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You are here: Home / Weight-Shift Control Aircraft Flight / WSC Flight Maneuvers / Whip Stall and Tumble Awareness
Whip Stall and Tumble Awareness
Filed Under: WSC Flight Maneuvers
As discussed in chapter 2, the WSC aircraft does not have a tail with a vertical stabilizer similar to an airplane, and there is the possibility of the wing tucking and tumbling. If a WSC tumbles, this will most likely result in a structural failure of the WSC and serious injury or death to the pilot and/or passenger. It is most important for the pilot to understand tumble awareness and use all means to avoid such an occurrence. The pilot can avoid a tuck and tumble by:
Flying within the manufacturer's limitations.
Flying in conditions that are not conducive to tucks and tumbles.
Obtaining the proper training in pitch stability for the WSC.
Flying within the manufacturer's pitch and airspeed limitations is simply adhering to the POH/AFM limitations. Depending on the manufacturer, this could mean no full power stalls, not exceeding pitch limits of ± 40 pitch angle, not flying below the safe flying speed in turbulence, etc. Manufacturer's limitations are provided for the specific aircraft to avoid tucks and tumbles.
Preflight preparation is the first step to avoid the possibility of a tuck/tumble to avoid flying in strong weather conditions. This could be strong winds that create wind shear or strong convective thermals that create updrafts and downdrafts. This weather analysis is part of the preflight preparation weather analysis. The second pilot decision regarding appropriate weather while flying is to look at the environment during flight to understand and evaluate the situation. Weather conditions should always be evaluated as the flight progresses with ADM used to determine the best outcome for the situation. This could be turning back or landing depending on the situation.
As a student or pilot progresses, turbulence will be encountered. Use the procedures for flying straight and level as shown in Figure 6-8. Use this exercise as a foundation for developing pitch control awareness to keep the wing managed with proper control bar pitch and throttle control.
Figure 6-8. Thermal updraft and downdraft sequence.
For high pitch angles, the POH may have specific procedures that should be followed for the particular WSC aircraft, but the following general guidelines are provided. After reviewing the aerodynamic aspects of the tuck/tumble in chapter 2, refer to the following tuck/tumble awareness and avoidance procedures.
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As defined in the aerodynamics section, a whip stall is a high pitch angle when the tips stall because they exceed the critical angle of attack. This can be the result of strong turbulence or power-on stall, pilot induced, or any combination of these factors. A pilot must avoid all of these factors to avoid the possibility of a whip stall resulting in a tumble, but the following procedures are provided for tumble avoidance in case a whip stall or a nose rotating down below the manufacturer's limitations is encountered.
The aircraft rotates nose down. [Figure 6-23, Whip Stall to Phase 1] Push the control bar out to the front tube and level wings while increasing to full power and keeping control bar full out to reduce overpitching. [Figure 6-23, Phase 1 to Phase 2] If rotation is so severe that it progresses to phase 4 and the WSC aircraft is tumbling, the ballistic parachute (if so equipped) should be deployed.
Figure 6-23. Whip stall/tuck/tumble sequence.
There are other weather situations in which the nose is not at a high pitch attitude, where the back of the wing can get pushed up and enter phase 1 without an unusually high pitch attitude or whip stall. If pitched nose low, increase to full power while pushing the control bar full out to reduce nosedown pitching rotation. Generally, the control bar full out and full-throttle create a nose-up moment.
It takes extremely strong weather conditions and/or pilot error to tuck/tumble a WSC aircraft. Experienced pilots fly all day in moderate turbulence, but building experience flying in turbulence should be approached slowly and cautiously to determine the pilot and aircraft capabilities and limitations.
A Scenario
The following is one example of a scenario that could lead to a tuck/tumble. It is based on a viable training program in one location but lack of experience in another location.
A student obtains his or her pilot's license with the minimum number of hours for the pilot certificate. The new pilot trained, soloed, and obtained his or her license only in conditions near the ocean where there was typically an inverted midday sea breeze with little to no convective turbulence (thermals). This developed confidence for flying in winds up to 15 knots but no experience was gained in thermals. In fact, the pilot was not aware that strong thermals could be hazardous.
Now, with a new license, the pilot visits his parents in the middle of the high desert of Colorado. Unfamiliar with the local conditions, the new pilot gets a weather report of winds to 15 knots, something the pilot has experienced before. By the time the pilot arrives at the airport, discusses the situation with the airport officials, and sets up the WSC aircraft, it is 2:00 in the afternoon. The wind is generally calm but increasing to 15 knots occasionally. There are towering cumulus clouds in the sky surrounding the current airport similar to clouds that the pilot had seen far inland from where he or she took instruction and soloed.
The pilot takes off in relatively calm winds, but it is unusually bumpy air. Without any experience in the high desert or with thermal conditions, the pilot has misjudged the conditions and is flying in strong thermal convection. The new pilot climbs out trying to get above the turbulence, which usually works near the beach because of the mechanical turbulence near the ground. However, the turbulence increases.
As the pilot is climbing to a pattern altitude of 1,000 feet AGL at full throttle, the aircraft is pitched nose up while the pilot lets the force of the updraft raise the nose. Never has the pilot felt the nose rise with this type of force before. The pilot is shocked and disoriented at this high pitch attitude, but eventually lets up on the throttle. But now at an unusually high pitch angle, the WSC nose flies into the downdraft of the thermal. At the same time, the updraft is still pushing up on the tips of the wing while the downdraft is pushing down on the nose creating a forward rotation with a weightless sensation. Before the pilot knows it, the wing is rotating pitch down for a vertical dive. [Phase 1 in Figure 6-23] The student remembers from training that "in a nose down rotation into a steep dive the control bar is pushed full forward and full throttle applied" and initiates this corrective action. The pilot reaches the vertical dive, but because of the corrective action the WSC aircraft recovers from the dive and proceeds back to land safely.
What went wrong? What were the errors? How could this near catastrophe have been avoided?
In a new area and unfamiliar with the conditions, the new pilot should have asked the local instructor or other pilots about the conditions for the day. Local WSC pilots are a great resource for flying the local conditions, but pilots of any category aircraft are knowledgeable of the conditions and could have provided advice for the new pilot. This might have prevented the new pilot from attempting this flight.
Flying in a new environment and not understanding the power of midday thermals in the high desert should have forced the new pilot to scrap this midday flight. The pilot should have started flying in the morning when there is little thermal convection and gained experience and understanding about the weather in this new area.
Better preflight planning should have been accomplished, especially in a new location. The pilot should have known to obtain convective information and realize it was going to be too bumpy for his or her limited experience. The pilot was accustomed to seeing towering cumulus clouds where he or she trained, but they were way inland and not in the normal flying area. Here clouds were observed all around.
Site observations indicated strong thermal activity. Observation of winds picking up to 15 knots and then becoming calm normally indicates thermal activity. The pilot was familiar with steady 15 knot winds, but did not understand that calm wind increasing cyclically to 15 knots indicates thermal activity.
The pilot did not initially react to the updraft and resultant high pitch angle properly because pitch management habits had not been developed. The pilot hit the updraft and allowed the force of the updraft to move the control bar forward, increasing the pitch angle while not letting up on the throttle immediately. Both the control bar forward and full throttle forced the nose too high, creating the high pitch angle and whip stall condition. At the same time, the WSC aircraft flew into the downdraft, starting the nosedown rotation.
If the pilot had reacted quickly, pulled in the bar while letting up on the throttle and immediately going into the strong thermal, the high pitch angle would not have been achieved and the strong forward rotation would not have happened so abruptly.
After the series of errors occurred, the pilot finally performed the preventive action to avoid a tumble—from the basic training of "If the WSC is at a high pitch angle and the nose starts to rotate down to a low pitch angle, increase to full power while pushing the control bar full out to avoid a tumble."
Rod Machado's Private Pilot Handbook -Flight Literacy recommends Rod Machado's products because he takes what is normally dry and tedious and transforms it with his characteristic humor, helping to keep you engaged and to retain the information longer. (see all of Rod Machado's Products).
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A dog from Cardiff is the latest recipient of a prized devotion award from veterinary charity PDSA, for enriching the life of her owner and for being a loyal aid dog.
Black Labrador, Bella, was nominated for her PDSA Commendation by owner Wayne Mayor (50), from Barry, for helping to alert others if he is about to have a life-threatening collapse.
Wayne adopted Bella when she was just a tiny puppy and she has been his loyal companion ever since. Wayne suffers from a debilitating lung condition which makes living a 'normal' life very difficult. His condition also means he suffers from regular collapses.
Wayne said: "When I first took Bella on, I thought there was something wrong with her. She would suddenly bark, show her teeth and go mad. I didn't understand why she was behaving this way, but over time I noticed a pattern. She would always act strangely just before I had a collapse, and fell unconscious.
"We realised that Bella was alerting us that I was about to collapse. It's truly amazing - she's not been trained to do this. Now when she makes these warning signs, I know that I should sit down and take it easy."
Wayne is a single parent and Bella's assistance makes a tremendous difference to his life. Bella is always by Wayne's side and will even accompany him down the stairs, step-by-step, to ensure he is okay.
Wayne added: "Having Bella means I'm able to go for trips in my motorhome with my son. Without her looking out for me and alerting others that I'm having a fall or over-exerting myself, we just wouldn't be able to do this. Having Bella saves me the stress and embarrassment of collapse."
Bella was presented with the award by PDSA vet nurse Karen Jones, at a special ceremony at PDSA's Cardiff Pet Hospital, which Bella and Wayne regularly attended.
Karen said: "At PDSA, we know only too well the amazing impact that pets have on our lives. The PDSA Commendation recognises the outstanding devotion that animals display and celebrates the amazing ways that they enrich our lives. It is clear that Bella has had a massive impact on Wayne's life and is a worthy recipient of the PDSA Commendation. Some animals have an innate ability to sense danger and protect their owners. It's fantastic to help recognise Bella's inspirational capacity to do this with the PDSA's prestigious Commendation award."
Wayne concludes: "I'm so pleased that PDSA has given Bella the acknowledgement she really deserves. I am so proud of her - she has helped me in so many ways and I am so happy to celebrate with her. She is truly amazing and life wouldn't be the same without her!"


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Indo Mines to start construction of iron ore project in Indonesia
admin 24 October 2011
Australian firm Indo Mines is planning to start construction of its $1bn iron ore project, located in Java, an island of Indonesia, in December 2011.
Mudrajad Kuncoro, a local government official in Yogyakarta, central Java said the ministry is expected to issue the permit in November to Jogja Magasa Iron, which will own a 30% stake in the project.
The project will also include a processing plant with production capacity of one million tons of pig iron and two million tons of iron concentrate a year and a coal-fired power plant.
The project will also include an oxygen plant, water treatment facility and a port.
Once operational in three to five years time, the project is expected to produce nine to 15 million tons of iron ore a year and will consume around 1.2 million tons of coal annually, reports Reuters.
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With enormous flooding creating furor around, the very last thing which comes to our heads is the complete reverse of the moist and drenched areas, i.e. the driest area on Earth. There are many places on our globe that get rain less than 0.76 mm yearly.
There are lots of, dry, waterless areas on Earth, however all desserts aren't made equal. A number of Earth's deserts have special outstanding characteristics that distinguish them from others.
The best three driest areas on Earth differ from other deserts for reasons which go beyond their deficiency of rain. The three are renowned for being the most bizarre permanently populated area, the highest-altitude desert as well as the driest chilly desert on Earth.
Antarctica- the term itself is becoming synonymous with ice, glaciers and whatever but dryness. Much to your surprise, Antarctica's Dry Valleys have been regarded as the most popular place on Earth. These are the biggest ice-free area of the continent. The area receives absolutely no rain and the weather is devoid of humidity in the large. As a result of additional existence of large hills, the ice can be blocked by the valleys. Ergo, the area continues to be a mind boggling puzzle, waiting to be unraveled by scientists and explorers throughout the world.
The Atacama Desert is Located in South America. The plateau is debated to become among the driest areas on the planet. It's believed not to have received any substantial rain from 16th century to 20th century. The rain from the northeast region of the Atacama Desert is 0.761mm each year. The area is so humid that the hills are entirely glacier-free. The chilly water hauled from Antarctica from Humboldt currents prevents the creation of rainfall carrying clouds. This location can be called the "perfect location to overlook that there's anything like water on Earth".
Along with this, it's the latest town of Egypt. The climate is hot and dry. There's possibly 2 or 1 mm of rainfall each five decades. The average yearly rainfall is 0.861mm. Aswan is one of the driest inhabited areas on the planet; instead of early 2001, the previous rain there has been seven years before. Despite the adverse climatic conditions, the town stays to be a favorite tourist destination because of the existence of Nile nearby.


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The U.S. flies Alex Saab out from Cabo Verde without court order or extradition treaty
Originally published: COHA (Council on Hemispheric Affairs) on October 18, 2021 by Dan Kovalik (more by COHA (Council on Hemispheric Affairs)) | (Posted Oct 19, 2021)
Empire, Human Rights, Incarceration, InequalityUnited States, VenezuelaNewswireAlex Saab, Cabo Verde
On October 16, Colombian businessman and Venezuelan Special Envoy Alex Saab was in practical terms kidnapped for the second time, first by Cabo Verde under pressure from Washington, and now by the U.S., in flagrant violation of international law.
For nearly a year and a half, Saab had been imprisoned on the island nation of Cabo Verde, 400 miles off the northwestern coast of Africa in the Atlantic. As a Bloomberg article explains, "Saab was detained June 12 [2020] when the private plane he was traveling on from Venezuela to Iran made a fuel stop on the Cape Verdean island of Sal."1 What Bloomberg does not mention is that Saab's plane was forced to land in Cabo Verde because two other nearby nations in mainland Africa, apparently under pressure from the U.S., refused to let him land.2
There is no extradition treaty and there was no Interpol order
The capture of Saab was made without any proper legal basis. While Washington prevailed upon Cabo Verde to seize Saab based upon the pretext that the U.S. wanted to extradite him for alleged crimes, the United States has no extradition treaty with Cabo Verde.3 Moreover, while Cabo Verde authorities claimed that Saab was detained pursuant to a valid Interpol notice, a regional court in Nigeria found that the detention took place before the Interpol notice was issued, raising huge concerns about the legal validity of Saab's detention and imprisonment.4
The U.N. also demanded the extradition to be suspended
Indeed, this regional court, The Economic Community of West African States Court of Justice (ECOWAS), explicitly "ruled that Saab should be freed because he was detained before the Red Notice was issued."5 As Reuters explains, "decisions by that court are final and binding under a 1991 protocol."
And then, on June 8, 2021, the United Nations Human Rights Committee issued a decision for preliminary measures demanding that the extradition of Saab be suspended and that Saab, who is suffering from cancer, be given the necessary medical attention which he has been denied in Cabo Verde.6
On September 28, 2021, the African Bar Association issued a statement demanding "the immediate and unconditional release of Ambassador Alex Saab, respect for the ECOWAS Court and the Rule of Law in Africa by Cape Verde and all Governments and Institutions in Africa as the African Bar Association will continue to demand for the respect of treaty obligations and the independence of Judiciary in Africa."7
In spite of the foregoing and the overwhelming opposition to Saab's extradition amongst the citizenry of Cabo Verde, the Constitutional Court of Cabo Verde approved the extradition of Saab to the U.S. in September of this year.8 To put it simply, Saab was kidnapped in Cabo Verde nearly a year and a half ago, and there he was detained, until his "extradition" to the U.S. on October 16th, despite the lack of any valid extradition treaty and any valid arrest warrant at the time of capture.
While the allegations against him are hotly disputed, what is not in doubt is that Washington is behind his persecution. And it is also clear that the U.S. is interested in Saab, not because of any alleged crimes but because he may hold the key to Venezuela's ability to circumnavigate Washington's deadly illegal unilateral sanctions. First and foremost, the allegations against Saab involve alleged embezzlement from food and housing programs in Venezuela. Given that the U.S. is sanctioning Venezuela in an attempt, inter alia, to undermine the ability of Venezuela to maintain such programs, it is patently obvious that Washington has no real, bona fide concerns about someone allegedly taking kickbacks from such programs. And moreover, under established U.S. judicial doctrines of comity and forum non conveniens, it is Venezuela which, in the first instance, has the right to try to prosecute such crimes committed within its own domestic jurisdiction.
Sanctions against Iran: U.S. real reasons to harass Ambassador Saab
Bloomberg explains that Alex Saab was on his way to Iran to negotiate the exchange of Venezuelan gold for much needed gasoline supplies.9 Due to U.S. sanctions, the oil-rich nation of Venezuela is unable to obtain the necessary chemicals and supplies to refine its oil into gasoline which is needed to generate electricity and to transport goods throughout the country. In addition to gasoline, Saab was also attempting to negotiate the purchase of food, medicines and other critical supplies which have also been made scarce in Venezuela due to U.S. sanctions.10
As explained by Alena Douma, U.N. Special Rapporteur on the unilateral use of coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights:
The hardening of sanctions faced by the country since 2015 undermines… the state's capacity to maintain infrastructure and implement social projects. Today, Venezuela faces a lack of necessary machinery, spare parts, electricity, water, fuel, gas, food and medicine. Venezuelan assets frozen in United States, United Kingdom and Portuguese banks amount to U.S. $6 bln. The purchase of goods and payments by public companies are reportedly blocked or frozen. . .
It has been reported that electricity lines are able to work at less than 20 per cent of their capacity today. . . .
An estimated 90% of households are connected to the national water distribution system. Numerous households, however, report frequent cuts because of electricity outages affecting water pumps and the maintenance of infrastructure, and because of the shortage of qualified maintenance staff.11
It appears that Alex Saab's very adeptness in helping Venezuela to get around these sanctions–sanctions which Alena Douma notes are illegal under international law–is the real reason for Washington's interest in having him detained and extradited.12
As the New York Times explains, while the U.S. has brought vague "money-laundering" charges against Saab, "hard-liners at the Justice and State Departments, including Elliot Abrams, the State Department's special envoy for Iran and Venezuela," want to ensure Saab's continued detention in Cabo Verde lest they "lose an opportunity to punish Mr. [Nicolás] Maduro." As the Times continues, the "months long detention of Mr. Saab has stripped Mr. Maduro of an important ally and a major financial fixer at a time when fewer countries are willing or able to come to Venezuela's aid. If Mr. Saab cooperates with American officials, he could help untangle Mr. Maduro's economic web of support and assist the authorities in bringing charges against other allies of the Venezuelan government."13
And how did the U.S. ensure Cabo Verde's compliance in all this? It has used a carrot and a stick approach. The carrot is significant: U.S. economic development assistance to the island nation. In September of 2020, the U.S. embassy in Cabo Verde announced "the U.S. government would invest $1.5 million in Cabo Verde to support the country's efforts to mitigate the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic."14 And in June, 2021, the embassy announced a plan to build a new U.S. embassy adjacent to the government palace:
This year, July 4 will mark a new chapter in Cabo Verde-U.S. history as representatives of both countries dedicate 4.5-hectares of land adjacent to the Government Palace in Praia as the site for a new U.S. embassy. This exciting, long-anticipated project represents a more than $400 million investment by the U.S. government in the bilateral relationship, with fully $100 million of that total going directly into Cabo Verde's economy, benefitting local businesses and contractors and creating scores of construction jobs.15
The stick is the deployment of old-fashioned "gun-boat diplomacy"–a term coined by President Teddy Roosevelt. Thus, as the New York Times explains, the U.S. has anchored the Navy Cruiser San Jacinto off the coast of Cabo Verde to make sure that Saab did not escape somehow. While U.S. officials claimed that they were doing this in response to "threats" by Venezuela to take all measures to protect Saab's human rights, the presence of the gun ship appeared calculated as much to ensure no second thoughts by the government of Cabo Verde as it was to prevent some rescue attempt by Venezuela or its ally Iran.16
Saab's extradition case is currently before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit which is to decide whether the U.S. has proper cause to extradite Mr. Saab under U.S. and international law. Quite tellingly, the U.S. prosecution has twice postponed the initial hearing in which it was to present evidence and arguments in favor of extradition. And, it has asked for a third postponement.17
The U.S. extracted Saab from Cabo Verde without court sanction
And, so, U.S. authorities, on October 16th, instead of waiting for the 11th Circuit to decide the merits of the case–a case which they will surely lose–have kidnapped Saab a second time, flying him out of Cabo Verde to the U.S. without court sanction. It is no coincidence that this kidnapping took place, moreover, the day before Presidential elections in Cabo Verde which brought to power a new leader opposed to Washington's mistreatment of Saab.
Alex Saab is now sitting in a federal prison in Miami. This is a flagrant violation of both international and U.S. domestic law. In addition, this has already had huge international repercussions, with the government of Venezuela suspending scheduled talks with the opposition in response.
The actions of the U.S. and Cabo Verde against Alex Saab have dealt a serious blow to international law and the security of diplomats worldwide. It sets the dangerous precedent that an individual, and especially a foreign diplomat, can be captured and detained without warrant and then "extradited" to the U.S. without a valid extradition treaty and without an U.S. court authorization. This type of action undermines the rule of law, and indeed establishes "the rule of the jungle" wherein powerful countries like the U.S. can simply ignore rights of individuals to due process and to freedom from arbitrary detention to bully developing countries such as Venezuela.
Dan Kovalik teaches International Human Rights at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, and he is one of COHA's Senior Research Fellows
COHA Senior Analyst William Camacaro provided research and editorial assistance for this article.
↩ "Maduro Financier Faces Extradition to U.S. After New Ruling." Bloomberg. Mar 17, 2021. www.bnnbloomberg.ca Accessed October 17, 2021.file:///C:\Users\Owner\Documents\3953-2021-c-adocx.pdf
↩ "Deal Maker for Venezuela's Maduro Can Be Extradited to U.S., Court Rules." Wall Street Journal. Jan 25, 2021. www.wsj.com Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "U.S.-Indicted Dealmaker For Venezuela's Maduro Detained On Way To Iran." June 14, 2020. www.rferl.org Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "Maduro Financier Faces Extradition to U.S. After New Ruling." Bloomberg. Mar 17, 2021. www.bnnbloomberg.ca Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ Ibid.
↩ "UN Committee Rules on Detention of Venezuelan Diplomat Saab." June 8, 2021.
www.telesurenglish.net Accessed October 17, 2021
↩ "African Bar Association Statement on Venezuelan Diplomat Alex Saab." Oct 22, 2021.
orinocotribune.com Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "Cape Verde Poll Shows Alex Saab Extradition Case will Harm Government in October Elections." AllAfrica Info Wire. Sep. 20, 2021. allafrica.com Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "Maduro Financier Faces Extradition to U.S. After New Ruling." Bloomberg. Mar 17, 2021. bnnbloomberg.ca Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ Griffith, B. "Extradition of Alex Saab: U.S. takes effort to starve Venezuelans to new lows." People's Dispatch. July 7, 2021. peoplesdispatch.org Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ Preliminary findings of the visit to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights. Feb. 12, 2021. www.ohchr.org Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ Schmitt, E., and Turkewitz, J. New York Times. "Navy Warship's Secret Mission Off West Africa Aims to Help Punish Venezuela." Dec 22, 2020. www.nytimes.com Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "The United States Provides Over $1.5 million to Help Cabo Verde Respond to COVID-19." Press Release–September 3, 2020. U.S. Embassy, Cabo Verde. cv.usembassy.gov Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "Article by U.S. Ambassador to Cabo Verde, Jeff Daigle–Land Dedication." June 30, 2021. U.S. Embassy, Cabo Verde. cv.usembassy.gov Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ Schmitt, E. and Turkewitz, J. "Navy Warship's Secret Mission Off West Africa Aims to Help Punish Venezuela." New York Times. www.nytimes.com Accessed October 17, 2021.
↩ "Defense of Alex Saab Rejects Request for New Extension by U.S." Oct 6, 2021.
www.telesurenglish.net Accessed October 17, 2021.
Alex Saab Cabo Verde
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