text:
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Causation Requirement in Florida Car Accident Lawsuits – Hernandez v. Gonzalez
Home » Blog » Car Accidents » Causation Requirement in Florida Car Accident Lawsuits – Hernandez v. Gonzalez
In order to recover damages for a car accident in Florida, a person must show not only that he or she has been injured, but also that the injury was caused by the accident (which resulted from another driver's negligence). Florida's Fourth District Court of Appeals considers this "causation" requirement in Hernandez v. Gonzalez.
Ms. Hernandez and Ms. Feliz were allegedly injured in a car accident in which their vehicle was rear-ended by a car driven by Ms. Gonzalez. The women were taken from the scene of the crash by ambulance to a hospital and later sought treatment for injuries they said they sustained during the collision. Hernandez and Feliz then sued Gonzalez for negligence.
Although she admitted that she was negligent in causing the crash, Gonzalez defended the lawsuit by asserting that the injuries suffered by the women weren't actually caused by the accident. Gonzalez presented evidence showing that Hernandez had a history of pre-existing injuries prior to the crash, for example, and argued that it was these injuries for which she sought treatment after the collision. Gonzalez also presented evidence indicating that Feliz wasn't injured at all in the accident, including testimony from a witness who said Feliz was "laughing and giggling" at the hospital, according to the court. The women disputed the assertions, but a jury sided with Gonzalez, returning a verdict of zero damages. The trial court denied their motion for new trial.
Affirming the decision on appeal, the Fourth District found that the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's verdict. "Where there is a dispute as to whether a plaintiff's injuries resulted from the subject accident, a verdict awarding the plaintiff only a portion of his or her damages, or perhaps none at all, does not require a new trial as a matter of law," the court explained.
While Hernandez presented expert testimony indicating that her injuries were caused by the accident, the court said Gonzalez rebutted this evidence with records of her previous injuries and treatment. She also rebutted Feliz's claims of injury with witness testimony. As a result, the court found that it was up to the jury to determine which evidence to credit. The court further noted that persons involved in a car accident who aren't injured in the crash may be able to recover damages for expenses related to medical exams undertaken to determine whether an injury occurred (the cost of the ambulance and hospital visit). Here, however, the court said the jury was entitled to find that these damages weren't warranted based on evidence showing that the women may not have been truthful about the cause and extent of any injuries.
If you or a loved one has been injured in an accident in Florida, contact the South Florida car accident lawyers at Anidjar & Levine. From offices in Ft. Lauderdale, we serve clients throughout the area, including in Coral Springs, Pompano Beach and Boca Raton. Call us toll-free at 800-747-3733 or contact us online to schedule a free consultation.
Related blog posts:
Proving Injury in Florida Car Accident Cases – Pack v. Geico
Evidence, Discovery in Florida Car Accident Claims – Pike v. Trinity Industries
Future Damages in Florida Car Accident Cases – Rolon v. Burke
Accident On I-95 Injured A 24-Year-Old In Jacksonville
Law enforcement officials report an accident on I-95 that left a woman critically injured. A vehicle lost control and swerved all over the interstate before colliding with her. According to the news release by authorities, the crash happened on I-95 where the driver of a Chevrolet Impala traveling north lost control. He veered off the […]
Two Suffered Severe Injuries When Car Crashed Into Pole In Jacksonville
Jacksonville Police Department's spokesman reported an accident where a Carver man was seriously injured in a single-vehicle accident. Police say two men in their mid 30s were taken to a hospital in Jacksonville after the accident happened. According to the police, the driver crashed his car into a pole at Shindler Drive. Police said that […]
Man Loses His Life To A Major Crash On I-75 In North Miami
A rear-end crash has led to the death of a man in a car on I-75. An account of the events that played out was given by the police. A Subaru Outback was forced to stop in traffic on Interstate 75 in North Miami when a driver of a big rig truck rammed failed to […]
Respondeat Superior (Employer Liability) in Florida Car Accidents – Donaldson v. U.S.
Whether it's for the U.S. government, Alligator Al's Fried Crocodile Farm or the local Chinese restaurant, a person who causes an accident while offsite, b — September 29, 2012
Car Accidents FAQ:
I Was In A Car Accident Out Of State, Can I Still Get An Attorney In Orlando, FL?
Under certain circumstances, it may be possible to have a Florida attorney handle your claim for a car accident out of state. However, depending on how far away the accident is from Florida, the extent of damages and injuries, and the laws of that state, it may be better to consider an attorney local to […]
What if I Got Into a Car Accident in a Rental Car?
If you got into a car accident in a rental car, you should follow the same protocols that you would for any crash: get to safety: Get medical treatment; Make a police report, and Notify your insurance company. The at-fault party, or parties, has liability for any injuries or damage. However, even if you did […]
Will My Car Accident Lawyer Deal With The Insurance Companies For Me in Jacksonville, FL?
Yes, a car accident lawyer will deal with the insurance companies from the time of your accident until your case is closed. They can file the claim with your insurance company for your PIP benefits, and they can also pursue damages with the insurance company of the at-fault driver. Call the Law Offices of Anidjar […]
How to Make a Diminished Value Car Insurance Claim?
If your car sustains damage in an accident that someone else caused, their insurance company traditionally pays for the necessary repairs. However, even if the repairs return your vehicle to like-new condition, its value may diminish. The legal term for this phenomenon is "diminution," or the diminishing of monetary value. Under the Florida statutes, a […]
How Long Does It Take to Receive an Offer of Compensation After a Car Accident in Florida?
Do You Have To Go To Court For A Car Accident in West Palm Beach, FL?
What Photographs and Other Documentation Will Be Helpful to My Attorney in Pursuing My Car Accident Claim?
Car Accidents, Insurance Claims,
What Happens If The At-Fault Party Doesn't Have Car Insurance in Naples, FL?
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text:
El municipio de Walker (en inglés: Walker Township) es un municipio ubicado en el condado de Anderson en el estado estadounidense de Kansas. En el año 2010 tenía una población de 668 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 5,69 personas por km².

Geografía
El municipio de Walker se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, el municipio tiene una superficie total de 117.34 km², de la cual 116,41 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (0,79 %) 0,92 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 668 personas residiendo en el municipio de Walker. La densidad de población era de 5,69 hab./km². De los 668 habitantes, el municipio de Walker estaba compuesto por el 97,01 % blancos, el 0,3 % eran afroamericanos, el 0,45 % eran amerindios, el 0,15 % eran asiáticos, el 1,05 % eran de otras razas y el 1,05 % eran de una mezcla de razas. Del total de la población el 1,8 % eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios de Kansas
Localidades del condado de Anderson (Kansas)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Sekvens is a sequencer made for live use on stage.
Apart from all regular sequencer functionality it has a couple of features that make this more of an instrument than a sequencer; you can save any state at any time and recall that state with just the push of a button, the saved states will be there the next time you open your project (even if the project crash) so you can bring that epic sequence with you from one gig to another. Map the four triggers to drum pads (or any midi button) for play in real time.
This is an Alpha release with some known bugs. Read the PDF in the download package for more info about known bugs.


text:
1. How Your Firm Can Qualify
Your first step is to click here to visit the CRCOG website. The Capitol Region Council of Governments ("CRCOG") has agreed to host the list of eligible contractors for crumbling foundation replacements and to provide that list to the public. You will not be able to participate in the CFSIC program unless your firm agrees to comply with the vetting process created by CRCOG for the sole purpose of providing the public with a helpful list of qualified contractors. CRCOG periodically undertakes a "Request for Qualifications" to help identify contractors with sufficient experience to undertake foundation work. If your firm is not yet on the CRCOG list, you should go to the link above to contact CRCOG.
By law, all home improvement contractors (and associated salespersons) must be registered with the CT Department of Consumer Protection.
2. Bonding Requirements
If you intend to work with homeowners, before you can participate in the CFSIC program you will first have to provide CFSIC with a deposit security bond for a minimum amount of $250,000. The bond must be in the form you will find here and must utilize this prescribed wording.
This bond form has been approved by CFSIC and is now in common use for contractors meeting insurance company credit and underwriting requirements. Contractors should take this form to their agent or broker. No payments can be made from CFSIC to a contractor unless (i) a bond is posted, and (ii) the bond posted adopts this form, inclusive of the schedule.
This bond will have to be underwritten by an insurance carrier admitted in the state of Connecticut and will require that CFSIC is the Obligee. You can provide the bond as a scan to ESIS ProClaim at cfsic@esis.com or by posting the original to ESIS at the following mailing address:
If this bond is cancelled by either your firm or the surety at any point, you will forfeit any right to receive further payments from CFSIC, and CFSIC will request that your firm be removed from the CRCOG list of eligible contractors, until it is reinstated by the insurer, or you obtain a replacement bond, using this form, from another insurance carrier.
Do not email or mail the bond to ESIS ProClaim without some kind of transmittal indicating who you are and why you are sending it, and providing all relevant contact information.
The Superintendent reserves the right, at any time, to require an increase in any bond's penal sum. An increase in the bond's penal sum will be subject to the volume of work you undertake for CFSIC and the total construction value of that work. If there is a bond increase requirement, the Superintendent will contact you directly at least 30 days before the increase in the bond's penal sum amount must occur.
3. What the Process Is: Type 1 Claims
Homeowners with Type 1 (foundation replacement) claims will contact CFSIC, through its claim adjuster ESIS ProClaim, with their applications and supporting materials. Homeowners do not have to include any proposals for foundation work as part of the original application process.
Upon approval of the homeowner's claim application, the homeowner will receive written confirmation of approval from ESIS ProClaim and will be assigned a claim number.
The homeowner will be directed to the CRCOG site for an applicable list of contractor vendors. The homeowner must obtain a minimum (with no maximum) of two contractor proposals as part of the process. This means the homeowner reaching out to you directly, without the intervention of CFSIC, to obtain those proposals.
The homeowner then must send these proposals to CFSIC (at this point, contractors cannot deal with CFSIC directly as part of the claims process). The CFSIC claim adjustment team will review proposals for: (i) accuracy and clarity with regard to the work CFSIC will pay for; and (ii) whether the proposal, on a linear and square footage basis, does not exceed the allowable claim payment costs.
The ESIS ProClaim staff will contact the homeowner (again, not the contractor) and indicate if (i) the two or more proposals are acceptable for payment; (ii) if there are any issues disqualifying a bidder; or (iii) if the homeowner has not submitted the requisite minimum number of two proposals.
It is solely the homeowner's responsibility to choose the contractor and to enter into the construction contract. CFSIC will not be a party to the winning bidder's contract.
It will then be the contractor's responsibility to contact CFSIC and to: (i) provide the minimum surety bond to CFSIC noted above (unless this has already been done); (ii) provide CFSIC a signed Contractor's Acknowledgment (click here for the form) where all blanks are filled in correctly with respect to the specific project in question, and where the Acknowledgment has been executed by a responsible and duly authorized person representing the contracting firm; (iii) provide CFSIC with a complete and executed copy of the contractor's agreement with the homeowner; and (iv) provide an invoice to CFSIC for an amount equal to 10% of the total contract price (the price inclusive of all work to be done, whether allowable by CFSIC or not, but in no event where the deposit paid by CFSIC is in an amount greater than $19,000 applying as of January 5, 2022 for first-time only proposals as of that date).
To the extent that a gap exists between the total cost of eligible concrete work and CFSIC's cap per eligible building for concrete work performed of $190,000 (or cap of $76,000 applying per eligible condo unit), both caps applying as of January 5, 2022 for first-time only proposals as of that date), the contractor and the homeowner (or contractor and condo association) must come to an agreement, prior to the work commencing, as to how that gap is to be paid to the contractor by the homeowner or condo association. CFSIC will not pay for any work performed, whether eligible concrete work or not, in excess of CFSIC's cap of $190,000 per eligible residential building (or cap of $76,000 applying per eligible condo unit) both caps applying as of January 5, 2022 for first-time only proposals as of that date.
Progress payments are governed under Section 5 of the Contractor Acknowledgment. As these become due, the contractor will invoice CFSIC for its specific share of the progress payment, but only for the CFSIC share of the eligible concrete work, and will provide a description and visual evidence of the work to date justifying the progress payment. As part of the evidence supporting the progress payment invoice, the contractor will also be required to supply CFSIC with a copy of the homeowner's cancelled check for the homeowner's share of the progress payment for the eligible concrete work before CFSIC will pay its share. (By way of an example: if a progress payment due totals $40,000...of which the homeowner is responsible for $10,000...CFSIC will not make the claim payment for its $30,000 share until and unless the contractor includes, as part of their invoice for the progress payment, evidence by way of the front and back of a cancelled check, that the homeowner has first paid their share of the progress payment.)
The progress payment invoice must solely be for eligible concrete work and cannot include any other work performed. Said another way, if a particular progress payment is due, including non-CFSIC eligible work, the contractor cannot use that invoice in order to receive payment from CFSIC. CFSIC will only honor invoices for eligible concrete work.
Homeowners with Type 2 (foundation reimbursement) claims will need your assistance. They will ask you to go back to your original contract for the work you performed and, using our replacement cost parameters (see Section 5 below, What We'll Pay For...And How Much We'll Pay), calculate the cost of the actual concrete work you did for them, making certain that you segregate that cost from the other work you may have performed.
You will help the homeowner by either adding an amendment to your original contract, breaking out the cost of the concrete work according to our replacement cost parameters; or, you'll break those costs out in a separate letter, which you will provide to the homeowner on your company's letterhead. We ask for the cooperation of all contractors, so that we can get homeowners in line for reimbursements.
5. What We'll Pay For...And How Much We'll Pay
CFSIC neither has the resources nor does the enabling legislation permit us to pay for all possible costs associated with the replacement of a crumbling foundation and all amenities.
The contractor's proposal for construction work to be performed should separately identify and price the following allowable components of the claim, which CFSIC will potentially pay for:
excavation, drainage, waterproofing, and backfill
removal of existing foundation, footings, lally columns, and floors
removal and eventual reinstallation of all mechanicals and utilities
the lifting of the eligible residential building and garage (as applicable) and the eventual lowering of the house, chimney, and garage (if applicable) onto the new foundation
the installation of stone base under footings and compact
form and pour all footings and walls with #5 rebar (or appropriate)
rebuild base of chimney
form and pour pockets left in foundation
backfill garage with gravel and compact (as applicable)
form and pour 4-inch (or applicable) concrete floor in basement and garage (if applicable)
install pre-cast hatchway and install Bilco (or similar) door as appropriate
remove any existing basement windows and/or sliders and replace with new windows and/or sliders of comparable size, quality, and number
remove any precast steps, store, and re-install; OR remove any poured concrete steps and replace with precast steps of similar number of steps and dimensions (house wall and basement slab measurements adequately account for any additional incremental expense associated with steps removal and replacement)
apply parge coat on above-grade foundation and apply Drylok (or other applicable) foundation coating
grade yard and spread loam as applicable and where disturbed
(This is a basic list of allowable services and materials. If you have any questions about what is allowable, you should contact ESIS ProClaim at cfsic@esis.com)
HOWEVER, with respect to slab on grade construction, the following items can be included in what we'll pay for:
Remove any and all of the furniture on the first floor; this includes pictures on the wall, window treatments, and ceiling fans. (These should be stored appropriately for further use.)
Remove all kitchen cabinetry and countertops, and remove dishwasher and sink. (These should be stored appropriately for further use.)
Cut access hole in the first-floor exterior wall for equipment to enter and exit the structure. This includes the removal of siding, plywood, framing, window(s), insulation, sheetrock, etc., and rebuild this wall.
Remove existing kitchen appliances, and store them appropriately.
Remove bathroom vanity, toilet, shower stall and/or tub, and store appropriately.
Remove all mechanicals (heating and air conditioning, water heater, well pump, water meter, washer/dryer, etc.) and store appropriately.
Demo the first floor. This includes the removal of sheetrock, trim, cabinets, countertops, fixtures, radiators, etc.
Remove flooring on top of existing slab.
Remove load bearing interior wall and temporarily support the second floor above.
Brace exterior walls prior to lifting the structure (as may be required).
Reframe any and all interior walls/partitions that were removed.
Install appropriate insulation below replaced slab.
Insulate exterior walls where insulation was removed.
Sheetrock, tape, and compound interior and exterior walls.
Reinstall existing removed kitchen cabinets, countertops, and dishwasher.
Reinstall kitchen sink and faucet.
Reinstall existing kitchen appliances upon completion.
Reinstall and hook up baseboard radiators.
Reinstall electrical outlets, lights, switches, cover plates, etc.
The contractor's proposal provided to the homeowner and accepted by the homeowner should:
price the entire project with all services and all amenities as may be requested by the homeowner; but
within the body of the proposal, isolate the above-listed allowable work and all costs as a separate section within the total proposal.
CFSIC will pay for work performed as listed above at the following maximum replacement cost parameter rates:
$13 per square foot of garage floor slab (as may be applicable to the claim)
$30 per square foot of basement floor slab (as may be applicable to the claim; with the understanding that $31 per square foot applies where the foundation is slab on grade)
$710 per linear foot of garage foundation walls
$777 per linear foot of house foundation walls (with the understanding that $1,093 per linear foot applies where the foundation is slab on grade)
The rules governing what CFSIC will pay for and the maximum it will pay for the work performed apply to both Type 1 and Type 2 claims, and with respect to the maximums applying apply to new proposals submitted for the first time on or after January 5, 2022 at 9:00 AM. (For first time proposals submitted before that date and time, please contact ESIS ProClaim.)
Again, all of the work noted above is encompassed in the maximum rates shown. CFSIC will not pay for any other expenses in any other way.
6. What We Won't Pay For
What follows is a list of examples of those items that will not be paid for by CFSIC. Please remember that ESIS ProClaim must see the entire proposal for all work to be performed...but where, inside that proposal, the applicable foundation work and related work that CFSIC will pay for is separately identified and priced.
replacement of drywall and/or other finishing wall features, including re-framing;
removal/replacement of porches or decks;
removal/replacement of gutters;
removal/replacement of landscaping features such as driveways, walkways, paths, shrubs, lawns, trees, gardens, or other plantings or garden structures;
any work done to outbuildings, sheds, or barns;
swimming pools, whether in-ground or above-ground, or any ponds or water features;
moving or relocation expense;
temporary housing expense;
meals, transportation, mileage, and incidentals;
loss of wages or income or revenue associated with any work or any business, whether such business is home-based or not;
any liability incurred by the homeowner or any other person on a direct, indirect, or consequential basis.
HOWEVER, with respect to slab on grade construction, refer to Section 5 above for those items/activities that are allowable.
7. How You Get Paid
Contractors will be paid first by receiving a deposit on the work performed, and subsequently through progress payments, both types of payments to be made as outlined in the contractor's proposal, but at all times governed by CFSIC's claims management guidelines.
It is the contractor's responsibility to invoice CFSIC. CFSIC will not diary or otherwise flag payments to be made.
If the homeowner accepts your proposal, the homeowner will alert CFSIC by email, with a copy to you, that your proposal has been accepted. You will then go on the CFSIC website and complete the Contractor Acknowledgment and send it to ESIS ProClaim, making certain that you obtain the CFSIC claim number from the homeowner. (To review this acknowledgment, click here. This is a Word document you will be able to fill out when appropriate with the details of each foundation project you are awarded).
The Contractor Acknowledgment form is final. It cannot be amended, modified, or negotiated. You will not be able to participate in the CFSIC program unless you agree to use the Contractor Acknowledgment.
Contractors will need to complete a Contractor Acknowledgment for each project you undertake.
Once you sign the Contractor Acknowledgment for the project, you should return it to ESIS ProClaim with a copy of the signed construction agreement with the homeowner and enclosing or attaching an invoice for 10% of the total contract work. CFSIC will then provide you with a deposit of 10% of the total construction contract cost, subject to a maximum deposit paid of $19,000 (applying as of January 5, 2022 for first-time only proposals as of that date), provided that ESIS ProClaim has already received your surety bond.
By way of example: if the total construction amount of the contract between the contractor and the homeowner is $200,000, and within that contract the eligible concrete work totals $150,000, a contractor would be able to invoice CFSIC for a deposit of $19,000. (10% of the total contract work is $20,000...but CFSIC's maximum deposit cannot exceed $19,000.)
Click here for the separate FAQs section.
9. What You'll Have to Agree To
In order to participate in the CFSIC program, and on a job-by-job basis, the contractor will have to complete and sign a Contractor Acknowledgment for each project undertaken.
To go to the Contractor Acknowledgment form, click here.
The Contractor Acknowledgment should be returned to ESIS ProClaim by email at: cfsic@esis.com
The email transmittal, sending the Contractor Acknowledgment and where the contract for the job in question has been attached to the Contractor Acknowledgment, must be specific as to the name of the homeowner, the homeowner's address, and it must include the claim number (the contractor will get that from the homeowner).
Contractors with questions or concerns should contact ESIS ProClaim by email at cfsic@esis.com. You may also call them at (844) 763-1207.
10. To view calculation worksheets and a sample proposal template
Here's what we've done to help you:
- If you are proposing foundation replacement work, we've provided you with a Type 1 proposal template as a Word document. (You don't have to use our proposal template, but if you do it will make your job easier.)
View a Type 1 proposal template
View a Type 1 Slab-on-Grade proposal template
- We've also provided you with a Type 1 proposal calculation worksheet for allowable concrete costs, which, if you use, will make your job easier and make it easier for the homeowner to understand. (This is an Excel spreadsheet that, if used, becomes an attachment to the Type 1 templated proposal we have provided, or to your own proposal.)
View a Type 1 proposal calculation worksheet
View a Type 1 Slab-on-Grade proposal calculation worksheet
- Lastly, we've provided you with a Type 2 calculation worksheet for allowable concrete costs. This worksheet can be used, for example, as an amendment to your original contract, helping the homeowner isolate the costs of the concrete work you performed in the past. Alternatively, you can use this worksheet as an attachment to a letter on your letterhead, which you provide the homeowner to isolate these costs. (This is an Excel spreadsheet that, if used, becomes a supplement to the original contract under which you already replaced a foundation and where a homeowner is asking for your assistance.) View a Type 2 calculation worksheet here.
Before you use these CFSIC templated documents:
You are not required to use these templated documents in whole or in part. We are providing them solely to facilitate the separation of allowable from non-allowable claim costs. You can continue to use any proposal form you believe is valid, provided that you recognize that allowable costs must be at all times separated from non-allowable costs inside the body of your proposal.
You should understand and recognize that CFSIC cannot be responsible for your use of these templates, in whole or in part, with respect to any liability or legal obligation to a homeowner. You should seek the advice of counsel before engaging in any contract for services.
Your calculation of any possible or probable claim amount to be paid by CFSIC, whether you use these templates or use any other form of contract you provide a homeowner, will not obligate CFSIC to make a payment for any claim amount you suggest or calculate. CFSIC reserves the right to adjust and pay a claim according to the original application, all attachments to the application, and the terms and conditions of its underwriting and claims management guidelines.
Privacy Policy | Underwriting and Claims Criteria
Copyright © 2019-2021 CFSIC. All Rights Reserved. Site by MRW.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bohemian Rhapsody Stuns at The Golden Globes
Bohemian Rhapsody was the big winner at the Golden Globes this year much to the surprise of the plenty in attendance, taking home the award for Best Actor in a Drama (Rami Malek) and Best Picture (Drama)
Rami Malek looked absolutely taken away when he accepted his Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Motion Picture. After his shock of winning the award, the 37-year-old, LA-born actor thanked a heap of people who were involved in the project.
But Malek ended his speech by thanking and dedicating his award to the man himself, Freddie Mercury
He said: "Thank you to Freddie Mercury for giving me the joy of a lifetime. I love you, you beautiful man. This is for and because of you, gorgeous."
Rami also paid tribute to surviving members of Queen, guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor, who still tour with singer Adam Lambert taking vocal duties. Rami sat with May and Taylor for the duration of the glitzy ceremony. He thanked them 'for ensuring that authenticity and inclusivity exists in music and in the world and all of us'.
With it's amazing succes at the golden globes, fans of Malek and Queen will be eagerly waiting if they can replicate their success at the 91st Academy Awards in Febuary


text:
****************************************
Semantic Highlighting & Pretty Printing
****************************************

Since ``v0.9.18`` Idris comes with support for semantic highlighting.
When using the ``REPL`` or IDE support, Idris will highlight your code accordingly to its meaning within the Idris structure. A precursor to semantic highlighting support is the pretty printing of definitions to console, LaTeX, or HTML.

The default styling scheme used was inspired by Conor McBride's own set of stylings, informally known as *Conor Colours*.

Legend
======

The concepts and their default stylings are as follows:

+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Idris Term     | HTML          | LaTeX          | IDE/REPL       |
+================+===============+================+================+
| Bound Variable | Purple        | Magenta        |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Keyword        | Bold          | Underlined     |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Function       | Green         | Green          |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Type           | Blue          | Blue           |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Data           | Red           | Red            |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+
| Implicit       | Italic Purple | Italic Magenta |                |
+----------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+

Pretty Printing
===============

Idris also supports the pretty printing of code to HTML and LaTeX using the commands:

+ ``:pp <latex|html> <width> <function name>``
+ ``:pprint <latex|html> <width> <function name>``

Customisation
=============

If you are not happy with the colours used, the VIM and Emacs editor support allows for customisation of the colours. When pretty printing Idris code as LaTeX and HTML, commands and a CSS style are provided. The colours used by the REPL can be customised through the initialisation script.

Further Information
===================

Please also see the `Idris Extras <https://github.com/idris-hackers/idris-extras>`_ project for links to editor support, and pre-made style files for LaTeX and HTML.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Roll over value from previous row when row is null I have problem in rolling over value from previous row when value is null. I currently have a dataset
+------+---------+
month.   average
+------+---------+
01/2018    null
02/2018    null
03/2018    4
04/2018    10
05/2018    null
06/2018    20
07/2018    null

My desired output should look similar to this. I'm trying to roll over previous value where average is null
+------+---------+
month.   average
+------+---------+
01/2018    0
02/2018    0
03/2018    4
04/2018    10
05/2018    10
06/2018    20
07/2018    20

I tried the lag function but the null keeps appearing.
my current query looks similar to this:
with cte as(
select to_char(created_at,'MM') || to char(created_at,'YYYY') as month
,AVG(CASE WHEN status ='ready' THEN col ELSE null END) as average
from table
group by month
)
select
month
,lag(average) over (order by month ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as average
from cte

A: The idea would be lag(ignore nulls), but Postgres does not support that.
If you just have one NULL in a row, then lag() is sufficient (as another answer suggests).  But that is not very generalizable.
If the values are known to be increasing a cumulative max is probably the most efficient:
select t.*,
       coalesce(max(average) over (order by month), 0) as imputed_average
from t;

This works with multiple NULLs in a row.  If the data doesn't have that increasing property, then another alternative is two levels of window functions:
select t.*,
       coalesce(max(average) over (partition by non_null_month), 0) as imputed_average
from (select t.*,
             max(month) filter (where average is not null) over (order by month) as non_null_month
      from t
     ) t;

There is another method using arrays.  It doesn't require subqueries, but it might not scale well:
select t.*,
       coalesce((array_remove(array_agg(average) over (order by month), null))[cardinality(array_remove(array_agg(average) over (order by month), null))], 0) as imputed_average
from t;

Here is a db<>fiddle.

A: use coalesce
select
  month,
  COALESCE(average,
           lag(average) over (order by month ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW),
           0) as average
from cte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Doctorate by research
You must check the entry requirements for the type of research degree you wish to apply for and make sure you are eligible.
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Develop the ability to independently design and execute original research that generates new knowledge.
UniSA health researchers are involved in a diverse range of research activities, with a particular emphasis on research relating to cancer, population health, healthy lifestyles, pharmaceuticals, nursing, allied health, clinical neuroscience. mental health, and Aboriginal health. The options are many and varied and can be tailored to suit your research interests.
Achieve outcomes-based research aimed at improving health for all.
Work alongside professional researchers and acclaimed academics from internationally-renowned groups.
Be supervised by some of Australia's leading researchers in first-class facilities.
Work in a dynamic research environment and make the most of opportunities to travel as part of your study.
Gain career relevant skills and knowledge via the Transformed PhD.
100% of our assessed research is rated at or above world-class.1
12018 Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA), 4-digit Fields of Research.
What is a research degree?
A research degree is an advanced program of study allowing you to investigate a topic relevant to your field. Under the supervision of world-class researchers, higher degree research candidates learn and apply advanced research methodologies to produce new knowledge and provide solutions to the world's challenges. Completing a research degree means becoming an expert in your field. It's your opportunity to take a topic that interests you, explore it in depth, tackle intellectual, creative and practical challenges, and communicate your findings.
You can study a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Doctor of Philosophy (by Portfolio of Publications) or Masters by Research.
Research degrees offered at UniSA
Produces graduates with the capacity to conduct research independently at a high level of originality and quality. By the end of the degree, a PhD student will be capable of independently designing and executing original research that generates new knowledge (three to four years full-time equivalent).
Doctor of Philosophy (by Portfolio of Publications)
Allows formal recognition of established researchers and/or scholars who do not already hold a PhD qualification, and who have produced a significant body of research of international standing in their field, with an ongoing record of academic publication (work).
Masters by research
Students analyse their thesis topic at an advanced level, applying research methodology and techniques to contribute further knowledge to their field, under appropriate supervision (two years full-time equivalent).
Please note, a Masters degree by coursework (such as an MBA) involves enrolling in selected courses and participating in lectures and tutorials (online or on campus). It is different to a Masters by Research.
Find out more about what you can study.
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Why do a research degree?
UniSA research is inspired by the challenges and opportunities of today. In the 2018 Australian Research Council Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) evaluation of Australian universities, all of our assessed research was rated at world class or above. We are vibrant, outward-facing and responsive. We partner with industry, government and communities to seek answers to questions that arise in the real world. Our research themes are:
An age friendly world
Transforming industries
Scarce resources
Transforming societies
Learn more about our research themes.
The transformed PhD
UniSA intends to deliver industry and end-user informed research that supports employer-relevant curriculum. To achieve this, and to produce entrepreneurial and business-aware graduates, we have developed the transformed PhD.
We have added a structured component to research degrees including enhanced skill development, supervisory panels and a technology-enabled oral defence of the thesis. Through these activities you will develop a set of professional, transferable skills relevant to our knowledge-based enterprise economy.
The aim of the transformed PhD is to increase your employment prospects in any career path. You will possess the knowledge, expertise and confidence to meet the emerging needs of academia, industry, government and the community.
Four good reasons to do a research degree
Challenge yourself. You will need to work hard, be dedicated and think analytically at a high level. You will tackle completely new research and different research methods, or extend research already undertaken.
Increase your career opportunities. A research degree provides evidence of independent thought and the ability to manage a research project in a given timeframe. Your research could allow you to develop a new specialisation, academic field or career. A research degree at UniSA will also allow you to develop a skillset which sets you apart, putting you at the centre of your professional development.
Make your ideas public. Your research findings may be published, presented at conferences, provide a commercial return and have a positive impact on society.
Contribute to society. Discover new methods, understandings and techniques, and solve a real-world problem.
What can I research?
Our research is carried out through several internationally-renowned research groups, as well as the UniSA Cancer Research Institute and Centre for Cancer Biology (an alliance between UniSA and SA Pathology).
From the molecular to the global, our researchers are involved in a diverse range of research activities across a broad spectrum of health and medical sciences, with a particular emphasis on five broad areas of strength:
Pharmacy and Medical Science research
Allied Health research
Exercise, Sports and Nutrition research
Nursing and Midwifery research
Working within and across these areas are over 250 researchers producing innovative research linked to:
musculoskeletal health and bone growth
the early origins of adult health
medicines and vaccine development
anthropometry and sports science
health and use of time
microbiology and infectious disease
evolutionary physiology of the lung
mosquito-borne disease
mental health and suicide prevention
medicines policy
Find a supervisor and research area
To find a research area, you'll need to match your qualifications and interests to the research programs and degrees offered at the University of South Australia. Browse our research degrees. Once you've done that, you will need to find a supervisor. A supervisor is an academic staff member who will work with you throughout your research degree. In your online application we will ask you to provide the name of your proposed UniSA supervisor. Learn more and find a research supervisor.
Scholarships and projects
A scholarship can allow you to focus on your research without needing to do paid work. Scholarships are offered for Australian and international students looking to undertake a research degree. There are also high achiever scholarships, vacation research scholarships and Vice Chancellor and President's scholarships.
We are also excited to offer thematically-based scholarships. These scholarships will not only address local, national and international grand challenges, they will also ensure students work across traditional boundaries in the University, with industry, and with community partners.
Learn more about available scholarships.
There are seven identified graduate qualities and outcomes that result from doing a research degree at UniSA. Importantly, these competencies are transferable to the workplace, whether academic or professional. In brief, a research degree graduate of the University of South Australia:
understands, can contribute to and critique current research-based knowledge in their field
is prepared for lifelong learning in pursuit of ongoing personal development and excellence
is an effective problem solver and researcher
can work both autonomously and collaboratively as a researcher
is committed to ethical action and social responsibility
communicates research knowledge effectively
demonstrates international perspectives in research
Read about our research degree graduate qualities in more detail.
Academic regulations and Code of Good Practice
What can you expect of UniSA and what do we expect of you? Please familiarise yourself with the requirements governing research degrees by reading about our academic regulations and good practice code.
More about research areas and supervisors, scholarships and graduate outcomes
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Why Doctor of Philosophy
UniSA provides a dynamic, interdisciplinary environment where you are encouraged to develop your research skills and knowledge under the supervision of some of Australia's leading researchers.
Health research at UniSA brings together leading researchers with the key aims of intervening early to prevent illness, improving health systems and services, creating more effective therapies, and advancing health equity.
We offer unparalleled learning facilities and are committed to continually investing in and upgrading our laboratories, offices and technical capabilities to ensure researchers have access to the very best resources and equipment needed to carry out world-class research.
Want to find out more about student life? Want to speak to someone who is studying the degree you're interested in? Want to speak to someone in your native language? Chat with our student ambassadors and ask any questions you have.
Career outcomes
A doctoral qualification will advance your career possibilities and give you a competitive edge in the workplace.
You may choose to further your career in industry, academia, or in research with a research institution or university locally or internationally.
Before applying, you will need to do some investigation. Our seven-step guide will take you through the process of preparing your application to maximise your chances of success.
Research degree applications are made through our Apply Online facility, a secure step-by-step online service. Please check the research degrees calendar for all key dates.
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Every year, over 2,500 UniSA students are supported in their studies through scholarships and grants worth millions of dollars. Check out the scholarships below. One of them may be perfect for you. Visit our scholarships page for more.
Research Training Program international (RTPi) and University Presidents Scholarship
These scholarships will cover your tuition fees and your overseas health cover, and provide and a stipend (living allowance).
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My research focuses on improving the oral absorption of antipsychotic medications for schizophrenic patients. Through this research I was awarded an Endeavour Postgraduate Scholarship, which gave me the opportunity to conduct world-class research at Janssen, a global pharmaceutical company in Belgium. Without the support from my supervisors here at UniSA, I would never have been awarded this scholarship.
Tahnee Dening
My PhD with the Australian Track Cycling Team is focused on using the Critical Power model. This model describes the maximal work capacity of elite athletes through aerobic and anaerobic contributions to exercise. As part of my research I worked directly alongside the head coach of the Australian Team, providing sport science support in areas of physiology, biomechanics and performance analysis.
Jason Bartram
Employment: Head Coach of the Australian Women's Track Cycling Endurance Team
<br />Employment: Head Coach of the Australian Women's Track Cycling Endurance Team
My research focuses on Parkinson's disease, specifically developing a pre-clinical model of Parkinson's disease so that novel treatment options can be explored. As part of my research, I received a UniSA international travel grant, which allowed me to study new laboratory techniques for four weeks at the Hannover Medical School in Germany and attend an international conference in London. Both experiences broadened my knowledge of neuroscience.
Michaela Johnson
I am investigating drug resistance in multiple myeloma, currently an incurable blood cancer. During my studies I received a Vice Chancellor and President Scholarship, which will allow me to attend one of the largest conferences in the world for people working in blood cancer, held by the American Society of Haematology.
I enjoy the hands-on experiences undertaking a research pathway presents. I hope my research will help the defence force better monitor training loads and avoid injury and illness that may be caused by overtraining.
Dr Max Nelson
I was a recipient of the prestigious Fulbright Scholarship, and investigated the relationship between running and sports injury. I worked with athletes and researchers from the University of Massachusetts to explore a new biomechanical assessment technique I developed at UniSA. In 2016, I was also the winner of the UniSA Three Minute Thesis (3MT) competition and more recently, was awarded the South Australian Science Award. I hope to translate my findings to practice and provide athletes with improved injury prevention strategies.
Joel Fuller
I'm working with families who have experienced multiple stillbirths, and by examining their DNA sequences I have been able to uncover the 'faulty' gene. This then allows couples to undergo a process where embryos are screened before implantation and only those that don't carry the disease causing gene mutation are selected. I was awarded the Maurice de Rohan scholarship, where I will undertake research at the Center for Mendelian Genomics (CMG) at the Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Alicia Byrne
In 2016 I won People's Choice Award in the UniSA Three Minute Thesis (3MT) competition, where I presented on the idea of harnessing immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer. I believe that my PhD project, which explores the function of the body's cardiovascular system in relation to melanoma tumours, could lead to the discovery of better treatments for melanoma and even prevent this serious form of skin cancer.
Lih Yin Tan
We have six campuses in metropolitan and regional areas, each with advanced facilities including modern lecture theatres, libraries, laboratories, and areas that simulate real work environments.
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We offer unparalleled learning facilities, and are committed to continually investing in and upgrading our laboratories and technical capabilities to ensure researchers have access to the very best resources and equipment needed to carry out world-class research. Some of our specialised laboratories and facilities include the:
UniSA Cancer Research Institute
Clinical Trial Facility
Adelaide Biofilm Test Facility (South Australia's first test facility for antimicrobial agents, pharmaceutical preparations, dressings, materials and coatings)
A variety of purpose-built laboratories
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You are eligible for a range of scholarships and grants as a current research student. For example, the prestigious Vice Chancellor and President's Scholarship, Maurice de Rohan International Travel Scholarships or one of UniSA's International Travel Grants.
See Scholarships and Prizes for more information.
Hear from some of our health PhD students as they discuss their studies and exciting research opportunities at UniSA.
Hear from Research Professor Cory Xian, whose research focuses on tissue and bone injury repair.
Hear from Professor of Physiology Janna Morrison, whose research focuses on the increased risk of cardiovascular disease on babies who are born too small or too early.
Hear from Associate Research Professor Paul Anderson, whose research focuses on preventative strategies for treating bone diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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text:
Glendora, Bonita, El Monte and Alhambra ranked…
Glendora, Bonita, El Monte and Alhambra ranked No. 1 in CIF-SS football polls
Glendora-Los Altos and Bonita-San Dimas are key matchups of ranked teams this week
By Fred Robledo | frobledo@scng.com | San Gabriel Valley Tribune
PUBLISHED: September 10, 2019 at 10:32 am | UPDATED: September 12, 2019 at 6:05 am
There were some minor shake-ups in this week's CIF Southern Section high school football polls and four teams from the San Gabriel Valley, Whittier and Pasadena areas were ranked No. 1 in their playoff division.
Glendora (3-0), a solid 31-6 winner over Charter Oak last week, remained the top-ranked team in Division 5, while St. Paul was ranked No. 7 and Diamond Ranch No. 9. St. Paul and Diamond Ranch both lost last week.
Week 3 polls are in! Here is #CIFSSFootball 🏈 pic.twitter.com/BO0oRSWLW7
— CIF Southern Section (@CIFSS) September 9, 2019
Bonita (3-0), on the strength of three straight blowouts, remained No. 1 in Division 9. San Dimas dropped from No. 2 to No. 6 following its loss to Whittier.
Bonita and San Dimas will meet Saturday in the annual Smudge Pot game at Citrus College at 7 p.m.
El Monte (3-0), which avenged last year's loss to San Marino with a 20-7 victory Friday with all three touchdowns scored by Davon Booth, remained No. 1 in Division 12. Pasadena Poly (3-0) moved up a few spots to No. 4.
Alhambra (3-0) moved up to No. 1 in Division 13, while Baldwin Park was at No. 7 and Rosemead at No. 8.
La Habra, which was No. 2 in Division 3 last week, dropped one spot to No. 4 after its loss to Mission Viejo, 23-6.
In Division 4, South Hills and La Mirada both lost this past week, which dropped South Hills to No. 8 and La Mirada to No. 10.
In Division 6, La Serna (3-0) climbed a couple spots to No. 3 and Los Altos (3-0) cracked the board at No. 10. Los Altos could make a big climb up the ladder next week if it knocks off Glendora on Friday at Citrus College.
Northview (3-0) was ranked No. 4 in Division 7 and, surprisingly, Arcadia (0-2), after back-to-back blowout losses, was still ranked No. 7.
Muir, which was ranked No. 1 in Division 11 last week, dropped one spot to No. 2 after a loss to Division 3's top-ranked Grace Brethren, 38-18. Undefeated Pasadena (3-0) is at No. 5 and followed by three Whittier schools – El Rancho (No. 6), California (No. 7) and Whittier (No. 8).
Whittier High School's Johnathan Arceneaux recovering after life-threatening scare
Column: The CIF-SS is proposing the most dramatic football playoff change ever, so how did we get here?
Notebook: Alhambra's super sophomore QB Noah Rodriguez transfers to Monrovia
Who is USC 4-star WR Gary Bryant Jr. from Centennial?
Meet the San Gabriel Valley, Whittier, Pasadena 2019 All-Area Football Team
La Canada (3-0) is ranked No. 9 in Division 14.
high-school-football
Fred Robledo
Fred Robledo is a local sports editor for the Southern California Newspaper Group.
Follow Fred Robledo	@sgvnsports
More in High School Sports
San Gabriel Valley Girls Basketball Rankings: Flintridge Prep, St. Paul and Keppel own top three spots
San Gabriel Valley Boys Basketball Rankings: Damien, Bonita, Sonora lead the way
San Gabriel Valley Boys Athlete of the Week: Boubacar Coulibaly, San Gabriel Academy


text:
Q: Avoiding copying upon returning from a function - without relying on compiler optimizations In this code, a huge vector could be (depending on compiler) copied upon return:
vector<string> foo() {
  vector<string> vec;
  //make vec huge
  return vec;
}
vector<string> bar = foo();

How do I avoid copying the vector, without relying on compiler optimizations?
Now, understand that this is just a simple example, with a single return statement. But for more complex cases, it is a possibility that even good compilers will not be able to do optimizations to avoid copying the vector. (This answer to another question mentions one such case.)
(Relying on compiler optimizations always seemed rather strange to me in the first place, since I'm supposed to be writing good, portable, C++ code, as opposed to worrying about how this and that compiler does things under the hood. All those "compiler optimization" answers to the other questions therefore puzzle me.)
One idea I came up with so far is to use C++11's smart pointers:
shared_ptr<vector<string>> foo() {
  shared_ptr<vector<string>> vec_ptr = make_shared<vector<string>>();
  //make *vec_ptr (i.e. the actual vector) huge
  return vec_ptr;
}
shared_ptr<vector<string>> bar_ptr = foo();
//now, *bar_ptr is the underlying vector we can use

It looks like this will avoid the copy in all cases. The problem is that this code is getting to be quite cumbersome.
Any good non-cumbersome alternatives? Supposedly, C++11 provides some new "move" functionality through rvalue references. Could those help?

A:
Supposedly, C++11 provides some new "move" functionality through
  rvalue references. Could those help?

Yes, if the compiler doesn't use RVO for any reason then it will use a move in this case as std::vector has a move operator and it's applicable when returning a single variable like this. Your original code should just do this when compiler with a c++11 compiler without any changes.

A: One old school option is to pass the vector as a reference to the function and make the changes as you need it.
void foo(vector<string> &vec){
...

foo(bar);

On the other hand, move semantics as i understand it should do exactly what you want, it just might happen without any change to your code, you can check it by stepping through with a debugger, let me read further as well.
Edit: This question seems to indicate your original code should work as a move operation automatically.  This Post seems to have more information, but I am a little too sleepy to grasp everything..


The Homathko River system is one of three major watersheds emptying into the head of Bute Inlet in the northernmost part of the Sunshine Coast Forest District. The peak historical escapements were 15,000 Coho, 7,500 Pink, 75,000 Chum, 15,000 Chinook and 7,500 Steelhead.
Logging began in the early 1900s and continues today. In 1983, fish sampling was undertaken as part of BC Hydro's interest in building a dam upstream of Waddington Canyon. A Watershed Restoration Program proposal (1994) noted the very high fish and wildlife values and identified some of the damage resulting from the logging. This resulted (1997-98) in an overview assessment and preliminary fish assessment on the lower Homathko. Homathko Estuary Provincial Park and the Homathko River-Tatlayoko Protected Area were created in the same years.
A Level 2 Watershed Assessment (1999) was conducted within the Chilcotin plateau region of the watershed where Rainbow Trout and Dolly Varden are present. These species, as well as Cutthroat Trout, are also present in the lower section of the river; the presence of Bull Trout was confirmed in 2001. The most recent readily available maximum escapement (1988-97) is 100 Pink and 2,000 Chinook, 6,000 Coho (1986-2000) and 18,000 Chum (1989-99).
The river continues to be a major Chum and Pink producer (2009). Nine Grizzly Bear Wildlife Habitat Areas were designated in 2008.
In 2009, a report noted the world class nature of the Cutthroat and Bull Trout recreational fishery and identified concern with the proposed private run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects in the area. In their Statement of Intent, filed with the BC Treaty Commission, the Homalco First Nation (Wxemalhkwu) has identified Bute Inlet as part of their traditional territory; there are three reserves near the estuary. A confidential Impact Benefit Agreement, which establishes a framework under which both the Homalco and an independent power producer (Plutonic) work together to advance projects within the territory, was reached in 2011.


text:
M&T Bank Presents CEOs You Should Know
Submit a CEO to Be Featured
CEOs A-Z
Gunther Sanabria, CEO, Sanabria & Associates
Born in Lima, Peru, Gunther Sanabria emigrated to the United States in 1991. The hardships along his journey inspired a desire to help others and a need to persevere through all obstacles.
Gunther earned his bachelor's degree in 1998 from the University of Florida and subsequently earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Florida's School of Law. He also possesses a Master of Laws in International Trade from American University.
Post-graduation, he was admitted to the Florida Bar in 2004 and to the District of Columbia's Bar in 2006, where his initial area of practice was criminal law. His discerning nature and in-depth knowledge of the law led to his assignment to the Domestic Violence Division of the Palm Beach County Office of the State Attorney of Florida.
About M&T Bank Presents CEOs You Should Know
Get to know the area's most influential CEOs close up and personal.Read More


Before I close my series of posts on project risk I thought I should address a related topic: project opportunity. Risk management is concerned with potential unplanned events that impact a project negatively. In contrast, opportunity can have a positive affect on the project. Moreover, project opportunity should be managed in broadly the same way as project risk.
Once risks are identified, assessed, and countermeasures and contingencies established they should be documented in the project risk log or risk register and an owner assigned.


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Home/Entertainment/Emancipation: Will Smith recalls being trapped in chains for 15 minutes while the crew frantically searched for keys
Emancipation: Will Smith recalls being trapped in chains for 15 minutes while the crew frantically searched for keys
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Will Smith recalled a terrifying moment when he was in chains on the set of his new slavery movie. emancipation.
The actor appeared for a special issue of Conversation at the Red Table on Wednesday (December 14) with his children Willow, Jaden and Trey Smith to discuss his latest role.
Smith plays a man named Peter who escapes from slavery in director Antoine Fuqua's thriller, which is based on a true story.
Smith recalled the moment he "found" his role as Peter when he first put the metal collar on the slave.
However, his experience was deepened on one occasion when crew members were temporarily unable to remove the cuff from Smith's neck.
"So they put it on, I'm standing there and he wants to take it off and it doesn't work," Smith told his kids. "So it's locked and my heart is jumping and I'm like, 'Oh no, oh no, oh no.'
"Now he's running around looking for the keys and for 15 minutes I'm stuck there in the chain and my heart is racing and I'm like, 'Will, don't be a freak.'"
Will Smith on the set of "Emancipation"
(Facebook clock)
Smith said he thought to himself, "I'm Will Smith," and there were "people walking around" looking for the keys.
"I'm still scared. Imagine what it was like for Peter to put that stuff on, barefoot and nobody cared," Smith continued.
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"Really dehumanizing," he said. "I hadn't been able to articulate why, but I was embarrassed. I felt embarrassed as I stood and waited. It was emasculating, dehumanizing, all of that."
Elsewhere in Conversation at the Red Table In the following episode, Smith recalled one of the other actors spitting at him in an ad libbed scene.
Read that of the independent Two star rating from emancipation here.
Will Smith's Red Table Talk takeover with Willow, Jaden and Trey is available to stream on Facebook Watch.
emancipation is now streaming on Apple TV+.
https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/will-smith-emancipation-slave-chains-b2245337.html Emancipation: Will Smith recalls being trapped in chains for 15 minutes while the crew frantically searched for keys
Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 and Warzone 2 Season 1 Reloaded Patch Notes
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Alright so this track isn't necicarily new, but it's got a real chill vibe with bangin beat and everyone needed to hear it. So first off you have to listen to at least a minute of the song to get an idea of where it's going, so don't judge it early. It's done by the group Zion-I who are such a sick unique sounding rap group. It's got an interesting woman vocal intro and chorus done by K. Flay. Once the huuuge sick bassy beat drops the song really gets going. The beat almost has a MGMT feel but way more intense. The rapping is of course real sick. Well enjoy it  and please visit the ads if you get a chance.


Buying Toyota AC Clutch parts from us is uber convenient. Most of our Toyota AC Clutch parts orders will ship out within 1 business day when you make sure to place your order by 1 pm MST. Need more than $48 in Toyota AC Clutch parts, we will pay for the shipping. We started selling Toyota AC Clutch parts nearly 30 years ago in Arizona, now we sell worldwide via the internet. AutohausAZ.com is extremely well known for its top notch customer service. Take a look at our feedback to see what our customers have to say. We care about you, our customer.
Why Buy Toyota AC Clutch Parts from AutohausAZ?
All of our catalog is available to you every hour of every day of the year. You never need to clip coupons. Our website never sleeps, so you can order auto parts whenever. Our prices are out of this world. Our knowledgeable staff is ready to help you find the auto parts you need for your vehicle.
"Awesome service. Thanks for being so quick in shipping the parts that I ordered. I was very pleased with the packaging and the brand name of the goods that I ordered. I will be back."


Horling's Garden Centre is located just outside of Lakefield on Lakefield Highway (formerly Hwy #28). They have been in business in the same location for 40+ years! I remember going there as a kid when it was a butcher shop! At the time they also sold a few plants, but the business is totally transformed now. They offer quality plants as well as full landscaping services. They have a large selection of trees and shrubs including many native plants. The Hydrangeas were blooming when we were there in late July! I visited with Ian Nichols, the greenhouse manager. We talked about Garden Route and their involvement in this cooperative group of garden-related businesses in the Peterborough area. In addition, Ian highlighted a new stonework service they are offering. It was a hot day! I hope you'll tune in to watch us sweat!
Watch this episode of Garden Gate as we visit with Ian.


My open studio hours is an opportunity for you to chill and vibe with me. Hope you don't mind if I'm in the middle of painting a piece ;) This is also the perfect time to view any merchandise that I have on hand for a last minute gift. Come see where it all goes down!
Free Parking is available in the parking lot next to the building and on the street. Please avoid the spots labeled "SCJ". This is my private studio where you will need to notify me when you arrive in order to receive access to the locked building.
Call me at this number: (206) 659-7508 when you arrive so I can come down to let you in.
A RSVP is MANDATORY to attend so I can know how many people to expect or if I should be present at all. Please help me out and RSVP at this link.


List of agencies/focal points trained in IASC guideline and psychological first aid.
The docuemnt is an initialdraft with the list of agencies/focal points involved in the psychosocial support response in Mali. It will be updated regularly.


text:
Army of Northern Virginia
Title: Army of Northern Virginia
Subject: James Longstreet, Jubal Early, Loudoun County in the American Civil War, Political general, Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia during Lee's command
October 22, 1861-Most units deactivated January–April 1862, last units deactivated April 9, 1865
Premier Confederate Army in Eastern Theater
Garrison/HQ
P. G. T. Beauregard
Joseph E. Johnston
Gustavus Woodson Smith
The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, as well as the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac. Three districts were created under the Department of Northern Virginia:
Aquia District
First commander: Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes
Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to April 18, 1862
Potomac District
First commander: Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard
Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to January 29, 1862
Valley District
First commander: Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
Period of existence: October 22, 1861, to April 9, 1865
While the Aquia and Potomac Districts ceased to exist by the spring of 1862, the need remained for military organization in the Valley throughout the remainder of the war, and the Valley District remained in place for the duration of the war.
1 Origin
2 Command under Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard
3 Command under General J. E. Johnston
3.1 Corps organization under Johnston
4 Temporary command under Major General G. W. Smith
5 Command under General R. E. Lee
5.1 Corps organization under Lee
6 Campaigns and battles
7 History of the army
7.1 Organization October 22, 1861
7.2 Organization April 30, 1862
7.3 Organization at the setout of the Northern Virginia Campaign
7.4 Organization at the Beginning of the Maryland Campaign
7.5 Organization from May 30, 1863 until April 9, 1865
Army of Northern Virginia Battle Flag, designed by William Porcher Miles
The name Army of Army of the Shenandoah and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the Army of the Northwest were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed Army of Northern Virginia on March 14. The Army of the Peninsula was merged on April 12, 1862.[1]
Robert E. Lee's biographer, Douglas S. Freeman, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862.[2] However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Joseph E. Johnston, his predecessor in army command, prior to that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear that the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect.
In addition to Virginians, it included
Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard
The first commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was General P.G.T. Beauregard (under its previous name, the Confederate Army of the Potomac) from June 20 to July 20, 1861. His forces consisted of six brigades, with various militia and artillery from the former Department of Alexandria. During his command, Gen. Beauregard is noted for creating the battle flag of the army, which came to be the primary battle flag for all corps and forces under the Army of Northern Virginia. The flag was designed due to confusion during battle between the Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag and the flag of the United States. Beauregard continued commanding these troops as the new First Corps under Gen. J. E. Johnston as it was joined by the Army of the Shenandoah on July 20, 1861, when command was relinquished to General J. E. Johnston. The following day this army fought its first major engagement in the First Battle of Manassas.
Command under General J. E. Johnston
Gen. J. E. Johnston
With the merging of the Army of the Shenandoah, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston took command from July 20, 1861, until May 31, 1862.
Corps organization under Johnston
First Corps - commanded by Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard
Second Corps - commanded by Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith
Under the command of Johnston, the Army immediately entered into the First Battle of Manassas. On October 22, 1861, the Department of Northern Virginia was officially created, officially ending the Army of the Potomac. The Department comprised three districts: Aquia District, Potomac District, and the Valley District. In April 1862 the Department was expanded to include the Departments of Norfolk and the Peninsula (of Virginia). Gen. Johnston was eventually forced into maneuvering the Army southward to the defenses of Richmond during the opening of the Peninsula Campaign, where it conducted delay and defend tactics until Johnston was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines.
Temporary command under Major General G. W. Smith
The army was very briefly commanded by Maj. Gen. Gustavus Woodson Smith on May 31, 1862, following the wounding of Gen. J. E. Johnston, while President Jefferson Davis drafted orders to place Gen. Robert E. Lee in command the following day.
Command under General R. E. Lee
General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
Organization of the Army of Northern Virginia at the time of the Battle of Fredericksburg (December 1862)
Organization of the Army of Northern Virginia at the time of the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7, 1864)
On June 1, 1862, its most famous and final leader, General J.E.B. Stuart. It was established on August 17, 1862, and abolished on May 11, 1864 (the day Stuart was mortally wounded), with cavalry units being assigned to the headquarters of the Army. The Reserve Artillery was commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton.[1]
Corps organization under Lee
Although the Army of Northern Virginia swelled and shrank over time, its units of organization consisted primarily of the following corps, sometimes referred to as "wings" or "commands":
First Corps
Second Corps
Third Corps
Fourth Corps, often styled Anderson's Corps
Campaigns and battles
The Army fought in a number of campaigns and battles, including:
Army strength at the beginning of campaign
Major Battles
Peninsula Campaign 1862 55,633 Seven Pines (Fair Oaks)
Seven Days Battles 1862 approx. 92,000 Gaines' Mill, Malvern Hill
Northern Virginia Campaign 1862 approx. 54,000 Second Bull Run (Second Manassas)
Maryland Campaign 1862 approx. 60,000 Antietam (Sharpsburg)
Fredericksburg Campaign 1862 approx. 75,000 Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville Campaign 1863 approx. 75,000 Chancellorsville
Gettysburg Campaign 1863 75,054 Gettysburg
Bristoe Campaign 1863 55,221
Mine Run Campaign 1863 approx. 50,000
Overland Campaign 1864 62,230 Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor
Richmond–Petersburg Campaign 1864–65 82,633 Siege of Petersburg, including the Battle of the Crater
Appomattox Campaign 1865 around 50,000 Five Forks, Battle of Appomattox Court House
On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War, with General Lee signing the papers of surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to the Army of Northern Virginia.
History of the army
Organization October 22, 1861
Battleflag made out of silk from November, 1861
The Military district of Northern Virginia was embattled on October 22, 1861.[3] The commander was General Joseph E. Johnston. The military district consisted of three defence districts.
Potomac General P.G.T. Beauregard
1. Division Major General Earl Van Dorn
2. Division Major General Gustavus W. Smith
3. Division Major General James Longstreet
4. Division Major General Edmund Kirby Smith
Aquia Major General Theophilus H. Holmes
French's Brigade Brigadier General Samuel Gibbs French
2. Brigade Brigadier General John G. Walker
Valley Major General Thomas J. Jackson
Garnett's Brigade Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett
Ashby's Cavalry Colonel Turner Ashby
On February 28, 1862, there were 47,617 soldiers present for duty to the military district.[4] The Cavalry Brigade was provided from the Potomac's Military District and under direct control from the Defense District. The artillery formed an Artillery Corps with 109 cannons.
Organization April 30, 1862
Battleflag made of wool, 1862
The Military District of Northern Virginia was never renamed into The Army of Northern Virginia during the District's existence. This designation was forced through General Lee taking supreme command. The name was mentioned for the first time in the order for the Defence Districts of Virginia Peninsula and Norfolk on April 12, 1862 about the diversification of command.[5] On April 30, 1862 the army was structured as follows:[6]
Left wing Major General John B. Magruder
McLaws' Division Brigade General Lafayette McLaws
Toombs' Division Brigadier General Robert A. Toombs
Ewell's Brigade Colonel B. S. Ewell
Center Major General James Longstreet
A.P. Hill's Brigade Brigadier General Ambrose P. Hill
Anderson's Brigade Brigadier General Richard H. Anderson
Colston's Brigade Brigadier General Raleigh E. Colston
Pickett's Brigade Brigadier General George E. Pickett
Wilcox's Brigade Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox
Pryor's Brigade Colonel G. A. Winston
Left Emplacement Major General Daniel H. Hill
Early's Division Brigadier General Jubal A. Early
Early's Brigade Brigadier General Jubal A. Early
Rodes' Brigade Brigadier General Robert E. Rodes
Rains' Division Brigadier General Gabriel J. Rains
Rains' Brigade Brigadier General Gabriel J. Rains
Featherston's Brigade Brigadier General Winfield S. Featherston
Gloucester Point Colonel Crump
Reserve Major General Gustavus W. Smith
Whiting's Brigade Brigadier General W. H. C. Whiting
Hood's Brigade Brigadier General John B. Hood
Hampton's Brigade Colonel Wade Hampton
Anderson's Brigade Brigadier General Samuel R. Anderson
Pettigrew's Brigade Brigadier General James J. Pettigrew
Cavalry Brigade Brigadier General J. E. B. Stuart
At the outset of the Peninsula Campaign the Army of Northern Virginia had more than 55,633 soldiers. The cannon was assigned to the brigades, as well as the Reserve's artillery. Nominally, Jackson's Corps in the Shenandoah Valley, was subordinate to the Army. Since Jackson led his own campaign at the time of the Peninsula Campaign and was not under Lee's direct command this overview does not include his three divisions.
The Army's organization soon proved inept in the course of the Peninsula Campaign. The corps-like structure was rearranged before the Seven Days Battle to converge with the requirements of actual command. In the course of this battle the Army featured two Corps; Jackson's and Magruder's, with four and three divisions respectively, and three actual divisions with five to six brigades. Also the Defense District of North Carolina answered directly to the Army as well as the Reserve Artillery with six battalions and the cavalry with six regiments.[7] The army's complete strength was about 90,000 soldiers. The exact strength cannot be determined, because only a few notes for actual provisionings survived. The estimated strength results, if not explicitly noted, from in-battle dispatches.
Organization at the setout of the Northern Virginia Campaign
The [8]
Right Wing 3 Artillery Battalions Major General James Longstreet
Anderson's Division 3 Brigades Major General Richard H. Anderson
Jones's Division 3 Brigades Brigadier General David Rumph Jones
Wilcox's Division 3 Brigades / 2 Artillery Batteries Brigadier General Cadmus M. Wilcox
Hood's Division 2 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Brigadier General John B. Hood
Kemper's Division 3 Brigades Brigadier General James L. Kemper
Evan's Brigade / 1 Artillery Battery Brigadier General Nathan George Evans
Left Wing Major General Thomas J. Jackson
Jackson's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Regiment Brigadier General William B. Taliaferro
Hill's Light Division 6 Brigades / 1 Artillery Regiment Major General Ambrose P. Hill
Ewell's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Regiment Major General Richard S. Ewell
Cavalry Division 3 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battery Major General J. E. B. Stuart
The Army's Reserve Artillery consisted of one regiment and two battalions. They stayed in the area of Richmond in the course of the whole McClellan's attention as long as possible.[9] As it became predictable that the Army of the Potomac would soon be transferred to support Pope, Lee ordered the Division north.[10] Hill never entered battle in the campaign. A total of about 54,000 soldiers saw action throughout the campaign.
Organization at the Beginning of the Maryland Campaign
The Army's losses before and following the Battle of Second Manassas needed to be replaced before the Maryland Campaign could commence. While fundamental changes in the Army's command structure were not necessary, General Lee exchanged divisions and brigades or added additional strength to some. The wings of the Army were now officially called 'Corps'. In the Maryland Campaign the Army was subdivided as follows.[11]
Longstreet's Corps 2 Artillery Battalions Major General James Longstreet
Anderson's Division 6 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Richard H. Anderson
Jones's Division 6 Brigades / 4 Artillery Batteries Brigadier General David Rumph Jones
McLaws's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Lafayette McLaws
Walker's Division 2 Brigades / 2 Batteries Brigadier General John G. Walker
Evans's Brigade / 1 Artillery Battery Brigadier General Nathan George Evans
Jackson's Corps Major General Thomas J. Jackson
Jackson's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Regiment Brigadier General John R. Jones
Hill's Division 5 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Daniel H. Hill
Ewell's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Regiment Brigadier General Alexander R. Lawton
Cavalry Division 3 Brigades / 3 Artillery Batteries Major General J. E. B. Stuart
Reserve Artillery 4 Battalions / 5 Batteries Brigadier General William N. Pendleton
While organization of the corps was found to be generally reliable, the corps' subdivision into four or five divisions hampered overall ease of command. General Lee had already considered before the Battle of Antietam to slim down the overall structure, but intended there be no changes in leadership. The Confederate Congress authorized the establishment of the Corps, and President Davis affirmed the assignment of the commanders and promoted Major Generals Longstreet and Jackson to Lieutenant Generals. General Lee announced this in Special Order 234 on November 6, 1862.[12] About 60,000 soldiers served at the Maryland Campaign.
Battleflag made from wool, 1863
Organization from May 30, 1863 until April 9, 1865
Lee took Jackson's death as an opportunity to subdivide the North Virginia Corps again. President Jefferson Davis agreed to the subdivision and ordered Lee in his Special Order Nr. 146 to reorganize the Army.[13]
I Corps Lieutenant General James Longstreet
Pickett's Division 3 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General George E. Pickett
Hood's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General John B. Hood
II Corps Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell
Early's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Jubal A. Early
Johnson's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Edward Johnson
Rodes's Division 5 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Robert E. Rodes
III Corps Lieutenant General A.P. Hill
Heth's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General Henry Heth
Pender's Division 4 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General W. Dorsey Pender
Cavalry Division 6 Brigades / 1 Artillery Battalion Major General J. E. B. Stuart
Reserve Artillery 6 Battalions Brig. General William N. Pendleton
Imboden's Command gem. Brigade / 1 Artillery Battery Brigadier General John D. Imboden
Lee ordered the artillery battalions of the Reserve Artillery to serve directly with the Corps for the duration of the Gettysburg Campaign. The Army of Northern Virginia now comprised a total of 75,054 soldiers at the Battle of Gettysburg.[14]
The army fielded more than 241 cannons following the Battle of Gettysburg.[15] The artillery battalions were merged into the Artillery Reserve again following the end of the campaign.
On September 9, General Lee had to dispatch the First Corps to [16]
II Corps 5 Artillery Battalions Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell
Early's Division 4 Brigades Major General Jubal A. Early
Johnson's Division 4 Brigades Major General Edward Johnson
Rodes's Division 5 Brigades Major General Robert E. Rodes
III Corps 5 Artillery Battalions Lieutenant General A.P. Hill
Heth's Division 4 Brigades Major General Henry Heth
Wilcox's Division 4 Brigades Major General Cadmus M. Wilcox
Cavalry Corps 1 Artillery Battalion Major General J. E. B. Stuart
Hampton's Division 2 Brigades Major General Wade Hampton
Lee's Division 3 Brigades Major General Fitzhugh Lee
Reserve Artillery 2 Battalions Major General William N. Pendleton
Defense District of Shenandoah Valley gem. Brigade / 1 Artillery Battery Brigadier General John D. Imboden
Cooke's Brigade Brigadier General John R. Cooke
The Army's strength was then 55,221 soldiers. The changes in command until December 31, 1863 were only minor. Cooke's Brigade was assigned to serve with Heth's Division, Hampton's Division grew by a cavalry brigade and the Third Corps gained an additional artillery battalion. Imboden's Command remained at Shenandoah Valley and was taken over by Major General Early as the Defense District of Shenandoah Valley. The strength of the army was 54,715 men on December 31.
The organization of the Army of Northern Virginia did not change until the end of the war. The Army featured several corps, the corps featured several divisions, and the artillery was divided between the corps. The strength of the Army grew in the first six months from about 46,380 to 62,230 soldiers. The army was assigned in July to the Defense District of North Carolina and Richmond. In the course of the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign the number of soldiers temporarily grew to 82,633 while parts of the Army were under the command by Lieutenant General Early in Shenandoah Valley.
In 1864 the Army of Northern Virginia fought against the more than twice as strong Potomac-, James- and Shenandoah Army in [17] because 69,659 soldiers were fit for battle, but a minimum of 4,500 had no rifles.[18]
I Corps 6 Artillery Battalions Lieutenant General James Longstreet
Pickett's Division 4 Brigades Major General George E. Pickett
Field's Division 5 Brigades Major General Charles W. Field
Kershaw's Division 4 Brigades Major General Joseph B. Kershaw
II Corps 4 Artillery Battalions Major General John B. Gordon
Early's Division 3 Brigades Brigadier General John Pegram
Gordon's Division 3 Brigades Brigadier General Clement A. Evans
Rodes's Division 4 Brigades Brigadier General Bryan Grimes
Mahone's Division 5 Brigades Major General William Mahone
Anderson's Corps 4 Artillery Battalions Lieutenant General Richard H. Anderson
Johnson's Division 4 Brigades Major General Bushrod Rust Johnson
Defense District of Shenandoah Valley 6 Artillery Battalions Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early
Wharton's Division 3 Infantry / 1 Cavalry Brigades Brigadier General John A. Wharton
Cavalry Corps 3 Artillery Battalions Major General Wade Hampton
Lee's Division 3 Brig Major general William H. F. Lee
Following Lieutenant General A.P. Hill's death on April 2, 1865 the Third Corps was dissolved and assigned to the First Corps. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered. One day later he thanked his men and his officers for their bravery and sturdiness and announced the dismissal of all troops on their word of honor in General Order No. 9.[19] The listings of the Army of Northern Virginia say that 28,231 soldiers were dismissed on their word of honor on April 10, 1865.[20]
The Army of Northern Virginia is one of the most respected military formations in American history. Although usually outnumbered, it won victories in the American Civil War at Fredericksburg, Second Manassas, Chancellorsville, and Cold Harbor. Additionally, it successfully drove the Army of the Potomac away from the "gates" of Richmond in the Seven Days Battles, effectively ending McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in 1862. The army held out against long odds in the 1864 Overland Campaign and the Siege of Petersburg, inflicting grievous casualties on the opposing forces of Grant. These successes sometimes gave the army a psychological advantage over its enemies. However, the army was most defined by its commander, Robert E. Lee. To this day, the army and Lee are famed in Southern culture.
Gettysburg Confederate order of battle (detailed command organization at the Battle of Gettysburg, 1863)
Virginia Units in the Civil War
^ a b Eicher, pp. 889-90.
^ Freeman, Vol. II, p. 78 and footnote 6.
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 913f: General Orders No. 15
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 1086: Army's day-service strength
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band V, S. 438: Special Order No. 6
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XI, Part III, S. 479 - 484: Disposition on April,30 1862
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XI, Part II, S. 483ff: Disposition at the beginning of the Seven Days Battle
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 546ff: Disposition on the setout of the Northern Virginia Campaign
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 176: Hill's order
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XII, Part II, S. 553: Hill's stay
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XIX, Part I, S. 803ff: Disposition on the setout of the Maryland Campaign
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XIX, Part II, S. 698f: Nomination of Commanding Generals
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXV, Part II, S. 840: Special Orders No. 146
^ National Park Service: Army's day-service strength
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXV, Part II, S. 355ff: Artillery in the armory following the Battle of Gettysburg
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XXIX, Part I, S. 398ff: Disposition on September,30 1863
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part II, S. 1170ff: Disposition on January,31 1865
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 384ff: Army's strength on January,31 1865
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 1267: Dismissal
^ The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Band XLVI, Part I, S. 1277ff: Discharge on word of honor
Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee, A Biography (4 volumes), Scribners, 1934.
Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee. A Biography. 4. Bde., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York und London 1934f. online here
Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants. A Study in Command. 3 Bde., Scribners, New York 1942–1944.
Katcher, Philip R. N. & Youens, Michael: The Army of Northern Virginia - Osprey Verlag 1975 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 37 - ISBN 0-85045-210-4
Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 1 - Confederate Troops - Osprey Verlag 1986 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 170 - ISBN 0-85045-679-7
Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 3 - Specialist Troops - Osprey Verlag 1987 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 179 - ISBN 0-85045-722-X
United States. War Dept.: The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Govt. Print. Off., Washington 1880–1901, online here.
"A Small but Spartan Band: The Florida Brigade in Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, by Zack C. Waters and James C. Edmonds, 2010, published by the University of Alabama Press
Young, III, Alfred C. Lee's Army During the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study (Louisiana State University Press; 2013) 400 pages; argues that Lee's Army was far larger in strength and suffered much higher casualties than previously believed.
Army of Northern Virginia memorial volume (1880) on Internet Archive
The long arm of Lee, or, The history of the artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia (Volume 1): with a brief account of the Confederate Bureau of Ordnance (1915) on Internet Archive
Army of Northern Virginia Corps
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