text:
6 26/7UK Funds Terror Connections: Islamic Relief Worldwide
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GATESTONE IN THE MEDIA
UK Funds Terror Connections: Islamic Relief Worldwide
by Samuel WestropJuly 3, 2013 at 4:00 am
http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/3792/islamic-relief-worldwide-terrorism
The large number of links between Islamic Relief Worldwide and extremist terror groups suggests that buried beneath the cover of a charity lies a structured pro-terror group with an anti-Western agenda.
Islamic Relief Worldwide [IRW] is the poster-child of an exemplary Islamic charity. Headquartered in the UK, and given tens of millions of dollars by Western governments, the United Nations and the European Union, IRW consists of a "family of fifteen aid agencies" which "aim to alleviate the suffering of the world's poorest people." New information, however, indicates that IRW -- which counts Islamic Relief UK and Islamic Relief USA as its most important branches -- is an extremist organization with a pro-terror agenda. IRW has worked with a significant number of organizations linked to terrorism.
IRW's accounts show that it has partnered with a number of organizations linked to terrorism and that some of charity's trustees are personally affiliated with extreme Islamist groups that have connections to terror.
In 2006, the Israeli Ministry for Foreign Affairs designated IRW itself a terrorist front, and claimed that:
"The IRW provides support and assistance to Hamas's infrastructure. The IRW's activities in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip are carried out by social welfare organizations controlled and staffed by Hamas operatives. The intensive activities of these associations are designed to further Hamas's ideology among the Palestinian population."
In May of 2006, Israeli police arrested IRW's Gaza coordinator, Ayaz Ali. The Israeli government stated Ali had assisted Hamas-related institutions and groups such as Al Wafa and Al Tzalah, both of which are designated terror organizations in Israel. According to the Israeli government, Ali also said that he had cooperated with local Hamas operatives in Jordan:
"Incriminating files were found on Ali's computer, including documents that attested to the organization's ties with illegal Hamas funds abroad (in the UK and in Saudi Arabia) and in Nablus. Also found were photographs of swastikas superimposed on IDF symbols, of senior Nazi German officials, of Osama Bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, as well as many photographs of Hamas military activities … Ali admitted that he was aware that several of the organizations supported by the IRW in Judea, Samaria and Gaza were indeed identified with Hamas." [Author's emphasis]
For several years, IRW has supported the Islamic University of Gaza, where, during 2008, rockets and explosiveswere produced for use by Hamas. One of the most senior Hamas leaders, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, founded the university in 1978, and sixteen of the university's lecturers and teachers are elected Hamas members of the Palestinian legislature.
In 2002, the Russian Federal Security Service also accused Islamic Relief of being part of a radical Islamist network, providing support to terrorists in Chechnya.
Islamic Relief has denied the charges against them. These denials would be more convincing, however, were it not that IRW appears to be a hub for donations from charities accused of links to Al Qaeda and other terror groups.
In 2004, 2007 and 2009, IRW accounts revealed donations of tens of thousands of pounds from the Charitable Society for Social Welfare [CSSW], a charity founded by Al Qaeda terrorist and "Bin Laden loyalist" Abdul Majeed Al-Zindani. In 1998, the Al Qaeda terrorist Anwar Al-Awlaki, eventually killed by a U.S. drone strike, served as vice-president of CSSW's San Diego branch.
During a terrorism trial in 2004 in the U.S., Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Brian Murphy testified that CSSW was a "front organization to funnel money to terrorists."
In 1999, Human Concern International, a charity that Osama bin Laden told an Egyptian interviewer in 1995 was funding an al-Qaeda charitable front called Blessed Relief, gave IRW a $50,000 donation. IRW continues to referto Human Concern as a partner. In 2008, Human Concern granted IRW a further £25,000.
Human Concern has also funded the Global Relief Foundation, an organization shut down by the American government on the grounds that it had been laundering money for al-Qaeda and was linked to the Taliban. Similarly, in 2009 another funder of the Global Relief Foundation, the International Development and Relief Foundation, gave IRW just under £200,000.
Further, in 2008, IRW's accounts revealed a donation of £13,437 from the Yemeni Al-Eslah organization -- a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood whose leaders include Sheikh al-Zindani, whom the US Government hasdesignated a "Global Terrorist."
The same year, the UK-based charity Human Appeal International gave IRW £34,081. A 1996 CIA report claimed Human Appeal International was one of a number of Islamic charities used as conduits for funds to terrorist organizations, and tied it to the Saudi-based Muwafaq, an Al-Qaeda front group. The FBI, in 2003, claimed there was a "close relationship between Human Appeal International and Hamas." In February 2005, Hamas's website had already openly announced the receipt of funds from HAI.
One of Human Appeal's trustees is Dr. Nooh al Kaddo, who also serves as executive director of the Islamic Cultural Centre of Ireland. In 2009, this organization gave £2,707 to IRW.
The Islamic Cultural Centre is part of the Muslim Brotherhood's European network and hosts the European Council for Fatwa and Research, of which former IRW director Issam Al-Bashir is a leading member. The head of the council is Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, who believes Hitler was "divine punishment" for the Jews and is a supporter of suicide bombings.
In 2010 and 2011, the Kuwait-based International Islamic Charitable Organisation provided IRW with hundreds of thousands of pounds. According to counter-terrorism expert Matthew Levitt, a leaked CIA report identified this Kuwaiti charity as a key supporter of terrorism.
It is not just the charity, however, that has partnered with extremist groups. A number of IRW trustees and officials are also personally affiliated with state sponsors of terror, extremist groups and pro-terror organizations:
Essam El-Haddad
Dr Essam El-Haddad, a trustee of both Islamic Relief Worldwide and Islamic Relief UK, is presently the national security advisor to Egypt's President Morsi.
In January 2013, media reports claimed that Essam El-Haddad met with Major General Qassem Suleimani of the Iranian state terror group, the IRGC's Quds Force. The Times reported:
The spy chief met Essam al-Haddad, foreign affairs adviser to President Morsi, and officials from the Muslim Brotherhood, to advise the Government on building its own security and intelligence apparatus, independent of the national intelligence services, which are controlled by Egypt's military.
The move will confirm fears among opposition groups that the Muslim Brotherhood plans to enslave the country under a theocracy, while the prospect of Iran gaining influence in Cairo will make Egypt's neighbours and allies fearful.
Two members of the Muslim Brotherhood's Guidance Council, the Maktab al-Ershad, confirmed details of Mr Suleimani's visit. "The Government requested a high-level meeting with Iranian officials. Iran sent Suleimani," said one official. "The meeting was intended to send a message to America, which is putting pressure on the Egyptian Government, that we should be allowed to have other alliances with anyone we please." [Author's emphases.]
In April 2013, Haddad met with Iranian President Ahmadinejad, who hailed the talks as "strategic" and promised greater collaboration between Egypt and Iran. Haddad pledged to help Iran "prevent intervention of foreign countries in Syria by taking new initiatives."
Ahmed Al-Rawi
Dr. Ahmed Al-Rawi, a director of Islamic Relief, is the former head of the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe and president of the Muslim Association of Britain. Both groups are considered to be part of the European Muslim Brotherhood.
In 2004, Al-Rawi signed a declaration which supported jihad against British and American forces in Iraq.
Hani El-Banna
Dr. Hani El-Banna, the co-founder of Islamic Relief, was formerly a trustee of Muslim Aid, a London-based charity which was previously a "partner organization" of the Al-Salah Islamic Association. The U.S. government has officially designated Al Salah a terrorist entity. A number of Bangladeshi commentators have accused Muslim Aid of funding the violent Islamist group Jamaat-e-Islami, while El-Banna was involved.
In an interview with Emel magazine, El-Banna expressed his admiration for Islamist figures Hassan al-Banna and Sayyed Qutb, the ideological founders of the Muslim Brotherhood. Qutb famously authored a pamphlet entitled 'Our Struggle with the Jews' – an anti-Semitic tract recently described by the New York Review of Books "as extreme as Hitler's."
Hasan al-Banna was an advocate of violent jihad against non-Muslims and, during the Second World War,successfully appealed to Hitler for money to create a terror network in Egypt.
In addition, Hani El-Banna founded, and runs, with the support of IRW, another charity called the Humanitarian Forum. Banna's fellow trustee at IRW, Abdul Wahab Noorwali, is also a trustee of Humanitarian Forum.
Another trustee at the Humanitarian Forum is Huseyin Oruc, who is also a representative of the Turkish charity IHH. The IHH helped to organize the Gaza flotilla and has been designated a terrorist organization by the Dutch government. In 2012, Oruc helped to organize a protest movement called the Global March to Jerusalem, which was backed by a number of key Hamas individuals and organizations.
Sulaiman Shamsaldeen and Ibrahim Hassaballa are also trustees of the Humanitarian Forum, and both have been directors-general of the International Islamic Charitable Organisation. As mentioned above, the US government accuses this Kuwait-based charity of being a key financial supporter of terrorism.
Issam Al-Bashir
Issam Al-Bashir is a former Director of Islamic Relief. He is also the former Minister of Religious Affairs in the Sudan and a leading Muslim Brotherhood figure. Bashir was forced out of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood after he attempted to merge the group with the Sudanese Islamist Party, a group created by the Sudanese regime to broaden the support for the Islamist government. Bashir is a leading member of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, a group of fundamentalist clerics led by Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, who has called for the killing of Jews and homosexuals.
Abdul Wahab Noorwali
Abdul Wahab Noorwali, a trustee of Islamic Relief Worldwide, is the Assistant Secretary General of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY), a position he has held for the last 12 years. WAMY, founded in 1972, is a Saudi youth organization that US government agencies and officials claim has helped spread Islamic extremism around the world and has sponsored terrorism in places such as Bosnia and Israel.
The Saudi government funds WAMY. The US government has accused the organization of having links to Osama Bin Laden. WAMY was named in the lawsuit filed by families of the victims of the September 11 attacks, who accused the group of supporting al-Qaeda. Further, law enforcement officials in India and the Philippines have also accused WAMY of financing terrorism in their countries. In 2003, Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassinthanked the World Assembly for their continued financial support.
Ali al-Ahmed, a Saudi Arabian commentator who is the executive director of the Saudi Institute, said in an interview in March 2004 that WAMY is not only deeply anti-Semitic, but also anti-Shia.
WAMY has a long history of producing extreme anti-Semitism and anti-Shia publications.
WAMY distributed the booklet The Difference Between The Shiites and the Majority of Muslim Scholars in both English and Arabic. The booklet claims that Jews conspired to create division within Islam, and planted the "Jewish ideas" which became Shi'a Islam. The author claims, "The Jewish conspiracy (among others), represented by Abdullah Bin Sabaa, first influenced Muslims who were less knowledgeable about Islam and later on, spread to the rest of the Muslim community."
The book A Muslim's Relations with Non-Muslims, Enmity or Friendship, authored in Arabic by Dr. Abdulla Al-Tarekee, is also distributed by WAMY, and claims,
"The unbelievers, idolaters, and others like them must be hated and despised... We must stay away from them and create barriers between us and them." (page 28) "Qur'an forbade taking Jews and Christians as friends, and that applies to every Jew and Christian, with no consideration as to whether they are at war with Islam or not." (page 37)
Islamic Views is an Arabic language book produced by WAMY and printed by the Saudi Government's Armed Forces Printing Press. Under the heading 'The Prophet asks for Jihad', Islamic Views states:
"The Prophet Mohammad fought against the infidels and the Jews till he triumphed over them and conducted himself about twenty invasions and he sent tens of regiments led by his companions for Jihad…Damn from Allah to the Jews who made graves of their prophets as Masjid."
Noorwali was involved with the distribution of WAMY's publications.
In an interview with Middle East Newsfile, Noorwali said, "Saudi Arabia's support has been enormous since the establishment of WAMY in 1963. The Kingdom provides us with a supportive environment that allows us to work openly within the society to collect funds and spread activities. It also provides us with protection abroad through Saudi embassies and consulates, in addition to financial support."
Ibrahim El-Zayat
Ibrahim El-Zayat is also listed as a trustee for both Islamic Relief Worldwide and Islamic Relief UK.
Arab journalist Dr. Sami Alrabaa has claimed that El-Zayat, while head of an extremist Munich-based organization called The Islamic Community of Germany, told a meeting of activists: "It is still premature to strike against the Jews and infidels in this country."
The German government has also identified El-Zayat in the past as the European representative of the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. An archived WAMY Arabic language web page also makes the same identification.
Meckenheim police also link Zayat to Institut Européen des Sciences Humaines, a French Islamist college. Several radical clerics are lecturers at the school, which a number of European intelligence agencies have accused of being used to spread religious hatred.
In 1996, in cooperation with WAMY, the Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe established a youth branch, the Forum of European Muslim Youth and Student Organizations, of which Zayat was president. The NEFA Foundation and other counter-terrorism organizations consider this youth forum to be a leading voice of European Muslim Brotherhood.
In 2002, German federal police launched an investigation of Zayat. A leaked report claimed Zayat transferred more than $2 million on behalf of WAMY. Zayat sent some of that money, according to the report, to an Albanian charity called Taibah. In 2011, Taibah's Bosnian branch was designated a terrorist organization by the US government. The report concluded:
"The constellation of accounts, money flows and persons indicate that the accounts in Germany of Ibrahim El-Zayat and Ayman Sayed Ahmed Aly were used for carrying out fundamentalist Islamic activities in Europe."
In 2011, El-Zayat shared a platform with the Holocaust denier Gilad Atzmon.
El-Zayat is also the head of the Islamische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland (IGD), a German member organization of the Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe, and which is listed by the German domestic intelligence agency as a key representative of the Muslim Brotherhood in Germany.
El-Zayat is linked (through a German business called SLM Liegenschaftsmanagement Gesellschaft für Finanzvermittlung und Consulting GmbH) to the Islamische Gemeinschaft Milli Görüs (IGMG), a pan-European organisation which the German domestic intelligence agency claims is responsible for promoting extremist ideas and propagating anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
Adnan Saif
Adnan Saif is another trustee of Islamic Relief Worldwide. He has been an outspoken supporter of the late Sheikh Abdullah al-Ahmar, who was leader of the Islamist Yemeni Islah Party. Al-Ahmar was a vocal supporter of the Lebanese terror group Hezbollah and praised its acts of terror against Israel. Saif claims that Abdulla al-Ahmar was to Yemen what, "Ghandi and Mandela were to their respective countries."
Ahmar's confidante was Abd al-Majid al-Zindani, the Bin Laden loyalist who, in 2004, was deemed a Specially Designated Global Terrorist by the United States government.
Saif was previously the head teacher of the Scientific Institute in Birmingham, which, according to Yemeni writerNu'man Abd al-Wahid, was one of a large number of Yemeni institutions designed to instill Islamist values. Al-Wahid notes that Al Zindani was the first "guardian" of these Scientific Institute schools.
Political Legitimacy
Islamic Relief has worked hard to promote itself as a responsible charity with only benevolent interests at heart. It appears, though, looking at IRW trustees' high-level links to extreme Islamist groups, that a proper investigation is urgently required.
Despite being one of the largest and most influential Islamic charities in the World, there has been surprisingly little scrutiny of Islamic Relief Worldwide and its branches. In part, this is due to the legitimacy conferred on IRW by politicians around the world, who are all too eager to endorse such a large charity.
Not only, for example, does the British Government fund IRW's work, but cabinet members, Deputy Prime Ministers and peers of the realm regularly appear at Islamic Relief fundraising events; all eager to assure the charity of their firm support. Even Britain's Prince Charles, heir to the throne, has expressed his support and made appearances at IRW events.
In 2009, the British Foreign Office sponsored the charity's 25th Gala dinner. In 2011, Britain's ruling Conservative Party screened an Islamic Relief fundraising video at its annual conference.
Also in 2011, the Scottish Government provided Islamic Relief with £398,000 of the taxpayers' money, as part of its £9 million International Development Fund. Humza Yousaf, a Scottish National Party member of the Scottish Parliament, is presently the Minister for External Affairs and International Development. Yousaf was formerly the media spokesperson for Islamic Relief. Further, in 2008 Alex Salmond, the Scottish leader, attended a ceremony which honored IRW's head of fundraising.
Between 2007 and 2010, the European Commission granted Islamic Relief Worldwide a total of €19,507,127.
The current American administration is particularly friendly with Islamic Relief. Islamic Relief USA's own website notes that:
"In April 2010, Mr. Ayoub was appointed to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid (ACVFA). Along with other leaders in the international development field, Mr. Ayoub provides advice, analysis and recommendations to USAID on the most pressing development issues in the world today. Most recent, Mr. Ayoub was appointed to the U.S. State Department's Religion and Foreign Policy Working Group, where he will be advising on humanitarian issues."
In 2011, the website of the White House published an article which praised the charity's work and illustrated the close relationship between the U.S. government and Islamic Relief USA. During a speech at the National Prayer Breakfast, President Obama also noted his administration's support for the charity.
With such widespread and high-level support, it is not surprising that IRW enjoys both the provision of public funds and the political legitimacy that maintain its stellar reputation in the halls of Washington and Westminster. Indeed, senior politicians, unwilling to abandon a favourite charity that they have personally endorsed, might well lobby against any investigation into IRW.
It is not, however, unusual for politicians to identify with charities that promote extremism. Without the grassroots or political pressure for greater scrutiny, the most unscrupulous charities enjoy the benefits of political support. Interpal, another leading British Islamic charity which openly consorts with senior leaders of the terror group Hamas, has also enjoyed endorsement from leading politicians and cabinet members.
Few regard IRW to be as troublesome a charity as Interpal. It appears that IRW is simply much more careful. Moreover, IRW has elicited a great deal of support outside the Muslim community due to its donations to the victims of Hurricane Katrina and the 2005 London tube bombings.
The large number of links between IRW and extremist pro-terror groups, however, suggests that under the cover of a charity with excellent public relations officers lies a structured pro-terror group with an anti-Western agenda.
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Classical macroscopic thermodynamics is a branch of physics of great generality, applicable to systems of elaborate structure, with different physical properties, such as mechanical, thermal, electric and magnetic. Therefore, thermodynamics possess great importance in many fields of physics and technical sciences~\cite{Callen,Greiner}. The task of thermodynamics is to define suitable macroscopic quantities to describe average properties of systems and explain how are these quantities related by means of universally valid equations.

Even though thermodynamics is entirely of phenomenological nature, it is one of the best logically structured branches of physics. However, it is known, that systems which interact via the so-called long-range interactions, present non-conventional thermodynamic properties~\cite{Dauxois,Johal,Campa}. Gravitational, coulombic and dipolar systems, are some examples of long-range interactions, in which it is possible to observe non-common thermodynamic features, such as non-additivity, non-extensivity and the possibility of negative heat capacity. This work is inspired within this phenomenological thermodynamic spirit.

Bekenstein~\cite{Bekenstein1,Bekenstein2} proposed that an appropriate multiple of the event horizon area  must be interpreted as the entropy,
\begin{equation}\label{eq1}
S_{bh}=\frac{k_Bc^3}{4\hbar G}A;
\end{equation}
where $S_{bh}$ is the entropy of the black hole, $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum, $\hbar$ is the Planck's constant divided by $2\pi$, $G$ is the universal constant of gravity  and $A$ is the area of the event horizon.
Moreover, Hawking \emph{et al}~\cite{Hawking2} proved that certain laws of black hole mechanics are mathematical analogous of zeroth and first laws of thermodynamics.
Shortly after, it was proved that in addition to the laws of equilibrium thermodynamics, black holes obey as well, the standard theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in the form of a fluctuation-dissipation theorem~\cite{Candelas}.
Development of the so-called black hole thermodynamics still continues~\cite{Davies1,Wald, Martinez1,Martinez2,Custodio}.

Existence of non-zero temperature for a black hole supports the hypothesis that the relation between entropy and the area of the event horizon of a black hole has some physical significance. Knowledge of this quantity makes possible to obtain the entropy of a black hole as a function of some fundamental parameters which describes such system; namely, a thermodynamic fundamental equation for the black hole.
Thermodynamics is used to find information about a gravitational system composed by a black hole, approaching to the problem from the classical thermodynamics point of view~\cite{Callen}.

Although a formal study of black hole thermodynamics can be explored from a more fundamental perspective~\cite{York,Braden,Brown,Lemos,Akbar}, it is not the goal of this work to pursue this path. Instead, in this work exploration of the thermodynamic information that can be extracted from the \textit{assumed} existence of a  thermodynamic fundamental equation is considered, as would be done for an ordinary thermodynamic system. This approach proves to be successful to recover the mathematical structure, completely analogous, to conventional systems, in particular magnetic ones.

This paper is organized as follows. In section two, the fundamental thermodynamic equation of a black hole, its natural parameters and the derived equations of state are briefly discussed. The non-common features observed in these equations are examined, including how can they be interpreted. Mathematical analogous of the Euler equation and the Gibbs-Duhem relation for these systems are calculated. In section three new response functions are defined and analyzed, in particular, specific heat and its odd behavior is studied. With the aid of $TdS$ equations, independence of the new response functions are found. In section four, the three possible Legendre transformations are performed and the Maxwell relations are given. The mnemonic diagrams for those relations are constructed (thermodynamic squares) exhibiting an interesting relation with magnetic systems. A particular application of the formalism to the ``rotocaloric'' effect is discussed. In section five, stability conditions are reviewed and some consequences are analyzed. Some conclusions are given in section six.

\section{The fundamental equation: Gibbs-Duhem and Euler relations}

In this work, the simplest black holes, i.e., those with spherical symmetry~\cite{D'Inverno} are considered. The most general one is the Kerr-Newman black hole, which is characterized by three parameters: mass $M$, angular momentum $J$, and electric charge $Q$.
Fundamental equation in energy representation can be found by substituting the area $A(M,J,Q)$ in (\ref{eq1}), using $U=Mc^2$, and inverting the expression to get $U=U(S,J,Q)$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq3}
U=\Bigg\{\Bigg(\frac{\pi k_Bc^3}{\hbar GS}\Bigg)\Bigg[\Bigg(\frac{\hbar cS}{2\pi k_B}+\frac{Q^2}{2}\Bigg)^2+J^2c^2\Bigg]\Bigg\}^{1/2}.
\end{equation}
The first-order differential for the internal energy is:
\begin{equation}\label{eq6}
dU=\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial S}\Bigg)_{J,Q}dS+\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial J}\Bigg)_{S,Q}dJ+\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial Q}\Bigg)_{S,J}dQ.
\end{equation}

In analogy with internal energy of a thermodynamic simple system, $U=U(S,V,N_i)$, where $V$ stands for volume and $N_i$ for mole number of the $i$-th component, partial derivatives appearing in (\ref{eq6}) play the role of intensive parameters~\cite{Bekenstein1},

\begin{equation}\label{eq7}
T\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial S}\Bigg)_{J,Q}; \qquad \Omega\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial J}\Bigg)_{S,Q};\qquad  \Phi\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial Q}\Bigg)_{S,J}.
\end{equation}
Where $T$ is the temperature of the black hole, $\Omega$ its angular velocity and $\Phi$ describes the electric potential for a charge $Q$ evaluated at a distance equal to the event horizon radius~\cite{Hawking4}.
These relations are equivalent to the EOS in a simple thermodynamic system.
Then, we have the expression:
\begin{equation}\label{eq8}
dU=TdS+\Omega dJ+\Phi dQ.
\end{equation}
Such relation is analogous to the thermodynamic fundamental equation of a simple system. In a conventional thermodynamic system, derivatives of internal energy with respect to extensive parameters give intensive parameters.
This property is reflected in the fact that for a conventional thermodynamic system, the fundamental equation is a homogeneous first-order function of some extensive parameters. Similarly, the EOS of a conventional thermodynamic system are homogeneous zero order functions.
However, for the Kerr-Newman black hole, fundamental equation (\ref{eq3}), is not an homogeneous first-order function.
Two major implications for thermodynamics systems: first, it is an indication of non-additivity; second, non-extensivity is present, that implies that the EOS \textit{are not} homogeneous zero-order functions.

The fundamental cause of those particular thermodynamic properties lies in the gravitational nature of the system. Gravitation falls in the so-called long-range interactions. It is largely known that thermodynamical description of such systems presents several complications, among them, non-additivity and broken extensivity~\cite{Dauxois,Johal,Campa}.

For the Kerr-Newman black hole, EOS obtained by derivation of eq. (\ref{eq3}) are:
\begin{equation}\label{eq9}
\Omega=\Bigg(\frac{2\pi^2k_{B}^2c^5}{\hbar G}\frac{J}{S}\Bigg)\cdot\Sigma(S,J,Q),
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{eq10}
\Phi=\Bigg(\frac{\pi k_Bc^4Q}{G}+\frac{\pi^2k_B^2c^3Q^3}{\hbar GS}\Bigg)\cdot\Sigma(S,J,Q),
\end{equation}

\begin{displaymath}
T=\Bigg(\frac{c^2}{2GS}\Bigg)\cdot\Sigma(S,J,Q)\Bigg\{c^2(\hbar cS+\pi k_BQ^2)
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation}\label{eq11}
\qquad -\frac{c}{2\hbar S}[(\hbar cS+\pi k_BQ^2)^2+(2\pi k_BcJ)^2]\Bigg\};
\end{equation}
with $\Sigma(S,J,Q)$ given by:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn}
\Sigma=\Bigg\{\Bigg(\frac{\pi k_{B}c^3}{\hbar GS}\Bigg)\Big[(\hbar cS+\pi k_{B}Q^2)^2+(2\pi k_BcJ)^2\Big]\Bigg\}^{-1/2}.
\end{equation}
Given the astrophysical relevance of the angular momentum compared to the electric charge, henceforth in this work a Kerr black hole is considered, characterized by its mass $M$, and angular momentum $J$. As a consequence, a fundamental equation $U=U(S,J)$ by taking $Q=0$ in eq. (\ref{eq3}) is used, for the sake of simplicity.

We analyze (in natural units) the EOS, $T=T(S,J)$ and $\Omega=\Omega(S,J)$ by plotting each one with a fixed variable for each curve and studying its behavior. Starting with the angular velocity $\Omega(S,J)$, in FIG. 1, it is shown that for fixed entropy and increasing angular momentum, the angular velocity increases asymptotically until it reaches a maximum value. The rise of this asymptote can be understood by the physical limit imposed to a rotating black hole, which will be discussed later.\\ Considering FIG. 2, if the angular momentum is kept constant for an increasing entropy, the angular velocity decreases to zero asymptotically for maximum entropy. The system can produce large amounts of energy at the expense of its rotational energy, maximizing entropy~\cite{Bekenstein3}.\\
Similarly, for the temperature $T(S,J)$, there are two cases:  In FIG. 3, if $S$ is kept constant it is possible to notice that, for an increasing angular momentum, temperature falls rapidly to zero, therefore, the angular momentum plays the role of a temperature attenuator. During the process of energy production at expense of rotational energy, this energy is radiated as thermic radiation, reducing $J$ and increasing $T$.\\
Considering FIG. 4, for a fixed $J$, temperature reaches a maximum as entropy increases, in this plot there are two regions due to the competition between $J$ and $S$. There is a region where temperature is a monotonically increasing function of entropy, and a second region where $T$ drops asymptotically until it reaches a certain value for maximum entropy. Presence of those regions for temperature is related to the stability of the system.

In the entropic representation, the system has a relation between internal energy and angular momentum, establishing a boundary beyond which the proposed model has no physical meaning. That happens since reality condition for entropy is violated in this limit,
\begin{equation}\label{eq12}
Gc^{-5}U^2\ge J.
\end{equation}
This expression can be interpreted saying that for a fixed value of the internal energy, angular momentum has a limiting value, given by eq. (\ref{eq12}). Behavior of the angular momentum and the allowed region for internal energy are shown in FIG. 5. It is important to mention that this maximum value of $J$ also appears in general relativity, referring to extreme Kerr black holes and naked singularities~\cite{Misner}. Existence of the same prediction in two different approaches is a good indication that postulation of a fundamental thermodynamic equation reasonably captures the essence of the system.

Following the canonical thermodynamic formalism, analogous of Euler equation, since extensivity is broken, is calculated. The internal energy is an homogeneous $1/2$-order function, which implies that:
\begin{equation}\label{eq13}
2TS+2\Omega J=U.
\end{equation}
From this expression, a Gibbs-Duhem-like relation can be calculated,
\begin{equation}\label{eq14}
dU=-2(SdT+Jd\Omega);
\end{equation}
with this procedure, a relation for energy as a function of temperature and angular velocity $U=U(T,\Omega)$ is obtained. However, eq. (\ref{eq13}) it is not a fundamental thermodynamic equation, for this function it follows:

\begin{equation}\label{eq14+1}
\frac{\partial U}{\partial T}=-2S; \qquad \frac{\partial U}{\partial\Omega}=-2J.
\end{equation}

\section{Response functions and $TdS$ equations}

Second derivatives of the fundamental equation, also called \textit{response functions}, are usually descriptive of material properties and often these quantities are of the most direct physical interest. For the Kerr black hole we proposed the following basic set of response functions, composed by $\alpha_{\Omega},\chi_T,C_\Omega$. With this particular set, it is possible to recover all the thermodynamic information. As we will show, definitions given below reproduces the conventional structure of thermodynamics, showing a close analogy with the thermodynamics of magnetic systems but different to the thermodynamics of fluids. To our knowledge, description of thermodynamics for the Kerr black hole, using this set of response functions, it is presented for the first time.

Coefficient $\alpha_{\Omega}$ is defined by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+1}
\alpha_{\Omega}\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial T}\Bigg)_{\Omega}.
\end{equation}
The quantity $\alpha_{\Omega}$ is the change in the angular momentum per unit change in the temperature of a Kerr black hole maintained at constant angular velocity.\\
The response function $\chi_T$ is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+2}
\chi_T\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial\Omega}\Bigg)_T.
\end{equation}
$\chi_T$ is the increase in the angular momentum per unit change in the angular velocity at constant temperature, and can be interpreted as an isothermic rotational susceptibility.\\
The heat capacity at constant angular velocity is defined by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+3}
C_\Omega\equiv T\Bigg(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\Bigg)_\Omega=\Bigg(\frac{\dbar Q}{dT}\Bigg)_{\Omega}.
\end{equation}
The heat capacity at constant angular velocity is the quasi-static heat flux required to produce unit change in the temperature of a Kerr black hole maintained at constant angular velocity.

All the other response functions of the Kerr black hole can be expressed in terms of this basic set $C_\Omega,\chi_T,\alpha_\Omega$. This set of functions are in fact, the three possible second derivatives of the thermodynamic potential $G=G(T,\Omega)$ that will be introduced in section three,

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+4}
\chi_T=-\Bigg(\frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial\Omega^2}\Bigg)_T;  \quad \alpha_{\Omega}=-\Bigg(\frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial T\partial\Omega}\Bigg); \quad C_{\Omega}=-T\Bigg(\frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial T^2}\Bigg)_{\Omega}.
\end{equation}
Two additional response functions of interest are the heat capacity at constant angular momentum $C_J$, and the isentropic susceptibility, $\chi_S$. \\
The heat capacity at constant angular momentum, defined by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+5}
C_J\equiv T\Bigg(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\Bigg)_J=\Bigg(\frac{\dbar Q}{dT}\Bigg)_J,
\end{equation}
it is a measure of the quasi-static heat flux needed to change in one unit the temperature of a Kerr black hole maintained at constant angular momentum. \\
The response function $\chi_S$ is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+6}
\chi_S\equiv\Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial \Omega}\Bigg)_S.
\end{equation}
This quantity characterizes the change in the angular momentum associated with an isentropic change in the angular velocity.

The $TdS$ equations are necessary to obtain relations between response functions. These equations can be found by considering entropy as a function of certain natural variables, differentiating and rearranging the expression to find a relation between $TdS$ and certain second derivatives.
For a Kerr black hole the first $TdS$ equation can be found by considering entropy as a function of the temperature and the angular velocity, $S=S(T,\Omega)$,

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+6+1}
TdS=C_\Omega dT+T\Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial T}\Bigg)_\Omega d\Omega;
\end{equation}
the second $TdS$ equation can be obtained considering entropy as a function of the temperature and the angular momentum, $S=S(T,J)$,

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+6+2}
TdS=C_JdT-T\Bigg(\frac{\partial \Omega}{\partial T}\Bigg)_J dJ.
\end{equation}
Relations between response functions can be found through manipulation of $TdS$ equations and the use of Maxwell relations, discussed in section four. Two relations that describe the dependence of $C_J$ and $\chi_S$ in terms of the basic set of response functions are:

\begin{equation}\label{eq15+7}
\chi_T(C_{\Omega}-C_{J})=T\alpha^2_{\Omega},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq15+8}
C_{\Omega}(\chi_T-\chi_S)=T\alpha^2_{\Omega}.
\end{equation}

The specific heat at constant angular momentum is calculated,

\begin{equation}\label{eq15}
C_J=\Bigg(\frac{\partial U}{\partial T}\Bigg)_J=-\frac{1}{2T^2}\Bigg(\frac{\hbar c^5}{4\pi k_BG}-\frac{\pi k_Bc^5J^2}{\hbar GS^2}\Bigg).
\end{equation}
It is possible to notice the existence of a negative region. Since the second term is reduced for an increasing entropy and subtraction inside the brackets will eventually result in a positive quantity, causing that the specific heat becomes negative, for sufficiently large values of entropy.
Negative region for the  specific heat is known long ago for gravitational systems~\cite{Padmanabhan} in general, and for black holes in particular~\cite{Dauxois,Campa,Davies1,Oppenheim}.
Two interpretations about negative specific heat arise. \\
One is related to the transfer of energy as heat; having a region of negative heat implies that the temperature of a black hole raises to a higher value, with energy transfer~\cite{Parker}. The second one is related to thermodynamic stability of the system. For a negative specific heat, thermodynamic systems are in unstable states passing perhaps, through a phase transition~\cite{Davies2}.

\section{Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell relations}

Another point of interest are the thermodynamic potentials. Alternative representations for the thermodynamic fundamental equation, can be obtained via the application of a Legendre transformation to $U=U(S,J)$. For a Kerr black hole there are three possible Legendre transformation.

Starting with the mathematical analogous of the \textit{Helmholtz free energy}, $F=F(T,J)=U[T]$,

\begin{equation}\label{eq16}
F=U-TS, \qquad \textrm{and} \qquad -S=\frac{\partial F}{\partial T};
\end{equation}
which can be written as:

\begin{equation}\label{eq17}
F=\Sigma(S,J)\cdot\Bigg[\frac{1}{2}\Bigg(\frac{\hbar c^5}{4\pi k_BG}\Bigg)S+\frac{3J^2}{2S}\Bigg(\frac{\hbar c^3}{2\pi k_B}\Bigg)\Bigg];
\end{equation}
with $\Sigma(S,J)$ given by eq. (\ref{eqn}), for $Q=0$. It is worth to mention that eq. (\ref{eq17}) must be a function of temperature and angular momentum as independent variables; instead, eq. (\ref{eq17}) is a function of the entropy and the angular momentum, $F=F(S,J)$. We were not able to find an analytical expression for Helmholtz free energy in that terms.\\
The  Helmholtz free energy for a Kerr black hole in diathermal contact with a heat reservoir can be interpreted as the available work at a constant temperature, since $dW=\Omega dJ$.

A second Legendre transformation, can be obtained replacing the angular momentum $J$, by the angular velocity $\Omega$, as the independent variable in fundamental equation, $H=H(S,\Omega)=U[\Omega]$, this leads to:

\begin{equation}\label{eq18}
H=U-\Omega J, \qquad \textrm{and} \qquad -J=\frac{\partial H}{\partial\Omega};
\end{equation}
the potential $H$ is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq19}
H=\sqrt{\frac{c^4S}{2G}}\cdot\Bigg[1+\Bigg(\frac{\Omega^2}{\frac{k_Bc^5}{\hbar GS}-\Omega^2}\Bigg)\Bigg]^{1/2};
\end{equation}
which is a function of entropy and angular velocity as independent variables. Therefore, eq. (\ref{eq19}) is an explicit expression for the potential $H=H(S,\Omega)$. It can be interpreted as the heat added to  a Kerr black hole
at constant  angular velocity, since $dQ=TdS$.

The last thermodynamic potential is obtained by simultaneously replacing both, the entropy and the angular momentum, by the temperature and the angular velocity as independent variables in the fundamental equation,  $G=G(T,\Omega)=U[T,\Omega]$,

\begin{equation}\label{eq20}
G=U-TS-\Omega J, \qquad \textrm{and} \qquad -J=\frac{\partial G}{\partial\Omega}, \qquad -S=\frac{\partial G}{\partial T};
\end{equation}
an expression for the $G$ potential is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq21}
G=\frac{1}{2}\Bigg[\Bigg(\frac{\pi k_Bc^3}{\hbar GS}\Bigg)\Bigg(\frac{\hbar^2c^2}{4\pi^2k_B^2}S^2+J^2c^2\Bigg)\Bigg]^{1/2}.
\end{equation}
As for Helmholtz free energy in eq. (\ref{eq17}), an expression  for $G(T,\Omega)$ as a function of $S$ and $J$ instead of its natural variables was obtained. Physical interpretation of this potential for a Kerr black hole it is not clear, since in a conventional thermodynamic system, the mathematical analogous of this potential used to be associated with a third extensive parameter, missing in this case. However, for a Kerr-Newman black hole, this third parameter is the electric charge $Q$, therefore, this potential can be interpreted as the available work at constant temperature and angular velocity, since $dW=\Phi dQ$, for a Kerr-Newman black hole.

Different representations for the fundamental equation leads to the existence of various derivatives of independent variables related to each thermodynamic potential, apparently unrelated with other derivatives.  However, there are some relations among such derivatives; hence, just a few of them can be considered as independent. These relations between derivatives are known as Maxwell relations and arise from the equality of the mixed partial derivatives of the fundamental equation, expressed in any of its alternative representations.
Since there are only two independent variables, no more than a pair of mixed derivatives exists in any representation of the fundamental equation. For the energetic representation $U=U(S,J)$, Maxwell relations are:
\begin{equation}\label{eq22}
(S,\Omega) \qquad \frac{\partial^2 H}{\partial S\partial \Omega}=\frac{\partial^2 H}{\partial\Omega\partial S} \Rightarrow -\Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial S}\Bigg)_\Omega=\Bigg(\frac{\partial T}{\partial \Omega}\Bigg)_S,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq23}
(T,\Omega) \qquad \frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial T\partial\Omega}=\frac{\partial^2 G}{\partial \Omega\partial T} \Rightarrow \Bigg(\frac{\partial J}{\partial T}\Bigg)_\Omega=\Bigg(\frac{\partial S}{\partial \Omega}\Bigg)_T,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq24}
(T,J) \qquad \frac{\partial^2 F}{\partial J\partial T}=\frac{\partial^2 F}{\partial T\partial J} \Rightarrow -\Bigg(\frac{\partial S}{\partial J}\Bigg)_T=\Bigg(\frac{\partial \Omega}{\partial T}\Bigg)_J,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq25}
(S,J) \qquad \frac{\partial^2 U}{\partial J\partial S}=\frac{\partial^2 U}{\partial S\partial J} \Rightarrow \Bigg(\frac{\partial T}{\partial J}\Bigg)_S=\Bigg(\frac{\partial \Omega}{\partial S}\Bigg)_J.
\end{equation}

Maxwell relations can be remembered conveniently in terms of simple mnemonic diagrams~\cite{Koenig1}. In this case, the construction rules of those diagrams are inspired in the construction of the same mnemonic diagrams for magnetic systems~\cite{Stanley}:  A minus sign is added to the extensive variable of magnetic work, with this adaptation it is possible to build the mnemonic diagrams for magnetic systems. For Kerr black holes, the same result can be achieved by adding a minus sign to the angular momentum. Maxwell relations are represented in the next diagrams.
In FIG. 7, the Maxwell relation for the potential $H$, (\ref{eq22}) is depicted. The remaining Maxwell relations are represented in FIG. 8 - FIG. 10 as successive rotations of the thermodynamic square shown in FIG. 7.

\subsection{The ``Rotocaloric Effect''}

An additional example of the similarities between thermodynamics of magnetic systems and thermodynamics of black holes, lies in the exploration of the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and its counterpart for a Kerr black hole, here named as ``rotocaloric effect''.

The MCE is a magnetothermal phenomena exhibited by magnetic materials, in which a reversible change in temperature of the material occurs under adiabatic and usually isobaric conditions in the presence of a variable magnetic field~\cite{Tishin}. For a magnetic system with a total differential for entropy expressed as a function of temperature $T$, and the magnetic field $H$, the change in temperature under variations of $H$, can be obtained from:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot1}
\frac{dT}{dH}=-\frac{(\partial S/\partial H)_T}{(\partial S/\partial T)_H}.
\end{equation}

For a Kerr black hole a similar process could appear, a reversible change in temperature of the event horizon under adiabatic conditions due to variations in the angular momentum of the black hole. To calculate this changes in $T$, the $TdS$ equation (\ref{eq15+6+2}), is used. In an adiabatic process $TdS=0$:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot2}
dT=\frac{T}{C_J}\Big(\frac{\partial\Omega}{\partial T}\Big)_J dJ;
\end{equation}
using the definition of $C_J$ and the Maxwell relations, it is possible to express the variation in $T$ as:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot3}
\frac{dT}{dJ}=-\frac{(\partial S/\partial J)_T}{(\partial S/\partial T)_J}.
\end{equation}

To compare both phenomena, the MCE is applied to a paramagnetic substance composed by $N$ freely removable dipoles with a permanent magnetic dipole
moment $\vec{\mu}$~\cite{Greiner}. Considering only the dominant term in entropy $S(T,H)$, the variation in the temperature of this paramagnetic substance under changes in the applied magnetic field, is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot6}
\frac{dT}{dH}=\frac{T}{H}.
\end{equation}

Similarly, to calculate the value of the rotocaloric effect for a Kerr black hole, an explicit relation for entropy as a function of temperature and angular momentum is required. The equation of state for temperature eq. (\ref{eq11}), considering $Q=0$, was used to find this relation. It is necessary to invert $T=T(S,J)$ to obtain $S=S(T,J)$. An approximated relation $S(T,J)$, was estimated considering an iterative process.\\ For a Kerr black hole, the first-order approximation was calculated proposing $S_0$ as the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole, the simplest one, by considering $J=Q=0$ in eq. (\ref{eq3}), and taking  the derivative with respect of temperature:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot7}
S_0(T)=\frac{\hbar c^5}{16\pi Gk_B}\frac{1}{T^2}.
\end{equation}
With this relation, the first-order approximation $S_1(T,J)$, for the exact relation $S(T,J)$, is given by:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot8}
S_1=\frac{\gamma_1}{J^4T^{10}}+\frac{\gamma_2}{J^2T^6};
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$ are a combination of the fundamental constants used in this work. If only the dominant term $1/J^2T^6$ is considered in eq. (\ref{eq_rot3}), the variation in the temperature under changes in the angular momentum for a Kerr black hole is:

\begin{equation}\label{eq_rot9}
\frac{dT}{dJ}=-\frac{T}{3J}.
\end{equation}
As $J$ and $T$ are non-negative in all the entropy domain, the rotocaloric effect produces a drop in the temperature of the black hole for an increase in the angular momentum and vice versa, this result was previously obtained analyzing the equation of state for the angular velocity, eq. (\ref{eq9}) in section two.
The results in eqs. (\ref{eq_rot6}) and (\ref{eq_rot9}) are very similar, but with different sign. Therefore the changes in temperature work in the opposite direction for rotocaloric effect, compared with magnetic systems.

Due the analogies between MCE and rotocaloric effect, it is possible to construct a refrigeration cycle for the Kerr black hole. This process is very similar than the magnetic one, only with the opposite sign.\\ A deeper exploration of these effects will be given in a subsequent work.

\section{Stability conditions}

As is discussed in section three, exist a negative region for the specific heat $C_J$, which indicates non-stability in the system. It is convenient to use the entropic representation of the thermodynamic fundamental equation to analyze stability conditions,

\begin{equation}\label{eq26}
S=\frac{2\pi k_B}{\hbar c}\Bigg[Gc^{-4}U^2+\Big(Gc^{-8}U^4-c^2J^2\Big)^{1/2}\Bigg].
\end{equation}
The system is thermodynamically stable one, if the entropy $S(U,J)$ satisfies:

\begin{equation}\label{eq27}
S(U,J+\Delta J)+S(U,J-\Delta J)\leq2S(U,J),
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq28}
S(U+\Delta U,J)+S(U-\Delta U,J)\leq2S(U,J);
\end{equation}
or for infinitesimal displacements:

\begin{equation}\label{29}
\Bigg(\frac{\partial^2S}{\partial U^2}\Bigg)_J\leq0, \qquad \Bigg(\frac{\partial^2S}{\partial J^2}\Bigg)_U\leq0.
\end{equation}
For a stable system, the graphical representation of the previous conditions results in a concave curve for entropy. If the entropy has a non-concave curve, the related system is unstable. When the entropy possess both, concave and non-concave regions, the system is not stable; instead, it is a locally stable one, but globally unstable.

Stability under variations in the angular momentum, at a fixed internal energy, is analyzed in FIG. 11. Entropy is a concave function in all its range of definition for the exchange of angular momentum at constant internal energy. Therefore, the Kerr black hole is stable under changes in the angular momentum.\\
If the angular momentum is kept constant and variations of the internal energy are allowed,  it is possible to notice that the entropy is non-concave in almost all its range, except for a region of very low energy, where the entropy is a concave function. Hence, a Kerr black hole is locally stable around $U\approx0$, but it is globally unstable under variations in its internal energy, as can be seen in FIG. 12.

If variations in both, the angular momentum and the internal energy are allowed, the three-dimensional space $(S,U,J)$, must be considered. The global stability condition requires that the entropy surface $S(U,J)$ lies everywhere below its tangent planes. Accordingly, for arbitrary $\Delta U$ and $\Delta J$:

\begin{equation}\label{eq30}
S(U+\Delta U,J+\Delta J)+S(U-\Delta U,J-\Delta J)\le2S(U,J);
\end{equation}
and locally, for $\Delta U\to0$ $\Delta U\to0$:

\begin{equation}\label{eq31}
\frac{\partial^2 S}{\partial U^2}\frac{\partial^2 S}{\partial J^2}-\Bigg(\frac{\partial^2S}{\partial U\partial J}\Bigg)\ge0.
\end{equation}
Behavior of the entropy in the subspace $(S,U,J)$ for a Kerr black hole, is shown in FIG. 13. Entropy is a non-concave function of $U$ and $J$; in correspondence with two-dimensional case for the entropy as a function of the internal energy, a region of stability exists. This locally stable region is available for small values of energy and angular momentum. \\
Evidence that a Kerr black hole is a thermodynamic system in unstable equilibrium in general, but in a state of locally stable equilibrium for very small values of its mass and angular momentum, is founded.

\section{Conclusions}

The implementation of the conventional thermodynamic formalism for black holes is permitted by the postulation of a fundamental thermodynamic equation of the form $U=U(S,J,Q)$. The proposal of considering a purely thermodynamic vision appears to be fruitful.
The application of this formalism in such systems presents particular complications, as non-additivity or instability of equilibrium states, typical of a system with dominant gravitational interactions; however, this development shows the presence of considerations suggesting that, beyond the mathematical exercise, the proposed model really represents some aspects of a very interesting behavior. This can be seen in the predictions made, that can be found in other frameworks of physics and in resemble with the thermodynamics of magnetic systems. The presented formalism could be a start point for the research of interesting analogous thermodynamic processes for black holes, as the Joule-Thomson effect and others. Results about these topics will be presented in a future work.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

We want to acknoweledge CONACyT (proyect-152684) and the University of Guanajuato (DAIP-006/10) for the support in the realization of this work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Other briefs include details for upcoming Metropolitan Housing Authority meeting.
CHILLICOTHE - Good weather has come and along with it, several road construction projects.
County Road 550: Resurfacing project between U.S. 35 and Ohio 138; traffic will be maintained in one lane with flaggers; expected to be done early summer.
U.S. 35: Slide repair near Musgrove Road overpass three miles west of the Watson Road interchange at Richmond Dale; traffic will be maintained in one lane in each direction; expected to be done early fall.
Industrial Drive: Extension being built off Gateway Drive south toward the access road off Ohio 104; little to no impact on traffic; expected to be done mid-summer.
Ohio 138: Bridge maintenance project will cause restrictions between intersections with Austin Road just west of U.S. 35; traffic will be maintained in one lane with flaggers, temporary signals, and/or arrow boards.
Ohio 772: Culvert replacement project to cause lane restrictions between Rozelle Creek Road and Sreevey Lane; traffic maintained in one lane with temporary signals; expected to be done mid-summer.
U.S. 50: Slide repair work has resumed between Dill and California Hollow roads; most of the work is on the shoulders, but traffic will be reduced to one lane on occasion with flaggers; expected to be done in late spring.
U.S. 23: Bridge scour/bank stabilization at Paint Creek Bridge just south of Chillicothe has been completed, but crews will return in mid-June to complete the project; little to no impact to traffic is expected.
CHILLICOTHE - The Chillicothe Metropolitan Housing Authority will have its regular board meeting at 11:30 a.m. Tuesday in the Lawrence W. Brown Community Room, 178 W. Fourth St.


text:
Photographic Treatment (c)
By Laurence Aegerter
Publisher: Dewi Lewis Publishing
Photographic Treatment (c) - Book 5
Photography Treatment (c)
The Epilogue
By Laia Abril
A New Kind of Beauty
By Phillip Toledano
This is a book of portraits of people who have re-created themselves through plastic surgery. Phillip Toledano believes that we are at the vanguard of a period of human-induced evolution. A turning point in history where we are beginning to define not only our own concept of beauty, but of physicality itself.
By John Darwell
In February 2001, Foot and Mouth Disease arrived in Cumbria. At its peak Cumbria was the worst affected county in Britain with a staggering 41 per cent of all cases. This work provides an insight into one of the most dramatic and destructive periods in British farming history.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home/Arts/'Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery' Review: Another Clue for You All
'Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery' Review: Another Clue for You All
It starts as a game for the amusement of a tech billionaire. Miles Bron, a would-be master of the universe played with knowing exuberance by Edward Norton, invites a small group of friends to a party on his private island. The weekend's entertainment will be a make-believe murder mystery, with Miles himself as the victim and center of attention. By the end, real homicides have been committed and the fun has become democratic, as rank-and-file ticket buyers and Netflix subscribers enjoy themselves at the expense of imaginary members of the economic, political and cultural elite.
"Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery" revives the antic, puzzle-crazy spirit of the first "Knives Out," which was also written and directed by Rian Johnson. This time the satirical stakes have been raised. Miles Bron is a riper target with more recognizable real-world analogues than the eccentric novelist played by Christopher Plummer the first time around. A lone musketeer of disruption, he spouts mantras about the glory of "breaking stuff," and cloaks his bottomless greed and shallow narcissism in showy messianic robes. He's not just a rich guy: He's a visionary, a genius, an author of the amazing human future.
Miles's friends are all bought and paid for: a model-turned-fashion mogul (Kate Hudson); an idealistic scientist (Leslie Odom Jr.); a pumped-up, over-inked men's rights YouTube influencer (Dave Bautista); and the governor of Connecticut (Kathryn Hahn). The people named in those parentheses have a grand time sending up contemporary archetypes, and are joined in the whodunit high jinks by Madelyn Cline as Bautista's girlfriend and by Jessica Henwick, quietly stealing scenes as Hudson's assistant.
Two other guests show up for the murder game, though they don't seem to be there in the same hedonistic spirit as the rest. One is Cassandra Brand (Janelle Monáe), known as Andi, Miles's erstwhile business partner. She is a familiar figure in tech mythology, the genius present at the creation who is cast out by a more ambitious, unscrupulous or media-savvy co-founder. The Eduardo Saverin to Miles's Mark Zuckerberg, you might say, or maybe the Wozniak to his Jobs.
Andi's presence on the island is something of a surprise, as is — though not to "Knives Out" fans — the arrival of Benoit Blanc, the world's greatest detective. Blanc is once again played by a floridly post-Bond Daniel Craig, now sporting an absurd but somehow appropriate collection of neckerchiefs and pastel shirts, and speaking in what was once described as a "Kentucky Fried Chicken Foghorn Leghorn" accent. My ear also picks up undertones of Truman Capote and a sprinkling of Adam Sandler's "Cajun Man" character from "S.N.L."
A descendant of Lieutenant Columbo, Hercule Poirot and Edgar Allan Poe's genre-creating C. Auguste Dupin, Blanc is both a diviner of hidden meanings and a master of the obvious, the soul of discretion and a hogger of the spotlight. He is uncompromising in matters of taste, ethics and English usage, as well as a wet-eyed sentimentalist and a man who likes to have a good time.
From left, Kathryn Hahn, Madelyn Cline, Edward Norton, Leslie Odom Jr. and Kate Hudson in the film. The core ensemble does what amounts to superior sketch-comedy work, our critic writes.Credit…John Wilson/Netflix
In that way, he may be Johnson's avatar. A pop-culture savant with technique to spare, Johnson approaches the classic detective story with equal measures of breeziness and rigor. The plot twists and loops, stretching logic to the breaking point while making a show of following the rules. I can't say much about what happens in "Glass Onion" without giving away some surprises, but I can say that some of the pleasure comes from being wrong about what will happen next.
Which means that, by the end, when Blanc wraps it all up and the party disperses, you may feel a little let down. That's in the nature of the genre, but as in "Knives Out" Johnson turns the committing and solving of crimes into a trellis to be festooned with gaudy characters. The core ensemble does what amounts to superior sketch-comedy work, rising enough above caricature to keep you interested. Monáe goes further, turning what at first seems like the least complex, most serious character into — but I'm afraid if I told you, you would have to kill me.
I also won't give away any jokes. It's been a while since I've laughed out loud in a movie theater, but I did, partly because a lot of people around me were laughing, too. (I don't know if the effect would be the same watching the movie at home on Netflix.) "Glass Onion" is completely silly, but it's not only silly. Explicitly set during the worst months of the Covid pandemic — the spring of 2020 — "Glass Onion" leans into recent history without succumbing to gloom, bitterness or howling rage, which is no small accomplishment. One way to interpret the title is that a glass onion may be sharp, and may have a lot of layers, but it won't make you cry.
Rated PG-13. Murder, for laughs. Running time: 2 hours 19 minutes. In theaters.
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A gift set that's as stylish as it is sumptuous: GODIVA truffles and a White Orchid Candy Dish.
Spiced carrot ganache and frosting in a milk chocolate shell, topped with pecans.
Vanilla custard ganache in a milk chocolate shell with dark chocolate stringing.


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As the New Year sets in, and we have a chance to pause and look back at the year behind us, we thought we'd take a moment to highlight some of our favourite memories. These memories help reinforce our vision and goals for the future and remind us why we do what we do every single day.
In 2018, the Little Voice Team held five book signings across Ottawa, partnering with Chapters, Indigo and Coles to bring our books to new audiences. We also expanded our outreach by bringing our books to the newest Indigo location on Innes Road in Orleans, as well as bringing The Lighthouse to every public elementary school in Ottawa. We were thrilled to be part of the OCDSB's lesson plan on mental health, with The Lighthouse serving as an important resource for teachers to start or continue the conversation on mental health in their classrooms.
Little Voice with future author Hannah
In 2018, we partnered with the Ottawa Mental Health Gala to support local fundraising efforts in support of the programs and services delivered by The Royal Ottawa and the Do it For Daron Campaign. With every book sold using the coupon code "mhgala", as well as those sold in-person on the night of the event, LVB donated five dollars.
We're also very excited to be supporting this cause once more on May 3rd to do it all over again! From now until May 6, 2019, all books sold online using the coupon code "mhgala" will have five dollars donated to this year's fundraising efforts. Mental health is a topic near and dear to the Little Voice Team, and wherever we can support our community to raise awareness or fundraise … we certainly try to take part!
As always, the Little Voice Team also took part in the 2018 Walk for Dementia to support their fundraising efforts towards Alzheimer's disease. This year marked a very special year with Amanda's family joining her by her side to walk in honour of their grandmother Teresina Bernardo. The Walk proved to be an emotional walk for many but it always reminds families and friends in attendance that they are not alone, and that together they can make a difference.
Little Voice also had a chance to share their stories on stage at the Maker's Pitch Party, qualifying as part of the top six finalists. While the Team didn't bring the prize home, their platform received extreme support from those in attendance. It was an opportunity for the Team to really look back on all they had accomplished and define who the Little Voice Team was and wanted to become.
2018 was a great year but a busy one! Running Little Voice Books is a side project for both Amanda Bernardo and Samantha Clusiau-Lawlor who both work full-time during the day. Having both accepted new jobs in 2018, finding balance was key to ensuring that Little Voice Books continued to thrive and make a difference. We really focused our efforts this year on our mandate of giving back – whether that be through our monetary donations or our time. This is something that regardless of how busy life may get we prioritize as number one – it's what makes us who we are as a social enterprise and what sets us apart from a book publisher to a company leveraging it's profits, time and resources to make a difference in communities across Canada.
For 2019, we hope to continue to expand our resources, with a focus on branching out of Ottawa to reach new audiences across Canada. We hope you'll join us in this goal by continuing to share our books with your friend, families and students in your homes, classrooms and online!
When the Little Voice team set out to create Little Voice Books they knew they wanted to create a business that would publish unique children's books and serve as a platform to give back.
And so, they decided to create a social enterprise.
A Social Enterprise is defined as "an organization that advances or fulfills a social purpose through a business model or revenue-generating component of their operations". This dual purpose supports not only the growth of the organization but also the growth of the communities it serves.
Little Voice's mission and vision was founded in this very definition: to create awareness for causes and initiatives through the power of literature and illustration and to support the programs and services that serve to make a difference in our communities through the sale of our books.
A Look Back on 2017
And just like that another year has come and gone…
2017 was a BIG year! We celebrated three years in business, with a growing audience of 4,000+; published our newest book The Lighthouse; established the Be the Light Campaign in support of the National Canadian Mental Health Association; continued our fundraising efforts in support of Alzheimer's research by participating in the 2017 Walk For Alzheimer's; hosted eight book signings in our hometown of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; launched our brand new website; made it on Indigo.ca; and supported three new movements in our community. While all of this was pretty big, something even bigger happened in 2017.
By taking the leap from one book title to two, Little Voice decided it was time to grow! While Amanda and Samantha originally created Little Voice with the goal of publishing one book, they realized with the launch of The Lighthouse that they had the passion and drive to publish many more! And so, Little Voice became Little Voice Books – a local Ottawa publishing house with the goal of creating awareness for causes and initiatives through the power of literature and illustration.
Little Voice Books is so thrilled to be able to fill a gap in literature by creating children's books that trigger a meaningful conversation, whether it is through the words on the page or the illustrations that accompany them.
Happy Canada 150!
With Canada 150 just around the corner, we wanted to take a moment to say
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CANADA!
We are so proud to be an all Canadian children's book – written, illustrated and printed right here in the country we call home.
To us, being Canadian means more than just identifying with the country we live in; it's a symbol of who we are and who we hope our children will become. Canadians are humble, kind, respectful, loving and diverse, we are a melting pot of so many amazing attributes of humanity that we can't help but smile when we say: I am Canadian.
Here at Little Voice, we are so proud to be Canadian and we can't wait to share our new story The Lighthouse with all of you as our #Canada150 gift to you! Stay tuned!
Wishing you all a safe and happy weekend!
We can't believe another year has come and gone.
2016 has been an amazing year for Little Voice and we couldn't have done it without you!
Each year, Little Voice sets a number of goals that will enable us to plan for the future and make a difference in our community! This past year, Little Voice aimed to increase our outreach, launch our movement, and increase our donations to the Alzheimer Society of Canada. Here's a look back at 2016 and how we managed to reach our goals:
Thanks to our community, Little Voice was able to increase our outreach efforts through a number of media outlets:
We were also able to meet many more of our readers at a number of our local Indigo, Chapters and Coles events:
Meeting our readers in person has always been a great opportunity for us to answer your questions and see the impact our book has had in your homes and schools. We hope to put on many more events this upcoming year and to meet many more of you at our local events.
The Little Voice Movement
This past Summer, Little Voice launched our official movement. The movement was our way to give back, not only to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, but to all those searching for a way to fundraise in their communities.
Thanks to CTV and Upfront Ottawa, we were able to share our movement with all of you:
By registering to become an Little Voice Ambassador, you can create your own inspirational movement in your community. Whether you choose to support your school, an important cause, or your future, Little Voice will donate $5 dollars from every book sale you've made to support your movement.
You can learn more about our movement on our website and sign-up today … for free!
The Forget Me Not Project
Every year, since publishing Little Voice, we have challenged ourselves to grow our donations to the Alzheimer Society of Canada through the Forget Me Not Project. By participating in the Walk for Alzheimers, Little Voice has been able to work with our local Alzheimer Society chapter and with YOU to fundraise in support of Alzheimer's research, programs and services! This past year, through your generosity, Little Voice was able to raise $1, 875 dollars.
Little Voice was also very proud to put on the Dream Big Dream, Girl Luncheon that successfully raised $2,000 dollars in support of the Alzheimer Society. Together, we were able to not only get together and feel inspired, but we were also able to empower the next generation of dreamers to make a difference in their own communities.
A BIG thank you to all those who attended and to our guest speakers, sponsors and the Dream, Girl film, which made the event possible!
The New Year is an amazing opportunity to look back on all the little moments that made up the sum of our entire year. It's a chance to be grateful for all the positivity that came in to your life, to examine where you can grow, and to challenge yourself to reach new heights in the year ahead.
For Little Voice, a new year is an opportunity for us to set new goals that will allow us to reach more readers and support many more causes. It's an opportunity to say thank you for believing in our message and vision and sharing our book with your students, children, family and friends.
But more importantly, it is a perfect reminder for each and every one of us to listen to our little voice and to not let another year go by where we ignore it.
We wish you all a very Happy New Year and cannot wait to share what we have planned for 2017 with all of you!
The Importance of Giving Back
From the very beginning, Little Voice has been a story all about giving back. It started with Amanda's goal to give children a book that would teach them something, that would provide a moral to the story, and a way for children to feel engaged. Eventually, Little Voice became a symbol of inspiration, a way for parents and teachers to inspire their children and students to believe that they can accomplish anything. Now, Little Voice is known across Canada as a way to fundraise and really give back in your local communities.
But why is it important to give back?
Little Voice Nominated for the Ottawa Social Impact Awards
This October, Little Voice was nominated for the Ottawa Social Impact Awards!
The Ottawa Social Impact Awards are recognizing and celebrating the leaders in our community who are making a positive social impact through innovative, collaborative, and scalable initiatives and enterprises. A partnership between Impact Hub Ottawa and the City of Ottawa, the inaugural Awards seek to:
Highlight Ottawa-based community initiatives and social enterprises that have significant potential for growth and lasting impact;
Emphasize the power of the collective rather than the individual; and
Recognize social innovation in our community that is turning the status quo upside down.
Today, Little Voice is very excited to not only share this nomination with all of you but a special feature with CBC Ottawa on Our #Ottawa.
This interview certainly helped both Samantha and I realize how far we've come and how much farther we want to go. What started as a simple poem on a scrap piece of paper has involved into a social enterprise I am so proud to have created with Samantha. We are continuously motivated by your feedback and involvement with our platform and hope to continue to inspire you as our movement and vision grows.
"We wanted kids to feel like they belong, for them to have a book that they could relate to. When you have a kid that feels inspired it's really rewarding to think that we created something that sparked that inspiration within them."
It was an amazing experience to be featured with CBC Ottawa and we are very excited to share the final product today with all of you! Special thank you to CBC for also highlighting our nomination in the upcoming Ottawa Social Impact Awards! Please vote for Little Voice by visiting http://ottawa.impacthub.net/ci…/ottawa-social-impact-awards/ to help us grow our platform, voting ends November 4, 2016!
You can now watch our full feature on #OurOttawa here: http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/796499011649
One Young World 2016 – A Life Changing Experience
A special feature by Little Voice's author Amanda Bernardo after attending the One Young World Summit in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Before sharing my experience, I'd just like to say thank you to everyone who supported my One Young World journey, who donated to my delegation fee, and who encouraged me to raise my voice and chase my dreams. Thank you!
It's hard to sum up everything I've seen, heard and felt over these past few days. There's been a lot to digest. It's even harder to think where do I go from here?
As a philanthropist and social entrepreneur, I attended One Young World with a particular interest in how I could grow Little Voice to support the causes I believe in. I wanted to learn how I could use my platform to truly lead on the causes I am passionate about, specifically mental health and gender equality. I also wanted to learn what more could I do to make a difference.
I didn't know what to expect from this Summit, but what I never imagined was that I would learn more about myself in four days than I had in the last year.
Here's a little glimpse of the day to day summaries I tried to jot down throughout the Summit.
Inside a Young Leader's Journey to One Young World
On Wednesday, September 28, 2016, I will be one of 1300 young leaders at this year's One Young World Summit in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. I still can't believe it!
Ever since I was a little girl I've always been passionate about making a difference in my community. I've volunteered with countless charities, fundraised wherever possible, and lived with the mantra to "do unto others as you would have them do unto you".
While I've worked really hard to make a difference right here in my community, I applied to One Young World thinking that perhaps I wasn't good enough. It's easy to share my excitement about One Young World with all of you, but I think it's even more important to address some realities that I'm sure many of you can relate to.
They say we are our own worst critics and this couldn't be more true of my journey to One Young World. I've always been known to be extremely involved in many, many organizations, projects, initiatives, etc… What can I say, I like to keep busy! I'm always thinking of the next movement I can be part of or the next goal I can accomplish in order to make a real impact with the work I am leading. Yet, despite always moving forward, a part of me has failed to soak it all in and really revel in my accomplishments.
I've always liked to work hard in silence and let the success I have been a part of make all the noise.
However, one thing I realized in anticipation for One Young World is how important it is to really look around once and awhile at all you've accomplished. For me personally, it really put my life into perspective. It helped me focus on what I am really passionate about, my vision for the future, and the next steps I'd like to take in order to not only be a young leader but one day, a world leader.
I think many young leaders can relate to this feeling. We're always so busy working away that we sometimes fail to acknowledge what work really means the most to us and how it has the potential to change our lives completely. Our work may seem small in comparison to others, but it is still important.
If a community of young leaders each led one "small" project in their communities that strived to make a social impact, together, they will have changed the world. This, to me, is what One Young World is all about. It's not about what we do alone, but what we can accomplish when we work together.
Collaboration has proven time and time again that we cannot accomplish all that we need to do without working together. Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, but working together is success.
I started off my journey thinking I needed to do a lot more with my life in order to be considered a young leader. What I never expected was the outpouring of support I received that not only encouraged me to attend One Young World but that reminded me that I already was a young leader in my community.
We all have the potential to make a difference in our communities. It's easy to think that our efforts may be too small to change the world but, let me be the first to say, they are not.
To take action at any scale, is still action.
We are the generation that has been called to act, to make a difference, to speak up, to raise awareness, to not give up, to support each other and remind one another that we are all good enough. I am grateful to One Young World for putting my future into perspective, for helping me to believe in myself when I may have doubted my potential, and to all those I will soon meet that will help shape the rest of my life forever.
You may not be attending One Young World with me, but I promise to share every step of the way with you so that in turn you too can be inspired to change the world!
Côté Martial Arts Stands Behind One Young World
"Don't let money fears stop you from chasing your dream!"
With One Young World less than two months away, Amanda's fundraising campaign is now more important than ever! In order to attend One Young World, delegates must fundraise £2,655 (GBP) – roughly $4600 Canadian.
I am truly thankful for the community support I've received thus far, without your donations, my dream of attending One Young World would be far from a reality!"
Little Voice is very excited to announce Côté Martial Arts as one of Amanda's official OYW sponsors! (more…)


I wanted to share my project with the group here. Some of you may have seen it over on the bird but for those who haven't, here it is.
I'm working on an early 944 that my brother gifted to me after abandoning as his own project. It has been apart for a decade… was either this or scrap. The long story short is he bought it from the wrecker in Connecticut who stated it needed a head gasket. When it showed up, it was obvious the engine was toast with cracks in jugs, smashed pistons and foreign object damage to the head. He picked up a parts car and engine and then quit so it sat for ~9yrs.
Commence picture waterfall timeline... starting in October 2013.
Block giving lip...was originally hoping to clean things up and drop in without any engine build. Little loose is okay but this was out pretty far.
There are alignment dowels that make the 944 look taller... they're actually only 1/4" difference.
Hybrid disc. G60 with 944 spline - guys at Clutchnet are great to do business with.
Block back from machine shop, hand-fit the rings.
Started cleaning up the combustion chamber and found the exhaust valves were really loose. After putting that work into the block it would be plain stupid to put tired valves above it just waiting for an opportunity to lose their heads and get acquainted.
Oil filter housing needs to change to ABA otherwise it's stuffed into the firewall.
Intake manifold needs to be trimmed to a taper plenum to clear brake booster.
Waterneck on the back of the head will need a solution... either a super tight elbow or cap and relocate.
Decided at this point to switch to a different bell housing moving the starter to the engine side of the clutch. Have a ME friend who is going to help with scanning/forging our own design. We're getting ready to start working again as the car sat all summer; the best time to build is during the winter when cabin fever sets in. Thanks for reading – more to come over the winter.
incredible illustrations. nice dog !!
Good work man! Can't wait to see where she ends up!
i debated you about doing this but the more i thought about it, the more i liked it.
that head is a cool design...and that engine is tiny! you could fit two more dogs under the hood.
Kudos for going outside the box. Very nice build/project! I always wanted to see a vr6 944 - I may end up doing one with my brother who is a VW guy.
And yeah, that engine is tiny! You could call it a mid-front engined car now, as most of the engine is behind the front axle.
how much more displacement can one get from that engine?
You can put a TDI block/crank under the head to go up to 159mm rod. That bumps you to 2.2L with some custom work. Not sure on the largest displacement out there but on turbo application the rate of return is diminishing.
Let me know how the bellhousing stuff goes, I still need to figure out which direction I'm going to go for my 07K swap.
Will do - if we can get a solid design then we'll pump them out domestically to help other people.


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President Lewis E. Thayne announces 2019-2020 will be his last year at LVC
Lebanon Valley College Lewis E. Thayne poses with students. Thayne will retire at the end of the 2019-2020 academic year. (Provided photo)
2 min read221 views and 46 shares Posted May 16, 2019
Lebanon Valley College announced today that President Lewis E. Thayne will retire following the 2019-2020 academic year.
Thayne was appointed president in 2012. In an email letter to the LVC community, Thayne said that he announced his decision to LVC's Board of Trustees at its May 4 meeting.
"It has been an honor for me to lead this remarkable college at a transformative period in our history and at such a challenging and consequential time for American higher education," said Thayne in the email letter.
In a press release posted by LVC today, Thayne's tenure as president was described as including the following achievements:
Three successive years of record enrollment
Construction of the Jeanne and Edward H. Arnold Health Professions Pavilion
Establishment of 12 academic programs
Institutional commitment to Inclusive Excellence
"When approached by Dr. Thayne to consider supporting the health professions pavilion, it was our pleasure to do so, as we felt this would bring a significant career option to Lebanon Valley College's superbly well-rounded curriculum," said Drs. Edward and Jeanne Arnold in the release. "He will always be regarded as one of the finest presidents we've ever had at Lebanon Valley College."
In Thayne's letter announcing his retirement to the LVC community, he referenced ongoing challenges for LVC and higher education at large.
This past February, LVC announced that it would be dropping majors for French, German, Philosophy, and Religion, as well as a number of minors. In a letter explaining decision, Thayne said the changes "arose partly from the need to reallocate funds, reduce expenses, and identify new revenue streams for the college" but also served a broader purpose of better meeting student needs.
Prior to joining LVC, Thayne spent 7 years as vice president of college advancement at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster.
A national search for Thayne's replacement will begin this summer.


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Cold Chain Logistics Market to 2025 by Preferred Freezer Services., Americold Logistics, LLC , Burris Logistics., Cloverleaf Cold Storage Co., Inc., Kloosterboer Group B.V.
The "Global Cold Chain Logistics Market Analysis to 2025" is a specialized and in-depth study of the cold chain logistics industry with a focus on the global market trend. The report aims to provide an overview of global cold chain logistics market with detailed market segmentation by type, temperature type, process, technology, application and geography. The global cold chain logistics market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.
Some of the key players influencing the market are Preferred Freezer Services., Americold Logistics, LLC , Burris Logistics., Cloverleaf Cold Storage Co., Inc., Kloosterboer Group B.V., Interstate Cold Storage, Inc., Lineage Logistics Holdings, LLC, Nichirei Logistics Group Inc., Swire Cold Storage Ltd., AGRO Merchants Group. and among others.
Growth in processed food sector and demand from pharmaceutical industry are the major drivers which help in surging the growth of cold chain logistics market whereas high operating cost and lack of infrastructure act as a restraining factor for this market. Increasing need for liquid nitrogen and temperature monitoring devices will add new opportunities for this market in the coming years.
Cold chain logistics is defined as a process of transporting and storing products under certain temperature controlled conditions. Temperature controlled warehouses are used for the storage of products and for further delivery of products refrigerated vehicles are used. It is basically used for the transportation of fruits, vegetable, drugs and many other products. It helps in preserving the shelf life and quality of product.
The report provides a detailed overview of the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides overview and forecast of the global cold chain logistics market based on type, temperature type, process, technology and application. It also provides market size and forecast till 2025 for overall cold chain logistics market with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America (SAM). The market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers analysis and forecast of 16 counties globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.
Also, key cold chain logistics market players influencing the market are profiled in the study along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies. The report also focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, products and services offered, financial information of last 3 years, key development in past five years.


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WATCH: Insecure Men Teenage Toy Video
John Doran , January 8th, 2018 15:21
Debut LP from Saul Adamczewski and Ben Romans-Hopcraft's exotica group. New video for Teenage Toy
Teenage Toy by Insecure Men on VEVO.
Exotica/ twisted easy listening group Insecure Men have released a video to 'Teenage Toy' - the follow up single to 'Subaru Nights' - and have also announced their debut album, which will be released by Fat Possum on February.
'Teenage Toy' - like most of the tracks of the album - was co-written in terms of lyrics with Saul's Fat White Family bandmate Lias and is one of the oldest of the Insecure Men tracks, with it originating as a track by the Saudis, the band that also featured FWF's keyboard player Nathan.
Speaking about the track, Saul said: "It's got hit written all over it, this one! The lyrics to the chorus was something Lias had written years ago about his first ever girlfriend. We used to play that song as a Saudis song and it just died a complete death then but I always knew it was a great hook and had never really been given the chance it deserved. So, with that in mind, we just set about remaking it as a mad, cartoon pop song. It was difficult to record and getting it to the right level of bounciness was hard. It didn't really reveal itself until the end of the session."
Insecure Men are on tour in the UK during March. Full interview with Saul coming soon
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