text:
Graph and Network Algorithms
allcycles
All Cycles in Directed Graph
Edges Contained in Cycles
Limit Number of Cycles Returned
Compare Fundamental Cycle Basis to Set of All Cycles
MaxNumCycles
MaxCycleLength
MinCycleLength
edgecycles
Graph Cycles
Find all cycles in graph
cycles = allcycles(G)
[cycles,edgecycles] = allcycles(G)
[___] = allcycles(G,Name,Value)
cycles = allcycles(G) returns all cycles in the specified graph. The output cycles is a cell array where the contents of each cell cycles{k} lists nodes that form a cycle.
[cycles,edgecycles] = allcycles(G) also returns the edges in each cycle. The output edgecycles is a cell array where edgecycles{k} gives the edges in the corresponding cycle, cycles{k}.
[___] = allcycles(G,Name,Value) specifies additional options using one or more name-value arguments. You can use any of the output argument combinations in previous syntaxes. For example, you can specify MaxNumCycles and a scalar to limit the number of cycles returned.
Create a directed graph with nine nodes. Plot the graph.
s = [1 2 3 6 5 5 4 6 9 8 8 7];
t = [2 3 6 5 2 4 1 9 8 5 7 4];
G = digraph(s,t);
plot(G)
Calculate all cycles in the graph.
cycles=5×1 cell array
{[    1 2 3 6 5 4]}
{[1 2 3 6 9 8 5 4]}
{[        2 3 6 5]}
The second output argument of allcycles returns the edges that are contained in each cycle. This is particularly useful for multigraphs, where the edge index is required to uniquely identify the edges in each cycle.
Create a directed multigraph with eight nodes and 18 edges. Specify names for the nodes. Plot the graph with labeled nodes and edges.
s = [1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 7 3 3 5 3];
t = [2 3 1 3 2 1 4 4 6 2 6 7 8 8 5 5 7 7];
names = {'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H'};
G = digraph(s,t,[],names);
p = plot(G,'EdgeLabel',1:numedges(G));
Calculate all cycles in the graph. Specify two output arguments to also return the edge indices for edges in each cycle.
[cycles,edgecycles] = allcycles(G);
View the nodes and edges in the fifth cycle.
cycles{5}
ans = 1x7 cell
{'A'}    {'C'}    {'E'}    {'G'}    {'H'}    {'F'}    {'B'}
edgecycles{5}
2     9    13    17    18    14     3
Highlight the nodes and edges in the fifth cycle.
highlight(p,'Edges',edgecycles{5},'EdgeColor','r','LineWidth',1.5,'NodeColor','r','MarkerSize',6)
Use the 'MaxNumCycles', 'MaxCycleLength', and 'MinCycleLength' options to limit the number of cycles returned by allcycles.
Create an adjacency matrix for a complete graph with 20 nodes. Create an undirected graph from the adjacency matrix, omitting self-loops.
A = ones(20);
G = graph(A,'omitselfloops');
Since all of the nodes in the graph are connected to all other nodes, there are a large number of cycles in the graph (more than 1.7e17). Therefore, it is not feasible to calculate all of the cycles since the results will not fit in memory. Instead, calculate the first 10 cycles.
cycles1 = allcycles(G,'MaxNumCycles',10)
cycles1=10×1 cell array
{[                     1 2 3]}
{[                   1 2 3 4]}
{[                 1 2 3 4 5]}
{[               1 2 3 4 5 6]}
{[             1 2 3 4 5 6 7]}
{[           1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]}
{[         1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]}
{[      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]}
{[   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11]}
{[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]}
Now calculate the first 10 cycles that have a cycle length less than or equal to 3.
cycles2 = allcycles(G,'MaxNumCycles',10,'MaxCycleLength',3)
{[ 1 2 3]}
{[1 2 10]}
Finally, calculate the first 10 cycles that have a cycle length greater than or equal to 4.
cycles3 = allcycles(G,'MaxNumCycles',10,'MinCycleLength',4)
{[                      1 2 3 4]}
{[                    1 2 3 4 5]}
{[                  1 2 3 4 5 6]}
{[                1 2 3 4 5 6 7]}
{[              1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]}
{[            1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]}
{[         1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10]}
{[      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11]}
{[   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12]}
{[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13]}
Examine how the outputs of the cyclebasis and allcycles functions scale with the number of edges in a graph.
Create and plot a square grid graph with three nodes on each side of the square.
A = delsq(numgrid('S',n));
Compute all cycles in the graph using allcycles. Use the tiledlayout function to construct an array of subplots and highlight each cycle in a subplot. The results indicate there are a total of 13 cycles in the graph.
tiledlayout flow
for k = 1:length(cycles)
nexttile
highlight(plot(G),cycles{k},'Edges',edgecycles{k},'EdgeColor','r','NodeColor','r')
title("Cycle " + k)
Some of these cycles can be seen as combinations of smaller cycles. The cyclebasis function returns a subset of the cycles that form a basis for all other cycles in the graph. Use cyclebasis to compute the fundamental cycle basis and highlight each fundamental cycle in a subplot. Even though there are 13 cycles in the graph, there are only four fundamental cycles.
[cycles,edgecycles] = cyclebasis(G);
Now, increase the number of nodes on each side of the square graph from three to four. This represents a small increase in the size of the graph.
Use allcycles to compute all of the cycles in the new graph. For this graph there are over 200 cycles, which is too many to plot.
allcycles(G)
ans=213×1 cell array
{[                       1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5]}
{[                  1 2 3 4 8 7 6 10 9 5]}
{[1 2 3 4 8 7 6 10 11 12 16 15 14 13 9 5]}
{[      1 2 3 4 8 7 6 10 11 15 14 13 9 5]}
{[            1 2 3 4 8 7 6 10 14 13 9 5]}
{[                 1 2 3 4 8 7 11 10 6 5]}
{[           1 2 3 4 8 7 11 10 14 13 9 5]}
{[     1 2 3 4 8 7 11 12 16 15 14 10 6 5]}
{[1 2 3 4 8 7 11 12 16 15 14 13 9 10 6 5]}
{[      1 2 3 4 8 7 11 15 14 13 9 10 6 5]}
Despite the large number of cycles in the graph, cyclebasis still returns a small number of fundamental cycles. Each of the cycles in the graph can be constructed using only nine fundamental cycles.
The large increase in the number of cycles with only a small change in the size of the graph is typical for some graph structures. The number of cycles returned by allcycles can grow exponentially with the number of edges in the graph. However, the number of cycles returned by cyclebasis can, at most, grow linearly with the number of edges in the graph.
G — Input graph
graph object | digraph object
Input graph, specified as either a graph or digraph object. Use graph to create an undirected graph or digraph to create a directed graph.
Example: G = graph(1,2)
Example: G = digraph([1 2],[2 3])
Example: allcycles(G,'MaxNumCycles',100) returns only the first 100 cycles in the graph.
MaxNumCycles — Maximum number of cycles
nonnegative integer scalar
Maximum number of cycles, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'MaxNumCycles' and a nonnegative integer scalar. This option is useful when the number of cycles in a graph grows large enough to hit memory limits. You can specify MaxNumCycles to limit the number of cycles returned by allcycles so that the results fit within available memory.
Example: allcycles(G,'MaxNumCycles',100)
MaxCycleLength — Maximum cycle length
positive integer scalar
Maximum cycle length, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'MaxCycleLength' and a positive integer scalar. This option filters the results returned by allcycles so that no cycles with length larger than the specified limit are returned. The length of a cycle is measured by the number of edges in it, ignoring edge weights.
To find cycles with a range of lengths, specify both 'MaxCycleLength' and 'MinCycleLength'. To find cycles with an exact specified length, specify the same value for both 'MaxCycleLength' and 'MinCycleLength'.
Example: allcycles(G,'MaxCycleLength',4) returns cycles that have a length less than or equal to 4.
Example: allcycles(G,'MinCycleLength',3,'MaxCycleLength',5) returns cycles that have a length of 3, 4, or 5.
MinCycleLength — Minimum cycle length
Minimum cycle length, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'MinCycleLength' and a positive integer scalar. This option filters the results returned by allcycles so that no cycles with length smaller than the specified limit are returned. The length of a cycle is measured by the number of edges in it, ignoring edge weights.
Example: allcycles(G,'MinCycleLength',2) returns cycles that have a length greater than or equal to 2.
cycles — Graph cycles
cell array
Graph cycles, returned as a cell array. Each element cycles{k} contains the nodes that belong to one of the cycles in G. Each cycle begins with the node that has the smallest node index, and the cycles are returned in lexicographical order. Cycles in undirected graphs are returned only once, following a single direction. If G does not contain any cycles, then cycles is empty.
The data type of the cells in cycles depends on whether the input graph contains node names:
If graph G does not have node names, then each element cycles{k} is a numeric vector of node indices.
If graph G has node names, then each element cycles{k} is a cell array of character vector node names.
edgecycles — Edges in each cycle
Edges in each cycle, returned as a cell array. Each element edgecycles{k} contains the edge indices for edges in the corresponding cycle, cycles{k}. If G does not contain any cycles, then edgecycles is empty.
A cycle exists in a graph when there is a nonempty path in which only the first and last nodes are repeated. That is, aside from the first node being repeated at the end of the path to close the cycle, no other nodes are repeated. An example of a cycle is: (Node1 - Node2 - Node3 - Node1). By convention, allcycles does not return the last node in the cycle since it is the same as the first.
A cycle cannot traverse the same edge twice. For example, the cycle (Node1 - Node2 - Node1) in an undirected graph only exists if there is more than one edge connecting Node1 and Node2. By this definition, self-loops count as cycles, though they cannot be part of a larger cycle.
The number of cycles in a graph depends heavily on the structure of the graph. For some graph structures, the number of cycles can grow exponentially with the number of nodes. For example, a complete graph with 12 nodes given by G = graph(ones(12)) contains nearly 60 million cycles. Use the MaxNumCycles, MaxCycleLength, and MinCycleLength options to control the output of allcycles in these cases.
hascycles | cyclebasis | allpaths
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A major donation by a local charity and a specialist cancer equipment provider will help improve the chances of North Mid patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment retaining their hair.
Dr Peter Carter OBE is to join North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust as interim chair, taking up his post on Wednesday 20 February 2019.
Measles is on the rise, with outbreaks in north London and UK cases up by more than 250% in 2018.
It's taken a whole team from the bedside to the building site to redevelop our A&E in less than three months. A huge Thankyou to everyone involved.
Norovirus and similar bugs are on the rise. Make sure you know what to do, and how to look after yourself and others.
Staff at North Middlesex University Hospital were delighted to receive crates full of Christmas presents for its junior and elderly patients earlier this week (Monday 17 December) as they welcomed a group of six local Tesco supermarket managers into the hospital for a quick delivery before the festive holidays.


Students use creative tools in the Seesaw app or website to complete classroom activities like "Black History Month-…"
1. Tap the add button. 2. Tap the check to add to your journal. :draw: 3. Use the draw tool to design your own sneaker. 3. Tap the mic to tell about your new sneaker design and name it after yourself. 4. Listen to your recording. 5. Tap the check to save it to your journal.


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Celebrity Pregnancy
Jessica Simpson reveals baby bump during restaurant outing
Singer Jessica Simpson flashed her megawatt smile to the paparazzi on Feb. 18 in Studio City, Calif. The Texas-born star, who carried her nearly 10-month-old daughter, Maxwell, also managed to cleverly reveal her growing baby bump!
Simpson, who was a spokeswoman for Weight Watchers, made headlines when she announced recently that she and her fiance, Eric Johnson, are awaiting the arrival of their second bundle of joy.
"I think they were as shocked as I was," Simpson said during a recent appearance on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" about the reaction that Weight Watchers had upon learning that she is pregnant again. "But they were really supportive."
While the pair have yet to reveal the baby's gender – or the date of their upcoming nuptials – they've looked positively radiant together.
For her outing to Don Cuco Mexican Restaurant with Johnson and baby Maxwell, Simpson donned dark clothes and an olive jacket that helped convey the star's laid-back, casual energy.
Little Maxwell was dressed to the nines too, in a brown coat, boots and darling polka-dotted leggings! With mom and big sis as a guide, Simpson's growing baby is sure to be a "Fashion Star" in his or her own right!
Be sure to sign up for our weekly celebrity pregnancy newsletter so you don't miss a single bump!
Tags: Celebrity Pregnancy
Top 10 tips for single moms
Five natural pregnancy tips for dealing with aches and pains

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It is a skin rejuvenation treatment that removes dead skin and vellus facial hair (peach fuzz). It involves gentle mechanical exfoliation of the uppermost portions of skin to remove dull and dry layers. It could be done in conjunction with a facial or as a standalone treatment. Your skin care products (especially if you are using medical grade skin care) will now work wonders! The overall results are: glowing, radiant, smooth and make up ready skin!
Discontinue any manual or physical exfoliation 3-5 days prior. To ensure the skin is not damaged by over-exfoliation, discontinue use of any products containing ingredients that slough off skin cells. (This includes, but is not limited to AHAs, BHAs, enzymes, micro-beads, and retinoids.) Discontinue use of Retinol for 7-14 days prior to treatment depending on skin condition. If you have just begun using the product and are experiencing flaking, peeling, redness, dryness, or irritation, discontinue for 14 days prior to receiving this service. Avoid sun exposure for 5-7 days prior to the service. Do not schedule Botox or facial filler prior to dermaplaning.
Dermaplaning should not be performed on clients who are undergoing cancer treatments, experiencing active acne outbreaks, have uncontrolled diabetes, using Retin A or Accutane, have an active cold sore, have had laser treatments within the last two weeks, have a sun burn, those who have a blood disorder or are taking blood thinners.


text:
ABOUT US ALSO
Free Shipping on all orders over $50 within U.S.
Welcome to the Groove
where music is for everyone
On the heels of Eric Bibb's Grammy nominated "Migration Blues" comes his most ambitious project to date, the 2-disc set "Global Griot." It is easy to point to Eric's accomplishments. A five-decade career recording with folk and blues royalty. Two Grammy nominations and multiple Blues Foundation awards. A following that not only crosses borders, it crosses continents. His father, the late Leon Bibb, was an activist, actor, and folk singer who marched at Selma with Dr. Martin Luther King. Eric's youth was spent immersed in the Village folk scene. Names like Dylan, Baez, and Seeger were visitors to his home. He was deeply influenced by Odetta, Richie Havens, and Taj Mahal. And he has synthesized all of that into his inimitable style. Troubadour is the word that best describes him. He slides neatly between genres as he builds bridges with musicians from the UK and Europe, pickers from North America, and kora players from West Africa. "GRIOT - (in West Africa) a member of a caste responsible for maintaining a oral record of tribal history in the form of music, poetry and storytelling." "It's an honor and a great pleasure to introduce you to my fellow Global Griots with this gathering of the tribes." – Eric Bibb
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7. Black, Brown & White
8. Listen for the Spirit
9. Hoist up the Banner
10. Mami Wata / Sebastian's Tune (feat. Habib Koité)
11. Send Me Your Jesus
12. A Room For You
13. Remember Family
1. Race & Equality
2. Grateful
3. All Because
4. Spirit Day (feat. Solo Cissokho)
5. Let God
6. Last Night I had the Strangest Dream
7. Picture a New World
8. New Friends (feat. Linda Tillery)
9. Mole in the Ground
10. Michael, Row da Boat Ashore
11. Needed Time
12. Photo On The Wall
Copyright © The Groove Nashville


text:
Lucas Ngonda is an Angolan politician.

Ngonda has led one of two factions on the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) since the division emerged in February 1999. He previously served as the FNLA spokesman.

References

Angolan military personnel
People of the Angolan Civil War
Living people
National Liberation Front of Angola politicians
20th-century Angolan people
21st-century Angolan people
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The faculty studies located on Trexler Library's C Level are intended to support professional study and writing. Activities such as consulting, advising, and routine classroom preparations are not considered appropriate use of faculty studies.
Each study is approximately 80 square feet (8' x 10') and has a telephone for local calls only. The desk unit includes a reference shelf, three drawers, and a task light. Other furnishings include an adjustable armchair on casters and a Muhlenberg armchair. Faculty may also place a request for a computer through OIT.
Faculty may request a study for a single semester, summer session, a full academic year, or for an entire calendar year.
Note: Any additional faculty studies which are not assigned during a given period may also be available for use on a short-term basis. Inquiries concerning availability of short-term use should be requested through the Library Director.
Applicant must be engaged in, or beginning, a project involving scholarly research and/or writing extending beyond a few weeks.
Faculty are discouraged from applying for the sole purpose of needing office space.
Trexler Library materials in faculty studies must be checked out to the faculty member at the circulation desk.
With the exception of library, OIT and Plant Operations staff, no other persons will be allowed access to the faculty studies except in the company of study holder or appropriate library staff member.
Applications are accepted on a rolling basis. Near the end of each semester, the Library Director will send an announcement requesting that interested faculty submit their applications. The Library Committee will then review and approve the applications, and those approved will be assigned a faculty study by the Library Administrative Assistant.
Should the number of eligible applicants exceed the number of studies, the Library Committee may request that faculty share a study.


The data shows that Texas ranks third nationally — with about 36,840 cases awaiting a resolution — rising from its fourth-place standing two years ago. The state trails California and New York, whose courts have 77,200 and 47,200 cases pending, respectively.
In Texas, about 32,840 immigrants are being detained solely on immigration-related charges, and about 3,470 — or 9.4 percent of those with pending cases — have some other criminal violation or have been deemed a threat to national security, according to the data.
As far as I'm concerned it is a waste of taxpayer money sorting out the criminals vs. criminals. They should not be eligible to clog up our courts. If they're here illegally, ship them home and deduct all costs from the foreign aid we continue to foolishly dole out.
Philidelphia eagles had a problem with rowdy fans. They installed magistrates in the stadium. Texas has several huge stadiums. Lets install magistrates to hear these cases in mass. Henery Ford would be proud of the reapplication of his assembly line. Justice would be served.
If they are in jail and not a citizen then send them back to their home country to that jail.
It's obvious that this huge back log of of cases is part of the "Obama stealth amnesty" plan. Jam up the whole system until after the next election. Typical Obama plan.
Yes, states were told "hands off" and that only ICE can do it. Yet ICE doesn't show up.
This is an agenda for sure.
Can't change the current law so use it to your advantage to get the changes you want through anyway.


Find information about music online without registration Atlantean Love Machine all albums in mp3 you can not download a single file or separately.
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Current Page:Home > Mac Total Video Converter > How to convert video to audio on Mac?
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The last is just to click the "Convert" button then waiting for a few minutes. The destination folder will be opened automatically after the conversion is finished.


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text:
Sluggish Productivity Growth since Late 2005
I'm puzzled by McGrattan and Prescott, "Taxes, Regulation, and Asset Pricing"
Competition for American Producers from High-Cost First-World Labor
Toyota Rising:
Toyota Could Become World's No. 1 Car Maker in 2007 - WSJ.com: By YOSHIO TAKAHASHI and ANDREW MORSE December 22, 2006 12:12 p.m. NAGOYA, Japan -- Toyota Motor Corp. said Friday it aims to produce 9.42 million vehicles next year, a level that will likely vault it past struggling U.S. auto giant General Motors Corp. as the world's top car maker.
Toyota's new production targets represent a 4% increase from the 9.04 million vehicles the Nagoya-based company expects to produce in 2006. Indicative of Toyota's increasing reliance on foreign markets: Overseas production will jump 8% to 4.27 million vehicles, while domestic production will rise just 1% to 5.15 million vehicles.
GM, which hasn't released a forecast for next year's production, expects to build 9.18 million vehicles in 2006, up from the 9.11 million vehicles it produced in 2005.
Though widely expected, Toyota's official production plans highlight the diverging fortunes of the world's two truly global car companies. Toyota has ramped up production in North America, Asia and other parts of the world to take advantage of surging demand for its fuel-efficient passenger cars, such as the Camry and the hybrid Prius. It plans to open new plants in China, Thailand and Russia to meet demand for its cars.
Meanwhile, GM is in the midst of a painful restructuring after racking up a $10 billion loss last year. The Detroit-based company has already posted $3 billion in losses this year as sales of big sport-utility vehicles and trucks falter amid persistently high oil prices. The company plans to shutter more factories as part of its restructuring.
December 23, 2006 at 19:09 in #economicgrowth, #economics | Permalink | Comments (15)


text:
BrandingCampaignsPR
16/09/2014 Tue 13:18 in Hong Kong by Apple Lam
Grand Hyatt campaign adds a dash of internal communications
Grand Hyatt Hong Kong combines internal and external communications in a campaign for the first time.
In the #WeCare component of its 25th anniversary campaign this year, front-line staff encouraged guests to share which hotel staff member has made an impression on them with spectacular service.
Platforms for posting such comments are TripAdvisor and the hotel's internal guest satisfaction feedback system Hysat.
A shortlist of nominees will be posted on Facebook and fans of the hotel's Facebook page can vote for their favourite staff member in late October. The winning staff member will be awarded three extra annual leave days.
In another part of the campaign, photographs of 34 staff members, who have worked at the hotel for the full 25 years of its existence, at work will be shown on the TV screen in the staff cafeteria.
In-depth stories of six members of staff will be shared on Facebook for content marketing purposes.
Communications materials have been adapted to fit the 25th anniversary theme, such as anniversary pins given to staff members to recognize their 25 years of service and plastering stickers bearing the number 25 on its iconic London taxis, serving as a form of out-of-home advertising.
The front of the Grand Hyatt London Taxi.
Its sides are also plastered with the 25th anniversary stickers.
Extra branding at the back of the car.
"Our work is guest-facing and our staff members are our greatest assets," Gladis Young, director of marketing and communications, said.
Juggling the potential crises that could occur with customers commenting directly on Facebook posts that feature individual members of staff, while managing the expectations of staff members is no easy feat.
"We don't forsee a lot of challenges with crisis management on social media but if we receive negative comments, we will look into the case and apologise or clarify where appropriate," Young said.
Another potential challenge is timing.
Young said, "There is a need to help associates understand what the campaign is about and to motivate them to continue working hard during the campaign period."
"Because the campaign asks guests to name a specific staff member that has made a difference to their stay, if staff members don't make an impression on guests, the campaign won't work."
It also takes some interpersonal skills on the part of the communications team to convince staff members to agree to be photographed and featured on public channels such as the staff cafeteria TV screen and social media.
"Some staff members are really shy. That's why we tell them our entire concept and how it's not just about snapping photographs of them but rather a celebration of what they've contributed to make the hotel what it is today," Young said.
SCMP Group reimagines Destination Macau & DM Exclusive
SCMP announces its move into the content marketing space
08/25/2017 Fri 10:59 AM in Hong Kong by Inti Tam
CNN APAC names creative lead for its in-house brand studio
Based in Hong Kong, Karen Vera has joined CNN International Commercial's in-house brand studio Create from Yahoo Asia Pacific...
09/06/2019 Fri 18:42 PM in Singapore by Janice Tan
4 things you should know about Taobao's first store in SEA [VIDEO]
An integrated sales campaign combining online and offline promotions will also be held at the store, beginning with the upcoming 9..
01/06/2016 Wed 11:42 AM in Singapore by Noreen Ismail
StarHub launches media review
The incumbent on the account is Mindshare Singapore. ..
07/30/2015 Thu 12:22 PM in Singapore by Noreen Ismail
The Independents: Formul8 by Fiona Bartholomeusz
"The amount of flakes we have in advertising, I could start my own Kellogg's factory…"..
12/14/2018 Fri 09:44 AM in Hong Kong by Rezwana Manjur
Happy holidays: Thank you for an amazing 2018, and see you in 2019!
We will be back online on 2 January, so in the meantime we wish you an amazing holiday, filled with great food, drinks, friends an..


This is the 4th video from the series of videos that will teach you how to sell photos online. In this video I talk about things you have to keep in mind while creating stock photography for sale. If you follow the rules I mentioned here, you will have a high acceptance rate at stock photo agencies, which potentially gives you a better placement in the search. If you ever wanted to know how to sell photos online and earn money, this is the right channel for you. Selling pictures online is not complicated, and it's very rewarding.


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Q: simple php code not working with ternary operator I'm quite a beginner when it comes to the ternary operators, never worked with them before.
Code (it was simplified)
$output2 = '

        test text1

            '.(1 == 1) ? "yes" : "no" .'
            test text 2

';
echo $output2;

So the problem is, this code only outputs "yes" (only the correct or false if statement)
I tried with "" same problem, tried with different conditions, tried just outputing it, without variables. But the problem remains.
Thank you.
Sebastjan

A: Surround your ternary if with brackets, i.e.
$output2 = '

        test text1

            '.((1 == 1) ? "yes" : "no") .'
            test text 2

';
echo $output2;

A: In php ternary operator behaves strangely, in your case:
(1 == 1) ? "yes" : "no" .'test text 2...'

yes is considered the first result, and "no" . test text 2... is the second result. To avoid such behaviour always use brackets
((1 == 1) ? "yes" : "no") .'test text 2...' // works correctly

A: Alexander's answer is correct, but I would go a little further and actually remove the ternary from the string.
$ternary = ($something == $somethingElse) ? "yes" : "no";

// Double brackets allows you to echo variables
//  without breaking the string up.
$output = "
$ternary
";

echo $output;

Doing it this way proves to be much easier to maintain, and reuse.

Here are a few uses for ternary operators. They're very powerful if you use them properly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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MJ Fox Foundation Gives Therapeutic Pipeline Award to Progenra, Supporting Work on New Therapies
December 21, 2018 /0 Comments/in News /by AMPadmin
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has granted a 2018 Therapeutic Pipeline Award to Progenra to support the company's development of small molecule treatment candidates for Parkinson's disease.
"Progenra is pleased to have been selected by The Michael J. Fox Foundation to contribute to bringing Parkinson's and other major neurodegenerative diseases under control by introducing new therapeutic agents," Tauseef Butt, Progenra's president and CEO, said in a press release.
The company's goal is to find new medicines that target enzymes in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The UPS has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, based on the observation of protein deposits tagged with ubiquitin — a marker for degradation in cellular structures called proteasomes — in affected neurons.
Research has shown that impaired UPS function, due to the accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins, delays the degradation of substrates important in cellular processes such as signaling and apoptosis — which refers to "programmed" cell death, rather than death caused by injury — ultimately leading to neurodegeneration.
"We believe that augmenting the activity of a native enzyme known to be beneficial in combating neurodegeneration will provide both mechanistic information and the potential for breakthrough treatment," Butt stated. "We look forward to working with the many excellent researchers in the foundation's consortium."
MJFF's Therapeutic Pipeline Program grants awards to projects of clinical utility for patients and to proposals believed to have the potential to alter disease course and/or significantly improve treatment over the current standards of care.
Both industry and academic investigators may apply by proposing new strategies or clinically safe therapies used in other diseases. The program covers development from preclinical studies to clinical trials, which includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches such as gene therapy, biological, surgical, and non-invasive methods.
In addition, MJFF's Target Advancement Program aims to overcome the need for well-validated targets in the disease process. It seeks to foster critical target validation studies that may ultimately speed up subsequent therapy development. The program also supports continuing work on established targets — those already showing links to the disease in patients.
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The Pac-Man Cometh: Parkinson's Disease Gobbles Up Time
I used to be able to put long hours into just about anything I tackled: research, teaching, helping others, painting, writing, and gardening. But PD gobbles up time, just like the video game character Pac-Man gobbles up dots while chasing ghosts. Although I'm retired, I have less free time to accomplish personal goals, because every day, the PD Pac-Man cometh.
Following is a list of ways the PD Pac-Man gobbles up my time:
Bad days and "off periods" requiring a commitment of time to manage.
Medical appointments and traveling to them take time.
Pain and deep fatigue require more rest to help manage them.
Any illness (such as the flu) becomes more intense and takes more time to recover.
Heightened emotions along with stress of any kind (good or bad) require more time to manage.
The overall rehabilitation plan to address all the issues associated with PD (which I have mentioned in past columns) requires quite a bit of time.
Many evenings, as I get to the end of the day, it feels as if nothing was accomplished. It is a plaguing voice and annoying not just to me. My partner has heard it so many times that the response is now: "I'm going to have that on your tombstone: 'Here lies Dr. C. He died wishing he got more done in his life.'"
Tons of magazine articles and books discuss time management. But PD has its own special problems that need to be considered when seeking to apply time management strategies. Think of time as money: You only have so much that you can spend each month. You can't get back what the Pac Man gobbles up. You can decrease what the Pac-Man consumes by implementing a personally tailored rehabilitation plan. After that, it is important to cherish the time that is available and to allocate it in a meaningful and constructive way.
Misdirected attention is the Ms. Pac-Man of PD. It consumes time in two ways: First, by getting us to be off-task, and second, due to the set-shifting problems connected to scenario looping, we can end up staying off-task. It may even feel quite difficult to get back on-task (see my previous column on apathy reconsidered).
After physical exercise and good medical care, mental attentiveness is the third most important treatment focal point for early PD folks. Like physical exercise, mental attentiveness needs to be practiced daily. This is one of the reasons I recommend virtual reality game-playing.
Capitalize on using the good days, and the good hours in a day, when they occur. Without being fierce about it, jump into those good days and focus on accomplishing tasks that have rich meaning and purpose. At times during the illness, the mind is more lucid. Use those times wisely with directed attention. Be patient and allow those times to arrive.
Be flexible on the mild days. Get done what you can and then be willing to rest. On the bad days (and especially the ugly days), be willing to let it go. As boring as it seems, rest is needed to limit the extent of the bad days.
With these suggestions in place, make a schedule. Make broad goals and then weekly goals. Use those good times during the week to apply yourself with mental attentiveness to those goals. This is a little bit different than saying, "On Monday, I will do this and on Tuesday, that." Instead, make a flexible schedule that says, "I would like to get this done by the end of the week." Then, when the good and lucid times arrive, you can apply yourself to getting that weekly goal done. I write these columns that way.
Finally, keeping track of appointments on a calendar (paper, computer, and cellphone) is important. It helps to know when you will be able to apply those good days to your weekly goal.
How does the PD Pac-Man affect your life? What do you do to keep the PD Pac-Man from gobbling up too much of your free time? Share in the comments below.
Note: Parkinson's News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The opinions expressed in this column are not those of Parkinson's News Today or its parent company, BioNews Services, and are intended to spark discussion about issues pertaining to Parkinson's disease.
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Neurofeedback System Lets Patients Control Brainwaves Linked to Movement, Researchers Say
Parkinson's disease patients voluntarily controlled brainwaves associated with motor symptoms using a neurofeedback system, according to new research.
These findings have implications for how to best harness brain activity and deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease symptoms.
The study, "Real-time neurofeedback to modulate β-band power in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease patients," was published in eNeuro.
Many studies have reported a relationship between the beta-band power — a brainwave with a frequency between 12 and 30Hz — in the subthalamic nucleus and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. The subthalamic nucleus is a brain region thought to implement the so-called "hyperdirect pathway" of motor control critical to suppressing erroneous movement.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by abnormal neuronal oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus. Consequently, abnormal oscillations of beta-band power are commonly observed and correlate with disease symptoms.
The use of dopaminergic (L-dopa) medications has been shown to decrease beta-band oscillations while relieving Parkinson's disease symptoms, such as bradykinesia — impaired ability to move one's body.
Similarly, researchers have been able to suppress beta-band oscillation in the subthalamic nucleus using deep brain stimulation (DBS) — a neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a device that electrically activates specific clusters of neurons in the brain to treat movement disorders.
However, the best way to use deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease symptoms remains unclear.
There are two main types of deep brain stimulation currently being examined for therapeutic use: continuous DBS and adaptive DBS. Continuous deep brain stimulation applies the same electrical stimulation continuously without any external control, the way a pacemaker controls a constant heartbeat; adaptive deep brain stimulation changes the amount of electrical stimulation with the fluctuating beta-band oscillations.
Recent studies have demonstrated that adaptive deep brain stimulation using beta-band oscillation reduced Parkinson's disease symptoms more effectively than continuous DBS. These improvements correlated with attenuation of beta-band oscillations. As such, "beta-band oscillation in the [subthalamic nucleus] may be a therapeutic target for clinical interventions such as rehabilitation," researchers stated.
However, it was unclear whether Parkinson's patients could voluntarily moderate beta-band oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus, which could change the way deep brain stimulation is implemented to improve Parkinson's rehabilitation.
For these reasons, researchers at Osaka University in Japan wanted to test the relationship between brain activity and disease symptoms in Parkinson's patients. They examined whether Parkinson's patients could voluntarily or involuntarily influence control over adaptive deep brain stimulation- generated impulses using a neurofeedback system — sensors that monitor how fast or slow one's brainwaves are firing and subconsciously teaches the brain to fire at optimal speeds.
To do so, the researchers studied brain activity from deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus in eight patients who were connected to a neurofeedback system.
The researchers examined subthalamic nucleus activity before and after a 10-minute test. Patients were shown a circle whose diameter was controlled by their own beta-band power through the neurofeedback system. The patients were instructed to make the radius of a black circle on a computer screen smaller by using their thoughts and without moving their bodies. If the size of the circle changed throughout the test, it would mean that the patients were voluntarily influencing their beta-band power.
Four patients were induced to decrease the beta-band power during the feedback training (down-training condition); the others were induced to increase (up-training condition).
For the four patients in the down-training group, beta-band power was significantly decreased after the training, whereas only two out of four patients in the up-training group showed a significant increase in the beta-band power. "The powers in other frequency bands … did not, however, change significantly before and after the neurofeedback training," researchers noted.
Overall, the patients could control the beta-band power in the subthalamic nucleus through neurofeedback. However, the researchers did not observe reductions in patients' motor symptoms.
These results show that feedback training successfully demonstrated that the beta-band power of the subthalamic nucleus could be modulated to increase or decrease based on patients' voluntary control.
The neurofeedback training may be an effective method for revealing the functional changes that accompany atypical beta-oscillations. Although this method did not relieve Parkinson's disease symptoms, the study paves the way for a new approach toward managing Parkinson's-related brain activity that could inform the development of new treatments.
"Here, we have developed a novel neurofeedback technique using intracranial electrodes implanted in deep brain structures to modulate subthalamic nucleus activity," researchers said. "This is the first report to demonstrate that human patients with Parkinson's disease were able to voluntarily control their [beta]-band power in subthalamic nucleus to induce changes in the power."
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Targeting Enzyme Has Potential as Parkinson's Therapy, Yumanity Announces
Blocking a key enzyme responsible for the production of a type of fat can become a potential therapeutic approach to treat Parkinson's disease, Yumanity Therapeutics recently announced.
The company revealed that inhibiting an enzyme called stearoyl-CoA desaturase can protect human neurons from alpha-synuclein-derived toxicity and improve their survival.
Based on these promising results, the company plans to initiate the first-in-human clinical trial of its most advanced experimental therapy, YTX-7739, in the fourth quarter of 2019.
The findings were reported in the study, "Inhibiting Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Ameliorates α-Synuclein Cytotoxicity" published in the journal Cell Reports.
Previous research had found that certain fat molecules, called unsaturated fatty acids, are important mediators of the neurotoxicity caused by the protein alpha-synuclein — a key constituent of Lewy bodies, protein clumps that are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
Importantly, in cell and animal models of the disease, inhibiting the enzyme stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), key for the production of unsaturated fatty acids (specifically palmitoleic and oleic), could protect against the formation of alpha-synuclein aggregates and its related toxicity.
Using Yumanity's drug discovery platform, researchers screened for compounds that could protect against alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity. They found a series of small molecules — including YTX-7739 — that was able to rescue yeast cells from the cellular defects and growth impairments caused by alpha-synuclein. YTX-7739 worked by blocking SCD, further supporting the enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's.
SCD is the first potential target identified by Yumanity's discovery engine, a group of screening platforms based on yeast and human neurons aimed at finding new and druggable targets for difficult-to-treat, protein misfolding-related neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The team confirmed its hypothesis in a laboratory model of human neurons derived from pluripotent stem cell (iPCS). iPSCs are derived from either skin or blood cells that have been reprogrammed back into a stem cell-like state, which allows for the development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes.
When these model neurons were treated with a commercially available inhibitor of SCD, the neurodegenerative effects of alpha-synuclein were reduced and the cells lived longer. As expected, this protective effect was linked to a decrease in the levels of unsaturated fats inside neurons.
Even though it seems like a promising therapeutic approach to explore, its "precise mechanism of protection is not entirely defined" researchers wrote.
Fatty acids, and oleic acid in specific, are crucial components of cell membranes — both the plasma membrane, which separates the interior of cells from the outside environment, and membranes that enclose crucial structures within the cell.
Based on this knowledge and the study's results, researchers propose three possible mechanisms for the protective effects of blocking SCD: a toxic increase in fatty acid desaturation is directly reversed by SCD inhibition; reduced fatty acid desaturation (a consequence of blocking SCD) reverses the toxic effects of alpha-synuclein on membrane properties or transport processes within the cell (cellular trafficking); or the reduced fatty acid desaturation enhances a direct toxic interaction of alpha-synuclein with cell membranes.
"The lack of effective new disease-modifying treatments for these disorders stems largely from a scarcity of novel drug targets, and a poor understanding of disease biology," Ken Rhodes, PhD, chief scientific officer of Yumanity Therapeutics and senior author of the study, said in a press release.
"These new findings are important because they pinpoint a novel mechanism underlying alpha-synuclein toxicity and offer a potential new therapeutic approach to treating Parkinson's disease through the inhibition of SCD activity," he said.
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Encephalitis Symptoms Masked as Worsening Parkinson's Disease, Case Report Shows
Parkinson's disease can sometimes mask the symptoms of other neurological disorders, according to a case report.
The report, titled "NMDAR encephalitis presenting as akinesia in a patient with Parkinson disease," documents the case of a 71-year-old woman who was eventually diagnosed with encephalitis, the symptoms of which were first thought to be caused by a worsening of her Parkinson's.
It was published in the Journal of Neuroimmunology.
The patient, who had a two-year history of Parkinson's, had initially experienced some difficulty moving her left arm, a condition called bradykinesia, but was generally responding well to levodopa, a mainstay of Parkinson's treatment.
Then, at the end of 2017, her symptoms started to worsen. Her bradykinesia increased to the point that she was unable to move her arm at all, defined as akinesia. In April 2018, she was admitted to a hospital due to difficulty moving and swallowing.
She stopped responding to levodopa treatment, and her condition continued to decline. She eventually became unresponsive; the authors described her state as being nearly catatonic.
Because the disease was continuing to progress and wasn't responding to treatment, the doctors decided to examine her cerebrospinal fluid, the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
After taking a sample of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid and running a series of tests, they found antibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). These antibodies are a hallmark of encephalitis, which occurs when there is inflammation in the brain — essentially, the body's immune system attacks cells in or near the nervous system, which is not conducive to proper neurological function.
Typically, encephalitis presents as a severe disease with rapidly worsening symptoms. In this particular case, this was still true — but because the patient had Parkinson's, which shares some similar symptoms, she was believed to be experiencing worsening Parkinson's, and not an altogether separate disease.
"Our case should alert neurologists that NMDAR-E [encephalitis associated with antibodies against NMDAR] onset in PD [Parkinson's] patients could manifest mainly as worsening of PD," the researchers wrote.
After the correct diagnosis was made, appropriate treatment was swiftly given, and the patient responded well. She gradually regained her function and had completely recovered within three months, her symptoms returning to just bradykinesia of her left arm.
As is often the case in acute encephalitis, the patient has no memory of what occurred during the worst parts of the disease.
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Nicotine May Protect the Brain from Toxic Trace Metals Linked to Parkinson's, Cell Study Finds
Nicotine may protect the brain from manganese and iron metal trace elements thought to be involved in the onset of Parkinson's disease, a study based on a disease cell model reported.
The study, "Nicotine protects against manganese and iron-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells: Implication for Parkinson's disease," was published in Neurochemistry International.
Parkinson's is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra — a region of the brain responsible for movement control — leading to motor and cognitive impairments.
Although the exact causes of Parkinson's are not yet fully understood, scientists believe the accumulation of metal trace elements, such as manganese and iron, could play a role in its onset. At low concentrations, these elements are crucial for cell growth and physiological functions; indeed, they are important for all growth and healthy workings of the body. But at high levels, they become toxic, and have been associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's.
Nicotine, a potent stimulant originally found in plants that activates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the brain, has been shown to protect dopaminergic neurons from damage caused by different types of toxins. However, no study had addressed possible neuroprotective effects of nicotine against specific metal trace elements.
The new study from Howard University College of Medicine examined the effects of nicotine on toxic manganese and iron elements in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y), a standard in vitro model to study Parkinson's disease cells, due to their dopaminergic activity.
When researchers exposed SH-SY5Y cells to high concentrations of manganese or iron for a day, toxicity levels increased by 30% and 35%, respectively. Pretreatment with nicotine was seen to completely prevent these toxic effects.
As expected, nicotine's neuroprotective properties against toxic trace elements were lost when researchers used different types of nicotinic receptor antagonists (molecules that block the activity of nAChRs). This was true for "dihydro-beta erythroidine (DHBE), a selective alpha4-beta2 subtype antagonist and methyllycaconitine (MLA), a selective alpha7 antagonist," the study noted.
"In summary, the results of this study provide evidence for neuroprotective effects of nicotine against toxicity induced by Mn [manganese] or Fe [iron] in a cellular model of PD [Parkinson's disease]," the researchers wrote.
"Moreover, both high and low affinity nicotinic receptors (i.e., alpha4-beta2 and alpha7 subtypes) appear to mediate the effects of nicotine. Thus, utility of nicotine or nicotinic agonists in trace element-induced Parkinson-like syndrome may be suggested," they concluded.
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Dietary Supplements May Help Control Metabolism, Brain Inflammation in Parkinson's, Study Finds
Supplements of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E may help control genes involved in brain inflammation and body metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease, a study has found.
The study, "The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial," was published in Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain responsible for movement control, leading to a lack of body balance, coordination, depression, and cognitive impairment.
It is well-known that inflammatory cytokines — molecules that mediate immune responses — such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), are also involved in disease progression.
A team of Iranian researchers had previously shown that Parkinson's patients taking supplements of omega-3 fatty acids together with vitamin E for a period of 12 weeks "had benefit effects on Unified Parkinson's disease rating stage [which assesses both motor and non-motor symptoms], insulin metabolism … and total antioxidant capacity."
Omega-3 fatty acids are fatty substances the body is incapable of producing that are crucial for many functions, including muscle activity and cell growth. For this reason, they must be obtained from certain foods, such as fatty fish and seeds.
Vitamin E is an antioxidant — a substance that protects cells from damage caused by high levels of oxidant molecules — that is essential for blood, brain and skin health.
The same team has now investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplements on the expression of genes involved in inflammation and body metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease. Gene expression is the process by which information in a gene is synthesized to create a working product, like a protein.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (IRCT2017061234497N1) assessed the effect of dietary supplements in 40 patients for a period of 12 weeks.
Study participants were randomly divided into two groups: one taking 1,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil together with 400 IU of vitamin E supplements daily; and another taking a placebo. The expression of genes involved in inflammation and body metabolism was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from patients.
After 12 weeks, PBMCs from patients taking daily dietary supplements had lower activity of TNF-alpha, but not of other genes involved in inflammation, such as IL-1 and interleukin-8 (IL-8), compared with those on a placebo.
"Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation due to their beneficial effects on inflammatory markers may be useful to control neurological symptoms in a population with PD [Parkinson's disease]," the researchers wrote.
In addition, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E supplements enhanced the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a gene involved in lipid (fatty molecules) and insulin (a hormone that helps control blood sugar levels) metabolism.
Conversely, treatment reduced the activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), a gene involved in controlling the amount of cholesterol in the blood, compared with the placebo group.
"Increased gene expression of PPAR-γ[gamma] improves insulin sensitivity [and] can have additional effects upon cellular physiology, including anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory," the investigators wrote.
"To our knowledge, this study is the first [to] report [beneficial] effects of omega-3 and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression related to inflammation, insulin and lipid in populations with PD," they concluded.
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My DaTscan Results Made My PD Diagnosis 'Real'
When I was first diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) in 2015, I asked the neurologist if there was a definitive test to confirm a PD diagnosis. I mentioned a DaTscan, but he said the test is not entirely conclusive. He also indicated that DaTscan results likely would not change his prescribed course of treatment for me.
His view was that the best way to confirm a PD diagnosis is to give a patient the medication levodopa to see if PD symptoms disappeared. Other neurologists I consulted for second opinions concurred with his assessment.
What is a DaTscan?
DaTscan is a medication that is injected into the bloodstream to assess dopamine-containing neurons that are involved in controlling movement. The contrast agent ioflupane (123I) is distributed around the body in the bloodstream and accumulates in the area of the brain called the striatum, where it attaches to the structures that transport dopamine. The patient then has a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan.
The DaTscan test was designed to differentiate parkinsonian syndromes from essential tremor. PD is the most common form of parkinsonian syndromes, but there are other forms, including multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy.
My DaTscan
A comparison between a normal and an abnormal DaTscan can be viewed here. A normal DaTscan will show two distinct comma-like or crescent shapes. An abnormal DaTscan will have two period-like or oval shapes, or a combination of period and comma shapes, indicating a reduced uptake of DaTscan in certain areas of the brain. Parts of the image that are "lit up," indicate more surviving brain cells. Dark areas could mean either PD or parkinsonism.
My DaTscan image showed that the right side of my brain is less "lit up" than the left side. The right hemisphere of the brain coordinates the left side of the body. The left side of my body is the one most affected by PD, so it makes sense that my right side brain is less "lit up."
Am I convinced that I have PD?
Three years after my diagnosis, I am still struggling to find relief from my symptoms and slow the progression of this disease. I exercise, eating a mostly vegan and gluten-free diet, take Sinemet (carbidopa-levodopa), and use the Neupro transdermal patch. I am working with my current neurologist to fine-tune my medication "cocktail."
I had wondered whether I did have PD since I've never had an "aha" moment in which I feel somewhat normal after taking medications. People tell me I look fine and they don't observe any external signs of the disease. However, my tremors are internal and I feel horrible and constantly fatigued.
I am subjecting my body to what I believe are toxic medications to treat a disease that I feel has been subjectively diagnosed. My symptoms have not been completely alleviated with my current exercise, diet, and prescription medication regimen. I wanted more concrete evidence that I have PD, so my neurologist prescribed a DaTscan. Much to my dismay, the results were abnormal and compatible with Parkinson's syndrome.
Seeing my brain image with areas not "lit up" where they should be, when contrasted with a normal DaTScan, made my diagnosis very real for me. I have a form of parkinsonian syndrome — most likely PD.
Would I still have gotten a DaTscan?
It was important for me to have confirmation other than my symptoms of abnormalities in my brain. I think this scan can be used as a baseline to follow my disease progression.
So, yes, I would have still gotten this test, although the $2,000 out-of-pocket cost upfront may have given me pause.
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New Art Initiative Aims to Improve Understanding and Discussion of Parkinson's Off Periods
A new initiative by Acorda Therapeutics uses art to help people with Parkinson's disease recognize and communicate about their off-period experiences.
The initiative, called Framing OFF Through Art, builds on Acorda's Live Well. Do Tell program, launched earlier this year.
Framing OFF Through Art includes artwork inspired by the experiences of patients with Parkinson's and their caregivers. The artists who created the pieces also have personal connections to the disease. Each artist partnered with two patients and their caregivers. The art aims to educate and encourage others with Parkinson's and their care partners to identify off-period symptoms and discuss them with their healthcare professionals.
"Art is a powerful way to engage a community, and in Framing OFF Through Art, our goal is to create an emotional connection that results in better dialogues about Parkinson's symptoms," Ron Cohen, MD, Acorda's president and CEO, said in a press release.
The artwork debuted on Oct. 23 at an event in New York, where the artists, patients, and their caregivers were guests. The first piece was created by Julie B., whose mom is living with the disease, and is available on the Live Well. Do Tell website. More art and personal stories will be revealed each month.
"I know that some of these symptoms are really difficult to put into words. A visual representation can really communicate what you are going through," Julie B. said in a video interview. "One of the big takeaways from this initiative is the idea of an open and honest conversation."
Off periods are a common complication in Parkinson's patients, characterized by the return of motor and non-motor symptoms — such as anxiety and sadness — when levodopa's effects wear off. The need to better understand off periods, as well as how to talk with others about them, had been originally highlighted in the Live Well. Do Tell statement of need.
This report was the first output of the campaign, and includes six actions for the Parkinson's community: tailor resources at diagnosis; broaden the Parkinson's community's ability to identify off periods; educate about motor fluctuations and how they do not necessarily mean disease progression; identify opportunities for caregivers to discuss their experiences with healthcare professionals; enhance the patient-clinician dialogue; and improve clinical practice via insights from movement disorder specialists and a new tool to measure off periods.
The report was based on insights from the campaign's steering committee meeting that included Parkinson's community leaders. Others may join the conversation by signing up for initiative updates and news.
"Off periods can be frustrating and challenging, as symptoms are varied and often difficult for patients to communicate effectively to their care providers," said Matthew Stern, MD, director emeritus of the Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center at Penn Medicine.
"By helping people with Parkinson's understand how to verbalize what they are experiencing, we, as their healthcare providers, can better understand their needs and help them achieve a better sense of well-being," added Stern, who is the chair of the Live Well. Do Tell steering committee.
The post New Art Initiative Aims to Improve Understanding and Discussion of Parkinson's Off Periods appeared first on Parkinson's News Today.
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Parkinson's Patients Show Reduced Workforce Participation Even Before Diagnosis, Study Finds
Parkinson's patients show less ability to participate in work life even in the early stages before they are diagnosed with the disease, a study shows.
In combination with biochemical and genetic biomarkers, this finding may help identify patients at risk of developing this progressive neurodegenerative disease before motor symptoms occur, the researchers suggest.
The study, "Reduced workforce participation 5 years prior to first Parkinson's disease sick-leave," was published in the journal NPJ Parkinson's Disease.
Non-motor symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, are recognized as part of the prodromal (early) phase of Parkinson's disease. These manifestations often arise approximately 10 to 20 years prior to the onset of motor symptoms.
At least 30 percent of people who have Parkinson's are of working age, according to the study.
"At the group level, persons who later will get diagnosed with PD [Parkinson's disease] have been reported to exhibit higher medical expenses and a lower employment rate up to 8 years prior to the diagnosis in comparison with controls," the researchers wrote.
However, it is not fully understood how early non-specific motor and non-motor symptoms can affect workforce participation during prodromal and early Parkinson's disease.
Researchers in this study aimed to investigate whether individuals eventually diagnosed with Parkinson's exhibit increased sickness absences one, two, and five years prior to a first sick-leave episode attributed to the disease.
They reviewed clinical records of all sick-leave absences that exceeded 14 days in Sweden between 2008 and 2014. They identified a total of 537 incident Parkinson's disease sick-leave cases and 537 sick-leave cases of other diagnoses, which were used as controls. Most Parkinson's sick-leave cases were men (63.7%), and the median age was 59 years.
A larger portion of the Parkinson's sick-leave cases, compared with sick-leave controls, were found to have had more than one sick-leave episode one, two, and five years prior to the first Parkinson's sick-leave.
"Persons who later were allowed sick-leave due to PD were more absent from work due to illness than matched sick-leave controls already 5 years prior to the incident PD sick-leave episode," the researchers wrote.
Those later diagnosed with Parkinson's had more sick-leave absences due to musculoskeletal problems up to five years prior to the first Parkinson's sick-leave episode. Total sickness absences were also increased among Parkinson's sick-leave cases five years prior to the first sick-leave episode due to the disease.
"It is possible that an increased occurrence of pain is a partial explanation of the increased sickness absence due to musculoskeletal diagnoses in the present study," the researchers noted. Increased pain, tremor, fatigue, dizziness, shoulder pain or stiffness, balance impairments, rigidity, and reduced blood pressure were factors that "either on their own or indirectly could result in sickness absence due to musculoskeletal diagnoses," they added.
The incidence of sick-leave absences due to mental and behavioral problems was similar between the two groups.
In general, Parkinson's sick-leave cases were less likely to be of patients working in occupations with lower education requirements compared with the control group. In addition, Parkinson's patients were 2.16 times more likely to be self-employed or unemployed than sick-leave cases with other diagnoses.
This pattern could be caused by the gradual increase of symptoms that prodromal and early Parkinson's patients may experience.
Based on these findings, the team believes that "the capacity to participate in working life is reduced already at the early prediagnostic stages of Parkinson's disease."
"This finding can be used as a basis for further research into the process of identifying individuals at risk for developing Parkinson's, particularly in combination with further investigation into biochemical, genetic, and imaging biomarkers," they concluded.
The post Parkinson's Patients Show Reduced Workforce Participation Even Before Diagnosis, Study Finds appeared first on Parkinson's News Today.
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Home > Perspective > Trump decides to drop hardline , Warmongers at FOX mortally insulted.
not enough to abandon their Choir Director, that would be silly. They simply shifted their tune, somewhat Orwellian in scope and method "and in other news, Oceania has ALWAYS been at war with Outer Canuckistan" and by golly I just had a flashback to "Bigger, Longer, Uncut" with the South Park Kids singing "Blame Canada!" It's a good thing I stopped getting high a decade + and thus, I was a little less Had My Brain For Breakfast.
But now the "enemy" are all the U.S. colonial occupied Western Europe and Canada. 800 U.S. Military bases around the world, but it's somehow not called Imperialism at least by the propaganda bureau, Ministry of FOX, can condition Americans to accept Empire as a 'good thing' . Stop sneering, the First President Roosevelt was a rabid Imperialist, New York is called the Empire State for a reason. The Brits too. The rest of the countries have offshore bases, 77 of them, mostly NATO.It's American arrogance.
Reagan scolded us for using the term Big Brother and swore he wasn't an Imperialist, even included it in the 1984 election. In short he and all his successors LIED.


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text:
"Break in any phalanx of the finger or thumb of the hand be it proximal, distal or middle are termed as phalangeal fractures. To simply put forth each finger of the hand is made of three phalanges and the thumb of two. When an injury from a direct blow or crush, any joint disease or injury while playing ball sports breaks and displaces the bones in the phalanges, they are referred to as phangeal fractures", eminently says DR. Gupta. "Swelling and intense pain with visible deformity are the signs which will enforce you to seek medical attention and imaging tests, radiographs and CT scan help in furthering the prognosis."
The patient should consult our medical team >> click here for appointment
With an experience of more than 25 years and 18000 surgeries Dr. Gupta has introduced and treated patients with many international painless techniques skillfully. The graph of his professional career shows an upward trend in fame and designations in AIIMS, The Medanta and at present as head of shoulder and hand division at Max Healthcare.
Speaking further about phalangeal fractures Dr. Gupta says, " Fractures that are mild in nature can be treated by just splints or buddy taping but severe fractures might also result in ligament tear and soft tissue injury causing mallet or jersey finger and are thus treated with surgical techniques which to an extent depend upon the severity of the injuries and associated damage thereof."
"Patients should not be wary of surgical outcomes though I would like to enforce here that any outcome of surgery is dependent on many factors such as the age of the patient, the force of the injury, the source by which the injury was sustained, how well has the patient complied to the treatment, the treatment technique adopted, length of immobilization and above all the expertise and skill of the surgeon who has undertaken the task", very calmly states Dr. Gupta.
Even after acquiring international knowledge from Germany and USA after MBBS and MS Ortho from AIIMS, Dr. Gupta asserts that, "conditions that affect the upper limbs do not vary from country to country rather each condition is unique in itself. It is just the treatment methodologies that make the difference."
FAQ – Phalangeal Fractures
What are Phalangeal Fractures?
The thumb and the fingers of the hand are formed by the phalanges with the thumb having two phalanges i.e. (proximal and distal) and the fingers comprising of three i.e. (proximal, middle and distal) thus, each hand having a total of 14 phalanges. Break in any phalanx (proximal, middle or distal) of the finger or thumb are termed as phalangeal fractures.
How are they caused?
Factors that are contributory to phalangeal fractures are:
injuries to the phalanx during work involving a machinery
injuries sustained by the phalanx during sports such as volleyball or basketball
falls which result in traumatic damage to the fingers or thumb
injuries in the nail bed by a direct blow /crush
What are the visible symptoms?
Phalangeal fractures can easily be ascertained on the basis of intense pain and swelling in the fingers with tenderness in and around the bone. Deformity, stiffness and open wound or injury is another significant feature which asserts the prevalence of phalanx fracture.
How are they diagnosed?
When the patient seeks medical advice for an injury to the phalanx or any other traumatic condition which has caused pain or swelling to it, the orthopedics recommends imaging tests of oblique, lateral and anteroposterior view of the injured region and furthers the prognosis with radiographs and CT scan to conclude the prevalence of the fracture.
What are the treatment options available?
Non displaced and mild fractures are effectively treated with splints and buddy taping with prescribed medications, ice application and elevation to limit movement, as tools for faster healing whereas severe and displaced fractures are treated with open or closed reduction and internal fixation or extension block splinting with K- wires.
What are the probable complications that can arise out of surgery?
Every surgery involves a few complications that are treatable. Phalangeal fractures involve complications that may vary from stiffness to treatment of deformity. Stiffness occurs mostly because of an associated soft tissue injury or elderly age where the bones are weak to spring back to normality easily. Rarely patients might also face non healing of fractures which are clinically not significant and deformity in the phalange which is further repaired by Osteotomy. The patient might also become prone to post traumatic arthritis.
How can phalangeal fractures be avoided?
The fractures of the phalanx cannot be avoided as such but the factors that trigger the such as being involved in sports such as volleyball or basketball can be played by wearing protective guards to sustain injury that are mild and wear gloves with protective gears to work with machinery to avoid direct injury or blow to the hand. People who are suffering from joint diseases or weak bones can take precautionary medications to stop deterioration that might result in a phalangeal fracture.


Sometimes courts shoot themselves in the foot so badly with a pathetic judgement that they end up coming under scrutiny themselves and judgement is passed on the courts. This is what happened when Justice Campbell of the Supreme Court of NSW handed down a judgement in the Thomas Kelly manslaughter case on Friday the 8th November.
The Australian media handed down their own judgement on Justice Campbell and his decision extremely swiftly and the matter is now under appeal after intervention by the Attorney-General Greg Smith. Justice Campbell's credibility is in a thousand pieces and it won't be improving any time soon but most have missed the real problem and that is how did Campbell get appointed a judge in the first place.There the responsibility lies with the Attorney-General Greg Smith and Premier Barry O'Farrell.
The Director of Public Prosecutions who did a deal to downgrade the police charge of murder to manslaughter. The current DPP is Lloyd Babb who is mate of the corrupt Attorney-General Greg Smith. Both have bludged off the tax payer for many years.
The judge, Justice Campbell, who at best is an incompetent fool out of his depth.
The attorney-general Greg Smith who is as corrupt as they come and a failure as an AG as this site has pointed out many times before who needs to justify why he appointed Campbell as a Judge in the first place.
Chief Justice Bathurst who needs to explain why a judge who only has civil law experience was dealing with a criminal matter.
Firstly let's look at the case and what failure Justice Campbell is.
Thomas Kelly was killed when his head hit the ground after a single punch by Kieren Loveridge. Mr Loveridge assaulted numerous other people that same night and had previous convictions.
The police charged Mr Loveridge with four assaults and, in relation to Mr Kelly, with murder. The Director of Public Prosecutions decided that they would negotiate to down grade the murder charge to manslaughter which is very odd given that Mr Loveridge clearly had intent to hurt people that night.
The background of the matter is set out well in an article by the former Director of Public Prosecutions, Nicholas Cowdery. The rest of his article I find disgraceful and I will deal with it later.
(5) For the first count, the manslaughter of Thomas Kelly, I sentence you to a term of imprisonment having a non-parole period of 4 years commencing on 18th November 2013 and expiring on 17th November 2017, with an additional term of 2 years commencing on 18th November 2017 and expiring on 17th November 2019.
The earliest date on which you will be eligible for release on parole is 18th November 2017.
The total effect of sentence therefore is one of 7 years and 2 months with an effective non-parole period of 5 years and 2 months.
25. The offender has a criminal record as a juvenile. His record is not very long or extensive, and with one exception to which I will return, there are no prior crimes of significant violence. However, it does extend to instances of taking and driving a car without the consent of the owner, damaging property, assaulting an officer and affray. These matters, taken together, lead me to infer that at least to some degree the offender has in the past exhibited an attitude of disregard for the law. He has not always responded to leniency and has required sentences of probation and control orders.
26. Of significance is a previous conviction for an offence of assault occasioning actual bodily harm, committed on 28th January 2011. For various reasons, which I need not go into, the offender was not dealt with in respect of that matter by the Children's Court until 7th June 2012, one month before the current offending. That previous offence involved the offender gatecrashing a party. The victim was the young host of the party who was attempting to bring the party to an end at 11:45pm. The offender was intoxicated. He threw empty bottles at the victim and punched him in the face. When interviewed by police he made full admissions. He also ascertained the identity of the victim through facebook and left an apology on the victim's facebook page.
Just based on the above there was always a high chance that Mr Loveridge would have been found guilty of murder. The arresting police officers obviously thought so and I agree. So why did the DPP negotiate a manslaughter charge? Were they just lazy and wanted an easy conviction?
Mr Cowdery obviously never read the evidence before he started spreading his lies in the paper article defending his friends at the DPP. There was evidence before the court that Mr Kieren Loveridge said on the night of the murder that "I swear I am going to bash someone tonight" which addresses the requirement of proof required for "intention to kill, intention to cause grievous bodily harm or recklessness". We all know one punch can be enough to kill and so would have Mr Loveridge known.
And: "So it was unprofessional and unfair of the police to have charged Loveridge with murder." So Mr Cowdery tells us that it is the polices fault not the DPP.
And "We seek to ensure that the best people for the job are appointed as Judges and the task of judging is given to them." That is a clear lie and Cowdery knows it. Everyone in the legal profession knows judges are appointed based on their political connections, not because they are the best people.
and "We should trust our judges to do the job for which they are qualified and paid and which they practise daily." So we should trust the judges but not the police as far as Cowdery is concerned. Cowdery is a compulsive liar who is morally and ethically bankrupt using his position to spread lies to support his mates.
Cowdery only a week ago (8/11/13) was caught out telling more lies on the ABC Fact Check site in relation to the new QLD bikie Laws. (Click here to read) If the best that the judiciary, DPP and AG Greg Smith can do is roll out some lying fool like Cowdery to defend them then they are in a lot of trouble.
Who is Justice Stephen Campbell and is he a suitable to be a judge?
Mr Campbell was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of NSW on the 2nd May 2012. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1982 and as a Barrister in 1985.
His "practise has embraced all areas of liability work, including industrial and motor accidents, occupier's liability, double-insurance cases and policywording interpretation." He became a Senior Counsel 2002.
Nowhere there can I see any experience in criminal laws dealing with physical crimes, the closest thing we have is faulty "breast enlargement surgery". The NSW Supreme Court has two sections, one is the Common Law Division and the other is the Equity Division and judges belong to one or the other. So given the court itself recognises a need for expertise then why do they allow someone with no criminal experience to hear a manslaughter case. Chief Justice Bathurst needs answer that one.
Why did Smith and O'Farrell appoint Campbell as a Judge in the first place?
As soon as the media started putting the blow torch on Justice Campbell's judgement O'Farrell and Smith were quick off the mark saying what they would do which was in part clearly designed to take the focus off their role in appointing Campbell in the first place.
Smith said he would ask the DPP to appeal which they now have and O'Farrell said they would look at bringing in new laws etc.
Most judicial appointments are not based on merit and are simply jobs for the boys and girls of the political party that appoints them. So why did the Greg Smith and the Barry O'Farrell government appoint Stephen Campbell as judge and on what basis? Who are Campbell's political connections?
The law is not the problem, you can get up to 25 years jail now for manslaughter. Yes, making it a mandatory sentence of 10 years or more does take the discretion and influence away form the judges but they could give ten years or more now. The problem is the appoint process that allows fools like Campbell to be appointed in the first place.
In 2006 Robert Cameron who was the secretary for the then NSW Opposition Leader Barry O'Farrell at the Ku-Ring-Gai branch of the Liberal Party was appointed as a Federal Magistrate. The allegation was put directly to Barry O'Farrell in October 2008 that Robert Cameron was appointed to the judiciary after O'Farrell personally phoned the then Attorney-General Phillip Ruddock lobbying him to do so. O'Farrell has never denied this.
The above raises a lot of issues and the DPP say they will appeal the judgement which means there is more to come, so we will keep an eye on it. It is good to see the media work together to attack the failings of the judiciary. I see it as a function of this site to help encourage that as much as possible by reporting what really happens within the Australian judiciary.
Shane, another very good article by you. People who get themselves intoxicated are doing this to them selves and I view should not get an easy ride then for the consequences of their violence. Thomas Kelly had a right to live and so have our children also and if we condone in any shape or form this kind of deliberate violence we one day may mourn our own children. I would prefer to see a change in appointment of the judiciary which removes the political element in the appointments. Perhaps where we have a system that on recommendation by the legal fraternity 3 names are submitted to the Governor/Governor-General to which the Government can submit its opposition against any candidate, in case there are legal issues relevant to an appointment, and then the Governor/Governor-General decides which one of the 3 candidates is appointed on merits, etc.
Personally I do not see a 'motive to kill as Kelly was unknown to Lovebridge', there was a 'motive to bash' someone, bash and kill are two different intents. Did the punch kill Kelly or was death caused when Kelly hit his head on the pavement?
I do not see any prima facie evidence that their was an intention to kill.
Manslaughter, I believe was the appropriate conviction.
OK, let's be clear about this. In NSW, intent to harm resulting in death is murder, there need not be any intent to kill. For about ten years in the ACT murder was defined as intent to kill resulting in death. There was NOT ONE CONVICTION for murder as a result because even a guy who stabbed his mother dozens of times could not be proven to have an intent to kill!
That may be open to debate, bobrafto. But even if manslaughter, surely this would be at the most serious level – and the max penalty is…?
The judicial system is not just a joke, it appears to be a conspiracy.
IGW ~ Although I'm of the opinion that the right verdict was handed down, I do not have an informed opinion of the weight of the penalty.
From the moment he touched Thomas he was guilty of whatever the results of that touch were .The results were death he then is a murderer and deserves a long sentence.
And was the sentence appropriate?
Criminals ALWAYS have compassion for each other. Even if one is a white collar criminal and the other a violent one, they will always stick together and lend a helping hand. Even criminals who hate each other will team up to fend off the justice system. I know this fact first hand. The people who are left high and dry are the real innocent victims… we have no power against them all and no justice.
You say "we have no power against them all and no justice". Well things are changing and we do have power. It's called people power. Most people would have never heard of Thomas Kelly if it was not for all the people and media getting behind it.
Anyone who sets out with the intent to bash someone has to know there is a risk of killing them, deliberately or otherwise (slipping over and banging their head etc). A sensible person would have stayed home until they settled themselves down. What happened to the concept of taking personal responsibility for one's actions?
I have never been in favour of plea bargaining or downgrading charges.
Whether or not there was a motive to kill, a series of violent actions aimed at innocent individuals resulted in the death of an individual within the same time frame. When confronted, would the offender state that he didn't mean to kill someone, or in his alcohol fueled state of mind did he care if he did kill because he has an aggressive nature. A person died because the offender is aggressive and had a forethought of malice, so murder is the result.
The important point is (iii) because it says 'OR'. Therefore intent is not required.
IF THIS IS CORRECT ( please tell me) —then the charge of Murder was correct.
But what I think is the undoing of this charge of murder is point # (ii).
My question is : Was it the "king hit on the head" that caused the death or was it the footpath. The DPP clearly believes it was the footpath but is too embarrassed to say so.
The defence will claim in was the footpath, of course.
The medical examiner may have some sway in this matter, but we are not informed of his opinion on the above. This may be where the answer really lies. Was a post mortem held? By whom,? Any independent assessment post mortem?
I also believe the law is far too vague in this section (ii).
It needs to change with the times and be DEFINITE in what it means.
Surely, having a semantic battle over whether the punch or the footpath caused the death shouldn't enter into it. A willful act of violence caused the death to occur. Kelly's head only met the footpath because of Loveridge's act. I see no reason in law or in morality why Loveridge should not pay the full penalty for his actions and their complete outcome. An intent to inflict GBH had already been stated, and his objective actions on the night met the reckless indifference test easily. I don't see how this Judge could have seen things in any other way. I see no superior Judicial logic at work that creates a different way of interpreting some pretty straight-forward sentences. I'm still trying to find a benefit in this judgement for someone, because there usually is one somewhere, even if it isn't always evident at first.
I see this far more cynically. I have the feeling, that lawyers have an absolute interest in keeping criminals, in particular repeat offenders who are, preferably dumb enough to get caught all the time, on the roads, knowing, that they will re-offend. It is a terrific investment for them, their regular income, representing those criminals, assured by legal aid. What a wonderful income source, a lawyer would only need a few regular customers like that to make a fortune. Corrupt judges, who have been during their lawyer years in the same business before, are most likely playing along in getting the creeps back on the roads as soon as possible and in the commission business. It may sounds a bit cynical, but i am sure that this is the game. Any reduction in the crime rate would be bad news for the legal fraternity. A good example how they are fighting tooth and nail to keep the criminal bike gangs, who have plenty of money for them, in business.
We only have civil rights because lawyers have an economic interest in defending them. Just the way it is. On balance, it's a good thing.
Top shelf Post Shane. Congrats.