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OECD GUIDELINES FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS
Leaching in Soil Columns INTRODUCTION
1. Man-made chemicals may reach soil directly via deliberate application (e.g. agrochemicals) or via indirect routes (e.g. via waste water sewage sludge soil or air wet/dry deposition). For risk assessment of these chemicals, it is important to estimate their potential for transformation in soil and for movement (leaching) into deeper soil layers and eventually into groundwater. 2. Several methods are available to measure the leaching potential of chemicals in soil under controlled laboratory conditions, i.e. soil thin-layer chromatography, soil thick-layer chromatography, soil column chromatography, and adsorption - desorption measurements (1)(2). For non-ionised chemicals, the n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Pow) allows an early estimation of their adsorption and leaching potential (3)(4)(5). 3. The method described in this Test Guideline is based on soil column chromatography in disturbed soil (see Annex 1 for definition). Two types of experiments are performed to determine (i) the leaching potential of the test substance, and (ii) the leaching potential of transformation products (study with aged residues) in soils under controlled laboratory conditions1. The method is based on existing guidelines (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). 4. An OECD Workshop on soil/sediment selection, held at Belgirate, Italy in 1995 (12) agreed on the number and type of soils for use in this test. It also made recommendations with regard to collection, handling and storage of soil samples for leaching experiments.
PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST
5. Columns made of suitably inert material (e.g. glass, stainless steel, aluminium, teflon, PVC, etc.) are packed with soil and afterwards saturated and equilibrated with an artificial rain solution (for definition see Annex 1) and allowed to drain. Then the surface of each soil column is treated with the test substance and/or with aged residues of the test substance. Artificial rain is then applied to the soil columns and the leachate is collected. After the leaching process the soil is removed from the columns and is sectioned into an appropriate number of segments depending on the information required from the study. Each soil segment and the leachate are then analysed for the test substance and, if appropriate, for transformation products or other chemicals of interest.
Column leaching studies with crop protection products may provide mobility information on a test substance and its transformation products and may supplement batch sorption studies.
APPLICABILITY OF THE TEST
6. The method is applicable to test substances (unlabelled or radio-labelled: e.g. 14C) for which an analytical method with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity is available. The test should not be applied to chemicals which are volatile from soil and water and thus do not remain in soil and/or leachate under the experimental conditions of this test.
INFORMATION ON THE TEST SUBSTANCE
7. Unlabelled or radio-labelled test substances can be used to measure the leaching behaviour in soil columns. Radio-labelled material is required for studying the leaching of transformation products (aged residues of the test substance) and for mass balance determinations. 14C-labelling is recommended but other isotopes, such as 13C, 15N, 3H, 32P, may also be useful. As far as possible, the label should be positioned in the most stable part(s) of the molecule. The purity of the test substance should be at least 95%. 8. Most chemicals should be applied as single substances. However, for active ingredients in plant protection products, formulated products may be used to study the leaching of the parent test substance but their testing is particularly required when the formulation is likely to affect the release rate (e.g. granular or controlled release formulations). Regarding formulation specific requirements for test design, it may be useful to consult with the regulatory authority prior to conducting the test. For aged residue leaching studies, the pure parent test substance should be used. 9. Before carrying out leaching tests in soil columns, the following information on the test substance should preferably be available: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) solubility in water [OECD Guideline 105] (13); solubility in organic solvents; vapour pressure [OECD Guideline 104] (13) and Henrys Law constant; n-octanol/water partition coefficient [OECD Guidelines 107 and 117] (13); adsorption coefficient (Kd, Kf or KOC) [OECD Guideline 106 and/or 121] (13); hydrolysis [OECD Guideline 111] (13); dissociation constant (pKa) [OECD Guideline 112] (13); aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil [OECD Guideline 307] (13)
Note: The temperature at which these measurements were made should be reported in the respective test reports. 10. The amount of test substance applied to the soil columns should be sufficient to allow for detection of at least 0.5 % of the applied dose in any single segment. For active substances in plant protection products, the amount of test substance applied may correspond to the maximum recommended use rate (single application). 11. An appropriate analytical method of known accuracy, precision and sensitivity for the quantification of the test substance and, if relevant, of its transformation products in soil and leachate must be available. The analytical detection limit for the test substance and its significant transformation products (normally at least all transformation products 10 % of applied dose observed in transformation pathway studies, but preferably any relevant transformation products of concern) should also be known (see paragraph 17).
12. Reference substances with known leaching behaviour such as atrazine or monuron which can be considered moderate leachers in the field should be used for evaluating the relative mobility of the test substance in soil (1)(8)(11). A nonsorbing and non degradable polar reference substance (e.g. tritium, bromide, fluorescein, eosin) to trace the movement of water in the column may also be useful to confirm the hydrodynamic properties of the soil column. 13. Analytical standard substances may also be useful for the characterisation and/or identification of transformation products found in the soil segments and in the leachates by chromatographic, spectroscopic or other relevant methods.
DEFINITIONS AND UNITS
14. See Annex 1.
Recovery 15. The sum of the percentages of the test substance found in the soil segments and the column leachate after leaching gives the recovery for a leaching experiment. Recoveries should range from 90 % to 110 % for radio-labelled substances (11) and from 70 % to 110 % for non-labelled substances (8). Repeatability and sensitivity of analytical method 16. Repeatability of the analytical method to quantify test substance and transformation products can be checked by duplicate analysis of the same extract of a soil segment or of a leachate (see paragraph 11). 17. The limit of detection (LOD) of the analytical method for the test substance and for the transformation products should be at least 0.01 mg kg-1 in each soil segment or leachate (as test substance) or 0.5 % of applied dose in any single segment whichever is lower. The limit of quantification (LOQ) should also be specified.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST METHOD
Test system 18. Leaching columns (sectionable or non-sectionable) made of suitably inert material (e.g. glass, stainless steel, aluminium, teflon, PVC, etc.) with an inner diameter of at least 4 cm and a minimum height of 35 cm are used for the test. Column materials should be tested for potential interactions with the test substance and/or its transformation products. Examples of suitable sectionable and non-sectionable columns are shown in Annex 2. 19. Spoon, plunger and vibration apparatus are used for filling and packing the soil columns.
20. For application of artificial rain to the soil columns, piston or peristaltic pumps, showering heads, Mariotte bottles or simple dropping funnels can be used. Laboratory equipment and chemicals 21. Standard laboratory equipment is required, in particular the following: - analytical instruments such as GLC, HPLC and TLC equipment, including the appropriate detection systems for analysing labelled or unlabelled substances or inverse isotope dilution method; - instruments for identification purposes (e.g. MS, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, NMR, etc.); - liquid scintillation counter for radio-labelled test substance; - oxidiser for combustion of labelled material; - extraction apparatus (for example, centrifuge tubes for cold extraction and Soxhlet apparatus for continuous extraction under reflux); - instrumentation for concentrating solutions and extracts (e.g. rotating evaporator); 22. Chemicals used include: organic solvents, analytical grade, such as acetone, methanol, etc.; scintillation liquid; 0.01 M CaCl2 solution in distilled or deionised water (= artificial rain). Test substance 23. To apply the test substance to the soil column it should be dissolved in water (deionised or distilled). If the test substance is poorly soluble in water, it can be applied either as formulated product (if necessary after suspending or emulsifying in water) or in any organic solvent. In case an organic solvent is used, it should be kept to a minimum and should be evaporated from the surface of the soil column prior to start of leaching procedure. Solid formulations, such as granules, should be applied in the solid form without water; to allow a better distribution over the surface of the soil column, the formulated product may be mixed with a small amount of quartz sand (e.g. 1 g) before application. 24. The amount of test substance applied to the soil columns should be sufficient to allow for detection of at least 0.5 % of the applied dose in any single segment. For active substances in plant protection products, this may be based on the maximum recommended use rate (single application rate) 2 and, for both parent and aged leaching, should be related to the surface area of the soil column used .
The amount to be applied to cylindrical soil columns can be calculated by the following formula:
M [ g] = where:
A [kg / ha] 10 9 [ g / kg] d 2 [cm 2 ] 10 8 [cm 2 / ha] 4
M = amount applied per column [g] A = rate of application [kg ha-1] d = diameter of soil column [g/cm]
Reference substance
25. A reference substance should be used in the leaching experiments (see paragraph 12). It should be applied to the soil column surface in a similar way as the test substance and at an appropriate rate that enables adequate detection either as an internal standard together with the test substance on the same soil column or alone on a separate soil column. It is preferred that both substances be run on the same column, except when both substances are similarly labelled. Soils Soil selection 26. For leaching studies with the parent test substance 3 to 4 soils with varying pH, organic carbon content and texture should be used (12). Guidance for selection of soils for leaching experiments is given in Table 1 below. For ionisable test substances the selected soils should cover a wide range of pH, in order to evaluate the mobility of the substance in its ionised and unionised forms; at least 3 soils should have a pH at which the test substance is in its mobile form. Table 1: Guidance for selection of soils for leaching studies Soil No. 1 2 3 4 5
pH value > 7.5 5.5 - 7.0 4.0 - 5.5 <4.0 - 6.0 < 4.5
Organic carbon % 3.5 - 5.0 1.5 - 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 <0.5 - 1.5 > 10#
Clay content % 20 - 40 15 - 25 15 - 30 <10 - 15 < 10
Texture* clay loam silt loam loam loamy sand loamy sand/sand
According to FAO and USDA systems (14). The respective variables should preferably show values within the range given. If, however, difficulties in finding appropriate soil material occur, values below the indicated minimum are accepted. Soils with less than 0.3 % organic carbon may disturb correlation between organic content and adsorption. Thus, it is recommended to use soils with a minimum organic carbon content of 0.3 %. Soils with very high carbon content (e.g. >10%) may not be acceptable legally e.g. for pesticide registration purposes.
27. Other soil types may sometimes be necessary to represent cooler, temperate and tropical regions within the OECD countries. Therefore, if other soil types are preferred, they should be characterised by the same parameters and should have similar variations in properties as those described in the guidance for selection of soils for leaching studies (see Table 1 above), even if they do not match the criteria exactly. 28. For leaching studies with aged residues, one soil should be used (12). It should have a sand content > 70% and an organic carbon content between 0.5 - 1.5 % (e.g. soil No. 4 in Table 1). Use of more soil types may be necessary if data on the transformation products are important. 29. All soils should be characterised at least for texture [% sand, % silt, % clay according to FAO and USDA classification systems (14)], pH, cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, bulk density (for disturbed soil) and water holding capacity. Measurement of microbial biomass is only required for the soil which is used in the ageing/incubation period carried out before the aged leaching experiment. Information on additional soil properties (e.g. soil classification, clay mineralogy, specific 5/15
surface area) may be helpful for interpreting the results of this study. For determination of soil characteristics the methods recommended in references (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) can be used. Collection and storage of soils 30. The soils should be taken from the top layer (A-horizon) to a maximum depth of 20 cm. Remains of vegetation, macro-fauna and stones should be removed. The soils (except those used for ageing the test substance) are air-dried at room temperature (preferably between 20-25 C). Disaggregation should be performed with minimal force, so that the original texture of the soil will be changed as little as possible. The soils are sieved through a < 2 mm sieve. Careful homogenisation is recommended, as this enhances the reproducibility of the results. Before use the soils can be stored at ambient temperature and kept air dried (12). No limit on storage time is recommended but soils stored for more than 3 years should be reanalysed prior to use with respect to their organic carbon content and pH. 31. Detailed information on the history of the field sites from where the test soils are collected should be available. Details include exact location [exactly defined by UTM (Universal Transversal MercatorProjection/European Horizontal Datum) or geographical co-ordinates], vegetation cover, treatments with crop protection chemicals, treatments with organic and inorganic fertilisers, additions of biological materials or accidental contamination (12). If soil have been treated with the test substance or its structural analogues within the previous four years, these soils should not be used for leaching studies. Test conditions 32. During the test period, the soil leaching columns should be kept in the dark at ambient temperature as long as this temperature is maintained within a range of 2C. Recommended temperatures are between 18 and 25C. 33. Artificial rain (0.01 M CaCl2) should be applied continuously to the surface of the soil columns at a rate of 200 mm over a period of 48 hours3; this rate is equivalent to an application of 251 ml for a column with an inner diameter of 4 cm. If needed for the purpose of the test, other rates of artificial rainfall and longer duration may additionally be used. Performance of the test Leaching with parent test substance 34. At least duplicate leaching columns are packed with untreated, air-dried and sieved soil (< 2 mm) up to a height of approximately 30 cm. To obtain uniform packing, the soil is added to the columns in small portions with a spoon and pressed with a plunger under simultaneous gentle column vibration until the top of the soil column does not sink in further. Uniform packing is required for obtaining reproducible results from leaching columns. For details on column packing techniques, see references (20)(21) and (22). To control the reproducibility of the packing procedure, the total weight of the soil packed in the columns is determined4; the weights of the duplicate columns should be similar.
This simulates an extremely high rainfall. The average yearly rainfall, for example, in Central Europe is of the order of 800-1000mm. Examples of bulk densities for disturbed soils are as follows: for a sand soil 1.66 g ml-1 for a loam soil 1.17 g ml-1 for a loamy sand soil 1.58 g ml-1 for a silt soil 1.11 g ml-1
35. After packing, the soil columns are pre-wetted with artificial rain (0.01 M CaCl2) from bottom to top in order to displace the air in the soil pores by water. Thereafter the soil columns are allowed to equilibrate and the excess water is drained off by gravity. Methods for column saturation are reviewed in reference 23. 36. Then the test substance and/or the reference substance are applied to the soil columns (see also paragraphs 23-25). To obtain a homogeneous distribution the solutions, suspensions or emulsions of the test and/or reference substance should be applied evenly over the surface of the soil columns. If incorporation into soil is recommended for the application of a test substance, it should be mixed in a small amount (e.g. 20 g) of soil and added to the surface of the soil column. 37. The surfaces of the soil columns are then covered by a glass sinter disk, glass pearls, glass fibre filters or a round filter paper to distribute the artificial rain evenly over the entire surface and to avoid disturbance of the soil surface by the rain drops. The larger the column diameter the more care is needed for the application of the artificial rain to the soil columns to ensure an even distribution of the artificial rain over the soil surface. Then the artificial rainfall is added to the soil columns drop-wise with the aid of a piston or a peristaltic pump or a dropping funnel. Preferably, the leachates should be collected in fractions and their respective volumes are recorded5. 38. After leaching and allowing the columns to drain, the soil columns are sectioned in an appropriate number of segments depending on the information required from the study, the segments are extracted with appropriate solvents or solvent mixtures and analysed for the test substance and, when appropriate, for transformation products, for total radioactivity and for the reference chemical. The leachates or leachate fractions are analysed directly or after extraction for the same products. When radiolabelled test substance is used, all fractions containing 10 % of the applied radioactivity should be identified. Leaching with aged residues 39. Fresh soil (not previously air-dried) is treated at a rate corresponding to the surface area of the soil columns (see paragraph 24) with the radio-labelled test substance and incubated under aerobic conditions according to OECD Test Guideline 307 (13). The incubation (ageing) period should be long enough to produce significant amounts of transformation products; an ageing period of one half-life of the test substance is recommended6, but should not exceed 120 days. Prior to leaching, the aged soil is analysed for the test substance and its transformation products. 40. The leaching columns are packed up to a height of 28 cm with the same soil (but air-dried) as used in the ageing experiment as described in paragraph 34 and the total weight of the packed soil columns is also determined. The soil columns are then pre-wetted as described in paragraph 35. 41. Then the test substance and its transformation products are applied to the surface of the soil columns in the form of aged soil residues (see paragraph 39) as a 2 cm soil segment. The total height of the soil columns (untreated soil + aged soil) should preferably not exceed 30 cm (see paragraph 34).
Typical leachate volumes range from 230-260 ml corresponding to approx. 92-104 % of total artificial rain applied (251 ml) when using soil columns of 4 cm diameter and 30 cm length. More than one major transformation product may be formed in soil which also may appear at different time points during a transformation study. In such cases, it may be necessary to conduct leaching studies with aged residues of different age.
The leaching is carried out as described in paragraph 37.
43. After leaching, soil segments and leachates are analysed as indicated in paragraph 38 for the test substance, its transformation products and not-extracted radioactivity. To determine how much of the aged residue is retained in the top 2-cm layer after leaching, this segment should be analysed separately.
DATA AND REPORTING
Treatment of results 44. The amounts of test substance, transformation products, non-extractables and, if included, of the reference substance should be given in % of applied initial dose for each soil segment and leachate fraction. A graphical presentation should be given for each column plotting the percentages found as a function of the soil depths. 45. When a reference substance is included in these column leaching studies, the leaching of a chemical can be evaluated on a relative scale using relative mobility factors (RMF; for definition see Annex 3) (1)(11) which allows the comparison of leaching data of various chemicals obtained with different soil types. Examples of RMF-values for a variety of crop protection chemicals are given in Annex 3. 46. Estimates of Koc (organic carbon normalised adsorption coefficient) and Kom (organic matter normalised distribution coefficient) can also be obtained from column leaching results by using average leaching distance or established correlations between RMF and Kom respectively Koc (4) or by applying simple chromatographic theory (24). However, the latter method should be used with caution especially when considering that the leaching process does not solely involve saturated flow conditions, but rather unsaturated systems. Interpretation of results 47. The column leaching studies described in this Guideline allow determining the leaching or mobility potential in soil of the test substance (in the parent leaching study) and/or its transformation products (in the aged residue leaching study). These tests do not quantitatively predict leaching behaviour under field conditions, but they can be used to compare the leachability of one chemical with others whose leaching behaviour may be known (24). Likewise, they do not quantitatively measure the percentage of applied chemical that might reach ground water (11). However, the results of column leaching studies may assist in deciding whether additional semi-field or field testing has to be carried out for substances showing a high mobility potential in laboratory tests. Test report 48. The report must include: Test substance and reference substance (when used): - common name, chemical name (IUPAC and CAS nomenclature), CAS number, chemical structure (indicating position of label when radio-labelled material is used) and relevant physical-chemical properties; - purities (impurities) of test substance; 8/15
- radiochemical purity of labelled chemical and specific activity (where appropriate). Test soils: - details of collection site; - properties of soils, such as pH, organic carbon and clay content, texture and bulk density (for disturbed soil); - soil microbial activity (only for soil used for ageing of test substance); - length of soil storage and storage conditions. Test conditions: dates of the performance of the studies; length and diameter of leaching columns; total soil weight of soil columns; amount of test substance and, if appropriate, reference substance applied; amount, frequency and duration of application of artificial rain; temperature of experimental set-up; number of replications (at least two); methods for analysis of test substance, transformation products and, where appropriate, of reference substance in the various soil segments and leachates; - methods for the characterisation and identification of transformation products in the soil segments and leachates. Test results: - tables of results expressed as concentrations and as % of applied dose for soil segments and leachates; - mass balance, if appropriate; - leachate volumes; - leaching distances and, where appropriate, relative mobility factors; - graphical plot of % found in the soil segments versus depth of soil segment; - discussion and interpretation of results.
(1) Guth, J.A., Burkhard, N. and Eberle, D.O. (1976). Experimental Models for Studying the Persistence of Pesticides in Soil. Proc. BCPC Symposium: Persistence of Insecticides and Herbicides. Russel, M.H. (1995). Recommended approaches to assess pesticide mobility in soil. In progress in Pesticide Biochemistry and Toxicology, Vol. 9 (Environmental Behaviour of Agrochemicals T.R. Roberts and P.C. Kearney, Eds.). J. Wiley & Sons. Briggs, G.G. (1981). Theoretical and experimental relationships between soil adsorption, octanolwater partition coefficient, water solubilities, bioconcentration factors, and the parachor. J.Agric. Food Chem. 29, 1050-1059. Chiou, C.T., Porter, P.E. and Schmedding, D.W. (1983). Partition equilibria of non-ionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 227-231. 9/15
Guth, J.A. (1983). Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Pflanzenschutzmitteln im Boden. Bull. Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft Schweiz 7, 26-33. US-Environmental Protection Agency (1982). Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision N. Chemistry: Environmental Fate. Agriculture Canada (1987). Environmental Chemistry and Fate Guidelines for registration of pesticides in Canada. European Union (EU) (1995). Commission Directive 95/36/EC amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Annex I: Fate and Behaviour in the Environment. Dutch Commission for Registration of Pesticides (1991). Application for registration of a pesticide. Section G: Behaviour of the product and its metabolites in soil, water and air. BBA (1986). Richtlinie fr die amtliche Prfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, Teil IV, 4-2. Versickerungsverhalten von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. SETAC (1995). Procedures for Assessing the Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicity of Pesticides. Mark R. Lynch, Ed. OECD (1995). Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Selection of Soils/Sediments. Belgirate, Italy, 18-20 January 1995. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. (1993) and Addenda 6-14 to OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. (1994-2002). Paris. Soil Texture Classification (US and FAO systems). Weed Science, 33, Suppl. 1 (1985) and Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26, 305 (1962). Methods of Soil Analysis (1986). Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods (A. Klute, Ed.). Agronomy Series No. 9, 2nd Edition. Methods of Soil Analysis (1982). Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties (A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D.R. Kelney, Eds.). Agronomy Series No. 9, 2nd Edition. ISO Standard Compendium Environment (1994). Soil Quality - General aspects; chemical and physical methods of analysis; biological methods of analysis. First Edition. Mckenhausen, E. (1975). Die Bodenkunde und ihre geologischen, geomorphologischen, mineralogischen und petrologischen Grundlagen. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main. Scheffer, F. and Schachtschabel, P. (1998). Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. F. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart. Weber, J.B. and Peeper, T.F. (1977). In Research Methods in Weed Science, 2nd Edition (B. Truelove, Ed.). Soc. Weed Sci., Auburn, Alabama, 73-78. Weber, J.B., Swain, L.R., Strek, H.J. and Sartori, J.L. (1986). In Research Methods in Weed Science, 3rd Edition (N.D. Camper, Ed.). Soc. Weed Sci., Champaign, IL, 190-200.
Oliviera, et al. (1996). Packing of sands for the production of homogeneous porous media. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 60(1): 49-53. Shackelford, C. D. (1991). Laboratory diffusion testing for waste disposal. A review. J. Contam. Hydrol. 7, 177-217. Hamaker, J.W. (1975). Interpretation of soil leaching experiments. In Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides (R. Haque, V.H. Freed, Eds), 115-133. Plenum Press, New York.
ANNEX 1
Aged soil residue: Test substance and transformation products present in soil after application and following a period long enough to allow transport, adsorption, metabolism, and dissipation processes to alter the distribution and chemical nature of some of the applied chemical (1). Artificial rain: 0.01 M CaCl2 solution in distilled or deionised water. Average Leaching Distance: Bottom of soil section where cumulative recovered substance = 50% of total recovered test substance [normal leaching experiment], or; (bottom of soil section where cumulative recovered substance = 50% of total recovered test substance) ((thickness of aged residue layer)/2) [aged residue leaching study] Leachate: Aqueous phase percolated through a soil profile or a soil column (1). Leaching: Process by which a chemical moves downward through the soil profile or a soil column (1). Leaching distance: Deepest soil segment in which 0.5 % of the applied test substance or aged residue was found after the leaching process (equivalent to penetration depth). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ): The limit of detection (LOD) is the concentration of a substance below which the identity of the substance cannot be distinguished from analytical artefacts. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is the concentration of a substance below which the concentration cannot be determined with an acceptable accuracy. RMF Relative Mobility Factor: (leaching distance of test substance (cm)) / (leaching distance of reference substance (cm)) Test substance: Any substance, whether the parent substance or relevant transformation products. Transformation product: All substances resulting from biotic or abiotic transformation reactions of the test substance including CO2 and products that are bound in residues. Soil: A mixture of mineral and organic chemical constituents, the latter containing compounds of high carbon and nitrogen content and of high molecular weights, populated by small (mostly micro-) organisms. Soil may be handled in two states: - undisturbed, as it has developed with time, in characteristic layers of a variety of soil types; - disturbed, as it is usually found in arable fields or as occurs when samples are taken by digging and used in this guideline (2). (1) (2) Holland, P.T. (1996). Glossary of Terms Relating to Pesticides. IUPAC Reports on Pesticide (36). Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 1167-1193. OECD Test Guideline 304 A: Inherent Biodegradability in Soil (adopted 12 May 1981).
Figure 1: Example of non- sectionable leaching columns made of glass With a length of 35 cm and an inner diameter of 5 cm (1)
application of artificial rain
Glass sinter disc to avoid disturbance of the soil surface and to evenly distribute the artificial rain
Glass column filled with test soil (when testing photolabile products columns should be wrapped in aluminium foil)
Layer of quartz sand Glass wool plug to keep the soil in the column
Round-bottom flask for collection of leachate; wrapped in aluminium foil to exclude photolysis
Drescher, N. (1985). Moderner Ackerund Pflanzenbau aus Sicht der Pflanzenschutzmittelindustrie. In Unser Boden 70 Jahre Agrarforschung der BASF AG, 225236. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Kln.
Figure 2: Example of a sectionable metal column with 4 cm inner diameter (1)
Burkhard, N., Eberle D.O. and Guth, J.A. (1975). Model systems for studying the environmental behaviour of pesticides. Environmental Quality and Safety, Suppl. Vol. III, 203-213.
EXAMPLES OF RELATIVE MOBILITY FACTORS* (RMF) FOR A VARIETY OF CROP PROTECTION SUBSTANCES (1)(2) AND CORRESPONDING MOBILITY CLASSES+ RMF-Range 0.15 0.15 - 0.8 Compound (RMF) Parathion (< 0.15), Flurodifen (0.15) Profenophos (0.18), Propiconazole (0.23), Diazinon (0.28), Diuron (0.38), Terbuthylazine (0.52), Methidathion (0.56), Prometryn (0.59), Propazine (0.64), Alachlor (0.66), Metolachlor (0.68) Monuron** (1.00), Atrazine (1.03), Simazine (1.04), Fluometuron (1.18) Prometon (1.67), Cyanazine (1.85), Bromacil (1.91), Karbutilate (1.98) Carbofuran (3.00), Dioxacarb (4.33) Monocrotophos (> 5.0), Dicrotophos (> 5.0) The Relative Mobility Factor is derived as follows (3):
RMF = leaching distance of test substance (cm) leaching distance of reference substance (cm)
Mobility Class I immobile II slightly mobile III moderately mobile IV fairly mobile V mobile VI very mobile
0.8 - 1.3 1.3 - 2.5 2.5 - 5.0 > 5.0 *
** +
Reference substance Other systems to classify a chemicals mobility in soil are based on Rf values from soil thin-layer chromatography (4) and on Koc values (5)(6). Guth, J.A. (1985). Adsorption/desorption. In Joint International Symposium Physicochemical Properties and their Role in Environmental Hazard Assessment. Canterbury, UK, 1-3 July 1985. Guth, J.A. and Hrmann, W.D. (1987). Problematik und Relevanz von PflanzenschutzmittelSpuren im Grund (Trink-) Wasser. Schr.Reihe Verein WaBoLu, 68, 91-106. Harris, C.I. (1967). Movement of herbicides in soil. Weeds 15, 214-216. Helling, C.S. (1971). Pesticide mobility in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35, 743-748. McCall, P.J., Laskowski, D.A., Swann, R.L. and Dishburger, H.J. (1981). Measurements of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate analysis. In Test Protocols for Environmental Fate and Movement of Toxicants. Proceedings of AOAC Symposium, AOAC, Washington D.C. Hollis, J.M. (1991). Mapping the vulnerability of aquifers and surface waters to pesticide contamination at the national/regional scale. BCPC Monograph No. 47 Pesticides in Soil and Water, 165-174.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Isotopic Labeling
Detection Limit
Chemical Substances
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Many types of black clothing can be bleached white with items from the drugstore: chlorine bleach, hydrogen peroxide and plastic gloves. Bleach breaks down dyes within fabric, allowing color to be washed away. Materials such as cotton and cotton blends are receptive to bleaching, but some denims and man-made materials cannot be bleached. Bleach can be a dangerous chemical, so work in a well-ventilated space while protecting your skin and eyes. By setting aside enough time to repeatedly soak and rinse your clothing, you can cheaply take most items from black to white in one day.
1 bottle of hydrogen peroxide, 16 oz.
Bring all supplies to a well-ventilated area and wear plastic gloves while handling the bleach. Bleach can damage your skin, eyes, and breathing passages if not used correctly, and mixing bleach with other chemicals can create poisonous gases or dangerous acids, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Measure one cup of bleach into your bucket. Add your black clothing and enough hot water to cover the material by at least 1 inch. Stir the mixture with the paint stick, then allow the bucket to sit in a well-ventilated area for two hours.
Dispose of the bleach-water mixture and rinse the clothing in hot water.
Repeat Steps 2 and 3 until your black clothing reaches an acceptable shade of white.
Neutralize the bleach to prevent it from eating away at the cloth. Rinse the clothing thoroughly in cold water, then place it in a bucket with 16 oz., or one bottle, of hydrogen peroxide and enough cold water to cover the cloth by at least 1 inch. Let the mixture sit for four hours, then rinse with cold water and wash as you would a normal piece of clothing.
Bleach can weaken or create holes in fabric; do not use bleach on items you cannot risk losing. Bleach removes clothing dye, so it is irreversible. This process is recommended for cotton and cotton blends; heavier materials such as denim and wool will not whiten as thoroughly, and waxed or deep-dyed threads and cloth may be entirely resistant to bleach. These ingredients are enough to bleach one piece of clothing; repeat the process with separate materials if you wish to bleach more than one item.


text:
India Post Payments Bank gets big funding boost days ahead of launch; government almost doubles the outlay
Updated: August 29, 2018 3:34:23 PM
The IPPB project, which aims to ensure an affordable and accessible banking to one and all in the country, is expected to generate employment to nearly 3500 skilled banking professionals and other entities involved in propagating and advocating financial literacy across the country.
The government plans to link all 1.55 lakh post offices in the country to India Post Payments Bank system by the end of this year. (IE)
Ahead of its nation-wide launch on September 1, the India Post Payments Bank has received a big funding boost from the government as the Cabinet committee chaired by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has given approval to increase the total outlay for setting up the payments bank by 80% to Rs 1,435 crore from earlier Rs 800 crore. The additional outlay that has been approved is mainly on account of costs related to human resources (Rs 235 crore) and technology (Rs 400 crore), according to an official statement.
Also, the Cabinet has cleared payment of incentive/commission to all last-mile agents like gramin dak sewaks and postal staff in their accounts directly for providing IPPB digital services. The commission will be paid by IPPB to Department of Posts and a part of it will also be utilised to upgrade the infrastructure.
The payments bank will provide a wide range of services/products like current and savings accounts, direct benefit transfer, money transfer, bill payments, utility payments, enterprises and merchant payments through 650 branches and 3,250 access points across the country. The bank will provide these services via various channels such as mobile banking app, counter services, micro ATMs, SMS and IVR.
The government plans to link all 1.55 lakh post offices in the country to India Post Payments Bank system by the end of this year. About 17 crore postal savings bank (PSB) will also be linked to IPPB. Another notable feature of IPPB is that, it can accept deposits more than the RBI prescribed limit of Rs 1 lakh for payment banks.
IPPB services are scheduled for a launch by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Pubdate: Wed, 11 May 2016
Source: New York Times (NY)
Copyright: 2016 The New York Times Company
Contact: http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/lettertoeditor.html
Website: http://www.nytimes.com/
Details: http://www.mapinc.org/media/298
Author: Catherine Saint Louis
ADDICTS WHO CAN'T FIND PAINKILLERS TURN TO ANTI-DIARRHEA DRUGS
They call it the poor man's methadone.
The epidemic of opioid addiction sweeping the country has led to
another form of drug abuse that few experts saw coming: Addicts who
cannot lay hands on painkillers are instead turning to Imodium and
other anti-diarrhea medications.
The active ingredient, loperamide, offers a cheap high if it is
consumed in extraordinary amounts. But in addition to being
uncomfortably constipating, it can be toxic, even deadly, to the heart.
A report published online in the Annals of Emergency Medicine
recently described two deaths in New York after loperamide abuse. And
overdoses have been linked to deaths or life-threatening irregular
heartbeats in at least a dozen other cases in five states in the last
Most physicians just recently realized loperamide could be abused,
and few look for it. There is little if any national data on the
problem, but many toxicologists and emergency department doctors
suspect that it is more widespread than scattered reports suggest.
As efforts to limit prescription opioids intensify, a handful of
experts are concerned that more addicts might turn to loperamide -
much as an alcoholic might resort to mouthwash when the Jim Beam runs dry.
"We've seen patients who have been on loperamide for months at a
time," said William Eggleston, the lead author of the recent report
and a clinical toxicologist at SUNY Upstate Medical Center.
He added, "A subset of patients take it to get high, and other
patients use it as a bridge" - meaning that if they cannot obtain
heroin or morphine, they take loperamide to ease withdrawal symptoms
like muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea.
Sarah Peddicord, a spokeswoman for the Food and Drug Administration,
said, "The F.D.A. is aware of recent reports of adverse events
related to the intentional misuse and/or abuse of the anti-diarrhea
product loperamide to treat symptoms of opioid withdrawal or produce
euphoric effects."
After a review, she said, the agency "will take appropriate steps as
soon as possible."
The recommended dose of loperamide is safe. The standard daily dose
of Imodium A-D is no more than four caplets, or eight milligrams. But
lobe abusers - as they sometimes call themselves - have reported
ingesting 100 two-milligram tablets daily for weeks.
In a case reported by Dr. Eggleston and his colleagues, a 24-year-old
man experiencing opiate withdrawal took so much loperamide that he
died. Toxicology analysis found more than 25 times the regular dose
in his blood.
In another case, a 39-year-old man collapsed at home and was
pronounced dead at a hospital. His family said he had once managed
his opioid addiction with prescription buprenorphine, but had taken
to medicating with anti-diarrhea drugs.
Anti-diarrhea medications are cheap, legal and can be bought easily
in large quantities without raising suspicion. Costco sells 400
loperamide caplets for just $7.59.
Yet loperamide used to be a prescription drug and a controlled
substance, in the same class as cocaine or methadone. The F.D.A.
approved it in 1976, and it became an over-the-counter drug in 1988.
Typically, loperamide acts on opioid receptors in the
gastrointestinal tract and does not enter the central nervous system.
At recommended doses, there is no high, and low potential for abuse.
But large doses can produce a high, doctors say.
Some toxicologists argue that the sales of loperamide should be
limited, much as the nonprescription drug pseudoephedrine was
restricted a decade ago to help prevent the manufacturing of crystal meth.
More Reporting on Opioids
"It's time for someone to step in and regulate the purchasing of
massive quantities," said Dr. Chuck O'Connell, an emergency medicine
physician and toxicologist at the University of California, San
Diego, who said he had seen two loperamide overdoses.
"The average person doesn't need 400 tablets of loperamide weekly,"
he said. "I've used a handful in my whole life."
In the journal HeartRhythm Case Reports, he described a 28-year-old
woman who said she had taken 400 to 600 milligrams of loperamide
daily for months. An electrocardiogram showed dangerously irregular
heartbeats and abnormal electrical conduction through her heart.
After repeated blackouts, she sought medical attention at a hospital.
While there, unknown to doctors, she was still taking 100 tablets of
loperamide a day from a private stockpile.
After she transferred to U.C.S.D. and confessed her habit, Dr.
O'Connell asked her to stop. In a few days, an electrocardiogram
showed her heart normalizing, and the fainting subsided.
"If you take enough, it rushes the gate, and some penetrates the
blood-brain barrier," Dr. O'Connell said. "Once it crosses the
barrier, it can act on the central nervous system and you get
Some users complain the high does not compare to that produced by
opioids. "You can definitely get high from it, and even kill yourself
with it," a commenter wrote in 2013 on Bluelight, a website where
people discuss drug use.
The high was "not worth the health risks, whatever they are," the
commenter wrote.
Another commenter cataloged loperamide's downsides - the need to
continually take stool softeners, for one - but wrote that the
medication took away the misery of opioid withdrawal: "Don't wish to
be dead ... so that's a plus."
Loperamide abuse may go undetected in emergency departments, experts
warn, because routine drug screens cannot detect it.
"The urine toxicology we do in our hospital doesn't look for
loperamide, so it's possible we missed cases," said Amitava Dasgupta,
a toxicologist at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
Some loperamide abusers arrive at hospitals lethargic or not
breathing, as if they had overdosed on heroin. Naloxone, an
anti-opioid drug, may be given.
"When a drug screen comes back negative, emergency room staff may
assume the test was faulty, or by that time, if the patient is
responsive, they may write it off as nothing," said Dr. Jennifer
Dierksen, a pathologist at the University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston.
In one case at the hospital, opioid abuse was suspected after a
19-year-old Texan was found dead at home with a distended bladder
full of urine. But a drug screen was clean. So Dr. Dasgupta used a
test known as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to pinpoint
loperamide as the culprit.
All cases of cardiac problems associated with the misuse or abuse of
loperamide should be reported to the F.D.A.'s Medwatch online
registry. But not all physicians do so.
"The more people sounding the alarm, the more likely the F.D.A. will
take the problem seriously and take action," Dr. Eggleston said. "A
first step would be legislation or regulation that places the items
behind the counter."
Johnson & Johnson, Imodium's manufacturer, did not respond to
requests for comment.
MAP posted-by: Jay Bergstrom


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text:
Roger that: New database helps veterans navigate assistance available throughout NJ
Kaitlyn Kanzler
Brett D'Alessandro and Alexa Modero, founders of Backpacks for Life, know there is no such thing as a "perfect veteran."
Modero said some organizations assist veterans who meet specific criteria, but not everyone who needs help ticks all the hypothetical boxes.
So to help veterans and their families navigate the complicated maze of government, nonprofit and private aid, Backpacks for Life created a search platform called Roger.
"I couldn't get a haircut without having a mental breakdown, so how can a veteran possibly spend months on end navigating, searching and seeing what's out there?" said D'Alessandro, a Marine Corps veteran.
Roger was years in the making.
"This was a really daunting task," Modero said. "It wasn't easy to find all this information and to put it together and understand it from the veteran perspective, but we were like, 'Game on!' We're going to take on this challenge. We want to correct the inefficiencies and give people a tool that benefits both sides."
Roger was officially launched on Nov. 10, which happened to coincide with the U.S. Marine Corps' 245th anniversary.
"We beta-tested it around four years ago, but it wasn't where we envisioned it being," Modero said. "So we spent the better half of the last three years fine-tuning and tinkering and then finding the right development team."
It was essential that the database be simple and easy to use, and update in real time as a search is performed. D'Alessandro said they reverse-engineered how nonprofits operate in order to provide a better search engine.
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More than 200 nonprofit, government programs and private companies that offer free services to veterans are in the database, and 150 more are being added. Organizations are also able to upload their own information. Roger currently features only New Jersey-based services, but the plan is to expand coverage.
It was thrilling for D'Alessandro and Modero when Rogerfinally launched. "Alexa and I were running around and screaming like little kids," D'Alessandro said.
Brian Gallagher, commander of VFW Post 7925 in Fairfield, was one of the first to log on to Roger to input the post's information. Gallagher, also a former Marine, said he got involved with Backpacks for Life several years ago while he was raising money for wounded veterans.
"The reason I felt that Roger is a great resource is there could be veterans out there that don't know where to turn or they feel like they couldn't do this on their own," Gallagher said.
He wants his VFW post to be "another link in the chain" of resources for veterans. The Fairfield Post serves veterans in Bergen, Passaic and Essex counties.
When veterans or family members log on to Roger, they can search a number of categories, including employment, education and mental health services, and filter their needs based on ZIP code and income.
"This kind of helps the veteran choose what they're looking for by suggesting ways to narrow down their search," D'Alessandro said.
D'Alessandro and Modero said the launch of Roger in the midst of the pandemic is important because the need has grown. The Bob Woodruff Foundation called COVID-19 a "perfect storm" because of how it affects mental health, and veterans are particularly susceptible.
"But the actual amount of available veteran service providers that are in offices and are able to support them is going down," Modero said. "Offices are closed and people are being laid off, so it's affecting veterans in that way, too."
Backpacks for Life was started by D'Alessandro and Modero after D'Alessandro was discharged from the Marine Corps in 2014. Originally based in Verona, they recently moved to Jersey City. They provide a variety of services to homeless and at-risk veterans, such as mentoring programs and a backpack filled with daily essentials, and have teamed up with two other Marines to help make N95 masks.
They said they were recently contacted by the New Jersey Department of Veterans Affairs about producing 105,000 isolation gowns for the state veterans homes, and that has helped keep the nonprofit afloat.
Kaitlyn Kanzler covers Essex County for NorthJersey.com. For unlimited access to the most important news from your local community, please subscribe or activate your digital account today.
Email: kanzler@northjersey.com
Twitter: @KaitlynKanzler8


Automated Infrastructure Management Solutions Market size is set to exceed USD 3.5 billion by 2024; according to a new research report by Global Market Insights, Inc.
The automated infrastructure management solutions market is predicted to grow over the forecast timespan owing to the rise in demand for intelligent cable management software tools for managing connections in infrastructure facilities. High-density servers and converged infrastructure result in the generation of abundant power and energy, which affect the performance of electrical devices and cables. These software tools provide effective management of the cables and ensure the real-time connectivity of the devices in the patch ports. Moreover, the deployment of high-capacity network devices and servers has complicated the cabling structure, thereby driving the adoption and demand for such tools. The adoption of advanced technologies and devices has resulted in increased connections and network structure, propelling the market demand.
The growing need for the renewal and upgrading of the existing network in developed markets is expected to drive automated infrastructure management solutions market growth. Rising technological advancements and innovations are encouraging the adoption of new technologies that will enhance the performance of the business operations. The integration of advanced systems and devices is complicating the network structure, thereby making it difficult for the operators to manage and monitor the cabling structure. These automated solutions help in reducing the time and efforts of the network manager, improving the reliability and efficiency in infrastructure management and positively impacting the market size.
In the IT & telecom industry, the tools help the operators in providing the status about the device functioning and operations. The real-time view of the physical network connectivity alerts the network administrator of any unplanned connection or disconnections in the facility. Detailed reports and mapping of the network structure are provided by the solutions, which help the operators/managers in examining and detecting the malfunctioning of any components. Automated features of the software tools, such as installing, updating, and configuring the device connectivity in the cable ports, are expected to drive the demand for the automated infrastructure management solutions market.
In the automated infrastructure management solutions market, device discovery tools are helping in maintaining an accurate real-time connectivity amongst the database of physical layer components and active equipment. Massive data generation has subsequently led to a rise in demand for innovative tools that provide enhanced maintenance. Moreover, the industry is witnessing a rise in the demand for high-speed connectivity thereby driving the need for advanced networking and communication solutions. The features provided by these solutions include real-time infrastructure monitoring, performance management, and automated remediation, which help IT companies in achieving the faster restoration of service with less human errors, thereby driving the automated infrastructure management solutions market demand.
The rise in population and urbanization in several Latin American economies, such as Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, has led to the mounting pressure of managing the data generated. The tools are helping improve the overall management of commercial buildings, central offices, or data centers by monitoring all physical connections, thereby driving the demand for the market. The infrastructure adopted by the government entities provides several advantages such as high-speed connectivity and service delivery reporting. It offers a centralized facility to provide basic monitoring services and essential hosting for government entities. The solutions adopted provide physical security for the servers, storage, and network equipment connected to the network. Increasing demand from citizens for improved transparency and accountability will fuel the demand for automated infrastructure management solutions market from the government sector.
Major players operating in the automated infrastructure management solutions market include Anixter International, CommScope, Inc., CA Technologies, Cisco Systems, Inc., Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., Fujitsu Ltd., Fiber Mountain, Inc., Ivanti, IBM Corporation, METZ Connect, PagerDuty, Nexans, Microsoft Corporation, Reichle & De-Massari, Panduit Corporation, Hewlett-Packard Enterprise, RiT Tech (Intelligence Solutions) Ltd., Rittal GmbH & Co. KG, TE Connectivity, and The Siemon Company, among others. The players in the market are developing new and advanced solutions for competing in the market. For instance, in February 2018, Fiber Mountain, Inc. announced the launch of Sensus, which is a patch panel used for gathering the real-time information with the use of cables and connectors. Moreover, companies are targeting their offerings in countries, where a high demand for the solutions is being witnessed.


text:
Trivium's Alex Bent: The 10 albums that influenced my drumming style
By Stuart Williams 26 June 2020
From black metal to salsa, discover the music that shaped the Trivium drummer's playing
(Image credit: Roadrunner )
"Metal drumming can tend to get repetitive." Trivium's Alex Bent tells us. "So I try to make a point of switching it up and adding in different flavors from other styles of music. I love listening to funk, latin, and gospel music and I take a lot of inspiration from there."
It's a statement that some might be surprised to see coming from a drummer whose career has seen him covering metal and its sub-genres in detail, from death, technical and symphonic metal, and even a stint standing-in one of his idols, Gene Hoglan with thrash titans, Testament.
But it's also one that makes total sense when you hear Alex play, constructing parts that go way beyond metal standards, incorporating influences as wide as the list of albums he's selected.
His second album with Trivium - What The Dead Men Say - was released in April, and having had time to become settled within the band, we asked Alex what the process was like - especially given that he lives in California while his bandmates are based in Florida.
"They will typically write demos from home and send them back and forth between band members. They are just riffs, ideas, and concepts. Once we get a good amount of things to work on, I fly out to Florida so we can all get together in our rehearsal space and work those ideas out.
Making the two albums were mostly different processes. We used the same producer, but I got to be more involved in the writing process this time. When I joined the band, they had already been working on demos for The Sin and The Sentence, so I basically just came in and added in some of my elements to the mix."
"When we recorded The Sin and The Sentence, we recorded drums first. On What The Dead Men Say, we did the opposite and recorded drums last. It was nice for me because I was able to record to actual mixes rather than scratch tracks. It made it easier for our producer, Josh Wilbur, because if there was anything we wanted to change, it was very simple to go back and do that."
Rolling up to Foo Fighters' Studio 606, Alex tracked his drums under the watchful eye (and golden ears) of Josh Wilbur, known for his hard-hitting, aggressive drum sounds.
"It was an all-around incredible experience. Many of the people who work there have been with the band for many years. It was like a total family vibe. It's really inspiring to be in a location like that, where every turn you make, there's tons of awards and cool music memorabilia. The energy was great not only between staff, but with the other band members and our producer as well. We have great natural chemistry so it's very fun!"
"Josh is a wizard when it comes to drums and his ear is out of this world. He was the reason why I ultimately started using the Mapex Black Panther Sledgehammer snare. It has that fat sound and tons of attack that we love and I always get compliments on it.
On What The Dead Men Say, he suggested we use a Gretsch Bell Brass snare this time, and I absolutely fell in love with it. He is really good with tones and I'm always impressed to see the ideas he comes up with for recording."
Of course, we're asking Alex about the albums that influenced his drumming style, but before we do, we couldn't resist asking him about his incredibly powerful bass drum speed and endurance.
"I have a lot of drum students, and the main thing that I always try to get across to them is to work on endurance and consistency. Speed will come along the way. I have a leg exercise routine that consists of a 10 minute workout that has really helped me build up my speed, while also strengthening my weaker limbs.
For pedals, I have been using the AXIS A-Longboards since I was 15 years old. I try to keep my tension right in the middle, not too tight or too loose. I play heel up and sit fairly low with my legs at a 90 degree angle."
Clearly, Alex has been a student of metal, but as his selection of albums show, also a student of drumming in all forms. Here are the albums that shaped his overall approach behind the kit.
Dimmu Borgir - Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia
"This is the album that I've listened to religiously since I discovered metal. To this day, when I need some type of inspiration, I throw this album on and really try to absorb the playing on the drums. It is an absolutely phenomenal album!"
Old Man's Child - In Defiance of Existence
"I got into this album because it was another of Nicholas Barker's projects. If I had to pick a favourite, it's a toss up between this record and the Dimmu Borgir record. I discovered this album a long time ago, but when I was writing the DragonLord album with Eric Peterson, he reintroduced me to it."
Death - Symbolic
"I was listening to this album a lot before I went into the studio to record The Sin and The Sentence. If you listen closely, you will hear a ton of Gene Hoglan influence on my playing. I lived and breathed this album before I went into the studio for WTDMS."
Decrepit Birth - …And Time Begins
"When I was younger, I went to see Killswitch Engage. All That Remains was also on the tour, and drumming for them at the time was Tim Yeung. I met Tim after the show and ended up following his career/bands because I was fascinated by his playing.
Long story short, I discovered Decrepit Birth when I was in computer class in 7th grade. I was looking through his discography and came across this album. I was completely blown away. This is the album that opened the door to brutal/technical death metal for me. It was only a bonus that I ended up being able to fill in for Decrepit Birth several years later. Talk about coming full circle!"
Rush - 2112
"This was another album that I had been dissecting before I recorded The Sin and The Sentence. I wasn't really into Rush growing up, but the older I get, the more I appreciate them and Neil Peart. I really dug into his playing because I wanted to listen to the things that were influencing my influences. Neil was truly a legend. Rest in peace!"
John Coltrane - Blue Train
"Since I started playing, I've always had a fascination with jazz drummers. This album is one that I've been trying to tear apart as long as I can remember. It still challenges me, even just sitting down and listening to it. I still have a ton more studying to do when it comes to his music!"
Dave Weckl - Multiplicity
"Dave Weckl is another one of my favorite fusion artists. His DVD was the first drumming DVD I ever owned. I still listen to him on a regular basis. His playing really elevated the jazz/funk fusion style of drumming!"
Slipknot - Iowa
"Slipknot was one of my favourite bands growing up. To be able to tour/play festivals with them all the time is such a treat for me. The energy from the Iowa album is truly unmatched, especially when you see those songs played live. Joey Jordison had a huge influence on me and he was a huge bridge to me discovering other metal drummers."
Slayer - Reign in Blood
"I used to play a lot of video games when I was younger (I'm slowly making my return back to that world), and I was playing Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. One of my favourite features about the GTA games is the radio station. I was flicking through the stations and I came across the song Raining Blood by Slayer. At this point, I was still very young, and hadn't been exposed to a lot of metal music yet. I couldn't believe the double bass!"
El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico - ¡Aqui Estamos y de Verdad!
"Not many people know this, but I am half Puerto Rican and I absolutely love latin drumming. This album was one of the firsts that I discovered when I started listening to salsa music.
I would sit on YouTube for hours seeking out latin music so I could hear the drumming. El Gran Combo really stood out to me. I would encourage all drummers and percussionists to check out records like this.
The drumming is mind-blowing. I love to throw Latin chops and phrasing into the music. I was really able to highlight this in the song Sickness Unto You on our new album WTDMS. There is a section where I play a songo beat. I get asked about it constantly and it makes me proud to be able to represent my roots."


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A child that requires care and services that are not typical of the "average" child All are true.
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What month is Adoption Awareness month?
A program of the Adoption Council of Ontario that matches prospective families with Ontario's waiting children.


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10 Fascinating Facts About Herman Melville
BY Kat Long
(Updated: July 26, 2019)
Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Born in New York City to a wealthy and socially connected family, Herman Melville (1819-1891) chose a life as exciting as that of his Moby-Dick narrator Ishmael. He spent years at sea on whaling ships and traveled to far-flung places, but also struggled to make it as a novelist while supporting a large extended family. To celebrate his 200th birthday on August 1, we're diving into Melville's adventures and fishing for some surprising facts.
1. Herman Melville's mother changed the spelling of their last name.
Despite his family's wealth and pedigree—his mother Maria Gansevoort descended from one of the first Dutch families in New York, and his father Allan Melvill came from old Boston stock—young Herman had an unstable, unhappy childhood. Allan declared bankruptcy in 1830 and died two years later, leaving Maria with eight children under the age of 17 and a pile of debt from loans and Allan's unsuccessful businesses. Soon afterward, Maria added an "e" to their surname—perhaps to hide from collection agencies, although scholars are not sure exactly why. "It always seemed to me an unlikely way to avoid creditors in the early 19th century," Will Garrison, executive director of the Berkshire Historical Society, tells Mental Floss.
2. Herman Melville struggled to find employment.
Thanks to a national financial crisis in 1837, Melville had difficulty finding a permanent job, but it wasn't for lack of trying. He served as a bank clerk, teacher, land surveyor, and crew member on a packet ship before signing on, in 1841, to the whaler Acushnet of New Bedford, Massachusetts, then the whaling capital of the world. He served aboard a few different whalers and rose to the role of harpooner. His adventures at sea planted the seeds for Melville's interrogation of man, morality, and nature in Moby-Dick. In that novel, Melville (in the voice of Ishmael) says, "A whale-ship was my Yale College and my Harvard."
3. Herman Melville jumped ship in the middle of a three-year voyage.
Melville and the Acushnet's captain didn't get along, so when the ship reached the Marquesas Islands, Melville and a friend, Richard Tobias Greene, hid in the forests until the ship departed. They spent a month living with the Pacific Islanders. Melville was impressed with their sophistication and peacefulness; most Europeans believed that Polynesians were cannibals. He also found reason to criticize European attempts to "civilize" the islanders by converting them to Christianity. Melville drew on his South Pacific experiences in his first two novels, which became runaway bestsellers: Typee (1846) and Omoo (1847).
4. Herman Melville was inspired by a mountain.
Herman Melville's home, Arrowhead, in Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Daderot/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0
Melville moved to Arrowhead, his charming mustard-colored home in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, with his wife Elizabeth and their son in 1850, after he achieved fame as a popular adventure novelist. In the upstairs study, he set up his writing desk so he could look out the north-facing window, which perfectly framed the summit of Mount Greylock, Massachusetts's tallest mountain. Gazing at the peak on a sunny day, Melville was struck by how much the horizontal apex looked "like a sperm whale rising in the distance." He arranged his desk so he would see the summit when he happened to glance up from his work. In that room, in early 1851, Melville completed his manuscript of Moby-Dick.
5. Herman Melville fictionalized an actual whaling disaster.
While on the Acushnet, Melville had learned about an infamous shipwreck from the son of one of its survivors. In November 1820, a massive sperm whale had attacked and sunk the whaleship Essex of Nantucket in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Its crew, stranded in three small boats with little food or water, chose to drift more than 4000 miles to South America instead of 1200 miles to the Marquesas Islands—where Melville had enjoyed his idyll—because they thought they'd be eaten by the natives. Ironically, some of the castaways ended up eating their dead shipmates to survive.
Melville used the disaster to form the climax of Moby-Dick, in which the Pequod of Nantucket is destroyed by the white whale. Melville visited Nantucket for the first time only after the novel was published. He personally interviewed the Essex's captain, George Pollard, who had survived the terrible ordeal and become the town's night watchman. Later, Melville wrote, "To the islanders he was a nobody—to me, the most impressive man, tho' wholly unassuming, even humble—that I ever encountered."
6. Moby-Dick was a flop.
Readers who were expecting another rip-roarin' adventure like his earlier novels Typee or Redburn were sorely disappointed when Melville's masterpiece was published in November 1851. The British edition of Moby-Dick, or The Whale received some positive reviews in London newspapers, but American reviewers were shocked at its obscure literary symbolism and complexity. "There is no method in his madness; and we must needs pronounce the chief feature of the volume [the character of Captain Ahab] a perfect failure, and the work itself inartistic," wrote the New York Albion. The reviewer added that the novel's style was like "having oil, mustard, vinegar, and pepper served up as a dish, in place of being scientifically administered sauce-wise."
7. Herman Melville was very fond of his chimney.
Arrowhead became the locus of Melville's family life and work. Eventually, he and Lizzie, their two sons and two daughters, his mother Maria, and his sisters Augusta, Helen, and Fanny all lived in the cozy farmhouse. For a couple of years, Nathaniel Hawthorne was such a frequent guest that he had his own small bedroom off Melville's study. After Moby-Dick, Melville wrote the novels Pierre and The Confidence-Man, his collection of works called The Piazza Tales, short stories including "Bartleby the Scrivener," and many other pieces there. Melville grew very attached to the house, especially to the massive central chimney, which he immortalized in his 1856 short story "I and My Chimney." Yet his financial struggles after Moby-Dick failed to find an audience led Melville to sell Arrowhead to his brother Allan in 1863. As an homage, Allan painted a few lines from "I and My Chimney" on the chimney's stonework, which are still visible today.
8. Herman Melville finally got a day job.
Melville's chronic money woes prompted a return to New York City, into a brick townhouse at 104 East 26th Street in Manhattan, where the family benefited from being back in the bustle of civilization. Melville finally found regular employment as a district inspector for the U.S. Customs Service and maintained an office at 470 West Street. At the same time, he mostly abandoned writing short stories and novels in favor of poetry. In between inspections he wrote Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land, based on his visit to the Middle East in 1857. Because of its length—at more than 18,000 lines, it's the longest poem in American literature—and unconventional approach to its subject, Melville once called it "eminently adapted for unpopularity."
9. Herman Melville's last major work was discovered by accident.
The centennial of Melville's birth renewed interest in his novels and poems, most of which were long out of print by then. Raymond Weaver, a literature professor at Columbia University working on the first major biography of Melville, collaborated with Eleanor Melville Metcalf, Melville's granddaughter and literary executor, who gave him access to the author's papers. In 1919, while poking through letters and notes, Weaver discovered the unfinished manuscript of Billy Budd in a tin breadbox. Melville had started to write the short story about a tragic sailor in 1888 but, by his death in 1891, had not completed it. Weaver edited and published the story in 1924, but initially considered the tale "not distinguished." Other scholars asserted that Billy Budd was Melville's final masterpiece.
10. You can see Herman Melville's personal collection of knick-knacks.
Just a short drive from Arrowhead, the Berkshire Athenaeum in Pittsfield holds the world's largest collection of Melvilliana in its Melville Memorial Room. Along with first editions of Melville's work and a full library of books about him, there are priceless objects owned by or associated with the author. Fans can geek out over the earliest known portrait of Melville, painted in 1848; carved wooden canoe paddles that he collected in Polynesia; his walking stick; his favorite inkstand, quills, and other desktop tchotchkes; a collection of scrimshaw, maps, and prints; and Elizabeth Melville's writing desk. There's a section of the first successful transatlantic cable, which Melville valued as a prized souvenir, and even the actual breadbox in which Billy Budd had been hiding.
books History literature
'Turdsworth': Lord Byron's Not-So-Affectionate Nickname for William Wordsworth
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For those of you who thought William Wordsworth was a not-so-subtle pseudonym meant to further the literary brand of a certain 19th-century poet, think again: William Wordsworth's real name was actually William Wordsworth.
The fitting, alliterative moniker makes it hard to forget that Wordsworth was a wordsmith, but it also made him an easy target for mockery at the hands of other Romantic era writers.
Some of it was the type of clever wordplay you might expect from England's elite poets. In an essay for the London Review of Books, Michael Wood highlights the time that Samuel Taylor Coleridge sent his poem "The Nightingale" to Wordsworth, writing, "And like an honest bard, dear Wordsworth/You'll tell me what you think, my Bird's worth."
While Coleridge's witty rhyme poked fun at Wordsworth in a playful way, not all of his contemporaries were quite so kind. As Literary Hub points out, Lord Byron referred to Wordsworth as "Turdsworth."
Byron's jab sounds like something you'd hear at an elementary-school kickball game, but, then again, the eccentric poet was never one to adhere to anybody's expectations—during college, for example, he often walked his pet bear around the grounds.
As for the word turd itself, it's been around much longer than you might have realized. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, it derives from the Old English word tord, meaning "piece of excrement," and it's been used as a personal insult ever since the 15th century.
If fecal-themed nicknames aren't really your thing, here are 42 other Old English insults that you can fling with abandon.
[h/t Literary Hub]
History language literature News poetry Words writing
The New York Public Library's 10 Most Checked-Out Books of All Time
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To celebrate the 125th anniversary of the New York Public Library's opening in 1895, a team of library experts decided it was only fitting to highlight the perennially popular books that have contributed to its success.
They pulled the circulation stats on all print and digital formats of books, analyzed factors like length of time in print and presence in the library catalog, and came up with a list of the library's 10 most checked-out books of all time.
Topping the list was Ezra Jack Keats's The Snowy Day, the charmingly illustrated, timeless tale of a young boy discovering the wintry wonders of a snow day. It's been in circulation since its publication in 1962, and it's far from the only children's book on the list—in fact, six of the top 10 most borrowed books are meant for a young audience, including Dr. Seuss's The Cat in the Hat, Maurice Sendak's Where the Wild Things Are, E.B. White's Charlotte's Web, and Eric Carle's The Very Hungry Caterpillar. As the library explains, this is partly because shorter books have quicker turnover rates, and partly because certain children's classics appeal to a wide range of readers.
And, of course, it would hardly be a "top books" list if it didn't include at least one of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone came in ninth place, with 231,022 checkouts. One children's book, however, is conspicuously missing: Margaret Wise Brown's peaceful bedtime story Goodnight Moon, published in 1947 and seemingly read by just about everyone. According to the NYPL, Anne Carroll Moore, an important children's librarian at the time of the book's publication, despised the story, so the library didn't add it to the catalog until 1972. (They gave it an "honorable mention" designation on this list.)
Books can also rack up high circulation numbers if they're often used in school curriculums, like Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, or cover themes that appear (and reappear) in current events—which might explain why George Orwell's 1984 has been checked out a staggering 441,770 times.
See the rest of the top 10 below, and find out which books made the NYPL's 2019 most checked-out list here.
The Snowy Day by Ezra Jack Keats // 485,583
The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss // 469,650
1984 by George Orwell // 441,770
Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak // 436,016
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee // 422,912
Charlotte's Web by E.B. White // 337,948
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury // 316,404
How to Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie // 284,524
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling // 231,022
The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle // 189,550
books History kids at-the-libraries Lists literature News nyc


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THELMA was designed to simplify the healthcare revenue cycle and payments processing. THELMA enables healthcare providers and payers to route, control, reconcile and settle healthcare data and payments electronically which means payment is more accurate and timely.


The 10x12 wood pergola kits are Amish built do it yourself pressure treated wood pergola kits. They are precut with all of the hardware included for an easy fast assembly. With our pergola kits, wood is chosen for its strength and durability, so you can have confidence that they will last a very long time.
Free delivery on the wood pergola kits to Virginia and West Virginia. Delivery only is available in VA and WV.
The overall height on the wood pergola kits for sale is 8' 2". The actual head clearance is 7' 4". The wood pergola kits are made with 2"x6" cross ties which are approximately 16" on center and 4 2"x6" headers. It has 6"x6" posts which are actually four 3ply 2"x6" lamented and screwed posts. The 10 x 12 pergola kit comes with 4 posts, but the pergolas longer than 16' include 6 posts. Two 3 ply 2x6 corner braces are included in the wood pergola kits.
The top of the wood pergola kit does not come with a lattice. Alan's Factory Outlet wood pergola kits come with 2 optional upgrades of either a standard lattice or a privacy lattice. Here is a picture showing the difference.
When you buy a 10 x 12 pergola kit from Alan's Factory Outlet, rest assured that it is made of high-quality wood. When putting together our pergola kits, wood is pressure-treated and chosen for its ability to last over time.


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Home > English > 125 Animals That Changed the World
125 Animals That Changed the World
Author: National Geographic Kids
This collection of heartwarming and surprising true tales celebrate heroic animals who saved the day, taught us important lessons, and can inspire us to help change the world.
Heroes come in all shapes and sizes – and many hail from the animal kingdom! Get ready to meet animals that made significant contributions to mankind and accomplished great things in their lifetimes. From top dog Sergeant Stubby, who earned a medal for his brave actions in World War I, to Winter, the courageous dolphin who received a prosthetic tail, this collection of short stories is inspirational, hilarious, and action-packed. Each tale is paired with amazing National Geographic photos and loads of animal facts to offer tons of fuzzy, furry, feathery fun on every page.
"'My son loves these books. We started reading National Geographic Kids books when he was about six (he's nine now) and I can honestly say that these books have been instrumental in teaching him to read."Consumer
"'My son loves these books. We started reading National Geographic Kids books when he was about six (he's nine now) and I can honestly say that these books have been instrumental in teaching him to read."- Consumer
"'My kids love these books. Super fun and interesting."Consumer
"'My kids love these books. Super fun and interesting."- Consumer


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TRV250 is a G protein-selective agonist at the delta-opioid receptor being developed for the acute treatment of migraine. It is a new chemical entity with a first-in-class, novel mechanism of action at the delta-opioid receptor. In June 2018, we announced the successful completion of our first-in-human Phase 1 study of TRV250. Data from this healthy volunteer study showed safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics supporting the advancement of TRV250 to Phase 2 proof of concept evaluation in patients. TRV250 may also have utility in a range of other CNS indications.
TRV734 is a G protein-selective agonist at the mu-opioid receptor being developed for the oral management of opioid use disorder. We are collaborating with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, or NIDA, to further evaluate TRV734 for the management of opioid use disorder. In December 2018, we announced that positive preclinical data were featured in a presentation by NIDA at the 57th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, which demonstrated efficacy in an animal model of opioid relapse. The nonclinical and Phase 1 data for TRV734 suggest that it may provide an improved option for patients receiving maintenance therapy for opioid use disorder. We intend to continue to focus our efforts for TRV734 on securing a development and commercialization partner for this asset.
TRV045 is a novel S1P modulator that we have recently identified as potentially offering a new, non-opioid approach to managing chronic pain and other CNS conditions. We anticipate beginning investigational new drug, or IND, enabling work in 2019, and we will continue to evaluate the progression of this asset to an IND, either by ourselves or with a partner.
All Investigational Products are not approved by FDA for distribution in the US.


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Q: Convolution of a multivariate Gaussian and multivariate exponential distribution I have derived the convolution for a multivariate Gaussian distribution with a multivariate exponential distribution. The aim is to get a multivariate extension to the univariate exponentially-modified Gaussian.
Given data $\pmb X \in \mathrm{R}^{n \times d}$, the likelihood for this convolution would be $\pmb X|\theta, \Sigma, \lambda \sim \mathsf{multivariateEMG}\, (\theta, \Sigma, \lambda)$ where parameters $\theta$ is mean of the convolution including means from both the Gaussian and the Exponential, $\Sigma$ is the covariance of the convolution and $\lambda$ is the skew component coming from the Exponential distribution. The prior over the parameters are $\pmb \theta \sim \mathcal{N}(\theta^\prime,\Sigma^\prime),  \quad
\Sigma^{-1} \sim \mathit{Wish}( H^{\prime -1},\sigma^\prime),\quad  \lambda \sim \mathit{Jeffrey}(\lambda)$.
By having such a distribution in place, one can have the best of both worlds: retain skewness given by the exponential distribution whilst working alongside a Gaussian (i.e. using the mean and covariance). This will be a very helpful distribution provided we can estimate distributional parameters 'nicely'.
The joint posterior of this convolution is non conjugate making its integral intractable. Therefore, for inference, I plan to use the 'noise contrastive estimation' for parameter estimation used for unnormalised distributions.
My query would be is this the right approach or since this is a convolution, one could just include the extra terms coming from the Exponential distribution into the Bayesian inference thereby not needing to work out the convolution (sum) in $P(\pmb X|\theta, \Sigma, \lambda)$ necessary to determine the likelihood.
Any advice on this matter would be highly appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mexico , officially the United Mexican States, is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the world's eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.