Twelve Notre Dame Prep students who qualified for induction into the International Thespian Society were honored at a ceremony on campus on May 22.
This year's inductees are senior Eric LeVally; juniors Nate Franzke, Grant Roberts and Brice Smith; sophomores Caroline Orson and Kaitlyn Smith; and freshmen Ben Davis, Jack Donat, Jessica Egan, Sean Lillis, Anna Sera and Carley Turner.
The International Thespian Society is the official honor society for excellence in high school theater education. Students earn points for achieving excellence on or behind the stage and are eligible to be inducted into the Thespian Society when they have earned 10 points, which is roughly equivalent to 100 hours, according to a press release.
Also recognized at the ceremony were graduating thespians Elliot Parker, Amanda Rief and Matt Rosellini. Graduating with thespian honors were Colleen Sullivan, Emily Temple, Bianca Torres, and Olivia Twiford. The Honor Thespian designation is awarded to students with 60 points, or 600 hours of excellent work, according to the release.
The NDP Troup 6810 was created in 2005 and there are currently 135 Notre Dame Alumni Thespians, some of whom are currently pursuing their passion for theater in college and professionally.


text:
The time of Federation
We accept that the people of this continent known as Australia recognize that the aforementioned continent are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander decent; traditional inhabitors and that the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people are the Indigenous people of this continent. Like it or not, it was Great Britton (GB), that settled this country, bringing with them their central form of Governance that had operated for centuries.
The Colonies:
In the mid to late 1800s, the Colonies were not working together; instead they were constantly trying to outdo one another to the people's disadvantage. They were also consistently making laws that were repulsive to the people and offensive to the Laws of England. This misbehaviour still continues today.
The rampant Governments of the Colonies were misbehaving so badly that the UK Parliament were forced to make a law, the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865(Imp) that stopped such Governments from making laws that were repugnant to the Laws of England. The wise men and women of Australia (The humanitarians) were not particularly happy with the way the Colonies were behaving to the extent, that in their eyes Australia needed a local umbrella body (the Commonwealth Government) that had the ability to restrain the Colonies.
At the time just before Federation, Australia consisted of six Colonies. To turn six Colonies into the Commonwealth of Australia required an Act from the UK Parliament. The Act that the UK Parliament used to Federate Australia was called; "An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia 9th July 1900". That Act is a Law of the UK Parliament and they can repeal, amend or do nothing with it, and the latter is what has happened.
There is no provision to change the Constitution Act other than the UK Parliament and it's extremely unlikely that they would do that without a referendum of the people in this country. The Constitution Act is made up of a Preamble and 9 Covering Clauses or Sections and no more. The Constitution Act is an enabling act, in other words an Act that allowed Australia to Federate.
We must understand the difference between the Constitution Act and the Constitution. We also must understand that the Constitution is part of the Constitution Act. (Covering Clause 9)
The Constitution Act.
Below we have included part of the preamble, with some explanation of the Constitution Act.
An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia;
and is referred to as the Constitution Act.
Preamble. (Relevant part only).
"Whereas the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth, under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established."
"Whereas the people…..; the words "Whereas the people" establish the fact that it was the people that Federated Australia and not any form of Government. "Whereas the people" is neither discriminatory nor racist. Those three words also establish the fact that the people are sovereign over and above any Parliament in Australia. The Annotated Constitution written by Quick and Garran make the following comments; "This opinion approaches near the truth, is the supreme absolute and uncontrollable authority remains with the people. The opening words of the preamble also proclaim that the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia is founded on the will of the people whom it is designed to unite and govern".
………New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania; those five Colonies now States, decided to unite as the Commonwealth of Australia and although Western Australia was not part of the Commonwealth at the time of the creation of the Constitution Act. They did however decide to become part of the Commonwealth about one month later. Now that all six Colonies have become six States they united to form the Commonwealth of Australia. New Zealand was invited to be part of the Commonwealth of Australia at that time but they declined the offer.
……have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth; simply means that the six Colonies that became States, then went on to be part of the Federal Commonwealth that could not be split up. There is no provision in either the Constitution Act or the Constitution for any State to split from the Commonwealth.
……under the Crown of the United Kingdom; The words "under the Crown of the United Kingdom" have very significant meaning. The Annotated Constitution written by Quick and Garran make the following comments; "It is a concrete and unequivocal acknowledgment of a principle which pervades the whole scheme of Government; harmony with the British Constitution and loyalty to the Queen of the United Kingdom with its multitudinous peoples and its complex divisions of political power".
……United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; The words "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" simply mean that three Countries formed together. Prior to the Act of Union 1707, United Kingdom consisted of three separate Countries. Those Countries were England, Scotland and Ireland (Wales is part of England). That on 1st May, 1707, the nations of England and Scotland were united into one kingdom by the name of Great Britain and that there should be one Parliament for the whole kingdom. In 1801, in another Act of Union, Great Britain and Ireland formed together to become the United Kingdom.
…..and under the Constitution hereby established; The words, "Under the Constitution," The Annotated Constitution written by Quick and Garran make the following comments; "The Commonwealth is a political community, carved out of the British Empire and endowed through its Constitution with a defined quota of self-governing powers. Those powers are delegated by and derived from the British Parliament, and they are to be held, enjoyed, and exercised by the people of the Commonwealth in the manner prescribed by the grant, subject;
to the supreme British Sovereignty (under the Crown), and
to the Constitution of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth is consequently under a double subjection. It is subject in the first place to the British Parliament, which, as the ultimate sovereign authority of the Empire, has the legal power to legislate for the Commonwealth as a part of the Empire, and even to amend or repeal the Constitution of the Commonwealth. The grant of a Constitution to any dependency of the Empire is, however, a practical guarantee that no Imperial legislation conflicting with such grant will be passed except at the express request and with the concurrence of the dependency"
Below we have included part of Covering Clause 5 again with some explanation of the Constitution Act.
Covering Clauses 5. Operation of the Constitution and laws. (Relevant part only).
"This Act, and all laws made by the Parliament of the Commonwealth under the Constitution, shall be binding on the courts, judges, and people of every State and of every part of the Commonwealth, notwithstanding (despite) anything in the laws of any State."
It is this Covering Clause that enables any person to bring the Constitution Act, which includes the Constitution into any court. It would help to support your argument using Covering Clause 5 with some case law.
The Annotated Constitution written by Quick and Garran make the following comments, "No difficulty is suggested by the words, "and all laws made by the Parliament of the Commonwealth under the Constitution." The words "under the Constitution" are words of limitation and qualification. Not all enactments purporting to be laws made by the Parliament are binding; but laws made under, in pursuance of, and within the authority conferred by the Constitution, and those only, are binding on the courts, judges, and people. A law in excess of the authority conferred by the Constitution is no law; it is wholly void and inoperative; it confers no rights, it imposes no duties; it affords no protection. The Act itself is binding without limitation or qualification because it is passed by the sovereign Parliament (UK Parliament), but the laws passed by the Parliament of the Commonwealth, a subordinate Parliament, must be within the limits of the delegation of powers or they will be null and void. What is not so granted to the Parliament of the Commonwealth is denied to it. What is not so granted is either reserved to the States, as expressed in their respective Constitutions, or remains vested but dormant in the people of the Commonwealth"
The Constitution.
To understand anything about a Constitution. We must first ask ourselves two questions;
What is a Constitution?
Why do we have such a thing?
A Constitution is a document that is full of laws that control the governance of this country.
And what we mean by governance is that there are three distinct and totally separate organs of government in this country, and they are;
The Parliament, which consists of the upper and lower houses (someone should tell Queensland about that, and is a very good example of why we should ask question 2 above far more frequently) and it is the Parliament that make, repeal and amend laws by first creating bills, and
The Executive, which is headed up by the Governor General and it is one of their responsibilities to give or not to give Royal assent to bills created by Parliament so that they can become laws. The Police are also an integral part of the Executive, and
The Judicature, which is headed up by the Chief Justice of the High Court, it is their responsibility to interpret the law and administer justice. The High Court is also an integral part of the Judicature, their primary role is to interpret and uphold the Constitution of the Commonwealth and that of the States. They are not there to defend any form of Government, whether State or Federal, a characteristic that is becoming far too frequent.
Why do we require a Constitution?
As described early in this document the wise men and women of Australia (The humanitarians) were not particularly happy with the way the Colonies were misbehaving. To the extent, that in the eyes of the wise men and women a local umbrella body was needed (the Commonwealth Government) that had the ability to restrain the Colonies. It was also realised that the people required a document that would protect the people from that umbrella body. The Constitution was to be that document.
How did the people come by the Constitution?
The Constitution took about thirteen years from conception to completion. In 1888 the wise men of Australia (largely lawyers) were called the framers of the Constitution and they conducted constitutional conventional debates all around the country. The constitutional conventional debates started in 1888, and went on for ten years. Then in 1898, and only after the framers were satisfied they had a document that they could put to the people in a referendum (Landowners only), a document to seek their approval, at that point the document would become a Constitution.
That 1898 referendum was unsuccessful, the framers had to go back to the drawing board, talk to the people and readjust the document to better reflect their will, and have another referendum (again landowners only), which they did in 1899. This referendum was successful and now the people had a Constitution, which came into effect on the 1st January 1901.
After federation, the people were excited about the formation of their new and independent country, all looked well. But it did not last very long. Soon after Federation the rot started to set in, the extreme right wing (fascist) governments started to exert their marauding tactics upon the people. Such behaviour has grown considerably worse since Federation and it's not going to get any better until the people wake up and do something about it.
The appalling behaviour by the three organs of government (parliament, executive and the judiciary) has been going on in this country for many decades, and is only able to take place because not enough people are reading and understanding the Constitution, nor asking the two questions mentioned above. We must also lobby our politicians and to let them know just how angry you are. It can all be summed up quite easily, the framers created the Constitution, the people approved the Constitution and such Constitution is in place to protect the people from the marauding governance.
For that reason, we all must read and understand the Constitution, if not enough of us do that, then the age old saying applies.
"If you keep doing what you have always done (nothing), why would you be surprised if you keep getting what you what you always got?"
DateFebruary 9, 2016
Speaker	CLRA
CategoryConstitutions Act

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
National Titanic Remembrance Day
Image: RMS Titanic. by Cliff CC BY-SA 2.0
About National Titanic Remembrance Day
How long until National Titanic Remembrance Day?
National Titanic Remembrance Day .
Dates of National Titanic Remembrance Day
2024 USA Monday, April 15thNational Titanic Remembrance Day
2023 USA Saturday, April 15thNational Titanic Remembrance Day
2022 USA Friday, April 15thNational Titanic Remembrance Day
2021 USA Thursday, April 15thNational Titanic Remembrance Day
2020 USA Wednesday, April 15thNational Titanic Remembrance Day
Arguably, the most famous ever ship sank this day in 1912.
The Titanic was a British registered four funnelled ocean liner built for the transatlantic passenger and mail service between Southampton and New York.
Constructed at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland she was, at the time of her maiden voyage, the largest vessel afloat.
On April 10th 1912 the Titanic set sail from Southampton with 2,200 passengers and crew, four days later the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank. 1500 people died and 700 survived.
Idaho Day
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Honors Cesar Chavez, an American labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962
National Pan American Day
Commemorates the First International Conference of American States which ended on 14 April 1890.
Patriots' Day
Commemorates the opening battles of the American Revolution at Lexington and Concord in 1775
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World Circus Day 🎪
World Circus Day is the most important joint, international celebration of circus arts by the global circus community.
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National Lovers' Day
In Kazakhstan, this day has overtaken Valentine's Day as the day to celebrate love.
National Glazed Spiral Ham Day
Though this delicious treat appears on many dinner tables at Christmas, it is also an Easter favorite, which is why we celebrate it in the middle of April.
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Would Donald Trump be 'neutral' between Israel and its enemies?
By Amy Sherman on Tuesday, March 1st, 2016 at 10:43 a.m.
Conservative Solutions PAC TV ad "Knows Nothing" attacks Donald Trump's position on Israel.
A political action committee supporting Marco Rubio portrays Donald Trump as not being in the Israel fan club.
In a TV ad running in Florida, a screen shot shows a man wearing a bandana featuring what appears to be Arabic letters holding a rocket-propelled grenade.
Trump "says he would be neutral between Israel and its enemies," says the Conservative Solutions PAC ad.
Trump did make a statement about being "neutral" in negotiations between Israel and Palestinians, but the ad omits other statements Trump made in support of Israel.
MSNBC's Joe Scarborough asked Trump whether Israelis or Palestinians were at fault for a lack of an agreement. So far, efforts have failed to work out a lasting comprehensive agreement on issues such as security, land claims, whether Israel can build settlements and recognizing each other's right to exist.
Trump refused to pick a side, saying that would hurt his ability to serve as a negotiator.
"Let me be sort of a neutral guy .... I don't want to say whose fault is it. I don't think it helps."
About two weeks later at the debate in Houston, Wolf Blitzer asked Trump: "How do you remain neutral when the U.S. considers Israel to be America's closest ally in the Middle East?"
Trump defended his record by saying that he had been grand marshall of the Israeli Day parade a few years ago and received awards from Israel.
"It doesn't help if I start saying, 'I am very pro-Israel, very pro, more than anybody on this stage,' " Trump said, adding that he can't negotiate as well if he takes sides. "With that being said, I am totally pro-Israel."
In December, Trump told the Associated Press that he doubted the commitment of Israelis and Palestinians to the peace process. But he suggested the big lift may have to come from Israel.
"A lot will have to do with Israel and whether or not Israel wants to make the deal, whether or not Israel's willing to sacrifice certain things," Trump said. "They may not be, and I understand that, and I'm okay with that. But then you're just not going to have a deal."
Trump evaded specific questions about whether Palestinian demands are legitimate but said that Israeli housing projects were a "huge sticking point" in talks.
The same week, when he spoke to the Republican Jewish Coalition, Trump praised Israel by saying that the country has already "given a lot" but doesn't get credit for it.
"I don't like to as a deal maker give away a lot of cards by talking about how I feel about this or that. I'd rather save it for that moment when you walk into the room," he said. "I don't want one side or the other saying ... I think people know where I stand, okay?"
He said he would want to enter negotiations with a "clean slate" and the attitude of "everybody is even, we love everybody, let's see if we can do something."
Trump also reminded Jewish Republicans that he endorsed Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 2013.
"I am a big fan of Israel," Trump said in the video endorsement. "And frankly a strong prime minister is a strong Israel."
During his own campaign, Trump had planned on meeting with Netanyahu in Israel but canceled the trip after Netanyahu faced backlash after Trump's comments about Muslims.
When asked at the Republican Jewish Coalition if he had relationships with any Arab leaders, Trump said, "I haven't been working too much with the Arab leaders."
Trump's rhetoric is notable on Israel because it is "cooler and more detached" than his GOP rivals, wrote Aaron David Miller, a former adviser to Republican and Democratic secretaries of state on Arab-Israeli negotiations who now works for the Woodrow Wilson Center.
But while Trump has said he can be a better negotiator if he appears neutral, he has made several comments that suggest he has closer ties to Israelis than Palestinians.
Trump's spokespersons did not respond for this fact-check.
A PAC that supports Rubio says Trump "says he would be neutral between Israel and its enemies."
Trump has said that in order to negotiate between Israelis and Palestinians he can't take sides.
"Let me be sort of a neutral guy," he said at a town hall.
But the ad omits that Trump has had ties to Israel for years -- he has called himself "pro-Israel" and endorsed Netanyahu's re-election in 2013. That is a good indication Trump isn't neutral.
Published: Tuesday, March 1st, 2016 at 10:43 a.m.


Check whether your installations work: The offices and apartments in Teddington know the importance of central heating during winters. In the bone-chilling winter, it is essential that you ensure the installations are working correctly. If the installations are not radiating the right heat, then you need to consult with an expert service provider. Sometimes your problems will be minor like a loose connection. Other times are clogging result in reduced emission of heat. There are also times when you should think about the need for a new installation.
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I can't really trust in numbers again, because your age is actually against your looks, your cheeks are still so soft in my hands. Happy 70th Birthday my woman and my everything.
The life we've lived together will always be a benchmark for those who want to succeed in their marriage. It was possible because you are a good woman. Happy 70th Birthday my good wife.
Every man tries to read women like a book before making a proposal, when I saw you, I knew I never need to read you, because the book cover is enough attraction. Happy 70th Birthday wife.
Forever now looks so fast, because being 70 to some people is like forever but to me it's like few years. I hope we'll have many more years together. Happy 70th Birthday my love.
We are an experiment to the saying that love dies at some point. I can boldly say that it's not true. My love for this woman never dropped till now. Happy 70th Birthday my love.
Happiness is when you turn into seventy years and your grandson and granddaughter arrange a surprise birthday party for you. Happy 70th Birthday grandpa.
Life is really beautiful especially to those that have seen it all, people like you have all the experiences that life can give. Happy 70th birthday sir. Enjoy every bit of it.
Rest is really sweet after labor, you have labored all your life and this is the period to enjoy every moment of your rest. Happy 70th birthday ma'am, may you have a delightful birthday.
Greatness lies not in people who have accomplished it all, but in people who have given it all that they have, we celebrate you on a special day like this. Happy 70th birthday sir.
The world is really blessed by your existence, may you enjoy every bit of your 70th birthday. Happy Birthday sir.
Old age puts you in a pole position where your opinion matters in every matter. Happy 70th birthday sir, it's a really beautiful age.
You were really blessed by the Supreme Being to be this old and with a super sound health. May you enjoy this age more than ever before. Happy 70th birthday.
30 light years away from a century is worth celebrating, keep living the good life you're well known for my friend. Happy 70th birthday, live long and stay happy.
Virtually you have achieved all that there is at this age of yours, your joy and achievement now is seeing us thrive in life. Happy 70th birthday daddy, we love you.
The best kind of foundation is what we had with you mom, our generation will always appreciate every of your sacrifices. Happy 70th birthday mom, enjoy your old age.
It is true that life will not always remain the same, it gives different meaning at every junction of life, may this age bring you lots of joy. Happy 70th birthday.
I always wonder if anyone on Earth could really replicate your good nature, you cared so much for everyone and we really appreciate you sir. Happy 70th birthday. Have lots of fun.
You once said the real job for every parent is not just to provide food for their children but to guide them in every of their ways. Happy 70th birthday.
Today I want to congratulate you sir, not just for clocking 70, but because of the kind of good works you did all the while, your life is really a good one. Happy Birthday.
You always say that the life God gave to us is a life that we should value and appreciate by being of good importance unto others. Happy 70th birthday sir. You are loved.
I hope I can find the right words to qualify the beauty that you have on the inside, you are really the right type of role-model for the upcoming ones. Happy 70th birthday.
The influence you had on your generation will be forever spoken of, you are one of the greatest sir! And we are proud to be attached to you. Happy 70th birthday.
Happy 70th birthday ma'am, your cooking skills are still impeccable. The older you get the better you get at that. Love you so much, enjoy your celebration.
Your thoughts are enough to shape this world to be a better place that everyone desires, you are so great with your mind, I hope you can help our nation leaders. Happy 70th birthday sir.
Your every accomplishment is the reflection of your decision you made in your past. Wishing you the Happy 70th Birthday of your life. May you have a long healthy life.
You never spoiled your energy on meaningless friendship, forced relations, and redundant conversations. You just focused on your ambition and eventually you attained it. Have a wonderful 70th birthday.
May you always shine like a star, be fragranced like a flower and may the life always put mercy on you. Have a stunning and joyous 70th birthday.
You are a blessing for me in every season, getting you in my life is grasping a big reason. Wish you the joy and pleasure come in your life with no reason. Happy 70th Birthday.
You are always being attentive regarding other's needs and you always consider this attitude of life as the work of life. May you have a blissful life ahead. Happy 70th Birthday.
You have become the recipient of confidence with your silence, self-effacing and attentiveness. Wishing you all the greatness, honor, respect and love come in your life. Have a nice 70th birthday.
You did all the good throughout your life by all the means and ways at every place and time for all the people. Now it's the time to do for you. May you get well soon and live a healthy life again. Happy 70th Birthday.
Your generosity is the most potent factor of your personality, despite richness you didn't collide with the element of proud. May you have a wonderful life. Wish you the great 70th birthday of your life.
You never cared for the hope of commendations and rewards, just give silently and help people without any popularity. You are the great person. Happy 70th Birthday.
You are the man of your words, a complete picture of life and the proof of truthfulness. I wish life grants such man every year. Have a fabulous 70th birthday.
Your generous soul makes you prettier among all. I wish you all the greatness and pleasure in your life. Happy 70th Birthday.
Today If I reached toward my maximum capabilities is just because of your coaching. You are my favorite person and I learnt a lot in your leadership. Have a blissful 70th birthday.
You are the universal language of change and learning. Anyone can get the full benefit of your rationality. Wish you a very Happy 70th Birthday.
Do not care about your growing age, just take a long deep breath and start a new life keeping all the worries aside. Have wonderful 70th birthday. Let's cheer up again.
Say hello again to the life and open your arms and feel the beauty of world again. You will feel even better and younger. Wishing you the happy and healthy life ahead. Happy 70th Birthday.
No matter you turned into seventy or eighty, you will always be my superhero dad. You are the reason of my nourishment, integrity, and truthfulness. Happy a lovely 70th birthday.
It's amazing! Seventy years of your life couldn't make you disfigured. It's a real blessing that you maintained yourself and didn't allow age to be overwhelmed. Happy 70th Birthday.
It's your birthday old timer, you are a great person and I love spending time with you. I hope you live longer because I can't imagine life without you. You put a smile on my face, happy 70th.
It's hard to believe you are turning 70; you have the strength of a thirty year old, the face of a 50 year old and the spirit of a teenager. Happy 70th birthday, may you have a good time.
Already 70 I see, Happy Birthday to you, I hope you know how great I feel to be sharing with you this day. Have a hearty birthday dear, you are amazing.
You have made me the person I am today; you are what I would like to be when I am 70 like you. Happy 70th birthday, I am proud to know you.
Many people are not as lucky as I am; I get to share your 70th birthday with you. I am happy to be here and wouldn't like to be any other place, have a great birthday old timer.
Happy 70th birthday dear, you are an amazing person with such amazing innovative methods and I wish you the best as you turn this new age, may all your wishes come true for you. Happy Birthday!!
You are a great person and I am glad to be here with you as you celebrate your 70th birthday, I hope you enjoy each and every second of it. Happy Birthday!!
Bring out that cake, put on those candles, close your eyes, and make a wish as you blow out those candles. Happy 70th birthday, may you live longer.
You are beautiful in every single way, have a grand 70th birthday dear, you are awesome and I love each day I get to spend with you.
It's your 70th birthday, I hope you get to enjoy all the good things this time has to offer, you are a great person and I hope you get to live longer so we can share in your wisdom. We love you.
Life is beautiful when you have a guide to tell you the secrets of life, you are my guide and you have surely made life better for me, I appreciate that. Happy 70th birthday!!
Every growing child will not find it easy living with you, but it will absolutely be the best decision of their lives when they understand your kind of person. Happy 70th birthday sir.
You told us that the ingredient to success and life achievement is self-belief and faith, that has never failed since I learnt it, thank you for your guidance. Happy 70th birthday sir.
It's a beautiful day to be celebrating the birthday of someone like you, you are a great person and I hope you forever remain as strong and as youthful as you are. Do enjoy the day!
I don't know how it feels to turn 70, but I am sure it must be the best feeling in the world. You are lucky enough to experience each day with the ones you love watching them grow and make you laugh. Happy 70th birthday, may you live longer to experience the love.
Old age! It is a point in life where no one wants to reach fast, but it is actually inevitable. May your old age experience be palatable. Happy 70th birthday.
Nothing is more lovable than you. Love you so much. Have a wonderful 70th birthday.
The life lived for others is the kind of life worth living, we are talking about you today sir, because you live to affect lives positively. Happy 70th birthday sir.
I wonder you are still active and attentive at the age of 70. May your 70th birthday add 70 more years in your life. Happy Birthday.
Your wrinkles point to a great life you had and still have. Your white hair is a main sign of overcoming life obstacles. Happy 70th Birthday.
One would normally think that a 70-year-old man has nothing to offer in this generation of ours, but it seems you are never outdated sir. 🙂 Happy Birthday sir.
I love that you are old, strong and willing to face 70 with a never fading smile, have fun on your birthday, may you outlive us all and you stay blessed.
As you turn 70 today, may all your blessings be doubled, you are a wise old man and I know you have so much to live for. Enjoy this birthday!
Even on your 70th you look strong and vibrant, I want to be just like you when I get to your age, I hope you'll be around then so we can laugh and share jokes like we do.
I really do look up to you, for you still have that smile you had when you were young, be blessed and live longer than my grandma, for you are truly blessed.
You are a blessing old timer, not because I know you but because at 70, you still have a lot to live for. May every wish and hope you have come true on this birthday.
You probably have dentures by now granny, but that won't stop you from enjoying your 70th birthday cake, be blessed always, I love you to death and I hope you live longer.
Happy 70th birthday dear, you turn older, wiser, happier and more available, I love you and hope you live longer than any man.


text:
DUI Ignition Interlocks: Dangerous but Profitable
Individuals convicted of DUI are often required to have an ignition interlock device installed (at their expense) in their cars. These notoriously inaccurate and unreliable gizmos are designed to prevent the ignition from working until after the driver has breathed into a mouthpiece and registered alcohol-free (although it takes little imagination to realize that a drunk driver can start the car by simply having his passenger breathe into the device). This latest weapon in the "war on drunk driving" has been adopted in many states with the strong lobbying of MADD -- and of manufacturers who make a huge profit on the devices. Consider a story in today's (March 16, 2005) Arizona Republic:
First-time DUI offenders could agree to equip their vehicles with an ignition interlock device to prevent drunken driving rather than face suspended driver's licenses under a bill that breezed through the Senate on Tuesday.....
Alberto Gutier, a former highway safety director lobbying for the Arizona Interlock Distributors Association, said increased sales isn't the bill's purpose.
"It's not about expanding the market, it's about preventing drunk driving," Gutier said.
The bottom line, of course, is: Do IIDs prevent drunk driving? Do they make our streets safer? MADD claims that their "research" shows they do:
Interlocks have been shown to be effective in Maryland, Alberta, California and elsewhere with results ranging from 50 to 90 percent reductions in subsequent offenses by those offenders who were assigned interlock devices, compared with those who were not.....
While interlocks are not the only solution, as offenders tend to go back to their old ways once the device is off of the vehicle, they certainly keep the roads safer while these devices are in place.


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Update as of 11.13.18: More seats will be added for the L.E.A.D. Summit! Team Leaders and above, who haven't registered yet, keep an eye out for an email tomorrow, November 14 at Noon CT with details on how to register. Please note, there is an extremely limited number of seats available and they will go very fast.
Team Leaders and above: are you wanting to take your O2 business to the next level?
You're invited to attend the 2019 L.E.A.D O2 Empowerment Summit, January 17-19, 2019 at the Sheraton Grand at Wild Horse Pass in Phoenix, Arizona.
At the 2019 L.E.A.D. O2 Empowerment Summit, an exclusive, two-day event for Origami Owl® leaders, you'll get hands-on training and the tools you need to build your business and your team in the new year. You'll also have the opportunity to learn from your fellow Designers and industry experts on topics that are vital for your business.
Oh, and did we mention you're also the first to see new product reveals/collections and hear announcements we have for the spring season?
So, if you're wanting to move up the Career Plan, sponsor more New Designers and build your team, increase your Personal Volume and Team Volume, you won't want to miss this year's L.E.A.D. Summit!
Canadian Designers: Please note, there is no CAD registration site this year. You will pay USD for this event; therefore, the price is discounted to account for the exchange conversion fees.
Limited spots are available! L.E.A.D. registration fees are non-refundable.
Owlettes are welcome to register and attend at the same Designer event rate. Please note, because this is a leadership event, we will be keeping everyone in the main session for leadership training and will not be hosting any additional programs for Owlettes.
Hotel accommodations are at the discounted rate of $199 per night, plus tax for single/double occupancy. The resort requires a non-refundable first-night deposit at the time of reservation. There will be an additional charge of $30 per person/night for the third and fourth occupant.


Re: Golf Mk6 2.0 Remapped - Too much torque?
Re: Thank you for the add.
Welcome to the forum. The Mk1 TT is still a great looking car - quite tempted by a quattro sport but the prices are firming up.
Re: Thanks for the add - South Wales.
I've ordered the Kufatec cable and a Bovee WMA3000A - I'll report back when it's fitted.
Depends on how old the 240 mm clutch is , mileage ?
And how smooth the torque comes in , spike Vs table top .


"Of food to feed," i.e. of the environment to the organism. cf. p. 39, chap. xi.
and that there exists in every part of the animal a faculty which in view of its activity we call, in general terms, alterative, or, more specifically, assimilative and nutritive. It was also shown that a sufficient supply of the matter which the part being nourished makes into nutriment for itself is ensured by virtue of another faculty which naturally attracts its proper juice [humour] that juice is proper to each part which is adapted for assimilation, and that the faculty which attracts the juice is called, by reason of its activity, attractive or epispastic.
"Drawing" ; cf. p. 116, note 2.
For these terms (prosthesis and prosphysis in Greek) cf. p. 39, notes 5 and 6.
Lit. "through the energizing (or functioning) of the attractive faculty"; the faculty (δυfαμιf) in operation is an activity (ἐfέργεια). cf. p. 3, note 2.


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text:
Nutritional Hormesis in a Modern Environment
O. Stella Ademowo*, H. K.Irundika Dias, Chathyan Pararasa, Helen R. Griffiths
Aston Medical School
Translational Medicine Research Group (TMRG)
Nutrition is a powerful determinant of health and well-being. In the modern environment where energy-rich foods are prevalent, challenges exist to improve diets that will provide an appropriate energy density while maintaining the required nutritional value. A recent concept in nutrition is that components of food which are not abundant in the diet may exert a regulatory effect on physiological and biological processes. Some of these components appear to act as hormetins, i.e., they exert a mild stress and in turn elicit and adaptive response that offers greater health advantages than the stress itself. Therefore, nutritional hormesis play a vital role in the modern aging population by modulating the susceptibility to diseases. Adequate and appropriate dietary levels of hormetic phytochemicals; polyphenols, carotenoids, sulforaphane, and other bioactive compounds have been recognized as activators of intracellular signaling cascades and modifiers of gene expression with health benefits. Research to date has focused on individual hormetins in isolation, however, the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and potential for interaction of these compounds in combination through acting on distinct intracellular signaling pathways are of significance in the human body. As the modern world's population ages chronologically, yet biologically at different rates, it is increasingly important to understand how nutrition and hormetins within the diet could reduce risk for age-associated disease. Further work is needed in the field of nutrigenomics to identify the key biochemical targets that are modifiable by hormetins.
The Science of Hormesis in Health and Longevity
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814253-0.00006-1
Hormetins
10.1016/B978-0-12-814253-0.00006-1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128142530000061?via%3Dihub
Dive into the research topics of 'Nutritional Hormesis in a Modern Environment'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Hormesis Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Diet Medicine & Life Sciences 44%
Nutrigenomics Medicine & Life Sciences 31%
sulforafan Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Modifier Genes Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Food Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Nutritive Value Medicine & Life Sciences 28%
Carotenoids Medicine & Life Sciences 25%
Ademowo, O. S., Dias, H. K. I., Pararasa, C., & Griffiths, H. R. (2018). Nutritional Hormesis in a Modern Environment. In The Science of Hormesis in Health and Longevity (pp. 75-86). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814253-0.00006-1
Ademowo, O. Stella ; Dias, H. K.Irundika ; Pararasa, Chathyan et al. / Nutritional Hormesis in a Modern Environment. The Science of Hormesis in Health and Longevity. Elsevier, 2018. pp. 75-86
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AU - Ademowo, O. Stella
AU - Dias, H. K.Irundika
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N2 - Nutrition is a powerful determinant of health and well-being. In the modern environment where energy-rich foods are prevalent, challenges exist to improve diets that will provide an appropriate energy density while maintaining the required nutritional value. A recent concept in nutrition is that components of food which are not abundant in the diet may exert a regulatory effect on physiological and biological processes. Some of these components appear to act as hormetins, i.e., they exert a mild stress and in turn elicit and adaptive response that offers greater health advantages than the stress itself. Therefore, nutritional hormesis play a vital role in the modern aging population by modulating the susceptibility to diseases. Adequate and appropriate dietary levels of hormetic phytochemicals; polyphenols, carotenoids, sulforaphane, and other bioactive compounds have been recognized as activators of intracellular signaling cascades and modifiers of gene expression with health benefits. Research to date has focused on individual hormetins in isolation, however, the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and potential for interaction of these compounds in combination through acting on distinct intracellular signaling pathways are of significance in the human body. As the modern world's population ages chronologically, yet biologically at different rates, it is increasingly important to understand how nutrition and hormetins within the diet could reduce risk for age-associated disease. Further work is needed in the field of nutrigenomics to identify the key biochemical targets that are modifiable by hormetins.
AB - Nutrition is a powerful determinant of health and well-being. In the modern environment where energy-rich foods are prevalent, challenges exist to improve diets that will provide an appropriate energy density while maintaining the required nutritional value. A recent concept in nutrition is that components of food which are not abundant in the diet may exert a regulatory effect on physiological and biological processes. Some of these components appear to act as hormetins, i.e., they exert a mild stress and in turn elicit and adaptive response that offers greater health advantages than the stress itself. Therefore, nutritional hormesis play a vital role in the modern aging population by modulating the susceptibility to diseases. Adequate and appropriate dietary levels of hormetic phytochemicals; polyphenols, carotenoids, sulforaphane, and other bioactive compounds have been recognized as activators of intracellular signaling cascades and modifiers of gene expression with health benefits. Research to date has focused on individual hormetins in isolation, however, the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and potential for interaction of these compounds in combination through acting on distinct intracellular signaling pathways are of significance in the human body. As the modern world's population ages chronologically, yet biologically at different rates, it is increasingly important to understand how nutrition and hormetins within the diet could reduce risk for age-associated disease. Further work is needed in the field of nutrigenomics to identify the key biochemical targets that are modifiable by hormetins.
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To start, I briefly run through some types of environmental impact..
From the chemicals used in cotton harvests to the waste that ends up in landfills, the life cycle of a garment typically starts and ends in pollution. Pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilisers are used in the harvest stage of plant based materials. Production of both man-made and synthetic materials are chemically intensive and emit toxic gasses. Chemical dyes and finishers are used in the processing stages of textiles and wash into surrounding rivers affecting aquatic life and the surrounding soil. Industrial production has rendered many rivers around the world toxic and unsustainable to life (e.g. Tirupur river below which is stained purple).
Polyester sheds microplastic fibres when we wash our clothes and have been found to wash up on shorelines (In fact these microplastics made up 85% of human made debris along shorelines in several places in the world). These fibres are consumed by marine life, causing growth, reproductive and digestive problems and their toxins can bioaccumulate. They can also pollute the air and we may breathe them in. Needless to say, the large amount of textile, clothing and packaging waste contributes to pollution too (only 20% of textiles are recycled).
Over 70 million trees are logged every year for plant based fabrics like rayon, viscose, modal and lyocell.
Forests are cleared for cotton plantations.
A cotton plant takes around 30,000 litres of water to produce 1kg of cotton.
and 11,000 to 20,000 litres of water to produce a pair of jeans.
132 million metric tons of coal is required to produce 60 billion kilograms of textiles.
Fast fashion that was worn less than 5 times (and kept for 35 days) produced over 400% more carbon emissions per item per year than garments worn 50 times and kept for a full year.
A quarter of the chemicals produced globally are used in textiles with an estimate of 8,000 synthetic chemicals used throughout the world to turn raw materials into textiles.
Cotton uses 22.5% of the world's insecticides and 10% of all pesticides, on 2.5% of the world's agricultural land.
Dying cotton usually involves compounds of iron, tin, potassium and solvent-based inks containing heavy metals.The finishing process uses chemicals like chlorine.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are released from our new clothes when we wash them. NPEs cause reproductive issues and is lethal to aquatic wildlife; it also contaminates our food, air and water.
Nonylphenols (NPs, a derivative of NPEs) which are persistent, toxic and hormone disrupting. It can bioaccumulate in the aquatic wildlife and has recently been detected in human tissue.
Phthalates- commonly found in images printed on clothing. It has been banned in certain items (in the U.S.) due to its link to cancer and endocrine disruption.
Greenpeace has found toxins in garments from budget to luxury(these included Calvin Klein, H&M, Mango) and even in clothing for children and infants.


Replacing a roof is an expensive project, and it may be one that you were not planning to make at the moment. Understandably, you may be looking for ways to save money on this project, and the thought may have crossed your mind to simply lay new shingles over your existing ones. After all, tearing off the existing roofing components will take time and cost money. While this may seem like an excellent solution to save money on roof replacement, there are many reasons why this is not advisable, and will end up costing more in the long run.
Some homeowners who are interested in saving money by layering shingles may also choose to install cheaper shingles. Cheaper shingles may only have a life span of 15 years or less, which means you will have to pay for another replacement soon, usually before the 15 years is up. Also keep in mind that a third layer of shingles will not work at all (will not stay on the roof). Therefore, when you replace the roof later, you will have to pay more money to remove the two layers of shingles rather than just one layer. More than that, layering shingles could actually decrease your home's value because inspectors know that layered shingles will cost the homeowner more money in the future. This could be brought up in their report.
Rocky Mountain Exteriors specializes in home Roofing, Windows, & Doors and serves the Boise, Twin Falls and Eastern Oregon areas.
We offer the very best material and workmanship warranties available. If you need help in any of these areas, simply give us a call.
Layered shingles are thicker overall, and this means that the nails may not work as well to keep the shingles in place. During strong winds and storms, the thicker nature of layered shingles makes them more likely to rip off. Both layers may rip off, or the underlying first layer that is currently in bad condition may remain. Both of these possibilities make the home more susceptible to leaks and potential water damage, which can cost a fortune to repair. They can also increase roof repair costs over time.
Many roofing materials have a lengthy warranty period that can give you peace of mind when making this rather expensive investment. However, manufacturers are well aware of the fact that layering shingles can decrease the effectiveness and overall performance of their materials. Therefore, many roofing materials manufacturers have a warranty clause that invalidates the warranty if the shingles are layered. This means that you could be responsible for repair issues that may otherwise have been included in a warranty that could have lasted for up to or even more than 40 years in some cases.
While cutting costs on the removal of your existing roof may make sense at first glance, you can see that this is not an advisable way to save money. If you are looking for exceptional ways to save money without negatively affecting the quality of the roofing work that needs to be done, we can help. Call us today to learn about some effective money-saving ideas for roof replacement.
If you are interested in learning more about the condition of your roof and if you need replacement or repair, contact us today for a free consultation and inspection.


4/01/2019 · José L. Zalabardo puts forward a new interpretation of central ideas in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus concerning the structure of reality and our representations of it in thought and language.... Seine beiden Hauptwerke Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung (Tractatus logico-philosophicus 1921) und Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953, postum) wurden zur Grundlage zweier philosophischer Schulen, des Logischen Positivismus und der analytischen Sprachphilosophie.
4/01/2019 · José L. Zalabardo puts forward a new interpretation of central ideas in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus concerning the structure of reality and our representations of it in thought and language. deutsche bank oil and gas for beginners 2016 pdf Download wittgenstein s tractatus logico philosophicus or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get wittgenstein s tractatus logico philosophicus book now. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so don't worry about it.
Book Description: Although Wittgenstein claimed that his first book, theTractatus Logico-Philosophicus, was essentially an ethical work, it has been viewed insistently as a purely logical one.
"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus PDF Summary" Ludwig Wittgenstein's "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" is one of the strangest and most forbidding texts in the history of philosophy – and, yes, that comes in a field occupied by the likes of Kant , Hegel, and Heidegger.


As well as building new swimming pools, we have expertise in renovating old pools. If your pool is looking tired or if you've recently bought a house with an old, neglected pool, we can transform it into something you will be proud of.
We will undertake all required tests and provide full reports to you of what needs to be done, or indeed what cannot be done. Transparency and honesty is the key so that there are no surprises.
Of course, being licensed builders, we can complete any necessary site works and associated building renovations as well, including a pergola or extension for shade, or perhaps an adjoining entertainment area.
When you use Noble Pools for your pool renovation, you are dealing directly with the builder, Michael Noble, who manages everything for you.
Don't fill it in, renovate it! To discuss turning your tired, unattractive pool into a fantastic backyard experience, call Michael Noble today on 0416 203 765, or complete our Contact form.


text:
Home Featured Nigeria: Nnamdi Kanu needs Freedom against all court orders
Nigeria: Nnamdi Kanu needs Freedom against all court orders Image credit: Facebook
Nigeria: Nnamdi Kanu needs Freedom against all court orders
Nigeria: Nigerian politicians will fly abroad for every slightest sickness, such as malaria, headache and others. They will fly to Europe or America for treatment because, according to them, the Nigerian medical system, including the Nigerian professional doctors and nurses, are not qualified to treat them.
But, Nnamdi Kanu, a federal government detainee against all court orders, has been sick for a long time now, even before he was extraordinarily renditioned and detained in Nigeria over one year ago, yet, the same federal government that flys to London to treat common malaria and headaches could not allow him access to his choice medical doctors within Nigeria.
Nnamdi Kanu has gastrointestinal disorderliness. He also has heart problems which sometimes, his heart either enlarges or decreases. These are sicknesses Nnamdi Kanu has been battling over the years, and he has been going for regular checkups and taking his drugs as instructed by his doctors when he was a free man.
With the level of mismanagement of resources and economic meltdown in Nigeria in recent years, I think even you can guess correctly how often and how really the Nigerian government is handling Nnamdi Kanu's health issues in detention. A situation whereby malaria drugs will be given to someone complaining of a stomachache, and he will be told to just drink them and that it will calm the situation down. How?
Nnamdi Kanu's health in detention has deteriorated, and it is getting worst every day. Nigeria's government must have to release him for proper treatment to save his life.
His heart problem has escalated, and right now, he needs heart surgery to survive. If Nigerian politicians will fly abroad to treat common malaria and headaches, why won't they release Nnamdi Kanu or at least allow him access to his choice of doctors within the country for treatment of a more severe health condition?
The silence of the world leaders is nothing but forcing the millions of Nnamdi Kanu's followers out of patience.
Nnamdi Kanu was illegally brought to Nigeria, and three different courts, including one in the United States of America and two in Nigeria, have ordered that he be released. The trial Federal High Court Abuja has handed off the case making it a total of four courts ordering his release, yet, the Nigerian government still holds him incommunicado under solitary confinement.
Nnamdi Kanu needs Freedom to attend to his worsening health conditions if the Nigerian government really wants to continue his trial even though he has been discharged and acquitted by a competent court of jurisdiction on the 13th of October 2022.
Prisoners worldwide are entitled to receive the best treatments they need in other to preserve their lives to face their trials.
Nigeria shouldn't be an exception, and Nnamdi Kanu should not be seen as a different prisoner. Give him access to his choice of medical doctors and, above all, free him and let him go. He is not guilty of any crime anywhere in the world.
dangue
High Court Abuja
Nigerian government
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Sony expected to launch a new smart watch at Mobile Asia Expo
It looks like Sony is about to announce a new smart watch at the Mobile Asia Expo in Shanghai this week.
Going by the tweets posted by Sony's Sony Xperia Twitter handle (spotted by Xperia Blog), one of which says "one in three users want smart wrist wear," with #itstime and #MAE13 hashtags, it's almost certain the company is going to reveal the outcome of its second attempt at producing a smart watch.
It's worth pointing out that Sony is holding press events in Shanghai (China) and Germany on June 25 where it's expected to announce new devices. A few reports indicated that the Japanese major could announce its new 6.44-inch phablet, the Xperia Z Ultra at the German event, it might announce the smart watch instead. The company has already sent press invites for an event in Paris for July 4 with a teaser of a big screen phone and a stylus, so we're guessing that Sony is more likely to announce the Xperia Z Ultra phablet at the Paris event.
Sony had launched the first iteration of its Android-based SmartWatch that came with coloured watchbands, multi-touch colour OLED display, watchband adapter and a USB charger, last year. The watch allowed users to check SMS, e-mails, and Twitter updates, and control music playback, but it wasn't much of a hit with the masses as it depended too much on the phone with the user required to install apps for each functionality. Also, a lot of features were half-baked.
The Sony SmartWatch was launched in India in June at a price point of Rs. 6,299 but Sony didn't promote the device, and we won't be surprised if you didn't know that it existed.
We hope the second iteration of the SmartWatch is a considerable upgrade as it might face stiff competition from virtually all tech giants if rumours are to be believed. Google, LG, Samsung, Microsoft and Apple are all said to be working on smart watches. As per earlier rumours, Microsoft has been working on a wearable smart device for more than a year and the teams who have worked on Xbox accessories and on the Kinect sensor have been involved with the development of the device.
Samsung, on the other hand is working on a smart watch as part of its Project J lineup.
According to grapevine, even Apple is working on a smart watch, which might be called iWatch and is expected to release this year.
In the month of March, there were also rumours indicating that LG is looking to get into the smart watch space. Analysts too are pegging 2013 to be the year of smart watch.


If Beagle 2 had landed on Mars successfully, could it have discovered life?
Manyspace missions use robots to explore. The rovers Spirit and Opportunityare still travelling around Mars, taking pictures and digging in the dirt. Butcould a robot identify alien life? How would a machine know the difference, forinstance, between a rock and bacteria?
Hopingto answer this question, a group of scientists led by Derek Pullan of the University of Leicester used robotic explorer instruments to examine rocks here on Earth. Tomake their tests as realistic as possible, the researchers collected rocksamples similar to what we'd find on Mars and then studied them with high-techequipment. The instruments — which included a camera, microscope, and samplingdevice — were very similar to those carried on the lost Beagle2 probe.
Theidea was to see if the instruments could detect signs of living creatures inthe rocks. Although the tests were carried out in a lab, the scientists madethe conditions as close as possible to those experienced by probes on the martiansurface.
Allof the instruments tested were good at finding signs of life. The interestingresult is that they were much better when used together. This shows howimportant it is to not cut corners when building robotic explorers. To get thewhole picture you need a wide variety of instruments working together.
TheBeagle 2-style microscope was found to be particularly good, showing thatlow-budget equipment can be as effective as expensive options. The team alsogot useful data about how close in proximity to a sample rock particularinstruments should be in order to spot signs of life.
Sowhy is this research important? Space exploration may be exciting but it's alsodangerous and expensive, which is why robotic probes are sent instead ofpeople. But the problem with robots is they must be light and compact in orderto fit easily into a rocket. They also must be energy efficient, since theirpower is mostly generated from solar panels. This combines to make designinginstruments for them very difficult.
Forexample, you might think that a robot exploringMars should have the most powerful microscope available. That's probablynot possible as everything must be low-weight, small in size, need little powerand also be very tough. Clearly instrument engineers have a hard job, and thescientists wanted to see whether the current equipment is up to the task.
Morestudies like this are planned for field experiments and sample preparation, aspart of the Planetary AnalogueField Studies Network. The research is useful not only for instrumentdesigners, but also for mission engineers and planetary scientists.
Theteam plans to do further tests with different equipment, building up a databasethat will show which instruments are best in any given situation. It all goestoward helping make future missions to Mars as effective as possible. Indeed,if we do find life on another planet, the discovery will be likely made by amachine and not a human.
Theresearch is detailed in a February issue of the journal Astrobiology.


text:
Q: Geometric intersection number This question might be vague, or possibly might not have any answer. I am looking for an alternative definition of geometric intersection number. Recall that we have the following standard definition:

Let $\Sigma$ be a orientable surface without boundary and
$\alpha,\beta:\Bbb S^1\to \Sigma$ be two closed curves. Define
$$|\alpha\cap \beta|:=\begin{cases}\#\big\{(z,w)\in \Bbb S^1\times\Bbb
 S^1:\alpha(z)=\beta(w)\big\} &\text{ if }\alpha\not=\beta,\\
 \frac{1}{2}\#\big\{(z,w)\in \Bbb S^1\times\Bbb S^1:z\not= w\text{ and
 }\alpha(z)=\alpha(w)\big\}&\text{ if }\alpha=\beta.\end{cases}$$ Now,
the geometric intersection number is defined  as
$$i\big([\alpha],[\beta]\big):=\min_{\alpha\sim
\alpha',\beta\sim\beta'}|\alpha'\cap \beta'|.$$ Here, $\sim$ denotes
free homotopy, and $[\ ]$ denotes the free homotopy class.

Recently I got another definition, might be equivalent to the standard one, using liftings $\widetilde \alpha,\widetilde \beta$ of the curves $\alpha,\beta$ in the cover corresponding to the subgroups $\langle[\alpha]\rangle,\langle[\beta]\rangle$  of $\pi_1(\Sigma)$ and then considering the full pre-image of $\text{image}(\widetilde \alpha)$ in the universal cover, and then projecting this full pre-image in cover corresponding to $\langle[\beta]\rangle$, and then counting the number of intersection points.

Can anyone suggest to me a reference to this new definition? Any other
alternative definition is also welcome.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While rumors were still popping up that Atlanta's raptress Diamond was going to appear on the latest "Love and Hip Hop" spin off, other things were being readied for the show. Like a premiere date, which is way overdue– but luckily it's been shared, and the latest news on the show's beginning which is said to be on June 18th.
Though Diamond spoke out quickly of not signing on to the ratchetness that is reality television, there's a cast of six women who all jumped at the bit to be a part of the latest woman-bashing show that's mainly over men in the hip hop industry. It's said that once she found out that Scrappy's current lady-friend and his mother would be a part of the show, the ATL female decided against being a part of it all.
The ladies featured in the show are none other than Erica Dixon (Scrappy's latest girlfriend and baby mama) and his mother "Mama Dee", Mimi Faust (producer Stevie J's girlfriend), ATL native rapper Rasheeda and her husband-slash-manager Kirk, as well as artists K Michelle and Karlie Redd.
Tune in on June 18th to see all of the drama that's sure to get stirred up!


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He wasn't my first choice, though he could have been. His curly black mullet and long eyelashes were more than enough to lure me in Eddy's direction, but it was his best friend, Jim, who swooped in and made the first move.
Best friends since childhood, Eddy and Jim were students at Ninnekah – a tiny Oklahoma school located in Grady County. I didn't come along until the 4th grade. Up until then, I attended West Elementary School in the nearby town of Chickasha. I was a year older than Eddy and Jim, so I didn't know either of them until Junior High when the three of us took Mr. McGuire's Algebra class. Even then, we did not interact; it wasn't cool for a freshman like me to associate with 8th graders. For the entire year, Eddy and Jim sat on one side of the classroom, and I on another – each oblivious to the ties that would bind us three years later.
There were two groups of students at Ninnekah High School: those who were destined for college upon graduation, and those who weren't. Eddy, Jim, and I fell into the second group; we didn't have the financial backing to attend college until later in life. Thankfully, Oklahoma had a program that allowed high school Juniors and Seniors to learn a trade through occupational training. For four hours every morning, while our peers sat in stuffy high school classrooms, Eddy, Jim, and I attended Canadian Valley Vo-Tech and gained valuable on-the-job training and experience. Eddy was in the Auto Body program, Jim took Machine Shop, and I was in Secretarial Training. I saw Eddy and Jim every morning in the Vo-Tech parking lot. I parked my Chevy Chevette on the south side across from Jim's 1968 Cougar, and Eddy's 1971 GMC step-side pickup. It was in this parking lot where the first words among us were spoken.
"You left your lights on," Jim told me as I hurriedly walked by him and Eddy on my way to class. I turned around and saw that I had, in fact, left them on. "Thanks," I said, returning to my vehicle. It was still uncool to associate with younger students.
Vo-Tech was half a day; therefore, we took normal classes back at the high school after lunch. As I headed to Mrs. Stockton's Marriage and Childcare class, Eddy and Jim sauntered over to Mrs. Pruitt's Typing class. Unfortunately, neither showed any promise of ever learning to type. After two weeks, Mrs. Pruitt kindly recommended they withdraw from her class – and that his how the boys ended up sitting at my table in Marriage and Child Care.
Eddy and Jim were hilarious. Like Abbott and Costello, the comedic duo fed off each other's humor, charisma, and charm. They started to grow on me; they made me laugh.
Towards the end of the semester, Mrs. Stockton assigned Jim and I to a research project that involved planning a wedding and honeymoon on a fixed budget. We got an "A" on the assignment. Before the semester was over, Jim and I were dating.
Meanwhile, Eddy met a girl named Sheri. She was from Chickasha. The four of us double dated every weekend. When we had money, we went to Pizza Inn and shared two large pepperoni pizzas. When we were broke, we played Wahoo and drank beer at Jim's house.
The four of us were inseparable, so when an Air Force recruiter promised Eddy and Jim they could sign up and serve together, we were all in. Known as the Buddy Program, this recruitment tool enticed future Airmen with a promise to attend Basic Military Training with a friend. If they played their cards right, the recruiter said, they could even attend the same tech school and get stationed at the same base! The boys took the bait. Both signed the dotted-line, entered the Delayed Entry Program, and got hitched while they waited to go to boot camp.
Eddy and Sheri were married first. I was the Maid of Honor and Jim was the Best Man. Eddy returned the honor four months later and stood next to Jim at our wedding. Everything was going as planned, then the Air Force suddenly changed the play. Eddy was called up to attend Basic Training in December 1991; Jim wouldn't get to go until June 1992. Uncle Sam failed to keep his promise; we were devastated.
Phone calls, letters, and Christmas cards allowed us to stay in touch after we went our separate ways. Every few years, we took leave and met up in our hometown. Each visit felt like old times. Eight years passed when the visits came to an abrupt halt at the news of Eddy and Sheri's divorce. Having known Eddy longer, I naturally gravitated towards him to offer support. Ironically, he did the same for me two years later when divorce invaded my own life.
Eddy and I bonded through our experiences. We talked on the phone on a regular basis and emailed daily. When I completed my bachelor's degree in 2002, Eddy sent me a large bouquet of yellow roses with a note that said he was proud of me. The phone calls started lasting for hours; on many occasions, our conversation outlasted my phone battery. It had been four years since our last visit; we decided it was time for a reunion.
I was living in New Mexico at the time and Eddy was stationed in Utah. We decided I would fly to Utah and then he would drive us to Las Vegas for a 4-day mini vacation. Seeing Eddy again felt like home. I had missed my friend.
You know that old saying, "What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas"? Well, in our case, what happened in Vegas did not stay there. In fact, it followed me home. What happened in Vegas was I fell in love with the Best Man.
Soon after our Vegas trip, I moved to Utah. Eddy proposed shortly thereafter. Being the honorable man that he was, and is to this day, Eddy insisted upon receiving Jim's blessing, to which Jim happily provided. Eddy and I were married in 2003 in a little wedding chapel in Edmond, Oklahoma. This time, the Best Man and Maid of Honor were Eddy's children – my new bonus children – Wade and Shani.
He wasn't my first choice, though he could have been. But one thing is true: Eddy was and always will be my Best Man.
Jim, me, and Eddy – May 2017


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Native American Tribes & the Indian History in Southwest, Pennsylvania
Home / Native Americans in Pennsylvania / Native American Tribes & the Indian History in Southwest, Pennsylvania
Long before the terms Native American or Indian were considered, the tribes were spread throughout the Americas. Before any white man set foot on this land, it was settled by the forefathers of bands we now call Sioux, or Cherokee, or Iroquois.
For thousands of years, the American Indian grew its customs and legacy without disturbance. And that history is fascinating.
From Mayan and Incan ruins, from the mounds left in the central and southern parts of what is today the U.S. we have learned plenty. It's a tale of beautiful artwork and deep spirituality. Archaeologists have unearthed remarkably elaborate buildings and public works.
While there was inevitable tribal conflict, that was just a slight blemish in the account of our ancestors. They were at peace with this beautiful continent and deeply plugged into nature.
When European leaders sent the first ships in our direction, the goal was to discover new resources – but the quality of environment and the bounty of everything from timber to wildlife subsequently changed their tune. As those leaders learned from their explorers, the drive to colonize spread like wildfire.
The English, French and Spanish rushed to slice up the "New World" by transporting over inadequately prepared colonists as fast as possible. At the outset, they skirmished with the alarmed Indians of America's eastern seaboard. But that soon gave way to trade, since the Europeans who arrived here understood their survival was doubtful without Indian help.
Thus followed decades of relative peace as the settlers got themselves established on American land. But the pressure to push inland followed soon after. Kings and queens from thousands of miles away were restless to find even more resources, and some colonists came for freedom and opportunity.
It took the form of cash arrangements, barter, and famously, treaties which were nearly consistently ignored after the Indians were forced off the territory in question.
The U.S. government's policies towards Native Americans in the second half of the nineteenth century were influenced by the desire to expand westward into territories inhabited by these Native American tribes. By the 1850s virtually all Native American tribes, approximately 360,000 in number, lived to the west of the Mississippi River. These American Indians, some from the Northwestern and Southeastern territories, were confined to Indian Territory located in contemporary Oklahoma, while the Kiowa and Comanche Native American tribes shared the area of the Southern Plains.
The Sioux, Crows and Blackfeet dominated the Northern Plains. These Native American groups met misfortune as the constant stream of European immigrants into northeastern American cities delivered a stream of immigrants into the western lands already occupied by these various groups of Indians.
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The early nineteenth century in the United States was marked by its steady expansion to the Mississippi River. However, due to the Gadsden purchase, that lead to U.S. control of the borderlands of southern New Mexico and Arizona in addition to the authority over Oregon country, Texas and California; America's expansion did not end there. Between 1830 and 1860 the U.S. nearly doubled the amount of acreage within its control.
These territorial gains coincided with the arrival of troves of European and Asian immigrants who wished to join the surge of American settlers heading west. This, partnered with the discovery of gold in 1849, presented alluring opportunities for those ready to make the long trip westward. Consequently, with the military's protection and the U.S. government's assistance, many settlers started building their homesteads in the Great Plains and other parts of the Native American tribe-inhabited West.
Native American Policy can be defined as the laws and operations made and adapted in the United States to define the relationship between Native American tribes and the federal government. When the United States first became an independent nation, it implemented the European policies towards the indigenous peoples, but throughout two centuries the U.S. designed its own widely varying regulations regarding the evolving perspectives and requirements of Native American supervision.
In 1824, in order to execute the U.S. government's Native American policies, Congress formed a new bureau within the War Department referred to as Bureau of Indian Affairs, which worked directly with the U.S. Army to enforce their policies. At times the federal government recognized the Indians as self-governing, distinct political communities with varying cultural identities; however, at other times the government attempted to compel the Native American tribes to give up their cultural identity, surrender their land and assimilate into the American customs.
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With the steady flow of settlers into Indian controlled land, Eastern newspapers circulated sensationalized reports of savage native tribes committing widespread massacres of hundreds of white travelers. Although some settlers lost their lives to American Indian attacks, this was far from the norm; in fact, Native American tribes repeatedly helped settlers cross over the Plains. Not only did the American Indians offer wild game and other necessities to travelers, but they acted as guides and messengers between wagon trains as well. Despite the good natures of the American Indians, settlers still feared the likelihood of an attack.
To calm these worries, in 1851 the U.S. government organised a conference with several local Indian tribes and established the Treaty of Fort Laramie. Under this treaty, each Native American tribe consented to a bounded territory, allowed the government to construct roadways and forts in this territory and pledged to never attack settlers; in return the federal government agreed to honor the boundaries of each tribe's territory and make annual payments to the Indians. The Native American tribes responded quietly to the treaty; in fact the Cheyenne, Sioux, Crow, Arapaho, Assinibione, Mandan, Gros Ventre and Arikara tribes, who signed the treaty, even consented to end the hostilities amidst their tribes to be able to accept the conditions of the treaty.
This peaceful agreement between the U.S. government and the Native American tribes did not stand long. After hearing stories of fertile terrain and great mineral wealth in the West, the government soon broke their assurances established in the Treat of Fort Laramie by allowing thousands of non-Indians to flood into the region. With so many newcomers moving west, the federal government established a policy of confining Native Americans to reservations, modest areas of acreage within a group's territory that was reserved exclusively for their use, in order to give more property for the non-Indian settlers.
In a series of new treaties the U.S. government forced Native Americans to abandon their land and migrate to reservations in exchange for protection from attacks by white settlers. In addition, the Indians were given a yearly payment that would include cash in addition to foodstuffs, animals, household goods and farming equipment. These reservations were established in an effort to clear the way for increased U.S. expansion and involvement in the West, as well as to keep the Native Americans isolated from the whites in order to reduce the chance for friction.
These agreements had many problems. Most of all many of the native people didn't properly understand the document that they were signing or the conditions within it; furthermore, the treaties did not consider the cultural practices of the Native Americans. In addition to this, the government departments responsible for administering these policies were plagued with poor management and corruption. In fact most treaty conditions were never implemented.
The U.S. government almost never honored their side of the agreements even when the Native Americans went quietly to their reservations. Unethical bureau agents sometimes sold the supplies that were meant for the Indians on reservations to non-Indians. Additionally, as settlers required more property in the West, the government constantly cut the size of Indian reservations. By this time, many of the Native American peoples were unhappy with the treaties and angered by settlers' endless demands for land.
Angered by the government's deceitful and unfair policies, some Native American tribes, including bands of Cheyennes, Arapahos, Comanches and Sioux, battled back. As they struggled to defend their lands and their tribes' survival, over a thousand skirmishes and battles broke out in the West between 1861 and 1891. In an effort to push Native Americans onto the reservations and to end the violence, the U.S. government responded to these hostilities with costly military campaigns. Clearly the U.S. government's Indian policies were in need of a change.
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Native American policy shifted dramatically after the Civil War. Reformers felt that the policy of driving Native Americans into reservations was too harsh while industrialists, who were concerned with their land and resources, thought of assimilation, the cultural absorption of the American Indians into "white America" to be the sole long-term method of assuring Native American survival. In 1871 the government passed a critical law stating that the United States would no longer treat Native American tribes as sovereign entities.
This law signaled a drastic change in the government's relationship with the native peoples – Congress now viewed the Native Americans, not as countries outside of its jurisdictional control, but as wards of the government. By making Native Americans wards of the "" government, Congress imagined that it was easier to make the policy of assimilation a widely recognized part of the cultural mainstream of America.
Many U.S. government administrators looked at assimilation as the most effective remedy for what they viewed as "the Indian problem," and the single permanent means of insuring U.S. interests in the West and the survival of the American Indians. In order to accomplish this, the government pressed Native Americans to relocate out of their established dwellings, move into wooden homes and turn into farmers.
The federal government handed down laws that pressed Native Americans to abandon their established appearance and way of living. Some laws outlawed common spiritual practices while others ordered Indian men to cut their long hair. Agents on more than two-thirds of American Indian reservations established tribunals to implement federal polices that often banned traditional ethnic and spiritual practices.
To speed the assimilation process, the government started Indian facilities that tried to quickly and vigorously Americanize Indian youth. According to the founder of the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, the schools were created to "kill the Indian and save the man." To be able to accomplish this goal, the schools required enrollees to speak only English, wear proper American fashion and to replace their Indian names with more "American" ones. These new policies helped bring Native Americans closer to the end of their classic tribal identity and the beginning of their life as citizens under the absolute control of the U.S. authorities.
In 1887, Congress approved the General Allotment Act, the most significant element of the U.S. government's assimilation platform, which was written to "civilize" American Indians by teaching them to become farmers. In order to make this happen, Congress planned to establish non-public ownership of Indian property by splitting up reservations, which were collectively owned, and providing each family their own block of land.
Additionally, by forcing the Native Americans onto small plots, western developers and settlers could purchase the remaining acreage. The General Allotment Act, often called the Dawes Act, required that the Indian lands be surveyed and every family be provided with an allotment of between 80 and 160 acres, while unmarried adults were given between 40 to 80 acres; the remaining land was to be sold. Congress wished that the Dawes Act would break-up Indian tribes and stimulate individual enterprise, while cutting down the expense of Indian administration and providing prime land to be sold to white settlers.
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The Dawes Act turned out to be catastrophic for the American Indians; over the next generations they lived under policies that outlawed their traditional way of living and yet didn't supply the necessary resources to support their businesses and households. Dividing the reservations into smaller parcels of land led to the significant decrease of Indian-owned land. Within thirty years, the people had lost more than two-thirds of the region that they had controlled before the Dawes Act was passed in 1887; the majority of the remaining land was sold to white settlers.
Frequently, Native Americans were duped out of their allotments or were required to sell off their land in order pay bills and provide for their families. As a result, the Indians were not "Americanized" and were generally not able to become self-supporting farmers or ranchers, as the makers of the policy had intended. This also developed anger among Indians toward the U.S. government, as the allotment practice often ruined land that was the spiritual and social center of their lives.
Between 1850 and 1900, life for Native Americans changed drastically. Due to U.S. administration regulations, American Indians were forced from their living spaces as their native lands were parceled out. The Plains, which they had previously roamed without restriction, were now inhabited with white settlers.
Over all these years the Indians have been cheated out of their land, food and way of life, as the federal government's Indian regulations shoved them inside reservations and tried to "Americanize" them. Many American Indian bands didn't endure relocation, cultural destruction and military defeat; by 1890 the Native American population was reduced to less than 250,000 people. Thanks to decades of discriminatory and ruthless policies implemented by the United States authorities between 1850 and 1900, life for the American Indians was changed forever.
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We're excited that you have an opinion about the name Sage. To rate names on Nameberry, please register for an account or log in to an existing account.
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The name Sage is a boy's name of Latin origin meaning "wise and knowing". Sage is ranked #472 on our popularity charts and is often added to lists like Middle Names for Boys and discussed in our forums with posts like "Baby a Day".
Fits many criteria sought by modern parents: it's short and strong, with intimations of wisdom as well as fragrant herbal properties. At this point, Sage is given about a third of the time to boys.
Find other names based on Sage using our baby name generator.
Sage, character on TV's "The Vampire Diaries"
Sage, character from web series "RWBY"
Make or female I've known both it doesn't matter the gender they are snotty and bossy. I eat Sage in soup...it's a medicinal herb...a name??? Eh.
I once knew a boy named River who had a younger brother named Sage and an older sister named Echo.
One of the rare few names I see as completely unisex. I don't slightly prefer it for either gender.
I prefer it for a boy, but I really think it's best for a dog, a lovely brown Lab. I never say this about names - to me they work for any species most of the time - but I just can't imagine being named Sage.
I love this strong name! I like it slightly more for a boy than a girl.


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Somerby of Santa Rosa Beach - Santa Rosa Beach, FL has been recognized for consistently high ratings from residents and their families in previous years.


idea here is: PhD in Management students work on research questions that are considered as important gaps by the academic community. Some essay on ms subbulakshmi require comprehensive exams, and many include residencies. The ability to do research is another important skill. It falls under the academic degrees and concentrates more on research and teaching. The conferment of this type of educational attainment is carried out by a university. Access to data: having or not having.
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D., which stands for Doctor of Philosophy, is clas sified under academic degrees.


Perhaps if the world he lived in had not been so cruel, Paul Lynde would have been laughing his way into his 90s right now. As it was, the comedian and actor struggled through a homophobic Hollywood for most of his life before dying at home of a heart attack. But on the occasion of his impending birthday — June 13 — it's a fine time to honor his memory and how meaningful he was to other closeted queers.
Like so many young queer people, Paul sought refuge in the theater from an early age. He studied drama at Northwestern along with Cloris Leachman and Charlotte Rae, and attracted favorable attention in a musical review at the age of 26.
He collaborated with Carol Burnett not long afterward on a flop of a sitcom called Stanley. From there he set off for Broadway to appear in Bye Bye Birdie, then on to various sitcoms and game shows. With his giddy sly joking and talent for double entendre, it was clear from the moment he appeared that Paul was a star.
But while his career was rising, there was of course no way for him to be fully honest about his life. From the fifties up until his death in the eighties, it remained completely taboo for a celebrity to be openly gay.
The closest he could come was with winking innuendo, and the occasional reference in an article: A man named Stan Finesmith was identified as his "suite mate," a euphemism that might've raised a few gay eyebrows but probably sailed unnoticed over most straight people's heads.
Remaining closeted exacted a heavy price on Paul, and may have contributed to his ongoing problems with alcohol and drugs. Forced by straight society to hide himself, he was frequently seen self-medicating.
There were occasional arrests, and he found it increasingly difficult to find work. And then in January of 1982, he was found dead at home in bed at the age of 55 — still far too young to have left the world.
Though unspoken rules barred him from being openly gay, Paul left a lingering impression on queers who saw him — a signal that they weren't alone in the world, that there were other men with similar temperaments suffering under heterosexual oppression.
Paul managed to slip a gay performance into America's homes without most people even noticing — an act that is queerer than most openly-gay performances could ever be today. Of course, conditions are far better now than they were back then. But Paul's ingenuity and bravery remains to this day a thing of wonder.