text:
ALLES v. WEERASINGHE
015-SLLR-SLLR-1997-2-ALLES-v.-WEERASINGHE.pdf
WEERASINGHE
EDUSSURIYA, J.
A. 459/85(F).
C. COLOMBO 83672/M.
Defamation – Publication of material defamatory – Defence of truth andjustification; fair comment and privilege – Damages.
The plaintiff-appellant instituted action to recover damages from the defendant-respondent on the ground that the respondent caused the publication of materialdefamatory of him by printing and disseminating pamphlets (P10, P11 and P14).The respondents filed answer denying these publications and pleading that theyare not defamatory took up the defences of truth and justification, fair commentand privilege.
The Learned District Judge held that the statements P10, P11 and P14 referred tothe plaintiff-appellant, that they were defamatory of the plaintiff-appellant and heldagainst the defendant-respondent on the defences of truth and justification andfair comment, but held with the defendant-respondent on the defence of privilegeexcept with regard to item 3 on the reverse of P11 and awarded the plaintiff-appellant damages in a sum of Rs. 15,000/- in respect of same.
The plaintiff appealed against the judgment. On appeal,
When the occasion is privileged a communication made on that occasion isprima facie protected. However if the communication is not germane to theoccasion, that is, has no relevance to the occasion or is made to the defendantbeing actuated by an improper motive such as malice, it is not protected.
The moment the learned District Judge decided that the occasion wasprivileged there was an end to the case unless express malice is proved. It isthen left to the plaintiff to prove that the communications complained of weremade from an indirect motive, such as anger or with a knowledge that they weretrue or without caring whether they were true or false and not for the reason whichwould otherwise render them privileged.
If the defendant made the statements believing them to be true, he would not losethe protection arising from the privileged occasion, although he had noreasonable grounds for such belief.
[1997] 2 Sri L.R.
The fact that an occasion is privileged does not necessarily protect all that issaid or written on that occasion. Where the statements are relevant butunnecessary, the fact that unnecessary statements had been introduced might beevidence of express malice but that the mere fact that the statements wereunnecessary did not establish malice.
Per Edussuriya, J.
"Where a defamatory statement which is not relevant to the privileged occasion isthe only evidence of malice, Courts will be slow to draw the inference that themalice attaching to the irrelevant statement extends to the entire communication-including the privileged portion in the absence of other evidence of malice eitherbefore or after the publication.
Another instance of malice and motive on the part of the defendant is theconduct of the defendant in persisting with the plea of truth and justification, butmade no endeavour to establish same.
There was no duty to be discharged because those persons who wereentitled to receive communication in the performance of the duty were alreadyaware of the communication prior to the publications of P10, P11, P14 on thedefendants own showing.
However, it is proved to the satisfaction of Court that the defendant used aprivileged occasion for an improper motive viz. to maliciously injure the plaintiff.
APPEAL from judgment of the District Court of Colombo.
Cases referred to:
Pullman v. Hill 1891 – 1QB524.
Clark v. Molyneux- 1877 – 1878 3 Q.B.D. 237.
Middler v. Hamilton – 1923 TPD – 79.
Horrocks v. Lowe 1975 AC at 138 and 150.
5.. Yates v. Macrae 1929 T.P.D. at 493.
Chandrasena v. Phillips 49 N.L.R. 271.
Adam v. Ward{ 1917) AC 309 at 320.
Turner v. M.G.M. Pictures 1950 1 All ER 449 at 455.
Simpson v. Robinson 1848 – 12 QB 511.
Faiz Musthapa, PC. with A. A. M. Illiayasfor plaintiff-appellant.
R. K. W. Gunasekara for respondent.
Cur. adv. vult.
Alles v. Weerasinghe (Edussuriya, J.)
This is an appeal from the judgment of the learned District Judgeof Colombo in an action instituted by the plaintiff-appellant (appellant)to recover damages from the defendant-respondent (respondent) onthe ground that the respondent caused the publication of materialdefamatory of him by printing and disseminating pamphlets 'P10' ,'P11 ' and 'P14' which were produced marked A, B and C with theplaint. 'P10' and *P11 ' were dated 9th November 1979, whilst 'P14'was dated 24th November, 1979.
It is in evidence that 'P10' and 'P11 ' had been distributed at theentrance to D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya on 13th November, 1979 and14th November, 1979 respectively. The appellant was the principal ofthe said school at that time. It is also in evidence that 'P14' wasdistributed to those attending the Royal College Prize Giving.
'P10' purports to be a publication of a society called the Children'sRights Protection Society under the heading "Your Child's BasicRights. Education State of Affairs at D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya" andopens with the words "Even if you stay close to D. S. SenanayakeVidyalaya you will not be able to admit your child to this school. Onlygem mudalalis, fish mudalalis and other outstation mudalalis' childrenare admitted to this school because they are paying the highestbribes. Now let us give you facts and figures".
Then 'P10' goes on to give certain figures regarding admissionsfor the year 1980 and states that for 200 vacancies only 51 havebeen selected and out of that 20 names have been copied from theRoyal College list of selectees, and that therefore only about 30students have been selected for admission to D. S. SenanayakeVidyalaya and that the balance 170 students will be admitted throughthe back channel for the "highest bidding bribes". 'P10' concludes bycalling for ideas and opinions and to forward them to the respondentwho is designated the Co-ordinating Secretary of the Children'sRights Protection Society. 'P1 O' also sets out that it is publicationNo. 005 of the Children's Rights Protection Society.
*P11 ' is a similar pamphlet, alleged to be, publication No. 004 ofthe Children's Rights Protection Society and is similar to 'P10' but with
certain additional statements such as "This same procedure(obviously a reference to students being admitted on payment ofillegal gratifications) happened during the past few years. As a resulthis personal wealth has increased rapidly. Estates, Luxury Cars,Residences with princely comforts, fixed deposits and bank accountsare only few amongst these".
Then 'P14' states that although it is said that children in the vicinityhave been admitted to this school it had become necessary toarrange for a large number of buses to transport children to school,thus implying that they are not from the vicinity. 'P1T also concludesby calling for comments and gives the name and address of therespondent as Co-ordinating Secretary of the Children's RightsProtection Society.
The reverse of 'P1T states, to expect publication No. 006 and setsout 4 items, namely,
properties purchased, details of bank accounts, amounts paidfor Scotch Whiskey and French Brandy.
a list of names of mudalalis residing in Ratnapura, Negombo,Marawila, Kurunegala who are complacent after paying a part ofthe bribes to admit their children.
reasons for young lady teachers applying for transfer.
acts against public welfare that take place behind the upstairdoor with a round glass.
Both 'P10' and 'P1T carry the legend that they were printed by thedefendant at the Samantha Press.
'P14' is an open petition to the Bribery Commissioner which hadbeen, according to the plaintiff, distributed on 24th November, 1979at Royal College on the Prize day.
'P14' sets out that the plaintiff,
holds a bank account with a credit balance exceedingRs. 200,000/-,
owns a car worth more than Rs. 300,000/-,
has a partly constructed house and the conservative estimateof the cost of construction being Rs. 200,000/-,
maintains his son at a foreign educational institution and remits£300/- per month.
has household effects acquired during the preceding two yearsincluding stereo sets, three refrigerators, televisions and luxuryfurniture valued at over Rs. 100,000/- which have all beenacquired with illegal gratification collected by the plaintiff on theadmission of children to the school.
'P14' has been signed by the respondent and is referred to aspublication No. 009 of the Children's Rights Protection Society.
The respondent filed answer denying these publications and thenpleading that they are not defamatory of the appellant took up thedefences of truth and justification, fair comment and privilege.
The learned District Judge after trial held that,
the statements 'P1 O', 'P11' and 'P14' referred to the appellant,
that they were defamatory of the appellant and held againstthe respondent on the defences of truth and justification and faircomment, but held with the respondent on the defence of privilegeexcept with regard to item 3 on the reverse of *P11 ' and awardedthe appellant damages in a sum of Rs. 15,000/- in respect of thesame.
The appellant has appealed from this judgment.
It is appropriate to mention at this juncture that this appeal wasargued on 21st June, 1996 and oral submissions were concluded onthat day. At the conclusion of the oral submissions the respondent'sCounsel was granted time to tender any authorities relating to theappellant's Counsel's contention that where it is held that malice
attaches to any particular statement of a document complained ofthen such malice taints the entire communication and that it cannotbe held that malice attaches to that statement only and that the restof the document is privileged.
However learned Counsel for the respondent tendered writtensubmissions wherein he had dealt with matters which were notreferred to at the hearing of the appeal. Besides, learned Counsel forthe respondent had also made written submissions regarding thelearned District Judge's findings that 'P10' and 'P11' referred to theappellant and that they were defamatory of the appellant and also thefindings against the respondent on the defences of truth andjustification and fair comment. In any event there was no appeal filedby the respondent nor were any oral submissions made et thehearing of this appeal regarding those matters.
For these reasons I will not take into consideration anything in thewritten submissions other than the authorities I called for, in decidingthis appeal.
The learned District Judge has held that the occasion wasprivileged and this finding was not canvassed by the appellant at thehearing of this appeal.
The learned District Judge also held that the communicationscontained in *P1 O', 'P11 ' and 'P14' other than item 3 on the reverse of'P11 ' are privileged and awarded damages in respect of thepublication of that- particular defamatory statement. Thus, it is clearthat the learned District Judge was of the view that item 3 on thereverse of 'P11 ' was not relevant to the discharge of the duty thatarose on that privileged occasion and therefore malicious.
At the hearing of this appeal, Counsel for the appellant contended,firstly, that the learned District Judge had erred in holding that maliceattached to only item 3 on the reverse of 'P11 ' and not to the otherdefamatory statements in 'P11' and submitted that the finding ofmalice must necessarily extend to the entire communication andcannot be restricted or confined to that irrelevant defamatorycommunication alone.
Counsel for the plaintiff-appellant also contended that the learnedDistrict Judge has not examined the question whether the appellanthas established an improper motive and submitted that the fact thatthe respondent took up the defence of truth and justification andunrepentantly persisted in it while not making any effort to prove it,also showed malice. Further, that the learned District Judge failed toconsider the contents of the respondent's letter 'P5' in this connectionand that, all that the learned District Judge had done was to seewhether there was reasonable and probable cause for the publicationwhereas that was not necessary.
Before I proceed to examine the evidence on the question whetherthe plaintiff-appellant has established an improper motive or not, Iwish to refer to some statements made by the learned District Judgein the course of his endeavour to ascertain whether the defendant-respondent had reasonable and probable cause to make thestatements complained of. Although the learned District Judge hasdone this in order to see whether the defendant-respondent had actedbona fide or not (page 192) once it is decided that the occasion wasprivileged then all statements, though defamatory, made on thatoccasion, which are relevant to the discharge of the duty that givesrise to the privileged occasion are protected and it is presumed thatsuch statements were made bona fide in the discharge of that duty,whether there be or be not reasonable or probable cause and theburden falls fairly and squarely on the shoulders of the plaintiff toprove an improper motive such as a malice, etc.
At one point of the judgment the learned District Judge has stated"Outward manifestations such as possession of luxury cars, estates,residences with royal comforts, fixed deposits and bank accountsleads one to the belief that the possessor has accepted bribes",(page 197)
The plaintiff-appellant admitted having used a Peugeot – 504 carwhich belonged to the Vice Principal. However there is no evidenceof any outward manifestation that the plaintiff-appellant ownedestates or residences with royal comforts although there wasevidence that the plaintiff-appellant's wife owned two allotments ofland from a land called Galawila Estate which her father hadpurchased for her. As far as residences were concerned, at the time
[1997] 2 Sri LR.
of the publication in question the plaintiff-appellant did not own anyresidences, except that if at all he was in the process of constructingone. In this connection the plaintiff appellant has said that hecommenced construction of the said residence in January 1980, thatis after the publications in question. Then again, at the time of thepublications the plaintiff-appellant was residing in a house providedby the Education Department at Gregory's Road and the onlyoutward manifestations of royal comforts if they can be so called wasa Sanyo Stereo Set and two refrigerators, one of which wasaccording to the uncontradicted evidence twenty-three years old. Asfar as bank accounts are concerned almost every Tom, Dick andHarry have bank accounts for the purpose of transacting their dailybusiness like payment of electricity bills, etc.
Of course the position would have been different if the plaintiff-appellant had a bank account with a credit balance in a large sum ofmoney. The plaintiff produced his bank statement for the month ofOctober 1979 (P10) which showed a bank balance of Rs. 2312.09cts. and he stated that at the most he would have had a bankbalance of Rs. 10,000/-. There is no evidence of the plaintiff-appellanthaving any money in Fixed Deposit Accounts.
Then again the learned District Judge's statement "I concede thatthe amount in the plaintiff's bank account has not been shown toexceed Rs. 300,000/-" (This should actually be Rs. 200,000/- as thatis the sum mentioned in 'Pi 1') is to say the least ridiculous, because,the bank balance was at the most Rs. 10,000/- according to theuncontradicted evidence of the plaintiff-appellant.
Then again the learned District Judge has stated at page 199 that"In the state of mind in which the defendant was after his child wasrejected, and in the light of the plaintiff running about in a Peugeotcar, constructing a house spending over Rs. 600,000/- owning anestate, and assets revealed in 'P20' and having a son following acourse abroad, I cannot blame the defendant and it is not a surpriseif he raised his eye brows and felt that something untoward hadhappened".
Here again, the construction of the house was completed inSeptember 1981 long after the publications in question. Besides, the
figure mentioned in the publication was Rs. 200,000/- and it was theplaintiff-appellant who said in evidence that cost Rs. 600,000/- andhe explained how he obtained the money. Then again as statedhereinbefore there was no evidence that the plaintiff-appellant ownedan estate.
The learned District Judge has also made reference to the plaintiff-appellant's conduct regarding admissions to the school beingquestioned in Parliament.
The plaintiff-appellant was questioned about his disregardingverbal instructions given by the Minister of Education (page 98 and99) and the plaintiff-appellant explained that those verbal instructionsrelated to leaving room for special admissions and this must be so,because instructions regarding regular admissions are contained in acircular as disclosed by the evidence in this case. Besides there isno evidence to the contrary. In any event this question had arisen inParliament after the publication of 'P10', 'P1T and 'P14'.
I have referred to the above mentioned comments of the learnedDistrict Judge because the learned District Judge appears to havebeen influenced by them in arriving at his decision.
I will next proceed to deal with the submissions of the plaintiff-appellant's Counsel, and the law relating to the defence of privilegeand improper motive.
The learned District Judge has held that the occasion wasprivileged. When the occasion is privileged a communication madeon that occasion is prima facie protected. However, if thecommunication is not germane to the occasion, that is, has norelevance to the occasion or is made due to the defendant beingactuated by an improper motive such as malice, it is not protected.
In the present case before me the learned District Judge has heldthat the communications contained in 'P10', 'P11' and 'PI 4' otherthan item 3 on the reverse of 'P1T are privileged. Thus it is clear thatthe learned District Judge considered item 3 on the reverse of 'P1Twas not relevant to the occasion and therefore had been made withan improper motive (malice) and not relevant to the discharge of theduty relevant to the privileged occasion.
The moment the learned District Judge decided that the occasionwas privileged there was an end to the case unless express malice isproved Lopes L.J. in Pullman v. Hill™. It is then left to the plaintiff toprove that the communications complained of were made from anindirect motive, such as anger or with a knowledge that they wereuntrue, or without caring whether they were true or false and not forthe reason which would otherwise render them privileged. On theother hand if the defendant made the statements believing them tobe true, he will not lose the protection arising from the privilegedoccasion, although he had no reasonable grounds for such beliefClark v. Molyneux(2). However in the present case that prima facieprivilege will not extend to item 3 on the reverse of 'P1T according tothe learned District Judge's finding.
The learned District Judge has however in an effort to ascertainwhether the communications were made bona fide, consideredwhether the contents of the pamphlets 'P10', *P11 ' and 'P14' were"palpably false or whether the defendant had reasonable or probablecause for his belief as to the contents of the pamphlets".
As mentioned hereinbefore if the defendant made the statementsbelieving them to be true, he will not lose the protection arising fromthe privileged occasion, although he had no reasonable grounds forhis belief, and it has been held in Middler v. Hamilton™ that "absenceof reasonable grounds for a defendant's belief in the truth of adefamatory charge is no doubt not sufficient proof of honesty in thatbelief but is strong evidence in that direction".
However even if there was reasonable and probable cause andthe defendant had a genuine belief in the statement, it is quiteconsistent with the existence of malice if he used the occasion for animproper motive. In order to avoid liability the defendant must havesaid it for the purpose for which the law allows such statements to bemade (Horrocks v. Lowem).
Learned Counsel for the appellant submitted that the learnedDistrict Judge had not considered the effect of the finding that item 3on the reverse of 'P11 ' was irrelevant to the occasion with regard toimproper motive in publishing the communications complained of.
In Yates v. Macrae™ where the statements were relevant butunnecessary Tindall, J. had stated that, the fact that unnecessarystatements had been introduced might be evidence of expressmalice but that the mere fact that the statements were unnecessarydid not establish malice. In the present instance item 3 on the reverseof 'PH' cannot be considered to be relevant to the allegation ofirregular admissions to the school and bribery, as it refers to reasonsfor young lady teachers applying for transfers.
Learned Counsel for the respondent referred the Court to thedecision in the case of Chandrasena v. Phillips™ where it was heldthat where there was one statement to which the privilege attachingto the occasion did not apply as it had been made recklessly, notcaring whether it was true or false, the Defendant was liable only inrespect of that statement.
In that case the statements complained of had been made in replyto a pamphlet published by a supporter of the plaintiff (who wasstanding for election) which had stated that the plaintiff had duringthe war, when schools became disorganised, found otheraccommodation for teachers and pupils at his expense.
Soertsz S. P. J. had in the course of his judgment referred to andrelied on an observation of Earl Loreburn in the case of Adam v.Ward™ that "the fact that an occasion is privileged does notnecessarily protect all that is said or is written on that occasion.Anything that is not relevant and pertinent to the discharge of theduty or the exercise of the right or safeguarding the interest whichcreates the privilege will not be protected" and then come to theconclusion that, a particular statement had been made with cruelrecklessness, not caring whether it was true or false and held that,that statement was in excess of the privileged occasion and thateven if it were not, the first respondent made it with malice. So thatthe question whether, malice attaching to that particular statementextended to the other parts of the publication and was evidence of animproper motive had not been considered by Their Lordships in thatcase.
In the case of Adam v. Ward (supra) the question arose whethercertain defamatory statements contained in the libel were irrelevant tothe discharge of the duty which gave rise to the privileged occasionand Lord Finlay in the course of his judgment said (page 318) "Theprivilege extends only to a communication upon the subject with
respect to which privilege exists, and it does not extend to acommunication upon any other extraneous matter which thedefendant may have made at the same time. The introduction of suchextraneous matter may afford evidence of malice which will takeaway the protection on the subject to which privilege attaches, andthe communication on the extraneous matter is not made upon aprivileged occasion at all, inasmuch as the existence of privilege onone matter gives no protection to irrelevant libels introduced into thesame communication". At page 321 Lord Finlay went on to say "I willonly add that when one part of a libel is held to be protected byprivilege and the other part not protected, the jury ought to be toldthat they cannot give damages in respect of the first part at all,unless they are satisfied that it was malicious, which may be provedby the character of the unprotected part or by other evidence".
In the course of his judgment in the same case Lord Dunedinstated (page 329) "It might thus occur, though, the case will probablybe rare, that, as above imagined, defamatory words in the nonprivileged paragraph 2 could afford evidence of express malice inconnection with the expressions used in the privileged paragraph 1".
It is also appropriate to mention that Lord Atkinson in the courseof his judgment in the same case in discussing the "effect ofembodying separable foreign and irrelevant defamatory matter in alibel" posed the question whether it would make the occasion ofthe publication of the libel no longer privileged to any extent, orwhether those portions of the libel which would have been withinthe protection of the privileged occasion, if they had stood aloneand constituted the entire libel, still continue to be protected, theirrelevant matter not being privileged at all and furnishingpossible evidence that the relevant portion was published withactual malice, and reached the conclusion that in the absence ofall guiding authority the latter, namely, that the irrelevant matternot being privileged at all furnished possible evidence that therelevant portion was published with actual malice. Finally LordShaw of Dunfermline said in this connection, in the course of hisjudgment (page 348) the introduction of such matter which is notin any reasonable sense germane to the subject matter of theoccasion into a communication otherwise protected by theoccasion may sometimes (this is conceivable) have a bearingupon the issue of whether the other and unprotected matter waspublished with express malice.
However as Lord Diplock observed (Harrocks v. Lowe (supra))there may be evidence of the defendant's conduct upon occasionsother than that protected by the privilege, which justify the inferencethat upon the privileged occasion too his dominant motive inpublishing what he did was personal spite or some other impropermotive, even though he believed it to be true. Lord Diplock thenwent on to observe at page 151 of his judgment in Horrocks v. Lowe(supra) that "Logically it might be said that such irrelevant matterfalls outside the privilege altogether whereas, as everyoneknows, ordinary human beings vary in their ability to distinguishthat which is logically relevant from that which is not and fewapart from lawyers, have had the training which qualifies them todo so". So that Lord Diplock has drawn a distinction betweenlawyers and non-lawyers who publish material which fall outside theprivilege and therefore not relevant to the discharge of the duty,arising on the privileged occasion, and the defendant in this casehappens to be a lawyer.
In this connection Lord Diplock also said that, "as regardsirrelevant matter the test is not whether it is logically relevant butwhether, in all circumstances, it can be inferred that the defendanteither did not believe it to be true or though believing it to be true,realised that it had nothing to do with the particular duty or interest onwhich the privilege was based, but nevertheless seized theopportunity to drag in irrelevant defamatory matter to vent hispersonal spite, or for some other improper motive. Here too, judgesand juries should be slow to draw this inference".
In Turner v. M. G. M. Pictures™ Lord Porter observed that "Ifhowever, the plaintiff can show any example of spite, or indirectmotive, whether before or after the publication, he would establish hiscase provided the examples given are so connected with the state ofmind of the defendant as to lead to the conclusion that he wasmalicious at the date the libel was published; each piece of evidencemust be regarded separately, and, even if there are a number ofinstances where a favourable attitude is shown, one case tending toestablish malice would be sufficient evidence on whicih a jury couldfind for the plaintiff. Nevertheless, each particular instance of allegedmalice must be carefully analysed, and if the result is to leave themind in doubt, then that piece of evidence is valueless as aninstance of malice whether it stands alone or is combined with anumber of similar instances.
In this connection it is appropriate to refer to the learned DistrictJudge's findings on item 3 on the reverse of *P11 ' wherein he saysthat the main theme in 'P10', 'PH' and 'P14' is the irregularadmissions of children by accepting bribes and that item 3 on thereverse of 'P11' has no connection with that theme.
There is no appeal filed from that finding. Further, there is noevidence from which it can be inferred that the defendant believedthat item 3 on the reverse of 'P11 ' was relevant.
The position therefore is that where a defamatory statement whichis not relevant to the privileged occasion is the only evidence ofmalice, the Courts will be slow to draw the inference that the maliceattaching to the irrelevant statement extends to the entirecommunication including the privileged portion, in the absence ofother evidence of malice, either before or after the publication.
Bearing the above in mind I will next proceed to examine theevidence,
The pamphlets in question have been published in the name of asociety, by the defendant-respondent, but there is no evidence of theexistence of such a society. Pamphlets 'P10', 'PH' and 'P14' arereferred to therein as publication numbers 005, 004 and 009respectively. There is also reference to a future publication number006 in 'P11'. However there is no evidence of publications 001, 002,003, 007 and 008 nor is there evidence of number 006 beingpublished. The only inference that Court can draw is that there wasno such society because, 'P10', 'P11' and 'P14' do not set out thenames of the President and the other office holders, nor were thereany publications under numbers 001 to 003, 006 to 008 and that'P10', 'P11 ' and 'P14' were referred to as numbers 005, 004 and 009with the intention of giving the readers of pamphlets 'P10', *P11 ' and'P14' the impression that there was such a society in existence andthat it was active and was responsible for publications 001 to 003before 'P10' was published. Why was this done? Was it because thedefendant himself did not honestly believe the contents of 'P10', *P1 Vand 'P14' and was therefore attempting to palm the responsibility forthose publications to a non-existent society? If not did the defendantthink that, publication in the name of a society rather than in the nameof a single individual would give added weight. Be that, as it may,
these pamphlets 'P10' and 'P11 * were distributed at the entrances tothe school of which the plaintiff appellant was the principal, whereas'P14' was distributed at the Royal College Prize Day and it is inevidence that the residents of a particular area are entitled to havetheir children admitted, to either D. S. Senanayake College or RoyalCollege.
The learned Counsel for the defendant-respondent submitted that'P14' was distributed at the Royal College Prize Day because someparents had children in both schools. If that be so, then distribution atthe D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya would have served the purpose.However, it could be that some of the parents who attended the RoyalCollege Prize Day may in future have to seek admission of theirchildren to the Senanayake School, as they reside within thatparticular common area, to which I have referred earlier.
In any event, by the distribution of 'P101, *P11 ' and 'P14' at theplaces referred to, it is clear that these pamphlets were meant toreach the parents of the children who were attending D. S.Senanayake Vidyalaya and those parents residing within the arearelevant to admissions to the D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya. Besides'P1 ' and 'P11 ' are titled "Your Child's Basic Rights – State of Affairs ofEducation at D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya".
Thus, the duty which the defendant sought to discharge on thisprivileged occasion was a duty owed to the parents of childrenattending the D. S. Senanayake Vidyalaya and those personsresiding within the area relevant to the admission of children to D. S.Senanayake Vidyalaya, and whose children may seek admission on afuture date. According to 'P10', *P11' and 'P14 the plaintiff admits tothe school only a few children of residents living within the area whichqualifies them for admission and the majority are admitted fromoutside that "qualifying area" on the acceptance of illegalgratification, and this procedure has been followed by the plaintiff forsome years.
If that be so, then the majority of the parents were aware that theplaintiff admitted children on taking illegal gratification as they,themselves had given bribes and got their children admitted. So thatthe defendant clearly had no duty to discharge as far as suchparents are concerned. As far as the parents of the other children are
concerned, namely the parents of children who have been admittedbecause of their residential qualification also, there was no duty to bedischarged in view of the contents of the defendant-respondent'sletter 'P5' of 5th November, 1979 wherein he has stated that"Therefore the balance number is to be recruited throughquestionable channels which are well known to the residents. By"residents" the defendant obviously refers to those persons residingwithin the area which entitles them to get their children admitted tothe school. Further, 'P5' sets out that a copy of 'P5' was sent to theBribery Commissioner. Therefore it is clear that the reference toadmission through "questionable channels" is a reference toadmission on taking bribes. Thus, it is clear that the defendant byprinting and publishing 'P10', 'P11' and 'P14' amongst the parents ofchildren attending the school was not conveying something which theparents of all children attending the school and also the residents ofthe area did not know, that is, that the plaintiff was admitting childrenon acceptance of illegal gratification, according to the contents of 'P5'.
The defendant being a lawyer surely knew this. Therefore themotive behind the publishing of 'P10', 'P11' and 'P14' could not havebeen the discharging of a duty. It is therefore clear that the defendantwas using a privileged occasion for an improper motive, with a desireto injure the plaintiff.
Whilst I am on 'P5' the letter by which the defendant appealedagainst the refusal to admit his son, I will refer to another matter thatarises from the contents of 'P5
In 'P5' the defendant has mentioned the names of eight childrenwhose names appear in the Royal School admission list as well andthe names of twelve children who according to the defendant havegiven addresses which are non-existent and goes on to say thattherefore these twelve cannot have authentic documents to provetheir residence.
However at the hearing of the defendant's appeal he admitted thatthe addresses of ten out of the twelve were authentic (vide 'P6'). It isalso significant that the appeal was heard and rejected by theplaintiff, the Chief Education Officer, Colombo referred to in 'P14' andthe principal of another school. According to the uncontradictedevidence of the plaintiff the parents of the other two children had
written saying that they could not attend the meeting on 22ndNovember, 1979 which dealt with the defendant's appeal. Thereforethat proves that the addresses of those two children were alsoauthentic since the letters sent to those addresses requesting them toappear at the school on 22nd November had reached them. Thisshows that the defendant is prone to making reckless statements notcaring whether they are true or false.
'P5' was dated 5th November, 1979, and 'P10' and *P11 ' weredated 14th November, 1979 and the defendant's appeal was dealtwith on 22nd November, 1979.
I will now move onto 'P11'. Item 3 on the reverse of *P1 V has beendealt with by the learned District Judge as a communication which isnot privileged and damages have been awarded regarding the sameon the basis that it had been made maliciously. Item 1 on the otherhand has not been discussed by the learned District Judge at all. Itrefers to the publication of the properties purchased by the plaintiff,bank accounts and amounts paid on the purchase of Scotch Whiskyand French Brandy by the plaintiff, in a future publication No. 006.However there is no evidence that publication No. 006 was everpublished or even printed. Nor has the defendant produced at thetrial a list of such properties, such bank accounts and evidence ofamounts paid for liquor or confronted the plaintiff with them in cross-examination. This is clear evidence of malice as those statementshave been made recklessly not knowing or caring whether they weretrue or false. In fact the only inference one can draw in thesecircumstances is that those communications were made knowingvery well that they were false because he did not have suchdocuments or information. There is also the plaintiff's uncontradictedand unchallenged evidence that he is a teetotaller. If in fact thedefendant had such Bank Statements and particulars of suchamounts paid on the purchase of liquor, he undoubtedly would haveconfronted the plaintiff with them at the trial, and further would havealso annexed them to 'P14' which was printed and published later.The position is the same with regard to item 2 on the reverse of 'P1T.
Another instance of malice and improper motive on the part of thedefendant is the conduct of the defendant in persisting with the pleaof truth and justification. The defendant put in issue the defence oftruth and justification, at the trial, but made no endeavour to establishthe same.
In this connection I would like to refer to the decision in the case ofSimpson v. Robinsonm where it was held that malice may be inferredfrom the relation between parties before or after the publication or theconduct of the defendant in the course of the proceedingsthemselves, as for eg., where the defendant persisted in a plea ofjustification while nevertheless making no attempt to prove it.
For the above mentioned reasons I hold that the plaintiff hasproved to the satisfaction of the Court that the defendant used aprivileged occasion for an improper motive namely to maliciouslyinjure the plaintiff, on the pretext of discharging the duty that relatedto the privileged occasion. At this juncture, I must repeat that in anyevent I have already held that there was no duty to be dischargedbecause those persons who were entitled to receive thecommunication in the performance of the duty were already aware ofthe communication, prior to the publication of 'P10', 'P11' and 'P14'on the defendant's own showing.
In the circumstances mentioned above, and taking intoconsideration the status that the plaintiff held in society and thenature of the defamatory statements, I am of the view that the plaintiffis entitled to damages in a sum of Rs. 250,000/- which is reasonablein all the circumstances.
Next I will deal with the appellant's Counsel's contention that in anyevent that the damages awarded in respect of item 3 on 'P11' evenwhen taken in isolation as the only malicious statement is inadequate.In any event the sum of Rs. 15,000/- awarded as damages in respectof item 3 on the reverse of 'P11' is in my view inadequate as that itemsuggests that young lady teachers were applying for transfers fromthe school because of the plaintiff's conduct. I repeat that item 3 in'P11 ' refers to young lady teachers and not teacher. So that itimplies that the plaintiff's conduct was morally obnoxious to all younglady teachers.
Today, when the openly immoral behaviour of married personsholding high positions in life, which has given scandal throughout thelength and breadth of this country, is common, some people may notthink much of allegations of such conduct, but way back in 1979 welived in a more civilized and God fearing society and the plaintiff wasa married man with children and was the principal of a well knownschool.
Taking all these factors into consideration, in respect of item 3 onthe reverse of 'P1T alone, I hold that the plaintiff-appellant is entitledto damages in a sum of Rs. 100,000/-.
However for the reasons mentioned earlier by me, I vary thejudgment of the learned District Judge and award damages asprayed for in the plaint with costs. The appeal is therefore allowedwith costs fixed at Rs. 4,200/-.
Appeal allowed.


The slow, sad music this extract begins with is representative of the boy, Luke's emotions. As he leaves his desert house, he walks over to see the sunset, an often quite tranquil image as the quietly droning fanfare continues at a slow pace, connoting the emotions of Luke, who seems to be in deep thought and of some confusion. It could be signifying the climax to an event, or contrastingly the beginning of a new one.
The fanfare then changes from a quiet sound, into a louder one illustrating a new found hope he has, even in the actor's eyes you see a new sense of optimism and a lifeline. He seems to of had some kind of epiphany or moment of realisation. However, the notes are still the same length, therefore signifying the problem still at hand and although one problem may be resolved there are many still to conquer and the battle is far from over.


text:
Revisiting the J. Geils Band's Hit 'Freeze-Frame' LP
Jeff Giles Published: October 26, 2016
After 10 years and 11 albums, the J. Geils Band nudged into the pop mainstream with 1980's Love Stinks — but that was just the warm-up for their next, and biggest, album.
Released on Oct. 26, 1981, Freeze-Frame found the band further embracing the New Wave pop makeover they'd started with Love Stinks, making more room for synths and adding another layer of gloss to the production. Yet even as certain superficial elements of their sound evolved, they remained steadfastly anchored in rock and the blues — and as keyboard player, producer and chief songwriter Seth Justman was quick to argue, honoring your roots doesn't necessarily mean turning your back on what's happening around you.
"Freeze-Frame definitely has to do with the state of the world, in our interpretation of it," Justman told Rolling Stone. "We felt we had to deal with issues now — especially now. The world is so fucked up — the nuclear bullshit, the economic state. I think what an artist has to do is interpret in his own way where things are, at a particular time. That's the best thing."
Ultimately, unlike any number of rock acts who altered their sound to suit pop radio in the '80s, the J. Geils Band made themselves more radio-friendly without sacrificing the essential components of their music. Freeze-Frame sounded a lot more modern than the group's earlier efforts, but it was still cut from substantially the same cloth. As Justman and singer Peter Wolf pointed out, that made a huge difference.
"Our past history is our credibility," Wolf told Creem. "We've never done a cheap shot, we've never done a commercial thing, all our albums we feel strongly about, we feel we've committed ourselves to every show we do, we work real hard, there's nothing we've done we're embarrassed about, and in 14 years we feel real proud of that, that there's no moment in our history that we feel embarrassed by or apologetic for. We really dedicated ourselves."
"It's not a preconceived thing of 'Let's get something on the radio,'" added Justman. "I mean, what we're trying to do is grow. The reason you didn't hear too much synthesizer before is because we couldn't afford them."
Still, the steps the band took for Freeze-Frame were something of a gamble. They weren't a multi-platinum act in the years leading up to this record's release, but they'd earned a passionate fan base through years of sweat-soaked, incessant touring — and if they'd made a record that left those listeners crying sellout, they'd be worse off than before.
Watch the J. Geils Band's Video for 'Centerfold'
On the other hand, they'd been gigging since the late '60s and releasing albums nearly as long, and just had a handful of gold records to show for it. Like any veteran act, the J. Geils Band had an eye toward slowing the pace at some point — and getting out of debt with their label — and the lure of hit singles made the calculated gamble of Freeze-Frame worth it.
"I think our audiences will accept the new stuff," Wolf told the The New York Times. "A lot of rock bands tend to underestimate their audience. It might not work, but if you don't challenge yourself when you make an album, why bother? At least we aren't repeating ourselves; Freeze-Frame sure isn't Love Stinks Again Like We Did Last Summer."
"We'd rather be successful than unsuccessful – the success gives you some financial stability, a means of putting more money into what you're doing, into concentrating on it. If you want to abuse it, then you abuse it and become an asshole," Justman said. "The main thing is to be able to continue to grow as musicians and as people. To grow. Just grow."
The band's gamble paid off in a big way. Freeze-Frame went to No. 1, their only album to do so, going platinum and spinning off a trio of Top 40 singles ("Centerfold," "Freeze-Frame" and "Angel in Blue") along the way. Nearly 15 years after they started, the J. Geils Band was an overnight success.
Those sales weren't everything they were cracked up to be, however. Even as they topped the charts, Wolf and Justman were drifting apart, and their songwriting partnership — long the nucleus of the group's creative engine — was grinding to a halt. After a brief, abortive attempt to cut a follow-up to Freeze-Frame, Wolf exited the lineup for a solo career, leaving his former bandmates to soldier on with Justman on vocals for a single studio LP — 1984's You're Gettin' Even While I'm Gettin' Odd — before folding. It might not have made much sense from a business standpoint, but not even a commercial breakthrough was enough to cover up creative differences.
"Success doesn't necessarily make things easier," Wolf told Night Flight in 1985. "People kind of think that. It definitely makes the sort of financial sense, it gives you the freedom to do certain things, but it also brings upon whole new sets of problems. I think that for a long time we really stuck together to try to get ourselves out of this hot water we were in and we were very good friends. And then with the success new problems arose, personality problems between people."
In the end, as with many band breakups, the Geils Band's split produced parts that were, in some respects, audibly less than their sum. Wolf's solo career started with a splash, with 1984's Lights Out going Top 40 and producing a pair of hit singles. By the end of the decade, however, that momentum had stalled considerably; for the other members of the group, the years after the split were primarily marked with lower-profile releases and production or session work. They'd assembled an impressive catalog during their time together, but there was still a sense of untapped potential and unfinished business.
The J. Geils Band's story wasn't quite over, as the group reunited with Wolf for a 1999 tour. Those shows didn't lead to any new music, but they opened the doors to a new era in which periods of extended downtime were punctuated with brief reunion tours. Then they memorably split with founding guitarist John Geils in 2012, prompting a lawsuit. Geils died five years later.
Top 100 Live Albums
Rock's Top 100 Live Albums are more than just concert souvenirs or stage documents from that awesome show you saw last summer.
Next: Top 10 J. Geils Band Songs
Filed Under: J. Geils Band
Categories: Anniversaries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#Clemson coordinators Elliott & Venables close book on Miami, look ahead to Georgia Tech
By Phil Kornblut / October 12, 2020 October 12, 2020 / Clemson / Leave a Comment
TE Davis Allen celebrates his 22 yard touchdown catch vs Miami (Bart Boatwright/The Clemson Insider)
Clemson easily passes its first big test of the season Saturday night rolling past then seventh ranked Miami 42-17. It was a typical Clemson performance with domination on both sides of the line. The Tigers had 550 yards of total offense and limited Miami to just 210 yards. The Tigers averaged 6.2 yards per play to 3.9 for the Hurricanes. Trevor Lawrence passed for 292 yards and 3 touchdowns, and Travis Etienne rushed for 154 yards and 2 scores, and caught 8 passes for 73 yards. The Clemson defense turned in 5 sacks, 11 tackles for loss and 3 interceptions. In short, a complete performance. Monday offensive coordinator Tony Elliott and defensive coordinator Brent Venables held Zoom sessions with the media to recap Saturday's win and look ahead to this Saturday's game at Georgia Tech. Clemson is favored by 27 points.
Tony Elliott
Brent Venables


 The Causes for the Corrosion of Flexible Hose Pipes - CJan Fluid Technology Co., Ltd.
After the metal reacting with oxygen in the atmosphere, it will form an oxide film on the surface of the metal. It continues to oxidize after forming ferric oxide on the ordinary carbon steel, causing corrosion which continuing to expand and eventually form voids. Electroplating by coating or oxidizing metals (e.g., zinc, nickel, and chromium) can ensure the surface of carbon steel, but, as everyone knows, this kind of protection is only a thin film. If the protective layer is damaged, the steel begins to rust.
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel tubing depends on the content of chromium. When the amount of chromium is added up to 10.5%, the atmospheric corrosion resistance of steel increases remarkably. When the content of chromium is higher, the corrosion resistance can be improved, but it is not obvious. The reason is that alloying of steel with chromium changes the type of surface oxide to a surface oxide similar to that of pure chromium metal. This close adhesion chromium oxide protects surface, and prevent further oxidation. This oxide layer is extremely thin, through it you can see the natural burnish of stainless steel surface, make the stainless steel has unique surface. Moreover, if the surface is damaged, the exposed steel surface will react with the atmosphere for self repair and reform the "passive film" and continue to play a protective role.


text:
Sunnemo är en tätort i Hagfors kommun och kyrkbyn i Sunnemo socken. Orten är belägen mellan Lidsjön och Grässjön, vid utloppet av Hyttälven.

Historia
Tidigare fanns det ett järnbruk i Sunnemo, vilket var beläget i nuvarande Hyttdalen. Det var borgmästaren i Karlstad, Johan Börjesson, som år 1640 lät uppföra en hytta, Sunnemohyttan.

Ett uppsving för bygden kom med bruket, och 1653 uppfördes Sunnemo kyrka. Senare tillkom även ett gjuteri där det kom att tillverkas bland annat grytor, pannor, mortlar, kugghjul och järnkakelugnar. Driften vid gjuteriet upphörde på 1860-talet. Sunnemohyttan var länge en av de större i Värmland, men utkonkurrerades till sist av de större industriella järnverken. Sunnemo låg alltför avsides, och saknade tillgång till järnväg. Den 13 maj 1887 blåstes hyttan ned för sista gången.

1865 grundades Nore Bryggeri.

Befolkningsutveckling

Samhället
Sunnemo har bland annat en grundskola upp till årskurs 6, barnomsorg, fritidshem, äldreboende, matvaruaffär, frisör, inredningsbutik, caféer och idrottsplats. Orten är speciellt känd för sin kyrka. Från Sunnemo finns en bro över vattnet som förbinder orten med länsväg 240 vid Sund.

Se även
Sunnemo socken

Noter

Externa länkar
Ortens webbplats

Orter i Hagfors kommun
Svenska järnbruk
Tätorter i Sverige

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package org.keycloak.representations.account;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * @author Pedro Igor
 */
public class DeviceRepresentation {

    public static final String UNKNOWN = "Unknown";
    private static final String OTHER = "Other";
    private static final String BROWSER_VERSION_SEPARATOR = "/";

    public static DeviceRepresentation unknown() {
        DeviceRepresentation device = new DeviceRepresentation();

        device.setOs(OTHER);
        device.setDevice(OTHER);

        return device;
    }

    private String id;
    private String ipAddress;
    private String os;
    private String osVersion;
    private String browser;
    private String device;
    private int lastAccess;
    private Boolean current;
    private List<SessionRepresentation> sessions;
    private boolean mobile;

    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getIpAddress() {
        return ipAddress;
    }

    public void setIpAddress(String ip) {
        this.ipAddress = ip;
    }

    public String getOs() {
        return os;
    }

    public void setOs(String os) {
        this.os = os;
    }

    public String getOsVersion() {
        if (osVersion == null) {
            return UNKNOWN;
        }
        return osVersion;
    }

    public void setOsVersion(String osVersion) {
        this.osVersion = osVersion;
    }

    public String getBrowser() {
        return browser;
    }

    public void setBrowser(String browser) {
        this.browser = browser;
    }

    public void setBrowser(String browser, String version) {
        if (browser == null) {
            this.browser = OTHER;
        } else {
            this.browser = new StringBuilder(browser).append(BROWSER_VERSION_SEPARATOR).append(version == null ? UNKNOWN : version).toString();
        }
    }

    public String getDevice() {
        return device;
    }

    public void setDevice(String device) {
        this.device = device;
    }

    public int getLastAccess() {
        return lastAccess;
    }

    public void setLastAccess(int lastAccess) {
        this.lastAccess = lastAccess;
    }

    public Boolean getCurrent() {
        return current;
    }

    public void setCurrent(Boolean current) {
        this.current = current;
    }

    public void addSession(SessionRepresentation sessionRep) {
        if (this.sessions == null) {
            this.sessions = new ArrayList<>();
        }
        this.sessions.add(sessionRep);
    }

    public List<SessionRepresentation> getSessions() {
        return sessions;
    }

    public void setMobile(boolean mobile) {
        this.mobile = mobile;
    }

    public boolean isMobile() {
        return mobile;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Quality and Shelf Life of Minimally Processed Shredded Carrots in Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Basic & Applied Sciences
Mahendran, T
Modified atmosphere packaged Ready-to-eat shredded carrots (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes) are an increasingly popular product, yet sales are restricted due to rapid deterioration during storage. Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different gas composition on quality and shelf life of minimally processed shredded carrots. A range of physic-chemical and sensory qualities responsible for deterioration of carrot quality was monitored. Shredded carrots of 250 g were packaged in 30cm x 20cmbags, prepared from 20 µ polyethylene(PE), 20 µ polyvinylchloride (PVC), 10 µ micro-porous MY-15 (MY) and 10 µ oriented polypropylene (OPP)films. Packaged shredded carrots were stored at 4 or 10˚Cand quality characteristics were evaluated during storage. An equilibrium modified atmosphere was reached in most packs by 2-3 days of storage. The CO2 levels ranged from 10-12% in microperforated MY-15packs to 35-40% in the OPP bags at 4˚C during state of equilibrium. Levels of CO2 in other packs were dependent on film permeability and high permeability resulted in low CO2levels. The in-pack O2 and CO2 levels were also affected by storage temperature and levels were lower at 4˚C compared with 10˚C.Ascorbic acid content remained relatively constant in carrots during storage under all treatment conditions, whereas a highly significant decrease (P<0.01) was observed in PVC packs at 10˚C. β-carotene content decreased from 8943 µg/100g during storage in shredded carrots in MA packs with 73% of initial content after 14 days in OPP packs. Carrots packed in MY-15 films of which the ˚Brix increased from 6.45 to 6.74 during storage at 4°C indicated an increase in total soluble solids. Based on results, Micro-porous MY-15 films with high permeability of oxygen and carbon dioxide at storage temperature of4°C, should be considered together in order to maintain quality and to extend shelf life of shredded carrots for 14 days.
Name: bas-039.pdf
Basic & Applied Sciences [23]


The ABS sensor is part of the Anti-lock Brake System. It's located on the tires and monitors the wheel speed on your car or truck. This sensor works in tandem with the electronic control module, to keep your wheels from locking up during braking.Ask your service advisor to check your ABS wheel sensor when doing a routine brake service. However, if your ABS warning light is on, make sure to have the sensors checked right away. If the ABS sensor does not work correctly, your Anti-Lock Brake system will not be there in an emergency.Ignoring a faulty ABS sensor will cause bigger problems with the electronic control module and the whole Anti-lock braking system might need to be replaced.From a safety standpoint, a broken ABS sensor will decrease your ability to stop in an emergency, endangering your life, and those of others. However, there is no environmental impact of an ABS wheel sensor replacement.


Anacoco native Sam Craft was first elected sheriff of Vernon Parish in October 1999. He has accomplished many things during his years as sheriff but he has three that he is most proud of.
In 2005 the parish adopted a half-cent sales tax that was to be used for law enforcement. The funds generated from this tax allowed the sheriff's department to put school resource officers in each of the schools, issue pay raises for employees and to modernize the entire department with newer technology in each of the patrol units and throughout the department.
During his 33 years in law enforcement, he has found that the constantly evolving mind of criminals has been his primary obstacle.
He says that with the popularity of social media, crimes that he used to read about happening in California or New York and now happening here in Vernon Parish.
He thinks that this is because people browsing through social media pages will see the crimes and get ideas to commit them here.
He said that his department is trying to keep an eye on crimes that may be trending other places and do their best to prevent them from happening here, or at the very least prepare for it in case it does happen.
The one thing they fight every day is the war on drugs. Vernon Parish still has a problem with meth dealers but lately, they have been seeing more crimes involving prescription drugs and opioids.
They are doing the best they can to stay ahead of the drug-related crimes but it is a battle that he never sees coming to an end.
He is quick to add that we can't just give up on those who commit the drug offenses. He has seen addicts and dealers who have turned their lives around to become productive citizens.
Sheriff Craft says that he tries to treat everyone who comes through the department like he would want his mother, or wife, to be treated. He may not be able to help anyone who comes through his department personally but the least he can do is show them respect.
Sheriff Craft has joined several other sheriffs throughout Louisiana in filing a lawsuit against manufacturers of prescription painkillers alleging that they have left taxpayers with huge medical and law enforcement costs by recklessly creating opioid addicts.
Sheriff Craft is running for re-election this October.


I'm sorry, it seems you've discovered a bug that I need to fix.
You should have gotten a message saying that there are no recommendations for you. No other member has measurements "close" to you, and therefore the site can't use any rating to generate recommendations.
Sometimes, this is caused by a typo in one or two measures. Please log-in and click "Your profile" > "Check".
If it's not a typo, then you just need to wait. Maybe add a few ratings if you can.
Thank You for prompt answer - and kind regards from snowy Helsinki, Finland.


Arielle Roberson of CU and Jillian Alleyne of Oregon, try to get possession.
Chucky Jeffery of CU gets a rebound in front of Danielle Love of Oregon.
Rachel Hargis of CU looks to shoot over Liz Brenner of Oregon.
CU head coach, Linda Lappe, encourages her team against Oregon.
Ashley Wilson of CU puts up a shot over Jillian Alleyne of Oregon.
Jamee Swan of CU gets an offensive rebound over Jillian Alleyne of Oregon.
Devyn Galland of Oregon gets the ball away as Brittany Wilson of CU defends.
Chucky Jeffery and Ashley Wilson, both of CU, trap Amanda Delgado of Oregon.
Lexy Kresl of CU, blocks the shot of Devyn Galland of Oregon.
Oregon Coach Paul Westhead coached the Denver Nuggets in the 1990's.
Jasmine Sborov, left, of CU, and Danielle Love of Oregon, watch a ball go out of bounds.
Chucky Jeffery of CU rips the ball from Megan Carpenter of Oregon.
Arielle Roberson of CU and Danielle Love of Oregon battle for a rebound.
Chucky Jeffery of CU drives past Danielle Love of Oregon.
Lexy Kresl of CU puts up a three on Oregon.
Kyleesha Weston of CU goes to the basket on Jordan Loera of Oregon.
Arielle Roberson of Colorado drives on Amanda Delgado of Oregon.
Amanda Delgado, left, of Oregon, fouls Lexy Kresl of CU.


Blockchain startup Harbor has officially launched its security token compliance platform and is moving to offer digitized shares in a high-rise building located in in South Carolina.
Announced Tuesday at CoinDesk's Consensus: Invest event, Harbor is now allowing investors to register to buy shares in apartment block called The Hub at Columbia, owned by the real-estate wing of DRW Holdings, Convexity Properties. There are 955 shares – represented by 955 tokens – available at a cost of $21,000 apiece.
The company, which raised $28 million earlier this year, develops ERC-20 tokens, an ethereum standard, for companies that want to put up equity or other forms of interest by way of a tokenized offering.
Offerings on Harbor's security token platform operate similarly to a normal private placement sale, he explained. The key difference comes from the platform's use of a blockchain protocol and structure, which allow companies to tap into a wider pool of investors.
Typically, an offering like Convexity's might be sold to 10 or 20 investors, each of whom would have to contribute a significantly larger chunk of the total funding. Harbor's platform makes it easier for anywhere from 100 to 2,000 accredited investors to participate, allowing each a $21,000 minimum stake, which is smaller than the norm.
The 2,000 investor limit is a regulatory one as well – companies with a higher number of investors must go public.
Once an investor is approved, they can sign the documents purchasing the tokens electronically.
On the token side, an external security firm audits the smart contract and a "Big Four" accounting firm will monitor the payment flows, Stein said.
Unlike other private placement sales, investors can use bitcoin or ethereum to purchase tokens too. Harbor will escrow the cryptocurrencies without converting them unless necessary, allowing for refunds without requiring conversion fees, Stein added.
To that end, the company is working with BitGo to custody any crypto assets received.
The offering means that investors are able to participate in sales alongside major operators. In Convexity's case, its parent company DRW owns a little more than 50 percent of the interest in The Hub.


Since winning a gold medal in the Laser Radial at the Beijing Olympics, Anna Tunnicliffe's life has pretty much returned to normal.
She has given some talks about her achievement, posed for photos with sailing enthusiasts and let those enthusiasts check out her gold medal.
Aside from that, she keeps winning sailboat races.
Sunday, Tunnicliffe and her crew of Molly Vandemoer, Ali Church and Liz Bower won the women's division of the ISAF Nations Cup Regional Final for the North American/Caribbean region, a match-racing event sailed in J-22s at Charleston, S.C.
In September, Tunnicliffe won the U.S. Women's Match Racing Championship in Rochester, N.Y., and she finished second in the Snipe Women's World Championship in Spain. She was one of five women and five men to be nominated for the 2008 ISAF Rolex World Sailor of the Year awards.
Last month Tunnicliffe, who lives in Plantation with husband Brad Funk, spoke about her Olympic experience during a champion's reception at Lauderdale Yacht Club, which served as her Olympic training headquarters for the past three years.
"It's one of the best places in the world to sail," she said.
The club presented her with a plaque and made her an honorary member for a year. In addition, Fort Lauderdale mayor Jim Naugle read a proclamation from the city making Oct. 2, 2008 Anna Tunnicliffe Day and gave her a key to the city.
Tunnicliffe, who moved from England to Ohio when she was 12 and was a three-time All-America sailor at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Va., also was honored at North Cape Yacht Club in Michigan, which is the club she sails out of.
As for the big-dollar endorsements that gold medalists such as swimmer Michael Phelps have received, there have been none for Tunnicliffe.
"It's really hard to get endorsements," she said. "Sailing isn't popular like in other countries."
Not that Tunnicliffe was complaining.
"I've been traveling around, going to functions like this, thanking my sponsors and talking to the kids," she said. "That's rewarding in itself.
"I think the most rewarding thing is seeing kids' faces light up when they see the medal."
Tunnicliffe said she's had several requests to speak. When she's home she plans to help coach the junior sailors at LYC, something she's done before with great success. "She will get in the boat and sail against you," said Colin Smith of Fort Lauderdale, who won the 2007 Laser North American Championship, the Laser class at the 2007 U.S. Sailing Youth Championship and was a member of the U.S. Laser Radial Youth World Team. "There's nothing better than that."
Except now the kids will be sailing against an Olympic champion who plans to campaign for the 2012 Summer Games in London.
Tunnicliffe, who turned 26 last month, said she cannot afford to take off a year or two before starting that campaign even though she knows what it takes to win the gold.
"A couple of years ago, you could do it," she said. "Now, it's treated as a professional sport. To keep up, you have to sail."
Steve Waters can be reached at swaters@SunSentinel.com or 954-356-4648.
Freshman Annie Haeger of Boston College won the ICSA Women's Singlehanded National Championship sailing a Laser Radial last month at Cornell.
Luke Lawrence won the High School Singlehanded Nationals last month at Cornell.
Duncan Williford won the Optimist Team Trials to earn a spot on the U.S. Team for the Optimist World Championships.
Christina Lewis was the third-place girl at the Optimist North Americans and the crew on the top junior boat and third-place girls' boat at the Club 420 North Americans.
Colin Smith was second in the Laser Radial at the U.S. Youth Sailing Championship.
Marissa Lihan was second at the U.S. Junior Women's Singlehanded Championship.
Some bass should be bedding with the full moon. Look for them in holes deep inside the grass from Long Point to West Wall. Productive tactics include swimming plastic worms and jerkbaits on the surface and pitching soft-plastic baits into the holes. The lake level was 14.62 feet.
Capt. Alan Zaremba guided Gussie Leech of Fort Lauderdale to a 6.75-pound largemouth bass on 4-pound line, and she and her husband, Mike, caught and released 65 largemouth and peacock bass on 4-pound line using floating Rapalas in canals in western Palm Beach County. Thursday Zaremba's charter caught a tarpon, two snook, a jack, a largemouth and 26 peacocks trolling Rapalas at Miami International Airport Lakes.
Anglers fishing out of Chokoloskee Island were catching some nice-size cobia around wrecks in the Gulf of Mexico when the wind's not blowing too hard. Snook, redfish and sea trout were biting around the outside islands.
The best sailfish bite in the Sailfish Cup Tuesday and Wednesday was off Boynton Beach. Sailfish also were biting off Government Cut. Dolphin and kingfish have been mixed in with the sails along color changes and current edges in 100-200 feet. Mike Skofstad and Dennis Wilson went offshore Tuesday on Rough And Ready, and after getting beat up in seas of 5-7 feet, they came in and trolled along the reef in 120 feet, where they caught four dolphin up to 12 pounds, a 15-pound kingfish and a sailfish.
Juno Beach Pier had Spanish mackerel, pompano and bluefish Thursday. Deerfield Beach Pier had lots of kingfish Thursday, plus mackerel and blue runners. Pompano Beach Pier had lots of bluefish. Anglin's Pier anglers had lots of pompano every morning this week, plus mackerel and bluefish. Dania Beach Pier had pompano, some mackerel and bluefish.
The Sea King party boat, which is now at Papa Joe's Marina in Islamorada, was catching some yellowtail snapper, black grouper and kingfish. The Miss Islamorada party boat at Bud N' Mary's Marina had several limits of yellowtail snapper up to 3 pounds, cero mackerel and a few grouper Thursday. A few sailfish and dolphin were biting outside the reef. Mangrove snapper and sea trout were biting in the backcountry.
Youth event: Children can make crafts and holiday ornaments from noon-5 p.m. Saturdays and Sundays at the Bass Pro Shops Santa's Wonderland at the Outdoor World store in Dania Beach through Dec. 21. Visit basspro.com.
Sailfish results: Capt. Ray Rosher skippered Hostile to victory Wednesday in the Sailfish Cup out of Miami Beach Marina. Hostile caught and released a two-day total of 20 sailfish to win more than $228,000. Mike Kornahrens' Advanced Roofing, the first-day leader, also had 20 fish to finish second and win just over $100,000. In all, 47 boats released 388 sailfish.
Live bait seminar: Capt. Bouncer Smith tells how to get and use live bait from 6:30-8 p.m. Thursday at Dusky Sport Center, 110 Bryan Road, Dania Beach. Cost is $10 and redeemable for merchandise at the store. Call 954-920-7866.
NASCAR tournament: The Hot Rods & Reels tournament is 8:30-10 a.m. Saturday on the lake at Homestead Miami Speedway. The cost is $5,000 for two people to fish with NASCAR drivers and owners. Visit hotrodsandreels.com or call 954-792-7223, ext. 112.
ORV lottery: Big Cypress National Preserve has a lottery for Off Road Vehicle permits for 2009. Applications can be downloaded from nps.gov/bicy/parknews/upload/2009%20permit %20lottery%20application.pdf. Applications must be faxed or postmarked by Nov. 30. Call 239-695-1205.
Elite marshals: BASS has created the Bassmaster Elite Series Marshal program for 2009, which allows BASS members to ride with Bassmaster Elite Series pros during competition throughout the 11-event Elite Series season. Register online at bassmaster.com. The enrollment fee is $100. BASS Federation Nation, BASS Insider and BASS Life members can register now. All other BASS members can register starting at 1 p.m. Tuesday.
Today-Sunday: Fort Lauderdale Marine Flea Market, Mills Pond Park, 2201 NW 9th Ave. Cost $8 adults, 12 and under free. Call 954-786-4778 or visit lauderdaleflea.com.
Saturday and Nov. 22: Boca Raton Flotilla 36, U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, America's Boating Safety class, 9 a.m.-1 p.m. both days, Marine Safety Building, 3939 N. Ocean Blvd., Boca Raton (just south of Spanish River Boulevard). Cost $50. Call 561-391-3600.
Monday: Big Cypress National Preserve ORV Advisory Committee meeting, 3:30 p.m., Everglades City Community Center, 205 BucknerAve., Everglades City. Call 239-695-1103 or visit nps.gov/bicy/parkmgmt/orv-advisory-committee.htm.
Nov. 21-23: Becoming an Outdoors Woman workshop, Everglades Youth Conservation Camp, J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area west of West Palm Beach. Cost $150. Partial scholarships available. Visit myfwc.com/BOW or call 561-625-5126.
Nov. 22: Family bass fishing clinic on how to catch largemouth and peacock bass in local canals, ages 10 and up, 9-11 a.m., Coconut Creek Wal-Mart store at 5571 Hillsboro Blvd. Contact Ron Gallo at 954-748-2277 or rongallo@bellsouth.net.
Nov. 23: 28th Giblets & Gravy team bass tournament, Lake Okeechobee out of Clewiston. Entry fee $100 per team. Preregister at BJ's Bait and Tackle, 201 SW 125th Ave., Plantation. Call Mark Escobar at 954-475-0248.


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SIlicon Valley season 1 review
'Silicon Valley' finale review: Anatomy and Richard's Pied Piper revelation
Silicon Valley, SIlicon Valley season 1 review June 1, 2014
"Silicon Valley" is like watching one of those classic David vs. Goliath sports movies, but with tech masterminds rather than athletes. You have a team of heroes, and then a team of people who you would never believe would have a chance at winning in the end. That is, after all, what makes the underdog […]
'Silicon Valley' episode 7 review: A dramatic presentation
Silicon Valley, SIlicon Valley season 1 review May 19, 2014
As we near the end of "Silicon Valley" season 1, our opinion remains the same about the series: It is one of the funniest things on TV right now. While there are still some flaws and some of the supporting characters do tend to get lost, there is so much still to like about this […]
'Silicon Valley' episode 6 review: Comedy through the lens of darkness
The most difficult thing about watching Sunday night's episode of "Silicon Valley" was merely the information that you had at the time you watched it. On the surface, this was a very funny episode that was at times very silly. You had the character of Jared (Zach Woods) end up getting trapped in a self-driving car […]
'Silicon Valley' episode 4 review: The funniest chapter of Richard's journey to date
Silicon Valley, SIlicon Valley season 1 review April 28, 2014
After a few weeks of trying to allow itself to get to its full potential, we feel like "Silicon Valley" has become the show that we wanted it to be. Namely, it's hilarious, inventive, meaningful, and a straight-up send-up of life in this crazy industry. Sunday night's episode was the show's best by a long […]
'Silicon Valley' episode 3 review: Pied Piper now has a name … again
Three episodes in to "Silicon Valley," we still find ourselves divided as to whether or not we really love it, or we just really want to love it. It's a show that produces very funny comedy and has likable characters, but there are still stumbling blocks that continually keep it from being as brilliant as […]


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info@bigskyfriends.com
scheduling@bigskyfriends.com
Collaborative Assessment & Care
CAC Team
All of our physical therapists are board certified by the Texas Board of Physical Therapy Examiners and licensed within the state of Texas.
Our entire physical therapy team is skilled in treating the following areas of concern: torticollis and plagiocephaly, developmental delays, neurological impairments, toe walking, orthopedic injuries, and Kinesio taping.
Additionally, several of our therapists specialize in the following treatment techniques: manual therapy, personal training, and adaptive equipment.
Hayley Blackman, PT, DPT, PCS Physical Therapist, Team Leader
Hayley Blackman graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a Bachelor of Science in Kinesiology. Prior to attending UT Austin, Hayley danced for a professional ballet company in Philadelphia. While living in Austin as an undergrad, she continued sharing her passion for dance by teaching ballet classes at a local dance studio for children ranging from 5 to 18 years old. She then attended Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center where she earned her Doctorate of Physical Therapy. She completed her outpatient pediatric clinical rotation at Big Sky Pediatric Therapy and went on to join the team shortly after graduation. Her special areas of interest include working with infants and young children on gross motor development as well as those with neurological and genetic conditions. She has completed continuing education in a wide variety of areas including courses specifically focused on addressing torticollis and plagiocephaly concerns. In 2022, she became board-certified as a clinical specialist in pediatric physical therapy awarded by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. During her free time, she enjoys reading, spending time outside, and exploring all that Austin has to offer with her family and friends.
Specialty Certifications: Pediatric Clinical Specialist (PCS) issued by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties in 2022.
Lisa Dennis, PT, DPT, PCS Physical Therapist
Lisa graduated from UT Austin and obtained her Master of Physical Therapy degree at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. Lisa has worked in a variety of settings in her 23 years practicing physical therapy, starting her career at Shriner's Hospitals for Children in Houston. There she was able to treat a wide variety of children in both inpatient/post-surgical rehab as well as outpatient specialty clinics for cerebral palsy, arthrogryposis, spina bifida, and various other orthopedic impairments. Special areas of interest include the treatment of torticollis and infant gross motor development. Passionate about celebrating the gifts and capabilities all children have to offer, Lisa helped create and served on the executive board of Vandegrift High School's Special Education Department Booster Club and taught an adapted dance class for youth and young adults with disabilities in her community for ten years. In 2022 Lisa earned her Doctor of Physical Therapy degree in Pediatric Science from Rocky Mountain University of Health Professionals. Along with her husband, Joe, and three children, Lisa has called Austin home since 2009.
Specialty Certifications: Pediatric Clinical Specialist (PCS) issued by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties in 2012, recertified through 2032
Michele Brown, PT, M.S. Physical Therapist
Michele received her BA in English from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and her Masters of Physical Therapy from the Medical College of Virginia in 1995. She has worked in a variety of clinical settings including the University of Virginia Children's Hospital inpatient units and outpatient clinic, as well as specialty clinics such as Spina Bifida clinic, hemophilia clinic, neurodevelopmental clinic, preemie clinic, and Cerebral Palsy clinic. She has experience evaluating for and determining appropriate wheelchair seating and assistive equipment, as well as recommending appropriate orthotics when indicated. Michele has also worked in the public schools and early intervention setting and currently also sees children in the home health setting. She loves working with each child to make progress toward improving his ability to play and interact with friends and family. Michele and her husband, Chris, have three daughters and enjoy hiking, exploring new places, and playing games together.
Ruchi Bagrodia, PT, DPT, PCS Physical Therapist
Ruchi is a native Austinite and graduated from the University of Texas with a Bachelor's degree in Biology. Following graduation, she dedicated 1 year to community service, helping students in a low socio-economic school in Seattle. Ruchi went on to pursue a Doctorate of Physical Therapy degree from Regis University in Denver. Her clinical rotation at Children's Hospital Colorado led her to pursue a career in pediatrics. Since then, Ruchi has gained experience in a multiple pediatric settings including inpatient acute care, outpatient rehab and specialty hospital clinics. She spent over 5 years at CHOC Children's Hospital in Southern California, where she had the opportunity to work with kids of all ages and a wide variety of medical diagnoses and health conditions. She developed a special interest in the treatment of scoliosis which led her to obtain advanced training in the Schroth Method for conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In 2020, she received board-certification as a clinical specialist in pediatric physical therapy awarded by the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. Ruchi is excited to be back in Austin and live closer to family, friends and breakfast tacos!
Specialty Certifications: Pediatric Clinical Specialist (PCS), Schroth Method C1, Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA) Level 1
Victoria Austin, PTA
Victoria graduated from South University in Savannah, Georgia with an Associates of applied science from the Physical Therapist Assistant program. While in Georgia she gained experience in acute and outpatient care facilities. While working as a certified Registered Behavior Technician, helping children with Autism, her passion for working in pediatrics grew. Her favorite part of being a therapist is helping patients live their best live. Victoria and her husband Sean are native Austinites who recently moved back and are looking forward to raising their daughter here. In her spare time, you can find her hiking with her family, eating Mexican food, and lounging at the greenbelt.
9433 Bee Caves Rd Bldng 3, Suite 101, Austin, TX 78733
© 2021 Big Sky Pediatric Therapy | info@bigskyfriends.com | tel: 512.306.8007 | fax: 512.672.6178


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Frommer's Print Travel Guides A Thing of the Past? Not So Fast.
In News by Dennis Abrams April 4, 2013
Last week we reported that Google, which had purchased the Frommer travel brand from the Wiley Publishing Company, had "quietly pulled the plug" on any further print editions of the popular travel guides. But it appears that things have changed.
Arthur Frommer, who founded the series in 1957 and sold it to Simon & Schuster in 1977, said Wednesday that he had reacquired the rights to the brand from Google, and intends to resume publishing guidebooks.
"It's a very happy time for me," Frommer, now 83, told The Associated Press. "We will be publishing the Frommer travel guides in ebook and print formats and will also be operating the travel site Frommers.com."
Google has confirmed that the brand has been returned to its founder, but stated that the travel content it had acquired both from Frommer's and Wiley has been integrated into such Google services as Google Plus.
The San Francisco Chronicle quoted Jason Clampet, who had reported Google's decision to cease publishing Frommer content on Skift.com, as calling Frommer's reacquisition of the brand "fantastic news."
"Everyone I know was hoping this would happen once we saw that Google was just after content for Google Plus rather than the brand's history and potential," said Clampet, a former editor for Frommer's. "I think Arthur's and Pauline's passion [Pauline is Arthur Frommer's daughter] will reinvigorate the series. There are dedicated readers both online and in print who will stay with a name they trust."
The terms of the deal have not been disclosed.
Tags: Frommer's, Google, travel, United States, Wiley


So some of you have been asking for more drink recipes, so today we're going to give you adults some more drink recipes, for those of you that didn't see our last drink recipes, check out our other drink recipes for adults post! Now these 2 drinks inspired us after a friend of ours made something similar and it was awesome. It had steam coming out of it and it looked like Dracula made it himself. For those you who are interested, be sure to subscribe to our recipes and products email list at the bottom of this post!
Now while these drinks are cool, we have to remind you to please drink responsibly. No you're not going to turn into a vampire after drinking these drinks, have some common sense and NEVER DRINK AND DRIVE!
Here are the 2 recipes, be sure to subscribe down below!


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The Norman Leddy Memorial Gardens (also known as Hayes Botanic Garden, Wood End Grounds)9119
Greater London, England, Greater London, Hillingdon
The garden has a fine collection of exotic trees and shrubs, with a pond, bog garden and woodland.
Once the site of a private house with a formal garden and walled kitchen garden, it was later given to Hayes & Harlington UDC and in 1961 it was established as Hayes Botanic Garden. It was extended in 1990 and renamed The Norman Leddy Memorial Garden in the 1990s, after Hillingdon's former Assistant Director of Parks who died in 1993.
The gardens are open from 10am - 4pm.
Tube: Uxbridge (Piccadilly, Metropolitan) then bus. Rail: Hayes & Harlington then bus. Bus: 207, 607, H98, U7.
Ornamental Garden
Parks, Gardens And Urban Spaces
Reference: Hayes Village
Tree Preservation Order
Locality: England, Greater London, Hillingdon
Wood End Road, Hayes
UB3 2UF
St Peter de Beauvoir Churchyard
Long Bolstead Recreation Ground
Campden Hill Square
Barnes Green
South West Middlesex Crematorium
Waterman's Park
St Edward the Confessor Church Gardens
Manchester Square, Marylebone
Kneller Gardens
South Norwood Lake and Grounds


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Home WORLD Religious festivals have taken a backseat in Europe during Covid-19. Now leaders...
Religious festivals have taken a backseat in Europe during Covid-19. Now leaders are prioritizing Christmas
The push to save the celebration comes despite the fact that other religious festivals — including Christian ones — have been marked in a muted fashion in recent months.
The UK government on Tuesday unveiled plans to temporarily relax coronavirus restrictions for five days, from December 23 to 27, allowing up to three households to celebrate together in "Christmas bubbles." This means small groups of family and friends will be able meet in person for what may be the first time in months.
England is currently under its second national lockdown and the UK as a whole has recorded more than 1.5 million Covid-19 cases.
"This year, Christmas will be different," said Prime Minister Boris Johnson. "Many of us are longing to spend time with family and friends, irrespective of our faith or background, and yet we cannot throw caution to the wind. The virus doesn't know that it's Christmas."
The previous day, Johnson cautioned that while the festive period may be "the season to be jolly … it is also the season to be jolly careful, especially with elderly relatives."
Rules relaxed for Christmas
The message that stricter autumn rules could lead to a more relaxed Christmas period has been repeated across Europe.
In France, a second national lockdown was imposed at the end of October, but despite non-essential businesses across the country being closed, the government has permitted the sale of Christmas trees, by decree.
A slowdown in the spread of the virus means France's lockdown will begin to ease this weekend, President Emmanuel Macron said Tuesday. The restrictions could be lifted further on December 15, if the daily number of cases drops under 5,000 and there are only 2,000-3,000 in hospital ICUs.
"We will therefore once again be able to travel without authorization, including between regions, and spend Christmas with our family," Macron said.
Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte urged people to abide by the country's Covid-19 restrictions in order to enjoy Christmas, in a speech earlier this autumn. but Italy has since struck a more cautious note.
Sandra Zampa, an undersecretary at Italy's Ministry of Health, said on November 11 that the government wanted to avoid large Christmas parties. Instead, she said gatherings would likely be limited to close relatives such as parents, children and siblings. "I don't think we can go any further," Zampa said in a local television interview.
The Irish government is set to ease restrictions for nearly two weeks around the Christmas period and is considering allowing up to three households to gather for the holidays, Deputy Prime Minister Leo Varadkar told state broadcaster RTE on Wednesday.
And in Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel asked the public to obey social distancing restrictions in October, in order to preserve the country's Christmas celebrations.
"We must do everything to ensure that the virus does not spread in an uncontrolled way. Every day now counts," she said on October 17. "How the winter will be, how our Christmas will be, that will be decided in the coming days and weeks."
German MPs are currently considering a draft proposal which would allow up to 10 people to celebrate Christmas and New Year together, CNN affiliate n-tv reported.
Celebrations shifted online
Christmas occupies a unique and outsize place in the religious calendar. But since the epidemic began, Passover, Easter, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Rosh Hashanah and Diwali have all been celebrated across Europe.
All were marked quietly, without government debate. None attracted the fervor inspired by the prospect of a pandemic Christmas.
Anjana Singh, 48, runs Amikal, a Hindu community group in Berlin. Singh organized an all-day virtual Diwali celebration to replace the more traditional festivities this November.
"Usually we have a lot of spectators, 500 to 1,000, this is how usually we celebrate Diwali," she told CNN. "In February it was evident that corona was here. So Amikal decided, let's do it online."
"Christmas could also easily be celebrated online," she added. "Through the digital platform we all can be together, yet we can be safe."
The sense that some festivals are prioritized over others also exists in Britain. Many Muslims in northern England were caught off guard in July when the government restricted people's movements in some areas, just hours before Eid al-Adha prayers were due to begin.
"I think it was right to go into lockdown during the Eid period," said Nadir Mohamed, the executive director of the Centre for Muslim Policy Research, a think tank based in London.
"I think it wasn't so much that people disagreed with the lockdown itself, it was … a very last hours sort of thing," he said. "There was no effective, or timely communication [about the restrictions.]"
Secular and spiritual event
Elizabeth Oldfield, the director of Theos, a Christian think tank, told CNN that Christmas' importance now extends beyond religion, making it a national and secular event as well as a spiritual one.
"Christmas is less the crux of the [Christian] theological year compared to Easter," Oldfield told CNN.
This year, she pointed out, "Christians weren't able to mark Good Friday or celebrate Easter Sunday, which for the majority of Christians is really important."
She added: "This 'saving Christmas' is almost entirely a cultural, civic Christian [idea.] This is not about religion at all, it's about national identity, civic identity."
Oldfield also said governments know that a large number of people celebrate Christmas in Europe, compared to other religious days. In the UK alone, a 2018 survey by polling company YouGov found that nine out of 10 people celebrated Christmas with gifts.
"Sometimes I feel there are two festivals at the same time," Oldfield said. "There's the secular, pagan and consumer-led festival which brings its own joys and then there's the actual Christian festival."
Mohamed said: "Christmas is an occasion that isn't seen in the UK as a purely Christian thing. We're way past those days, everyone gets involved in the festivities one way or another."
Regardless of government efforts, some hallmarks of a European Christmas have already been canceled due to Covid-19.
In Belgium, all Christmas markets have been canceled, as has the market in the German city of Cologne. The Viennese Christmas Dream market in Austria, the Strasbourg Christmas Market in France and the Basel Christmas Market in Switzerland are all going ahead, however.
On November 10, Estonia announced that all events in the country, including Christmas parties, would be canceled, though the government added that: "Celebrating Christmas with family is, of course, allowed."
Restrictions set to return
In Britain, government medical adviser Susan Hopkins has said that if people mix during the Christmas break, everyone will need to reduce their contacts again following the holiday.
"Coming into Christmas, we'll need to be very careful about the number of contacts that we have and to reduce transmission before Christmas and get the cases as low as possible," Hopkins said on November 18.
But other experts believe people should not risk gathering for the holidays at all.
"We have not made nine months of sacrifices to throw it all away at Christmas," Gabriel Scally, visiting professor of public health at the University of Bristol, tweeted on November 19.
Epidemiologist Shikta Das agrees with Scally.
"The pandemic is going to stay here. The government is doing its [best] but these decisions won't help. We will go into lockdown after Christmas and the R rate will go up," Das told CNN.
"If you have a very ill person in your family, it's probably better not to meet. Probably not a very good idea," she added.
If Europe does choose to celebrate Christmas with a softening of lockdowns, there may be a price to pay in the new year.
Canada has seen a spike in coronavirus cases in the three weeks since its citizens celebrated Canadian Thanksgiving in October. Its largest city, Toronto, went back into lockdown earlier this week.
Dr. Mike Ryan, executive director of WHO's Health Emergencies Programme, said the country was a cautionary tale for the holiday season.
"The question is, have you got the disease under enough control to start with, and can you, in a sense, allow people a little bit more freedom over … the Christmas period, which generates a sense of confidence and a sense of joy in the community, which people need right now — without letting the virus let rip again within our communities. And this is a very important tradeoff," Ryan said at a news briefing on Monday.
Oldfield points out that it is natural for people to want to gather together to celebrate.
"Sometimes this saving Christmas [idea] feels bonkers, because you don't want more deaths in return for your pigs-in-blankets," she told CNN. "But at the same time there's a very deep theological [concept] about thriving through human connection. This is really [happening] because we just want to be together."
Religious festivals have taken a backseat in Europe during Covid-19. Now leaders are prioritizing Christmas - CNN
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Q: Whether the ModelPopUpExtender works oly with ajaxenabledwebsite  Whether the ModelPopUpExtender works oly with ajaxenabledwebsite ..
How to use the ModelPopUpExtender  in Normal WebPage (visual studio 2008)
in normal web page i have used scriptmanager,updatepanel, & modelpopupextender . but it showing me an empty page. Did i have to add any lines to my web.config?
wat should be added in web.config to make it visible and works out with normal web page

A: ModelPopupExtender is part of Ajax Control Toolkit which is an open source project, you can not use ModelPopup extenser without ajax (ScriptManager) on the aspx page

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange