text:
The Fritz Plaumann State Park () is a state park in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
It protects one of the last remnants of seasonal deciduous forest in the state on the shore of the reservoir of the Itá Hydroelectric Power Plant.

Location

The Fritz Plaumann State Park is in the municipality of Concórdia in the west of Santa Catarina.
It has an area of .
It is named after a German scientist who lived in the region.
Fritz Plaumann (1902–94) gathered more than 80,000 specimens of insects during his long career, now exhibited at the Fritz Plaumann Entomological Museum (Museu Entomológico Fritz Plaumann) in Seara. The collection is the largest in Latin America and one of the largest in the world.

The park is on the north shore of the lake formed by the dam of the Itá Hydroelectric Power Plant on the Uruguay River, built between 1990 and 2000.
About 1/3 of the park is an island in the reservoir.
The Queimados River rises above the city of Concórdia and its flooded mouth on the Uruguay River forms the western boundary of the park.
The park contains the Lajeado Cruzeiro, a watercourse that has its sources around the park and its mouth near the flooded area of the Queimados River.
The park's buffer zone is a  strip around the park, extending to include small hydrographic basins that drain into the park.
There are about 70 farms in the buffer zone growing various crops and raising dairy cattle, pigs, poultry and sheep.

History

Studies for implementation of conservation units to compensate for areas flooded by the Itá Dam began in 1990, and in 1994 an ecological station was defined with two parts, one in Santa Catarina and the other in  Rio Grande do Sul.
In 1996 the portion in  Rio Grande do Sul was recategorized as the Teixeira Soares Municipal Nature Park, while the Santa Catarina portion remained an ecological station.
Between 2000 and 2001 the management plan was prepared for what would be the Barra do Queimados Ecological Station.
In 2003 public consultation were held on changing the management category and the name.

The Fritz Plaumann State Park was created by state decree 797 of 24 September 2003, the first and only conservation unit protected seasonal deciduous forest in the State of Santa Catarina.
It was created as environmental compensation for the Itá Hydroelectric Power Plant.
The objective is to conserve and restore biodiversity of the Uruguay River Forest by generating and socializing knowledge and experience.
Land ownership has been fully regularized.
The park has received various prizes for its environmental management work.

The ecological station management plan was revised and adapted in 2003 to 2004 to fit the state park category.
The management plan was approved by FATMA ordinance 082/05 of 13 October 2005.
The park was opened to the public in November 2007.
A revised management plan was approved in November 2014.
The park is managed by the Fritz Plaumann State Park Co-Management Team (ECOPEF), a civil society organization created in 2007, in cooperation with FATMA, the Santa Catarina environmental agency.

Environment

The park fully protects a remnant of Uruguay River Forest, a seasonal deciduous forest.
The forest has typical plant species such as canafístula (Pelthoporum dubium), grápia (Apuleia leocarpa), cedar (Cedrela fissilis) and angico-vermelho (Parapiptadenia rigida).

Many of the species of fauna in the park are threatened by hunting and deforestation.
They include the tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella), lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), red brocket (Mazama americana), Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), dusky-legged guan (Penelope obscura), the frog Vitreorana uranoscopa and snakes such as Bothrops neuwiedi and Spilotes pullatus.

The main threats to the environment of the park are invasive forest species such as Hovenia dulcis and Hedychium coronarium, pollution from waste dumped into the Queimados River, and predatory hunting and fishing in and around the park.

Facilities

As of 2016 the park was open to the public on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 14:00 to 17:00, on Saturday from 9:00 to 17:00 and on Sunday from 13:00 to 18:00.
The visitor center has an exhibition room with a model and multi-themed panels on the nature and biodiversity of the area.
It also contains a study hall, auditorium and housing for researchers.

Several trails start from the visitor center.
The  Marrequinhas Trail is wheelchair accessible, with a theme of reservoir ecology, rivers and ecological relations in a fluvial environment.
The  Lajeado Cruzeiro Trail takes one hour and a half for a guided walk, and has a theme of water resources and pollution problems.
The  Mirante (Lookout) Trail is of moderate difficulty and takes two hours.
Its theme is understanding of the hydrographic basins and the transformation of the landscape by human activity.
The  Canafístula Trail is moderate to difficult and takes two hours.
Small groups are given guided tours. The theme is basic concepts of ecology and biodiversity of the Uruguay River Forest.

Notes

Sources

State parks of Brazil
Protected areas established in 2003
2003 establishments in Brazil
Protected areas of Santa Catarina (state)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: AngularJS preserve tab on page refresh I have the following code (coffee script):
window.AddressGridController = [
  "$scope", "$rootScope", "$http"
  ($scope, $rootScope, $http) ->
    init = window.angularInit
    $scope.countryNames = init.countryNames
    $scope.addressBook = init.addressBook
    $scope.addressBook.unshift "__add_address"
    $scope.currentPage = 0
    $scope.pageSize = 8
    $scope.totalPages = Math.ceil($scope.addressBook.length / $scope.pageSize)
    $scope.isSelected = (ai) ->  $rootScope.selAddress is ai.address._id
    $scope.setSelected = (ai, toggle) ->
      if toggle and $rootScope.selAddress is ai.address._id
        $rootScope.setAddress(null)
      else
        $rootScope.setAddress(ai)
    if init.cart
      addrId = if init.cart.warehousePickup then "WAREHOUSE" else init.cart.address
      for addrInfo,index in init.addressBook
        if addrInfo.address and addrInfo.address._id is addrId
          $scope.setSelected addrInfo
    $scope.showForm = ->
      $rootScope.setAddress(null)
      $rootScope.$broadcast "new-address"
    $scope.$on "address-update",  (e, index, ai) ->
      index = if index is -1 then $scope.addressBook.length else (index + 1)
      $scope.addressBook[index] = ai
      if $rootScope.selAddress is ai.address._id
        $rootScope.setAddress(ai)
    $scope.editAddress = (ai) -> $rootScope.$broadcast "edit-address", ai
    $scope.deleteAddress = (ai) ->
      if window.confirm("Do you really want to delete this address ? [You can't undo it]")
        postData = _csrf: window.angularInit._csrf
        $http.post("/address/user/delete/#{ai.address._id}", postData)
          .success (data) ->
            $rootScope.setAddress(null)
            ii = $scope.addressBook.indexOf ai
            $scope.addressBook.splice ii, 1
          .error (data) -> alert "Server error " + ((data.error and data.error.message) or data)
  ]

the problem is that when the user refreshes the page, the selected address is hidden on page 2.
how do i save the position correctly?

A: To save the tab across refreshes, you can set it as a query parameter in the route, eg. http://www.example.com/index.html?page=2&selectedIndex=4. The page=2&selectedIndex=4 (everything after the '?') is the query string, and can be used as parameters in your app. The advantage this has over using local storage is the URL can then be shared with others, or you can bookmark it, or whatever.
To set the query parameters:
function onClick(itemIndex) {
    // Add the selected index to the query parameters
    $location.search({page: $scope.currentPage, selectedIndex: itemIndex});
}

Now your URL will be something like http://localhost/my-route?selectedIndex=2, and then in your app initialization you just need to read the $routeParams:
var page = $routeParams.page;
var selectedIndex = $routeParams.selectedIndex;

You'll also need to change the reloadOnSearch property to false, or else the page will refresh when you set the route parameter: https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngRoute/provider/$routeProvider
$routeProvider
.when('/my-route', {
        title: 'My Title',
        templateUrl: 'my-template.html',
        controller:  'MyCtrl',
        reloadOnSearch: false  // Make sure the page doesn't reload when $location.search is called
      }).

See https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngRoute/service/$routeParams, https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$location, https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngRoute/provider/$routeProvider
for more details.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I just bought a new machine based on a gigabyte AB350M gaming Motherboard, Ryzen 7 processor, 16gb (2x8) DDr4 3200 ram and a Radeon wx3100 GPU. I work mainly on black magic resolve to backup, edit and deliver 4K and HD video footage on a W10 64 bit OS.
the latests drivers has been uploaded and installed for the Wx3100.
Since the first week of use I noticed some short (1s to 3 s) random black screen interruption on different monitors (asus pro art 1920/1200, Hd samsung or sony Tvs).
Which Win 10 version do you have?
Do you have the exact make and model of the monitors?
Which resolution and refresh rate are you running on both monitors?
How are you connecting the WX3100 to the monitors? Include cable and adpater types.
Which driver version is installed, 18.Q2.1?
-Asus PA246 pro art (1920/1200) , the other two monitors were HD TVs found in places where I was working , did not check the exact model.
- I used always the same 2m display port to hdmi cable (UGREEN Câble DisplayPort vers HDMI Résolution 4K Ultra HD Adaptateur DP vers HDMI 1080P Connecteus Plaqués Or pour HTC V… ) for every display . I tried briefly another DP to HDMI cable , same problem.
OS: Win 10 64bit Ent.
What is your OS build?
How many monitors are connected to WX3100 at the same time?
Why are you using a DP-HDMI cable? Both the graphics card and the ASUS monitor have DP.
You don't seem to have a 4K monitor at all and yet try to edit and deliver 4K video footage?
2/ I always had only one monitor connected at the same time.
monitors I was expecting to use on the current project.
up3216q) for sure after editing, specially for timing and final delivery.
I have both the WX4100 and WX3100. The WX 3100 have 1 display port from the bottom (the PCI-E pcb connection) and 2 mini dp. Which one do you connect to? Try to switch connection between the standard display port and the next mini dp next to it. The reason being from my experience with the WX 4100. The WX 4100 has four mini dp connections and I ran dual displays. If I use the 2 farthest mini dp (port 1, 2 ), my screen exhibits the similar issue and turns green before it displays the screen. The same thing on power on of my system the monitor starts with green. Normally with other gpu like my Rx 470 and R260 it does it with blue. But if I use the 2 mini dp on the bottom (port 3, 4), I have no problem at all. I reported this to tech.support@amd.com and was recommended for RMA as the port are faulty. The replacement did the same thing once in awhile so I just used the both mini dp 3 & 4. Quite an odd behavior.
A faulty dp to hdmi cable may also cause this as one of mine did.
Your Win 10 build is very old. MS offers meanwhile 1803. Do you have an option to update?
I would use a DP-DP cable to test the entire scenario.


Pic Perfect Movie Make Up FX Sticker Camera lets you add Hollywood Make Up effects to your photos!
Zombies, ghosts, bionic, tattoos, blood, and more...endless possibilities!
Choose from five amazing movie make upcategories!
Beat up and Bloody FX!
Snap a picture or choose one from your library and then start adding these hollywood quality movie make up FX to the faces your image! You can stretch them to make them bigger or pinch them to make them smaller. Rotate your pictures or copy and paste a few more!


Think beyond the traditional uses of fresh boxwood wreaths as door decorations and of evergreen trees as Christmas trees.
A combination of traditional houseplants with traditional Christmas greenery takes everyday arrangements to a holiday look.
Three of the five botanicals on the porch table are everyday plants until combined with two botanicals that are traditional Christmas greens. Now even the everyday plants look like Christmas.
Start with a cone-shaped ivy topiary (1). During the Christmas season, its shape reminds us of Christmas trees. Adding just one Frasier fir (2) branch trimmed from the bottom of a Christmas tree reinforces the holiday look of the ivy topiary.
A dwarf yaupon holly (3) adds to the look in two ways. First, the holly is evergreen. Look closely at the stems to see the second way, the reddish tint of the stems.
Fresh boxwood wreaths (4) can be used in places other than on doors and windows. Used as the backdrop for the concrete cherubs gives a greater impact to the concrete statuary. The wreath frames the cherubs and makes them appear more prominent much like a mat makes a print more prominent.
A fresh myrtle (5) ball topiary is an everyday plant, but when combined with the Christmas greens takes on a holiday look.
Suppose a concrete welcome sign were used on the table instead of the concrete cherubs. The arrangement would be one suitable for all year, but by using the concrete cherubs, the arrangement is clearly one for the Christmas season.
The snowflake ceramic lantern adds a second Christmas theme, reinforcing the holiday status of the table. In reality, the cherub statue is a strong enough Christmas theme that the snowflake lantern is not needed on the table.
Repeating decorating elements in the same space unifies the overall look. The boxwood wreath on the porch's French doors repeats both the boxwood wreath greenery and the angelic theme that are on the nearby table filled with its botanical Christmas decor.
As I look at the table, I think another branch of Frasier fir should be added to the right side behind the myrtle topiary, but in front of the snowflake lantern.
With just two kinds of Christmas greenery and a Christmas-themed concrete statue, a botanical table goes from everyday to holiday.
Happy holidays, everyone. It is a wonderful time of the year.
I've been waiting to start a construction project for many months, to include a screened covered porch. The final inspection is today! I can't wait to decorate that porch with botanical inspiration from you , Judith! Pray for good weather in south Texas!
Fingers crossed that you get started on your covered porch. You will have so much fun this spring .
Great idea, I love natural decorating and a mixture of twinkling lights, some natural spaces and baubles elsewhere makes for a perfectly balanced Christmas house for me.
Really pretty, Judith! I love the mixture.
Beautiful! I love the Singer table! I have similar legs in the garage, but haven't used them for a while as the wood top that used to be on top was taken off at some point and I never replaced it. I love the glass on yours!


A major obstacle in autism research has been the lack of a valid means of measuring the effectiveness of various treatments. Over the years, researchers have published hundreds of studies attempting to evaluate different biomedical and psycho-educational interventions intended to benefit autistic children. Much of this research has produced inconclusive or, worse, misleading results, because there are no useful tests or scales designed to measure treatment effectiveness. Lacking such a scale, researchers have resorted to using scales such as the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS), or the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), all of which were designed to diagnose autism- to tell whether or not a child is autistic–and not to measure treatment effectiveness.
The ATEC may be used only for non-commercial purposes.
The ATEC is not a diagnostic checklist. It basically provides several subscale scores as well as a total score to be used for comparison at a later date. Basically, the lower the score, the fewer the problems.
Thus, if a person scores a '20' on one day, and then a '15' two weeks later, then the individual showed improvement. In contrast, if the score was '30', then the individual's behavior worsened.
If you are a practitioner, or you work for a practitioner, please make sure you comply with HIPAA and applicable state privacy regulations before placing your client's or patient's personal health information into this database. If you are unsure about such compliance, please seek advice from an attorney. In most cases a consent form, agreed upon and signed by your patient/client, is necessary. View a sample HIPAA consent form. ARI in no way intends to warrant or represent that this consent form is legally sufficient for every factual situation, so please consult with an attorney to determine how to comply with HIPAA and other applicable state privacy regulations in your practice.


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sgh/gosnar/y2018i3p49-74.html
Wpływ polityki fiskalnej na PKB w krajach Unii Europejskiej spoza strefy euro
Agata Szymańska
Agata Szymanska
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie wpływu polityki fiskalnej na PKB w 6 krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej spoza strefy euro (Bułgaria, Chorwacja, Czechy, Polska, Rumunia, Węgry). Badanie przeprowadzono opierając się na strukturalnym modelu wektorowej autoregresji (SVAR) z identyfikacją szoków bazującą na podejściu zaproponowanym przez Blancharda i Perottiego [2002]. Analizy oparto na danych kwartalnych, przy czym, z uwagi na dostępność danych, w przypadku Polski i Chorwacji próba czasowa obejmowała okres 2002q1-2016q4, w przypadku Bułgarii i Czech – okres 2000q1-2016q4, w odniesieniu do Węgier – 1999q1-2016q4, zaś w przypadku Rumunii – 1996q1-2016q4. Wyniki badania empirycznego wskazują na pozytywną reakcję PKB na strukturalny szok wydatkowy w każdym z analizowanych krajów. Oszacowany dla wydatków mnożnik maksymalny nie przekraczał wartości 1 i kształtował się w granicach od 0,18 w Bułgarii do 0,76 w Polsce. W przypadku strukturalnego szoku w instrumencie dochodowym reakcja PKB w każdym kraju była początkowo ujemna, natomiast w całym horyzoncie, w którym analizowano funkcje reakcji na impuls (16 kwartałów), wystąpiły różnice między krajami.
Agata Szymańska, 2018. "Wpływ polityki fiskalnej na PKB w krajach Unii Europejskiej spoza strefy euro," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 49-74.
Handle: RePEc:sgh:gosnar:y:2018:i:3:p:49-74
File URL: http://www.journalssystem.com/gna/pdf-100488-32381
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Cottarelli, Carlo & Gerson, Philip & Senhadji, Abdelhak (ed.), 2014. "Post-crisis Fiscal Policy," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262027186, February.
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Mario Forni & Luca Gambetti, 2014. "Government Spending Shocks in Open Economy VARs," Center for Economic Research (RECent) 105, University of Modena and Reggio E., Dept. of Economics "Marco Biagi".
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Craig Burnside & Martin Eichenbaum & Jonas Fisher, 2003. "Fiscal Shocks and Their Consequences," NBER Working Papers 9772, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gordon, Robert J & Krenn, Robert, 2010. "The End of the Great Depression 1939-41: Policy Contributions and Fiscal Multipliers," CEPR Discussion Papers 8034, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Olivier J. Blanchard & Daniel Leigh, 2013. "Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 117-120, May.
Mr. Daniel Leigh & Mr. Olivier J Blanchard, 2013. "Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers," IMF Working Papers 2013/001, International Monetary Fund.
Olivier J. Blanchard & Daniel Leigh, 2013. "Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers," NBER Working Papers 18779, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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Christina D. Romer & David H. Romer, 2010. "The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(3), pages 763-801, June.
Christina D. Romer & David H. Romer, 2007. "The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks," NBER Working Papers 13264, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Milan Deskar Škrbić & Hrvoje Šimović, 2015. "The size and determinants of fiscal multipliers in Western Balkans: comparing Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia," EFZG Working Papers Series 1510, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb.
Ricco, Giovanni & Callegari, Giovanni & Cimadomo, Jacopo, 2016. "Signals from the government: Policy disagreement and the transmission of fiscal shocks," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 107-118.
Cimadomo, Jacopo & Callegari, Giovanni & Ricco, Giovanni, 2016. "Signals from the government: policy disagreement and the transmission of fiscal shocks," Working Paper Series 1964, European Central Bank.
Cogan, John F. & Cwik, Tobias & Taylor, John B. & Wieland, Volker, 2010. "New Keynesian versus old Keynesian government spending multipliers," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 281-295, March.
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John F. Cogan & Tobias Cwik & John B. Taylor & Volker Wieland, 2009. "New Keynesian versus Old Keynesian Government Spending Multipliers," NBER Working Papers 14782, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Cogan, John F. & Cwik, Tobias & Taylor, John B. & Wieland, Volker, 2009. "New Keynesian versus old Keynesian government spending multipliers," CEPR Discussion Papers 7236, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Cogan, John F. & Cwik, Tobias J. & Taylor, John B. & Wieland, Volker, 2009. "New Keynesian versus old Keynesian government spending multipliers," CFS Working Paper Series 2009/17, Center for Financial Studies (CFS).
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Ms. Selma Mahfouz & Mr. Richard Hemming & Mr. Michael Kell, 2002. "The Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in Stimulating Economic Activity: A Review of the Literature," IMF Working Papers 2002/208, International Monetary Fund.
Karel Mertens & Morten O. Ravn, 2012. "Empirical Evidence on the Aggregate Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated US Tax Policy Shocks," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 4(2), pages 145-181, May.
Karel Mertens & Morten O. Ravn, 2010. "Empirical Evidence on the Aggregate Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated US Tax Policy Shocks," NBER Chapters, in: Fiscal Policy (Trans-Atlantic Public Economics Seminar, TAPES), pages 145-181, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Karel Mertens & Morten O. Ravn, 2009. "Empirical evidence on the aggregate effects of anticipated and unanticipated US tax policy shocks," Working Paper Research 181, National Bank of Belgium.
Karel Mertens & Morten Ravn, 2010. "Empirical Evidence on the Aggregate Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated U.S. Tax Policy Shocks," NBER Working Papers 16289, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Mertens, Karel & Ravn, Morten O, 2009. "Empirical Evidence on the Aggregate Effects of Anticipated and Unanticipated U.S. Tax Policy Shocks," CEPR Discussion Papers 7370, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Sebastian Gechert, 2015. "What fiscal policy is most effective? A meta-regression analysis," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 67(3), pages 553-580.
Sebastian Gechert, 2013. "What fiscal policy is most effective? A Meta Regression Analysis," IMK Working Paper 117-2013, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
Jonathan A. Parker, 2011. "On Measuring the Effects of Fiscal Policy in Recessions," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 49(3), pages 703-718, September.
Jonathan A. Parker, 2011. "On Measuring the Effects of Fiscal Policy in Recessions," NBER Working Papers 17240, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Sebastian Gechert & Ansgar Rannenberg, 2014. "Are Fiscal Multipliers Regime-Dependent? A Meta Regression Analysis," IMK Working Paper 139-2014, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
Perotti, Roberto, 2005. "Estimating the Effects of Fiscal Policy in OECD Countries," CEPR Discussion Papers 4842, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Andrew Mountford & Harald Uhlig, 2009. "What are the effects of fiscal policy shocks?," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(6), pages 960-992.
Mountford, A.W. & Uhlig, H.F.H.V.S., 2002. "What are the Effects of Fiscal Policy Shocks?," Other publications TiSEM af6a2f09-0045-471e-bba4-b, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
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polityka fiskalna; SVAR; szok strukturalny; mnożnik fiskalny;
C20 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - General
E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Les Tinomana Ariki sont la dynastie régnante de la tribu (vaka) de Puaikura sur l'île de Rarotonga (îles Cook). Le territoire de la tribu est situé à l'ouest de l'île, ses frontières traditionnelles correspondant à peu près à celles de l'actuel district d'Arorangi.

Il existe plusieurs versions quant à l'origine de la lignée. Certaines d'entre elles font remonter les Tinomana Ariki à Tinomana Motoro, l'un des fils de Tangiia Nui. D'autres versions évoquent un certain Rongooe ou Rongovei, un enfant illégitime né de la liaison entre un mataiapo de Takitumu et l'une des épouses de Makea Te Ratu  (cf. Makea Nui Ariki). L'absence de sources fiables supplémentaires interdits néanmoins d'aller plus loin dans les hypothèses dans le cadre de wikipedia, le risque étant qui plus est, de réveiller quelque conflit foncier somnolent. Nous ferons commencer ici la généalogie à partir de Tinomana Napa, qui serait le premier des Tinomana Ariki à s'être installé à Puaikura, sans doute dans le courant du XVIIè ou au début du , en nous appuyant essentiellement sur les écrits de Taira Rere (cf source), historien et linguiste local aujourd'hui décédé, lui-même étant membre de la famille Tinomana.

Le titulaire du titre est depuis 1991 Tinomana Ruta Tuoro Ariki

Succession au titre

 Tinomana Napa, surnommé l'"ariki despote", il fut chassé de Takitumu par les mataiapo de la tribu.
 Tinomana Ru issu de l'union entre Tinomana Napa et Tumai.
 Tinomana Temutu issu de l'union entre Tinomana Ru et l'une de ses épouses Tepaeru a Teaia
 Tinomana Te Au Ariki serait le fils de Temutu. Il y a néanmoins selon Taira Rere des incertitudes quant à sa mère, parmi les nombreuses épouses de Temutu.
 Tinomana Enuarurutini est le fils aîné de Te Au Ariki et Ngamau a Io. Né sans doute dans les années 1780, il est le l'Ariki en titre de Puaikura en 1823, lors du passage de John Williams. Enuarurutini avait en 1823 trois épouses, Te Pori (la fille de Pa Taputapuatea), Oakirangi (elle-même l'une de ses cousines puisque descendant de Tinomana Temutu) et Akaiti (la fille de Rua o Rangiatea). Les descendants de ces trois épouses vont jusqu'à nos jours se succéder au titre, avec bien souvent des conflits de successions entre les trois lignées.  Enuarurutini décède en 1854
Tinomana Teariki Tapurangi (1854-1868), plus connu dans les sources sous son nom chrétien Setepano, est issu de l'union entre Enuarurutini et Te Pori. L'aînée d'Enuarurutini était Te Vaerua o te Rangi qui épousa en 1825 l'évangéliste originaire de Bora-bora, Papehia que John Williams avait déposé en 1823. Étant une femme, elle ne pouvait à l'époque prétendre au titre, bien que certains de ses descendants finiront par y accéder. Il décède en 1868.
 Tinomana Makea Tamuera (1868-1881) est le fils de Setepano. Il épouse de ses cousines Rangitai, petite-fille de Papehia, avec qui il n'aura aucune descendance. Sa sœur cadette Tinomana Mereana Ariki lui succède à son décès en 1881.
 Tinomana Mereana Ariki (1881-1908) est la sœur cadette de Tinomana Makea Tamuera et la fille de Setepano. Elle épouse John Mortimer Salmon. Ils eurent 5 enfants tous morts en bas âge. Le titre passe ensuite à une autre lignée de la famille.
 Tinomana Napa Ariki (1908-1909) dont le règne ne dura que quelques mois est issu de la lignée Oakirangi, c'est-à-dire la seconde épouse d'Enuarurutini. Après sa mort le titre revient à la lignée Te Pori
 Tinomana Pirangi (1910-1915). Fils de Taromi et petit-fils de Papehia et Te Vaerua o te Rangi. Il épouse Rangipiri.
 Tinomana Ngataraiau (1915-1916). Fille de Tekao et petite-fille de Papehia et Te Vaerua o te Rangi.
 Tinomana Tuoro (1916-1934) lignée Akaiti (troisième épouse de Tinomana Enuarurutini)
 Tinomana John Pirangi (1934-1948), fils de Tinomana Pirangi et Rangipiri (lignée Te Pori/Papehia)
Tinomana Tepai (1948-1970), lignée Te Pori/Papehia

Après le décès de Tinomana Tepai en 1970 et un énième conflit de succession qui dura plusieurs années entre les lignées Te Pori/Papehia, Oakirangi et Akaiti, il fut décidé que désormais les trois lignées se succéderaient à tour de rôle au titre. Cela semble avoir été respecté depuis lors.

 Tinomana Napa Tauei Konitanitai Ariki ou Constantin Napa (1975-1991), lignée Oakirangi
 Tinomana Ruta Tuoro Ariki est l'ariki en titre depuis 1991. Elle appartient à la lignée Akaiti (troisième épouse d'Enuarurutini).

Arbres généalogiques
Tinomana Enuarurutini (ca.1780-1854), Ariki en titre en 1823 lors du passage de John Williams eut trois épouses, Te Pori, Oakirangi et Akaiti. Les descendants de ces trois épouses vont jusqu'à nos jours se succéder au titre.

En gras les descendants d'Enuarurutini ayant obtenu le titre de Tinomana Ariki

Lignée Te Pori ( d'Enuarurutini)
 Tinomana Enuarurutini ♂
 x Te Pori ♀ (fille de Pa Taputapuatea)
 │
 ├──> Te Vaerua o te Rangi (Vainu) ♀
 │    x Papehia ♂
 │    │
 │    ├──> Te Upoko o Nga Ariki ♀
 │    │    x Makea Karika Tuaivi ♂
 │    │    │
 │    │    └──>Makea Karika Tavake ♂
 │    │         x Matiroeroe Papai ♀
 │    │         │
 │    │         ¦
 │    │         (cf. Makea Karika Ariki)
 │    │
 │    ├──> Tekao ♂
 │    │    x Tauariki ♀
 │    │    │
 │    │    ├──> Tapumanoanoa ♀
 │    │    │    x Rangi Makea Ariki ♂,
 │    │    │    │
 │    │    │    ¦
 │    │    │    (cf. Makea Nui Ariki)
 │    │    │
 │    │    └──>Tinomana Ngataraiau ♀, Tinomana Ariki de 1915 à 1916 (aucune descendance)
 │    │        x Metuaore
 │    │
 │    ├──>Taromi ♀
 │    │   x Tuki ♂ (premier époux), x Aporo ♂ ()
 │    │   │
 │    │   ├──>Tinomana Pirangi ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1910 à 1915
 │    │   │    x Rangipiri ♀
 │    │   │   │
 │    │   │   ├──>Tuiarongo ♀
 │    │   │   │   x Tamaau ♂ (premier époux), x Ngaakapi ♂ (second époux)
 │    │   │   │   │
 │    │   │   │   ├──>Tamatoa ♂
 │    │   │   │   │   x Tearuru ♀
 │    │   │   │   │   │
 │    │   │   │   │   ├──>Tinomana Tepai ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1948 à 1975
 │    │   │   │   │   │
 │    │   │   │   │   └──>+ 13 autres enfants
 │    │   │   │   │
 │    │   │   │   └──>+ 7 enfants, 4 avec Tamaau (Tauariki; Pirangi; Rere; Tamaau) et 3 avec
 │    │   │   │       Ngaakapi (Tou; Teau; Taru)
 │    │   │   │
 │    │   │   └──>Tinomana John Pirangi ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1934 à 1948
 │    │   │       x Rongonui ♀ (), x Oropai ♀ () ⇒ 7 enfants
 │    │   │
 │    │   └──>+ 2 enfants avec Aporo (Mare et Tuatata).
 │    │
 │    └──>+ 5 enfants (Rangitai ♀ ; Isaia ♂ ; Te Pori ♀ ; Matoi ♀ ; Ani ♀)
 │
 ├──>Teuira-kamo-ariki ♀, elle eut une fille Teara qui n'eut pas de descendance connue
 │
 └──>Tinomana Teariki Tapurangi (Setepano) ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1854 à 1868
     x Mereana ♀
     │
     ├──>Tinomana Makea Tamuera ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1868 à 1881
     │   x Rangitai ♀, fille de Taromi ⇒ (aucune descendance)
     │
     └──>Tinomana Mereana Ariki ♀, Tinomana Ariki de 1881 à 1908
         x John Mortimer Salmon (aucune descendance)

Lignée Oakirangi ( d'Enuarurutini)
 Tinomana Enuarurutini ♂
 x Oakirangi ♀
 │
 ├──>Napa ♂ (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Tauei ♂
 │   x Maria ♀
 │   ├──>Tinomana Napa Ariki ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1908 à 1909
 │   │   x Anika
 │   │   │
 │   │   ├──>Tauei ♂
 │   │   │   x Minnie Piltz ♀
 │   │   │   │
 │   │   │   ├──>Tinomana Napa Tauei Konitanitai Ariki♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1975 à 1991
 │   │   │   │   x Ngapoko ♀
 │   │   │   │   │
 │   │   │   │   └──>9 enfants (Minnie, Harry, Terito, Tuaine, Henry, Tekonini, Samuel,
 │   │   │   │       Teremoana, Tauei)
 │   │   │   │
 │   │   │   └──>+ 12 enfants (Tiamarama, Teuira, Tetevano, Oakirangi, Poko, George, Emil, Mary,
 │   │   │       Maria, Lily, Anika, Reginald)
 │   │   │
 │   │   └──>+9 enfants (Tangiiau, Enua, Roimata, Tekura, Apu, Rangia, Maio, Rangi, Ema)
 │   │
 │   └──>Remuera ♂
 │       x Ana ♀ (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Pipo (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Tutu (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Tiamarama
 │   x Te Ora Araiti (nombreuse descendance)
 │
 └──>Tepini (aucune descendance)

Lignée Akaiti ( d'Enuarurutini)
 Tinomana Enuarurutini ♂
 x Akaiti ♀
 │
 ├──>Te Putangi Ariki ♂ (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Tinirau  ♂ (aucune descendance)
 │
 ├──>Tuoro ki Aitu ♂
 │   x Mangavai ♀
 │   │
 │   ├──> Ru
 │   │
 │   ├──> Tinirau
 │   │
 │   ├──> Tamatoa
 │   │
 │   └──> Taiki ♂
 │        x Ema ♀
 │        │
 │        ├──>Tinomana Tuoro Ariki ♂, Tinomana Ariki de 1916 à 1934
 │        │   x Mere ♀
 │        │   │
 │        │   ├──>Arthur ♂
 │        │   │   x Tangi♀
 │        │   │   │
 │        │   │   ├──>Tinomana Ruta Tuoro Ariki♀, Tinomana Ariki depuis 1991
 │        │   │   │   x Hosking ♂
 │        │   │   │
 │        │   │   └──>+ 2 enfants Ioane, Ngametua
 │        │   │
 │        │   └──>+ 3 enfants Apai, Rangi, Tinirau
 │        │
 │        └──>+3 enfants (Akaiti, Tutevera, Apai)
 │
 └──> Miriama ♀ (aucune descendance)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ariki (îles Cook)

Sources
 Tinomana Enuarurutini, tataia e Taira Rere, 1973 (biographie d'Enuarurutini, en māori).
 History of the Tinomana Family by Taira Rere (en anglais).

Liens externes
 Photo de Tinomana Ruta Tuoro Ariki lors de son investiture en 1991, au moment du rite de la morsure de l'oreille de cochon
Site internet de la tribu

Ariki (îles Cook)


Plainfield Township is a charter of Kent County with a population of 30,195 reported by the census of 2000. If you chose to live in this area which started as a lumber district you should plan on a commute of roughly 23 minutes, lower than the national average of 28, with a the cost of living being 9.6% lower than the national average.
Parks of plenty, especially along the Grand and Rogue Rivers where fishing for trout and salmon are right up there with the best. Dean Lake and Versluis Parks are popular swimming destination spots for our warm summer days.
The attraction that likely draws the most interest in the township is the 5/3rd Ballpark, home of the West Michigan Whitecaps. Everyone gets caught up in the excitement at the games, even if not a ball fan. From sporting events to the speculator Nite Lites during the Holidays it is the place to be and be seen.
The township schools are provided by three different districts.
The Northview high school is the proud recipient of a National Blue Ribbon Exemplary High School, a program initiated by the U.S. government recognizing schools where the achievement gap has been narrowed. The district is rightfully proud of this accomplishment as it is deemed to be the highest award a school can achieve.
Rockford became a city 50 years ago and since then its school district has gone from one building to nine buildings, educating 3,744 students. Having a large school district has not hindered Rockford Public Schools; they are the only school district with its large numbers to earn the Blue Ribbon School Exemplary State Board of Education Award in Michigan, a program initiated by the U.S. government recognizing schools where the achievement gap has been narrowed.
Parents gave the Comstock Park school district a rating of 3 ½ to 4 stars out of five. Teachers say it measures up with any in West Michigan as a very compassionate and committed district. A lot of the dedication can be attributed to the high volume of parent involvement which is very evident in each of the districts' school.


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Home / News / Barcelona Set for Ben Chilwell Bid?
When Ben Chilwell first broke onto the scene, talk of a move to Liverpool became almost a formality. However, the move never happened and now the youngster has played himself into a first-team role at Leicester City. He has emerged as one of the most interesting full-backs in the league, a fine blend of pace and power. So much so that a returning bid from Liverpool – or Manchester City – could come in the near future. However, another move has been touted recently: FC Barcelona.
Known to be on the lookout for a young full-back, a move for Chilwell could be an interesting one. He would first play a back-up role to the established Jordi Alba. With Alba moving towards the end of his prime, though, Chilwell could easily step into the Spanish defence in the near future.
It would be an interesting move for the Spaniards, who are also linked heavily with Alberto Moreno of Liverpool. With the need for a new full-back becoming important to give Alba much-needed time off, though, it appears that Barcelona see their new full-back arriving from the Premier League.
With powerful funs and endless energy, Chilwell looks to have a fine career in the game. While moves for the England international have been mooted for some time, it feels quite likely that, this summer, a big bid will arrive. Alongside some other impressive young English talent, Chilwell could be set to make a more ambitious move, though, and try his luck abroad.


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When doing all of your interior bedroom design the flooring in bedrooms ought to by no means be tile, marble or granite. Another tip for interior bedroom design is to choose the identical shade and fabric for the bedcovers and curtains. Carpet would be the warmest but wooden can be a popular alternative for bedroom flooring. Use wooden or carpet for bedrooms, you don't want an ice-chilly ground within the morning. When you or somebody you understand is an artist then possibly you may cling a few of their artwork in a nice body. If you happen to or someone you realize is a photographer then select some unique photos to cowl the walls. Modern decorators are placing these guide holders by sofa sides and close to the partitions. Usually present in research and libraries, guide instances have found their solution to residing rooms too. Many rooms now have antiquated fireplaces, engraved doors, marble floors and Persian rugs in a uncommon mixture.
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Did you know that the first depiction of a guitar-shaped instrument is 3,300 years old? Young readers will love digging into this passage's cool guitar facts, and they'll get a nice reading comprehension workout in the process. What do they remember from the reading? In what paragraph did that information show up? Answering these questions challenges young readers to read actively and create a mental map of the passage as they go.


text:
Fishery activities in the Garda lake had historically played a very important role for the people living along the coasts of the lake. In this work we present updated time series of catches, that could be useful to describe the evolution of the fishery, linking landings with the changes of environmental conditions and biological communities reported in the literature. Total catches peaked in the mid '60s (ca. 700 metric tons) and then smoothly decreased until the '90s, when they started oscillating around a total production of about 400 metric tonnes, similarly to the situation observed before the '50s. However, catches composition shows more complex dynamics over time, with the disappearance over the years of species very important for the lake ecosystem and for the fishery itself, both in terms of catches or economic value (e.g. the Common bleak Alburnus alborella or the Carpione del Garda Salmo carpio). Even if some of the zooplankivourous species showed strong declines over time, this feeding category has always been very important for the lake fishery, representing at least 50% of the total caught biomass and reaching more than 80% of total catches since 1980. This is due to the large contribution of the Agone Alosa agone, that has been very important in the whole history of the fishery of the lake, and of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, whose contribution changed over the decades, but that is characterized by an increase in the last period, becoming the most important species during the last decade.
HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF FISHERY CATCHES FOR THE LAKE GARDA
MATTEO ZUCCHETTA
;GIUSEPPE MAIO
;FABIO PRANOVI
Funding Acquisition
;FRANZOI PIERO
ITALIAN JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ICHTHYOLOGY
2019 It.J.Fresh.Ichthyol. Zucchetta et al..pdf


text:
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import numpy as np

from caffe2.python import core, workspace
from caffe2.python.test_util import TestCase
from caffe2.proto import caffe2_pb2

class TestLengthsToShapeOps(TestCase):
    def test_lengths_to_shape_ops(self):
        workspace.FeedBlob('l', np.array([200, 200, 200], dtype=np.int32))
        workspace.RunOperatorOnce(core.CreateOperator(
            'LengthsToShape', ['l'], ['s']))
        workspace.FeedBlob('res', np.array([3, 200], dtype=np.int32))
        assert ((workspace.FetchBlob('s') == workspace.FetchBlob('res')).all())

    def test_reshape_ops(self):
        workspace.FeedBlob('res', np.array([[0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=np.float32))
        workspace.FeedBlob('shape', np.array([1, 4], dtype=np.int32))
        workspace.FeedBlob('input', np.zeros((2, 2), dtype=np.float32))
        workspace.RunOperatorOnce(core.CreateOperator(
            'Reshape', ['input', 'shape'], ['output', 'old_shape']))
        assert ((workspace.FetchBlob('output') ==
                 workspace.FetchBlob('res')).all())

    def test_basic_reshape(self):
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(2, 4))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(2, 4), arg_shape=False)

    def test_missing_dim(self):
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(-1, 8))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(-1, 8), arg_shape=False)

    def test_in_place(self):
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(-1, 8), in_place=True)
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(-1, 8),
                     in_place=True, arg_shape=False)

    def test_zero_dim(self):
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, 0, 0),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, 0, 0),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1), arg_shape=False)
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, 2, 1),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, 2, 1),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1), arg_shape=False)

    def test_zero_dim_and_missing_dim(self):
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, -1, 0),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 2, 1), new_shape=(0, -1, 0),
                     expected_shape=(4, 2, 1), arg_shape=False)
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 3, 2), new_shape=(-1, 0),
                     expected_shape=(8, 3))
        _test_reshape(old_shape=(4, 3, 2), new_shape=(-1, 0),
                     expected_shape=(8, 3), arg_shape=False)

    def test_backprop(self):
        old_shape = (4, 2, 1)
        new_shape = (1, 8)
        X = np.random.rand(*old_shape).astype(np.float32)
        Y = np.random.rand(*new_shape).astype(np.float32)

        net = core.Net('net')

        net.GivenTensorFill([], 'X', shape=old_shape, values=X.flatten())
        net.GivenTensorFill([], 'Y', shape=new_shape, values=Y.flatten())

        net.Reshape(['X'], ['X_out', 'old_shape'], shape=new_shape)
        net.DotProduct(['X_out', 'Y'], 'Z')
        net.AddGradientOperators(['Z'])

        workspace.RunNetOnce(net)

        Z = workspace.FetchBlob('Z')
        X_grad = workspace.FetchBlob('X_grad')

        # Check forward computation
        np.testing.assert_allclose(
            Z.squeeze(), X.reshape(new_shape).dot(Y.T).squeeze(), rtol=1e-5)

        # Check the shape of the gradient
        np.testing.assert_array_equal(X_grad.shape, X.shape)

        # Check the gradient
        np.testing.assert_allclose(X_grad, Y.reshape(old_shape), rtol=1e-5)

    def test_input_shape_changes(self):
        workspace.FeedBlob(
            'input_blob',
            np.array(np.random.rand(10, 20, 10), dtype=np.float32))
        net = core.Net('mynet')
        z, _ = net.Reshape('input_blob',
                           ['z_reshape', 'dummy_size'],
                           shape=(-1, 10))
        workspace.CreateNet(net)
        workspace.RunNet(net)
        workspace.FeedBlob(
            'input_blob',
            np.array(np.random.rand(10, 40, 10), dtype=np.float32))
        workspace.RunNet(net)

def _test_reshape(old_shape, new_shape, expected_shape=None, arg_shape=True,
                 in_place=False):
    devices = [core.DeviceOption(caffe2_pb2.CPU, 0)]
    if workspace.NumCudaDevices() > 0:
        devices.append(core.DeviceOption(caffe2_pb2.CUDA, 0))

    for device_opt in devices:
        with core.DeviceScope(device_opt):
            if expected_shape is None:
                expected_shape = new_shape
            X = np.random.rand(*old_shape).astype(np.float32)

            blob_in = 'X'
            blob_out = blob_in if in_place else blob_in + '_out'

            if arg_shape:
                op = core.CreateOperator('Reshape',
                                         [blob_in],
                                         [blob_out, 'old_shape'],
                                         shape=new_shape)
            else:
                op = core.CreateOperator('Reshape',
                                         [blob_in, 'new_shape'],
                                         [blob_out, 'old_shape'])
                workspace.FeedBlob('new_shape', np.asarray(new_shape))

            workspace.FeedBlob(blob_in, X)
            workspace.RunOperatorOnce(op)

            Y = workspace.FetchBlob(blob_out)
            np.testing.assert_allclose(Y, X.reshape(expected_shape))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import unittest
    unittest.main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nothing screams desperation more than large-scale layoffs.
Well, except taking minimum pay away from your couriers.
China's JD.com Inc. appears just that desperate. It's planning to cut up to 8 percent of its workforce, or more than 12,000 people, The Information reported Tuesday, citing unnamed sources. On Wednesday, Bloomberg News reported that the company is planning deep cuts and rescinded some job offers.
That news follows reports that the unprofitable e-commerce company announced it would, on a trial basis, remove the floor on payments to its delivery staff.
A leaked email outlining the company's policy on pay caused outrage and became one of the most-viewed topics on Sina Weibo Monday, the FT reported. JD.com responded via an official social media post that the email was taken out of context, the paper also noted.
What's very much in context is the fact that JD.com hasn't posted a single annual net profit since its IPO in 2014 (or for at least five years prior), and has racked up an accumulated 24 billion yuan ($3.6 billion) in losses since its founding. This tells us that its e-commerce model isn't the winner investors hoped for.
Performance seems to be the basis for JD.com's new compensation policy for its couriers, switching from base-pay to commissions, Sina News reported.
Yet it doesn't seem to be a factor in determining how much to pay its top executives. Founder, Chairman and CEO Richard Liu only gets 1 yuan in salary and zero bonus, but he has a 10 year deal to get options to acquire 2.6 million Class A shares annually. That plan has already cost the company, and thus its shareholders, a cumulative $116 million from 2015 to 2017, according to its annual report from that year. There's no mention of that compensation being tied to the company's earnings or share price.
And commission-based compensation also won't make up for the fact that, like its rivals, JD.com is facing major macroeconomic headwinds and slowing Chinese expenditure, which is expected to drag revenue growth to the slowest pace on record.
(2) As of Dec. 31, 2017, 113,000 of 157,831 staff were in delivery and warehouses. 2018 figures weren't immediately available.


I made a cement lamb sculpture this week, to go with my little farmer. It's made out of Quikwall, which you can usually get at Lowes or Home Depot (but not in some places – I have no idea why). Quikwall is a fiber-reinforced mortar that's called a surface bonding cement, and I've seen a number of people use it for garden sculptures. This is the same stuff that Julie used on her mountain lion and other outdoor sculptures, in fact.
I used a wire armature, much like the ones used in my book about making the little dogs, but I used very heavy wire that I bought at the local farm store. I think if I made this lamb out of paper mache clay instead of cement I'd use a cardboard pattern instead of the wire, just because it's easier on a sculpture this size. It would be possible, I suppose, to use cardboard inside a cement sculpture, too, if all of the paper was covered with plastic tape so it wouldn't absorb water when the cement was added. I haven't tried it, so that's just a guess.
The process I'm using isn't condoned by the ferrocement experts, so be sure to read up on how it's really "supposed" to be done if you want to make a cement sculpture that's guaranteed to last forever. In this case, I'm happy if the little lamb lasts for a few years, and I can't see any reason why he won't.
Even though I enjoyed the simplicity of this design, I'm now rather tempted to go back and make a a detailed sculpture of a newborn lamb, the ones that are all legs and look so adorable. If I did that, I'd use the cement recipes that I used for the rock person. The fibers in the Quikwall make it difficult to get fine details, but that made it perfect for the lamb I made this week.
Hi Livia. I'm glad you're enjoying the blog.
This is utterly fabulous. Every year my husband and I learn a new craft skill together and I bet he would love to try this one next year. I have bookmarked it just to remind me.
I was looking for some tips to make life size sheep for a Christmas play and came across your lovely site. Wonderful and inspiring work, although I'm not an artist, more handy/crafty than anything. Going to give it a try and will share the pics if my endeavor amounts to anything. Thank you!
I can't wait to see your sheep! I hope you have a lot of fun making them.
I am just starting the life size sculpture of the first husky dog. The armature is done, cementing starts tomorrow – when I take the waterproofing liquid back and change it for latex. The joy of living in a country where I don't speak the language and can't find half the products I need!
My question is, I have just been looking at photos of dog sculptures that have been cast from a mould and I can see they have all been made on an attached plinth. Do you think standing animals made from cement have strong enough limbs to be free standing? I have used old metal broomsticks wrapped in chicken wire to make the inside of the legs and the spine. I can't get quick wall so I am making my own mix from white portland cement, sand, latex with water and my secret ingredient – husky dog hair! (I have done a test without the latex and its lovely stuff to work with.) There will only be about half an inch of cement around the stick in places, although the paw at the bottom will be much thicker. I don't want to risk it breaking when it's finished, but I prefer the idea of it being free standing.
Hi Rachel. I've only just started experimenting with cement, so you will probably want to get some advice from someone who has more experience. I do know that the best book I found that explains armatures and reinforcing is Sculpting with Cement by Lynn Olson. The explanations in the book about why wires and rods need to be placed in particular places really make sense. Lynn did use a base on the one four-legged sculpture I remember in the book. It was a giraffe, and she said that the sideways forces from bumping into it or the wind would be too strong without the base, which held the bottom of the legs in place.
The book is out of print, so you can "look inside" on amazon.com. But maybe you could get a copy at your library? In any case, be sure to let us see how your husky turns out. I would love to see it.
I love your sculpture, Rikke, and the finish that's on it now is very interesting. As I said before, though, I'm not sure what company might be making the bronze finish and selling in Europe. I hope you find what you're looking for.
I am decorating for a holiday church banquet and I want to use some old reindeer that I used to use outside for Christmas. I have removed the light strands and just have the frame left. I was thinking I could just use paper mache to cover the metal base. Would that work ok and would the flour and water recipe work? Do you have any other ideas for me?
Hi Laurie. Yes, you can use the reindeer frame with paper mache. If you want to round it out you might need to add some chicken wire so you have something to stick the paper mache on. Or use crumpled paper and masking tape to fill out the forms. Do you intend to use the finished sculpture inside or outside?
Ultimately I would like to use it outside.
I really don't recommend using paper mache outside for any extended length of time. However, some people have been able to keep their creations outside for holiday decorations, by using several coats of spar (marine) varnish over the paper mache. The sculptures then need to be brought inside and dried out completely, and stored in a dry environment. If cared for this way, they may last for several years.
Thank you very much for all your advice. I wish I could just clone you and bring you to my house. Thank you again.
Hi Sandy. If the pieces broke when you picked them up, it doesn't sound like they've been fired yet. You could find out for sure by putting one of the broken pieces in water. If it softens, you have raw clay, which can't be hardened without firing. Many local art centers and even senior centers have kilns that people can use to fire their work – you might be able to find one nearby. If there's a potter or ceramic supply store, you could also ask them for advice – I'm not familiar with clay or ceramics, so I'm really not the one to ask about the pieces that have already been made. A ceramic store would be the best place for advice, because they sell the molds and often they have classes that customers can take, and they'll fire their customer's work. If you have a place like that locally, give them a call and see if they can help.
Even if the pieces were fired once, if they're that delicate they would need to be fired again. Ceramic pieces should not break that easily. If your local ceramic store could get a look at one of the pieces, they could tell you right away what you've got, and how to finish them.
There is a paper-based product that can be used in plaster molds that doesn't' require a kiln. It works just like ceramic slip, but it doesn't need to be fired. It can't be used for dinnerware or a vase, or anything that might get wet for long periods of time, because it's a pourable, moldable form of paper mache – it's called Li Qua Che, and it's really fun to work with, but it isn't cheap, for sure.
I'm not sure if this was helpful or not – but I do hope you can find a way to finish those lovely things that you've inherited from your neighbor.
Of course it's probably more helpful if you were trying to build something extremely large!
Thanks! That would make enlarging patterns so much easier!
Jonni, I love your sheep. He makes a wonderful addition to your garden and companion for the boy. Thanks for sharing this with everybody.
I am trying to make a dinosaur. I have until September 10th to get it finished, so I'm a little stressed. However, I used bubble wrap for the insides, and I was surprised how well that worked. I gave all the heavy paper I had to a friend, so I was desperate.
I love the sheep. I have one in paper mache and is finished off with varathane. Do you think I could cover it with the cement product you used? Then I could put him in the garden area. What do you think. I tried to send a picture last time, but I didn't know how to make it smaller for your site. Thanks for all your fun projects and teaching us how to do this creative art.
Hi Jeannette. If you don't have a program that will make images smaller, you can use this free online tool. I'd love to see your sheep, so please try again.
As for covering your sheep with the Quikwall, that would be a question for Julie. She's done quite a few sculptures that way. She had problems with one of her projects because the legs weren't strong enough to support the weight of the cement, but she was able to fix it. You may have trouble getting the cement to stick to the Verathane, but you could add a layer of aluminum grid or chicken wire to give the cement something to hold on to – but I'm not the expert in this. Like I said, I've never done it.


text:
package com.haulmont.cuba.core.entity.annotation;

import com.haulmont.cuba.core.entity.Entity;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**
 * Counterpart of {@link Extends}. Normally it is not used as type annotation, but its name is used as a key of
 * meta-annotation for an entity that is extended by another one.
 *
 */
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ExtendedBy {

    Class<? extends Entity> value();
}