text:
package org.apache.commons.lang3.time;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.DateFormatSymbols;
import java.text.FieldPosition;
import java.text.Format;
import java.text.ParsePosition;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.TimeZone;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;

/**
 *
FastDateFormat is a fast and thread-safe version of
 * {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat}.

 *
 *
This class can be used as a direct replacement to
 * {@code SimpleDateFormat} in most formatting situations.
 * This class is especially useful in multi-threaded server environments.
 * {@code SimpleDateFormat} is not thread-safe in any JDK version,
 * nor will it be as Sun have closed the bug/RFE.
 *

 *
 *
Only formatting is supported, but all patterns are compatible with
 * SimpleDateFormat (except time zones and some year patterns - see below).

 *
 *
Java 1.4 introduced a new pattern letter, {@code 'Z'}, to represent
 * time zones in RFC822 format (eg. {@code +0800} or {@code -1100}).
 * This pattern letter can be used here (on all JDK versions).

 *
 *
In addition, the pattern {@code 'ZZ'} has been made to represent
 * ISO8601 full format time zones (eg. {@code +08:00} or {@code -11:00}).
 * This introduces a minor incompatibility with Java 1.4, but at a gain of
 * useful functionality.

 *
 *
Javadoc cites for the year pattern: For formatting, if the number of
 * pattern letters is 2, the year is truncated to 2 digits; otherwise it is
 * interpreted as a number. Starting with Java 1.7 a pattern of 'Y' or
 * 'YYY' will be formatted as '2003', while it was '03' in former Java
 * versions. FastDateFormat implements the behavior of Java 7.

 *
 * @since 2.0
 * @version $Id: FastDateFormat.java 1146138 2011-07-13 17:01:37Z joehni $
 */
public class FastDateFormat extends Format {
    // A lot of the speed in this class comes from caching, but some comes
    // from the special int to StringBuffer conversion.
    //
    // The following produces a padded 2 digit number:
    //   buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
    //   buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
    //
    // Note that the fastest append to StringBuffer is a single char (used here).
    // Note that Integer.toString() is not called, the conversion is simply
    // taking the value and adding (mathematically) the ASCII value for '0'.
    // So, don't change this code! It works and is very fast.

    /**
     * Required for serialization support.
     *
     * @see java.io.Serializable
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /**
     * FULL locale dependent date or time style.
     */
    public static final int FULL = DateFormat.FULL;
    /**
     * LONG locale dependent date or time style.
     */
    public static final int LONG = DateFormat.LONG;
    /**
     * MEDIUM locale dependent date or time style.
     */
    public static final int MEDIUM = DateFormat.MEDIUM;
    /**
     * SHORT locale dependent date or time style.
     */
    public static final int SHORT = DateFormat.SHORT;

    private static final FormatCache<FastDateFormat> cache= new FormatCache<FastDateFormat>() {
        @Override
        protected FastDateFormat createInstance(String pattern,    TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
            return new FastDateFormat(pattern, timeZone, locale);
        }
    };

    private static ConcurrentMap<TimeZoneDisplayKey, String> cTimeZoneDisplayCache =
        new ConcurrentHashMap<TimeZoneDisplayKey, String>(7);

    /**
     * The pattern.
     */
    private final String mPattern;
    /**
     * The time zone.
     */
    private final TimeZone mTimeZone;
    /**
     * The locale.
     */
    private final Locale mLocale;
    /**
     * The parsed rules.
     */
    private transient Rule[] mRules;
    /**
     * The estimated maximum length.
     */
    private transient int mMaxLengthEstimate;

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets a formatter instance using the default pattern in the
     * default locale.

     *
     * @return a date/time formatter
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getInstance() {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(SHORT, SHORT, null, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a formatter instance using the specified pattern in the
     * default locale.

     *
     * @param pattern  {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible
     *  pattern
     * @return a pattern based date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if pattern is invalid
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getInstance(String pattern) {
        return cache.getInstance(pattern, null, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a formatter instance using the specified pattern and
     * time zone.

     *
     * @param pattern  {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible
     *  pattern
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @return a pattern based date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if pattern is invalid
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getInstance(String pattern, TimeZone timeZone) {
        return cache.getInstance(pattern, timeZone, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a formatter instance using the specified pattern and
     * locale.

     *
     * @param pattern  {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible
     *  pattern
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a pattern based date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if pattern is invalid
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getInstance(String pattern, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getInstance(pattern, null, locale);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a formatter instance using the specified pattern, time zone
     * and locale.

     *
     * @param pattern  {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible
     *  pattern
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a pattern based date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if pattern is invalid
     *  or {@code null}
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getInstance(String pattern, TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getInstance(pattern, timeZone, locale);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets a date formatter instance using the specified style in the
     * default time zone and locale.

     *
     * @param style  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @return a localized standard date formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateInstance(int style) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(style, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a date formatter instance using the specified style and
     * locale in the default time zone.

     *
     * @param style  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard date formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateInstance(int style, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(style, null, null, locale);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a date formatter instance using the specified style and
     * time zone in the default locale.

     *
     * @param style  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @return a localized standard date formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateInstance(int style, TimeZone timeZone) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(style, null, timeZone, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a date formatter instance using the specified style, time
     * zone and locale.

     *
     * @param style  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard date formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date
     *  pattern defined
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateInstance(int style, TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(style, null, timeZone, locale);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets a time formatter instance using the specified style in the
     * default time zone and locale.

     *
     * @param style  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @return a localized standard time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getTimeInstance(int style) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(null, style, null, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a time formatter instance using the specified style and
     * locale in the default time zone.

     *
     * @param style  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getTimeInstance(int style, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(null, style, null, locale);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a time formatter instance using the specified style and
     * time zone in the default locale.

     *
     * @param style  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted time
     * @return a localized standard time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getTimeInstance(int style, TimeZone timeZone) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(null, style, timeZone, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a time formatter instance using the specified style, time
     * zone and locale.

     *
     * @param style  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted time
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no time
     *  pattern defined
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getTimeInstance(int style, TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(null, style, timeZone, locale);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets a date/time formatter instance using the specified style
     * in the default time zone and locale.

     *
     * @param dateStyle  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeStyle  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @return a localized standard date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date/time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(dateStyle, timeStyle, null, null);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a date/time formatter instance using the specified style and
     * locale in the default time zone.

     *
     * @param dateStyle  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeStyle  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date/time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(dateStyle, timeStyle, null, locale);
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a date/time formatter instance using the specified style and
     * time zone in the default locale.

     *
     * @param dateStyle  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeStyle  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @return a localized standard date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date/time
     *  pattern defined
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateTimeInstance(int dateStyle, int timeStyle, TimeZone timeZone) {
        return getDateTimeInstance(dateStyle, timeStyle, timeZone, null);
    }
    /**
     *
Gets a date/time formatter instance using the specified style,
     * time zone and locale.

     *
     * @param dateStyle  date style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeStyle  time style: FULL, LONG, MEDIUM, or SHORT
     * @param timeZone  optional time zone, overrides time zone of
     *  formatted date
     * @param locale  optional locale, overrides system locale
     * @return a localized standard date/time formatter
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the Locale has no date/time
     *  pattern defined
     */
    public static FastDateFormat getDateTimeInstance(
            int dateStyle, int timeStyle, TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
        return cache.getDateTimeInstance(dateStyle, timeStyle, timeZone, locale);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets the time zone display name, using a cache for performance.

     *
     * @param tz  the zone to query
     * @param daylight  true if daylight savings
     * @param style  the style to use {@code TimeZone.LONG} or {@code TimeZone.SHORT}
     * @param locale  the locale to use
     * @return the textual name of the time zone
     */
    static String getTimeZoneDisplay(TimeZone tz, boolean daylight, int style, Locale locale) {
        TimeZoneDisplayKey key = new TimeZoneDisplayKey(tz, daylight, style, locale);
        String value = cTimeZoneDisplayCache.get(key);
        if (value == null) {
            // This is a very slow call, so cache the results.
            value = tz.getDisplayName(daylight, style, locale);
            String prior = cTimeZoneDisplayCache.putIfAbsent(key, value);
            if (prior != null) {
                value= prior;
            }
        }
        return value;
    }

    // Constructor
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Constructs a new FastDateFormat.

     *
     * @param pattern  {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible pattern
     * @param timeZone  non-null time zone to use
     * @param locale  non-null locale to use
     * @throws NullPointerException if pattern, timeZone, or locale is null.
     */
    protected FastDateFormat(String pattern, TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale) {
        mPattern = pattern;
        mTimeZone = timeZone;
        mLocale = locale;

        init();
    }

    /**
     *
Initializes the instance for first use.

     */
    private void init() {
        List<Rule> rulesList = parsePattern();
        mRules = rulesList.toArray(new Rule[rulesList.size()]);

        int len = 0;
        for (int i=mRules.length; --i >= 0; ) {
            len += mRules[i].estimateLength();
        }

        mMaxLengthEstimate = len;
    }

    // Parse the pattern
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Returns a list of Rules given a pattern.

     *
     * @return a {@code List} of Rule objects
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if pattern is invalid
     */
    protected List<Rule> parsePattern() {
        DateFormatSymbols symbols = new DateFormatSymbols(mLocale);
        List<Rule> rules = new ArrayList<Rule>();

        String[] ERAs = symbols.getEras();
        String[] months = symbols.getMonths();
        String[] shortMonths = symbols.getShortMonths();
        String[] weekdays = symbols.getWeekdays();
        String[] shortWeekdays = symbols.getShortWeekdays();
        String[] AmPmStrings = symbols.getAmPmStrings();

        int length = mPattern.length();
        int[] indexRef = new int[1];

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            indexRef[0] = i;
            String token = parseToken(mPattern, indexRef);
            i = indexRef[0];

            int tokenLen = token.length();
            if (tokenLen == 0) {
                break;
            }

            Rule rule;
            char c = token.charAt(0);

            switch (c) {
            case 'G': // era designator (text)
                rule = new TextField(Calendar.ERA, ERAs);
                break;
            case 'y': // year (number)
                if (tokenLen == 2) {
                    rule = TwoDigitYearField.INSTANCE;
                } else {
                    rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.YEAR, tokenLen < 4 ? 4 : tokenLen);
                }
                break;
            case 'M': // month in year (text and number)
                if (tokenLen >= 4) {
                    rule = new TextField(Calendar.MONTH, months);
                } else if (tokenLen == 3) {
                    rule = new TextField(Calendar.MONTH, shortMonths);
                } else if (tokenLen == 2) {
                    rule = TwoDigitMonthField.INSTANCE;
                } else {
                    rule = UnpaddedMonthField.INSTANCE;
                }
                break;
            case 'd': // day in month (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'h': // hour in am/pm (number, 1..12)
                rule = new TwelveHourField(selectNumberRule(Calendar.HOUR, tokenLen));
                break;
            case 'H': // hour in day (number, 0..23)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'm': // minute in hour (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.MINUTE, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 's': // second in minute (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.SECOND, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'S': // millisecond (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.MILLISECOND, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'E': // day in week (text)
                rule = new TextField(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, tokenLen < 4 ? shortWeekdays : weekdays);
                break;
            case 'D': // day in year (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'F': // day of week in month (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'w': // week in year (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'W': // week in month (number)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'a': // am/pm marker (text)
                rule = new TextField(Calendar.AM_PM, AmPmStrings);
                break;
            case 'k': // hour in day (1..24)
                rule = new TwentyFourHourField(selectNumberRule(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, tokenLen));
                break;
            case 'K': // hour in am/pm (0..11)
                rule = selectNumberRule(Calendar.HOUR, tokenLen);
                break;
            case 'z': // time zone (text)
                if (tokenLen >= 4) {
                    rule = new TimeZoneNameRule(mTimeZone, mLocale, TimeZone.LONG);
                } else {
                    rule = new TimeZoneNameRule(mTimeZone, mLocale, TimeZone.SHORT);
                }
                break;
            case 'Z': // time zone (value)
                if (tokenLen == 1) {
                    rule = TimeZoneNumberRule.INSTANCE_NO_COLON;
                } else {
                    rule = TimeZoneNumberRule.INSTANCE_COLON;
                }
                break;
            case '\'': // literal text
                String sub = token.substring(1);
                if (sub.length() == 1) {
                    rule = new CharacterLiteral(sub.charAt(0));
                } else {
                    rule = new StringLiteral(sub);
                }
                break;
            default:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal pattern component: " + token);
            }

            rules.add(rule);
        }

        return rules;
    }

    /**
     *
Performs the parsing of tokens.

     *
     * @param pattern  the pattern
     * @param indexRef  index references
     * @return parsed token
     */
    protected String parseToken(String pattern, int[] indexRef) {
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();

        int i = indexRef[0];
        int length = pattern.length();

        char c = pattern.charAt(i);
        if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' || c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {
            // Scan a run of the same character, which indicates a time
            // pattern.
            buf.append(c);

            while (i + 1 < length) {
                char peek = pattern.charAt(i + 1);
                if (peek == c) {
                    buf.append(c);
                    i++;
                } else {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // This will identify token as text.
            buf.append('\'');

            boolean inLiteral = false;

            for (; i < length; i++) {
                c = pattern.charAt(i);

                if (c == '\'') {
                    if (i + 1 < length && pattern.charAt(i + 1) == '\'') {
                        // '' is treated as escaped '
                        i++;
                        buf.append(c);
                    } else {
                        inLiteral = !inLiteral;
                    }
                } else if (!inLiteral &&
                         (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' || c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')) {
                    i--;
                    break;
                } else {
                    buf.append(c);
                }
            }
        }

        indexRef[0] = i;
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     *
Gets an appropriate rule for the padding required.

     *
     * @param field  the field to get a rule for
     * @param padding  the padding required
     * @return a new rule with the correct padding
     */
    protected NumberRule selectNumberRule(int field, int padding) {
        switch (padding) {
        case 1:
            return new UnpaddedNumberField(field);
        case 2:
            return new TwoDigitNumberField(field);
        default:
            return new PaddedNumberField(field, padding);
        }
    }

    // Format methods
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Formats a {@code Date}, {@code Calendar} or
     * {@code Long} (milliseconds) object.

     *
     * @param obj  the object to format
     * @param toAppendTo  the buffer to append to
     * @param pos  the position - ignored
     * @return the buffer passed in
     */
    @Override
    public StringBuffer format(Object obj, StringBuffer toAppendTo, FieldPosition pos) {
        if (obj instanceof Date) {
            return format((Date) obj, toAppendTo);
        } else if (obj instanceof Calendar) {
            return format((Calendar) obj, toAppendTo);
        } else if (obj instanceof Long) {
            return format(((Long) obj).longValue(), toAppendTo);
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown class: " +
                (obj == null ? "<null>" : obj.getClass().getName()));
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a millisecond {@code long} value.

     *
     * @param millis  the millisecond value to format
     * @return the formatted string
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public String format(long millis) {
        return format(new Date(millis));
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a {@code Date} object using a {@code GregorianCalendar}.

     *
     * @param date  the date to format
     * @return the formatted string
     */
    public String format(Date date) {
        Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar(mTimeZone, mLocale);  // hard code GregorianCalendar
        c.setTime(date);
        return applyRules(c, new StringBuffer(mMaxLengthEstimate)).toString();
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a {@code Calendar} object.

     *
     * @param calendar  the calendar to format
     * @return the formatted string
     */
    public String format(Calendar calendar) {
        return format(calendar, new StringBuffer(mMaxLengthEstimate)).toString();
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a milliseond {@code long} value into the
     * supplied {@code StringBuffer}.

     *
     * @param millis  the millisecond value to format
     * @param buf  the buffer to format into
     * @return the specified string buffer
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public StringBuffer format(long millis, StringBuffer buf) {
        return format(new Date(millis), buf);
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a {@code Date} object into the
     * supplied {@code StringBuffer} using a {@code GregorianCalendar}.

     *
     * @param date  the date to format
     * @param buf  the buffer to format into
     * @return the specified string buffer
     */
    public StringBuffer format(Date date, StringBuffer buf) {
        Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar(mTimeZone, mLocale);  // hard code GregorianCalendar
        c.setTime(date);
        return applyRules(c, buf);
    }

    /**
     *
Formats a {@code Calendar} object into the
     * supplied {@code StringBuffer}.

     *
     * @param calendar  the calendar to format
     * @param buf  the buffer to format into
     * @return the specified string buffer
     */
    public StringBuffer format(Calendar calendar, StringBuffer buf) {
        return applyRules(calendar, buf);
    }

    /**
     *
Performs the formatting by applying the rules to the
     * specified calendar.

     *
     * @param calendar  the calendar to format
     * @param buf  the buffer to format into
     * @return the specified string buffer
     */
    protected StringBuffer applyRules(Calendar calendar, StringBuffer buf) {
        for (Rule rule : mRules) {
            rule.appendTo(buf, calendar);
        }
        return buf;
    }

    // Parsing
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Parsing is not supported.

     *
     * @param source  the string to parse
     * @param pos  the parsing position
     * @return {@code null} as not supported
     */
    @Override
    public Object parseObject(String source, ParsePosition pos) {
        pos.setIndex(0);
        pos.setErrorIndex(0);
        return null;
    }

    // Accessors
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Gets the pattern used by this formatter.

     *
     * @return the pattern, {@link java.text.SimpleDateFormat} compatible
     */
    public String getPattern() {
        return mPattern;
    }

    /**
     *
Gets the time zone used by this formatter.

     *
     *
This zone is always used for {@code Date} formatting.

     *
     * @return the time zone
     */
    public TimeZone getTimeZone() {
        return mTimeZone;
    }

    /**
     *
Gets the locale used by this formatter.

     *
     * @return the locale
     */
    public Locale getLocale() {
        return mLocale;
    }

    /**
     *
Gets an estimate for the maximum string length that the
     * formatter will produce.

     *
     *
The actual formatted length will almost always be less than or
     * equal to this amount.

     *
     * @return the maximum formatted length
     */
    public int getMaxLengthEstimate() {
        return mMaxLengthEstimate;
    }

    // Basics
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Compares two objects for equality.

     *
     * @param obj  the object to compare to
     * @return {@code true} if equal
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj instanceof FastDateFormat == false) {
            return false;
        }
        FastDateFormat other = (FastDateFormat) obj;
        return mPattern.equals(other.mPattern)
            && mTimeZone.equals(other.mTimeZone)
            && mLocale.equals(other.mLocale);
    }

    /**
     *
Returns a hashcode compatible with equals.

     *
     * @return a hashcode compatible with equals
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return mPattern.hashCode() + 13 * (mTimeZone.hashCode() + 13 * mLocale.hashCode());
    }

    /**
     *
Gets a debugging string version of this formatter.

     *
     * @return a debugging string
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "FastDateFormat[" + mPattern + "]";
    }

    // Serializing
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Create the object after serialization. This implementation reinitializes the
     * transient properties.
     *
     * @param in ObjectInputStream from which the object is being deserialized.
     * @throws IOException if there is an IO issue.
     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if a class cannot be found.
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        in.defaultReadObject();
        init();
    }

    // Rules
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Inner class defining a rule.

     */
    private interface Rule {
        /**
         * Returns the estimated lentgh of the result.
         *
         * @return the estimated length
         */
        int estimateLength();

        /**
         * Appends the value of the specified calendar to the output buffer based on the rule implementation.
         *
         * @param buffer the output buffer
         * @param calendar calendar to be appended
         */
        void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar);
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class defining a numeric rule.

     */
    private interface NumberRule extends Rule {
        /**
         * Appends the specified value to the output buffer based on the rule implementation.
         *
         * @param buffer the output buffer
         * @param value the value to be appended
         */
        void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value);
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a constant single character.

     */
    private static class CharacterLiteral implements Rule {
        private final char mValue;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance of {@code CharacterLiteral}
         * to hold the specified value.
         *
         * @param value the character literal
         */
        CharacterLiteral(char value) {
            mValue = value;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 1;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            buffer.append(mValue);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a constant string.

     */
    private static class StringLiteral implements Rule {
        private final String mValue;

        /**
         * Constructs a new instance of {@code StringLiteral}
         * to hold the specified value.
         *
         * @param value the string literal
         */
        StringLiteral(String value) {
            mValue = value;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return mValue.length();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            buffer.append(mValue);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output one of a set of values.

     */
    private static class TextField implements Rule {
        private final int mField;
        private final String[] mValues;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TextField}
         * with the specified field and values.
         *
         * @param field the field
         * @param values the field values
         */
        TextField(int field, String[] values) {
            mField = field;
            mValues = values;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            int max = 0;
            for (int i=mValues.length; --i >= 0; ) {
                int len = mValues[i].length();
                if (len > max) {
                    max = len;
                }
            }
            return max;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            buffer.append(mValues[calendar.get(mField)]);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output an unpadded number.

     */
    private static class UnpaddedNumberField implements NumberRule {
        private final int mField;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code UnpadedNumberField} with the specified field.
         *
         * @param field the field
         */
        UnpaddedNumberField(int field) {
            mField = field;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 4;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(mField));
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            if (value < 10) {
                buffer.append((char)(value + '0'));
            } else if (value < 100) {
                buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
                buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
            } else {
                buffer.append(Integer.toString(value));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output an unpadded month.

     */
    private static class UnpaddedMonthField implements NumberRule {
        static final UnpaddedMonthField INSTANCE = new UnpaddedMonthField();

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code UnpaddedMonthField}.
         *
         */
        UnpaddedMonthField() {
            super();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 2;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            if (value < 10) {
                buffer.append((char)(value + '0'));
            } else {
                buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
                buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a padded number.

     */
    private static class PaddedNumberField implements NumberRule {
        private final int mField;
        private final int mSize;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code PaddedNumberField}.
         *
         * @param field the field
         * @param size size of the output field
         */
        PaddedNumberField(int field, int size) {
            if (size < 3) {
                // Should use UnpaddedNumberField or TwoDigitNumberField.
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            }
            mField = field;
            mSize = size;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 4;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(mField));
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            if (value < 100) {
                for (int i = mSize; --i >= 2; ) {
                    buffer.append('0');
                }
                buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
                buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
            } else {
                int digits;
                if (value < 1000) {
                    digits = 3;
                } else {
                    Validate.isTrue(value > -1, "Negative values should not be possible", value);
                    digits = Integer.toString(value).length();
                }
                for (int i = mSize; --i >= digits; ) {
                    buffer.append('0');
                }
                buffer.append(Integer.toString(value));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a two digit number.

     */
    private static class TwoDigitNumberField implements NumberRule {
        private final int mField;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TwoDigitNumberField} with the specified field.
         *
         * @param field the field
         */
        TwoDigitNumberField(int field) {
            mField = field;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 2;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(mField));
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            if (value < 100) {
                buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
                buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
            } else {
                buffer.append(Integer.toString(value));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a two digit year.

     */
    private static class TwoDigitYearField implements NumberRule {
        static final TwoDigitYearField INSTANCE = new TwoDigitYearField();

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TwoDigitYearField}.
         */
        TwoDigitYearField() {
            super();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 2;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR) % 100);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
            buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a two digit month.

     */
    private static class TwoDigitMonthField implements NumberRule {
        static final TwoDigitMonthField INSTANCE = new TwoDigitMonthField();

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TwoDigitMonthField}.
         */
        TwoDigitMonthField() {
            super();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 2;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            appendTo(buffer, calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public final void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            buffer.append((char)(value / 10 + '0'));
            buffer.append((char)(value % 10 + '0'));
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output the twelve hour field.

     */
    private static class TwelveHourField implements NumberRule {
        private final NumberRule mRule;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TwelveHourField} with the specified
         * {@code NumberRule}.
         *
         * @param rule the rule
         */
        TwelveHourField(NumberRule rule) {
            mRule = rule;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return mRule.estimateLength();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            int value = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR);
            if (value == 0) {
                value = calendar.getLeastMaximum(Calendar.HOUR) + 1;
            }
            mRule.appendTo(buffer, value);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            mRule.appendTo(buffer, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output the twenty four hour field.

     */
    private static class TwentyFourHourField implements NumberRule {
        private final NumberRule mRule;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TwentyFourHourField} with the specified
         * {@code NumberRule}.
         *
         * @param rule the rule
         */
        TwentyFourHourField(NumberRule rule) {
            mRule = rule;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return mRule.estimateLength();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            int value = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
            if (value == 0) {
                value = calendar.getMaximum(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY) + 1;
            }
            mRule.appendTo(buffer, value);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, int value) {
            mRule.appendTo(buffer, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a time zone name.

     */
    private static class TimeZoneNameRule implements Rule {
        private final TimeZone mTimeZone;
        private final String mStandard;
        private final String mDaylight;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TimeZoneNameRule} with the specified properties.
         *
         * @param timeZone the time zone
         * @param locale the locale
         * @param style the style
         */
        TimeZoneNameRule(TimeZone timeZone, Locale locale, int style) {
            mTimeZone = timeZone;

            mStandard = getTimeZoneDisplay(timeZone, false, style, locale);
            mDaylight = getTimeZoneDisplay(timeZone, true, style, locale);
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return Math.max(mStandard.length(), mDaylight.length());
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            if (mTimeZone.useDaylightTime() && calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET) != 0) {
                buffer.append(mDaylight);
            } else {
                buffer.append(mStandard);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     *
Inner class to output a time zone as a number {@code +/-HHMM}
     * or {@code +/-HH:MM}.

     */
    private static class TimeZoneNumberRule implements Rule {
        static final TimeZoneNumberRule INSTANCE_COLON = new TimeZoneNumberRule(true);
        static final TimeZoneNumberRule INSTANCE_NO_COLON = new TimeZoneNumberRule(false);

        final boolean mColon;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TimeZoneNumberRule} with the specified properties.
         *
         * @param colon add colon between HH and MM in the output if {@code true}
         */
        TimeZoneNumberRule(boolean colon) {
            mColon = colon;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public int estimateLength() {
            return 5;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void appendTo(StringBuffer buffer, Calendar calendar) {
            int offset = calendar.get(Calendar.ZONE_OFFSET) + calendar.get(Calendar.DST_OFFSET);

            if (offset < 0) {
                buffer.append('-');
                offset = -offset;
            } else {
                buffer.append('+');
            }

            int hours = offset / (60 * 60 * 1000);
            buffer.append((char)(hours / 10 + '0'));
            buffer.append((char)(hours % 10 + '0'));

            if (mColon) {
                buffer.append(':');
            }

            int minutes = offset / (60 * 1000) - 60 * hours;
            buffer.append((char)(minutes / 10 + '0'));
            buffer.append((char)(minutes % 10 + '0'));
        }
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     *
Inner class that acts as a compound key for time zone names.

     */
    private static class TimeZoneDisplayKey {
        private final TimeZone mTimeZone;
        private final int mStyle;
        private final Locale mLocale;

        /**
         * Constructs an instance of {@code TimeZoneDisplayKey} with the specified properties.
         *
         * @param timeZone the time zone
         * @param daylight adjust the style for daylight saving time if {@code true}
         * @param style the timezone style
         * @param locale the timezone locale
         */
        TimeZoneDisplayKey(TimeZone timeZone,
                           boolean daylight, int style, Locale locale) {
            mTimeZone = timeZone;
            if (daylight) {
                style |= 0x80000000;
            }
            mStyle = style;
            mLocale = locale;
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return (mStyle * 31 + mLocale.hashCode() ) * 31 + mTimeZone.hashCode();
        }

        /**
         * {@inheritDoc}
         */
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (this == obj) {
                return true;
            }
            if (obj instanceof TimeZoneDisplayKey) {
                TimeZoneDisplayKey other = (TimeZoneDisplayKey)obj;
                return
                    mTimeZone.equals(other.mTimeZone) &&
                    mStyle == other.mStyle &&
                    mLocale.equals(other.mLocale);
            }
            return false;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What is it that lead me to become a lingerie designer? Young girls dreams of showing a collection at Bryant Park or being featured in a high fashion publication like Vogue, and this is what leads them to go to fashion school, work in the industry, and so on. Not me. I don't really want the glitz and glam involved with fashion week and while a spread in Vogue or Harper's Bazaar would be amazing, it's not what gets me going. What does? Real people, living life on their own terms. People with a myopic vision to live a life that doesn't necessarily involve tons of money or publicity, but fulfillment.
Elma is one of those people. She is the designer behind Elma Lingerie and one of people who got me to where I am today. We met in August 2014 on Etsy. It was then that I sent her a message introducing myself and asking where she sourced her fabric! Ha! So typical of me. We started chatting, and fast forward to today, and Elma, Ying and I have an ongoing group text message where we talk about all things lace and elastics. At every step of the way in my journey, she has been there cheering me on, whether it's sending me patterns, offering suggestions for wholesaling, factories, etc.
One of my goals for 2018 is to create more quality content. To not post just to post and to offer something in everything I publish. Today, we spend so much time scrolling through feeds on Facebook and Instagram, that I sometimes think that blog are becoming obsolete. I certainly read them less. I think blogs will survive, but for me, my blog will serve as my home base, offering the full version of what I tease on out social media.
As part of my quest to give more quality content, I'm starting a new series, called "Mes Filles" (my girls in French), that interviews lingerie enthusiasts, designers, sewists, and more. Elma is the inaugural post and just like she did to me, I hope they she (and the others to come) inspire you in your own lace-y endeavors.
What's your story? Hi! I'm Elma, designer and owner of Elma Lingerie. I currently live in San Jose and I started my lingerie company 4 years ago. I always loved lingerie but didn't ever think I'd make my own bras until I took a summer course at Central St. Martins in lingerie and swimwear design with Esme Young. If you're not familiar with Esme, she worked on costumes for films like Trainspotting, and Bridget Jones Diary (her bunny outfit). She had some incredible stories from her experiences. She taught me how to draft a one piece swimsuit and bra for the first time. She also taught us how to work with stretch materials, from pattern making to finishing the edges. I learned some sewing tips from her that I still use today, like quick ways to turn a spaghetti strap tubing inside out, or finishing an edge with self fabric. I took what I learned from her at St. Martins and started making my own bralettes, taking apart old ones to understand the construction.
How did you learn to sew and when did you realize that lingerie was your passion? I've been sewing for as long as I can remember, but I think it was around the first grade when I started helping my grandma with her projects. She taught me everything from crocheting and knitting to cross stitching and making my own clothes. I'd spend my summers in Japan going through entire department stores of just haberdashery with my grandma. I was a sewing nerd even back then.
What made you start an Etsy shop? It was mainly out of necessity. I moved out to the boonies of Sacramento with my husband who got a new job. There were no fashion design jobs, so I started an Etsy shop selling petite clothing, mostly crop tops, maxi skirts, and a couple bralettes. The bralettes quickly became the popular item in my shop and I started selling exclusively lingerie and sleepwear within just a few months of opening my shop.
What lingerie brands do you look to for inspiration? I love brands that offer elegant, delicate, barely there lingerie. Like Kiki de Montparnasse, Carine Gilson, and La Perla. I love the attention to detail and the quality of laces that they use.
Who are your style icons? I'm a vintage lover and an old soul at heart. I love the cool 70's styles of Jane Birkin, Francoise Hardy, Bianca Jagger, and also Catherine Baba who looks like she stepped out of a 1920's cocktail party.
Generally, how many prototypes does it take for you to finalize a design? It really depends! Anywhere from 1-5. I don't sketch much, so most of the design iteration happens by making mock ups. Sometimes it only takes 1 try to get it perfect, other times the fabric won't stretch or lay flat the way i thought it would in my head and it takes a few mock ups to figure it out.
Lovely post and great insight from Elma! You've got a good idea and I look forward to reading more.
What an inspiring post! I really love Elma's designs and that is very cool how you both met. Can't wait to read more "Mes Filles" features!
I rili love Elma's designs and always look through her ig page endlessly. Thanks Madalynne for this post, p.s the teaser on ig brought me to the blog. I look forward to Mes filles.


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If you are thinking about going it alone, it is worth noting that the software configuration for solo mining can be more complex than with a swimming pool, and beginners would be likely better take the latter course. This alternative also creates a secure flow of earnings, even if each payment is modest compared to fully block the wages.
Many people prefer to use a money deflation, especially those that need to save. Despite the criticism and disbelief, a cryptocurrency coin may be better suited for some uses than others. Monetary privacy, for instance, is amazing for political activists, but more problematic when it comes to political campaign funding. We need a secure cryptocurrency for use in commerce; If you are living paycheck to paycheck, it would take place included in your riches, with the rest earmarked for other currencies. For most users of cryptocurrencies it is not crucial to comprehend how the process operates in and of itself, but it's simply vital that you comprehend that there's a process of mining to create virtual money. Unlike monies as we understand them today where Governments and banks can simply choose to print unlimited quantities (I am not saying they are doing thus, only one point), cryptocurrencies to be operated by users using a mining application, which solves the advanced algorithms to release blocks of monies that can enter into circulation. The physical Internet backbone that carries information between different nodes of the network is now the work of several firms called Internet service providers (ISPs), including firms that offer long distance pipelines, occasionally at the international level, regional local pipe, which ultimately connects in homes and businesses. The physical connection to the Internet can only happen through one of these ISPs, players like amount 3, Cogent, and IBM AT&T. Each ISP operates its own network. Internet service providers Exchange IXPs, owned or private firms, and occasionally by Authorities, make for each of these networks to be interconnected or to transfer messages across the network. Many ISPs have arrangements with providers of physical Internet backbone providers to offer Internet service over their networks for "last mile"-consumers and companies who desire to get Internet connectivity. Internet protocols, followed by everyone in the network causes it to be possible for the information to flow without interruption, in the right location at the right time.
While none of these organizations "owns" the Internet collectively these firms decide how it operates, and established rules and standards that everyone stays. Contracts and legal framework that underlies all that is occurring to discover how things work and what happens if something goes wrong. To get a domain name, for instance, one needs permission from a Registrar, which has a contract with ICANN. To connect to the Internet, your ISP must be physical contracts with providers of Internet backbone services, and suppliers have contracts with IXPs from the Internet backbone for connecting to and with her. Concern over security dilemmas? A working group is formed to focus on the issue and the alternative developed and deployed is in the interest of all parties. If the Internet is down, you've got someone to phone to get it fixed. If the problem is from your ISP, they in turn have contracts in position and service level agreements, which regulate the manner in which these problems are solved.
The benefit of cryptocurrency is that it uses blockchain technology. The network of nodes the make up the blockchain isn't regulated by any focused business. No one can tell the miners to upgrade, speed up, slow down, stop or do anything. And that is something that as a dedicated promoter badge of honour, and is identical to the way the Internet operates. But as you comprehend now, public Internet governance, normalities and rules that regulate how it works present built-in problems to an individual. Blockchain technology has none of that. You've probably noticed this often times where you often spread the good word about crypto. "It is not risky? What happens if the cost crashes? " to date, several POS systems provides free transformation of fiat, alleviating some issue, but before the volatility cryptocurrencies is addressed, many people will be reluctant to keep any. We must discover a way to combat the volatility that's inherent in cryptocurrencies. When searching forEmercoin 0 Connections, there are many things to consider.
Click here to visit our home page and learn more about Emercoin 0 Connections. It is definitely possible, but it must be able to understand opportunities no matter marketplace behaviour. The market moves in relation to cost BTC … So even supposing it's in a BTC trend down can make money by buying the altcoins which are altcoin oversold trading ratios-BTC. Sure, your purchasing power in DOLLARS may be lower, but as long as your purchasing power in BTC is still growing you'll be acceptable. technology due to the many benefits associated with that. This is the reason the new technology is about to alter the world from the way we view it now. Bitcoins opened the door through use of Blockchains as the first cryptocurency. Ethereum is broadening the horizon in the field of smart contracts. You are able to run a search on the web. First learn, then models, indicators and most importantly practice looking at old charts and pick out trends. When you commence to keep a trading diary screenshots and your comment/forecast. Precisely what is the best way to get confident with charts IMHO. Oh certainly, and don't fool yourself into thinking that you purchase the uptrend will never decrease! Always will go down! You will discover that incremental benefits are more reliable and profitable (most times) Entrepreneurs in the cryptocurrency movement may be wise to research possibilities for making substantial ammonts of cash with various kinds of internet marketing.There could be a rich reward for anyone daring enough to brave the cryptocurrency markets.Bitcoin design provides an instructive example of how one might make a lot of money in the cryptocurrency markets. Bitcoin is an amazing intellectual and technical accomplishment, and it has generated an avalanche of editorial coverage and venture capital investment opportunities. But not many people understand that and lose out on very profitable business models made available as a result of growing use of blockchain technology. It should be difficult to get more little increases (~ 10%) throughout the day. Study the best way to read these Candlestick charts! And I discovered these two rules to be true: having little increases is more lucrative than trying to resist up to the pinnacle. Most day traders follow Candlestick, so it's better to take a look at publications than wait for order confirmation when you believe the cost is going down. Secondly, there is more volatility and reward in monies that never have made it to the profitability of websites like Coinwarz. If you are looking for Emercoin 0 Connections, look no further than The Affluence Network.
Since one of the oldest forms of earning money is in money lending, it is a fact which you can do this with cryptocurrency. Most of the lending sites now focus on Bitcoin, many of these sites you happen to be needed fill in a captcha after a particular time period and are rewarded with a small amount of coins for seeing them. It is possible to visit the www.cryptofunds.co web site to locate some lists of of these sites to tap into the currency of your choice. Unlike forex, stocks and options, etc., altcoin marketplaces have very different dynamics. New ones are always popping up which means they don't have a lot of market data and historical view for you to backtest against. Most altcoins have quite inferior liquidity as well and it is hard to think of a reasonable investment strategy. This mining task validates and records the transactions across the whole network. So if you're attempting to do something prohibited, it's not recommended because everything is recorded in the public register for the rest of the world to see eternally. Bitcoin is the main cryptocurrency of the internet: a digital money standard by which all other coins are compared to. Cryptocurrencies are distributed, world-wide, and decentralized. Unlike conventional fiat currencies, there is no authorities, banks, or every other regulatory agencies. Therefore, it really is more resistant to outrageous inflation and tainted banks. The benefits of using cryptocurrencies as your method of transacting money online outweigh the protection and privacy risks. Security and privacy can readily be attained by simply being bright, and following some basic guidelines. You'dn't put your entire bank ledger online for the word to see, but my nature, your cryptocurrency ledger is publicized. This can be fastened by removing any identity of possession from the wallets and thus keeping you anonymous. Cryptocurrency is freeing individuals to transact money and do business on their terms. Each user can send and receive payments in the same way, but they also get involved in more sophisticated smart contracts. Multiple signatures allow a trade to be supported by the network, but where a certain number of a defined group of people agree to sign the deal, blockchain technology makes this possible. This enables advanced dispute mediation services to be developed in the future. These services could allow a third party to approve or reject a trade in the event of disagreement between the other parties without checking their money. Unlike cash and other payment methods, the blockchain constantly leaves public evidence a transaction happened. This can be possibly used within an appeal against businesses with deceptive practices. Only a fraction of bitcoins issued so far are available on the exchange markets. Bitcoin markets are competitive, which implies the price a bitcoin will rise or fall depending on supply and demand. Many people hoard them for long term savings and investment. This restricts the variety of bitcoins that are actually circulating in the exchanges. In addition, new bitcoins will continue to be issued for decades to come. Consequently, even the most diligent buyer couldn't buy all present bitcoins. This situation is not to suggest that markets are not vulnerable to price exploitation, yet there exists no requirement for big amounts of money to move market prices up or down. The merest occasions on earth economy can change the price of Bitcoin, This can make Bitcoin and any other cryptocurrency explosive.


The Chinese year of the dog is only a bark away. Have you got all your red packets and dumplings ready? As the world's largest luxury market, China has become strategically important for global fashion brands. Following on from their previous years, top brands like Dolce & Gabbana, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Givenchy have once again released custom Chinese New Year items from clothing and accessories to watches and bags. Through the use of various creative methods, these brands went all out to combine the element of the zodiac animal with their own unique brand stories. With China dominating the world's outbound tourism market, it is inevitable that these luxury brands are tapping into the trend and paying homage to the Chinese tradition. Riviera looks forward to assisting global brands to localise their stories, as they take their first steps into China and launch their grand events.


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Featured Story Media Relations
Canadian Growth City No. 4: Huntsville Hikes Toward the Top
Town Welcomed 9 Percent More U-Haul Arrivals Year-Over-Year
Algonquin Theatre in Huntsville. Credit: Tom Thompson, Town of Huntsville.
This city may be using its deserved status as the Muskoka Region's perfect getaway to capture the hearts of visitors and turn some of them into new residents.
Huntsville has received the No. 4 ranking among the U-Haul Top 10 Canadian Growth Cities for 2015. Growth rankings are determined by the net gain of incoming one-way U-Haul truck rentals versus outgoing rentals for the past calendar year.
"Huntsville is internationally recognized as one of the best summer tourist destinations in North America," Mayor Scott Aitchison said. "We have worked hard to continue to cultivate this image but have focused on leveraging this recognition of the community and promoting Huntsville as a year-round destination."
Plan Ahead: Reserve a Truck in Advance for Your Summer Move
U-Haul locations in Huntsville saw 63.8 percent of truck rental customers coming into the city as opposed leaving in 2015. This city welcomed 9 percent more U-Haul arrivals year-over-year, while its departures dropped 8 percent over the same period.
While U-Haul migration trends don't correlate directly to population or economic growth, the growth cities data is a strong gauge of how well cities are attracting and keeping residents.
Huntsville is a relatively rural location tucked away 215 km north of Toronto in the middle of the Canadian Shield, dotted with hills, steep
roadways and several bodies of water.
"I believe people move to Huntsville for the lifestyle," said Bob Stone, chair of the Huntsville Economic Development Committee. "We seem to attract sports and arts enthusiasts, in particular. We're located in the heart of Muskoka Cottage Country, two hours north of Toronto and 30 minutes from Algonquin Park. All I can say is, 'Who wouldn't want to live here?'"
This city is the fourth of five Ontario destinations to make the Top 10 Growth Cities list for 2015. Continue following the countdown on myuhaulstory.com each weekday through March 4 to see the No. 1 city revealed.
Additional Photo Credit: Aerial shot of Huntsville (featured image) and ice skating (thumbnail image) by Town of Huntsville.
More of Huntsville
Arrowhead Provincial Park is the go-to nature attraction here. People come from all over to visit for the tranquility and fun. The park offers a variety of outdoor activities for both the summer and winter months.
Downtown is home to the Algonquin Theatre, equipped with an acoustically renowned performance hall that offers productions throughout the year.
Customers can find moving equipment at U-Haul neighborhood dealer Edwards Towing at 39 West Road in Huntsville. U-Haul is in the process of adding another dealer location in the area.
"Huntsville is part of Muskoka and is scenic, beautiful, cottage country living. It has been a No. 1 tourist attraction for years with many celebrities purchasing million-dollar cottages in the area. Recently, they have built retirement communities beside the lakes and parks." — Wayne Curtis, U-Haul Company of Central Ontario president
"Huntsville is one of the most beautiful places in Canada. We take pride in valuing and preserving the naturally beauty that surrounds us, as evidenced by the numerous initiatives we have undertaken to reduce the environmental footprint of Huntsville." — Scott Aitchison, Mayor of Huntsville
For tips on moving to this city click here!
What is your favorite thing about visiting or living in this city? Tell us in the comments.
Canadian Growth City No. 2: Chilliwack Charms Newcomers
Canadian Growth City No. 8: Halifax Lures Immigrants, Sea Lovers
2015canadacityGrowthhuntsvillemayormigrationno. 4top 10u-hauluhaul

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If either your degree or practical training were not approved by the College, your education and/or practical training will be assessed to determine whether it meets the minimum standards of an approved program in Canada.
The credential assessment is a paper exercise. You will arrange for your education institution to send the College details about the structure and content of your education and/or practical training. The College will compare that information to the standards set for Canadian dietetics education programs.
The College compares the written information about your education and training against the national standards. The written information must demonstrate that your education and training addressed all of the foundational knowledge and performance indicators outlined in the standards.
The credential assessment considers only formal education and training. If you gained additional knowledge through work experience or practical training, this will not be captured in a credential assessment.
The Partnership for Dietetics Education and Practice (PDEP) has developed the national competency standards for dietetics education and is the accrediting body approved by the College for Canadian dietetics education programs.
When assessing your education and training, the College will compare the information provided by your institution to foundational knowledge and performance indicators outlined in the Integrated Competencies for Dietetics Education and Practice (ICDEP) and the accreditation standards.
The College has developed a website to explain the minimum standards required for dietetic practice in Canada and to help you assess your current knowledge and skills against those standards.
When your assessment has been completed, the College will notify you of the results by mail. The letter will communicate the College's decision and explain the reasons for the decision.
If your education and training meets the minimum standards, your application will be assessed against the other registration requirements to determine your eligibility for a temporary certificate while you wait to write the national registration examination.
If your education and training does not meet the minimum standards, your application will be refused. The decision and reasons will identify which requirements were not met and will communicate what gaps were identified in your education and/or practical training.
If the College finds gaps in your dietetics knowledge, skill and judgment, you will receive a letter outlining the specific competency gaps that were identified. You will need to complete additional education and/or training to address those gaps in order to meet the dietetics education and training requirement.
You may choose to complete stand-alone courses and/or training to address any missing foundational knowledge and performance indicators.
To complete a Canadian accredited degree and/or practical training, you must contact the program directly to get information about the application process and admission requirements.
Select one or more schools offering accredited dietetics programs in Canada or the United States.
Contact the school for information about its admission requirements.
Show the documents you received from the College to the school.
Complete additional courses to address gaps and meet the dietetics requirement.
Once you have completed courses and/or training to address the gaps identified, submit a new application and fee for credential assessment.
The College will complete a new assessment to determine if you have met the education and training requirements.
You will receive a new decision and reasons. If the College finds that the additional education did not address all of the knowledge and competency gaps, those gaps will be identified in the new decision and reasons, and you will need to completed additional education to address those gaps.
Submit a new application and fee for credential assessment.
Click here for instructions on how to apply for credential assessment.
The College will not approve your selections in advance. It is your responsibility to select your education and/or training courses.
Look online and review course outlines and descriptions or syllabi information to check that the course content addresses your identified competency gaps.
Online or distance education courses can be used to address some competency gaps. Consider schools inside and outside Ontario that offer course options.
Any courses you complete must be equivalent to university level study in Canada.
If you complete courses in the US, the university must be regionally-accredited. For US universities that are not regionally-accredited, you must have your transcript assessed by WES Canada for equivalency.


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Home>2018>September
Carols By Candlelight In Tamworth Regional Leisure Centre
This was the first time we had had the opportunity present a large production in this venue, and appeared forward to the problem. Nevertheless, after the closure of the Denver and Atlanta locations final yr— which have been attributed to a declining financial system that is unfriendly to pricier dining and entertainment options—speculations swirled concerning the stability of the franchise as a complete.
With areas in all of the prime glitzy cities equivalent to Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; Denver, CO; Las Vegas, NV; New York, NY; and Washington, D.C. it seemed the Disney-owned sports bars that opened to assist promote the ESPN model might do no mistaken.
Despite promise of an upswing in the financial system this year, nonetheless, Disney closed down five extra ESPN ZONE locations in Baltimore, Chicago, Las Vegas, New York Occasions Square and Washington, D.C. The closure of five of the one seven remaining ESPN Zone places leaves just two places: the Disney-operated location at Downtown Disney within the Disneyland Resort and the privately-franchised location at LA Stay near the Staples Middle.
Bunbury Regional Entertainment Centre (BREC) Common Manager Sharon Custers said the staff was so proud" to obtain the award, telling the West Australian it's a huge achievement, not just for the workforce at BREC however for the whole South West area.… Read More
The Changing Significance Of Nation States
See additionally Nationwide Stereotypes for tropes that relate to the fictional portrayals of particular Real Life nations. By this research a better grasp of sport's relation to Australian tradition and id will probably be gained, an enhancement of social scientific data that will even help the event of policies linking sport to cultural citizenship. By the categorical rejection of the character and hence of the nation and its racial content material, it destroys the elementary foundations of all human culture which relies on simply these factors. The politics of naming, in a really specific manner, is central to the governmentality of heritage because it frames exactly how one formally belongs to the nation. As early as 1686, Henri de Tonti constructed a buying and selling submit called Poste de Arkansas at the Quapaw Indian village of Osoturoy, now Arkansas Put up Nationwide Memorial It was the first semi-permanent French settlement within the Decrease Mississippi Valley.
After a thousand years and extra, the last seen hint of the previous master individuals is commonly seen in the lighter pores and skin color which its blood left behind within the subjugated race, and in a petrified culture which it had originally created. Cane River Creole National Historic Park in Natchitoches, Louisiana contains the grounds of the Oakland and Magnolia Plantations.
This research will analyse three sources: two pamphlets revealed in Jaridat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, the Muslim Brotherhood's official organ, within the Thirties, which are of specific significance for understanding al-Banna's views on nationalism; and … Read More
To pay less for musical instruments, instrument repairs, and band and orchestra equipment, use a Music & Arts promo code from to attain a discount. When Music & Arts opened its doors in 1952, we supplied printed music, music lessons, dance lessons, and art provides. Search for every part from microphones and wi-fi methods, to recording gear, music software program, reside sound tools and PA speakers.
The Gateway Academy enables young people aged between 7-18 to expertise the thrill of being part of a band, constructing confidence, creating recollections and constructive experiences providing the perfect gateway to help fulfil desires of changing into a part of the music industry.
In 2005, Music & Arts joined forces with American Music, a division of Guitar Heart, to become the biggest band and orchestra instrument retailer in the United States. Depart us your e-mail address and we are going to ship you news, updates, opportunities and gives in your faculty. From our humble beginnings in Bethesda, Maryland, to turning into a national music retailer chain, Music & Arts is a one-stop-store for college kids, mother and father, and educators alike. This school is being in-built cooperation with Cunina, a Belgian independent delevopment organisation.
Music & Arts School college students make payments on a term by time period foundation, and pay for every term in advance as follows under. Music & Arts is dedicated to music training, which is why we teach over 1.5 million non-public music classes per year. Please contact the Music … Read More


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The FACT of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ
by adminApr 17, 2022News in General
Jesus Christ's Resurrection Is Probably The Best-Documented Historical Event Ever
BY: SCOTT POWELL
Because of their experience with the resurrected Jesus, the apostles were in a unique position, knowing with certainty that Jesus was truly the Son of God.
There are many religions with different founders, prophets, and teachers going back thousands of years. But only one of them, Christianity, has a founder who professed to be the Messiah—the son of God—who provided irrefutable proof of who he was by conquering death through resurrection. Easter is the celebration of Christ's resurrection.
Christ is also the only person in history who was pre-announced starting a thousand years before he was born, with 18 different prophets from the Old Testament between the tenth and the fourth centuries BC predicting his coming birth, life, and death. Hundreds of years later, the details of Christ's birth, life, betrayal, and manner of death validated those prophecies in surprisingly accurate and minute detail. One thousand years BC, David prophetically wrote about the crucifixion of Christ at a time crucifixion was unknown as a means of execution.
Every other consequential person of history came into the world to live. The death of other religious leaders—such as Abraham, Moses, Buddha, Mohammad, and Confucius—brought an anticlimactic end to their lives and their work.
But Christ came into the world as God's son in order to die and pay the price for man's sin. His sacrifice was the ultimate climax of his life, done for the benefit of all mankind—opening the way to eternal life in heaven for all who believe.
Of the four major world religions built on personalities, only Christianity claims its founder is still alive, having overcome death through resurrection. No Jew ever believed that, after Abraham died and was interred, his tomb ever became empty. After Buddha died, no disciple ever claimed that he or she saw or spoke to him again.
As for Mohammed and his teachings that are the basis of Islam, there is no trace of this founder appearing to his disciples or followers after he died at age 61. His occupied tomb is located in Medina and is visited by tens of thousands of devout Muslims every year.
Christ was unique in that he gave up his life as a sacrifice to fulfill why he came into the world. Christ set the highest standard of love possible, both in his teachings and in making the ultimate sacrifice—giving his life to rescue and save mankind. Then, to provide "seeing is believing" evidence, God brought Jesus back from being dead in a tomb to being alive—resurrected—so people would have living proof of who he was.
The New Testament provides accounts from multiple sources who witnessed Jesus firsthand after the resurrection. In fact, Jesus made ten separate appearances to his disciples between the resurrection and his ascension into Heaven, over a period of 40 days. Some of those appearances were to individual disciples, some were to several disciples at the same time, and once even to 500 at one time.
Particularly noteworthy is that there were no accounts of witnesses who came forth and disputed these appearances or called it a "hoax." Not a single one. Nor do we find any historical record of any witness accounts that were contradictory.
While there are skeptics of the biblical account of Jesus, there's actually far more reliable historical evidence for his life, teachings, miracles, death, and resurrection than for any other historical figure of ancient times. Consider, for instance, that the authenticity of Alexander the Great, who was born some 350 years before Christ, is based on two original biographical accounts of his life by Arrian and Plutarch, which were written some 400 years after Alexander died.
The manuscripts of Virgil and Horace, both of whom lived within a generation of Christ, were written more than four centuries after their deaths. The copy of works by Livy and Tacitus on Roman history and the works of Pliny Secundus on natural history were written on average some 700 years after the time of the original account.
Yet no one doubts Virgil and Horace lived and authored great poetic masterpieces. Nor do we hear questions about the authenticity and accuracy of accounts of Livy and Tacitus in chronicling the events of the Roman Emperors Augustus, Claudius, Nero, or Tiberius.
About 1,000 times more manuscripts preserve the deeds and teaching of Jesus in the New Testament (about 25,000 total) than there are preserving other classical ancient works of historic figures who lived at approximately the same time, with the exception of Homer, whose "Iliad" is backed by 1,800 manuscripts. But that is still less than one-tenth the number of ancient manuscripts that back the authenticity of the New Testament.
We know the historical Jesus mainly through four different accounts known as the gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—not written hundreds of years later, but within a generation or two of Jesus's life. Apostles Matthew and John provide eyewitness accounts from their years of walking with Jesus as disciples. Mark also had eyewitness experience, although he was only a teenager when Jesus began his public ministry. Luke, the doctor, learned about Jesus from his friend Paul, the apostle who wrote the most letters in the New Testament.
Because of their experience with the resurrected Jesus, the apostles were in a unique position, knowing with certainty that Jesus was truly the Son of God. They had been present for the life, ministry, miracles, and death of Jesus. If the claims about Jesus were a lie, the apostles would have known it. That's why their commitment to their testimony was so powerful and compelling.
Additionally, the apostles' willingness to die for their claims has tremendous evidential value, also confirming the truth of the resurrection. No one will die for something he invented or believes to be false.
Seeing, talking to, and touching the risen Jesus transformed the apostles, who then committed the rest of their lives to educate and advocate for the truth about the message of salvation through Christ. With the exception of John, who died exiled on the island of Patmos for his testimony of Jesus, the other 11 apostles—including Matthias who replaced Judas, the betrayer of Jesus—died as martyrs for their beliefs in the divinity of Christ.
It turns out that Easter, which has its ultimate meaning in the resurrection, is one of ancient history's most carefully scrutinized and best-attested events. The resurrection is real, and changes everything. Easter is the commemoration and celebration of the single event that transformed the world forever.
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Is Evinrude still honoring warranties?
Does my Evinrude engine remain under warranty? Yes, we will continue to supply customers service parts as needed and honor our manufacturer limited warranty coverage and extended service contracts. Can I continue to go to my Evinrude dealer for maintenance and repair?
Why did Evinrude shut down?
The prospects for reopening would require substantial changes to production to allow for social separation and other health-related accommodations. Altogether, it made the most sense to shut down Evinrude and repurpose the plant for new products and consolidation.
Can you still buy Evinrude engines?
We are proud to have supplied you with outboard engines over the past 110 years. For business reasons, we have made the difficult and thoughtful decision to discontinue manufacturing of our outboard engines to focus on the next generation of propulsion.
When did Evinrude go out of business?
Founded by Ole Evinrude in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1907, it was formerly owned by the publicly traded Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) since 1935 but OMC filed for bankruptcy in 2000. It was working as a subsidiary of Canadian Multinational Bombardier Recreational Products but was discontinued in May of 2020.
Is Evinrude still honoring warranties? – Related Questions
Is Evinrude ever coming back?
Its last two-stroke E-TEC engines used direct-injection technology, making them as clean as four-strokes. And Evinrude touted its maintenance costs as 50 percent less than for a four-stroke. Two-stroke engines for motorcycles are making a comeback in 2022.
Is Evinrude better than Yamaha?
Both of these popular outboard brands are tough to beat. On one hand, the Evinrude has lower maintenance and will exude lower environmentally hazardous emissions. Yamahas, in comparison, are known as the most reliable motors that have been around for 30+ years.
FÅ MED DEG: What length is a Merry Fisher 695?
What are the top 5 outboard motors?
Best Outboard Motors in 2023
Mercury Racing 450R. Mercury Racing. After Mercury launched its new V8 4.6-liter Verado, it was only a matter of time before they stepped up the horsepower by a few notches.
G2 Evinrude 150 E-TEC. Evinrude.
Torqueedo Travel 1103 CS. Torqeedo.
Yamaha Offshore XTO. Yamaha.
Suzuki DF350A. Suzuki.
How long do Evinrude engines last?
Evinrude Outboard Motors:
Evinrude Motors pride themselves on being fuel-efficient and reducing noise, oil usage, emissions, and maintenance needs. Two-stroke outboard motors can reasonably live between 1,500 to 2,000 hours before needing major maintenance, and 4 stroke engines can last longer.
Are Evinrude engines good?
The latest models include some of the lowest emission and highest power-to-weight ratios on the market today. In a comparison test between the top 115hp outboard motors, Popular Mechanics found Evinrude to be the most economical 2-stroke engine fuel-wise.
Why are Yamaha outboards the best?
With unmatched performance, legendary reliability, incredible power, industry-leading innovation and unique customer satisfaction Yamaha outboards are outstanding.
Why are Yamaha boats so cheap?
Because Yamaha boats are durable and offer efficient fuel economy making routine maintenance and fuel very manageable expenses. The approximate price range for most 19ft Yamahas runs from $26,000 to $33,000 depending on the make, model and features making a highly affordable starter boat.
What is the best selling outboard?
One of the lightest outboards in its class, able to reduce vibration and provide more stable steering performance, while ensuring you burn fuel cleanly – not to mention its size, which makes it ideal for both smaller and larger applications, if you double-up – the No 1 best-selling outboard of 2021 is the Suzuki DF100.
FÅ MED DEG: Kan man se vem som äger en båt?
Which small outboard motor is the most reliable?
If you are looking for the best small outboard motor, be sure to check out Spirit 1.0 Plus, a 3 HP electric outboard motor designed for portability and easy maneuverability with less cost. This outboard motor features a lightweight and highly efficient battery that's integrated into the outboard.
Who made the best 2 stroke outboard?
Yamaha's 2-strokes received high marks for reliability from new boat/motor owners. Yamaha Marine builds the best 2- and 4-stroke motors, according to a new "engine performance index" compiled by J.D. Power and Associates. Last year was the first year J.D. Power rated boat-owner customer satisfaction.
Is a 2 stroke or 4 stroke outboard more reliable?
A 2 stroke motor's combustion cycle is faster, running at higher RPMs. Thus, they typically have a shorter life-cycle. 4 stroke outboard motors typically stand the test of time and offer greater reliability.
What is the quietest outboard motor?
5 Quietest Outboard Motor Brands
Suzuki.
Mercury.
Yamaha.
Honda.
Torqeedo.
What is the most fuel efficient outboard motor?
Not only electric, silent, and durable: Candela C-POD is also the most efficient boat motor ever built.
How long do Cummins marine diesel engines last?
Is the Evinrude ETEC a good engine?


The challenges of web designing can't be ignored. As a web designer, you might have to encounter clients who demand a multi-lingual website as an attempt to expand their business reach. Well, designing a multi-lingual website is indeed one of the most challenging projects and if you're able to deliver a multi-lingual website, you're a true professional. Whether you're designing a multi-lingual site for your client or intend to create your own multi-lingual portfolio, there are some points that need to be looked into. Today, through this post, I'll be highlighting some important aspects related to multi-lingual website designing.
Font size – If you've been working on non-latin language-based website then this might appear as an issue. In order to design websites that can get converted into Chinese or Arabic, you need to keep the font size bigger so as to make it readable for the visitors.
Word length – This is yet another issue that might bother you while designing a multiple-language website. Since different languages contain letters of varying lengths, you need to be extra cautious in designing the website that can read all letters in a brilliant way. For example, designing the website for Chinese will require you to maintain a shorter word length as compared to the usual English version.
Confusion in language detection. This poses as a major technical hindrance for every web designer who is supposed to design a website that is available in multitude of languages. There's a common confusion as to whether you should detect the most suitable language for your visitors or simply display the default language. If you're ready to go with the former method, then you'll need to choose an accurate language detection method that loads the language in accordance to the visitor's web browser or location.
Using multiple languages on different pages. Most of the web designers tend to work on a multi-lingual website by using different languages on different web pages. Doing this serves no advantage, rather it just confuses Google and you tend to lose your site's search engine ranking.
Complications in structuring each language's URL. This is yet another major technical issue that's being faced by every multi-lingual website designer. He/she tends to use a complex structure for different linguistic versions of the website.
Are there any solutions to the above issues?
Use UTF-8 encoding.Well, if you're designing a website that requires multiple language support then it is recommended to use UTF-8 encoding. UTF-8 is a character set that is supported by numerous software applications and operating systems, making sure no characters disappear from your site once you switch from one language to another.
Make the search language-compatible. There are two types of visitors, the ones who browse the site and ones who search for specific information by inserting related keywords/phrases etc. Considering the expectations of the latter visitor category, make sure the search results are displayed in the language chosen by the respective visitor.
Well, the purpose of this blog was obviously not to discourage you for designing multi-lingual website, but to bring under your notice some of the easily recognizable challenges that the project brings along. All you need to do is stay well-informed about all these issues/challenges and multi-lingual website designing will turn out to be a fun activity.
Have you ever designed a multi-lingual website? If yes, do share your experiences and issues you have faced that have been missed out unintentionally in this write-up.