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Challenger's success conceals complexity of US shuttle program
By Jonathan Harsch Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Johnson Space Center, Houston
Delta-winged shuttle Challenger, which rode a thundering tower of flame on its first launch into space April 4, glided gracefully back to a perfect touchdown April 9.
With Challenger, as with the world's first reusable shuttle, Columbia, split-second precision in accomplishing each mission objective has confirmed how well the Space Transportation System (STS) has been designed to cope with the tremendous extremes of space flight.
The only disappointment marring Challenger's inaugural STS-6 mission happened far offstage. After a perfect launch from the shuttle's cargo bay, a giant communications satellite veered off course due to a misfiring booster rocket. But National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) officials expect to nudge the misplaced satellite into its proper orbit by firing its own small thruster rockets in a carefully programmed sequence over the next month.
Ironically, the shuttle program's two-year string of remarkable successes may conceal the magnitude of what has been achieved.
Gordon Fullerton, the NASA astronaut who piloted Columbia on its STS-3 mission and is more than ready for his next shuttle flight, explains that ''it's almost impossible for anyone not intimately connected with the space program to understand the complexity of the shuttle system.''
A quick glance at the shuttle cockpit's vast display of control panels gives a hint of the endless stream of information and interactive options available to each shuttle crew. But even a full understanding of the shuttle's maze of electrical and mechanical systems leaves out a wealth of operational complexity.
STS-6's successful four-hour spacewalk, for instance, demonstrated an astronaut's ability to move freely in space and carry out a variety of tasks. But the importance of this achievement is that it is part of a long-term series of steps leading up to carrying out repairs in space. The next step will come with Challenger's STS-7 mission in June. On that flight, the first US woman astronaut, Sally Ride, will use the shuttle's Canadian-built manipulator arm first to put a West German satellite into orbit and then to retrieve the satellite and place it back inside the shuttle. If each successive test goes according to plan, the crew of STS-13 will be ready to repair the damaged Solar Max satellite early in 1984.
John F. Guilmartin, a Rice University military historian in charge of compiling a chronological history of the space-shuttle program, insists that the shuttle's ''immense complexity'' represents far more than simply a breakthrough in aerospace engineering.
From the perspective of an experienced US Air Force officer decorated for service in Vietnam and Laos, former Lieutenant Colonel Guilmartin explains that the shuttle itself is a unique accomplishment. ''The shuttle's reusable rocket boosters on their own represent an integral system which is up to the level of our most complex World War II bombers.''
The shuttle's complexity has created tremendous reliability challenges, according to Guilmartin. When a number of sophisticated systems are interconnected, as in the shuttle, he says, each component must be virtually 100 percent reliable. He explains that with the shuttle's thousands of interconnections, stringing as few as 25 components together results in an ''unacceptably low level of cumulative reliability,'' even if each component operates perfectly 99 percent of the time.
Along with most other Johnson Space Center workers from janitors to top management, Guilmartin shows his appreciation for the shuttle by decorating his office with a large shuttle poster. But with his historian's perspective, he concludes that the greatest STS achievement may not be the $1 billion spacecraft itself. Instead, he says, ''it is incredible to me that NASA has been able to overcome not only the technical problems, but also all the political pressures and budgetary obstacles that have surrounded the shuttle program throughout its development.''
Guilmartin says that the STS has faced a complex array of opposition ''in sharp contrast with our Apollo program, where there was something approaching a national mandate to get a man on the moon.
''NASA's skill in shepherding the shuttle program through a political minefield has been remarkable, a case study in how this can be done in a democracy,'' he explains.
Space Shuttle Discovery lands, for the last time, in Washington, D.C.
A space shuttle's final mission: Atlantis opens to the public
C. Gordon Fullerton, pioneering space shuttle pilot


Get ready for the video games to begin on-line, the Justice Department overturned its lengthy-time stance on on-line gambling. The Justice Department introduced at the finish of December that the majority of on-line gambling is now legal. This is in the type of non-activity gambling. Some limitation will still apply but at least this will give states a chance to increase cash in other ways.
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"O ye that stand on Judaism! If ye believe that ye are friends to Allah, to the exclusion of (other) men, then express your desire for Loss of life, if ye are truthful!" - If you Jews think you are buddies of God and we are not, we will destroy you.
Having Ed Schultz say that he'll "never count on Al Franken" once more isn't a little ripple in the pond. This is the political equal of getting Sean Hannity say that Susan Collins has to go. For the record, Hannity hasn't said something like that about Sen. Collins.
I found out that this thing actually labored,as a internet developer it seemed fairly not possible not to talk of the type of safety protocols these Bitcoin Value Predictions websites use.
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Actually, Eric Holder is not a joke. His lies are crimes. Their carelessness is a challenge and an insult to People in america. How was this kind of a corrupt, creature verified by seventy five US Senators as Lawyer General in 2009?


There's no shortage of things to do in the Miami melting pot, but if you burn for basketball then you need to invest in some Miami Heat merchandise!
Start your memorabilia collection off right with the black wrapped wood frame and high-shine reflective glass of this bar mirror. The officially licensed, flaming-hot Heat logo is printed in high definition and protected beneath the glass, and a mounted saw tooth hanger in back makes it easy to get this hanging in your home bar or man cave.
If you're looking for sports collectibles that are worthy of taking their talents to South Beach, look no further. Get this Miami Heat logo mirror in your collection today!


BLANDON - Today, Dan Meuser for Congress held a grand opening of its campaign headquarters in Berks County which is located inside the Berks County GOP Headquarters at 8468 Allentown Pike, Suite 6, Blandon, PA, 19510.
The Meuser Campaign now has offices in Schuylkill and Berks Counties. We are planning to announce a Lebanon County office location soon.
"Our campaign is a team effort and we are excited to be partnering with the Berks County GOP to ensure the 9th Congressional District elects a problem-solving conservative who will support President Trump's America First Agenda," Meuser said.


We have stayed with NE Calendar because they offer a quality product and excellent customer service, discount for early order. We order these desk diaries with out logo and address imprinted beautifully. Our clients have had them for many years, keeping track of appointments and weather, plantings for the year, even as a diary. They love them and stop in every year to get them.


I have come across several occasions where people have often asked "Is it okay to mention my failed startup on my resume?" People often make the mistake of assuming that a failure might have a negative impact on the recruiters. What they fail to understand is that a gap in the career path would give a much more negative impression than a failed attempt.
Even if you have failed in a start-up, you should never shy away from mentioning it on your resume. You may approach a professional resume writer for advice, but I am pretty sure that you would get the same suggestion. By mentioning the failed start-up, you are giving adequate reasons to explain the gap in your service employment. Recruiters find this to be of utmost importance as they appreciate the genuine efforts of a person.
The trick to communicate the failure in a constructive manner is to present the reasons for the failure in an introspective manner which would demonstrate a great deal of self-awareness, insight, and humility. If you simply mention the failure without adequate reasons, then it would indicate that you are an incompetent start-up founder. This would make the recruiters hesitant towards selecting you for the position as your incompetence could result in more failures.
Start-ups may fail for several reasons and it may not be your fault all the time. Usually, the path for a new business venture is rather uncertain and a lot depends on timing and market readiness. For example, if you try to remember the market conditions prevailing during the initial stages of the growth of the ecommerce environment, there were many businesses which did not make it.
The reason behind the failure was that the market was just not ready for online shopping with major concerns being related to the security of the transactions and safety of personal information. Today, ecommerce has become an integral part of our lives and this is the reason behind the immense growth of brands like Myntra, Jabong, Lenskart, etc. Ecommerce is the choice of business in the current scenario.
Unless you are good with words and are able to present your situation in a constructive manner with key learnings mentioned in the resume, it would be a good idea to get it prepared by a professional resume writer. This would reduce the risks that you would be exposed to. It is important to mention the learnings from the failure and the steps that you would take to avoid the development of such circumstances in future. So make sure you cover all the essential points and then send in your resume to recruiters for reviewing.
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Creative Career Advice: Knowing Your Market and Setting Prices – Sig Nordal, Jr.
December 27, 2017 December 28, 2017 Sig Nordal, Jr.
Whether you're just starting out or you're a seasoned professional, understanding how to price your services or products can be a daunting task for any creative professional. In fact, one of the biggest mistakes freelancers make is underselling themselves because they either don't take into consideration all the proper factors or underestimate the value their experience brings.
Recently, we tackled art commissions and best practices for ensuring they run smoothly, which touched on pricing to a degree. Here, we'll go further in depth about the steps you can take to set your prices and make sure they are on target for your market. Photographers, designers, and makers all need to have a good grasp on pricing if they want to create a successful, long-term career. And while we won't discuss fine art pricing, which is a separate argument, The Value of Art is a great book to begin understanding the contemporary art market.
Here are some considerations to help you better understand how to price your creative services or goods in order to stay competitive, but keep your business running successfully.
This is a common dilemma for anyone offering creative services. While a flat rate can seem like a straightforward, easy way to go, if not considered carefully it can have some downsides. There can be such a wide range of needs within any given service, that you might find yourself setting a low price to get people in the door, and then spending considerably more time than you'd like on the given project.
So, while a doing well-priced flyer designs, for example, might be a good way to get your graphic design business off the ground, you may find yourself pouring too many hours into a project that, when broken down hourly, pays peanuts. Conversely, setting a high flat rate squeezes out a lot of potential clients who simply can't afford the large number. If their projects are actually straightforward, from a time standpoint, you could be missing out on easy money. So, if you go the flat rate route, make sure you take into consideration these different aspects to come to a happy medium that you—and your clients—will be pleased with.
For service-based creatives, use a calculator to help you figure out your hourly rate.
There are a large number of factors when thinking about pricing, and the amount of time you are physically performing the task at hand is only one thing to consider. Aside from expenses, one of the first questions you want to ask yourself is, "How much do I want to earn in a year?" and "How many hours a week do I want to work in order to achieve that goal?" And, of course, you'll want to make sure you get paid for all the intangibles of a business that aren't directly connected to a specific project, whether that be hours spent doing market research or time brainstorming new creative concepts for your brand.
If this all sound daunting, there are a number of online calculators that will take you through the process, step-by-step. BeeWits and the NPPA have comprehensive hourly rate calculators for any freelance business, while Sprouting Photographer has a number of rate calculators specifically for photographers.
If you're producing handmade items, there are tools for you, too!
Maybe you aren't selling a creative service, but rather producing artistically crafted items to sell, whether that be online or in person. There are different considerations when thinking about products aside from production hours, but you will still want to factor things like the costs of marketing or research for your new line. And some of the issues you'll face are different, including whether or not you want to wholesale items and transaction fees or commissions from services like PayPal or Etsy. Remember, most artisans have a markup of at least 50% in order to account for eventual ventures in wholesaling and to have enough of a profit margin to be able to reinvest in the business.
Craftsybase has a simple and efficient calculator for pricing out Etsy products, while Creative Hive Co has a comprehensive guide to pricing handmade goods, as well as a free downloadable calculator for setting prices.
Of course, calculators are great for crunching numbers, but as any successful entrepreneur will tell you, math is only part of the story. One of the most important reasons to find your artistic niche is that once you know who your customer is, you'll be able to think about what they can realistically afford.
This will require you to do some market research to discover if the pricing you are calculating is competitive in the marketplace or is completely out of synch. Sometimes this will be based on location. If you are a wedding photographer, there will be a particular radius you work in, and doing research to find out what other photographers in the area are charging will be key. Of course, when comparing your prices to others, also think about what makes your work comprable—or not. Maybe you have more years of experience or have had your work exhibited by important institutions. These are all reasons to justify a higher rate. Conversely, if you are just starting out and looking to cultivate a client base to grow your business, pricing competitively will help you do so until you have enough experience to raise your rates.
If you are selling goods online, a quick search for comparable items on Etsy and Amazon will help you see if you are under or overpricing yourself. It's also helpful to look at Google Adwords and the search volume for the type of item you are selling. If a lot of people are searching for the product, that's good news for you—thought you'll want to think about what makes your work unique in order to market it successfully. But if the volume is very low and you aren't able to find many comparable items online or locally, you'll want to think about whether or not there is a market for what you want to sell.
Remember, selling—whether it's a service or a physical item—is all about supply and demand. If you have a market for your work, but your clients can't afford what you are selling, you'll need to get creative in thinking about how to get them what they want without compromising your business. This may mean creatively sourcing less expensive materials or starting out part time until you can grow enough to support yourself fully.
The post Creative Career Advice: Knowing Your Market and Setting Prices appeared first on My Modern Met.
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Led by private consumption, Moldova's economy grew by 4.5 percent in 2017. Fueled by remittances, strong growth in wages and the indexation of public transfers in 2016, consumption increased by 4.9 percent in 2017. Improved financial conditions and the recovery from the 2015 decline in public investments led to a recovery in gross fixed investments (+5.3 percent).


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Following the progression of advertising through the ages
Bygone Days Advertising Memorabilia
Magazine Design Elements
Magazine Design Typography
Magazine Design Kerning
Magazine Design Drop Caps
Christmas Gifs
Vintage PinUp Gif
Clipart Continued
Free Online Survey
Art Deco Advertisements
American Pin Up Magazine Covers
Banned Advertisements
Beech-Nut Chewing Gum
Bird's
Bisto
Bovril
Brighton Holiday Posters
Celebrity Magazine Covers
Chocolate through the years
Fry's Chocolate
Comic Covers
DC Comic Logo
Get to know Superman
Getting to know the green lantern
Get to know Shazam
getting to know Cyborg
Get to know Green Arrow
Coca-Cola Adverts
COCA-COLA TRADE MARK
COCA COLA DESIGN
COCA-COLA SLOGANS
Famous Artistes of Coca Cola
Missing Rockwell Paintings
New Coca-Cola
Circus & Magic Posters
History of women in Advertising
History of Film Posters
Hollywood Classic Portraits
Hollywood Film Stills
John Bull Magazine Front Covers
Ladybird images
Lever Brothers
Lifebuoy Soap
Pin Up Artists
Al Buell
Alberto vargas
Art Frahm
Dick Bobnick
Earl Macpherson
Earl Moran
Gil Elvgren
Greg Hilderbrandt
George Petty
Harry Ekman
Jack Cole
Joyce Ballantyne
Liberty E Moore
Michael Mobius
Pearl Frush
Ralph Burch
Robert Skemp
Rolf Armstrong
Zoe Mozert
Punch Cartoons
Quirky Typography
Retro Advertisements
Retro Magazine Covers
Rinso Soap
Ryvita
Seaside Postcards
Sunlight soap
Vintage Paris Adverts
French Posters of the Jazz Age through WWII
French posters after ww2
French Belle Epoque Posters
American war posters
Victorian life
British Posters 1910's
Titanic Posters
Norman Rothwell Artist
American Posters 1910's
Life in the 20's
I920's images
American Can labels 1940's
British World Wars Posters
World Wars in pictures
World War 2 Photos >
Pictures WW2
London then and now
Aerial Photos WW2
London to Leningrad
World War 2 Chocolate
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VARIOUS PNG IMAGES
Last week, the news broke that DC Comics has applied for a trademark for a brand new logo. Presumably, they're planning on replacing the current DC Spin, which has been spotted on comic book covers, movies and TV shows since 2005. As is usually the case with any big change from a comic book company, the reaction from the Internet has been vocal and vehement with both its loves and hates.
But then again, this isn't exactly a revolutionary new development. DC has changed its logo several times over the course of its history, and every time it's been met with some pretty extreme reactions. To help put this in context, we went digging through 70 years worth of ComicsAlliance comments — all the way back to the dawn of the Internet in 1940 — to see how people reacted to DC's new logos in the past!
And that brings us to today and what might just be the brand new DC logo. Personally, I don't particularly care for it — it took me a full day of staring at it to realize that it was supposed to be a page being turned and not a sticker being peeled back — but if history has taught us anything, it's that DC will eventually change it to something else. Worst case scenario, we'll be stuck with it for 29 years.
is one of the largest American companies in comic book and related media publishing. A subsidiary of Time Warner, DC is responsible for such famous characters as Superman,Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, The Flash, Aquamanand their teammates in the Justice League. For decades, DC Comics has been one of the two largest American comic book companies, along with Marvel Comics. The initials "DC" were originally an abbreviation for Detective Comics, and later the official name.
Originally located in New York City at 432 Fourth Avenue, DC has been successively headquartered at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue; 909 Third Avenue; 75 Rockefeller Plaza; 666 Fifth Avenue; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas (in 1992). DC took over several floors when it moved to 1700 Broadway in the mid-1990s, relocating there with fellow Time Warner property MAD Magazine, which moved there from 485 Madison Avenue.
The corporation is an amalgamation of several companies.
National Allied Publications was founded by Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson in 1934 to publish Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (Feb. 1935), later known as New Fun and More Fun. The first American comic book with solely original material rather than comic strip reprints, it was a tabloid-sized, 10-inch by 15-inch, 36-page magazine with a card-stock, non-glossy cover. Issue #6 (Oct. 1935) brought the comic-book debut of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the future creators of Superman, who began their careers with the musketeer swashbuckler "Henri Duval" and, under the pseudonyms "Leger and Reuths", the supernatural-crimefighter adventure "Doctor Occult".
Wheeler-Nicholson added a second magazine, New Comics, which premiered with a Dec. 1935 cover date and at close to what would become the standard size of Golden Age comic books, with slightly larger dimensions than today's. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, becoming one of the longest-running comic-book series.
His third and final title was Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated Dec. 1936, but eventually premiering three months late, with a March 1937 cover date. The themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27 (May 1939). By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson was gone. In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld — who was as well a pulp-magazine publisher and a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News — Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective #1.
Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfeld's accountant, listed as owners. The major remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, and he was forced out.
Shortly afterward came the launch of what would have been his fourth title, National Allied Publications' Action Comics, the premiere of which introduced Superman (a character with which Wheeler-Nicholson was not directly involved; editor Vin Sullivan chose to run the feature after Sheldon Mayer rescued it from the slush pile).
National Allied Publications and Detective Comics, Inc., soon merged to form National Comics, which in 1944 absorbed an affiliated concern, Max (Charlie) Gaines' and Liebowitz's All-American Publications. Liebowitz then consolidated National Comics, Independent News, and related firms into National Periodical Publications, the direct precursor of DC. Later that decade, Gaines was bought out and left to form Educational Comics, Inc., better known as EC. National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961.
Despite the official names National Comics and National Periodical Publications, the logo "Superman-DC" was used throughout the line, and the company known colloquially as DC Comics for years before the official adoption of that name.
Cover of Action Comics #1, which featured the debut of Superman, the first superhero. Art by Joe Shuster.Added by Hatebunny
Wheeler-Nicholson's company pioneered the American comic book, publishing the first such periodical consisting solely of original material rather than reprints of newspaper comic strips, starting with Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (Feb. 1935), called New Fun after the first issue. The evolving company was also the first to feature superheroes, beginning with Action Comics #1 in 1938. When the sales of the title proved unexpectedly strong and market research confirmed that the character, Superman, was the major reason, a period called the Golden Age of comic books began. In reaction, the company introduced such other popular characters as Batman, and Wonder Woman, and the first superhero team, the Justice Society of America.
In light of this spectacular success, the company began to aggressively move against imitators for copyright violations by other companies. Among these was Fox Publications, whose character Wonderman was purposefully created as a blatant copy of Superman. This extended to the company suing Fawcett Comics for their top selling character, Captain Marvel, for copying Superman, despite the fact that the parallels were more tenuous. This started a years long court battle that ended in 1955 when Fawcett capitulated and largely ceased publication of their comics.
When the superhero genre faded in the late 1940s, the company focused on other genres, such as science fiction, Westerns, humor and romance. They largely avoided the crime and horror trends of the time, thus avoiding the backlash against crime and horror comics in the 1950s. A handful of the most popular superhero titles (most notably Action Comics and Detective Comics, the medium's two longest-running titles) continued publication.
In the mid-1950s, editorial director Irwin Donenfeld and publisher Liebowitz decided that, even though they weren't publishing superheroes much anymore, the trademarks needed to be maintained. They directed editor Julius Schwartz to come up with a new Flash story of to be printed as a one-shot in issue #4 (Oct. 1956) of the experimental title Showcase. Instead of reviving the old character, Schwartz had writers Gardner Fox and Robert Kanigher, penciler Carmine Infantino and inker Joe Kubert update and modernize the concept. The Flash's civilian identity, costume, and origin were all changed for a modern audience. Much to the publishers' surprise the issue sold, and more stories were scheduled. The new treatment proved popular enough that it soon led to similar revamping of Green Lantern, and the introduction of an updating of the Justice Society of America superhero team as the modern all-star team Justice League of America. Showcase #4 heralded what is commonly referred to as the Silver Age of comic books.
National's other characters, who had not been cancelled, were similarly spruced up. Mort Weisinger oversaw the Superman family of titles and introduced many new characters, such as Supergirl, Bizarro and Brainiac that established many of the elements that still influence the feature to this day. Jack Schiff was somewhat less successful with Batman, introducing Batwoman, Bat-Girl and Bat-Mite, and attempting to modernize the strip with science fiction elements. Eventually the book was given to Julius Schwartz who brought in a New Look and an emphasis on Batman as a detective. Meanwhile, editor Robert Kanigher successfully reimagined Wonder Woman as a title aimed at young girls, featuring a whole family of Wonder Woman characters having fantastic adventures in a mythological context.
The Batman TV show sparked a tremendous increase in comic sales, but afterwards sales began to decline. In 1967, Batman artist Carmine Infantino became the company's editorial director. Faced with declining sales, in part because of the growing popularity of Marvel Comics, he attempted to remedy the situation with an infusion of new titles and characters, and recruited major talents such as Steve Ditko and promising newcomers such as Neal Adams. DC comics went from being writer driven to artist driven as all new editors hired were artists: Joe Kubert, Dick Giordano, Mike Sekowsky, Jack Kirby.
The new editors tried to capture the youth market by only using writers under the age of thirty. Yet while the new employees strove for sophisticated storytelling and characters, they had little experience in the industry, and their work's relative lack of professionalism hampered their efforts. Some new talent, however, such as Dennis O'Neil, who worked on Green Lantern and Batman, became industry lights. Nevertheless, the period was plagued by short-lived series that started out strong, but petered out rapidly. The new comics, aimed specifically at the fan market, failed to sell. One theory as to the cause of this, is that local comic distributors, who did not want to handle the low profit items anyway, were simply giving the books to speculators who were stockpiling them for the back issue market. Thus, the more popular a book, the lower its sales. In addition, the talent involved often tended to leave established titles after a few issues considering they had little incentive to stay with their creations since they were largely paid per page regardless of the sales performance of their books.
New Gods, flagship title of Jack Kirby's "Fourth World" mythos.Added by Brian Kurtz
In 1970, Jack Kirby defected from Marvel to create his most artistically ambitious creation, The Fourth World titles, in which he attempted to create an original sophisticated sub imprint that could appeal to a loyal fan audience. However, sales did not meet management's expectations, and as they had little faith in the concept, the venture was prematurely cancelled, although the characters and concepts would become integral to the DC Multiverse. Kirby went on to create the successful series Kamandi, when he was directed by the publisher to come up with something resembling Planet of the Apes.
In addition, Captain Marvel was also revived in the 1970s as an initially licensed property under the title, Shazam!. However, the property could not recapture its old popularity, although a Saturday morning live action television adaptation was popular and the character would largely retain a noted place in the DC Universe to this day.
Late 1970s and 1980s
In 1969, National Comics merged with Warner Bros/7 Arts. The new corporate management replaced Infantino with Jenette Kahn, a former children's magazine publisher, in January 1976.
During this time, DC attempted to compete with Marvel by dramatically increasing its output, a move the company called the "DC Explosion". This included series featuring new characters, such as Firestorm and Shade, the Changing Man, and several non-superhero titles. Afterward, however, Warner pulled the plug and dramatically cut back on titles, firing many staffers in what industry watchers dubbed "the DC Implosion".
Seeking new ways to boost market share, the new management of publisher Kahn, vice-president Paul Levitz, and managing editor Dick Giordano addresses the issue of talent instability. To that end — and following the example of Atlas/Seaboard Comics and such independent companies as Eclipse Comics — DC began to offer royalties. In addition, the company created the publishing concept of the limited series that allowed flexible arrangements for storylines that could be successful without the pressure of immediately following them up on an indefinite basis.
The New Teen Titans, the series credited in beginning the revitalization of DC Comics.Added by Brian Kurtz
These policy changes immediately paid off with the success of The New Teen Titans by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez, two popular talents with a history of success. Their superhero team comic, which emulated the character based ensemble series structure of Marvel's X-Men in its own way, earned significant sales in part due to the stability of the team, who kept with the title for years. In addition, the team took advantage of the limited-series option to create a spin off title, Tales of the New Teen Titans, to present the origins of their original characters without having to break the narrative flow of their main series or obliging them to double their work load with another ongoing title.
This successful revitalization of a minor title led the editorship to look at doing the same to their entire line comics. The result was the limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, which gave the company an opportunity to dismiss some of the "baggage" of its history, and revise major characters such as Superman and Wonder Woman. Yet DC did not abandon their history completely. In 1989, they began publication of the DC Archive Editions, a series created to collect their early, rare issues into a permanent hardback format.Meanwhile, British writer Alan Moore had re-energized the minor horror series Swamp Thing|Saga of the Swamp Thing, and his highly acclaimed work sparked a comic book equivalent of rock's British Invasion, in which numerous British talents, including Neil Gaiman and Grant Morrison, came to work for the company. The resulting influx of sophisticated horror and dark fantasy material led not only to DC abandoning the Comics Code for particular titles by those talents, but also to the later establishment in 1993 of the Vertigo imprint for mature readers.
Acclaimed limited series such as Batman: The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller and Alan Moore's Watchmen, also drew attention to changes at DC. This new creative freedom and the attendant publicity allowed DC to seriously challenge the dominance of Marvel.
The late 1980s also saw the dying out of many successful DC war genre titles, including venerable series that had been in print since the 1960s. These titles, all with over 100 issues and none of which survived past 1985, included Sgt. Rock, G.I. Combat, The Unknown Soldier, and Weird War Tales.
The comics industry experienced a brief boom in the early 1990s, thanks to a combination of speculative purchasing of the books as collectibles and several storylines which gained attention from the mainstream media. DC's extended storylines in which Superman was killed and Batman was crippled, resulted in dramatically increased sales, but the increases were as temporary as the substitutes, and sales dropped off as industry sales went into a major slump.
DC's Piranha Press and other imprints in the 1990s were introduced to facilitate diversification and specialized marketing of its product line. They increased the use of nontraditional contractual arrangements, including creator-owned work and licensing material from other companies. They also increased publication of trade paperbacks, including both collections of serial comics and original graphic novels.
The Vertigo line was aimed at an older and more literary audience, largely free of the "kid stuff" stigma its main superhero line still held. DC entered into a publishing agreement with Milestone Media, which gave the company a line of comics featuring a more culturally and racially diverse range of superhero characters; although the Milestone line ceased publication, it yielded the popular animated series Static Shock. Paradox Press was established to publish material that would be considered "mainstream" in the book trade - including the large-format Big Book of... series, and crime fiction such as Road to Perdition - but paradoxically remained a niche in the comics industry. DC purchased Wildstorm Comics from Jim Lee and maintained it as a separate imprint with its own style and audience. Likewise they added the Wildstorm imprint America's Best Comics, created by Alan Moore, including the titles Tom Strong and Promethea.
In March 2003, DC acquired publishing and merchandising rights to the long-running fantasy series Elfquest, previously self-published by creators Wendy and Richard Pini under the WaRP Graphics banner. The following year, DC established the CMX imprint to reprint translated manga, and temporarily acquired the North American publishing rights to graphic novels from European publishers 2000 AD and Humanoids. It also rebranded its younger-audience titles with the mascot Jonni DC.
Starting in 2004, DC began laying groundwork for a "sequel" to Crisis on Infinite Earths, promising substantial changes to the DCU. In 2005, the company published several limited series establishing increasing conflicts between the heroes of the DCU, with events climaxing in the limited series Infinite Crisis. Afterward, DC's ongoing series jumped one year forward in their story continuity, with DC publishing a weekly series, 52, that would graduatlly fill in the gap.
Also in 2005, DC launched an "All-Star" line, featuring some of DC's best-known characters and existing in an alternate universe without the long and convoluted continuity of the DCU. All-Star Batman & Robin the Boy Wonder launched in July 2005 (one month after the release of DC's highly successful cinematic rebirth withBatman Begins), with All-Star Superman beginning in November 2005. All Star Wonder Woman and All Star Batgirl were announced in 2006, with the release of Superman Returns in movie theaters, but neither have been released or scheduled as of the end of 2009. Adam Hughes, who was initially announced as the writer/artist on All Star Wonder Woman in 2006, explained at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International that that project was "in the freezer" for the time being, due to the difficulty involved in both writing and illustrating himself.
DC Entertainment In September 2009, Warner Bros. announced that DC Comics would become a subsidiary of DC Entertainment, Inc., with Diane Nelson, President of Warner Premiere, becoming president of the newly formed company and DC Comics President and Publisher Paul Levitz moving to the position of Contributing Editor and Overall Consultant there.
On February 18, 2010, DC Entertainment named Jim Lee and Dan DiDio as Co-Publishers of DC Comics, Geoff Johns as Chief Creative Officer, John Rood as EVP of Sales, Marketing and Business Development, and Patrick Caldon as EVP of Finance and Administration.
In May 2011, DC announced it would become the first comic-book publisher to begin releasing digital versions of their comics on the same day as paper versions. DC also announced a massive reboot on their DC Universe following their Flashpoint event. Some series will be restarted to a new #1 and new series will also be released.
Copyright © 2013 bygone days Advertising Memorabilia, all rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: read a text file using powershell I have a text file in this format:
ServerName:srvrX1
IP:
Location:NY
OS:
ServerName:srvrX2
IP:
Location:NY
OS:Windows Server 2012
XYZ:
ServerName:srvrX3
IP:
Location:STK
OS: Win2k3
ServerName:srvrX4
IP:
Location:STK
OS:Win2k8
ServerName:srvrX5
IP:
Location:STK
OS: RedHat Linux 5
ServerName:srvrX6
IP:
Location:TKY
OS: Windows Server 2012
The number of fields could vary for each server and the number of empty lines between each server info is randm . I want the output in tabular format. I am new to powershell could someone please help.
Thanks a lot.
Nel

A: You can split the content on two or more line breaks, then split each returned element again, parse the content and create new object for each element:
$content = Get-Content .\test.txt | Out-String

$content -split '(?:\r\n){2,}' | Foreach-Object{

    $pso = New-Object PSObject

    $_ -split '(?:\r\n)' | Where-Object {$_} | ForEach-Object{

        $var = $_ -split ':'
        $pso | Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name $var[0].Trim() -Value $var[1].Trim()
    }

    $pso

}

ServerName IP Location OS
---------- -- -------- --
srvrX1        NY
srvrX2        NY       Windows Server 2012
srvrX3        STK      Win2k3
srvrX4        STK      Win2k8
srvrX5        STK      RedHat Linux 5
srvrX6        TKY      Windows Server 2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


From here in Oklahoma, its merely considered as a minor inconvience. If the e-verification is the only portion of this law that is invalid so what. Thats why ALL laws have disclaimers on the end that will protect the other sections of the law should one portion be scuttled.
Hey, I grew up in Tulsa and have a personal pride in that Oklahoma is in the forefront of maybe stopping this illegal Mexican invasion. Mandatory e-verification is the key to making all of these tough on the employers of illegals laws successful. We read all of the time about these dog and pony for show ICE raids that net hundreds of illegals but you never see the employer of these illegals ever get prosecuted. You hear the employers claim 'well they had these fake documents'. With mandatory e-verification the employers must verify the legal status of an employee and if an illegal is caught working for that employer, then that employer is SCREWED.
Are the American sheeple going to stand by and let the gov special interest ruling elites do this to them? Probably.


Mahmoud Abbas says the US government has assured him that voting in a 25 January legislative poll would be allowed in East Jerusalem, despite Israel's objection to Hamas participating.
The Palestinian president said on Monday: "Today I received American assurances that the campaigning and the elections will take place in Jerusalem."
Abbas's announcement alleviated some fears that he was planning to call off the vote under pressure from members of his Fatah party, who were concerned that the popular Hamas group would embarrass Fatah at the polls.
Incidentally, on Tuesday Israeli soldiers arrested Emad el-Din Kamil, a leader of the Al-Quds Brigades in Qabatiya township, south of Jenin, Aljazeera's correspondent in Jenin reported.
About 20 military vehicles besieged Kamil inside a house, opening fire at the house before managing to arrest him.
In an address carried live on Palestine TV on Monday, Abbas said he spoke to several US officials, including Condoleezza Rice, the secretary of state who gave him assurances that Israel would allow voting in Jerusalem.
Abbas said he also received a message on Monday from George Bush, the US president.
Earlier on Monday, Israel said it would allow candidates who were not members of resistance groups to campaign in East Jerusalem, but added there had not been a decision yet on whether to allow voting to proceed there.
Mark Regev, spokesman for the Israeli Foreign Ministry, said: "We are hopeful that we are close to an understanding.
"We want to reach an agreement under which Palestinians living in Jerusalem who want to vote in the elections can, and at the same time ensure that we don't give legitimacy to any terrorist group."
Sean McCormack, the US State Department spokesman, said two US envoys would travel to the region on Tuesday to smooth out arrangements for the elections, as well as other security issues.
Palestinian leaders had said the elections would have been delayed if voting was banned in East Jerusalem.


text:
DeFrock	Renewable Energy	 April 23, 2021 April 24, 2021 3 Minutes
8th April, 2021
Source: By Terang Express
Maximise spending: Former Moyne Shire councillor Colin Ryan, RE-Alliance representatives Tony Goodfellow and Lucy Allen, and local Mick Murphy OAM have floated the idea of pooling wind farm funding streams in to one fund to maximise investment in big ticket programs and assets.
Moyne residents have been encouraged to throw their support behind a joint community fund which would collect local grants from wind farms to fund larger priority projects.
Community benefit schemes from wind farms could grow to reach $700,000 per annum in Moyne Shire, which the joint fund would aim to allow for bigger more strategic projects and leverage funding across the shire.
The Australian-first concept launched in 2019 when Moyne Shire Council passed a motion put forward by then-councillor Colin Ryan to facilitate discussion between three wind farm developers (Global Power Generation, Woolnorth Wind Farms and Wind Prospect) to coordinate strategic community funding.
"From the outset my idea was not an endorsement for wind farms, but an endorsement for the way funds are distributed through communities," Mr Ryan said.
"I was involved with a community engagement committee involved in the distribution of funds from the wind farm, and I could see the communities were basically running out of ideas from which to spend their money after four or five years.
"If this funding is going to be around for 30 years, why not pool this resource and get a much better outcome for the wider community?
"My idea is to make use of the long-term funding for long-time big projects that the whole region benefits from."
RE-Alliance Victorian coordinator Tony Goodfellow has been tasked with supporting the Moyne region to get the fund up and running, and developing a governance model of what the fund could look like.
He said the general idea would be to establish a community panel from across the region to determine where accrued funding could be best spent.
"Over the life of this project, we're talking at least $20,000,000 in total wind farm community benefits," Mr Goodfellow said.
"This is a chance for Moyne residents to dream big and think about what will really make a difference in their lives.
"It is common practice for wind farms to start a fund that allows them to share their annual profits with locals by supporting community groups, such as the CFA, environmental groups or playgroups to deliver projects locals need.
"Pooling these funding streams into a joint program will allow local communities to target programs and assets that will leave a legacy for decades to come."
Mr Goodfellow said RE-Alliance would begin the first round of community consultation on the fund over the coming months.
"The next step is to lock in decision-making structures for the fund that are fair and transparent so everyone can get behind it," he said
"What I want to do is start engaging with each wind farm on a coordinated fund.
"I'll be doing meetings with the wind farm communities as well as listening posts around the community."
Mortlake's Mick Murphy said he had seen first-hand the benefit of the region working together with a co-ordinated and co-operative approach.
"I think this is the sort of model which gives significant benefit to the region where there are a lot of people who, and I respect them, but I don't agree with them, but who don't agree with wind farms," he said.
"What we have to do is maximise the benefit for our region, at the same time acknowledging the companies have to get a benefit from what they invest in.
"I've been involved in chasing money for a lot of projects around the region, and this sort of model is the best – otherwise you just get the crumbs.
"The way a region progresses is prioritising the things which you really need and working together to get it."
RE-Alliance hopes to have the fund up and running this year, depending on support for the idea from the community.
For more information on the fund and upcoming opportunities to be involved in community discussions, visit re-alliance.org.au
RE-Alliance formerly known as the Victorian Wind Alliance and Australian Wind Alliance, and national co-ordinator Andrew Bray supported the removal of the 2km wind turbine setback distance from homes.
See: https://defrock.org/2021/04/23/madigan-led-senate-wind-report-slammed-for-bias-2015/
Colin Ryan
Community Engagement Committee
Investment Benefits
Leverage Funding
Mick Murphy OAM
Moyne Shire
RE-Alliance
Tony Goodfellow
Wind Prospect
Woolnorth WF
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One thought on "Efforts To Pool Wind Farm Funds Launched"
Albert Rogers says:
The Australian site anero.id/energy/wind-energy makes actual wind production figures available on a daily and even hourly basis.with a total "capacity" of 8.1 GW, today's production started at 3:00 am and just over 3 GW, and between 6:00 and 9:00 dropped from 3.6 GW to 1.5 GW and did not reach 2.0 GW since then The daily figures for March run erratically between peaks of one 4800 MW and others of 4000 MW, and troughs that go down as far as 800 MW and 400 MW


Ernest William Tollner, PhD, PE, Professor of Natural Resource Engineering at the University of Georgia, has been recognized by Marquis Who's Who Top Educators for dedication, achievements, and leadership in Civil Engineering.
Through perseverance, presence, and "finishing the drill," Dr. Tollner has served with the University of Georgia since 1980, and has been in his field since 1972. He holds numerous roles, including affiliate membership with the Institute of Ecology, a role in the ASCE-NRCS Task Force to Revise the Hydrology Section, and as dean of students of the Student Judiciary Training Program. He is best known as a pioneer in x-ray tomographic scanning in agricultural research, vegetative filter strips for sediment control, and a nonaerobic composting process for farm and municipal waste. He has coordinated a bioconversion laboratory construction for the University of Georgia, and developed water resources in Africa and Central America.
Dr. Tollner is a recipient of an Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award, and has appeared in the pages of Who's Who in Finance and Industry, Who's Who in America, Who's Who in American Education, Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Who's Who in the South and Southwest, and Who's Who in the World. He was recognized in 2013 for his positive impact on the University of Georgia experience by multiple students and the University of Georgia Career Center, and is a fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. He has received numerous best paper awards from the society and other industry groups, and continues to contribute to numerous committees in the field and in his civic sphere. Dr. Tollner is also a volunteer and elder of the Grace Communion International Church.


text:
Poetry without Borders
Home – Along Middle Path – Poetry without Borders
From Kenyon in the News - October 17, 2013
Víctor Rodríguez Núñez, poet and professor of Spanish, achieves international acclaim while writing and teaching at Kenyon.
His book, desde un granero rojo ("from a red barn") recently received the Alfons el Magnànim International Poetry Prize in Valencia, Spain, an award that carries with it a cash prize as well as the publication of his book by the prestigious publishing house, Hiperión. In addition, the Shanghai Writers' Association awarded him an artist residency in Shanghai, where he has been giving readings and lectures on his poetry to Chinese writers since September.
Of course, Rodríguez Núñez was something of a rock star of Hispanic poetry before these most recent awards. One of Cuba's most noteworthy contemporary writers, he has published more than 20 books of his poetry, won other major poetry prizes in several countries, compiled influential anthologies of Hispanic poets, edited cultural journals and written numerous introductions and essays on Spanish American poetry. He keeps changing and evolving as an artist, he said, by challenging the very notions that have made him successful.
"If you want to be a truly great writer, you can't keep writing the same way, you have to try new ways," he said.
His most recent poem, thaw ("of a thousand verses") from Arc Publications (UK), for example, is the first to mine the beauty of the Kenyon countryside. His wife and translator, Associate Professor of Spanish Katherine M. Hedeen, described it as a "pastoral that challenges the genre, where the beauty of a combine harvester counts for as much as a daffodil's or a groundhog's. It is the essential experience of otherness: fear and fascination with the Ohio landscape, so unlike the tropics of the poet's native Cuba."
In the poem, Rodríguez Núñez writes about the Ohio nature using an unconventional conversational tone structured in 10-line stanzas popular in Spanish poetry. It's all part of his effort to build an identity unbounded by ethnicities, cultures and countries. "I want my work to emphasize what I have in common with other people and places," he said. "Poetry without borders is my goal, in content and form."
He credits Hedeen for "helping me to accomplish my goal to write better every day."
He also acknowledges the atmosphere at Kenyon for helping him thrive as an artist.
"Kenyon is a place where I could maintain a balance between teaching and writing," he said. "The College allows its faculty to be great teachers, as well as great scholars and researchers. If we ever lose that, we lose everything."
Victor Rodriguez-Nunez


text:
From the Top Down
September 7, 2017 September 6, 2017 ~ Brian Wyzlic
As some who find themselves reading this may know, my family recently moved halfway across the country. Personally, this meant a move closer to family and to a community we knew, even as it did bring me farther from where I grew up and my family in that area. Professionally, this meant a new position in a new school division.
(Note: "School Division" is a largely Canadian term used the same way "School District" is in the US)
With this new position came meeting new people, attending new employee workshops, etc. Things most of us have been through once or twice in our careers — at the very least, at the start of our careers.
I've been at new schools and/or new school district/divisions 5 times in my career. 4 of them had largely the same new teacher orientation information:
How to get paid
How to request time off
Expectations of teachers
How to file grievances
Welcome to our team! excitement (either genuine excitement or not, this always exists)
This one was different. And I have to share why.
When the superintendent spoke at the beginning of the orientation, there was a bit of the "here's what we're doing as a division this year; here's our new strategic plan for the next 3 years; etc." That's pretty standard.
But before he even got to that, he started with talking about trust. He started by talking about how all the teachers in the room (there were about 40 of us) were going to build relationships with our students and with each other, and how that was the most important thing that we do. RTI, PLCs, curriculum, best practices: these are all important supports. But the most important thing is the relationships we have with our students and the community of support that we build.
I was blown away.
I've never had the leader of entire school division say that, much less kick off the year by saying that. But maybe it was an anomaly. He might have the most powerful voice, but maybe other senior administrators didn't buy in to that same philosophy.
Then it was an assistant superintendent's turn.
He shared with us 8 Standards of Excellence in Teaching. But he highlighted one in particular that was the necessary starting point: Interpersonal Relationships. He went on to say, "Building relationships is the foundation of your classroom practice." Essentially, if you don't have that one, the others aren't really going to matter nearly enough.
Think about those words. "Building relationships is the foundation of your classroom practice." If I had asked you before this post who said that, what would you say? A classroom teacher? A former teacher turned speaker? Perhaps a principal? The impact of a superintendent saying these words is significant.
I felt it in myself, and I saw it in my colleagues as we understood. It was clear what is important to this school division. It's not just the academic outcomes that we lead our students toward. It's an adult caring about every student. It's every student having an adult who cares about them. It's about helping each student feel a sense of belonging. It's about community. It's about relationships.
I thought this was as amazing as it was novel to me to hear it from the highest administrators in the division.
Then I really started to think about it.
When the primary directive to teachers is to build trust, community, and relationships among themselves and among their students, that's going to look different than what I'm used to. I'm used to raising test scores. I'm used to graduation rates. I'm used to proficiency targets and goals.
When the first thing talked about from the top down is student scores, that is the desired target. Everything teachers do, then, becomes about raising student scores. Good teachers know that relationship-building is part of this.
When the first thing talked about from the top down is building relationships, then that is the desired target. Everything teachers do, then, becomes about building a community with their students. Good teachers know that this will raise student scores.
What is the message you send, when you get to talk to others? Whether you're a teacher, administrator, parent, or student: what is your focal point? If it's student scores, then everyone who comes through the doors of your building is ultimately a number. They're a lot of things along the way, but they come in as a number and they leave as hopefully a higher number. Any thinking or practice otherwise becomes dissent.
If the message is trust, community, and relationships, then everyone who comes through the doors of your building is a person. They're a lot of things along the way, but they come in as a person and they leave as a hopefully more enriched person. Any thinking or practice otherwise becomes dissent.
I would dissent if I had to. I'm fortunate that I don't. Others are not so fortunate.
I will leave you with this thought. I believe that most people in senior administration in school districts believe in the importance and power of relationships and community in education. I'm not sure how many think it's the most important thing, but they know it's quite important. For those in those roles: are you communicating that to your staff? Do they know that you believe that? How? What are you doing to show that every day?
What will you do today to show those around you that you believe in the power of trust, relationships, and community?
Posted in Little Things, Wyzlic
Published by Brian Wyzlic
A math and English teacher turned Ed Tech Specialist, Brian loves making mistakes. . .but loves finding success just as much. He knows trust, relationships, and community are the keys to good education.	View all posts by Brian Wyzlic
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text:
Testing the effect of bioturbation and species abundance upon discrete-depth individual foraminifera analysis
Bryan Lougheed1 and Brett Metcalfe2,3 Bryan Lougheed and Brett Metcalfe Bryan Lougheed1 and Brett Metcalfe2,3
1Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
2Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
3Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
Received: 29 Jul 2021 – Accepted for review: 23 Sep 2021 – Discussion started: 27 Sep 2021
Abstract. We use a single foraminifera enabled, holistic hydroclimate-to-sediment transient modelling approach to fundamentally evaluate the efficacy of discrete-depth individual foraminifera analysis (IFA) for reconstructing past sea surface temperature (SST) variability from deep-sea sediment archives, a method that has been used for, amongst other applications, reconstructing El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The computer model environment allows us to strictly control for variables such as sea surface temperature (SST), foraminifera species abundance response to SST, as well as depositional processes such as sediment accumulation rate (SAR) and bioturbation depth (BD), and subsequent laboratory processes such as sample size and machine error. Examining a number of best-case scenarios, we find that IFA-derived reconstructions of past SST variability are sensitive to all of the aforementioned variables. Running 100 ensembles for each scenario, we find that the influence of bioturbation upon IFA-derived SST reconstructions, combined with typical samples sizes employed in the field, produces noisy SST reconstructions with poor correlation to the original SST distribution in the water. This noise is especially apparent for values near the edge of the SST distribution, which is the distribution region of particular interest for, e.g., ENSO. The noise is further increased in the case of increasing machine error, decreasing SAR and decreasing sample size. We also find poor agreement between ensembles, underscoring the need for replication studies in the field to confirm findings at particular sites and time periods. Furthermore, we show that a species' abundance response to SST could in theory bias IFA-derived SST reconstructions, which can have consequences when comparing IFA-derived SST from markedly different mean climate states. We provide a number of idealised simulations spanning a number of SAR, sample size, machine error and species abundance scenarios, which can help assist researchers in the field to determine under which conditions they could expect to retrieve significant results.
How to cite. Lougheed, B. and Metcalfe, B.: Testing the effect of bioturbation and species abundance upon discrete-depth individual foraminifera analysis, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2021-202, in review, 2021.
Bryan Lougheed and Brett Metcalfe
In this manuscript, Lougheed and Metcalfe use transient model outputs (Trace21k output as input for SEAMUS) to assess whether discrete-depth Individual Foraminifera Analysis (IFA) can faithfully reflect temperature distribution. Within the idealized model environment, the authors are able to simulate pre-depositional, post-depositional and post-retrieval processes that may affect the temperature distribution recorded by foraminiferal tests becoming a part of the sediment, including sea surface temperature (SST), foraminiferal abundance in response to SST, sediment accumulation rate, bioturbation, number of foraminifera picked (sample size), and machine error. They assess the sensitivity of IFA-derived SST distribution by varying the aforementioned parameters in the model environment. The output is of course best-case scenario – as the reality is a lot more chaotic and noisy. Despite this, the idealized simulations show that the IFA-derived SST distribution show extremely low reproducibility with the typical sample size adopted by users of IFA (50-100 picked specimens). The reproducibility is especially poor near the edge of the distribution – which is the region of interest to paleoceanographers. Another important finding is that varying species abundance in response to climate change may also bias IFA-derived reconstructions, and this bias cannot be avoided if one were to pick 10000 specimens for the IFA-based reconstruction.
IFA has become increasingly popular as a tool for reconstructing past climate variability, thus the scientific questions explored by the authors are timely and of broad appeal. The manuscript is clear, generally well-written and accessible even to readers who have no strong background in numerical modelling. I expect the paper to be of great interest to users of IFA and proxy system modelling, and to a lesser degree also to those who study foraminiferal ecology. The scope of the study also fits the remit of the journal. I find the conclusions convincing, but think that the paper may benefit from some clarification here and there, and more discussion on how to apply the knowledge derived from these idealized simulations to actual sediment records, or at least some concrete suggestions on what (not) to do when using IFA in reconstruction. After all, the community that will benefit the most from this paper is likely paleoceanographers who apply IFA (I certainly hope so), thus the more reason to make it as accessible as possible to this community. In this regard, the reader could use some elaboration on what would be the minimum requirement in terms of SAR, sample size / number of specimen picked. Any regions where IFA would work nicely or should be avoided? Some comments on how realistic the idealized model output is, considering that one of the largest sources of uncertainty in IFA-derived SST distribution, i.e. the vertical migration of planktic foraminifera, is not considered in the simulation? I think it might also help maximize the impact of the work if the authors can make the outcome accessible in the form of a web GUI for users who are fluent in programming language – but this is more of a would-be-nice-to-have kind of suggestion.
That said, I am happy to recommend publication once these concerns have been addressed by the authors. Altogether this should amount to minor to moderate revision. Below I outline a few specific comments / suggestions that I hope the authors will find helpful in revising their manuscript.
Line 29-32: Most studies are based on 50-100 specimens, so I'd add a sentence saying under what conditions can this sample size yield meaningful reconstruction. The results clearly indicate that one would be safe if 10000 specimens are picked, but alas this is not something that is realistic. Even 500 specimens are not always possible if one tries very hard.
Line 155-156: "… differs in model execution…" please elaborate more in what way it is different that makes it suitable for use in this IFA experiment.
Line 163-165: This is a bit confusing. The model is run at monthly time-step, so the foraminifera in the model do not record daily temperature but only the monthly mean? Also, it would be helpful for the reader to follow the manuscript if the authors could provide more information on how the recording process is simulated in SEAMUS. Is the temperature value recorded by foraminiferal test an average of several weeks of daily temperature?
Line 168: 10000 foraminifera per cm of sediment (at a single site presumably) sounds a lot. Is this value based on some ecological studies? If yes please add the references here. I also wonder if this value affects the model output? Say, for example, if one were to assume that only 1000 foraminifera are produced per cm of sediment, how would the smaller number of foraminifera affects the simulation of SST distribution.
Line 255-260: Why the criterion of r2>0.6 on top of p<0.05? Any reason why both criteria are needed for this study? I note that p<0.05 is a more commonly adopted criterion in paleoclimatology when assessing correlation between time series. How does the result change when only the p<0.05 criterion is applied?
Line 310-314: As this is one of the main results, please provide more detail on the calculation of over-sampling (e.g. what does it mean with >500% oversampling).
Line 356-357: I applaud the authors for being candid but this could be rephrased to sound a bit more positive. Something along the line of "results are associated with large uncertainties due to unconstrained model parameters". This will also set up nicely the next sentence about future work to quantify the errors associated with IFA-based reconstruction.
Section 4.0 (alternatively, add a new sub-section before section 4.0): See my general comments above. After going through the rather negative results based on the idealized simulations, one is left wondering what does this mean for real-world reconstruction. Can we indeed apply what we learn from this idealized simulation to actual records? Is it too early to tell, since the parameters used in the simulation are unconstrained? I think the reader, especially users of IFA, would like to have more details in this regard, as well as some concrete suggestions on what to do/ not to do when interpreting IFA-based reconstruction beyond the rather general suggestions already offered by the authors.
AC1: 'Reply to Referee #1 (Anonymous referee)', Bryan Lougheed, 27 Oct 2021
The reply is attached as a PDF.
RC2: 'Comment on bg-2021-202', Anonymous Referee #3, 15 Dec 2021
Tasting the effect of bioturbation and species abundance upon discrete-depth individual foraminifera analysis, by Lougheed and Metcalfe.
The paper is very well written and well presented. The content should be of large interest for the relevant scientific community. Their results may be seen as provoking if you work on IFA, however they clearly express strengths and limitations of the work they present, and stress the need for evaluating the conditions (SAR, BD, foraminiferal abundance) at the given sites investigated. Overall, I find it to be a very good paper, more or less ready for publication. I only have a few minor comments.
Consider to reduce the number of abbreviations used to ease the reading.
Add some information on the choice of site, and the real-life conditions you could expect at this site. The selected site is from a site where it would be great to have reconstructions, but where there is little foraminiferal material available for investigation.
SST is defined twice in the abstract (L13 and L16).
L63: not intuitively clear sentence. Suspect you refer to absolute abundance? and/or relative? Both will change through time.
L217: if 5 cm/ka is more realistic for the area, why put the main focus son the 10cm/ka scenario? I read this as a theoretical paper with an idealized approach, forcing the foraminiferal model with modelled SSTs that again are used to verify the modelled IFA response. I see the argument for choosing this location, being a sensitive area in the modelled SST fields, does it really matter for your result what the realistic sed rate is in the area?
L230: calculated as a by - delete as a
L280: delete is
L327: delete also?
Could you consider different species and how responses may vary between species, or is the result species independent and more a general representation of the effects of SAR/BD on the IFA?
I see that it would be out of the scope for this manuscript, but I have one suggestion for a future study that I would love to see and that I think would strengthen the message in the end. It would be very nice to see how this tool and analysis would compare to a "real" IFA study, given that the conclusion put strong constraints to the IFA approach. E.g., a study where the modelled data was from a location and a time interval where IFA have been/could be done, and from where the temperature is well known (for instance instrumental constraints on temperature, lead or marker horizons constrained ages and hence sedimentation/accumulation rates, stained foraminifera for information on living dept, if not BD). I think such a study would provide a more approachable message for many working on these issues since this paper presents a quite technical and theoretical approach to IFA analysis and results. And given that the message would be the same, further emphasis the potential issues that exists with respect to IFA approaches.
AC2: 'Reply to Referee #2 (Anonymous referee)', Bryan Lougheed, 03 Jan 2022
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Measurements on sea-dwelling shelled organisms called foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea sediment cores have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) variation. To evaluate the method, we use a computer model to simulate millions of single foraminifera and how they become mixed in the sediment after being deposited on the sea floor. We compare the SST inferred from the single foraminifera in the sediment core to the true SST in the water, thus quantifying method uncertanties.
Measurements on sea-dwelling shelled organisms called foraminifera retrieved from deep-sea...


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Worship Recordings
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Clay has a heart for authentic worship through music, and has been serving at Cornerstone Church since January of 2013. He has been leading worship for 13 years, starting when he was 16 years old at Grant First Baptist Church and for the youth of Oak Grove Baptist Church in Hugo. He has also led worship at the BCM at Eastern Oklahoma State Universtiy. Clay has been the youth leader at Cornerstone since August of 2017. He is the ag teacher at Atoka High School, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in agricultural education from Oklahoma State University in May of 2011. Clay and his wife, Meredith, have twin boys, Caleb and Wyatt.
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It was, as always, a night most magical. Months of planning goes into this little soiree, and in the blink of an eye (and the pour of a few hundred beers, the wharfing down of a few thousand portions of locally made grub), it was done. Finished. Gracefully brought to a glorious close.
1. Flawless floral: Sophie Islip, owner of Florette, showed up on the day of with a veritable field full of dahlias, pampas grass, ranunculus, and the like. Then, somehow, she skillfully arranged hem into mesmerizing, palette-perfect bunches that made every table at the party look absolutely STUNNING. The thing is, we love pretty, and Sophie made us shine.
2. Pulled pork sliders: If you know, then you know. Pat's BBQ (Pat himself, actually) has shown up to our party thrice now (you know him by the line that spans our entire parking lot...for the entire night) to dish his award-winning BBQ, and we love him dearly for it. Word has it he'll be back again next year...we assume that means you will, too?
3. Ice cream & cookie dough: The only reasonable way to follow up (or precede) BBQ, pretzels, fish tacos, and paella is with sweet things of the highest order. Thanks to Normal Ice Cream and Dough Co., we assume everyone in attendance did things the right way. Alexa, we'll spend our COLLECTIVE lives clamoring for your bars, cones, and sandos. Mike and Sarah, don't you ever leave us. Doughn't you dare.
6. That tent: I mean, come on. We've thrown this party for several years now, and at the risk of sounding as though we're patting our own backs (we are), that tent was SO GOOD. The weather was absolutely perfect, and we didn't technically "need" it, but no matter -- having string lights and some shelter off of which to bounce that warm glow made it all so much cozier. Considering installing one permanently just for the vibes.
7. Pretzels and paella: Did you see that paella? Did you?! It was an orb of art. Thee biggest, most beautiful circle of flavor. A pan of perfection that fed the masses. Thanks to the folks at Finca for the chef and the subsequent joy he brought. And while we're on the topic of great SLC restaurants, another one showed up for us with some next-level pretzel bites and warm cheese...heaps of thanks to Trestle Tavern, because we kinda think those pretzies are a clutch component to the success of this party.
8. Fish tacos: Nomad Eatery rolled into our parking lot with smiles, tortillas, and the rest of the ingredients for a good fish taco, and for that, we're grateful. What goes better with beer/wine/water/life than a fish fry?
9. Tavi on the 1s and 2s: Avenues Prom Committee keeps giving us the sweetest taboo. You see this man, year after year, at the Brew + 'Q turntables, and we'll keep asking him back for as long as he'll do it. Upstairs and down, inside and out...he's a smooth operator, this one. This is no ordinary love.
10. Your mug: Our favorite part was that you showed up for a good time, and our biggest hope is that you had one. Thanks to our favorite photographer Kerri Fukui for capturing the magic like only she can. Have a scroll below...maybe your mug is in the mix. See you next year.


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Home Essays Ap European History Chapter 11
Ap European History Chapter 11
Topics: Protestant Reformation, Henry VIII of England, Church of England Pages: 11 (3911 words) Published: October 17, 2012
Chapter 11 Notes
The English Reformation to 1553
England had a reputation for maintaining the power of the king over the pope. Edward I rejected efforts of the pope to not tax the clergy. Parliament passed the Statutes of Province and the Praemunire in the mid-14th century to lessen payments to Rome. Lollardy, humanism and anticlerical feelings paved the road for Protestant ideas in the early 16th century. Preconditions of Reform
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1524-1525 while residing in Germany. It was printed in Cologne and Worms. It began to circulate in England in 1526. The chief minister to King Henry VIII, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Sir Thomas More, Wolsey's successor, guided the opposition to Protestantism. The king earned the title "Defender of the Faith" by protecting the 7 sacraments against Luther's attacks. Thomas More wrote Response to Luther in 1523. The King's Affair
The King's marriage kick started the English Reformation. Catherine Aragon would not produce a male heir for King Henry VIII, only Mary, and Henry wanted a divorce. Catherine had first been the wife of Henry's brother, Arthur, but he died, so Henry inherited Catherine. They were married in 1509 with a special dispensation from Pope Julius II himself. By the time of his divorce conflict, Henry was in love with Anne Boleyn, one of Catherine's ladies-in-waiting. He wanted to wed Anne instead of Catherine. However, he could not get a divorce because Pope Clement VII was a prisoner of Charles V. Cardinal Wolsey, who was in charge of securing and annulment, was dismissed in shame when he failed to do so. Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, both of whom harbored Lutheran sympathies then became Henry's most trusted advisors. They wanted to create an English church of which the King would be the head. This allowed Henry to annul his own marriage. The "Reformation Parliament"
In 1529, Parliament convened for a seven-year session. It was called the "Reformation Parliament". During this period, it passed legislation that placed reins on the clergy. In 1531, the Convocation recognized that the King was the head of the Church. The Parliament published grievances against the Church, ranging from indifference to the laity to too many religious holidays. Parliament also passed Submission of the Clergy which brought canon law under royal control, and the clergy into royal jurisdiction. In 1533, Henry wed Boleyn and Parliament made the king the highest court of appeal for citizens. Also in 1533, Cranmer led the Convocation to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine. In 1534, Parliament ended all payments by the laity and clergy to Rome and gave Henry power over ecclesiastical appointments. The Act of Succession made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate. The Act of Supremacy made Henry the only head in earth of the Church of England. When Thomas More and John Fischer refused to recognize the Act of Succession and the Act of Supremacy, Henry had them executed to prove a point. In 1536 and 1538, Parliament dissolved England's monasteries and nunneries. Wives of Henry VIII
In 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed for treason and adultery, and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Jane Seymour died in 1537, after giving birth to Edward. On the advice of Cromwell, he wed Anne of Cleves. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was executed. Catherine Howard, the fifth wife, was killed for adultery in 1542. Catherine Parr lived. The King's Religious Conservatism
Henry remained decidedly conservative in his religious beliefs. With the Ten Articles of 1536, he made mild confessions to Protestant tenets and maintained Catholic Doctrine. He forbade the clergy to marry or have concubines. Henry wrote the Six Articles of 1539 to strike at Protestant views. They reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of oral...
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Martin Towsey, estates gardens manager at The Bedford Estates, has made an outstanding contribution to horticulture during his 33-years working in the profession – a career which began with an apprenticeship and culminated in the restoration and recreation of Humphry Repton's original plans for the gardens at Woburn Abbey.
In the 13-years that he has been a key member of the senior management team at Woburn, Martin has put horticulture back into the heart of the estate which in addition to the gardens at Woburn Abbey includes London's Bedford Square, Southampton Row and Montagu Gardens plus Woburn Safari Park, Woburn high street and private houses owned by the Duke and Duchess of Bedford.
Martin has delivered two five-year plans, enabling Woburn Abbey Gardens to evolve and become a better example of horticulture, while restoring and re-creating Humphry Repton's original plans from Repton's Red book presented to the 5th Duke in 1805. The Gardens now command a ticket price - and visitor numbers match visitors to the Abbey. The site is now also an RHS partner garden scheme.
He has put in place an annual garden events schedule, including the annual Garden Show, which has secured revenues while developing the skills of the gardening team. Other revenue drivers include profitable plant sales. Woburn Abbey Garden School now delivers a range of study days and 'come and grow' sessions where both external experts and the garden team pass on their skills and techniques to visitors.
Martin is also known for his enthusiastic and knowledgeable tours and talks. He is the only senior manager within Woburn Enterprises that plays an active role in delivering bespoke, specialist and VIP garden tours, as well as visiting all manner of groups at their AGM's and monthly meetings.
Recently he secured the funding to renovate a property on the estate which is now student accommodation, so the gardening team can accommodate more work experience placements and interns from universities to help preserve the future of horticulture in the younger generation.
Martin has also engaged with the community and in particular local schools to deliver horticulture to Years 1 and 2 (5 to 7 year-olds). These children assisted by Martin and his team created and delivered a show garden at the Woburn Abbey Garden Show 2016. Their progress was regularly followed for three months by BBC Three Counties radio who conducted radio interviews broadcast to the wider community who learnt to grow at home.
He is a custodian of the Estate's values: Heritage excellence, community, innovation, and integrity, and has always stood by these while delivering horticulture in a stimulating, relevant and interesting way.