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text:
SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN
Case No.:���������� 97-2476-CR
Complete Title
of Case:����������
State of Wisconsin,
���� Plaintiff-Respondent-Petitioner,
���� v.
Timothy M. Secrist,
���� Defendant-Appellant.
ON REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS
Reported at:� 218 Wis. 2d 508, 582 N.W.2d 37
������������� (Ct. App. 1998-Published)
Opinion Filed:������� March 2, 1999
Submitted on Briefs:����
Oral Argument:������ October 8, 1998
Source of APPEAL
��������������� COURT:����� Circuit
��������������� COUNTY:���� Waukesha
��������������� JUDGE:������ Donald J. Hassin
JUSTICES:
��������������� Concurred:����
��������������� Dissented:����
��������������� Not Participating:�
ATTORNEYS:������� For the plaintiff-respondent-petitioner the cause was argued by Thomas J. Balistreri, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs was James E. Doyle, attorney general.
��������������� For the defendant-appellant there was a brief and oral argument by Patrick M. Donnelly, assistant state public defender.
This opinion is subject to further editing and modification.� The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports.
No. 97-2476-CR�
STATE OF WISCONSIN�������������� :��������������
IN SUPREME COURT
Marilyn L. Graves
Clerk of Supreme Court
���� REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals.� Reversed.
�1���� DAVID T. PROSSER, J.�� The State of Wisconsin (State) seeks review of a published decision of the court of appeals reversing a judgment of the Waukesha County Circuit Court, Donald J. Hassin, Jr., Judge.[1]� The defendant, Timothy M. Secrist, was convicted of unlawfully possessing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a controlled substance which is the active ingredient in marijuana.� Before accepting the defendant's plea, the circuit court denied the defendant's motion to suppress physical evidence of the substance as well as accompanying paraphernalia, ruling that the evidence had been seized incident to a lawful arrest.� The court of appeals reversed, concluding that the arrest had not been supported by probable cause, and the subsequent seizure was therefore invalid.
�2���� The issue presented to the court is whether the odor of a controlled substance may provide probable cause to arrest, and, if so, when.� We conclude that the odor of a controlled substance provides probable cause to arrest when the odor is unmistakable and may be linked to a specific person or persons because of the circumstances in which the odor is discovered or because other evidence links the odor to the person or persons.� In this case, a police officer detected the strong odor of marijuana coming from the direction of the defendant inside an automobile.� The defendant was the operator and sole occupant of the automobile.� In these circumstances, the strong odor of marijuana provided probable cause to arrest the defendant.� Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals.
�3���� On the Fourth of July, 1996, Andrew J. Szczerba, a city of New Berlin police officer, was directing traffic at the intersection of Moorland Road and Coffee Road in New Berlin, during an Independence Day parade.� Officer Szczerba was wearing his police uniform.� Between 2:00 and 2:15 p.m., the defendant drove up to the officer in a tan 1977 Chevrolet Impala to ask directions.� The driver's window was open.� The defendant was alone in his car.� The defendant was two to three feet from Officer Szczerba when he began asking directions.� The officer immediately smelled a strong odor of marijuana coming from the automobile.� He recognized the odor from his police training and his frequent contact with marijuana over 23 years experience as a police officer.
�4���� After detecting the strong odor, Officer Szczerba directed the defendant to pull his car over to the side of the road.� The defendant complied.� Officer Szczerba approached the vehicle and told the defendant to get out of his car.� Officer Szczerba then placed the defendant under arrest for possession of marijuana.
�5���� Soon thereafter, several other officers arrived at the scene.� Officer Douglas Johnson conducted a search of the automobile and found a marijuana cigarette with an attached "roach clip" in the ashtray next to the driver's seat.
���� �6���� On September 16, 1996, the State of Wisconsin filed a criminal complaint charging the defendant with one count of possession of a controlled substance (THC) in violation of Wis. Stat. � 161.41(3r) (1993-94)[2] and one count of possession of drug paraphernalia contrary to Wis. Stat. � 161.573(1).[3]� The defendant moved to suppress the physical evidence seized following his arrest on grounds that the arrest was illegal.� The court conducted an evidentiary hearing at which only Officer Szczerba testified.[4]� The testimony included the following exchange between an Assistant District Attorney and Officer Szczerba:
Q Was the window down when you were speaking to the subject?
A Yes, it was.
Q And as you were speaking to the subject, how far away were you from him approximately?
A Probably within two � or probably within two feet of the subject, two or three feet.
Q Okay.� And in speaking to him did you make any physical observations about him?
A About him personally, not really.
Q Okay.� Did you detect any type of odor at all?
A Yes, I did.� I detected a strong odor of marijuana.
���� . . .
Q Officer, was there anything else other than the odor of what you believed to be marijuana that lead [sic] you to believe he may be under the influence of marijuana or some type of drug?
A Like I said previously after I got him out of the car his balance might have been a little bit off, perhaps his speech was not slurred but maybe a little bit haulting [sic], but I hadn't met him before, so I'm not really sure what his normal pattern is.
Q When you are talking about his speech, that was after you removed him from the car or when you first had contact with him?
A I would say both.
Tr. at pp. 11, 16.
���� �7���� At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the court asked the parties for their positions in writing.� At a later hearing, the court denied the motion to suppress.� The court found that Officer Szczerba smelled a strong odor of marijuana, that this odor was coming directly from the area where the defendant was seated in the automobile, and that the defendant was the only occupant of the vehicle.� Consequently, the court concluded that probable cause existed to arrest the defendant, and the subsequent search of defendant's automobile was conducted incident to a lawful arrest.
���� �8���� On March 17, 1997, pursuant to a plea agreement, the defendant pleaded no contest to the charge of possession of a controlled substance.� The drug paraphernalia charge was dismissed and read in by the State.
�9���� On appeal, the court of appeals reversed the circuit� court's decision, adopting the rationale in People v. Hilber, 269 N.W.2d 159 (Mich. 1978), a case in which the Michigan Supreme Court held that while the odor of burned marijuana gives reason to believe that a crime has been committed, marijuana odor coming from a car is not enough to establish that its occupant was the person who smoked the marijuana.� The court of appeals found that as in Hilber, one element of probable cause to arrest was missing:� namely, that it was the defendant who probably committed the possession crime.� The court of appeals therefore concluded that the odor of marijuana emanating from an automobile with a sole occupant does not establish probable cause to arrest.
�10���� This court granted the State's petition for review on the issue of whether the odor of a controlled substance such as marijuana may provide probable cause to arrest.
�11���� We turn first to the standards of review to be applied in this case.� In reviewing an order granting or denying a motion to suppress evidence, this court will uphold a circuit court's findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous.� Wis. Stat. � 805.17(2); State v. Richardson, 156 Wis. 2d 128, 137, 456 N.W.2d 830 (1990).� Nonetheless, the question whether the odor of marijuana constitutes probable cause to arrest "is a question of constitutional fact involving the application of federal constitutional principles which this court reviews independently of the conclusions of the circuit court."� State v. Mitchell, 167 Wis. 2d 672, 684, 482 N.W.2d 364 (1992). See also State v. Clappes, 136 Wis. 2d 222, 235, 401 N.W.2d 759 (1987).� It is thus subject to independent review and requires an independent application of the constitutional principles involved to the facts as found by the circuit court.� See State v. Turner, 136 Wis. 2d 333, 344, 401 N.W.2d 827 (1987).
�12���� The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, � 11 of the Wisconsin Constitution establish the right of persons to be secure from unreasonable searches and seizures.[5]� This court traditionally interprets the two constitutional provisions in concert.� As a result, the development of search and seizure law in Wisconsin parallels the development of search and seizure law by the United States Supreme Court.� State v. Andrews, 201 Wis. 2d 383, 389, 549 N.W.2d 210 (1996).� Under both the Fourth Amendment and Article I, � 11 of the Wisconsin Constitution, probable cause must exist to justify an arrest.
�13���� It may be helpful at the beginning of our analysis to note the distinction between probable cause to search and probable cause to arrest.[6]� Generally, the same quantum of evidence is required whether one is concerned with probable cause to search or probable cause to arrest.� State v. Kiper, 193 Wis. 2d 69, 82, 532 N.W.2d 698 (1995) (citing 1 LaFave, Search and Seizure:� A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, � 3.1(b), at 544 (2d ed. 1987)).� However, while the two determinations are measured by similar objective standards, the two determinations require different inquiries.� Under an analysis of probable cause to search, the relevant inquiry is whether evidence of a crime will be found.� See 2 LaFave, Search and Seizure, � 3.1(b), at 7-8 (3rd ed. 1996).� Under an analysis of probable cause to arrest, the inquiry is whether the person to be arrested has committed a crime.� See id.
�14���� This case involves both an arrest and a search incident to that arrest.� The primary focus must be on the lawfulness of the arrest.
PROBABLE CAUSE TO SEARCH
�15���� Had Officer Szczerba started out by conducting a search of the defendant's automobile after smelling the strong odor of marijuana coming from the vehicle and then had used the evidence seized as the foundation for defendant's arrest, we would have an easier case in which probable cause for both the search and subsequent arrest would have been evident.�
�16���� This court has recognized that the warrantless search of an automobile is justified when a police officer has probable cause to believe that an automobile, found in a public place, contains evidence of a crime.� No showing of exigent circumstances is required.� See State v. Caban, 210 Wis. 2d 597, 607, 563 N.W.2d 501 (1997); State v. Weber, 163 Wis. 2d 116, 137, 471 N.W.2d 187 (1991), cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1097 (1994); State v. Tompkins, 144 Wis. 2d 116, 137-38, 423 N.W.2d 823 (1988).� The unmistakable odor of marijuana coming from an automobile provides probable cause for an officer to believe that the automobile contains evidence of a crime.� Consequently, as the parties here concede, there would have been probable cause to search the defendant's car once the officer smelled the strong odor of marijuana emanating from the vehicle.[7]
�17���� This conclusion is consistent with rulings in other jurisdictions.� For instance, in State v. Judge, 645 A.2d 1224, 1228 (N.J. 1994), the court stated that "[a]n odor of burnt marijuana creates an inference that marijuana is not only physically present in the vehicle, but that some of it has been smoked recently."� The court in Judge concluded that the odor of marijuana is enough to provide probable cause to initiate a search.� Judge, 645 A.2d at 1228.� For federal cases in accord, see United States v. McSween, 53 F.3d 684 (5th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 874 (1995); United States v. Nicholson, 17 F.3d 1294 (10th Cir. 1994); United States v. Thomas, 12 F.3d 1350 (5th Cir. 1994); United States v. Garza, 10 F.3d 1241 (6th Cir. 1993); United States v. Reed, 882 F.2d 147 (5th Cir. 1989).� For state cases, see State v. Harrison, 533 P.2d 1143 (Ariz. 1975); State v. Raymond, 516 P.2d 58 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1973); State v. Zamora, 559 P.2d 195 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1976); Rogers v. State, 205 S.E.2d 901 (Ga. App. 1974); State v. MacDonald, 856 P.2d 116 (Kan. 1993); Hart v. State, 639 So. 2d 1313 (Miss. 1994); State v. Fuente, 871 S.W.2d 438 (Mo. 1994); State v. Daly, 274 N.W.2d 557 (Neb. 1979); State v. Capps, 641 P.2d 484 (N.M. 1982), cert. denied, 458 U.S. 1107 (1982); Lozoya v. State, 932 P.2d 22 (Okl. Cr. 1996); Moulden v. State, 576 S.W.2d 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); State v. Compton, 538 P.2d 861 (Wash. App. 1975).[8]
���� �18���� The "quantum of evidence" that would provide probable cause for a search will not provide probable cause for an arrest unless the evidence of crime can be linked to a specific person.� In this case, the court must decide whether the odor of marijuana, which in the circumstances here would have justified a search of the defendant's automobile, is enough to justify arrest of the defendant.
PROBABLE CAUSE TO ARREST
�19���� "Probable cause is the sine qua non of a lawful arrest."� Mitchell, 167 Wis. 2d at 681.� Probable cause to arrest is the quantum of evidence within the arresting officer's knowledge at the time of the arrest which would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that the defendant probably committed or was committing a crime.� Id.; State v. Koch, 175 Wis. 2d 684, 701, 499 N.W.2d 152 (1993); Wis. Stat. � 968.07(1)(d) ("A law enforcement officer may arrest a person when . . . [t]here are reasonable grounds to believe that the person is committing or has committed a crime.").� There must be more than a possibility or suspicion that the defendant committed an offense, but the evidence need not reach the level of proof beyond a reasonable doubt or even that guilt is more likely than not.� Mitchell, 167 Wis. 2d at 681-82.� Whether probable cause exists in a particular case must be judged by the facts of that case.� Id. at 682.
�20���� In Mitchell, the court applied these principles to a set of facts much like the facts here.� One of the issues presented was whether probable cause existed to arrest the defendant based on the odor of marijuana and smoke inside a vehicle.
�21���� The defendant in Mitchell argued that he was arrested solely on the basis of the odor of marijuana.� He contended that� the odor of burned marijuana merely indicates that marijuana had been present, while the odor of unburned marijuana indicates that marijuana is present.� Id.� Based on this distinction, the defendant argued that the odor of burned marijuana alone may not establish probable cause to arrest.� We did not address that issue because the facts of the case revealed that there was smoke in the vehicle as well as marijuana odor.� Ultimately, we held that "[b]ased on the presence of both the odor of marijuana and the smoke, [the officer] had reason to believe that defendant, his passenger, or both had been smoking marijuana, and thus possessing, marijuana."� Id. at 684.
�22���� The defendant in this case constructs a similar argument.� He asserts that because the odor was of burned marijuana, as opposed to burning or unburned marijuana, there was no indication as to when the marijuana had been smoked or by whom.� The defendant contends that the odor of smoke lingers and may establish that a crime has been committed but that this lingering smell is not enough to establish that the occupant of the vehicle was the person who smoked the marijuana.�
�23���� The defendant relies on Hilber, 269 N.W.2d 159, as did the court of appeals, to support� his argument.� In Hilber, the Michigan Supreme Court concluded that the odor of burned marijuana did not provide probable cause to arrest. The court required that an officer's opinion regarding the length of time the odor of marijuana had been present be an informed opinion identifying a specific time frame in which the marijuana was burned.� Id. at 164.� The court stated:
If an officer has been trained, or otherwise has become experienced, in determining the length of time marijuana odor has been present, and is able to state on the basis of such training or experience that the strength of the odor indicates a particular time frame and that his observation of the automobile in that time frame or other circumstances are such as to justify the conclusion that the occupant was the person who smoked the marijuana, a conclusion that the occupant was the smoker would be reasonable.
Id. at 164 n.13.� The court reasoned that the state did not discharge its burden of establishing the reasonableness of the officer's conclusion that it was the defendant who smoked the marijuana in the automobile because the officer had no training or experience to enable him to accurately determine whether marijuana was burned within a relevant time frame.� Id. at 165.
�24���� The Hilber decision came out of a sharply divided court.� The complete facts of the case can be discerned only by reading both the Michigan Supreme Court's decision and the decision by the court of appeals.[9]� Although we respect the decision of our sister court, we cannot embrace it.
�25���� Probable cause to arrest requires evidence that would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a crime.� Because the requisite evidence need not even show that guilt is more likely than not, it does not compel the degree of technical certainty the Michigan court set out in Hilber.� In State v. Kiper, 193 Wis. 2d 69, 83, 532 N.W.2d 698 (1995), we stated that "probable cause eschews technicality and legalisms in favor of a 'flexible, common-sense measure of the plausibility of particular conclusions about human behavior.'" (citations omitted).� Likewise, in State v. Wisumierski, 106 Wis. 2d 722, 739, 317 N.W.2d 484 (1982), we said:
In regard to probable cause, the supreme court has stated that '[the Court] deal[s]� with probabilities.� These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, [must] act.'� Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949). . . .� Those factual and practical considerations are tested by whether they would lead any reasonable police officer to believe what was probable under the existing circumstances.
�26���� In Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742 (1983), the United States Supreme Court said with respect to probable cause:
The process does not deal with hard certainties, but with probabilities.� Long before the law of probabilities was articulated as such, practical people formulated certain common-sense conclusions about human behavior; jurors as factfinders are permitted to do the same � and so are law enforcement officers.�
These cases demonstrate that an officer's conclusions must be reasonable under the circumstances, not technically certain.
���� �27���� A half century ago, in Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13 (1948), the Supreme Court observed that probable cause for a search warrant of a motel room could be based upon a distinct odor where the officer is "qualified to know the odor."� "Indeed," said the Court, "[odor] might very well be found to be evidence of most persuasive character."� Id.� The Fourth Amendment does not bar law enforcement officers from drawing the usual inferences which reasonable people draw from evidence.
�28���� This same analysis applies to probable cause for arrest.� The majority rule in the United States is that in appropriate circumstances, odor may serve as the basis or the principal basis for probable cause to arrest.� See, e.g., State v. Cooper, 636 P.2d 126 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1981); Brunson v. State, 940 S.W.2d 440 (Ark. 1997); People v. Nichols, 81 Cal. Rptr. 481 (Cal. Ct. App. 1969);� People v. Barcenas, 59 Cal. Rptr. 419 (Cal. Ct. App. 1967); People v. Olson, 485 P.2d 891 (Colo. 1971); Ford v. State, 377 A.2d 577 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1977); A Minor Boy v. State, 537 P.2d 477 (Nev. 1975); State v. Huff, 826 P.2d 698 (Wash. Ct. App. 1992); State v. Hammond, 603 P.2d 377 (Wash. Ct. App. 1979).
�29���� It is important in these cases to determine the extent of the officer's training and experience in dealing with the odor of marijuana or some other controlled substance.� The extent of the officer's training and experience bears on the officer's credibility in identifying the odor as well as its strength, its recency, and its source.� While corroboration by another officer is not required, corroboration can be helpful in firming up the reasonableness of the officer's judgments.� See Cooper, 636 P.2d at 127; Hammond, 603 P.2d at 378.
�30���� What is imperative, however, is that the officer be able to link the unmistakable odor of marijuana or some other controlled substance to a specific person or persons.� The linkage must be reasonable and capable of articulation.
�31���� Odor is defined as "the property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or is perceived by the sense of smell."� The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1254 (3d ed. 1992).� The "thing" is the source of the odor.� The odor which is a property or quality of that "thing" does not appear in a vacuum.� It always appears in some set of circumstances.� The nature of those circumstances may provide the additional basis for the linkage between the "thing" and a specific person.� Sometimes, proximity between odor and a person will provide the linkage necessary for probable cause.� Sometimes it will not.
�32���� In Mitchell, 167 Wis. 2d 672, the strong odor of marijuana combined with smoke in a vehicle pointed to defendant Mitchell, who was sitting in the driver's seat.� In Olson, 485 P.2d 891, suspicious behavior followed by odor made the case.� In Huff, 826 P.2d 698, odor and furtive gestures provided the connection.[10]
�33���� We hold that the odor of a controlled substance may provide probable cause to arrest when the odor is unmistakable and may be linked to a specific person or persons because of the particular circumstances in which it is discovered or because other evidence at the scene or elsewhere links the odor to the person or persons.�
�34���� We believe a common sense conclusion when an officer smells the odor of a controlled substance is that a crime has probably been committed.� This state does not require that an officer establish with technical certainty that the controlled substance was used during a specific time.� Rather, the officer will have probable cause to arrest when the quantum of evidence within the officer's knowledge at the time of the arrest would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that the defendant probably committed or was committing a crime. �Mitchell, 167 Wis. 2d at 681; Koch, 175 Wis. 2d at 701.� If under the totality of the circumstances, a trained and experienced police officer identifies an unmistakable odor of a controlled substance and is able to link that odor to a specific person or persons, the odor of the controlled substance will provide probable cause to arrest.� The strong odor of marijuana in an automobile will normally provide probable cause to believe that the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle is linked to the drug.� The probability diminishes if the odor is not strong or recent, if the source of the odor is not near the person, if there are several people in the vehicle, or if a person offers a reasonable explanation for the odor.
�35���� Turning to this case, we conclude that the totality of the circumstances within Officer Szczerba's knowledge at the time he made the arrest would have led a reasonable police officer to believe that the defendant probably committed a crime.� To sum up, on a holiday afternoon, the defendant drove up to a uniformed police officer and asked him for directions in halting speech.� The officer, a trained veteran of the New Berlin police department with 23 years experience, immediately smelled a strong, unmistakable odor of marijuana coming from defendant's vehicle.[11]� The defendant was the sole occupant of the vehicle.� The trial court found that the odor of marijuana was coming from the area where the driver was seated in the vehicle.� These facts, taken together, constituted probable cause for Officer Szczerba to believe that the defendant had committed a crime.[12]� Because the defendant's arrest was grounded on probable cause, the search of his automobile incident to his arrest was valid.� The evidence should not have been suppressed.� Accordingly, the decision of the court of appeals is reversed.
By the Court.�The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.
[1] State v. Secrist, 218 Wis. 2d 508, 582 N.W.2d 37 (Ct. App. 1998).
[2] All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1993-94 version unless otherwise noted.
[3] The statutes were subsequently amended and renumbered to Wis. Stat. �� 961.41(3g)(e) and 961.573(1), respectively, by 1995 Wis. Act 448, �� 262 and 313, effective July 9, 1996.
[4] Officer Johnson was present at the hearing but did not testify because the defendant stipulated to the evidence seized.
[5] The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
Article I, � 11 of the Wisconsin Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
[6] A law enforcement officer may temporarily stop a person to investigate suspicious activity even without probable cause to search or arrest.� See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).� See also Wis. Stats. � 968.24 (authorizing temporary questioning without arrest).� The defendant conceded in oral argument that there was sufficient evidence for a Terry stop.
[7] As a general rule, the government must obtain a warrant in order to conduct a search unless it can show exigent circumstances.� There is an "automobile exception" to this rule dating back to Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132 (1925).� See discussion in State v. Wisumierski, 106 Wis. 2d 722, 738, 317 N.W.2d 484 (1982).� The issue in this case turns on whether the evidence was sufficient to support an arrest, not whether the police should have obtained a warrant.�
[8] Even a trained dog's smelling of controlled substances � in situations where a human being might not be able to detect the same odor � has been found to provide probable cause for a search.� "In light of the careful training which these dogs receive, an 'alert' by a dog is deemed to constitute probable cause for an arrest or search if a sufficient showing is made as to the reliability of the particular dog used in detecting the presence of a particular type of contraband."� 1 LaFave, Search and Seizure, � 2.2(f), at 450 (3rd ed. 1996).� See, e.g., United States v. Morales-Zamora, 914 F.2d 200 (10th Cir. 1990); United States v. Race, 529 F.2d 12 (1st Cir. 1976); Doe v. Renfrow, 475 F. Supp. 1012 (N.D. Ind. 1979), aff'd in part, 631 F.2d 91 (7th Cir. 1980).
[9] See People v. Hilber, 245 N.W.2d 156 (Mich. Ct. App. 1976).��
[10] In Huff, the court wrote:
. . . [P]robable cause to arrest the occupants of a car for possession of a controlled substance exists when a trained officer detects that the odor of a controlled substance is emanating from a vehicle. . . .� Other facts supportive of probable cause include furtive movements and lying to the police, both of which evidence consciousness of guilt.�
State v. Huff, 826 P.2d 698, 701 (Wash. Ct. App. 1992)(emphasis supplied).
[11] The court of appeals declined to place the adjective "strong" in front of the word "odor", although the officer testified that he detected "a strong odor of marijuana."� It substituted the adjective "mere" which it borrowed from a Pennsylvania case.� Secrist, 218 Wis. 2d at 514, 515.
[12] A reasonably prudent person would not normally drive up to a uniformed police officer to ask directions when the person's car smelled strongly of marijuana.� While the defendant did not show a consciousness of guilt, his conduct was not prudent and suggested that his judgment was impaired.� No one contends that Officer Szczerba should have permitted this defendant to drive away.� The defendant contends that the officer should have stopped the vehicle, searched it for drugs, and then made an arrest.� This scenario would require us to approve the defendant's detention during the search while disapproving his arrest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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17 Hells Angels Biker Club Members Arrested in Raids Across Country
By Insane Throttle May 21, 2019 May 21, 2019
2 Comments on 17 Hells Angels Biker Club Members Arrested in Raids Across Country
LISBON (Reuters)
Portuguese police arrested 17 members of the Hells Angels motorcycle club on Tuesday on suspicion of organized crime activity, authorities said.
Around 150 officers, including anti-terrorism personnel, took part in raids on homes and commercial establishments across Portugal, the Judiciary Police (PJ) said in a statement.
TV channel SIC reported homes were searched in the capital Lisbon, the country's north and the Algarve in the south where thousands of bikers gather every year for an international motorcycle event.
Police confirmed 17 men belonging to the Hells Angels and aged between 29 and 52 were detained and expected to appear in court on Wednesday, charged with criminal association – which in Portugal is punishable by up to five years in jail.
Motorcycle Madhouse Season 2 Episode 6 ~ The Mongols Motorcycle Club and what you need to know about government efforts to destroy the clubs image
One police inquiry has focused on a March 2018 incident in which Hells Angels members allegedly attacked a rival motorcycle gang and neo-Nazi associates as part of a turf war for control of illicit weapons and drug trafficking.
Dozens of Hells Angels bikers were arrested four months later and described by Portuguese police as "extremely dangerous" with long criminal records and involvement in violent organized crime.
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club was formed in the United States in 1948 and has branches around the world, including in Portugal since 2002. The US-based club couldn't immediately be reached for comment.
(Reporting by Catarina Demony; Editing by Axel Bugge)
Tags: 1% biker news 17 Hells Angels Biker Club Members Arrested in Raids Across Country Biker News biker news magazine biker news websites hells angels Hells Angels Motorcycle Club turns 70 years old. Amazing achievement in the world of Biking and Brotherhood. Glass up to those who fought for rights we enjoy today. insane throttle insane throttle biker news outlaw biker news outlaw biker news 1%er
stephanie bachelder says:
that is just plain fucked up. I bleed Red & White.
madmaxpatch says:
So are they being charged individually or as a group?
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Dr. Charles Heller is a clinical and forensic psychologist with experience serving a large variety of patients and court related matters . Since 2005, he has been the chief forensic consultant to the Rockland County (New York) forensic mental health unit, providing evaluations for Family and Supreme Court. Since 2011, he has also been a Forensic Psychologist for Rutgers Biomedical and Health Services (RBHS), University Behavioral Healthcare. This is a regular half-time Forensic Psychologist staff position for Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey. He provides specialized forensic and psychological testing and assessment of patients, which includes psychological diagnosis, psychosocial history, trauma history, criminal history, child abuse/neglect and alcohol/substance abuse assessments. He provides Forensic and Psychological report writing, communication of findings to other staff, consultation with other agency staff, including social workers, physicians, nurses and psychiatrists as well as referral to the State of New Jersey office of the Attorney General for civil commitment. He conducts and reviews forensic evaluations including suicide assessments, sex offender specific assessments, risk assessments of sexually violent predatory patients, assessment of malingering of emotional and mental symptoms, assessment of patients reporting sexual and physical assaults and related evaluations to assess risk of dangerous behavior toward self and/or others. He is currently assigned to East Jersey State Prison (EJSP), in Rahway, NJ where he provides the above services to inmates who have special emotional and mental needs.
Dr. Heller has also served as a consulting custody evaluator for the Bergen Family Center in Hackensack, New Jersey, providing custody, parenting time, relocation and removal evaluations for the Bergen County Superior court. He is also on the Law Guardian mental health panel in the State of New York and is a psychologist expert on the New York City assigned counsel panel. Dr. Heller has performed hundreds of custody, parenting time, relocation, removal, neglect, abuse, child sexual abuse, juvenile delinquency, risk evaluations as well as testimony during trial as the court appointed expert. He has had advanced training from Rutgers School of Social Work, Center for Children and families, in performing psychological evaluations and serving as an expert witness in child welfare cases. He is also a fully vetted and approved forensic psychologist for the New Jersey Office of the Public Defender.
Dr. Heller follows the scientist-practitioner model related to all forensic evaluations and utilizes the most recent research available regarding individual and family psychological functioning to promote understanding of a an individual and/or family. He strives to present an objective, unbiased, and balanced picture of a person or family when performing court related evaluations,whether he is the court appointed expert or retained by one of the parties. He is well respected among his colleagues. He is often asked to provide a peer review of other psychologist's evaluations and provides consultation related to cross- examination of adverse experts. His special expertise, in domestic violence was utilized in his presentation of a continuing legal education workshop entitled: "Battered Woman Syndrome as a legal defense-A Psychological perspective " recently presented to the Legal Aid Society of Kings County. Dr. Heller has also been called upon by one of the largest life insurance companies to perform a psychological autopsy of a person who committed suicide.
Criminal behavior, including domestic violence has been one of Dr. Heller's specialties since completing his doctoral dissertation at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where he received his PhD. The research involved "Criminal behavior and arousal." Dr. Heller has been called upon to evaluate defendants accused or convicted of murder, rape, mass murder and other FBI Crime Index crimes. He has performed death row evaluations for the Federal Public Defender and recently evaluated a defendant convicted of a triple murder. Television and other media have interviewed Dr. Heller as an expert in criminal behavior. Most recently, he was interviewed about the abduction and heinous murder of a young child in Brooklyn. He has also been interviewed on "about.com" to provide explanations of the personality characteristics and crimes perpetrated by Charles Manson, Ted Bundy and Brian David Mitchell (the person who kidnapped Elizabeth Smart). These interesting videos can be viewed on this website.
RECENT PUBLICATION: Heller, C. H. (2009) Applications of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory and Evidence to Forensic Psychology. Interpersonal Acceptance, International Society for interpersonal Acceptance and Rejection, September 2009, University of Connecticut:Storrs.
Dr. Heller has served as an expert witness on civil matters, for both plaintiff and defense cases. These assignments may only involve record review or a complete forensic evaluation of a client and a situation. Recent cases have involved emotional and mental injury caused by therapist malpractice, accidents, and injuries to children/adults that were harmed in group homes for intellectually impaired, autistic and dual-diagnosed consumers. Dr. Heller also has special expertise in the forensic evaluations necessary in civil matters, that include extensive interviews, data collection, collateral interviews, record review and the use of psychological tests to document in metric terms the emotional and mental symptoms related to posttraumatic stress (PTSD) reported by plaintiffs and to assess whether a plaintiff may be minimizing, suppressing or exaggerating symptoms of PTSD or other emotional reactions. Many times a plaintiff who is emotionally injured or traumatized is not able to express, manifest or describe how they feel due to cultural and family taboos about sharing feelings or due to cognitive or verbal impairment.
Clinically, Dr. Heller enjoys providing psychotherapy to children, adolescents and adults who are suffering from a wide range of emotional problems. He is considered an expert in treating anxiety, panic, depression, personality disorders, interpersonal problems as well as addictions. He developed special expertise in domestic violence, alcoholism, drug abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder while serving as the Director of Alcohol and Behavioral Health Services for the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma from 1983 to 1988. During that period, he also studied with and was an apprentice to the late Dr. Virginia Satir, who was the one of the originators of family therapy in America. Thus, Dr. Heller enjoys helping couples and families to resolve conflict and live harmoniously. He is also a clinical member of the American Association of Marriage and Family therapy (AAMFT) and is a licensed marriage and family therapist. Dr. Heller believes that all people can change if they are motivated and provided with the right therapeutic environment to nurture and help them grow.
Dr. Heller is a member of the American Psychological Association, Div. 41 (Psychology and the Law), the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, The Virginia Satir Global Network and the Orange County (New York) coalition against domestic violence. Dr. Heller's curriculum vitae (CV) is available on this website.


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SBA Disaster Assistance in Response to the Coronavirus
MEMORANDUM:
The U.S. Small Business Administration is offering two main options for assistance for small businesses:
Paycheck Protection Program and 2) Economic Injury Disaster Loans ("EIDL"). You are eligible if you are:
A small business with fewer than 500 employees;
A small business that otherwise meets the SBA's size standard;
A 501(c)(3) with fewer than 500 employees;
An individual who operates as a sole proprietor;
An individual who operates as an independent contractor;
An individual who is self-employed who regularly carries on any trade or business;
A Tribal business concern that meets the SBA size standard; or
A 501(c) (19) Veterans Organization that meets the SBA size standard.
Small businesses can receive both an EIDL and a Paycheck Protection Program loan. However, the loans cannot pay for the same expenses. Businesses are advised to speak to their financial advisor or lender before taking both types of loans.
The Paycheck Protection Program provides 100% federally guaranteed loans to small businesses. Approved with the passage of the CARE Act, the SBA will back small-business loans through local lenders. We can expect more details from the Trump administration early this week on the list of lenders who will offer loans under this program. Loans are expected to be available as early as Friday, April 3. Updated information will be provided on this program as details are released.
Most importantly, portions of these loans can be forgiven. For example, if borrowers maintain their payrolls during the coronavirus crisis, restore their payrolls after the crisis; or use the funds for certain purposes in the first 8 weeks of receipt. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has prepared a comprehensive checklist so businesses and individuals can prepare to file a loan once the program is live. Access it here: https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/023595_comm_corona_virus_smallbiz_loan_final_revise d.pdf
Economic Injury Disaster Loans
The U.S. Small Business Administration is offering designated states low-interest federal disaster loans for working capital to small businesses suffering substantial economic injury as a result of COVID-19. These loans are not new and some businesses may be more familiar with the process, as they are often available in times of catastrophe. Economic Injury Disaster Loans ("EIDL") are available in states where
the governor has requested an economic injury loan declaration from the SBA. As of March 18, the U.S.
Small Business Administration declared an "Economic Injury Disaster" for the State of Georgia.
SBA's Economic Injury Disaster Loans offer up to $2 million in assistance to small businesses to help overcome the temporary loss of revenue they are experiencing. These loans may be used to pay fixed debts, payroll, accounts payable and other bills that can't be paid because of the disaster's impact. The interest rate is 3.75% for small businesses and 2.75% for non-profits. These loans offer long-term repayments in order to keep payments affordable, up to a maximum of 30 years.
Borrowers can also receive $10,000 in an emergency grant cash advance that can be forgiven if spent on paid leave, maintaining payroll, increased costs due to supply chain disruption, mortgage or lease payments, or repaying obligations that cannot be met due to revenue loss. Borrowers can receive the emergency grant even if they do not qualify for additional funds. This emergency grant can be received in as little as 3 days (although tremendous need has overwhelmed the system).
Businesses should expect to provide a tax transcript, financial statements, and a profit and loss statement when applying for this assistance. The SBA estimates the application will take two hours. The COVID-19 Economic Injury Disaster Loan Application can be accessed here: https://covid19relief.sba.gov/#/.
This Week in the Senate - January 11-14, 2021
Update on the 2020 Election
Only The Best, For Our Senior Citizens
Georgia State Senate District 17 encompasses parts of Newton, Henry, and Rockdale counties with nearly 150,000 registered voters. Brian Strickland entered his second full term in the Georgia Senate in 2020. Brian, his wife Lindsay, and their two children reside in McDonough, GA. Through Brian's leadership position at the capitol where he fights for District 17, and all of Georgia, he has impacted Georgia for the better through various executed actions. Not only did Brian support the First Responder bill which aids police, firefighter, and EMS personnel but he was a key player in the passing of the Georgia Criminal Justice reform bills and Georgia Surprise Medical bills. Above and beyond that, Brian labored to bring funding to Southern Crescent Technical College making it one of the top technical schools in Georgia and is constantly raising the bar in the fight against human trafficking.
Headquarters | 1160 Monticello Street SW| Covington | GA| 30014 | 678.583.4865
Mailing Address | P.O.Box 1803| McDonough | GA| 30253
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"Access problems and alienation cases - especially those which are more severe - take up a disproportionate amount of judicial time and energy," said the study, conducted by Queen's University law professor Nicholas Bala, a respected family law expert.
"One can ask whether the courts should even be trying to deal with these very challenging cases."
In an interview yesterday, Prof. Bala said that parental alienation cases should be streamlined out of the court system as rapidly as possible and given to individual judges to "case-manage," a system in which a single judge handles a case all the way through the courts.
He said this would allow the judges to learn their cases' nuances and press for resolution.
"The increase in court cases is dramatic, and they do take up a lot of court time," he said. "A family may appear in front of 10 different judges before they get to a trial, and each judge starts afresh. If you are dealing with people who are manipulative, they can drag it out."
"It is important for the justice system to take an early and firm response to alienation cases," his study concluded.
"Alienation cases can change over time from mild to more severe. Early intervention is more likely to be successful."
The study also urged the justice system to enforce access orders more vigorously for the sake of its own credibility.
It said that the relatively lax enforcement of access - an issue that primarily affects fathers - contrasts sharply with zero tolerance policies in domestic abuse cases and enhanced enforcement of child and spousal support orders.
The juxtaposition can convince fathers that the system is biased against them, Prof. Bala said.
"Just as feminists have some very important and valid criticisms of the family justice system, so do fathers' rights advocates," he said.
The study also took issue with the much-publicized concept of Parental Alienation Syndrome, arguing that it is neither a recognized syndrome nor a useful description of what is actually a complicated set of behaviours.
The study said proponents of PAS err in painting all alienation scenarios as negative.
In half of the cases where a judge had declined to make a finding of parental alienation, it said the child was "understandably estranged from the rejected parent due to abuse or poor parenting.
"The 'justifiably estranged' child rejects a parent due to experiences of abuse or neglect, or due to poor parenting that may be the result of drug abuse or mental health issues or a simple lack of warmth as a parent," the study said.
Prof. Bala concluded that the term "parental alienation" and the debate itself have been hijacked by two hopelessly polarized groups, fathers' rights activists and feminists, who each produce a simplistic narrative.
"Men's rights activists are claiming that it is becoming increasingly common for mothers to alienate children from their fathers as a way of seeking revenge for separation, and assert that courts are gender-biased against fathers in dealing with alienation," he said.
"Many feminists dismiss alienation as a claim fabricated by abusive fathers to maintain contact with children who are terrified of them, and control over the lives of their abused former partners."
Prof. Bala said that the notion of parental alienation syndrome, coined in 1987 by U.S. psychiatrist Richard Gardner, is falling steadily into disrepute.
"Although initially influential with mental health professionals and in the courts, Gardner's work was highly controversial," he said in the study.
Gardner's approach is now generally regarded as overly simplistic and biased against women."
The world of divorce is scary for any child. But when a divorce becomes especially toxic, children can become the target of an unrelenting crusade by one parent to destroy the child's relationship with the other. Experts call it parental alienation. Read More ..
What does Parental Alienation Syndrome mean? In my case, it meant losing a child. When Dash was 4 1/2 years old his father and I broke up. I dealt with the death of our marriage and moved on but Peter stayed angry, eventually turning it toward his own house, teaching our son, day by day, bit by bit, to reject me. Parental Alienation Syndrome typically means one parent's pathological hatred, the other's passivity and a child used as a weapon of war. When Dash's wonderful raw materials were taken and shaken and melted down, he was recast as a foot soldier in a war against me. Read More ..
Not too long ago, Jacqueline Scott Sheid was a pretty typical Upper East Side mother. Divorced and with a young daughter, she had quickly remarried, borne a son, and interrupted her career to stay home with the children while her husband, Xavier Sheid, worked on Wall Street.
Early last year, Mr. Sheid lost his job and saw his only career opportunity in California. But Ms. Sheid's ex-husband, who shares joint legal custody of their daughter, refused to allow the girl to move away. So Ms. Sheid has spent much of the last year using JetBlue to shuttle between her son and husband on the West Coast and her daughter (and ex) on the East.
The New York court system, which she hoped would help her family to resolve the problem, has cost her tens of thousands of dollars in fees for court-appointed experts, she said, and has helped to prolong the process by objecting to her choice of lawyers. Read More ..
Toronto -- The scope of the courts' reach into family affairs has long been contentious, but a recent trend in Canada's legal system has brought a new controversy that has some onlookers praising judges and others condemning them for accepting what they call "voodoo science."
More than ever before, Canada's judges are recognizing that some children of divorced and warring parents are not simply living an unfortunate predicament, but rather are victims of child abuse and suffering from Parental Alienation Syndrome. Read More ..
Many celebrities would shrink from view after a PR nightmare like Alec Baldwin's leaked voice mail in which he calls his 11-year-old daughter, Ireland, a "rude, thoughtless little pig." But Baldwin wants to use the media scrutiny to give exposure to parental alienation, the controversial "syndrome" caused by one parent's systematically damaging a child's relationship with the other parent. Read More ..
VANCOUVER - In a case of extreme parental alienation, a mother has been banned by a B.C. Supreme Court judge from seeing her teenage daughter for more than a year.
Because of the urgency of the matter, Justice Donna Martinson issued the terse, two-page ruling outlining 15 conditions the parents must follow, including that the mother, known only as Ms. A, not see her daughter until at least March 31, 2010.
The decision came after the mother alleged extreme emotional abuse by the father, which she claimed was putting the teenager's safety at risk.
"I am satisfied that Ms. A's allegations are unfounded," Martinson wrote.
"I am further satisfied that she has continued to undermine the relationship between M and her father and has acted in ways that are detrimental to M's psychological healing."
Names have been stripped from the court ruling to protect the girl's identity.
The judge has ordered that both the mother and maternal grandmother have no contact with the girl, which would be enforced by police if necessary.
After Joe Rabiega's parents divorced, when he was an adolescent, his father repeatedly told him his mother had abandoned him. The boy had to return any gifts that came from his mother's side of the family and, twice daily, he had to pledge his allegiance to his father.
"I was never allowed to have anything to do with her," he says from his home in Raleigh, N.C. "The consequences were dire if I did. He said I would have nobody."
Even though Mr. Rabiega, now 33, had witnessed ugly behaviour by his father toward his mother and knew his dad to be an erratic alcoholic, it wasn't until he sought counselling for personal problems in his early 20s that his past snapped into focus: He had been the victim of parental alienation syndrome - his father had systematically turned him against his mother.
The phenomenon, coined by psychiatrist Richard A. Gardner in 1985, has gained traction recently due to a number of recent high-profile divorce cases in Canada - not to mention the very public case of movie star Alec Baldwin, who accused his former wife, Kim Basinger, of parental alienation. Read More ..
The Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is the systematic denigration by one parent by the other with the intent of alienating the child against the other parent. The purpose of alienation is usually to gain or retain custody without the involvement of the non-custodial parent (NCP) The alienation usually extends to the NCP's family and friends as well. Though this document is written with the father in mind, it must be clear that there are many cases of PAS where the NCP is the mother, and PAS from the non-custodial mothers' viewpoint will be discussed later.
They deny any contribution from their mothers. And the mothers often support this vehemently. In fact, the mothers will often state that they want the child to visit with the father and recognise the importance of such involvement, yet such a mothers every act indicates otherwise.
Such children appreciate that, by stating the decision is their own, they assuage mother's guilt and protect her from criticism. Such professions of independent thinking are supported by the mother who will often praise these children for being the kind of people who have minds of their own and are forthright and brave enough to express overtly their opinions.
Frequently, such mothers will exhort their children to tell them the truth regarding whether or not they really want to see their fathers. The child will usually appreciate that "the truth" is the profession that they hate the father and do not want to see him ever again. They thereby provide that answer - couched as "the truth" - which will protect them from their mother's anger if they were to state what they really wanted to do, which is to see their fathers.
It is important for the reader to appreciate that after a period of programming the child may not know what is the truth any Read More ..d come to actually believe that the father deserves the vilification being directed against him. The end point of the brainwashing process has then been achieved. Read More ..
ABC13 Eyewitness News, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
The 10-year-old Katy boy accused of murdering his father this summer is now the face of an unofficial psychiatric disorder that may have lead to his father's death.
Alienation cases have been receiving a great deal of public and professional attention in the past few months in Canada. As with so many issues in family law, there are two competing, gendered narratives offered to explain these cases. Men's rights activists claim that mothers alienate children from their fathers as a way of seeking revenge for separation, and argue that judges are gender-biased against fathers in these cases. Feminists tend to dismiss alienation as a fabrication of abusive fathers who are trying to force contact with children who are frightened of them and to control the lives of their abused former partners. While there is some validity to both of these narratives, each also has significant mythical elements. The reality of these cases is often highly complex, with both fathers and mothers bearing significant responsibility for the situation.
Mothers are twice as likely as fathers to alienate children from the other parent, but this reflects the fact that mothers are more likely to have custody or primary care of their children; in only 2 out of 89 cases was a parent with only access able to alienate a child from the other parent.
Fathers made more than three times as many unsubstantiated claims of parental alienation as mothers, but this too reflects the fact that claims of alienation (substantiated and unsubstantiated) are usually made by access parents, who are usually fathers. Read More ..


The USS Missouri Memorial (the "Mighty Mo") proudly rides at anchor in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, nest to the USS Arizona Memorial, the two marking the beginning and the end of World War II. The USS Missouri memorial opened January 29, 1999 and is one of the most popular attractions in Hawaii. You cannot help but be deeply moved by the historic significance of this great ship. She was the last battleship ever built and the biggest. She is almost 900 feet long and over 100 feet in beam and more than 200 feet in height. Each link in the 1,200-foot long chains of her two anchors weighs over 100 pounds. 17 inches of solid steel protect her citadel from which the ship's operations were directed during battle. But even greater than her physical size is the size of her place in American history.
On June 12, 1940 the order for a faster battleship, the USS Missouri was ordered. One month after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the keel was laid in the New York Naval Yard. January 29, 1944 the ship was launched and on June 11, 1944 the battleship was commissioned. The ship acquired the nickname "Mighty Mo" and was the last battleship to be built by the United States.
January 2 1945 The Missouri departed for combat from Pearl Harbor Hawaii. The USS Missouri saw action in World War II during the battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa. Mighty Mo shelled the Japanese home Islands of Hokkaido and Honshu.
On September 2, 1945 on the deck of the Mighty Mo, General Douglas McArthur accepted Japan's surrender putting an end to World War II. In 1950 Mighty Mo was sent to 1st combat operations in Korea. Mighty Mo helped in shore bombardment at Somchok, Korea. After the Korean War she was decommissioned and in 1971 The USS Missouri was added to the national register of Historic places.
In 1986 the ship was decommissioned in San Francisco, California pier 32 and sent on a world tour. Thin in 1991, she was sent to the Persian Gulf to protect American-flagged oil tankers near the Straits of Hormuz, and she launched 28 Tomahawk missiles against Iraqi positions in Baghdad and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm. Her final operational mission was to sail into Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1991, the 50th anniversary of the United States entry into World War II. In 1992 Mighty Mo was decommissioned a second time and in 1995 she was removed from the Navy's ship registry, enabling her to be donated by the Navy for preservation as The USS Missouri Memorial museum.
Tickets must be purchased at the bowfin memorial.


A scientist's experiments on himself result in a dangerous split personality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941).
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Are You Ill?
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) - (Movie Clip) Can This Be Evil?
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Cheap Little Dreams!
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) The Moment Is Mine!
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Physicians!
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Call It The Soul!
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, 1941.


Construction of a telescope that will map the sky in a new way has begun on a mountain in Chile. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will revolutionize the study of transient objects in the Universe by repeatedly imaging half the sky every few days using the largest digital camera in the world, generating 15 terabytes of new data each day.
Many objects in the Universe are transient, i.e. they produce light for a limited amount of time. This may be because the event itself is short-lived, like the supernova explosion of a dying star, or because the object is nearby so that its position on the sky changes quickly, like an asteroid. The 10 year movie that LSST produces will show these objects appearing, disappearing, and moving in the southern hemisphere's night sky.
These observations will also produce deep images of the sky leading to catalogues of astronomical objects which are thousands of times larger than are currently available. First light with LSST is expected in 2019.
The Stockholm University Physics and Astronomy departments have joined the LSST collaboration. These researchers will use the observatory to help them better understand supernovae, to map the structure of the Universe, and to try to detect the optical counterparts to gravitational wave sources.


National and provincial governments have acknowledged the need to boost innovation in order to enhance economic diversity and secure a prosperous future for all Canadians. Attracting and retaining talented young researchers is absolutely essential to meeting that goal; research is one of the primary drivers of innovation and young researchers quite literally represent the future of Canadian research.
Over the past few decades, federal investments in basic research have dropped precipitously, leading to a decline in Canada's research output and in our competitiveness on the world stage. Young researchers — including PhD students, postdoctoral scholars/fellows ('postdocs', post-PhD, pre-faculty researchers in training) and early career investigators (ECIs, university research faculty members five years into their first appointment) were perhaps the hardest hit during that period, with significant decreases in success rates among trainees applying for federal funding and substantial declines in the proportion of available federal funding awarded to ECIs.
Recognizing the need to identify and address systemic problems in our funding system, the federal government convened an expert panel of advisers to conduct the Fundamental Science Review. The final report from that panel was released earlier this year, and included a long list of ideas to strengthen Canadian research — the most notable being a substantial increase in federal funding for investigator-led fundamental research.
The panel made a number of recommendations that directly address the issues facing young researchers: increased funding support for ECIs, resources to support more graduate students and postdocs and the harmonization of funding programs and awards across the various funding agencies.
When you're in your 30s and still in a low-paying 'trainee' position with little/no benefits, no pension, and uncertain career prospects, you can bet your doctorate that you'll start questioning whether getting one was a bad life choice.
These recommendations would be a huge step in the right direction, but they fall short of addressing the most significant issues facing trainees in Canada today: lengthy training times, inadequate compensation and the lack of access to statutory and other (e.g., health/dental) benefits.
While relatively poor compensation and benefits have always challenged the work of attracting young researchers, lengthening training times and the related aging of the PhD and postdoc populations have considerably heightened the need for improved compensation and support over the past few decades. When you're in your 30s and still in a low-paying 'trainee' position with little/no benefits, no pension, and uncertain career prospects, you can bet your doctorate that you'll start questioning whether getting one was a bad life choice.
Longer training times among PhD students have led to an increase in student debt and 'lost wages'. As a result, it now takes the average PhD 20+ years to recoup the wages they lose during their training.
The situation for postdocs is even worse, as the average Canadian postdoc never makes up for the earnings they lose working additional years as an underpaid trainee, much less the added long-term costs resulting from the lack of access to Employment Insurance (EI), health and dental benefits, the Canada Pension Plan and other employee-style pensions. Moreover, the 2016 Canadian National Postdoc Survey found that former postdocs had an unemployment rate more than twice that of the average PhD in Canada, which clearly demonstrates the need for EI coverage as well as improved support for career transitions in our postdoctoral training system.
Increased federal investment is absolutely required to restore the Canadian research landscape after years of funding neglect. This is a necessary first step to attracting and nurturing the talent needed for Canada to become an innovation leader.
But it's just that — a first step. Money alone cannot solve all of the complex challenges facing our research training system today. If recruiting and retaining the 'best and the brightest' as the next generation of Canadian researchers is the goal, then thoughtful and innovative funding and labour relations policies undoubtedly will be needed to secure that future.
Dr. Joseph Sparling is chair of the Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars (CAPS/ACSP), a key contributor to ongoing postdoc labour relation reforms in Alberta, an advocate for evidence-based policy reform in post-graduate research and training, and a postdoc at the University of Calgary.


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Home»Biography»Kojo Oppong Nkrumah Profile: Minister Designate for Information
Kojo Oppong Nkrumah Profile: Minister Designate for Information
By Paul DarkeyNo Comments2 Mins Read
Kojo Vincent Oppong Nkrumah is a Ghanaian politician and Lawyer. He was born on the 5th of April, 1982 in Koforidua in the Eastern Region of Ghana.
He is the Member of parliament for the Ofoase-Ayirebi constituency. He is on the list presented to parliament for approval on 21st January 2021, by the president of Ghana Nana Akuffo-Addo, as the Minister for Information designate.
Let's delve into his biography below.
1 Full Name
3 Hometown
6 Career and Politics
He was born Kojo Vincent Oppong Nkrumah.
He was born on the 5th of April, 1982 in Koforidua in the Eastern Region of Ghana. He is 39 years old as of the year 2021.
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He hails from Koforidua, in the Eastern Region of Ghana.
Kojo Oppong Nkrumah is married to married to Akua and they are blessed with three Children; Kwaku, Afua and Kofi
He had his basic school education at St. Bernadette Soubirous School in Dansoman and then went on to the Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary in Koforidua for his senior high education.
He later studied at the University of Cape Coast where he received a bachelor's degree in Commerce.
In the year 2012, he graduated with an MBA in Marketing from the University of Ghana, Legon.
In 2014 Kojo was awarded a bachelor's degree in law (LLB) at the GIMPA Faculty of Law after two years of studies.
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In 2016 he was called to the Bar as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Ghana.
Career and Politics
Kojo began his career as a Treasury Analyst at British American Tobacco in 2006. He also worked at Joy FM as a broadcast journalist hosting the Super Morning Show after the departure of host Komla Dumor.
In 2014 he bowed out of broadcasting to establish an investment firm, West Brownstone Capital.
By 2016, he had become a lawyer practicing at Kulendi, Attafuah and Amponsah at law.
He contested and won the parliamentary seat for Ofoase-Ayirebi Constituency in the Eastern Region of Ghana. during the 2016 Ghanaian general elections.
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He was the Minister for Information in Ghana and is the Cabinet spokesperson on the Economy.
He additionally serves as a member of the Finance and Constitutional committees of the 7th Parliament of Ghana. He is currently the President's Representative at the Ministry of Information.
He is on the list presented to parliament for approval on 21st January 2021, by the president of Ghana Nana Akuffo-Addo, as the Minister for Information designate.
Checkout: Biography, Ghana Ministers
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Heat the oil in a small saucepan over medium-high heat. Add the achiote seeds. Turn off the heat and let the seeds steep until the oil turns a vibrant orange-red, about 5 minutes. Strain the oil through a fine-mesh sieve into a blender: discard the seeds. Add the vinegar, garlic, aji amarillo, cumin, salt, and pepper. Cover the blender and puree until well combined.
Place the pork in a resealable gallon-sized plastic bag. Add the achiote marinade, turn the bag to coat the pork, squeeze out the air, and seal. Refrigerate for at least 4 hours or up to overnight.
Remove the pork from the marinade; discard the marinade. Thread the pork onto the skewers alternating with the pineapple and red onions. Grill (or broil) the pork skewers until they are browned on all sides, 4 to 6 minutes total cooking time. Take care not to overcook or the pork will become tough and dry. Serve the pork skewers on a bed of lettuce leaves and garnish with lime wedges. Pull the pork off the skewers onto a lettuce leaf and eat like a taco. For a great presentation, stick the skewers into a whole pineapple and put on the table with the lettuce and lime on the side.


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Home > Fyi
June Is Pride Month and There's a Celebration Near You
By Amber Garrett
May. 31 2019, Updated 6:44 p.m. ET
Happy Pride Month! June marks a full month of celebrating LGBT+ pride and all the strides the queer community has made. And this year is a very special landmark, as June 28 marks 50 years since the Stonewall riots, which is commonly accepted as the dawn of the queer rights movement.
If you're looking for the closest pride parade near you, read on to get the details on celebrations and festivals across the U.S.
1. Los Angeles
Los Angeles has the earliest pride celebration of the month, with Pride Week kicking off May 31 and ending June 9.
Friday June 7 – Sunday June 9: LA Pride Festival takes place in West Hollywood and is a star-studded festival with appearances from performers like Meghan Trainor, Paul Abdul, and Years & Years.
Sunday June 9, 11 a.m. – 2 p.m.: The LA Pride Parade runs down Santa Monica Boulevard between Fairfax and Doheny.
2. Dallas
4 more days!!! Who are you bringing with you? #lgbtqplus #prideuniverse #instagay #gaystagram #gaymen #gaylove #instahomo #lovewins #gayparty #dragshow #pride #lgbtpride #instaqueer #lesbian #drag #gaylife #gaysoninstagram #dragsuperstar #dragqueer #dragslayer #lgbt #dragbrunch #dallastexas #dallaspride #dallasprideparade #pride2019 #rainbowbabies #gaypride🌈
A post shared by Dallas Pride (@dallasprideorg) on May 28, 2019 at 7:40am PDT
Saturday, June 1, 11 a.m. – 10 p.m.: The Dallas Pride Festival at Fair Park costs $10 for adults, $5 for teens (kids 12 and under are free).
Sunday, June 2, 9 a.m: The parade route encircles the Cotton Bowl and Fair Park, and admission is free.
3. Seattle
Seattle is celebrating its 45th pride as well as the Stonewall anniversary, so it's definitely going to be a great year to celebrate the rainbow in the Emerald City.
Saturday, June 8, noon – 7 p.m.: The Volunteer Park Pride Festival in Capitol Hill is a free, all-ages event with live music, food trucks and more.
Sunday, June 30, 11 a.m.: The parade celebrating Stonewall runs along 4th avenue toward Seattle Center.
Saturday, June 8, 4:30 p.m. – 8 p.m.: The Capital Pride Parade starts at Dupont Circle.
Sunday, June 9, noon – 10 p.m.: The Capital Pride Festival and Concert takes place on Pennsylvania Avenue.
5. New Orleans
No one does a parade like the Big Easy.
Saturday, June 8, noon – 5 p.m.: Outside the Phoenix on North Rampart, check out PrideFest with musical guest Big Freedia.
Saturday, June 8, 7:30 p.m. – 10:30 p.m.: The New Orleans Pride Parade circles the French Quarter, ending outside the French Market.
6. Key West, FL
Key West is one of the most fun places to celebrate LBGT pride any time of year.
Sunday, June 9, 5 p.m.: The parade down Duval Street wraps up a week of pageants and celebrations.
7. Chicago
Saturday June 22 – Sunday June 23: Chicago Pride Fest kicks off, where else but Boystown, with performers including Leann Rimes, Betty Who, and Alex Newell.
Saturday, June 29, 1 p.m.: Pride in the Park at Grant Park features performances from Iggy Azalea and Steve Aoki, with admission starting at $50.
Sunday June 30, noon: The Chicago 50th Annual Pride Parade kicks off at Broadway and Montrose.
8. NYC
The ultimate place to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots is where it happened: at the historic Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street. NYC Pride has events the entire month of June to mark the occasion, but the major celebrations are as follows:
Wednesday, June 26, 7–10 p.m.: WorldPride Opening Ceremony at Barclays Center. Hosted by Whoopi Goldberg and featuring Cyndi Lauper, Todrick Hall, Ciara, Chaka Khan, Billy Porter, and Daya. Get tickets now
Friday, June 28, 6–9 p.m.: Stonewall 50 Commemoration at the Stonewall Inn. Celebrate and honor the Stonewall Uprising on the 50th anniversary of the birth of a movement at this free rally event.
Sunday, June 30, 12 p.m.: The Pride March parade began one year after the uprising on June 28, 1970 with the Christopher Street Liberation Day March. The route has changed over the years, but queer New Yorkers and allies can catch the march starting at Madison Square Park down to Washington Square Park, then on to the Stonewall National Monument and ending at 23rd St and 7th Ave.
Sunday, June 30, 11 a.m.–6 p.m.: Pridefest: Corresponding with the parade is a street festival between Union Square and Astor Place and featuring performers like Melanic C and Sink the Pink, Lauren Jauregui, and The Veronicas.
While the Stonewall uprising is considered the birth of queer pride, it wasn't the first revolt against LGBTQ+ discrimination. The Compton's Cafeteria riot in San Francisco's Tenderloin district predates Stonewall by three years. Also led by trans people, trans women in particular, this lesser known protest of police harassment was the true birth of the movement and a big reason San Francisco remains a mecca and safe haven for queer folks of all genders.
Saturday, June 29 – Sunday, June 30: The two-day celebration and rally at Civic Center Plaza opens Saturday at noon and closes Sunday at 6.
Sunday, June 30, 10:30 a.m.: San Francisco's Pride Parade stretches along Market Street from Embarcadero to Civic Center
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Home 2018 May 11
News, World News May 11, 2018
Seven people found dead in Western Australia, police say
Australia (HRNW): Seven people have been found dead at a rural property in Western Australia (WA), police have confirmed. The bodies of four children and three adults were discovered in the town of Osmington, 280km (170…
National News, News May 11, 2018
Toxic water causing deformities among people in this Pakistani village
Kot Asadullah Lahore (HRNW): Basharat Ali was 15 when his legs began to falter, a condition doctors have blamed on polluted water in a village near Lahore infamous for the deformities that afflict many of its…
Local News, News May 11, 2018
Fruit vendor dies during anti-encroachment operation in Karachi
Karachi (HRNW): A fruit vendor lost his life from alleged police torture during an anti-encroachment drive in Karachi's Empress Market on Thursday, According to media correspondent Salman Lodhi, a fruit vendor named Maroof Khan was killed…
Mark Coles wants some time to get things onto right track
Karachi (HRNW): Pakistan women cricket team coach, Mark Coles said that Pakistan's women cricket team will take some time to compete strongly against world's top class teams. Talking to the media during the final match of…
PM Abbasi congratulates world's oldest prime minister on poll victory
Islamabad (HRNW): Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi has felicitated Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on assumption of office as Prime Minister of Malaysia. Mahathir has become the world's oldest elected leader after the poll victory….
Five of a family killed in hotel blast in Peshawar
Peshawar (HRNW): At least five people, women among them, were killed and two others seriously wounded in a powerful blast at a hotel in the provincial capital Peshawar in the wee hours of Friday, According to…
PML-N's CEC meeting called to discuss NAB charges: Nawaz
Islamabad (HRNW): Ousted prime minister and PML-N Quaid Nawaz Sharif on Friday said a meeting of his party's Central Executive Committee (CEC) has been called to discuss the launch of a probe against him for allegedly…
Pakistan, Afghanistan have potential to become world's trade, economic hub: NSA
Islamabad (HRNW): National Security Advisor Lieutenant General (retired) Nasser Khan Janjua on Thursday said Pakistan and Afghanistan shared a lot of opportunities and have common economic future which has the potential to connect to markets of…


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Home » Reviews » Zorro: The Chronicles | Review
Zorro: The Chronicles | Review
Last Updated Date: June 26, 2022 - 14:46
Zorro: The Chronicles, developed by BKOM Studios and published by Nacon, is out. Check out the review of the game here.
Zorro: The Chronicles – Many games for kids are specially made, but that doesn't necessarily mean someone older can't enjoy them. A good example of this is the Pokémon series. Officially, this series is aimed at children over the age of five. Still, there's a large group of adult actors who have had fun with this franchise. The developer of Zorro: The Chronicles targeted children between the ages of 6 and 12. This is a very specific indication of who the game is for, and it should also mean that not everyone older than has to watch it anyway. Still, we give it a shot as adult players.
Fight evil
Zorro: The Chronicles is based on the French cartoon series of the same name that aired in 2015 and 2016. The series featured a young protagonist fighting against evil with her twin sister, Ines. The game follows the same formula and you can play as either of these two heroes. The story you follow in the game… well, you are probably fighting evil. All the game tells you about this is a few sentences of context at most before starting a new level. Nine out of ten are about Zorro or his sister having to pull out, find, or release something or someone. Zorro: Chronicles shouldn't rely on his story anyway.
Am I seeing it right?
When you start playing Zorro: The Chronicles, you'll probably blink a few times to make sure you're seeing everything right. If you didn't know any better, you'd think you were playing a PlayStation 2 game remastered to 1080p. The game is similar to the cartoon series, but the different characters are presented quite simply, and the environment does not exactly use many polygons and is rather bare. You see how simply buildings and the like are put together, especially as the camera is moved over the environment with each new level. The game runs at 60 frames per second just fine, although there are some drops from time to time.
Just because a game doesn't score well graphically doesn't mean it's bad. You just get the idea that you're playing a PS2 game here. You are presented with eighteen separate levels, each taking place in a not very expansive setting. You can roam freely in principle but it doesn't make much sense because there's almost nothing special to do. You have to complete a series of missions to experience the adventure. Then you have to go from A to B or beat it to find something or someone and then go to C. It's exactly what you'd expect from a game three generations ago, but that doesn't really impress today anymore.
It doesn't get better
You will encounter many enemies during the adventure. However, the heroes react a bit slow to your commands and therefore the combat is fierce. You can also choose stealth to take down your enemies, but this again feels like you're playing a game from the PS2 era. It just doesn't play well. The game, on the other hand, sounds coherent as a whole, but not the way you want it to be. Being able to choose between Zorro or his twin brother doesn't offer variety, either. Despite having different attacks, the controls remain the same and therefore the gameplay is the same.
And here we go again, the war itself can be called very fundamental. You have one button to attack with your sword and one button to show stars to enemies with your whip or take out their weapons. If the corresponding icon appears on the enemy, you can dodge your opponents' attacks. So this brings some variety to the movements, but you don't use it much in practice. For example, the game contains various enemies that must be eliminated in a certain way. However, this number is so small that for most of the game you just press the button and it quickly gets boring.
There is little to do and experience other than fighting. You can still delete any posters that may be found in the area, but that's it. As an extra layer in the game, there are still upgrades you need to unlock. To do this, you need to defeat the enemies by completing certain tasks during the fight, such as fending off your enemy's attack several times or destroying chests. Upgrades allow you to gain more life energy or disarm stronger enemies. It's a nice addition, but not because upgrades suddenly make the game a lot more fun. This can be traced back to normal gameplay as it remains the same. Also the unpleasant thing is that sometimes there is an annoying bug in the game that makes your character unable to walk anymore.
For adults and late teens, Zorro: The Chronicles certainly has little to offer. It is therefore not surprising that the game is aimed at a very special group, namely young children. It offers a combination of combat and stealth gameplay, which the developer says is a nice introduction for kids who want to explore these genres. But the problem is, they haven't really taken into account what kids play these days anyway at a young age. They are now used to much more complex games and better looking games. The look and feel and gameplay of the PlayStation 2 is long overdue, even for these young gamers. Maybe six and seven year olds can have a little more fun with this than others, but then it's really over.
Also available on: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X|S and PC.
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If you are looking for a gift that promotes healthy lifestyle or for someone who may be a little difficult to buy for food dehydrators may be the gift you are looking for. These dehydrators are a great gift if you have friends and family that are into healthy foods or looking to get into a healthier lifestyle. Or if you have friends and family that seem to have everything one of these products may be ideal it will give them great food drying options even making their own yogurt. For a great original gift with great quality these products can help you make gift buying easy.
If you have someone on your gift list that likes to eat healthy or is turning over a new leaf in their eating lifestyles drying foods may be a great tasting option for them. Drying foods will allow friends and family to make healthy snacks that will last for months at a time. Fruits are a great snack anytime and when you choose to purchase a dehydrator for someone on your gift list you will allow them to have fruit snacks long after the normal shelf date. Drying vegetables gives those one your gift list great vegetables anytime of the year for great soups and recipes. Drying beef allows for great beef jerky for months after beefs normal shelf date. By taking out the water and not the nutrients of the foods drying is a great way to enjoy great foods anytime. Buying from the varieties of food dehydrators available will let you give a great healthy gift.
Buying a gift that someone doesn't have isn't always easy. Choosing a gift that someone doesn't have and that they can use may even seem impossible. But with your choice of dehydrators for fruit, vegetables, beef and more you can purchase the perfect gift. If you are buying for someone and you want to give them a gift that will let them enjoy great foods and possibly save them money a food dehydrator is the right gift choice. When those on your list open the dehydrator they may not know that by drying some foods they can save money. But when they experience the great taste of the dried foods and realize that they never have to throw fruit and vegetables away again they will really enjoy the gift you gave. Throwing away fruits and vegetables is a waste of money but with this product your family and friends can save money by drying the foods before they go bad. Finding a gift that someone doesn't have, that they can use, and that will save them money makes a food dehydrator a great gift idea.
Seeing all the ways one of these dehydrators can make a great gift may make you put on your list for everyone. Giving family and friends healthy food choices and saving them money at the same time makes choosing from the variety of food dehydrators the easy choice for your gift buying needs.


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War / Documentary / History / Film
Battlefield Russia: The Eastern Front
Released: September 21, 2010 • Available in US & Canada
BATTLEFIELD: Russia: The Eastern Front explores the crucial role played by Russia in defeating of Nazi Germany. Hoping for a repeat of the successful Blitzkrieg that rolled across Western Europe, the Germans envisioned a swift capitulation by Russia. Instead, the Red Army stopped the Nazi advances in the snows of Stalingrad, waging a battle of attrition, in which hundreds of thousands of German soldiers and millions of Russians perished before liberating the city of Berlin.
Now for the first time TMG and NBC Universal bring you these detailed accounts of the pivotal battles of World War II. Each episode covers one great battle, featuring portraits of the leaders and commanders, explanations of weapons and tactics, a review of the political and military situation leading up to the battle, troop deployment and the story of the battle itself.
Narrated by Time Pigot-Smith (V for Vendetta, Quantum of Solace)
Color/Black & White


Diskutiere das Thema "[MOD/HOW-TO] für die original SMS/MMS APP" im Forum "Root / Hacking / Modding für Samsung Galaxy Note".
Download Apk Manager from here.
Now open up /smali/com/android/mms/transaction/SmsReceiverService.smali and open it in any text editor.
There will be another at approximately line 2270.
Copy your new Mms.apk to your phone! Don't forget to back up your old one in case you make a mistake.
If you get errors, check the log for mentions of 9.png errors. If they are there, fix your 9 patch files! Use google for that, I'm not explaining how to do this.
If you can't be bothered to do this or don't know how, send me a PM! I've made more than 8 custom Mms.apks for people so far.
Für die Stock XXLC1 DBT habe ich den Mod erstellt, die ODEX-Version getestet und er funktioniert auch. Ob man eine SMS an 100 Leute schicken kann konnte ich mangels SMS-Flate leider nicht testen, aber vielleicht gibts ja jemand hier der´s testet.
Wichtig: Bitte sichert eure original Mms-Datei/en und kopiert erst dann den entpackten Mod nach /system/app und vergesst nicht die Rechte wie folgt richtig zu setzen.


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Which is a winning combination of digits?
[6765] Which is a winning combination of digits? - The computer chose a secret code (sequence of 4 digits from 1 to 6). Your goal is to find that code. Black circles indicate the number of hits on the right spot. White circles indicate the number of hits on the wrong spot. - #brainteasers #mastermind - Correct Answers: 35 - The first user who solved this task is Nasrin 24 T
The computer chose a secret code (sequence of 4 digits from 1 to 6). Your goal is to find that code. Black circles indicate the number of hits on the right spot. White circles indicate the number of hits on the wrong spot.
#brainteasers #mastermind
A Guy was staying in a fancy h...
A Guy was staying in a fancy hotel and was enjoying the pool when the manager told him quite bluntly to get out. When asked for the reason, the manager said, "Because you peed in the pool."
"Well," replied the swimmer, "lots of people do that."
"True," answered the manager, "but you did it from the diving board."
Black American patent
In 1954, a patent for "Methods and Means of Defrosting a Cold Diffuser" was issued to its Black American inventor, F.M. Jones (No. 2,666,298). It gave a method to defrost using a heating medium when the surface of the diffuser has accumulated a layer of frost or ice which would otherwise reduce its heat transfer capacity. He used a compressor, condenser and evaporator which were interconnected in a manner such that the compressed refrigerant could also accomplish the defrosting of the evaporator in a defrosting cycle. He was a prolific inventor, whose first patent was for a "Ticket Dispensing Machine" in 1939 (No. 2,163,754), accumulating about 20 more patents relating to gas engines and refrigeration devices in 20 years.


To represent the interests and views of both the member organizations and the wider community of Supporters of the Scotland National Football Team with any interested parties and organizations.
To promote support for the Scotland National Football Teams.
To promote and enhance the good reputation of Scottish Football Supporters at home and abroad.
ATAC is against ageism, sexism and racism.
The Association's membership consists of properly constituted Scotland Supporters clubs or associations.
Clubs must have a minimum of 25 individual members, whom are also Scotland Travel Club (STC) members.
Annual review of membership numbers will take place in June each year.
No ATAC club will be permitted to have a closed membership to new members.
There will be no individual or personal memberships of ATAC.
There will be no annual fee paid by member clubs or associations only costs for general administration and events.
The membership of any club or association can only be terminated by the Committee on the basis of a majority vote.
The core of the committee will consist of nominated representative of full member clubs, plus ATAC spokesman, with the chair being rotated each meeting.
The core of the committee cannot contain more than one representative from any individual member club.
The committee will meet on a regular basis, minimum of four times annually, to deal with ongoing business.
Any committee meeting must have quorum of at least five members.
These rules and regulations may be added to, repealed or amended by resolution at any meeting of the association, provided that the supporting motion is carried by a majority of at least two thirds of the member associations voting thereon.
In the event of termination of the association, any surplus funds shall be disbursed to a suitable registered charity to be decided upon by a simple vote of the member clubs and associations.
Constitution reviewed and approved on 22nd June 2003.


At Forever Young Child Care Academy, we feel that parents and child care providers are very much a team. We work closely together to ensure that your child has the best care possible. We theorize that children learn through play. The environment is enriched with dramatic play, puzzles, books, computer learning, music and art.
Physical activities such as exercise, dancing and outdoor activities are included in the daily routine, to encourage the development of large muscles. Fine motor skills are stimulated by using puzzles, sorting activities, blocks, crayons and paints.
We have an open-door policy and parents are welcome to visit at any time. Nursing mothers are also welcome to come in and nurse their infants.


I finally got to watch this – on a plane, over the Mediterranean, no less – and it was, as expected, wonderful.
If you like animation and a good story and time travel, this one's for you. It's also for you, I think, if you're not particularly keen on any of those except the good story part.


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HomeNewsLuke Bryan Announces Nashville Entertainment Venue, Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink
Luke Bryan Announces Nashville Entertainment Venue, Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink
Eric Ryan Anderson
Food & DrinksNews
Coti Howell
Luke Bryan is the newest artist to announce a Nashville venue. Bryan's will be the only six-floor entertainment venue in Music City and he's calling it Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink.
Bryan's 30,000 square foot building, in partnership with TC Restaurant Group, will have a great location at the corner of 301 Broadway at 3rd Avenue. The entertainment space will have eight bars including Music City's first multi-level rooftop bar. The rooftop sounds impressive too with a sushi menu, four live music stages and two restaurants.
The name, Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink, was inspired by Bryan's childhood home. The house he grew up in was near Route 32 Bridge in Lee County, Georgia. The new venue should be open sometime this month.
"When I first moved to Nashville I played several of the bars on the ionic Broadway Street," he explains. "I never would have dreamt that I would one day be a part of a place that could offer the same dream to others. Because of Music City and the fans all across the country, the reality of this amazing venue has become possible."
The bar will have great views and the food sounds pretty good, too. Chef Nick Phrommala will man the sushi bar and Chef Tomasz Wosiak was a big part of the venue's signature restaurant menu. He created a menu inspired by Bryan and some of his favorites. There are unique twists on Southern and American cuisine like Hometown Pulled Pork, Luke's Elk Burger with Red Dragon Cheese and more.
Of course, you can't have a restaurant-venue without specialty drinks! There will be unique cocktails like the "Backstage" which has vodka and grapefruit — with or without salt. There's also a "Play It Again" and "Luke's Old Fashioned."
Find out more about Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink here and stay tuned for when Nashville Noise tries it out.
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Luke's 32 Bridge Food + Drink
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Coti Howellhttp://www.nashvillenoise.com
The following is a press release: And then there were three. The founders of Dos PrimosTequila – superstar Thomas Rhett...
The following is from a press release: Shay Mooney, the vocalist of three-time GRAMMY-winning duo Dan + Shay, and his wife Hannah...