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"MARSHALL" (2017) Review
I have a confession. I had no interest in seeing the recent movie, "MARSHALL", when I first heard about it. I thought it would turn out to be one of those solemn biography flicks about some "great man in history" and his struggles to become successful in his endeavors. But when I learned about the movie's plot, I changed my mind and decided to see it.
Directed by Reginald Hudlin, "MARSHALL" was about a "great man in history" – none other than the first African-American to be an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall. However, this film focused on his position as a defense counselor for and director of NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and his role in the 1941 case of "the State of Connecticut v. Joseph Spell".
Following the successful end of a case in Oklahoma in 1941, NAACP defense attorney Thurgood Marshall returns to New York City for a rest. However, his rest and reunion with his wife, Vivien "Buster" Burey, is short-lived when NAACP Director Walter Francis White sends him to Bridgeport, Connecticut to defend Joseph Spell, a chauffeur accused of rape by his white employer, Eleanor Strubing. In order to get Marshall admitted to the local bar and defend Spell, a local member of the Bridgeport NAACP office tries to recruit an insurance attorney named Sam Friedman to help. However, Friedman is more interested in keeping his distance from the controversial case, until his brother Irwin coerces him into getting involved. Judge Foster a family friend of prosecutor Lorin Willis, agrees to admit Marshall to the local bar. But he forbids Marshall from speaking during the trial. This act forces Friedman to act as Spell's lead counsel, while Marshall guides the former through the jury selection process and the actual trial. Judge Foster's refusal to allow Marshall to speak proves to be the first of several stumbling blocks in his and Friedman's efforts to defend Spell.
Despite the movie's narrative, "MARSHALL" could have remained one of those stately biopics that usually ends up boring me senseless. Thanks to Reginald Hudlin's direction and the screenplay written by Michael and Jacob Koskoff, the movie proved to be a lot different. Instead, "MARSHALL" proved to be a very interesting re-creation of the 1941 controversial case in which a black man is accused of raping a white woman. Stories or real life incidents involving interracial rape – especially that of white women – have been around for decades. Stories about racism in the U.S. South have been around for a long time, as well. However, I have also noticed that in recent years, Hollywood has turned its eye upon Northern racism, especially in the Northeast. In its portrayal of the "the State of Connecticut v. Joseph Spell" case, "MARSHALL"turned out to be one of those movies that exposed Northern racism.
I was also impressed by how the Koskoff brothers treated the Spell case as a legal mystery. Ironically, the movie did not begin with scenes that led to Joseph Spell's arrest. I must admit that I had expected "MARSHALL" to begin with a sequence featuring vague details of the crime. Instead, it began with Thurgood Marshall finishing a case in Oklahoma. The audience learned about the Spell case around the same time Walter White assigned him to defend Joseph Spell. This led me to realize that the entire movie was told from the viewpoint of two people – Marshall and Sam Friedman. Some have criticized the movie for including Friedman as a leading character in the film. They believed this situation robbed the Thurgood Marshall character some of his agency as the film's leading character, by having Friedman as a co-lead. Personally, I did not mind occasionally watching the film from Friedman's point-of-view. I found it interesting. And to be honest, history itself set up this situation, due to the trial's presiding judge refusing to recognize Marshall as Spell's primary attorney.
However, dealing with a potentially hostile judge and a patronizing prosecutor, and being regulated to secondary attorney for the defense seemed to be a walk in the park for Marshall. He also has to deal with Bridgeport's racially hostile citizens; pressure from the N.A.A.C.P. to successfully defend Spell; and Friedman, who turned out to be a reluctant and wary co-defender, worried about how his defense of Spell would affect his practice. Marshall also has to deal with Friedman's lack of experience in criminal law. But the biggest roadblock proves to be Marshall's growing suspicion that his client is lying about the latter's relationship with the alleged victim. And I thought the movie did an excellent job keeping these aspects of the story balance, due to the Koskoffs' screenplay and Hudlin's direction.
I have a minor quibble regarding the movie. Although the movie made it plain that the N.A.A.C.P. regarded Marshall's successful defense of Spell as a means to lure more donations for the agency, I believed that it ignored an even more important topic. A part of me wished that the movie had also touched upon Northern blacks' feelings of being ignored by the agency and the latter's illusion that most of American racism was focused in the South. Another reason why a "not guilty" for Spell was so important was to convey the message that confronting racism from the North and other parts of the country was just as important as confronting as Southern racism. But I get the feeling that the movie's producers, writers and director were wary of approaching, let alone exploring this topic.
Considering that "MARSHALL" is not what one would consider a large budget film, I was impressed by its production values. Now I cannot say that any of the film's technical details blew my mind. Well . . . perhaps two of them did. I found Newton Thomas Sigel's cinematography colorful, sharp and lovely to look at. This seemed especially apparent in the film's exterior shots. I also enjoyed Ruth E. Carter's costume designs. Not only did I find them to be a close representation of fashion for both men and women in 1941, but they also seemed to be good representations of the major characters' economic class. As for Richard Hoover's production designs, Kara Lindstrom's set decorations and Jeff Schoen's art direction; I found satisfying, but not particularly memorable.
"MARSHALL" featured solid performances from supporting cast members like Jeffrey DeMunn, John Magaro, Zanete Shadwick, Derrick Baskin, Barrett Doss, Keesha Sharp, Rozanda Sharp, and Jeremy Bobb. Jussie Smollett gave a brief, yet subtle performance as the famous poet, Langston Hughes. And Roger Guenveur Smith was effectively commanding as N.A.A.C.P. director Walter White. Dan Stevens did an excellent job in conveying the patronizing and self-privileged prosecutor Loren Willis. James Cromwell gave a very interesting performance as Judge Foster. Although Cromwell managed to convey his character's obvious bigotry, it seemed that some of his character's decisions – including a willingness to allow Marshall to act as second chair for the defense – seemed to express the latter's unwillingness to put Northern racism on display for the world to see. Kate Hudson's portrayal of the alleged victim, Eleanor Strubing struck me as effectively ambiguous. Hudson did an excellent job in conveying mixed signals over her character. I felt anger over her character's charges of rape against the defendant. Yet at the same time, I felt pity toward the character being an obvious victim of spousal abuse. Ironically, Sterling K. Brown also managed to effectively convey the ambiguity of his character, the defendant Joseph Spell. Now, one might wonder why I would regard Spell as an ambiguous character. Brown did an excellent job in expressing his character's innocence. And yet, the actor also managed to convey the air that his character was lying to Marshall on a certain level.
I have seen Chadwick Boseman in three other films before "MARSHALL". And I was impressed. But I felt a lot more impressed by his portrayal of Thurgood Marshall in this film. The actor did a superb job in conveying the different aspects of Marshall's personality – his charisma, witty sense of humor, intelligence and more importantly, a slight perverse streak in his nature. Boseman was very subtle in expressing Marshall's arrogance and slight tendency of needling . . . especially with Langston Hughes and Sam Friedman. Another first-rate performance came from Josh Gad, who portrayed Friedman, the man forced to act as Spell's primary defender. I noticed that although Friedman seemed friendly with the head of Bridgeport's N.A.A.C.P. office, he seemed very wary of helping Marshall with defending Spell. I understood this. He was worried how his participation in the case would look with his own clients and Bridgeport's Jewish community. But I realized that if Friedman had truly been that racially tolerant at the time, he would not care . . . like his brother. This is why I found it very satisfying to watch Gad develop into that openly tolerant man who no longer cared about how others would regard his views on race and especially African-Americans.
I would never regard "MARSHALL" as one of the best movies of 2017. To be honest, I do not believe in any "best movies of the year" list. But I enjoyed "MARSHALL" so much that in the end, it became one of my favorite movies of that year. And I can thank director Reginald Hudlin, screenwriters Jacob and Michael Koskoff and an excellent cast led by the always talented Chadwick Boseman for making this film so enjoyable and fascinating for me.
Filed under: History, Movies | Tagged: ahna o'reilly, chadwick boseman, dan stevens, early 20th century, history, james cromwell, jeffrey de munn, josh gad, jussie smollett, kate hudson, movies, politics, roger guenveur smith, sterling k. brown |	Leave a comment »
Top Ten Favorite Movies Set in the 1880s
Below is my current list of favorite movies set in the 1880s:
1. "Stagecoach" (1939) – John Ford directed this superb adaptation of Ernest Haycox's 1937 short story, "The Stage to Lordsburg", about a group of strangers traveling by stagecoach through the Arizona territory. Claire Trevor, John Wayne and Oscar winner Thomas Mitchell starred.
2. "The Four Feathers" (2002) – Shekhar Kapur directed this fascinating adaptation of A.E.W. Mason's 1902 novel about a former British Army officer accused of cowardice. Heath Ledger, Wes Bentley, Djimon Hounsou and Kate Hudson starred.
3. "Back to the Future Part III" (1990) – Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd starred in this third installment of the "BACK TO THE FUTURE" TRILOGY, in which Marty McFly travels back to the Old West to prevent the death of fellow time traveler, Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown. Written by Bob Gale, the movie was directed by Robert Zemeckis.
4. "Topsy-Turvy" (1999) – Mike Leigh wrote and directed this biopic about W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan and their creation of their most famous operetta, "The Mikado". Jim Broadbent and Allan Corduner.
5. "Tombstone" (1993) – Kurt Russell and Val Kilmer starred in this colorful and my favorite account about Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday and the famous O.K. Corral gunfight. George P. Cosmatos directed.
6. "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (1939) – Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce starred in this adaptation of William Gillette's 1899 stage play, "Sherlock Holmes". Directed by Alfred L. Werker, the movie co-starred Ida Lupino and George Zucco.
7. "The Cater Street Hangman" (1998) – Eoin McCarthy and Keeley Hawes starred in this television adaptation of Anne Perry's 1979 novel about a serial killer in late Victorian England. Sarah Hellings directed.
8. "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (1945) – Hurd Hatfield and George Sanders starred in this adaptation of Oscar Wilde's 1890 novel about a handsome young Englishman who maintains his youth, while a special portrait reveals his inner ugliness.
9. "High Noon" (1952) – Gary Cooper won his second Oscar as a town marshal forced to face a gang of killers by himself. Directed by Fred Zinnemann, the movie was written by blacklisted screenwriter Carl Foreman and co-starred Grace Kelly and Katy Jurado.
10. "Open Range" (2003) – Kevin Costner directed and co-starred with Robert Duvall in this western about a cattle crew forced to take up arms when they and their herd are threatened by a corrupt rancher.
Filed under: Book Review, History, Movies, Television | Tagged: alex jennings, alison steadman, allan corduner, andy serkis, angela landsbury, anne perry, annete bening, basil rathbone, bill paxton, billy bob thornton, billy zane, british empire, charlton heston, christopher lloyd, dana delaney, diego luna, djimon hounsou, donna reed, eoin mccarthy, four feathers, gary cooper, george sanders, george zucco, gilded age, grace kelly, harry carey jr., heath ledger, henry stephenson, history, hurd hatfield, ida lupino, james russo, janet maw, jim broadbent, john castle, john ford, john wayne, kate hudson, katy jurado, keeley hawes, kevin costner, kevin kidd, kurt russell, lea thompson, lee van cleef, lesley manville, literary, lloyd bridges, lowell gilmore, mary steenburgen, michael gambon, michael j. fox, michael jeter, michael sheen, movies, music, nigel bruce, old hollywood, old west, peter egan, peter lawford, politics, powers boothe, robert duvall, robert j. wilke, robert swann, robert zemeckis, ron cook, rupert penry-jones, sam elliot, sarah woodward, sheb wooley, shekhar kapur, sherlock holmes, shirley henderson, stephen lang, t.r. bowen, television, thomas f. wilson, thomas mitchell, tim pigott-smith, time travel, timothy spall, travel, val kilmer, victorian age, wes bentley |	Leave a comment »
Ten Favorite Movies Set During the Victorian Age (1837-1901)
Below is a list of my favorite movies set during the Victorian Age:
1. "The Four Feathers" (2002) – Shekhar Kapur directed this seventh and latest version of A.E.W. Mason's novel about disgraced British officer Harry Faversham's efforts to redeem himself for leaving the Army at the start of a war in the Sudan. Heath Ledger, Kate Hudson and Wes Bentley star.
2. "Wuthering Heights" (1939) – William Wyler directed this only version of Emily Bronte's brooding tale of a star-crossed romance on the Yorkshire moors to be set during the mid-19th century. Laurence Olivier, Merle Oberon and David Niven starred.
3. "The Great Train Robbery" (1979) – Michael Crighton directed and wrote this loose adaptation of an actual robbery of a train filled with gold headed for the Crimea in 1855. Sean Connery, Lesley Anne Down, and Donald Sutherland starred.
4. "Without a Clue" (1988) – Michael Caine and Ben Kingsley starred in this humorous spoof of the Sherlock Holmes legend, in which Holmes is a fictional character created by Dr. John Watson.
5. "Sherlock Holmes" (2009) – Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law portrayed Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson in this exciting tale filled with murder, politics and magic. Guy Ritchie directed.
6. "Angels and Insects" (1995) – Philip Haas directed this drama based upon A.S. Byatt's novella about a British naturalist who marries into an aristocratic . . . with surprising results. Mark Rylance, Kristin Scott-Thomas and Patsy Kensit star.
7. "Stardust" (2007) – Based upon Neil Gaiman's fantasy novel set during 19th century England, this movie starred Charlie Cox, Claire Danes, Michelle Pfieffer and Robert DeNiro.
8. "Royal Flash" (1975) – Malcolm McDowell portrayed George MacDonald Fraser's literary anti-hero in this adaptation of the latter's 1970 novel that was partially set in early Victorian England.
9. "The Prestige" (2006) – Christopher Nolan directed Christian Bale and Hugh Jackman in this story about two rival magicians in late Victorian England.
10. "An Ideal Husband" (1999) – Based upon Oscar Wilde's 1895 play about political corrpution and blackmail in high society, this movie starred Rupert Everett, Cate Blanchett, Minnie Driver, Jeremy Northam and Julianne Moore.
Filed under: Book Review, History, Movies | Tagged: ben kingsley, british empire, cate blanchett, christian bale, claire danes, djimon hounsou, heath ledger, history, jeremy northam, jude law, kate hudson, kelly reilly, kristin scott-thomas, literary, michael caine, movies, oscar wilde, revolutions of 1848, robert downey jr., rupert everett, sean connery, shekhar kapur, sherlock holmes, sienna miller |	2 Comments »
"THE FOUR FEATHERS" (2002) Review
To my knowledge, there have been seven cinematic versions of A.E.W. Mason's 1902 adventure story, "THE FOUR FEATHERS". The first version was released in 1915 as a black-and-white silent film. The most famous and highly revered version was produced by legendary producer Alexander Korda in 1939. And the latest version – the focus of this review – was released in 2002. Heath Ledger, Kate Hudson and Wes Bentley starred in the film. And it was directed by Shekhar Kapur.
"THE FOUR FEATHERS" began with Harry Faversham (Heath Ledger), a young British officer of the Royal Cumbrians infantry regiment and the son of a stern British general, celebrating his recent engagement to the beautiful young Ethne (Kate Hudson) in a lavish ball with his fellow officers and his father in attendance. When the regimental colonel announced that the regiment is being dispatched to Egyptian-ruled Sudan to rescue the British general Charles "Chinese" Gordon (who was being besieged in Khartoum by Islamic rebels of The Mahdi), young Faversham became nervous and resigned his commission. After resigning his commission, Harry's charmed life began to fall apart. Despite his claims that his decision to in order to stay in England with new fiancée because he would never "go to war for anyone or anything", three of his fellow officers – Tom Willoughby (Rupert Penry-Jones), Edward Castleton (Kris Marshall) and William Trench (Michael Sheen) censured Harry by delivery three white feathers (signs of cowardice). Ethne ended their engagement and presented him with a fourth feather. And both Harry's best friend, Jack Durrance (Wes Bentley) and his father, General Faversham (Tim Piggott-Smith) disavowed him. With his former comrades already en route to the conflict, the young Faversham questioned his own true motives, and resolved to redeem himself through combat in Sudan. Disguised as an Arab laborer, he accompanied a French slave trader to take him deep into the Sudanese desert. Faversham is left alone in the vast sands when the slave trader is killed by his own Sudanese slaves. Eventually a lone black Sudanese warrior named Abou Fatma (Djimon Hounsou), who is against the Mahdists' rebellion, came to Harry's aid and helped the latter redeem himself through combat against the Mahdists.
In the beginning, "THE FOUR FEATHERS" bore a strong resemblance to the 1902 novel it is based upon and the 1939 movie. Granted, in this version, General Faversham is a living and somewhat stern parent, and not some dead military hero in whose shadow Harry is forced to live. And Ethne's father is dead. The most important aspect of this version of the story is the fact that the British presence in the Sudan is not portrayed in a sympathetic light. Following Colonel Hamilton's (Alex Jennings) announcement of the Royal Cumbrians being deployed to the Sudan, Harry made this comment to Jack:
" "What does a godforsaken desert, in the middle of nowhere, have to do with Her Majesty the Queen?"
Mind you, I did not take Harry's question as a commentary against British Imperialism. I suspect that Harry's question had more to do with him dreading the idea of going to war than any anti-Imperialist sympathies. But once the story shifted toward the Sudan, the anti-British Imperialism messages came across in the following scenes:
*The Royal Cumbrians' encounter with a Sudanese sniper
*Harry's travels with the French slave trader and the latter's "merchandise"
*Abou Fatma's attempt to warn the Royal Cumbrians of an impending attack and his treatment at their hands
*Ethne's regret over her rejection of Harry
*Harry and Abou's conversations about the differences between Eastern and Western culture
Surprisingly, the European characters are not the only ones shown to be capable of bigotry. Abou Fatma has to deal with the Sudanese Arab soldiers who seemed offended by his presence, due to his kinship with the tribe that had served as slaves for the soldiers' families and ancestors. Also, both Harry and Trench, along with other British and anti-Mahdist prisoners have to deal with the malevolent commander of the prison camp at Omdurman, Idris-Es-Saier, whose hatred toward them stemmed from the death of his family by British artillery.
As I had stated earlier, the 1939 version (which starred John Clements, June Duprez and Ralph Richardson) is considered to be the best version of Mason's novel. I have seen the 1939 version and I must admit that I found it pretty damn enjoyable. As much as I found the 1939 version entertaining, I must admit that this latest version – directed by Shekhar Kapur – happens to be my favorite. Like the other versions of this tale, it is filled with exciting action and does an excellent job of recapturing both British and the Sudanese societies in the late nineteenth century, thanks to Allan Cameron's production design, Ahmed Abounouom and Zack Grobler's art direction and Robert Richardson's photography. But for me, the movie proved to be more than simply a costumed adventure film. Thanks to the "political correctness" slant provided by screenwriters Michael Schiffer and Hossein Amini and especially Shekhar Kapur's direction; this version of "THE FOUR FEATHERS" seemed to have more emotional depth and ambiguity than other versions. Not only did Kapur and the two writers challenge the positive view on the British Empire, but also Western views on masculinity and Islamic cultures.
One of the biggest criticisms directed at this version of "THE FOUR FEATHERS" centered around the movie's major action sequence – namely the Battle of Abu Klea. During the actual historical battle, which had been fought between January 16-18, 1885, the famous British square had been briefly broken by the Mahdists before it closed, forcing the latter to retreat. In the movie, the square formed by the Royal Cumbrians was permanently broken, resulting in the regiment's retreat, Castleton's death and Trench's capture by Mahdists. In other words, the movie received criticism for not being historically accurate. The charge of historical inaccuracy does have validity. But I do find the critics' accusations rather hypocritical, considering that hardly no one paid attention to the historical inaccuracy of another Kapur movie, namely the 1998 Academy Award nominated film, "ELIZABETH". I can only assume that it is easier to criticize a film that challenged Western culture for historical inaccuracy and ignore the same flaw in a film that celebrated a famous Western monarch.
Before I end this review, I want to say something about the performances. "THE FOUR FEATHERS" possessed an excellent supporting cast that featured an entertaining Michael Sheen as the witty and extroverted William Trench, a competent Rupert Penry-Jones as the regiment's finicky and slightly narrow-minded Tom Willoughby, and an excellent Deobia Oparei who portrayed the intimidating Idris-Es-Saier. Kris Marshall's performance as the religious Edward "Vicar" Willoughby seemed pretty solid, but there were moments when I found it slightly overwrought. Wes Bentley portrayed Jack Durrance, Harry's reserved best friend who was also in love with Ethne. I must admit that I found myself very impressed by Bentley's performance. He did an excellent job of portraying a very intense character whose emotions were conveyed through his eyes and expressions. And as far as I am concerned, Djimon Hounsou could do no wrong in this movie. His portrayal of the enigmatic Abou Fatma was spot on. His performance could have easily become another example of one of those "Magical Negro" roles in which a non-white character dispensed wisdom and comfort to the main white character. Yes, Fatma offered some advice and assistance to Harry Faversham. But thanks to Schiffer and Amini's script and Hounson's performance, Fatma became a more complicated character that ended up undergoing his own journey in becoming acquainted with someone from another culture.
Kate Hudson did an excellent job in portraying the spirited Ethne, Harry's fiancée and the object of Jack's desire. Hudson's portrayal of Ethne was interesting and a little unexpected. I had expected her to react with anger over Harry's lies about his resignation from the Army and fear over the opinions of society. I had expected her to form a closer friendship with Jack – a friendship that eventually led to their engagement. What I had not expected was for Ethne to express regret over her rejection of Harry. In this movie, Harry did not have to earn back her love through heroic acts in the Sudan. Interestingly, Ethne felt both guilt and self-disgust for worrying about how the rest of society would view Harry's resignation and her association with him. I realize this is another example of the "political correctness" found in the movie's script. Frankly, I welcomed it. This slant made Ethne's character a lot more interesting to me. And Hudson did a hell of a job with what was given to her.
We finally come to Heath Ledger's performance as Harry Faversham, the disgraced Army officer who tried to find redemption in the Sudanese desert. The interesting thing about Harry's character was that he truly was guilty of cowardice. Some of his cowardice centered on his lie to Ethne about his reason for leaving the Army. But for me, Harry's worst act of cowardice occurred before the movie began. He buckled under pressure from society and especially his father, General Faversham, and joined the Royal Cumbrians as an officer. He allowed society, Ethne and his father to pressure him into assuming a life filled with lies. I suspect that Harry believed that as long as his regiment remained in England, he would have no problems maintaining the lie. But he could no longer maintain the lie when Colonel Hamilton announced the regiment's deployment to the Sudan. The most interesting aspect about Harry's journey was that he did not reach the nadir of his emotional journey until late into the film. The nadir did not happen when he received the white feathers from his friends and Ethne. Nor did it happened when he found himself stranded in the desert with nothing but a camel, when he discovered via Jack's letters that the latter and Ethne had formed a deeper bond, or when he found himself in the Omdurman prison camp with Trench. No, Harry's nadir finally arrived when he stripped away any civil façade of himself and he killed Idris-Es-Saier. At that moment, Harry's true animal self – something that all human beings possessed – was finally revealed.
I must admit that I am curious over Ledger's reputation as an actor before he did "BROKEBACK MOUNTAIN" (2005). I would be very surprised if it took his role as Ennis de Mar for critics to take his skills as an actor seriously. Quite frankly, I was very impressed by his performance as Harry Faversham. Both the script and Kapur's direction gave Ledger the opportunity to reveal the full length of his character's journey – from the self-satisfied, yet cowardly Army officer to the private gentleman who is not only more sure of himself, but more honest as well.
I wish I could say that Kapur's version of "THE FOUR FEATHERS" is for everyone. I suspect that it is not. If I must be brutally honest, I suspect that a good number of fans of the Mason's story would be put off by the so-called "revisionist"take on the story. They would probably prefer a version in which Harry Faversham learns to find his capacity for physical or military courage. Or a version in which the British victory over the Mahdist rebels are celebrated and the Empire appreciated. But as much as I like this version of Mason's story – especially embodied in the 1939 film – I must admit that I much prefer this latest version directed by Shekhar Kapur. Not only did I find myself impressed by the cast's performances, I found the movie more emotionally deep and complex. More importantly, it questioned the ideals and beliefs that had been the bulwark of 19th century and still harbor some influence upon many societies today.
Filed under: Book Review, History, Movies | Tagged: alex jennings, british empire, djimon hounsou, four feathers, heath ledger, history, kate hudson, literary, michael sheen, middle east, movies, politics, religion, rupert penry-jones, shekhar kapur, tim pigott-smith, victorian age, wes bentley |	Leave a comment »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Languages matter- Nairobi 2008-ONU
Billet publié dans Événements et taggé avec Afrique multilinguisme politique
Training of Translators, Conference Interpreters,
Public Service Interpreters
An Analysis presented by
The Division of Conference Services
United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON)
"It is preferable to coin words that could be understood by native speakers of a given language, than use words, coinages, that may be understood by international community but not by native speakers"
Claude Hagège, Collège de France
"La pensée ne doit pas se plier devant la langue, la langue doit se plier devant la pensée"
Danica Seleskovitch, ESIT SORBONNE
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Intercultural Language Mediation at Large
From the language confusion in Babel through the loaded cryptic messages of the Oracle in Delphi, and the Dragoman in the Ottoman Empire, to the Nuremburg Trials, language mediation has been necessary and has contributed to communication in all walks of life and society. Throughout history we have seen how the professions were in the hands of fortune tellers, military men, scholars and ambassadors who, by accident or voluntarily and in the case of the Dragoman by training, played the role of linguistic mediator. In more recent times, the emergence of international cooperation through international organizations which came into being after World War II, as in the case of the Nuremburg Trails for instance, where the profession of conference interpreter and translator took its modern form, many well known professionals had no other specific training than the natural talent to communicate and to speak different tongues.
The aim of the study is not to dwell on the history of those professions but rather to underline that multilingual Africa might benefit from the experience gained in Europe where it took years to train highly qualified Interpretation and Translation teams and to merge different training programmes into a common framework for training language specialists, culminating in the setting-up of the EMCI and EMT Consortium. In other words there is a need to distinguish these training programmes from the purely language teaching programmes offered in universities and on which the proposed master trainings build further.
Languages are part and parcel of people's identity, instruments for communication and tools for negotiation. Hundreds of studies and analyses on multilingualism have been written identifying over 6,500 languages in the world, with more than 2000 in Africa, underlining the importance of languagebe denied. The migration flows and the growing mobility of citizens thus entail problems in terms of communication and understanding. The purpose of this study, hereinafter referred to as the Project, was not to analyze the complexity of African multilingualism but to examine in what form of appropriate training in language mediation, Africa can sustain this multilingualism and indeed offer a platform for multilingual training. Furthermore, in meetings, conferences, seminars or business negotiations it is common practice not to use all languages represented by participants for reasons of efficiency, cost-effectiveness and lack of qualified language specialists in general. On the other hand, in some circumstances, less widely spoken languages are of paramount importance for the parties involved, such as in court proceedings, hospitals, administrative offices etc. learning in educational systems for the purposes of local, regional, national and international understanding and cooperation. Some of these languages are more widely spread than others, while others die and in a global world, the tendency to use a lingua franca is very real. Yet, when transparent communication and direct understanding between people is not possible due to language barriers, the language expert is brought in, the interpreter for the oral message, the translator for the written message.
The impact of the colonial administration on what were then called indigenous languages but now referred to as national languages and the consequences of the imported European languages on all layers of African society cannot be denied. The migration flows and the growing mobility of citizens thus entail problems in terms of communication and understanding. The purpose of this study, hereinafter referred to as the Project, was not to analyze the complexity of African multilingualism but to examine in what form of appropriate training in language mediation, Africa can sustain this multilingualism and indeed offer a platform for multilingual training. Furthermore, in meetings, conferences, seminars or business negotiations it is common practice not to use all languages represented by participants for reasons of efficiency, cost-effectiveness and lack of qualified language specialists in general. On the other hand, in some circumstances, less widely spoken languages are of paramount importance for the parties involved, such as in court proceedings, hospitals, administrative offices etc. […]
Noel Muylle, Division of Conference Services, United Nations Office at Nairobi (extrait du rapport final de la Conférence)
Télécharger le rapport final de Mr Noel Muylle
Project-Report-by-Mr.-Noel-Muylle.doc (231 téléchargements)


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, nacido bajo el nombre de , es un actor kabuki, quien también se desempeña como actor en televisión, películas y teatro. A diferencia de muchos actores kabuki que se especializan en un solo tipo de papel, Nakamura interpreta papeles masculinos (tachiyaku) y femeninos (onnagata).

Biografía

Primeros años
Nakamura nació bajo el nombre de Takayuki Namino el 18 de mayo de 1983, en la ciudad de Tokio, Japón. Fue el segundo hijo del célebre actor kabuki, Nakamura Kanzaburō XVIII y su esposa, Yoshie. Tiene un hermano mayor por dos años, Masayuki, quien también es un actor kabuki bajo el nombre de Kankurō VI. Nakamura es miembro del gremio de actores Nakamura-ya, y su familia ha estado dentro del mundo kabuki por más de siete generaciones.

Comenzó a actuar a una edad muy temprana, haciendo su primera aparición en un escenario a la edad de tres años en el teatro Kabuki-za. Recibió formalmente el nombre de Nakamura Shichinosuke II al año siguiente. También interpretó junto a su hermano personajes pequeños en Kadon de futari Momotarō ("Los dos Momotarō van a casa") en el Kabuki-za. Pronto, Nakamura fue considerado como "uno de los jóvenes actores más prometedores del kabuki del siglo XXI".

Carrera
Ha interpretado roles kabuki en numerosos teatros internacionales, a menudo en la compañía de su padre y hermano como parte del Heisei Nakamura-za, un escenario temporal erigido para un solo conjunto de representaciones por su padre. También se presenta anualmente en Asakusa Kabuki en el Asakusa Kōkaidō, una producción destinada a atraer a la generaciones más jóvenes y fomentar el interés en el kabuki. En 1994, Nakamura apareció en la obra moderna Sukapan. También ha aparecido en series de televisión de NHK como Takeda Shingen (una dramatización de la vida de Shingen) y Genroku Ryoran.

Nakamura se graduó de la escuela secundaria en marzo de 2002 y al año siguiente interpretó el papel del Emperador Meiji en la película de Edward Zwick, El último samurái. El último samurái marcó su debut en la gran pantalla. En 2004, apareció en la versión cinematográfica de la novela Insutooru de Risa Wataya, mientras que en 2005 interpretó a un drogadicto en recuperación del período Edo en la película cómica Mayonaka no Yaji-san Kita-san, basada en un cómic.

Arresto
Nakamura fue arrestado en enero de 2005 en Bunkyō, Tokio, por golpear a un oficial de policía después de que un taxista alegara que no pagó su boleta estando ebrio. Fue el primer arresto de un actor kabuki desde el arresto de Ichikawa Gonjūrō por un cargo de asesinato en 1871. La posterior controversia que surgió como consecuencia de su arresto prohibió a Nakamura participar en la celebración shūmei de su padre (ceremonia de nombramiento) en marzo de 2005.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sitio web de Nakamura-ya

Actores de kabuki
Actores masculinos de Japón

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Operations Department at Union Gospel Mission involves a lot of behind-the-scenes, but very essential and important work, by key staff and volunteers who all work together to ensure things are getting done.
This past month at the Charis Centre has been a difficult one. Many unpleasant situations needed to be confronted and difficult decisions had to be made.


text:
Q: get posts that doesn't contain a specific tag I want to get all the posts that do not contain the tag 'index'. How can it be done?
I mean in the reverse of
get_posts(array('tag' => 'index'))

Thank you

A: You could try the tax_query with the 'NOT IN' operator (untested)
$myposts = get_posts(
    [
        'tax_query' => [
            [
                'taxonomy' => 'post_tag',
                'terms'    => [ 'index' ],
                'field'    => 'slug',
                'operator' => 'NOT IN',
            ]
        ]
    ]
);

where the taxonomy slug for tags is post_tag.

A: Per WordPress Codex you should use a custom query for any of post types interrogations. Presuming your taxonomy is 'post_tag' instead 'tag' use the following code:

$args = array(
                  'post_type' => 'post',
  'tax_query' => array(
  array(
  'taxonomy' => 'post_tag',
  'field'   => 'slug',
  'terms'    => array('index'),
  'operator' => 'NOT IN'         )));
$custom_query = new WP_Query( $args );
  while($custom_query->have_posts()) { $custom_query->the_post(); //your
  custom code
  }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dr Adeola Olaitan
Diagnosing Cervical Cancer
Updated Tuesday, June 17, 2014 - 12:57
Published Sat, 09/04/2010 - 15:39
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease; early diagnosis and treatment is successful in the majority of cases. This article will be of help to any women who would like to know what screening involves and how a diagnosis of cervical cancer is made.
What causes cervical cancer?
How common is cervical cancer?
What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?
How is the cervical cancer diagnosis made?
Through an abnormal smear
Through presenting symptoms
Screening for prevention of cervical cancer
Who is invited for cervical screening?
What does screening involve?
Vaccination for HPV is thoroughly recommended in most cases. For information on getting yourself vaccinated – click here.
The cervix is the lower part of the womb. It is sometimes referred to as the neck of the womb. Cervical cancer, is the second most common cancer in women world-wide, second only to breast cancer and in some developing countries, it is the most common. An estimated half a million women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year, approximately 80% of whom are in the developing world. About 300 thousand women die of this condition every year.
In countries like the United Kingdom, cervical cancer has become a lot less common. This is because there is a National Screening Programme which aims to prevent cervical cancer. Experts predict that cervical screening saves up to 4,500 lives a year in England, and up to 5,000 a year in the UK as a whole.
Cervical cancer is known to be caused by the Human Papilloma Virus. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of viruses that includes more than 100 different strains or types. More than 30 of these viruses are sexually transmitted, and they can infect the genital area of men and women including the skin of the penis, vulva (area outside the vagina), or anus, and the linings of the vagina, cervix, or rectum. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own.
However, certain strains of HPV, known as High-Risk HPV, can cause normal cells on infected skin or mucous membranes to turn abnormal. Most of the time, you cannot see or feel these cell changes. In most cases, the body fights off HPV naturally and the infected cells then go back to normal. If a high-risk HPV infection is not cleared by the immune system, it can linger for many years and turn abnormal cells into cancer over time. About 10% of women with high-risk HPV on their cervix will develop long-lasting HPV infections that put them at risk for cervical cancer. Nearly all cervical cancers are related to HPV, but most genital HPV infections do not cause cervical cancer. In research studies, most people who test positive for genital HPV DNA test negative later on, often within 6 to 12 months. Smoking reduces the chances of clearing HPV, thus increasing the chances of an abnormal smear.
There is no treatment for the virus itself, but a healthy immune system can usually fight off HPV naturally. However, there is now a vaccine that can prevent HPV infection.
HPV vaccination was introduced into the national immunisation programme in September 2008, for girls aged 12-13 across the UK. Then, starting in autumn 2009, a two-year catch up campaign vaccinated all girls up to 18 years of age.
When the HPV vaccination programme began in 2008, women over the age of 18 were not vaccinated as it was not cost effective in preventing cervical cancer. This is because as soon as a woman becomes sexually active, she is at risk of infection with the virus.
It will be many years before the vaccination programme has an effect upon cervical cancer incidence so women are advised to continue accepting their invitations for cervical screening.
In the UK overall, two out of every 100 cancers diagnosed in women are cervical cancers. But it is the second most common cancer in women under 35 years old. Added to this, about 24,000 women have a severely abnormal cervical screening result every year.
The most common symptom of cervical cancer is bleeding from the vagina at other times than when you are having a period. You may have bleeding:
Between periods
After or during sex
At any time if you are past your menopause
Some women also have
A vaginal discharge that smells unpleasant
Discomfort or pain during sex
Doctors call pain related to sex 'dyspareunia'. There are many other conditions that cause these symptoms. Most of them are much more common than cervical cancer but you should go to your doctor straight away if you have any of these symptoms. You probably don't have cancer, but if you do, the sooner you are treated, the more likely you are to be cured and usually the less treatment you will need to have.
Cervical cancer can be detected in two main ways:
1. Through an abnormal smear
A small proportion of women with abnormal smears will be found to have an early cancer when a biopsy is taken. This is known as a screen-detected cancer. Most screen-detected cancers are very early and completely treatable as, by definition, they are discovered before a woman develops symptoms.
2. Through presenting symptoms
All women presenting with abnormal bleeding or any of the other symptoms described above are referred for urgent investigations. If, on examination, the cervix appears abnormal, a biopsy is taken to confirm the diagnosis of cancer.
Screening (cervical smears, cytology) is possible because we understand a lot about how cervical cancer develops. Cancer of the cervix usually takes many years to develop. Before it does, the cells in the cervix often show changes, known as cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN). This precancerous cell stage is also sometimes known as dyskaryosis. If left untreated, CIN can develop into cervical cancer. However, the majority of women with CIN do not develop the disease.
Screening (smears, cytology) works because these early changes can be detected and fully treated, thereby preventing progression to cancer. It is important to understand that cervical screening is not a test for cancer but for abnormalities which, if left undetected and untreated, may develop into cancer. Early detection and treatment can prevent 75 per cent of cancers developing.
Within the NHS Cervical Screening Programme in England, women aged 25 to 49 are invited for free cervical screening every three years, and women aged 50 to 64 every five years. Women over 65 are invited if their previous three tests were not clear or if they have never been screened.
The NHS call and recall system invites all eligible women who are registered with a GP. It also keeps track of any follow-up investigation, and, if all is well, recalls the woman for screening in three or five years time. It is therefore important that all women ensure their GP has their correct name and address details and that they inform them if these change.
Women who have not had a recent test may be offered one when they attend their GP or family planning clinic on another matter. Women should receive their first invitation for routine screening at 25. It is important that you attend for screening when you receive your letter. The doctor or nurse will explain the process to you before obtaining your sample.
You should let your GP know if you think you should have a screening test but have not received a letter. Women who attend for regular cervical screening are very unlikely to develop cervical cancer. In 2007–08 in England 4,337,720 women were invited for cervical screening and 3,374,826 were screened.
The first stage in cervical screening is taking a sample from the cervix for analysis. A doctor or nurse inserts an instrument (a speculum) to open the woman's vagina and uses a spatula to sweep around the cervix. Most women consider the procedure to be only mildly uncomfortable. It only takes a few minutes. The sample is then sent to a specialist laboratory where it is examined and the result of the examination is communicated to your doctor.
If your result is normal (very low risk of having a pre-cancerous abnormality) you will be asked to re-attend for screening in three to five years, depending on your age and screening history.
If the test is abnormal (high risk of having pre-cancerous changes in your cervix), you will be referred to a hospital to see a specialist for a procedure called colposcopy.
You may be referred for colposcopy if your screening test is abnormal. This is not unusual: about one in ten tests are abnormal. Colposcopy is a simple, quick and generally painless examination that allows the doctor to see the type and area of the abnormality on your cervix. It also lets the doctor decide if you need treatment.
For some women the changes in the cervix return to normal by themselves. Other women will need some simple out-patient treatment that is virtually 100% effective.
The instrument used is called a colposcope and is really just a large magnifying glass which lets the doctor look more closely at the changes on your cervix. The actual examination only takes about 15 minutes. If, at colposcopy, the doctor finds areas of abnormality on your cervix he/she may take a biopsy which is a small sample of tissue, sent to the laboratory for analysis. This test will describe the extent of abnormality, known as CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.)
CIN 1 means that only a third of the cells in the affected area are abnormal. These may be left to return to normal or may be treated, depending on your doctor's opinion.
CIN 2 means that up to two-thirds of the cells in the affected area are abnormal. Treatment will usually be needed to return the cells to normal.
CIN 3 means that all the cells in the affected area are abnormal. Treatment will be needed to return the cells to normal.
Only very rarely will a biopsy show cell changes that have already developed into cancer. Surgery and more extensive treatments are generally used to treat cervical cancer. There are several equally effective methods available to treat CIN. The aim of all methods of treatment is to destroy all the cells affected by CIN, with the minimum of disruption to normal tissue.
The choice of treatment will depend on your particular case, on the preference of the doctor doing the colposcopy, and on the methods available at the clinic. Most clinics offer a procedure called a large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ). This involves using a small loop-shaped electrical wire to remove the tiny area where abnormal cells arise. It is done under local anaesthetic in the majority of cases and is very well tolerated.
For further information on the author of this article, Consultant Gynaecologist, Dr Adeola Olaitan, please click here.
A medication that reduces sensation. Full medical glossary
The external opening of the back passage, the rectum. Full medical glossary
The removal of a small sample of cells or tissue so that it may be examined under a microscope. The term may also refer to the tissue sample itself. Full medical glossary
Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division resulting in a malignant tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. Full medical glossary
Malignant, a tumour that may invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. Full medical glossary
The basic unit of all living organisms. Full medical glossary
Relating either to the cervix (the neck of the womb) or to the cervical vertebrae in the neck (cervical spine). Full medical glossary
Abnormal changes in the cervix of the uterus that may resolve spontaneously, or may progress to cervical cancer. Full medical glossary
Any neck-like structure; most commonly refers to the neck of the uterus. Full medical glossary
An abbreviation for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, abnormal changes in the cervix of the uterus that may resolve spontaneously, or may progress to cervical cancer. Full medical glossary
A binocular microscope with an attached light source, used to examine the cervix of the uterus. Full medical glossary
Close examination of the cervix of the uterus using a magnifying instrument with attached light source, known as a colposcope. Full medical glossary
The study of individual cells. Full medical glossary
The process of determining which condition a patient may have. Full medical glossary
The building blocks of the genes in almost all living organisms - spelt out in full as deoxyribonucleic acid. Full medical glossary
Abnormal appearance of a cell, where the nucleus looks irregular but the rest of the cell looks fairly normal. Full medical glossary
Pain experienced by a woman during sexual intercourse. Full medical glossary
Relating to tissues surrounding tubes and cavities in the body. Full medical glossary
Abbreviation for Eustachian tube. Full medical glossary
The removal of a piece of tissue or an organ from the body. Full medical glossary
The basic unit of genetic material carried on chromosomes. Full medical glossary
An organ with the ability to make and secrete certain fluids. Full medical glossary
An abbreviation for human papilloma virus, a sexually transmitted virus that can cause genital warts and may also have a role in the development of various cancers. Full medical glossary
The organs specialised to fight infection. Full medical glossary
The number of new episodes of a condition arising in a certain group of people over a specified period of time. Full medical glossary
An abbreviation for large loop excision of the transformation zone, a type of surgery used to cut out abnormal tissue of the cervix of the uterus. It uses a loop of heated wire that acts like a scalpel. Full medical glossary
The time of a woman's life when her ovaries stop releasing an egg (ovum) on a monthly cycle, and her periods cease
Full medical glossary
Membranes that line many body structures such as the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract and produce mucus. Full medical glossary
An abnormal proliferation of cells
A non-cancerous growth that resembles a wart. Full medical glossary
per vaginam Full medical glossary
The last part of the large intestine, where faeces are stored before being passed. Full medical glossary
A way to identify people who may have a certain condition, among a group of people who may or may not seem to Full medical glossary
An instrument used gently to widen an opening, so that the inside can be more easily seen. Full medical glossary
A group of cells with a similar structure and a specialised function. Full medical glossary
The muscula passage, forming part of the femal reproductive system, between the cervix and the external genitalia. Full medical glossary
A microbe that is only able to multiply within living cells. Full medical glossary
Microbes that are only able to multiply within living cells. Full medical glossary
The external part of the female genitalia. Full medical glossary
The uterus. Full medical glossary
Consultant Gynaecologist
What's the alternative to smear tests?
Tuesday, November 5, 2019 - 22:33
Private smear tests London
7 things your gynaecologist wants you to know
Friday, October 6, 2017 - 10:49
Do lesbians need smear tests?
Monday, March 13, 2017 - 14:30
Full uptake of cervical cancer screening could save hundreds of lives
Preventing cervical cancer
One dose of HPV vaccine sufficient to prevent cervical cancer
totalhealth launch series of consultant-led, therapeutic infographics for patients
Cervical cancer expert supports application of better diagnostic systems
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Cervical cancer jab: Risk or requirement?
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The study is publically available at ClinicalTrials.gov as of June 27, 2013 (identifier NCT 01891240). Go to the study record details.
ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world. ClinicalTrials is a service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health.


text:
Mathaf Museum
Qatar a top player in art, museum markets
Paris , October 1, 2012
Qatar aims to become the global leader in the museum industry and the country is already a new "market maker" of the art market, a new study said.
Qatar is using its very substantial financial resources to bid systematically for works by well known artists with a margin that is about 40 per cent to 45 per cent above "market prices", the forthcoming study of the museum industry over the period 2000 - 2012 by Artprice and Organ Museum Research said.
It said more museums and contemporary art centres were opened worldwide over this period than in the previous 200 years, and the period 2012 - 2017 promises to see the opening of even more cultural centres.
Artprice is a global leader in databank on artprices and indices with more than 27 million indices and auction results covering more than 500,000 artists.
The study said the ratio of search requests per head of the Qatari population (1.8 million) is almost 45 times higher than that of Germany.
Artprice has been able to identify certain parameters that highlight the tremendous "war machine" that is turning Qatar into the new "market maker" of the art market, it said.
It should be noted that all of Qatar's cultural institutions are upscale subscribers to Artprice group (Qatar Museum Autority, Mathaf Museum, MIA, National Museum of Qatar QMA, etc.), as are almost all of the royal family who are responsible for the country's cultural development, it said.
In terms of the search requests originating from Qatar, Artprice found on the one hand, a very impressive number of requests per user, and on the other hand, that nearly 50 per cent of the consultations involve searches on its indices and analytical tools.
"Obviously - respecting the ethical rules of the profession of issuers of primary information source - we can easily understand that
Qatar, via its 10 museums, contemporary art centres and foundations, is conducting a faultless strategy involving searching for the best works by well-known artists, and, taking advantage of Artprice's data to ensure the traceability of the targeted works," it said.
In some cases, Artprice notes that entire collections, North American and / or European have been purchased privately or at auctions by various Qatari cultural foundations to accelerate Qatar's conquest of the art market and establish itself as an unavoidable player on the global art market, with museums and contemporary art centres that can easily compete with their American and European counterparts, it said.
"Anecdotally, we have observed intense searches on artists like Richard Serra, Murakani, Jeff Koons, Damien Hirst, Louis Bourgeois, Rothko and Paul Cezanne. Hence the purchase of Paul Cezanne's The Card Players for $250 million, which represents the largest transaction ever recorded on the art market," the study said.
"Concerning this acquisition, based on the data requests launched by Qatari cultural authorities, Artprice can confirm 99 per cent that this transaction has taken place."
Amongst its professional subscribers, Artprice also has all the major advisors and curators that work for Qatar. It is also worth noting that Qatar tried in vain to buy Christie's and is still seeking to acquire one or more international auction operators, it said.
Qatari cultural authorities have a pragmatic but visionary approach and are only interested in masterpieces, it said.
"What is interesting is that the Qatari authorities are daring in their choice of artists, demonstrating a clear desire to modernise their country. They are generating a worldwide reputation and will undoubtedly be in the global top three if not the number one position in 2013. This hypothesis is being confirmed every day now as a virtual certainty," it said.
The analysis also reveals intense data research on Middle Eastern and North African artists, and the Qataris are selecting the best among them such as the French artist of Algerian origin Kader Attia, the Syrian Adel Abidin, Khalil Rabah, the Iraqi Dia Azzawi, the Moroccan Farid Belkahia, the Egyptian Ahmed Nouar, Walid Raad, Ghada Amer, Mounir Fatmi and Zineb Sedira, the study said.
Artprice is the global leader in databank on Artprices and indices with more than 27 million indices and auction results covering more than 500,000 artists. Artprice Images offers unlimited access to the largest art market resource in the world, a library of 108 million images or engravings of artworks from 1700 to the present day along with comments by Artprice's art historians. - TradeArabia News Service/ PRNewswire
Tags: Qatar	| Art	| museum	|
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S3 Alliance signed a new agreement with MACTRONIX Group, LLC, Texas, USA. MACTRONIX is a leading manufacturer of wafer handling equipment for Semiconductor and Solar Cell Processing, ranging from all manual equipment to semi-automatic systems. Since 1982, they have served the international Semiconductor and Solar Cell communities in wafer handling equipment.
Mactronix is a leading manufacturer of wafer handling equipment for Semiconductor and Solar Cell Processing, ranging from all manual equipment to semi-automatic systems.
Since 1982, we have served the international Semiconductor and Solar Cell communities in wafer handling equipment that includes: single-wafer handling, mass wafer transferring, wafer sorting and inspection, automated wafer loading and packing for shipping and Solar Cell semi-automated transfer and furnace loading systems. All Mactronix products are engineered, built and designed in the U.S.A. for the customer's application.
We take pride in our vertically integrated manufacturing process. Vertical integration is the key to our expertise by having a research and development team of engineers and technicians with semiconductor equipment and industry fabrication process knowledge on call to handle your wafer handling applications, including customization to meet your project specifications.
As many companies try to produce lookalike equipment, always look for a Mactronix original.
We are continually monitoring and evaluating our manufacturing practices to insure the best quality in Semiconductor and Solar Wafer handling equipment.
With 30 plus years in business, Mactronix continues to grow in all aspects of equipment for Solar Cell and Semiconductor industries. Please contact us for any request with Mactronix.


I'd gone to the dogs in more ways than one.
Life happened, and I was preoccupied with taking care of everyone else except me.
I think all women have experienced this at one time or another. We are the nurturers, the mothers, the wives, and everything else in between. So when the time comes when we decide to put ourselves first, we waiver. Can I afford it? Do I have the time? Will I succeed?
I had the same thoughts. But I decided I was important to myself and my family.
Prior to this decision I had rescued a little dog, Ozzie, and embarked a new hobby. Ozzie was very athletic, and dog agility was something I had always wanted to try. So the lessons began, then the first competition took place. Because I was over-weight, my feet hurt, my knees hurt and I could hardly make it through a trial class without needing oxygen.
Ozzie did wonderfully, but I felt like Humpty Dumpty trying to make it around that course. Then I saw a video of myself and I was horrified! I kept thinking, "Is that really me?" I knew I had to do something.
the new well was somewhere in the back of my mind. I had been successful on the program before, and I remembered what it felt like to be thin.
It was time to start the journey back to a healthy lifestyle, and get back on the road to feeling better about myself. I needed to get my muscles working again like they were intended to.
My journey has just begun and already I am feeling better. I can run with my dog and my feet and knees are thanking me.
The girls at the new well are so encouraging, and it's always fun to go and visit and exercise. The eating plan is so healthy and sensible. It's a lifestyle, not a diet.
I'm looking forward to the wonderful feeling of being thin again. And most of all, I'm looking forward to years of dog agility with my little furry friends.
Thank you to everyone at the new well for getting me back on the right track!


Lab manager of Accu+Plus Dental Lab. Born in Seoul Korea, moved to Canada at the age of 20.
Tim has worked as crown and bridge technician for over 20 years. For the past 10 years he has been a supervisor of the crown and bridge department. His years of experience and excellent management skills have excelled him into a lab mangers position.
Tim's expertise is implants, attachments and cad/cam technology.


Nasturtiums look like water-lily pads without the water. This is just the beginning of a long list of their oddities. I've grown them for decades, and they still amaze me. Jim Hillibish's weekly gardening column.


Get to know one of our dedicated Meals on Wheels Drivers: Coleen Riley. For Coleen, her family is one of the most important aspects of her life and a driving factor behind her motivation & willingness to volunteer throughout the community. Coleen initially began volunteering at her church for the neighborhood luncheons and at the food pantry. She enjoyed the feeling of being able to prepare meals for individuals along with working with others & meeting new people from the community.
She says "The feeling of satisfaction when we were told we had fed over 80 families...amazing!"
Coleen began volunteering with Southern Rhode Island Volunteers as a Meals on Wheels driver in September of 2017. After she saw the budget cuts made to the program that would no longer allow for weekend deliveries, Coleen began to wonder how she could help.
"I saw the post for the need for Meals on Wheels driver and well, I thought... if this isn't a sign I don't know what is!"
Coleen & Her daughter, Isabella.
Her desire to volunteer ultimately stems from her family and the struggles they endured together. In 2009, Coleen was diagnosed with breast cancer while her mother was battling Alzheimer's Disease. In an instant, her family's life changed drastically. They had no financial cushion which resulted in literally living on pennies. However, even though she had lost everything, Coleen had her family. Because she had her mother and her daughter they made it TOGETHER! When her mother passed away in July of 2017, Coleen vowed to find a way to make a difference in the lives of elders.
"What is important NOW has nothing to do with material things. What is important is utilizing the time I have left to making a difference."
Volunteering gives her such a sense of purpose and accomplishment that she even encourages her daughter and friends to lend a hand when they are on school breaks!
Coleen told us the story of a memorable experience she had with a woman who she delivers meals to in Narragansett. Coleen lives in Warwick and when the woman found our that she travels from Warwick to Narragansett to deliver meals, the client questioned why she would drive so far to do this for them. Coleen says, "I took a minute to gather my thoughts and answered, "I do it because I wasn't able to have these moments with my parents". I went on to explain about my mother and how I enjoy Wednesdays "with mom" going to South County and down to the beaches that she loved. I explained that it brought a bit of sunshine into my life after losing my mother. I told her I consider it a privilege to be allowed into these people's lives and homes. This wonderful woman was blown away by my reply. She had tears, I had tears..."
Coleen has a large vision and several goals for giving back. Meals on Wheels has allowed her to personally meet and assist some of our elders. Her other goals include developing a program which would help families in need when a medical catastrophe hits and to volunteer for the American Cancer Society in any capacity so she can be there for those going through the same as she did.
For Coleen, volunteering with Meals on Wheels has been the best medicine for getting her life back on track. She is a great example of how volunteering can change your life for the better!
Peggy was raised in Rhode Island, but lived in various locations as a teacher. Peggy and her husband missed the ocean and eventually decided to move back to raise their four children in Rhode island. Peggy is part of Southern rhode island volunteers' Retired Senior Volunteer Program.
After working at the Monsignor Clarke School in Wakefield for 27 years, Peggy McLoughlin retired to spend more time with her family. Her strong belief in the Catholic principle of helping others has moved Peggy to continue giving back to those less fortunate in her community. Since retiring 15 years ago, Peggy has been driving seniors to their medical appointments and subbing in as a driver for Meals on Wheels through Southern Rhode Island Volunteers.
Since most of Peggy's children and grandchildren live out of state, she is often on the road. Finding a flexible volunteer opportunity was key.
She advises prospective volunteers is to try a flexible opportunity first and see how it works out. If it is a positive experience Peggy suggests committing to a more formal schedule, if time allows.
Peggy transitioned from working with children to the opposite end of the spectrum - the aging population. These two groups are very different to work with Peggy notes, but admits it's a lot easier to work with seniors than keeping up with the energy levels of second graders.
As a senior herself, Peggy knows the realities that many people face as they age, including isolation, physical limitations, plus trouble accessing food, financial and health resources.
"Volunteering has made me aware of how very fortunate I am in terms of still having good health at this age and how lucky I have been financially as well. So many of these people have a very difficult time," said Peggy.
One of the biggest lessons she's learned didn't come from a classroom, but through the seniors she's met over the years. Despite some people's misfortunes, Peggy notes that most individuals she drove over the past 15 years were very pleasant and thankful to be helped.
Volunteering isn't just a way to give back to your community. Volunteering also helps you stay active and provides countless benefits for one's mind and body.
When Peggy isn't spending time with her family, or volunteering, she enjoys quilting and gardening at home, despite claiming she does not have a "green thumb." Peggy is also a busy member of the Social Outreach Committee for the Saint Francis of Assisi in Wakefield assisting with fundraisers and food drives.
Let Southern Rhode Island Volunteers Find You the Perfect Opportunity to Fit Your Schedule!


text:
Félix Trombe (* 19. März 1906 in Nogent-sur-Marne; † 26. März 1985 in Ganties) war ein französischer Chemiker, Ingenieur und anerkannter Höhlenforscher. Er war einer der Pioniere auf dem Gebiet der Nutzung der Sonnenenergie.

Lebenslauf
Trombe wuchs in dem Pyrenäendorf Ganties auf. Zum Studium der Chemie ging er nach Paris an die École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP), wo er 1928 das Diplom erhielt. Anschließend wurde er auf dem Gebiet der Lanthanoide promoviert. 1935 gelang es ihm, erstmals metallisches Gadolinium durch elektrolytische Reduktion herzustellen. Kurze Zeit später entdeckte er zusammen mit Georges Urbain und Pierre-Ernest Weiss auch den Ferromagnetismus des Elementes. Von 1965 bis 1969 leitete er das Georges-Urbain-Labor am CNRS.

Sein Werk

1949 wurde unter der Leitung von Trombe in dem französischen Pyrenäenort Mont-Louis ein Prototyp eines Sonnenofens mit 50 kW Leistung errichtet. Später wurde im benachbarten Odeillo nach Trombes Plänen eine 1 MW Anlage aufgebaut.

Mit dem Architekten Jacques Michel zusammen entwickelte er 1956 in Odeillo eine spezielle, in Wohnhäuser integrierbare, Speicherwand zu passiven Nutzung der Sonnenenergie, die sogenannte Trombe-Wand.

Neben seinem Engagement für die Forschung und Nutzung der Sonnenenergie war Trombe auch ein anerkannter Höhlenforscher. Bereits als 17-Jähriger war er Schüler und Mitarbeiter von Henri Breuil und Henri Bégouen (1863–1956). Zusammen mit Pierre Chevalier (1905–2001) entdeckte er im Département Haute-Garonne zahlreiche Höhlen und unterirdische Flüsse. Für sechs Jahre war er Präsident des Spéléo-Club de Paris. 1948 schreibt er das Buch Le Mystère de la Henne Morte über die Pyrenäen-Grotte Henne Morte (Tote Frau).

Félix Trombe verfasste über 300 Veröffentlichungen.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 F. Trombe: Le mystère de la Henne Morte. Collection Voyages et Aventures, Paris, 1948, ISBN 2-7348-0743-2
 F. Trombe: Traité de Spéléologie. Payot, Paris, 1948

Weblinks
 History From Solar Furnace of Mont-Louis mit Abbildung von Félix Trombe (englisch)

Chemiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Höhlenforscher
Person (Solarenergie)
Franzose
Geboren 1906
Gestorben 1985
Mann


text:
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text:
#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

#include <string>
using std::string;

int main()
{
	string word;
	while (cin >> word)       // read until end-of-file
		cout << word << endl; // write each word followed by a new line
	return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
// ======================================================================== //
// Copyright 2009-2015 Intel Corporation                                    //
//                                                                          //
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");          //
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.         //
// You may obtain a copy of the License at                                  //
//                                                                          //
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                           //
//                                                                          //
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software      //
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,        //
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. //
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and      //
// limitations under the License.                                           //
// ======================================================================== //

#pragma once

#include "default.h"
#include "state.h"

namespace embree
{
  class BVH4Factory;
  class BVH8Factory;
  class InstanceFactory;

  class Device : public State, public MemoryMonitorInterface
  {
    ALIGNED_CLASS;

  public:

    /*! Device construction */
    Device (const char* cfg, bool singledevice);

    /*! Device destruction */
    virtual ~Device ();

    /*! prints info about the device */
    void print();

    /*! sets the error code */
    void setErrorCode(RTCError error);

    /*! returns and clears the error code */
    RTCError getErrorCode();

    /*! returns thread local error code storage location */
    RTCError* getError();

    /*! processes error codes, do not call directly */
    void process_error(RTCError error, const char* str);

    /*! invokes the memory monitor callback */
    void memoryMonitor(ssize_t bytes, bool post);

    /*! sets the size of the software cache. */
    void setCacheSize(size_t bytes);

    /*! configures some parameter */
    void setParameter1i(const RTCParameter parm, ssize_t val);

  private:

    /*! initializes the tasking system */
    void initTaskingSystem(size_t numThreads);

    /*! configures tasking system with maximal number of thread set by any device */
    void configureTaskingSystem();

    /*! shuts down the tasking system */
    void exitTaskingSystem();

  public:
    bool singledevice;      //!< true if this is the device created implicitely through rtcInit

    InstanceFactory* instance_factory;

#if !defined(__MIC__)
    BVH4Factory* bvh4_factory;
#endif

#if defined(__TARGET_AVX__)
    BVH8Factory* bvh8_factory;
#endif

#if USE_TASK_ARENA
  tbb::task_arena* arena;
#endif
  };
}


Fisher DeBerry is the former head football coach at the United States Air Force Academy, a position he held for 23 years. He has led 17 of his 22 teams to winning records and 12 have captured a bowl bid. His career record of 169-107-1 is the best in school history in terms of games won and winning percentage. He retired on December 15, 2006 as the winningest head football coach in Air Force history.
Coach DeBerry was born in Cheraw , South Carolina in 1938. In high school, DeBerry was a four-sport varsity letter winner, lettering five times in baseball, three times each in football and basketball and twice in track. He was also an all-state selection in baseball and football. DeBerry graduated in 1960 from Wofford College in Spartanburg, South Carolina , where he lettered in football and baseball. He was also active in the Kappa Sigma Fraternity while in college.
After six years of coaching and teaching in the South Carolina high school ranks, DeBerry returned to Wofford , where he coached for two years as an assistant when Wofford won 21 consecutive games and was ranked first in the NAIA. For the next nine years (71-79), DeBerry was an assistant coach at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . While DeBerry was there, Appalachian State was ranked in the top 10 nationally in either rushing, total offense or scoring offense three times. In 1974, the team ranked sixth nationally in pass defense when he was defensive coordinator.
Ken Hatfield hired DeBerry in 1980 as the Air Force Academy quarterbacks coach. The next year, DeBerry was promoted to offensive coordinator. By 1982, Air Force posted an 8-5 record and beat Vanderbilt in the Hall of Fame Bowl while averaging 30.4 points per game. After the 1983 season, Hatfield left Air Force for Arkansas after the Falcons' 10-2 season and Independence Bowl victory. DeBerry was promoted to head coach.
DeBerry at a pre-game press conference in 2000.
During DeBerry's tenure as head coach, Air Force won at least eight games 11 different seasons. DeBerry's first team, in 1984, was 8-4 and beat Virginia Tech in the 1984 Independence Bowl. The next year, the Falcons won 12 games, and were ranked as high as No. 4 nationally until a 28-21 loss at BYU . In the final Associated Press poll, the Falcons ranked eighth. DeBerry has coached the Falcons to three conference championships, winning the Western Athletic Conference championship in 1985, 1995, and 1998. The 1998 team's 12-1 record completed the first back-to-back 10-win seasons in school history, and finished the season ranked 10th nationally.
DeBerry's Falcons have dominated the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series with arch rivals Army and Navy . Air Force has won the trophy 14 times and shared it once in DeBerry's 21 seasons. He is a combined 34-8 against the Black Knights and Midshipmen and is the winningest coach in service academy history. Since the Commander-in-Chief's series began in 1972, Air Force has gone to 16 bowl games, compared to a combined 13 for Army and Navy. DeBerry has led the Academy to 12 of those bowl games and has a 6-6 record.
Although DeBerry has been portrayed a role-model for most of his career, he came under fire for controversial racial remarks made he made in October 2005 after a 48-10 loss to Texas Christian University (TCU). DeBerry said TCU "had a lot more Afro-American players than we did and they ran a lot faster than we did. Afro-American kids can run very well. That doesn't mean that Caucasian kids and other descents can't run, but it's very obvious to me that they run extremely well." Earlier that year, DeBerry had been criticized for a banner posted in the team's locker room that was interpreted by some as inappropriate religious proselytizing.
On December 15, 2006 DeBerry announced his retirement. He now splits his retirement time between South Carolina and Oklahoma, where he owns homes.
Coach DeBerry has been named WAC Coach of the Year three times in his career, and in 1985, won the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award as NCAA college football's coach of the year. DeBerry has also been awarded the State Farm Coach of Distinction award in 2001, and has been inducted into the South Carolina Sports Hall of Fame. DeBerry received an honorary doctorate of humanities from Wofford during its graduation ceremony in 2003.
In 1996, DeBerry served as president of the American Football Coaches Association, and is currently the chairman of the AFCA ethics committee. He was honored by the Independence Bowl as a member of its Hall of Fame. In 2005, DeBerry was honored with induction into the Colorado Springs Sports Hall of Fame.
DeBerry and his wife, LuAnn, are notably active in church, charity and community affairs. Coach DeBerry gives motivational speeches to religious and corporate groups, and LuAnn is a volunteer with the Ronald McDonald House and the American Cancer Society. DeBerry has strong ties to the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and was inducted into the organizations's Hall of Champions in 2005. He and LuAnn have assisted fund-raising efforts for Easter Seals, the March of Dimes, the Salvation Army and the American Heart Association.Coach DeBerry's son Joe played in the Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees and Milwaukee Brewers baseball organizations. He currently resides in Grove, Oklahoma.
Ex-Air Force Coach At Home In Grove, Tulsa World, October 5, 2008.
DeBerry Out of Line for Proselytizing to his Players, SI.Com, May 26, 2005.
DeBerry Reprimanded for Racial Comments, ESPN, October 27, 2005.


A dense forested area with a bald arc bracing its eastern edge. It's not recommended to take a fight into the trees as it can become hard to keep track of a creature's attacks, but watch out for the cliff at the same time.
You can jump from the cliff on the east side of the area, but that also means a Monster can knock you off it – be careful.
The largest individual area in the Flooded Forest, Area 8 has three distinct parts; underwater, the shore and the elevated path (the quickest way to Area 9 and 10 from Base Camp that features a mining node). You can pass between all three, thanks to a climbing wall.
The pillars on the 'shore' area are destructible.


So we know that any successful company or organisation needs a brand personality. It needs to be strong, distinctive and not there by accident. Brand is not something you leave to chance, after all.
Nurture it, know it, promote it, live it. How your customer and clients connect with your brand is super important. So how do you make sure your brand connects fully with your target audience?
Make sure you align archetypes.
What we might refer to as brand personalities are actually character archetypes. It's generally accepted that there are 12 of them.
The term 'Archetype' comes to us from the ancient Greeks, rooted in the words 'archein' which means original and 'typos' which translates as type or pattern .
But more popularly, the concept of character archetypes goes back to the psychologist C G Jung, who argued that they had always been there, that these mythical, universal character types existed within the collective unconscious.
Archetypes are an essential building block of story and storytellers have used them for centuries.
They are the first cousin to genre and as such are instantly familiar to anyone who has watched a Hollywood blockbuster, read a book, watched a play or even listened to song lyrics.
The Hero, the Adventurer, The Explorer, The Lover, The Magician, The Ruler, The Jester, The Innocent, The Sage, The Creator, The Caregiver and The Rebel …..
These don't need much in the way of explanation or introduction when it comes to the way we absorb and receive stories, or enjoy films, dramas and books.
Why do these 'character archetypes' work so well in stories?
Because of how they engage on a subconscious level. We journey through story with them. We don't just watch the hero or heroine of a tale experience highs and lows, glory and the defeat, triumph and heartbreak. We experience all those things for ourselves. That's why story connects, moves us and is so powerful.
So in the same way that story is innate, so are archetypes, whether we're talking Indiana Jones or Pizza Express. An archetype conveys meaning. We find ourselves relating to the brand as a living, breathing thing.
And because archetypes connect subconsciously with an audience, they are all the more powerful. A company boosts the way it engages with its customers by constructing its brand around the correct archetype.
Big, well known brands will have obvious archetypes. But for younger, smaller businesses and organisations character archetypes can be especially useful. They can help a company to stand out by differentiating themselves from their competitors, helping build customer identification and loyalty.
Your target audience's archetype will define and describe the reasons why they want certain things, why and how they search for them and why and how they share the story of their experience.
Most people have several archetypes at play in their personality construct. However, one tends to dominate. And in terms of a business or organisation, this is the archetype to focus on.
This is when a brand, company, business or organisation's archetype does not match that of its target customer base. And this is almost certainly happening because that organisation, for whatever reason, is not being honest with itself. It might happen after a re-launch or re-branding for example, maybe an attempt to take a business upmarket in the search for a new customer base.
The risk here is jeopardising the relationship with the existing customer who might feel that they're being told they aren't good enough.
Effectively, as a business – especially one that has been around for a while – your archetype is in the eye of the customer. So how can you control the way you are perceived by them?
Here's how. By being honest.
As in our personal relationships, in business there is such a thing as trying too hard. The important thing is for you to decide and KNOW who you are. It's YOUR tool to use. So remember, when it comes to your brand – Nurture it, know it, promote it, live it.
But things are never quite that simple.
No one – not a person, a business, a brand – defines themselves purely by one archetype. Life is too complex, deep and dynamic for that. Most of us will probably have three or four in us. But one will predominate.
Now and then life throws us a spanner.
Trauma, upset, shock or sudden change of any kind – be it divorce, illness, loss of job, a milestone birthday, can very quickly change our view of the world and bring the more dormant archetypes within us to the surface.
Now, instead of being happy and settled in ourselves, we're looking for change, to disrupt all that went before. So the rebel or explorer challenges the everyman. If we've been the victim of crime, our view could change and suddenly we are less the Jester and more The Ruler, in our desire for security.
The point being things change, all the time.
The story of life is a tale of constant change and surprise, not unlike a box of chocolates, apparently. So while it's a mistake not to clearly define your dominant character archetype as an organisation and brand, you want to guard against being too settled and comfortable. So alongside honesty, we now have flexibility as a prerequisite to get the most out of our character archetype.
If Archetypes teach us one thing it is to know ourselves and what we do and be the best at that. As in any story, people respond to authenticity and honesty.
Next time, we'll break down each of the 12 archetypes with brand examples, take a look at the main human desires and motivations each speaks to and the behaviours and actions they inspire as a result.


text:
Let England Shake è un album studio di Polly Jean Harvey conosciuta come PJ Harvey pubblicato nel 2011.

È il suo ottavo disco, senza considerare Dance Hall at Louse Point (1996) e A Woman a Man Walked By (2009) collaborazioni con John Parish, che comunque partecipa come musicista e produttore ma non viene ufficialmente riconosciuto come coautore dell'album.

Descrizione
La nascita artistica del disco ha richiesto tre anni circa ma è stato registrato in soli due mesi, tra aprile e maggio del 2010, in una chiesa del XIX secolo nella contea del Dorset in Inghilterra. Quasi un anno dopo, il 14 febbraio 2011 è stato distribuito dalle etichette indipendenti Island Records in Europa, Canada e tutte le altre nazioni e dalla Vagrant Records negli Stati Uniti.

Le tematica principale affrontata nei testi delle canzoni è la guerra, citando in particolare la battaglia di Gallipoli (1915-1916) e i Conflitti arabo-israeliani.

Tracce

Formazione
 PJ Harvey – voce, cori, chitarre (tracce 2,3,5,7,8,11,12), sassofono (1,2,4,5,8), autoharp (1,4,5,12), violino (7), zither (6)
 John Parish – cori (in tutte le tracce eccetto 1,7,10), batteria e percussioni (in tutte le tracce eccetto la 10), chitarre (2,3,4,6,9,10,12), trombone (1,2,4,5,8), mellotron (1,7,12), piano Rhodes (1,8,11), , xilofono (1,9).
 Mick Harvey – pianoforte (1,6,10), armonica a bocca (1,4,5,8,9), batteria e percussioni (2,4,6,11), organo (2,5,7,8), cori (2–6,8–12), piano Rhodes (3,6), bass (4), chitarra (8,9,11), xilofono (9)
 Jean-Marc Butty – cori (3,5,6,8,12), batteria e percussioni (3,6,8,10)
 Sammy Hurden – cori (8,12)
 Greta Berlin – cori (8,12)
 Lucy Roberts – cori (8,12)

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
During the 20th century, the Marxism-Leninism movement was the major communist movement in the world. Leninism is an ideology of communism and the term is often used interchangeably with Marxism, however there are some significant differences between the two.
Trotskyists believed that Stalinism contradicted authentic Marxism and Leninism
Throughout the history of the Bolshevik Party, Trotskyists have believed that Stalinism contradicted the authentic Marxism and Leninism of Lenin. This has been attributed to the fact that the USSR bureaucracy renounced revolutionary objectives and sought alliances with imperialist democracies after Hitler's victory. The Soviet press has published photos of Trotsky as Red Army leader.
While the Fourth International does indeed focus on mobilizing the working class for a world socialist revolution, it does not attempt to replace or subsume Leninism. Instead, it seeks to combine historically developed objective conditions with subjective consciousness of the working class.
The Fourth International program is based on the scientific revolutionary program espoused by the great Russian Communist Leonid Trotsky. It promotes the formation of a petty bourgeois agrarian radical class that will promote national bourgeoisie in backward countries. This is akin to the adventist line of the early 1900s. However, the Fourth International has never said that the Soviet bureaucracy is no longer imperialist.
The nebula of Marxism-Leninism has gone up in smoke
Throughout the course of history, Marxism-Leninism has undergone a series of ruptures with the past. These have led to qualitative leaps in its development. However, serious revolutionaries must break away from bourgeois ideology masquerading as Marxism. Often, these "Marxists" are from petty-bourgeois backgrounds. Nevertheless, they still want to claim that they are the foundation of the "Marxist" theory.
One of the most prominent characteristics of Marxism-Leninism is that it promised a "rational" society. It promised to bring about a radical liberation of human being. It also claimed that the party had scientific validity. It promised to establish a rational, science-based society.
But, in fact, the "science" of Capital has become a strange alchemy, combining economic science with a rationalist metaphysics of history and eschatology. It responds to a thirst for certainty by introducing pseudo-religious elements into the workers' movement. It also imports a monstrous notion of orthodoxy. Ultimately, it combines secular eschatology with a religious faith in the force of history.
Alternatives to Marxism-Leninism
During the last century, there have been a number of alternative theories to Marxism-Leninism. The main alternative was council communism, which was developed during the 1920s in Germany and in the Netherlands. It is a political theory that argues that the working class must be a part of the revolutionary process. It also rejects the Leninist party form of organization.
Council communism is based on theories drawn from experiences in the early Weimar Republic and the 1918 German Revolution. It posits that the proletariat must lead national liberation struggles in order to achieve socialism. It is a distinct alternative to Leninism because it rejects the Leninist party form.
One of the most important ideas in Third World Marxism-Leninism is that the struggle for democracy in the third world should be linked to the struggle for democracy in the industrialized world. This will allow the working class to gain a greater measure of power. The workers in the industrialized world will demand better pay, better working conditions, and a fair share of the spoils.
Tags: leninism marxism.
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Los Angeles Premiere/Community Conversation with Facing History, co-sponsored by the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights.
Film screening followed by a conversation with the filmmakers. This is a free event but registration is required.