of the crosshairs of data attacks due to working for a small or otherwise obscure organization.
"If you are affiliated with a journalism organization, you are NOT obscure," she said.
Her suggestion for news organizations is to clearly communicate the existence and origin of attacks and to be engaged directly in efforts to explain how digital communication and security precautions can be used effectively.
Jeremy Littau, of Lehigh University, presented his work with Mi Rosie Jahng, of Hope College, "Interactivity, social presence and journalistic use of Twitter." Their research was founded on how credibility is formed on Twitter, especially in breaking news situations.
Littau said they wanted to know what factors go into Twitter users "snap judgments" to determine if a journalist is credible. He broke it down into two parts: interactivity and social cue.
Interactivity is the amount of replies, public replies, retweets, quoted tweets and social cues involve how much personal information a user shares. A high social cue involves personal information while a low social cue is more focused on professional information.
Their overall question was how interactive journalists are and how social cues factor in. They conducted a content analysis of 555 journalists' Twitter profiles (from an international population). They found high amounts of social presence were strong predictors of high interactivity, and that the job of the journalist mostly drives that interactivity.
Lifestyle and technology journalists had the highest social cue, while sports, civic and media/entertainment had the lowest. The implications are that social presence is a bridge to interactivity, something that many newsrooms need to improve on.
"If we want to help our reporters engage with our audiences, one of the first things we need to teach them is to open up," Littau said.
The last presentation was by Leonard Witt and Claire Bohrer from Kennesaw University, along with Gwenette Writer Sinclair, the CEO/owner of 1 Virtual World Development, on Skype. Their paper, titled "Journalism: How One University Used Virtual Worlds to Tell True Stories," was also co-written by Farooq Kperogi and Soloman Negash.
They talked about the use of virtual worlds to construct sets and avatars that can be used to act out real events. It was envisioned mainly to give journalists a way to visualize a story where anonymity is important.
For example, interviewing a child who needs anonymity, the child's narrative can be rebuilt in a virtual world to show viewers what happened without compromising the source's identity.
Students from various disciplines were brought together to work on this project, which started with learning how to create, adjust and assemble items in the virtual world and then turned to how to use them in a journalistic way.
Interviews with subjects, documents and even photos of real-world locations were used to construct the sets and stories. The virtual worlds allow a great deal of flexibility because sets can be very controlled and users are led through or sets can be wide open for users to experience through virtual reality headsets.
Content created through this project can be viewed at Virtualworld.jjie.org.
All of the ISOJ research papers can be viewed at the ISOJ Journal Multimedia site.
ISOJ continues on Saturday, April 16, and is being livestreamed in English here and in Spanish here.
ISOJ 2016: Research Panel, from Knight Center on Vimeo.


text:
Image- Getty Images
Today Marks 13th Anniversary of Usain Bolt's Undefeated 200m Record Setting Run – Watch Race
Kedean BrownAugust 20, 2022
Over the course of his illustrious sprinting career, athletics star Usain St. Leo Bolt dominated the world of track and field, setting record after record. 13 years ago to the day, Bolt set the world record in the 200m that is yet to be defeated.
In 2008, Bolt ran one of his most outstanding races in front of athletics fans at the Beijing Olympics. Fresh off of his 100m record-setting victory, Bolt, hungry for even more Olympic glory, lowered his best time in the 200m from 19.67 seconds to an astonishing 19.30 seconds. The then-21-year-old sprinter had set a new Olympic and world record, beating United States sprinter Michael Johnson's long-standing record of 19.32 seconds, set at the Atlanta 1996 Olympics, by 0.02 seconds.
The young sprinter, determined to outperform himself, topped that time the following year in 2009 at the World Athletics Championships in Berlin. Bolt, running against fellow Jamaican Steve Mullings and American sprinters Wallace Spearmon, Charles Clark, and Shawn Crawford, exuded confidence at the beginning of the race, telling his rivals, "Come get me." That, however, proved to be a difficult task, with Bolt blasting down the track and easily pulling out ahead of his fellow competitors. The sprinting legend had once again outdone himself, lowering his pass record to 19.19 seconds.
Bolt, truly a titan in the world of athletics, still holds the 200m Olympic record with 19.30 seconds and the world record with 19.19 seconds.
Watch the race below.
RELATED: Bolt's 100m Record Stands Undefeated 13 Years Later
RELATED: Usain Bolt Releases Fifth Album "Usain Bolt Presents: 9.58 Riddim"
RELATED: American Sprinter Considered To Be #1 Contender To Beat Bolt's 13-Year 200m World Record
Sports Sports news Usain Bolt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


No Home For The Holidays!
My newest release will be available in a few days on December 1, but you can preorder it now! NO HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS is part of my publisher's Christmas Extravaganza. It features a variety of novellas in a variety of genres that have Christmas as part of the story. Since they're novellas that means they're short–so you can read several of them or all of them this Christmas season. To learn more about the CHRISTMAS EXTRAVAGANZA, go to PELICAN BOOKS. NO HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS is available now as a PREORDER.
Unlike the Prodigal Son, Chloe Sullivan knows she can't go home for the Christmas holidays or ever—not if she wants to stay alive.
To celebrate the release of No Home For The Holidays, five lucky winners will receive a $10 Amazon Gift card. So leave a comment HERE so you'll be entered to win one of the gift cards. Last day to enter will be December 22 with winners being picked on the 23rd. Just in time for Christmas!
Thanksgiving is right around the corner and you know that that means. Then it will officially be the CHRISTMAS season. But as far as I'm concerned it already is. I'm waiting for my husband to start dragging up the Christmas trees. Last year we had twelve. Not sure if we'll put that many up this year. Anyway a few years ago, THE CHRISTMAS STALKING was released but it's still a great story to help put you in the Christmas mood.
Here's the prologue that was cut but I still love it so I'm sharing it here. By the way, it's still one of my very favorite covers.
Her hand froze mid-air as she reached for the door knob. Her pulse ramped up. Destiny Martin had always considered herself brave, but she'd been wrong.
And that's how Destiny's story started. What do you think?
Who doesn't love Christmas music? Right?
I'm focusing on Christmas music this week at www.PowerUpWithGod.com. Each day until Christmas, I take a look at a Christmas song and it's message. There's a music video that accompanies the blog post.
So, I've got all the days ready to go except for Christmas Day! My question WHAT SONG SHOULD I USE FOR CHRISTMAS DAY???
Any and all ideas would be appreciated.
No decorations on these two–just fiber optics and lights. The smaller one plays music!
TREE # 5–THE THREE BEARS!
Teach us to number our days that we may gain a heart of wisdom.
There is nothing like a serious health crisis to teach us to number our days! It started on April Fool's Day (yes, God does have a sense of humor!) in 2012 and continues still. How it will end? Only God knows. It's been a long journey for me as well as for my husband. It's not been easy, but God has taught me much. And one of those nuggets of wisdom is to celebrate life!
Celebrate the big things but even more so the little things.
Celebrate the mundane, the unusual, and the downright silly.
Celebrate life—it is a gift from God!
For the past several years, we've cleared off our enclosed porch and filled it with Christmas cheer! And Christmas trees–lots of them! It's just for fun and just for us–no grandbabies around to enjoy it. When I started experience side effects from my second (and hopefully last) brain tumor treatment much earlier than expected, we decided to forego the Christmas Porch this year. Too much work and I didn't feel well enough to help.
But I know my husband……we not only have our Christmas Porch up but we have TWELVE Christmas trees this year. We only had ten, but when I said I'd like to have the twelve days of CHRISTMAS trees, my hubby made it happen! So between now and Christmas, I'm going to share the twelve days of Christmas trees.
Each day, I'll post a picture of that day's Christmas tree.
Hope you enjoy them and remember no matter what circumstances you find yourself in–celebrate life! It is truly a gift!
At this time of the year, we have so much to celebrate–the birth of a babe in a lowly manger. A birth that changed the world! So, come celebrate with me as we celebrate the birth of Jesus.


When Mayor Bill de Blasio stepped up to an ad hoc podium on an East Harlem street corner Friday afternoon, he was prepared to announce that the Real Estate Board of New York had arranged for 15 apartments on Manhattan's Upper East Side to provide temporary housing for residents displaced by the Wednesday morning blast that destroyed two buildings and claimed at least eight lives.
By the time Mr. de Blasio finished speaking, the number of apartments had more than doubled, an expansion that symbolized a positive tonal shift between the new mayor and the real estate community.
"This is the type of situation in which New Yorkers step up and help each other," said Mr. de Blasio. "REBNY's done just that."
By the time the mayor announced the number of units that REBNY had made available, it had climbed to 34.
"We will continue to work with the city to provide a longer-term solution for those who were impacted," REBNY President Steven Spinola said in a statement, "and hope that our partnership with Mayor de Blasio will help ease recovery efforts for all those affected."
The real estate board's housing allocation—which will provide the city with apartments close by for up to three months—comes as part of a partnership with New York State Association for Affordable Housing. That agency, which will continue to coordinate with the city on both temporary and long-term housing for displaced East Harlem residents, is getting a major boost from REBNY, which has in turn been making a public show of strengthening its ties with the new administration.
Wednesday's tragic explosion might also provide real estate interests with an impetus to spur a wider discussion on the city's aging infrastructure, a debate that is already gaining momentum.
During a midtown luncheon that occurred simultaneously with the mayor's East Harlem appearance, Gov. Andrew Cuomo spoke publicly on the East Harlem disaster for the first time.
"We've gone through so many tragedies these past few years," said Mr. Cuomo, citing Hurricane Sandy as an example. "What's the lesson? Can we find the positive to make sure this doesn't happen again?"
Andrew J. Hawkins provided additional reporting.


Has a few quest and skill guides among other useful information. It also has a few screenshots and various (old) contests for when you're feeling bored.
You can post the BSE list again?
Do you have a text file which lists the monsters,items and spells with their corresponding numbers? Thanks in advance, I wanne use them for some guides.
Note that I got this information from faldonrpg.com so the monster and item lists are not complete. I can't seem to find the code I wrote to read this information from the actual .dat files so this will have to do .
What sort of guide are you writing that requires knowledge of actual monster ids and such?
Btw I am going to combine all this information for a somewhat easier look. Also I am adding drops to Animal Lore (Editing monsters with mobedit). I wanted to speak to you anyway for something so T me when your in game please.


London, England ; New York, N.Y. : Penguin Books, 2005.
xxxvi, 199 pages : map ; 20 cm.
'The War of the Worlds' is Wells' classic science fiction tale of a Martian invasion of Earth. Having already destroyed London, it seems that no-one can stop the intellectually superior Martians from taking over the whole planet.
Wells, H. G. 1., & Parrinder, P. (2005). The war of the worlds. London, England ; New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books.
Wells, H. G. 1866-1946 and Patrick. Parrinder. 2005. The War of the Worlds. London, England ; New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books.
Wells, H. G. 1866-1946 and Patrick. Parrinder, The War of the Worlds. London, England ; New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2005.
Wells, H. G. 1866-1946, and Patrick Parrinder. The War of the Worlds. London, England ; New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2005. Print.
|a The war of the worlds / |c H.G. Wells ; edited by Patrick Parrinder ; with an introduction by Brian Aldiss and notes by Andy Sawyer.
|a London, England ; |a New York, N.Y. : |b Penguin Books, |c 2005.
|a xxxvi, 199 p. : |b map ; |c 20 cm.
|a First published in 1898.
|a 'The War of the Worlds' is Wells' classic science fiction tale of a Martian invasion of Earth. Having already destroyed London, it seems that no-one can stop the intellectually superior Martians from taking over the whole planet.


The Division of General Medicine at SRM hospitals Mambalam is a group of specialist doctors and allied health staff who are dedicated to providing patient-centred, evidence-based medical care in a clinical environment supported by education and research. This division embodies the mission of SRM hospitals Mambalam – To bring healthcare of international standards within the reach of every individual by achieving high standards of clinical care by integrated clinical practice, education and research.
• All metabolic diseases and endocrine diseases such as diabetes, thyroid, cholesterol, obesity.
• Problems like a headache, muscular weakness, epilepsy.
The dedicated team of internists at SRM Hospitals Mambalam provide outpatient and inpatient primary care services for adults and consultative services for patients with complex clinical problems.
They also provide a preoperative evaluation that helps in ensuring an uneventful and successful surgery.
Intensive-care medicine or critical-care medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions requiring sophisticated organ support and invasive monitoring.
Intensive care is usually offered to patients who may require support for instability hypertension/ hypotension), airway or respiratory compromise (such as ventilator support), acute renal failure, potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias, or the cumulative effects of multiple organ failures, more commonly referred to now as multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. They may also be admitted for intensive/invasive monitoring, such as the crucial hours after major surgery when deemed too unstable to transfer to a less intensively monitored unit.
Staying active will always keep your heart healthy regardless of weight. Performing regular exercise reduces your risk of heart disease.
It's never too late to take a healthy action. Smoking cessation lets you breathe more easily and improves your quality of life and helps you live longer.
Eating a balanced diet provides various nutrients that keep your skin healthy. A diet including fruits, vegetables, low-fat products, low salt and added sugars not only keeps your skin healthy but also helps in maintaining a healthy weight.
Your care and comfort are our top priorities. We ensure that the patients are well informed prior to every step we take for their benefit and their queries are effectively answered.
The SRM Hospitals' team stays up to date on the advancements in medical procedures and technologies. Experience the Future Healthcare Technologies now at SRM Hospitals.
Strengthening lives through compassionate care, innovative therapies and relentless efforts. It relentless efforts. It reflects in the DNA of our passionate team of doctors and dedicated clinical staff.
Dedicated to Hope & Healing.


text:
Home inContext PA Continues to Reject Israel's 'Jewishness'
PA Continues to Reject Israel's 'Jewishness'
Samara Greenberg • October 12, 2010
Days after Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas told the United States it has one month to negotiate a freeze on settlement construction with Israel or risk the end of peace talks, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that he would extend the freeze if the Palestinian Authority (PA) would "unequivocally say to its people that it recognizes Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people."
The Palestinians quickly and "forcefully" rejected the proposal, which chief negotiator Saeb Erekat called "racist demands" and "Israeli games." Nabil Abu Rudaineh, a spokesman for PA President Mahmoud Abbas, said the Palestinians are willing to recognize the state of Israel but not "Israel's Jewishness."
Direct talks between Israel and the Palestinians slowed after Israel's ten month moratorium on settlement construction ended on September 26. In response, during a meeting with the Arab League last week in Libya, President Abbas announced "alternatives" to the direct Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, which include "ask(ing) the United States to recognize the state of Palestine on the 1967 borders" and "going to the (UN) Security Council to get a resolution that calls upon member states to recognize the state of Palestine on the 1967 borders."
If those were to fail, Abbas said he would call on Israel to take full control of the territories and disband the Palestinian Authority. In light of what should be seen as a direct threat by the Palestinian president, Netanyahu announced his compromise.
While harshly (but not surprisingly) dismissed by the PA, Netanyahu's proposal makes perfect sense. Israel's demand for recognition as a Jewish State is not just Israeli games and racism against Palestinians or non-Jews. Rather, it is the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
As Netanyahu said, "For 100 years, the Palestinians have taught entire generations to believe that there is no Jewish people, that this land is their homeland alone." Indeed, a large part of the Palestinian narrative is based on rejecting the existence of a Jewish state in any part of the territory they call Palestine. Recognizing Israel as a Jewish State, therefore, would signal that the Palestinian leadership is finally willing to accept Israel's existence. At the same time, Israel would (again) signal to the Palestinians that it is ready to accept a Palestinian state in areas of the West Bank by freezing settlement construction there.
As an aside, it is important to note that Israel has never rejected the religious status of its neighboring Muslim states, nor would it reject a future Palestinian state characterized as Muslim. In addition, Israel's non-Jewish citizenry have full rights in the country; Israel is actually one of the only countries in the Middle East where Arab women are allowed to vote.
As U.S. State Department spokesman P.J. Crowley said on Tuesday, "both sides need to take steps if we are to see the necessary conditions for negotiations to continue." Indeed, Israeli-Palestinian peace talks will end here if either side is not willing to compromise. Abbas should not expect Israel to halt settlement construction, thereby recognizing that land as where a future Palestinian state will be, without the Palestinian leadership doing the same and recognizing Israel for what it is. If the Palestinians are serious about peace, they would take Netanyahu up on his offer and part with their mythology that millions of Palestinian refugees will one day be allowed to return to live in the Jewish State.
Arab-Israeli Negotiations


text:
Q: Can I add numbers with the C/C++ preprocessor? For some base. Base 1 even. Some sort of complex substitution -ing.
Also, and of course, doing this is not a good idea in real life production code. I just asked out of curiosity.

A: It is quite possible to do bounded integer addition in the preprocessor.  And, it is actually needed more often than one would really hope, i.e., the alternative to just have ((2) + (3)) in the program doesn't work.  (E.g., you can't have a variable called x((2)+(3))).  The idea is simple: turn the addition to increments, which you don't mind (too much) listing them all out.  E.g.,
#define INC(x) INC_ ## x
#define INC_0 1
#define INC_1 2
#define INC_2 3
#define INC_3 4
#define INC_4 5
#define INC_5 6
#define INC_6 7
#define INC_7 8
#define INC_8 9
#define INC_9 10
INC(7) // => 8

Now we know how to do addition to up to 1.
#define ADD(x, y) ADD_ ## x(y)
#define ADD_0(x) x
#define ADD_1(x) INC(x)
ADD(0, 2) // => 2
ADD(1, 2) // => 3

To add to even larger numbers, you need some sort of "recursion".
#define ADD_2(x) ADD_1(INC(x))
#define ADD_3(x) ADD_2(INC(x))
#define ADD_4(x) ADD_3(INC(x))
#define ADD_5(x) ADD_4(INC(x))
#define ADD_6(x) ADD_5(INC(x))
#define ADD_7(x) ADD_6(INC(x))
#define ADD_8(x) ADD_7(INC(x))
#define ADD_9(x) ADD_8(INC(x))
#define ADD_10(x) ADD_9(INC(x))
ADD(5, 2) // => 7

One has to be careful in this, however.  E.g., the following does not work.
#define ADD_2(x) INC(ADD_1(x))
ADD(2, 2) // => INC_ADD_1(2)

For any extended use of such tricks, Boost Preprocessor is your friend.

A: I know it's not the preprocessor, but if it helps, you can do it with templates.  Perhaps you could use this in conjunction with a macro to achieve what you need.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <int N, int M>
struct Add
{
    static const int Value = N + M;
};

int main()
{
    cout << Add<4, 5>::Value << endl;
    return 0;
}

A: Apparently, you can. If you take a look at the Boost Preprocessor library, you can do all sorts of stuff with the preprocessor, even integer addition.

A: The preprocessor operates on preprocessing tokens and the only time that it evaluates numbers is during the evaluation of a #if or #elif directive.  Other than that, numbers aren't really numbers during preprocessing; they are classified as preprocessing number tokens, which aren't actually numbers.
You could evaluate basic arithmetic using token concatenation:
#define ADD_0_0 0
#define ADD_0_1 1
#define ADD_1_0 1
#define ADD_1_1 2

#define ADD(x, y) ADD##_##x##_##y

ADD(1, 0) // expands to 1
ADD(1, 1) // expands to 2

Really, though, there's no reason to do this, and it would be silly to do so (you'd have to define a huge number of macros for it to be even remotely useful).
It would be more sensible to have a macro that expands to an integral constant expression that can be evaluated by the compiler:
#define ADD(x, y) ((x) + (y))

ADD(1, 1) // expands to ((1) + (1))

The compiler will be able to evaluate the 1 + 1 expression.

A: You can relatively easy write macro which adds two integers in binary. For example - macro which sums two 4-bit integers in binary :
#include "stdio.h"

// XOR truth table
#define XOR_0_0 0
#define XOR_0_1 1
#define XOR_1_0 1
#define XOR_1_1 0

// OR truth table
#define OR_0_0 0
#define OR_0_1 1
#define OR_1_0 1
#define OR_1_1 1

// AND truth table
#define AND_0_0 0
#define AND_0_1 0
#define AND_1_0 0
#define AND_1_1 1

// concatenation macros
#define XOR_X(x,y) XOR_##x##_##y
#define   OR_X(x,y) OR_##x##_##y
#define  AND_X(x,y) AND_##x##_##y
#define OVERFLOW_X(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) OVERFLOW_##rc1 (rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)

// stringification macros
#define STR_X(x) #x
#define STR(x) STR_X(x)

// boolean operators
#define XOR(x,y) XOR_X(x,y)
#define   OR(x,y) OR_X(x,y)
#define  AND(x,y) AND_X(x,y)

// carry_bit + bit1 + bit2
#define BIT_SUM(carry,bit1,bit2) XOR(carry, XOR(bit1,bit2))
// carry_bit + carry_bit_of(bit1 + bit2)
#define CARRY_SUM(carry,bit1,bit2) OR(carry, AND(bit1,bit2))

// do we have overflow or maybe result perfectly fits into 4 bits ?
#define OVERFLOW_0(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) SHOW_RESULT(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define OVERFLOW_1(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) SHOW_OVERFLOW(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)

// draft-horse macros which performs addition of two 4-bit integers
#define ADD_BIN_NUM(a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) ADD_BIN_NUM_4(0,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define ADD_BIN_NUM_4(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) ADD_BIN_NUM_3(rc1,rc2,rc3,AND(CARRY_SUM(0,a4,b4),OR(a4,b4)), rb1,rb2,rb3,BIT_SUM(0,a4,b4), a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define ADD_BIN_NUM_3(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) ADD_BIN_NUM_2(rc1,rc2,AND(CARRY_SUM(rc4,a3,b3),OR(a3,b3)),rc4, rb1,rb2,BIT_SUM(rc4,a3,b3),rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define ADD_BIN_NUM_2(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) ADD_BIN_NUM_1(rc1,AND(CARRY_SUM(rc3,a2,b2),OR(a2,b2)),rc3,rc4, rb1,BIT_SUM(rc3,a2,b2),rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define ADD_BIN_NUM_1(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)      OVERFLOW(AND(CARRY_SUM(rc2,a1,b1),OR(a1,b1)),rc2,rc3,rc4, BIT_SUM(rc2,a1,b1),rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define OVERFLOW(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) OVERFLOW_X(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4)
#define   SHOW_RESULT(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) STR(a1) STR(a2) STR(a3) STR(a4) " + " STR(b1) STR(b2) STR(b3) STR(b4) " = " STR(rb1) STR(rb2) STR(rb3) STR(rb4)
#define   SHOW_OVERFLOW(rc1,rc2,rc3,rc4, rb1,rb2,rb3,rb4, a1,a2,a3,a4, b1,b2,b3,b4) STR(a1) STR(a2) STR(a3) STR(a4) " + " STR(b1) STR(b2) STR(b3) STR(b4) " = overflow"

void main()
{
    printf("%s\n",
        ADD_BIN_NUM(
                    0,0,0,1, // first  4-bit int
                    1,0,1,1) // second 4-bit int
                    );

    printf("%s\n",
        ADD_BIN_NUM(
                    0,1,0,0, // first  4-bit int
                    0,1,0,1) // second 4-bit int
                );

    printf("%s\n",
        ADD_BIN_NUM(
                    1,0,1,1, // first  4-bit int
                    0,1,1,0) // second 4-bit int
                );
}

This macro can be easily extended for addition of two 8-bit or 16-bit or even 32-bit ints.
So basically all that we need is token concatenation and substitution rules to achieve amazing results with macros.
EDIT:
I have changed formating of results and more importantly - I've added overflow check.
HTH!

A: The C preprocessor can evaluate conditionals containing integer arithmetic.  It will not substitute arithmetic expressions and pass the result to the compiler, but the compiler will evaluate arithmetic on compile-time constants and emit the result into the binary, as long as you haven't overloaded the operators being used.

A: Preprocessor macros can't really do arithmetic, but they can be usefully leveraged to do math with enumerations.  The general trick is to have a macro which invokes other macros, and can be repeatedly invoked using different definitions of those other macros.
For example, something like:

#define MY_THINGS \
  a_thing(FRED,4) \
  a_thing(GEORGE,6) \
  a_thing(HARRY,5) \
  a_thing(HERMIONE,8) \
  a_thing(RON,3) \
  // This line left blank

#define a_thing(name,size) EN_##name}; enum {EN_SIZE_##name=(size),EN_BLAH_##name = EN_##name+(size-1),
enum {EN_FIRST_THING=0, MY_THINGS EN_TOTAL_SIZE};
#undef a_thing

That will allow one to 'allocate' a certain amount of space for each thing in e.g. an array.  The math isn't done by the preprocessor, but the enumerations are still regarded as compile-time constants.

A: I'm pretty sure the C/C++ preprocessor just does copy and paste -- it doesn't actually evaluate any expressions. Expression evaluation is done by the compiler.
To better answer your question, you might want to post what you're trying to accomplish.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The people of Italy are currently facing an unprecedented assault on their health choice and informed consent.
The oft-parroted sound bite – "we need herd immunity"- implies that if ninety five percent of the population can become "immune" to a disease via vaccination, target immunity levels will be met and diseases will either be eradicated or controlled. This sound bite is the most commonly pulled weapon used by the vaccinators, only second to "smallpox and polio were eradicated by vaccination."
Two new studies by international teams, including Egyptian scientists, have validated the link between autism and mercury.
Unexplained chronic disease and vaccine injury are prominent in America. The future of our health freedom is in our hands.
NACCHO? It sounds like a bad acronym from an Austin Powers movie. It is actually one of the most powerful anti-vaccine choice front groups in the country, whose primary funder is the CDC.
Robert F Kennedy Jr. vows to change government policies that injure children.
The move towards mandatory vaccination is no longer a conspiracy theory. California Senate Bill 277 snapped families into a reality where informed consent and health freedom do not apply.
No journalist would have any difficulty finding dozens of distinguished skeptical scientists for the very few "rogue" scientists that the press has vilified.
Every so often, information circulates around the alternative vaccine community recommending that parents take a form to their child's pediatrician and ask the doctor to sign it, to prevent their children from being vaccinated and to educate the doctor about vaccines. Typically, these forms list vaccine ingredients and ask the doctor to assume liability for any adverse events that the vaccines the doctor administers may cause.


M² Announces Launch of M²-SURS Emerging Private Equity Fund-of-Funds, L.P.
We are pleased to announce that on Wednesday, August 24, 2016, M² closed on a $100 million separate account from the State Universities Retirement System of Illinois ("SURS") to invest in private equity firms owned by minorities, women, and people with disabilities. This separate account will be committed across a diverse set of buyout and growth equity managers who we believe will create long-lasting value.
We are proud that one of our first clients, SURS, has remained our client over the years, and we hope to continue our relationship long into the future. As a minority-owned firm, M² is especially honored to support SURS in its efforts toward increasing diversity and inclusion among its asset managers.


The Caroline Bay marina project has been tipped as the next big berthing destination for superyacht owners.
The luxury development at the Morgan's Point property, scheduled to open in March ahead of the America's Cup, will bring an influx of yachts to the western side of the island.
While attending the Fort Lauderdale Boat Show last week, Caroline Bay Marina principal and director Craig Christensen and Ralph Richardson, the marina's new chief executive officer, were interviewed by the online magazine Superyachts.com.
The magazine said Bermuda is shaping up to become "the next big charter and berthing destination for superyacht owners".


text:
Q: RequireJS local var not matching Can anyone explain why this might be the case?
I am in a RequireJS module that has zero dependencies. I am trying to create a singleton that represents the view state, to avoid a global variable. But for some reason the getter that is trying to retrieve a property from the view var is not matching. Is there any way to explain what is going on in the image?
view is defined, and the viewName value is defined, but it's somehow not picking up view.mainView.

A: It looks like you're trying to check if view[viewName] is defined on view, but you're actually checking to see if view[viewName] has a truth-y value.
Try this:
if(viewName in view) {
    view[viewName] = $view;
} else {
    throw new Error('no view matched');
}


text:
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Monday, 27 March 2006, 12:00AM
The Pathology of Discovery and Conquest
Professor Linda Newson
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This lecture examined the spread of diseases that accompanied European expansion overseas from the fifteenth century, paying particular attention to their demographic impact in Americas.
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Extra Lecture Materials
Disease history Immunology History Exploration and Discovery
Linda A. Newson
When Christopher Columbus arrived in the island of Hispaniola (today shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti ) in 1492 it had a conservative population of about one million. By 1540 only 250 people remained. Demographic disaster, although perhaps not always as extreme as this, accompanied Europeans wherever they went. Although considerable controversy exists over the size of the contact populations, it would appear that the initial impact of colonial rule was greatest in the Americas and in remote regions such as the Pacific Islands where within the first 100 to 150 years of contact the population is thought to have declined by as much as 80 to 95 per cent. Hence in 1778 the Hawaiian islands had a conservative population of about 250,000 in the Hawaiian islands in 1778, but by the 1890s only 40,000 remained. Similarly, in Tahiti an estimated population of 66,000 in 1774 had fallen to about 6,000 by 1881.
Of course many factors contributed to this decline. Some people were killed in military encounters with Europeans, while others died as a result of harsh work, ill treatment and slavery to which they were subsequently subjected. The brutality of Spanish rule in the Americas came to be known as the Black Legend, which Spain 's enemies used to discredit her rule in the New World . Books and illustrations of the Spanish treatment of the native peoples circulated widely in Europe , such as those of the Flemish engraver Theodore de Bry.
Other losses came about through transformations to native economies and societies that were brought about as a consequence of colonial rule, though the extent of these changes varied according to the objectives of European powers and the types of societies they encountered. Trading empires were much less intrusive than those where there was extensive European settlement and where colonial powers sought establish productive economic enterprises that generated demands for labour and land and/or sought to convert and 'civilise' native peoples. Where contacts were most intense, economic and social restructuring was greatest, and native peoples suffered the greatest decline. In most cases the relative importance of such changes is difficult to assess because many of the processes that contributed to demographic decline were complex and are difficult to quantify. However, most scholars agree that a significant factor in population decline in many regions was the introduction of Old World diseases to which native peoples possessed no immunity.
Native Americans had been unable to develop immunity to Old World diseases due to their isolation, and this was probably also the case for the Pacific Islanders. There were also remote parts of the Old World which acute infections had failed to reach or where they had failed to become endemic prior to European expansion because their populations were small and dispersed. For example, the heavy losses sustained by the Hottentots in South Africa in a smallpox epidemic in 1713, suggests that they did not have immunity to the disease and that it had not become endemic in the region. Similarly smallpox and measles probably reached the Philippines through trading contacts, probably with China in pre-European times, but people did not develop immunity to them. This was because when acute infections were introduced they would spread rapidly through the population, but then die out because of the lack of further people to infect. As a result they did not become endemic so people were unable to acquire immunity to them. Evidence from island communities suggests that for measles to become endemic it is necessary to have a population of 500,000. Since smallpox spreads less rapidly than measles, the estimated threshold is lower at 200,000. Historical experience suggests that at least a century of constant exposure to a disease is required for it to become endemic, as individuals who are more resistant reproduce and those who are not die in childhood.
However, it was not only the introduction of new diseases that caused devastation, but also changes to the natural environment that accompanied European rule that facilitated the spread of existing, as well as new diseases. Finally, in discussing the pathology of conquest, it is worth noting that, depending on their destination, victims of European colonial expansion often included Europeans themselves, for those bureaucrats, priests, soldiers, sailors and colonists who ventured overseas also suffered highy mortality.
The Impact of Old World Diseases in the Americas
The pathogenic impact of conquest is best documented in the case of the Americas. Here the native population may have fallen from between 50-60 million in 1492 to about 6 million a century and a half later. A significant factor in this decline was the introduction of acute infections such as smallpox, measles, plague and typhus, to which Native Americans due to centuries of isolation had been unable to acquire immunity. As a result each epidemic might carry off 20, 30 or maybe even 50 percent of the population. These proportions are recorded in documentary sources and have been corroborated by historically more recent epidemics among non-immune populations, for example, in outbreaks of measles that occurred in Iceland from the mid-nineteenth century and more recently among the Yanomamo in the Amazon Basin in the 1960s, though here mortality was moderated through swift vaccination.
Before exploring the impact of disease more fully, it is worth noting that there are differences in the way that diseases are spread. Whereas smallpox, measles, influenza and rubella are spread through face-to-face contact, others are spread by vectors, such as rodents or insects. Hence, yellow fever and malaria are spread by mosquitoes, and bubonic plague or typhus are spread by lice or fleas living on rodents. Those spread by face-to-face contact can spread rapidly, but those dependent on a vector also require the introduction of a suitable host, such as rats, or have to find an appropriate one in their new environment. Hence, yellow fever probably did not appear in the Americas until there was an outbreak in the Caribbean and Yucatán between 1647 and 1649, because its spread required the introduction of the Aedes aegypti mosquito from Africa. It was only with the increased scale of the slave trade in the seventeenth century that these insects were carried to the Americas, breeding in water barrels of slave ships. Earlier descriptions of people dying with yellow skin are now thought to be due to shortages of food during prolonged sea journeys or expeditions.
Until recently it was thought that the first major epidemic to hit mainland Latin America was an outbreak of smallpox in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán (now Mexico City) in 1520. A graphic account by an Aztec recorded that,
"A great plague broke out here in Tenochtitlán. It began to spread during the thirteenth month (October 1520) and lasted for seventy days, striking everywhere in the city and killing a vast number of our people. Sores erupted on our faces, our breasts, our bellies; we were covered with agonising sores from head to foot.
The illness was so dreadful that no one could walk or move. The sick were so utterly helpless that they could only lie on their beds like corpses, unable to move their limbs or even their heads. They could not lie face down or roll from one side to the other. If they did move their bodies, they screamed with pain.
A great many died from this plague, and many others died of hunger. They could not get up to search for food, and everyone else was too sick to care for them, so they starved to death in their beds."
This same epidemic later spread through Guatemala, the rest of Central America, Panama, and from there along the Pacific Coast to Peru. While such diseases could have been carried by expeditions of conquest, equally they could have passed from one native community to another without the presence of Europeans. This probably occurred in Peru where there is evidence to indicate that smallpox struck the Inca empire before the arrival of Europeans in the 1520s. It was to play a decisive role on the course of Spanish conquest, since it not only resulted in high mortality weakening native resistance to Spanish rule, but among its victims was the Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, whose death resulted in a dynastic war between his two sons Huascar and Atahualpa. When Francisco Pizarro's expedition arrived therefore the Inca empire had already suffered major population losses and was in the throes of a civil war. The Incas claimed that if the Spaniards had arrived a few years earlier they would not have been conquered so easily.
The fact that diseases might run ahead of the invaders has prompted suggestions that societies in more remote regions such as North America and Amazonia may have been much larger than generally supposed since the first European eye-witnesses observed societies that had already been devastated by epidemic disease and suffered significant decline. There is therefore considerable controversy over the size of the native population of the Americas in 1492, with estimates range from Alfred Kroeber's 8.4 million to Henry Dobyns's over 112 million, but this is a topic for another lecture.
Until recently it was thought that the 1518 smallpox epidemic just described was the first to hit the New World, but a Spanish medical historian, Francisco Guerra, has recently presented persuasive evidence that influenza was carried to Hispaniola by Columbus's second expedition in 1493. This disease apparently originated in pigs and spread to horses and then the passengers, and subsequently to Indians, who died in "infinite numbers." Even if this was disease was not influenza, other scholars have argued that it is very unlikely that no disease transfer occurred for a quarter of a century before the 1518 outbreak.
While single epidemics might carry off one-third or one half of the population, the problem was that native societies were being hit not once but by successive epidemics which each took a significant toll of the population. Hence David Cook had shown how six major epidemics alone could have reduced the Andean population by over 90 percent during the sixteenth century. This is without taking account of the demographic impact of conquest itself or any losses in military encounters or resulting from transformations to native societies that occurred with colonial rule.
An interesting feature of the impact of Old World diseases in the Americas is that the decline was greater in the lowlands than the highlands. In the lowlands the native population was later replaces as a labour force by African slaves. The higher levels of depopulation in the tropical lowlands have often been attributed to the tropical fevers, malaria and yellow fever, and to the greater prevalence of waterborne intestinal infections such as dysentery, typhoid, hookworm and other helminthic infections. Nevertheless, as indicated above yellow fever cannot be implicated in the early depopulation of tropical coasts since its arrival in the mid-seventeenth century post-dates this period. Similarly, although Anophelesmosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria were present in the New World in pre-Columbian times, the deadly Plasmodium falciparum found in Africa probably did not arrive until the slave trade gathered momentum. However, the milder form of malaria associated with Plasmodium vivax, which was endemic in the Mediterranean, was probably carried to the New World in the blood of early conquistadors and colonists and the parasite picked up by waiting mosquitoes. It would appear that some of those involved in the Columbus's fourth expedition from 1502 to 1503 suffered from quartan fevers, often associated with vivax malaria and this may have resulted in the establishment of the disease in the New World. However, the disease may not necessarily have been introduced by this expedition, but by any number of Europeans who travelled to the New World, since once contracted malaria does not necessarily kill its victim, but the parasite remains in the blood. Even though malaria may have been introduced at an early date, it would have taken some time to become established and may not have affected areas of low population density where there were insufficient humans to maintain the chain of infection. Even today the low population density means that falciparummalaria is absent from many parts of Amazonia.
While malaria may have contributed to the decline of lowland populations in some regions, it cannot explain all lowland losses. Some of the heaviest losses in the colonial period were sustained on the desert coast of Peru, where the environment was unsuitable for the spread of malaria, so clearly other factors were involved. Also, some acute infections, such as typhus and pneumonic plague would have been more common in the highlands since they are generally associated with cool dry climates.
It was not only disease mortality that resulted rapid population decline, but also its indirect effects which affected the ability of societies to continue to function an recover. One immediate effect in some areas, particularly in lowland communities, was to increase intercommunity conflict. In many Amazonian groups, sickness and death were attributed to sorcery that required revenge, so that increased levels of intertribal warfare, which raised mortality even higher, often accompanied epidemics.
Other effects were subtler, but many resulted from indirect effects of the loss of a large proportion of the adult population. Labour losses undermined subsistence production resulting in food shortages and occasionally famines. Food production prospects depend on whether subsistence strategies or co-operative activities could remain viable with reduced populations. For example, in the Andes the rapid decline of native population made it difficult for communities to maintain their irrigation works and terraces. There are currently 600,000 hectares of abandoned terraces dating from pre-Columbian times in the Peruvian Andes alone.
In small societies too the loss of only a small number of people with special skills, such as those possessed by hunters, might have been a serious threat to food supplies, particularly in regions of marked seasonality or where groups are dependent on a limited range of resources.
While food shortages might not result in starvation and death, they might increase susceptibility to some diseases, but not all. In the case of measles and most respiratory and intestinal infections levels of morbidity and mortality appear to increase with poor nutrition, whereas smallpox, plague, yellow fever and malaria seem to be relatively unaffected. In any case, nutritional status would have also varied with energy requirements, which would have been greater in colder climates and where individuals were involved in arduous labour, such as mining, or were constantly fighting infection.
Adult losses also affected fertility and the ability of populations to recover from epdiemics. Not only did acute infections bring an immediate loss in reproductive capacity, but also disrupted reproduction as those who had lost spouses sought new partners. The formation of new unions was particularly difficult in small communities. Here the marriage pools were small and there were often marked differences in sex ratios, in addition there were often cultural restrictions on the suitability of marriage partners and on re-marriage. In order to ensure their survival, groups might have to modify their cultural practices. It is noteworthy that many surviving indigenous societies are exogamous and in the past have been prepared to absorb or be absorbed by outsiders.
The ability of societies to recover from the ravages of epidemics was also affected by physiological and psychological responses to the changed circumstances of colonial rule. The 'loss of the will to survive' among those who fell sick would have enhanced mortality, while early colonial observers also suggested that in the early colonial abortion and infanticide increased as parents were unable to support their offspring or did not wish them to endure the hardships they had experienced.
Probably more significant influences on fertility rates, however, were unconscious stress-induced amenorrhea and the breakdown in social relations caused by epidemics and external demands for labour. Whatever the causes, there is evidence that during the early sixteenth century family size fell. For example, a study of Huánuco in Peru suggests that family size declined from six in pre-Columbian times to 2.5 in 1560
The impact of epidemics was not confined to the early sixteenth century. It is true that in the early colonial period state societies suffered the heaviest disease mortality for it was here that Spaniards settled in largest numbers introducing a wide range of infections whose spread was facilitated by their dense populations. Interestingly people have argued that the Old World diseases had a greater impact in Central Mexico where the topography enabled them to spread out in a radial fashion, than in the Andes where communities were often located in deep valleys separated by steep mountain spurs, which acted as a barrier to their spread. Even so, these populous societies generally bore the brunt of conquest with wars and depopulation causing major political, economic and social upheavals that heightened disease mortality despite the efforts of the colonial authorities to ensure adequate food supplies and medical care. Nevertheless, despite heavy population losses, sufficient numbers remained for diseases to become endemic and for remaining populations to develop immunities to them, so that in the longer term the impact of acute infections was moderated. It meant that in the highland areas in particular, from the seventeenth century the native population was able to achieve a degree of recovery.
In contrast it areas where the population was small and dispersed the opportunities for the introduction of diseases were fewer and their spread was more difficult. Very often it was missionaries who unwittingly carried diseases to remote areas. In these circumstances not every community would have been hit by every epidemic, but the populations that remained were insufficient for acute infections to become endemic. As a consequence, when they were reintroduced they continued to cause high mortality that affected adults as well as children, and these had particularly adverse effects on food production and fertility. As such the populations in these regions did not experience the recovery that occurred in the highlands but continued to decline throughout the colonial period.
Pre-Columbian diseases in the New World
Having described the rather complex impact of Old World diseases on the Americas in particular, probably one question in your mind is whether Native Americans had any infections that travelled the other way and had equally devastating effects on Europeans.
First it is worth distinguishing between infections that can survive in small, dispersed populations and acute infections, which swiftly kill their victims or produce long-lasting immunity, which require a large population in order to become endemic. It is clear that gastrointestinal and respiratory infections were common in the New World , and skeletal remains from Peruvian mummies indicate that tuberculosis was present. All these infections can survive in small populations. Although in pre-Columbian times there were populations large enough to sustain acute infections in the Americas, with the probable exception of typhus, these appear to have been absent. Most acute infections to afflict human populations have had their origin in domesticated animals and then jump the species barrier to become human diseases. Hence, smallpox is related to cowpox and influenza to swine or avian 'flu. This is, of course, our current concern over the outbreak of the particularly virulent H5N1 strain of bird flu'. Transfers from animals to humans tend to occur from domesticated animals rather than wild species since these are the ones with which humans have the closest contact. However, outbreaks may also occur where humans intrude upon a disease cycle established in animals, such as bubonic plague in rodents, yellow fever in monkeys, and rabies among bats.
Prior to 1492 the Americas possessed only a few domesticated animals notably llamas, alpacas, muscovy duck, turkey, dog and guinea pig, from which diseases might spread, but many of these did not come into close contact with humans – in the Andes llamas were herded in the punaabove settlements which were located on lower valley slopes. There is a possibility, however, that typhus may have been present, being spread by lice carried by guinea pigs, which were often kept in Andean households, as they continue to be today.
The question of venereal syphilis
It is often said that syphilis was the only disease of significance to be carried back to Europe from the Americas. However, there is considerable controversy over this issue. It is agreed that the first major outbreak in Europe occurred during the French invasion of Italy aimed at wresting the kingdom of Naples from Spanish influence in 1494-95. The outbreak forced French troops to withdraw, and when they were disbanded they spread the disease throughout Europe. Hence, it has been termed the 'French pox' or the 'French disease' [morbus gallicus].
The coincidence of this date with Columbus' arrival in New World is suggestive, as is the absence of skeletal evidence and medical descriptions of syphilis from the Old World prior to 1500 - although it is possible it could have been confused with other diseases, for example, leprosy. Also, there are some skeletal remains in the New World that have lesions that are suggestive of venereal syphilis, but unfortunately they are difficult to distinguish from those caused by yaws or endemic syphilis which are thought to have been present in pre-Columbian times. (Endemic syphilis is spread by skin contact, but not venereally and its transmission is not very effective). Others claim that the syphilis that hit Italy in the late fifteenth century was a particularly virulent strain that emerged as a result of mutation, but this is difficult to prove using historical or medical evidence.
Veneral syphilis is one of four diseases called treponemal diseases, the others being pinta, yaws, and endemic syphilis. Rather than posit an introduction from the Americas, other medical historians propose a unitary theory that suggests that they are caused by the same bacterium (Treponema pallidum), which spreads and manifests itself in different ways according the environmental conditions, such as temperature or humidity, or human conditions, such as sanitation and the degree of close contact. One piece of evidence to support this theory is that immunity to one infection provides some cross-immunity to the other.
This issue of the origin of veneral syphilis has been debated for five centuries and one way that it may be resolved in future is if we can find evidence of antibodies to specific treponemal infections in skeletal remains.
Syphilis and other venereal diseases, such as gonorrhoea, were to have devastating demographic effects throughout the world. Introduced to the Pacific Islands by James Cook's expeditions in the late 1760s and 1770s, they not only resulted in raised mortality, but also induced sub-fecundity that severely affected the ability of populations to recover from these and other diseases. This underlines the point made earlier that acute infections contributed to population decline not only directly through killing their victims, but also indirectly through affecting fertility.
Environmental changes brought by Europeans also affected the incidence of disease. In many regions of Africa and southeast Asia forest clearance and the extension of irrigation encouraged the spread of malaria, by bringing the mosquitoes down to ground level and by creating pools of standing water that were attractive breeding grounds for them. In areas of low population density where there are insufficient people to maintain the malarial chain of infection, the introduction of livestock might also lead to the spread of disease since they might constitute alternative blood meals for the mosquitoes.
The impact on of diseases encountered by Europeans
It wasn't only those who were conquered by Europeans who succumbed to disease, but also those who were employed in its service. Scurvy caused by a shortage of vitamin C was a common affliction of sailors who spent long periods at sea. It was characterised by swollen bleeding gums, which often resulted in tooth loss, fatigue, joint pain, and breakdown in cell tissue, and in extreme cases death.
One of the earliest descriptions of scurvy was by the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, who described it on his journey around the Cape of Good Hope to Goa in 1497, when perhaps half of his fleet's company died of the dieases. A Portuguese historian commenting on this expedition suggested that "if the dead who had been thrown overboard between the coast of Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope could have had headstones placed for them on the spot when they sank, the whole way would appear as one cemetery." Similarly, on Ferdinand Magellan's expedition across the Pacific in 1521 a survivor reported that "the upper and lower gums of our people swelled so much they could not eat and they died." It has been suggested that between 1600 and 1800 more than one million sailors died of scurvy, probably more than all the deaths from shipwrecks, naval wars and other diseases combined. Although many people were aware of the benefits of fresh food, including the use of citrus fruits, from the sixteenth century, these were not readily available to northern Europeans and were perishable. Various plants were erroneously thought to have curative powers, including spoonwort (Cochlearia officinalis) that was called 'scurvy grass' but actually contained little vitamin C.
The benefits of citrus fruits were not demonstrated clinically until James Lind's shipboard experiment in 1747, when he divided twelve sailors suffering from scurvy into six groups which in addition to their basic diet fed of gruel and mutton were given an additional item, which was either cider, vinegar, seawater, an elixir of vitriol (metal sulphate), a mixture of garlic, mustard and horseradish, and of course oranges and lemons, and found that only the last made a full recovery. He subsequently published a treatise on scurvy in 1753.
Other hazards of overseas exploration threatened soldiers and colonists as they moved into new territories and encountered unfamiliar diseases. While Africans had some immunity to malaria and yellow fever, these diseases proved deadly for Europeans, and the coast of Africa earned an early reputation as the 'White Man's Grave'. As such, slave-trading ships timed their arrival on the coast of Africa to coincide with the healthiest season of the year and spent as little time as possible in the region, sometimes remaining on board ship away from coast. The West African coast around the Gambia River proved to be a particularly deadly environment for Europeans for here the well watered environment of alluvial flats and mangrove swamps constituted good breeding grounds for mosquitoes, while the surrounding forest harboured monkeys and baboons that acted as hosts for the yellow fever virus. Death rates among the crew of slave ships were often as high as those for slaves, but whereas the crew often succumbed to malaria and yellow fever; the slaves, who had some immunity to them, died of gastrointestinal infections, particularly dysentery. The high risk to which Europeans were exposed was reflected in the higher wages that were paid to the crews of slave ships; wages for sailors were about 20 percent higher than comparable trade and they received and they received more substantial advances.
To a large extent the organization of the African slave trade remained in the hands of Africans with relatively few European personnel residing permanently onshore to oversee operations, but those who did had a low life expectancy. English personnel sent to Africa by the Royal African Company in the late seventeenth century could only expect to live for another four or five years, and even in the eighteenth century about half of the Europeans arriving in the Gulf of Benin died within their first year of residence. Phillip Curtin has explored the death rates experienced by British troops overseas in an aptly titled book Death by Migration. But as any traveller knows, even travelling between 'healthy environments might pose a risk to health and prior to the development of scientific medicine this risk was considerable. Hence one in ten of migrants to North America in the seventeenth century died before they reached their destination, and of those who arrived another 15 percent died within the first year of residence.
I have only had time to touch on a limited number of diseases and in a limited number of places, but I hope I have shown, as William McNeill has demonstrated in his magisterial book Plagues and Peoples, that the history of disease is an integral part of human history. The movement of diseases should be counted as part of the extensive Columbian exchange in animals, plants and humans that occurred in the wake of Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.
There have been a number of debates as to whether disease or colonial rule was responsible for the decline of native populations following European contact, often referred to as the 'guns versus germs' debate. It has figured recently in Jared Diamond best-selling book, "Guns, Germs and Steel". Although I have only looked at the 'germs' part of this debate, hopefully I have been able to show indirectly that this is a false dichotomy and that the spread and impact of diseases cannot be understood without knowledge of the social and environmental context into which they were introduced, much of which was shaped by colonial rule. Disease transfers were complex rather than simple processes that affected different peoples in different places in different ways.
© Professor Linda, Newson Gresham College, 27 March 2006
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Meditation is the mental enrichment with positive energy. As the body needs the food, mind needs positive energy. A positive mind alone can become a strong mind.
Today we are disturbed because of ill health, stress and strain, competition and criticism from others, al because of our weak mind. A weak minded person always justifies himself by blaming others and situations. A strong minded person thinks creatively, acts positively and accepts boldly.
Through meditation we can develop a positive mind which accepts every thing rejects nothing. It learns even from enemies and turn al adversities into advantages. A positive minded person is always active and Time provides him with lot of opportunities. Such a person can never fail in life.
step 1. Sit in a comfortable erect position (Sukhasan, Padmasan, Artha Padmasan or Vajrasan etc) on a mat. Take a deep breath in, hold breath as long as you can, and breathe out slowly. As you breath out, chant AUM through a deep exhalation. Do this for 21 times.
step 2. Along with deep inhalation, mentally recite "Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare". while exhaling, recite "Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare".
Rama represents the mind or Jeevathma and Krishna represents the universal soul or Paramathma.
While inhaling you should understand and feel that the mind has entered into this body. While exhaling, as your breath merges into the outer air, similarly your mind merges into universal Self Paramathma.
Practise this for twenty minutes.


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text:
Reality Shows, Dating
Last Remaining Men on THE BACHELORETTE Season 13 Recap
Posted on July 10 2017 by Editor
In it's history making season "The Bachelorette" season 13 is getting close to the end. After ABC aired a less than stellar two-night 'Bachelorette event in week 5, Rachel Lindsay said goodbye…MORE
In it's history making season "The Bachelorette" season 13 is getting close to the end. After ABC aired a less than stellar two-night 'Bachelorette event in week 5, Rachel Lindsay said goodbye to a slew of men which has resulted in only six men remaining.
Ironically, after starting with thirty-one suitors that consisted of the show's most diverse group of contestants ever. ABC's "The Bachelor" franchise had gotten accused of being "too white" for past seasons that showcased a predominantly Caucasian cast, only one African-American male, Eric, remains as a possible final, one-and-only last man standing.
Pictured: Rachel Lindsay with Dean.
So far, the men who are left are: Dean, Matt, Eric, Peter, Adam, and Bryan. Rachel seems to have the most chemistry with Bryan, and after that steamy hot tube make-out session, Peter comes-in at a close second place.
Pictured (l-r): Dean, Bryan
Update: Dean was eliminated in Week 7, after the hometown date.
Week 6: Rachel took Dean out for her second one-on-one date. Getting a rose on this date would mean that Dean would also get the hometown date next week. "My family is not going to be the family that you want to see," Dean told Rachel. He said the second that his mom passed-away, his dad didn't become that person that he needed him to be. His dad is "eccentric" said Dean. He told Rachel that his family abandoned him at the most vulnerable time in his life. Rachel told Dean that she has a much better understanding of him. She said she wants to meet the people that made him the "amazing person" that he is today, and gave him the hometown/date rose. Dean confessed that it felt good that Rachel accepted his dysfunctional family.
Week 4: During dinner, after Dean shared his story about his mother passing, Rachel gave him the date rose. After that, the couple got serenaded by musician Russell Dickerson at a street concert. Dean said he could feel himself falling in love with Rachel and called their date the best date of his life. Rachel called their date "amazing" and "so real" with a future.
Week 3: For the second group date, Rachel brought-in her "friends" from "The Bachelor" from last season, she said to get their opinions. The friends were Raven, Corrine, Jasmine and Alexis. Rachel said she intended to seek their help in weeding the men out. In private, the girls told Rachel that Dean was one of their favorites.
Premiere episode: A few limousines into the night, brought the one filled with some of the guys that Rachel met earlier during a live broadcast of "After the Final Rose" from Nick Viall's season. The man, Dean, that told her "I want to go black and never go back" finally got her feedback on that statement. Rachel responded "it was cute. I love the confidence."
Week 6: Bryan got the first one-on-one date in Geneva which started immediately. The other guys were super-jealous especially since neither Adam, nor Matt had yet to have a one-on-one date with Rachel. Rachel and Bryan took a ride in a Bently all the way to a watch store where Rachel purchased matching watches for themselves. Bryan was so elated that he started kissing her non-stop in the store.
Bryan was the first man that Rachel kissed the first night the mansion. Week 5: Rachel plucked Bryan from the group of men to take on her first one-on-one date in Oslo, Norway. They visited the Olympic ski jump where they repelled off of it. Rachel said when she sees Bryan, she "sees forward" and he doesn't bore her. During their date, Rachel was perplexed in trying to figure-out why Bryan, at 37 years of age and handsome, is still single.
Bryan said he felt that Rachel has opened-up to him a lot more and helped her to trust him in their date venture. Bryan said Rachel exceeds his expectations and he's falling for her. Then, he told her that he's falling in love with her. Bryan said he suspects that Rachel feels the same way because her look that she gave him was "magical." During her confessional, Rachel said "I like Bryan A LOT! A LOT!
Week 2: Bryan, who's a chiropractor, offered to help make things better for Rachel after dealing with Demario by giving her a massage. Just as this was happening, re-enter Demario who was at the front gate begging for another chance to explain his side of the story to Rachel.
Premiere episode: The sexiest guy yet was Bryan from Colombia. He stole the first kiss from Rachel and spoke a bit more Spanish to woo her. Rachel ended-up giving the First Impression Rose to the man she said she "felt something un-explainable," which was Bryan.
Pictured (l-r): Peter, Eric
Week 6: Peter was Rachel's first one-on-one date on the show. This week, he was her third one-on-one date. They took a helicopter ride to see the Swiss Alps, then dog-sledding. This is where Peter revealed to Rachel that on "the dark days" during the show, he didn't want to stay. But, the connection he had with Rachel from the beginning has kept him there. During dinner Peter revealed that he's never dated a black girl. He said he "thinks" that he's ready to fall in love with Rachel, then told her the story about him breaking-up with his ex-girlfriend. He's finally over the pain from that. But doesn't guarantee that he's going to get down on one knee to propose at the end of the show. Peter accepted the rose for Rachel to go to his hometown. Overall, Rachel said Peter is worth the risk.
Peter was one of the first men that Rachel kissed. Week 5: Rachel noticed that Peter is really "lasered-in" on her and notices things about her that other people don't. The two spent some steamy time in the hot tub making-out. After that Peter was shocked that she gave the Group Date rose to Will instead of him.
Peter got the Group Date rose. Rachel said he stood-out in a way that she couldn't explain. Maybe because he called her his "muse".
Week 4: Rachel revealed to Peter who is from Wisconsin that she's licensed to practice law in Wisconsin.
Week 2: Rachel's first one-on-one date this season was with Peter. She had to come clean and tell him that it wouldn't indeed be a one-on-one, but a two-on-one due to her "best friend" who was hurt in an accident and would be joining them. Peter thought it was an ex-boyfriend at first. But, when this "best friend" got out of the limo that rolled-up in front of them, it was "Copper", Rachel's dog.
Week 6: Eric joined Adam and Matt on the dreaded three-on-one date. Rachel pulled Eric to the side, and Eric confessed that she changes his energy and makes him happy. Rachel told Matt that it's been such a pleasure knowing him, but she can't take him on a hometown date. "It just not right for me to bring him along knowing that I have stronger connections with other men in the house," explained Rachel in her confessional. Matt was sent home. Later, Adam was also sent home which meant Eric got the rose and the hometown date. Eric told Rachel it would be his first time bringing a girl home. She was shocked by this.
Week 5: The one-on-one date went to Eric when a card arrived that read: "Eric, I'm Copen to love." Eric and Rachel talked future plans that included kid count. Rachel said she wants four kids compared to Eric's ten! After their romantic time in a hot tub, Eric exclaimed that it was his "best date ever!"
Their date continued in a popular amusement park. At dinner, Eric confided in Rachel that he's never experienced love, even from his mom and feared it. He said what he feels with Rachel feels "real" and as if he could fall for her. Rachel told him that she doesn't question where she stands with him and gave him the date rose. Eric expressed that he feels like he can "do anything" when he's with Rachel.
Pictured: Rachel with Eric.
Week 3: Eric complained about not feeling passion from Rachel and told the men that he's never been in a relationship. Eric sought-out advice from him regarding Rachel. Iggie was listening-in and decided to interject his opinion into their conversation. This didn't go-down well with Eric who stated yelling and pretty much told Iggie to mind his own business.
During the group date that had former Bachelorettes from Rachel's season, Bryce and Lee both told Raven that Eric was the least likely to be a match for Rachel. Somehow that got construed that Eric having questionable "motives". A huge argument broke-out among the three men after Eric confronted Lee and Bryce.
Rachel gave the second group date rose to Eric. Of course, the men were beyond shocked. More accusations came from the men regarding Eric who all warned Rachel. This episode ended at the Cocktail Party with Rachel wondering if she should regret giving the rose to Eric, then Eric yelling at the men to keep his name out of their mouths while talking to Rachel. It was
Pictured (l-r) Matt, Adam
Update: Matt was eliminated in the week 6 episode.
As of Week 5, Matt has gone on four Group Dates and zero one-on-one dates so far. It could be that Rachel is keeping Matt around as someone who confides in her about some of the other men. Last week, Matt then expressed to Rachel about Kenny feeling that he isn't sure where Rachel stands with him It was causing him much stress due to the fact he left his little girl back at home to be on the show. Matt told Rachel in regards to Kenny – "emotionally, he's struggling."
Premiere episode: Matt arrived as a penguin because he knows Rachel likes penguins. He told her that once penguins find their partners, they are mates for life. He told her he's hoping that can be true for him. That made Rachel like penguins even more she replied. Previews of the season did show Rachel getting close to Matt. We're waiting.
Follow Our THE BACHELORETTE Recap Blog HERE!
Update: Adam was eliminated in the week 6 episode.
Not a whole lot to report on Adam with his relationship with Rachel. What's been shown in "The Bachelorette" show with him so far mostly consists of a compilation of Group Dates. Four to be exact.
Week 5: Kenny and Adam were chosen to fight for the final prize which was a trophy along with more alone time with Rachel. Adam and Kenny went hard at each other in this feat and ultimately ended-up injuring each other's eye brow area with their shields.
HOLLYWOOD HEADLINES
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Tento článek obsahuje seznam událostí souvisejících s dopravou, které proběhly roku 2011.

Leden
 11. ledna
 Byla otevřena vysokorychlostní trať Čchang-čchun – Ťi-lin.
 20. ledna
  Ministerstvo dopravy vydalo novou strategickou koncepci rozvoje dopravy do roku 2025. Prioritní je například dostavba dálnice D8 či D1 na Ostravsku.

Duben
 8. dubna
  Ministr dopravy Vít Bárta se rozhodl rezignovat na post ministra po vypuknutí kauzy financování poslanců Věcí veřejných. Ve funkci ho 21. dubna nahradil nestraník Radek Šmerda.

Květen
 19. května
   Rakouské úřady zadržely v Rakousku českou lokomotivu Škoda 109E, která tam podstupovala schvalovací testy. Zabavení si vyžádal konkurent Škody firma Bombardier.

 30. května
   Český Drážní úřad schválil pro provoz v Česku polské motorové lokomotivy řady ST45, které na síti SŽDC hodlá provozovat dopravce PKP Cargo.

Červen
 1. června
  V Ostravě začala šestidenní stávka zaměstnanců tamějšího dopravního podniku kvůli požadavku na zvýšení mezd. Doprava po městě byla zajištěna zhruba v polovičním rozsahu. 6. června se odboráři s vedením dohodli na zvýšení platů zhruba o 5 % od roku 2012.
 16. června
 Konala se jednodenní celostátní stávka v dopravě. Po celé republice se zastavily vlaky, některé autobusy a tramvaje, nevyjelo ani pražské metro. Stávka byla uspořádána na protest proti ekonomickým reformám vlády premiéra Petra Nečase.
 22. června
 Jiří Vodička skončil v pozici ředitele nákladního dopravce ČD Cargo. Nahradil ho bývalý ministr dopravy Gustáv Slamečka.
 30. června
  Prezident republiky Václav Klaus přijal rezignaci nestranického ministra dopravy Radka Šmerdy. Ten rezignoval po zhruba dvou měsících ve funkci kvůli přání Věcí veřejných obsadit resort svým straníkem. Šmerdu 1. července nahradil Pavel Dobeš.
  Do provozu byla uvedena vysokorychlostní trať Peking – Šanghaj.

Červenec
 1. července
  Jízdné v MHD v Praze zdražilo. Cena nepřestupní jízdenky se zvedla z osmnácti na čtyřiadvacet korun, přestupní jízdenka z šestadvaceti na dvaatřicet korun. Zároveň se však prodloužila platnost jízdenek. Cestující do 15 let a nad 65, kteří jsou držiteli karty Opencard mohou nově po Praze cestovat zdarma.
 11. července
  Byl zprovozněn sedmikilometrový úsek dálnice D1 z Hulína do Říkovic. K dokončení dálnice zbývá ještě 24 km.

Září
 1. září
  Přes devět tisíc pracovníků řízení železničního provozu jako jsou výpravčí, hláskaři, hradláři, výhybkáři, dozorci výhybek, signalisté nebo staniční dozorci přešlo z Českých drah ke Správě železniční dopravní cesty.
  V pražské Podbabě došlo k prodloužení tramvajové trati.
 7. září
  U ruské Jaroslavli se zřítil letoun s hokejovým týmem Lokomotiv Jaroslavl. Z 45 pasažérů jich čtyřiačtyřicet zahynulo.
 25. září
  Do provozu byl uveden úsek Tel Aviv ha-Hagana – Rišon le-Cijon Moše Dajan trati Tel Aviv – Bnej Darom.
 26. září
  Na svou první jízdu s cestujícími vyrazil vlak soukromého dopravce RegioJet na pravidelné lince z Prahy do Havířova.

Říjen
 1. října
  Ve Slezském vojvodství převzal provoz části osobních vlaků vojvodstvím vytvořený dopravce Koleje Śląskie. Provoz zajišťuje mj. s využitím vozů B249 pronajatých od Českých drah.

 28. října
  Cestující na Jihlavsku se poprvé svezli novými motorovými vozy RegioShuttle vyrobenými pro České dráhy švýcarskou firmou Stadler. Dráhy jich do konce roku nasadily na Vysočině celkem 17, v Libereckém kraji pak dalších 16.

Listopad
 28. listopadu
  Zprovozněna byla Vysočanská radiála v Praze.

Prosinec
 1. prosince
  Piloti ČSA zahájili protest proti restrukturalizaci firmy, vadí jim vyvádění letadel mimo firmu. Den na to protest ukončili, vyhlásili však stávkovou pohotovost.
  Ředitel Dopravního podniku hlavního města Prahy Martin Dvořák rezignoval.
 11. prosince
  V celé Evropě začal platit nový jízdní řád veřejné dopravy.
  České dráhy zdražily jízdné zhruba o 5 % a byl omezen počet dálkových spojů v republice. Ministerstvo dopravy přestalo dotovat dálkové vlaky mezi Prahou a Ostravou.
 13. prosince
  Zastupitelstvo Libereckého kraje schválilo kontroverzní stavbu rychlostní silnice R35 (od roku 2016 značené dálnice D35) Českým rájem.
 17. prosince
  Poprvé v pravidelném provozu vyjelo Pendolino z Bohumína přes Prahu a Plzeň až do Františkových Lázní. Nově sem bude jezdit každou sobotu.

Reference

Externí odkazy

Doprava podle let
Doprava

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


An area, usually a small table or other flat surface, that Witches and magicians use for worship & magickal workings. Many witches use wood that appropriately corresponds to strong energy conduction or protection, such as Oak, Birch or Ash. Stone is also often used though metal is usually avoided.
A raised platform where offerings or sacrifices are made; the Communion table.
a structure upon which offerings/sacrifices and worship are made for religious purposes. They are usually found at shrines, temples, churches, chapels, oratories and other places of worship. In the history of religious persecution they were also called Mass rocks.
• (n.) In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table. • (n.) A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity.
A structure on which to place or sacrifice offerings to a deity. In a Christian church the altar is usually a stone table or slab on supports, on which the celebration of the sacrament takes place. It is placed in the most prominent place in a church, usually at the eastern end of the nave.
A table form; the center of most liturgical places of worship.
A table on which the sacrifice of the Mass is offered to God. It is the center of importance in the place where the Mass is celebrated. Also called: ?The Table of the Lord.?
A table, usually in the sanctuary, on which the bread and wine used in the Communion service are consecrated.
an area in the centre of the chancel which is the centre of worship. In some churches it may be very ornate, but in Methodist churches such as ours it is common for it to comprise just a communion table.
In the Roman Church, a table at which the celebration of the Eucharist takes place. It is placed in the most prominent place in the church, usually at the east end, in the choir or sanctuary, facing the main entrance to the church.


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Home › Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross. Album by the Callino Quartet
Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross. Album by the Callino Quartet
Joseph Haydn's The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross is one of the most unusual and remarkable compositions of the classical period. Performed here by the brilliant Callino Quartet, the piece exists in four different versions and the edition for string quartet, which has a particular purity and intimacy, is the form in which the music is most often heard today. Suffused with profound sorrow and grief but also with strength and hope, The Seven Last Words is a work so deeply moving and contemplative that it has impassioned listeners in all its forms for over 200 years and was considered by the composer himself to be one of his greatest masterpieces.
The Callino Quartet was formed at the West Cork Chamber Music Festival in 1999 and has been delighting audiences ever since with its fresh, enthusiastic interpretations and engaging programmes. The versatility of the quartet has enabled it to cultivate a diverse and challenging repertoire with a thoughtful and historically informed approach to the classical quartet literature as well as develop close collaborations. The quartet has worked with numerous contemporary composers and has received many awards including prizes at the Borciani and Tromp international string quartet competitions. The group has performed in many of the world's best concert halls including Wigmore Hall and Carnegie Hall. The Callino Quartet's Sarah Sexton is also the Leader of The Sixteen's Orchestra.
Presented with funding from the Arts Council Music Recording Scheme, 2013
Callino Quartet
'An introspective and reverent take. The seven slow movements never sound wearisome or laboured, instead taking on an almost meditative quality.' BBC Music Magazine
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross, Hob.XX/1b
1. Introduzione: Maestoso ed adagio
2. Sonata I 'Pater, dimitte illis, quia nesciunt, quid faciunt': Largo
3. Sonata II 'Hodie mecum eris in Paradiso': Grave e cantabile
4. Sonata III 'Mulier, ecce filius tuus': Grave
5. Sonata IV 'Deus meus, Deus meus, utquid dereliquisti me?': Largo
6. Sonata V 'Sitio': Adagio
7. Sonata VI 'Consummatum est': Lento
8. Sonata VII 'In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum': Largo
9. Il terremoto: Presto e con tutta la forza


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Date: December 14, 2021 5:57 PM
Design and extension of the national road No 79 along the Garbatka – Wilczowola section from km 93+030 to km 100+711 – the bid of Budimex S.A. ranked highest
This report has been corrected on 15 December 2021 at 11:59 (the content of the report is below)
The Management Board of Budimex S.A. announces that on 14 December 2021, the Company was informed by the Warsaw Branch of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways that the Company's bid had been evaluated the highest in the open tender procedure titled: Design and extension of the national road No 79 along the Garbatka – Wilczowola section from km 93+030 to km 100+711.
The aforementioned information does not mean selecting the bid of Budimex S.A. as the most advantageous one, because the procedure concerning the bid evaluation has not yet been finally completed.
The total value of orders with the same Employer in the last 12 months, including the bid referred to above, amounted to PLN 247,492,345.1 net. The aforementioned bid is the highest-valued order.
Terms of the highest-value bid:
Bid value: PLN 114,267,201.72 net
Contract commencement date: the date of the Contract conclusion by both Parties
Works completion date: 33 months from the date of the contract conclusion
Guarantee period for the main works: from 1 to 10 years
Warranty period: 60 months
Advance payment: maximum 10% of the Accepted Gross Contract Amount
Payment conditions: within 30 days of the date of delivery of VAT invoices to the Employer, issued for the amounts certified in Payment Certificates
Bank performance bond: 10% of the Accepted Gross Contract Amount
Maximum amount of contractual penalty paid by the Contractor: 20% of the Accepted Net Contract Amount
The Employer shall pay the Contractor a contractual penalty for the Contractor's withdrawal from the contract due to causes attributable to the Employer amounting to 15% of the Accepted Net Contract Amount.
The Employer reserves the right to demand supplemental damages in excess of contractual penalties up to the amount of the actual loss that was incurred or could be incurred due to the non-performance or improper performance of the Contract by the Contractor.
Other terms and conditions of the contract do not differ from the market standards.
Total value of contracts signed between Budimex and the Employer, including the bid value, exceeds the threshold of PLN 167,645 thousand net.
Design and extension of the national road No 79 along the Garbatka – Wilczowola section from km 93+030 to km 100+711 – the bid of Budimex S.A. ranked highest (correction)
Data: 15 December 2021 11:59
The Management Board of Budimex S.A. hereby revises current report ESPI No 84/2021 of 14.12.2021 in such a way that it corrects the bid value from PLN 114 267 201.72 net to PLN 92 900 164.00 net. At the same time, due to the aforementioned correction, the total value of orders is changed - instead of the amount of PLN 247 492 345.10 net there should be PLN 226 125 307.48 net.
The content of report 84/2021 taking into account the abovementioned corrections is presented below:
The total value of orders with the same Employer in the last 12 months, including the bid referred to above, amounted to PLN 226,125,307.48 net. The aforementioned bid is the highest-valued order.
Bid value: PLN 92,900,164.00 net


Congratulations Boys! We know you cam make it…Super Junior…Supermen … Super Show!!
Congratulation Boys for the successful soncert in SA.. Even thou you are not complete you do your best to make SA ELF happy…SUPER JUNIOR is the best in all KPOP..


A Classic Thick Men's Leather Bracelet, just in time to dress your Man up for those upcoming holiday gatherings or as a special gift. This bracelet style features Fine Imported Quality 6mm Leather and a secure stainless steel magnetic clasp (21 mm or 0.82 inch long) serves as a focal point and provides for an easy on and off.
Size: Available to fit a firm wrist measurement of 6.5/7/7.5/8 inches. Need a different length? Just ask!


text:
Tekla Healthcare Investors Paid Distribution | Business | The Daily News – Galveston County Daily News
BOSTON–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Dec 31, 2021–
On December 31, 2021, Tekla Healthcare Investors paid a distribution of $0.51 per share. It is currently estimated that this distribution is derived from net realized short-term capital gains and return of capital or other capital source. The composition of this and subsequent distributions may vary from quarter to quarter because it may be materially impacted by future realized gains and losses on securities. The aggregate of the net unrealized appreciation of portfolio securities and net realized losses on sale of securities is $267,547,292, of which $299,903,741 represents net unrealized appreciation of portfolio securities.
The following table sets forth the estimated amounts of the current distribution, paid on December 31, 2021, and the cumulative distributions paid this fiscal year-to-date from the following sources: net investment income, net realized short-term capital gains, net realized long-term capital gains and return of capital or other capital source. The Fund estimates that it has distributed more than its income and net realized capital gains; therefore, a portion of your distribution may be a return of capital. A return of capital may occur, for example, when some or all of the money that you have invested in the Fund is paid back to you. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund's investment performance and should not be confused with 'yield' or 'income'. All amounts are expressed per common share.
Breakdown of
Current Distribution
Total Cumulative
Distributions for the
Fiscal Year to Date 1
Percentage Breakdown
of the Total Cumulative
Net Realized ST Cap Gains
Net Realized LT Cap Gains
Return of Capital or Other Capital Source
TOTAL (per common share):
The table below includes information relating to the Fund's performance based on its NAV for certain periods.
Average annual return at NAV for the period from October 31, 2016 through October 31, 2021
Annualized current distribution rate expressed as a percentage of NAV as of October 31, 2021
Cumulative total return at NAV for the fiscal year, through October 31, 2021 2
Cumulative fiscal year-to-date distribution rate expressed as a percentage of NAV as of October 31, 2021 1
You should not draw any conclusions about the Fund's investment performance from the amount of this distribution or from the terms of the Fund's managed distribution policy.
The amounts and sources of distributions reported in this press release are only estimates and are not being provided for tax reporting purposes. The actual amounts and sources of the amounts for tax reporting purposes will depend upon the Fund's investment experience during the remainder of its fiscal year and may be subject to changes based on tax regulations. The Fund will send you a Form 1099-DIV for the calendar year that will tell you how to report these distributions for federal income tax purposes.
Tekla Healthcare Investors (NYSE: HQH) is a closed-end fund that invests in companies in the healthcare industry.
Tekla Capital Management LLC, the Fund's investment adviser, is a Boston, MA based healthcare-focused investment manager with approximately $3.6 billion of assets under management as of September 30, 2021. Tekla also serves as investment adviser to Tekla Life Sciences Investors (NYSE: HQL), Tekla Healthcare Opportunities Fund (NYSE: THQ) and Tekla World Healthcare Fund (NYSE: THW), closed-end funds that invest in companies in the healthcare and life sciences industries. Information regarding the Funds and Tekla Capital Management LLC can be found at www.teklacap.com.
Please contact Destra Capital Advisors, the Fund's marketing and investor support services agent, at HQH@destracapital.com or call (877) 855-3434 if you have any questions regarding HQH.
1 The Fund's current fiscal year began on October 1, 2021.
2 Cumulative total return at NAV is the percentage change in the Fund's NAV and includes all distributions and assumes the reinvestment of those distributions for the period of September 30, 2021 through October 31, 2021.
CONTACT: Destra Capital Advisors
KEYWORD: MASSACHUSETTS UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
INDUSTRY KEYWORD: GENERAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL SERVICES HEALTH FINANCE
SOURCE: Tekla Healthcare Investors
Copyright Business Wire 2021.
PUB: 12/31/2021 10:20 AM/DISC: 12/31/2021 10:21 AM