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Constantino I (Naísso,  – Nicomédia, ), também conhecido como Constantino, o Grande, foi um imperador romano, proclamado Augusto pelas suas tropas em 25 de julho de 306, que governou uma porção crescente do Império Romano até a sua morte.

Constantino derrotou os imperadores Magêncio e Licínio durante as guerras civis. Ele também lutou com sucesso contra os francos e alamanos, os visigodos e os sármatas durante boa parte de seu reinado, mesmo depois da reconquista da Dácia, que havia sido abandonada durante o século anterior. Constantino construiu uma nova residência imperial em Bizâncio, chamando-a de Nova Roma. No entanto, em honra de Constantino, as pessoas chamavam-na de Constantinopla, que viria a ser a capital do Império Romano do Oriente durante mais de mil anos. Devido a isso, ele é considerado como um dos fundadores do Império Romano do Oriente. Hoje, ela é nomeada 'Istambul' e foi também, capital do Império Turco-Otomano, de 1453 até o final deste em 1922.

Fontes
Constantino era um governante de grande importância histórica e sempre foi uma figura controversa. As flutuações na reputação de Constantino refletem a natureza das fontes antigas de seu reinado. Estas são abundantes e detalhadas, mas foram fortemente influenciadas pela propaganda oficial do período, e são muitas vezes unilaterais. Não há histórias de sobreviventes ou biografias que lidaram com a vida de Constantino e do Estado. Os mais próximos subsídios são a Vida de Constantino de Eusébio de Cesareia, uma obra que é uma mistura de elogio e hagiografia. Escrito entre 335 e cerca de 339, a Vita exalta virtudes morais e religiosas de Constantino. A Vita cria uma imagem tendenciosamente positiva de Constantino, que os historiadores modernos vêm frequentemente contestando a sua fiabilidade. A mais completa vita secular de Constantino é do anónimo Origo Constantini. Uma obra de data incerta, o Origo concentra-se em acontecimentos militares e políticos, em detrimento de assuntos culturais e religiosos.

Ascensão a Augusto do Ocidente
Nascido em Naísso, na Mésia Superior (actual Niš na Sérvia), filho de Constâncio Cloro (ou Constâncio I Cloro) e da filha de um casal de donos de uma albergaria na Bitínia, Helena de Constantinopla, Constantino teve uma boa educação —  especialmente por ser filho de uma mulher de língua grega e haver vivido no Oriente grego, o que facilitou-lhe o acesso à cultura bilíngue própria da elite romana —  e serviu no tribunal de Diocleciano depois do seu pai ter sido nomeado um dos dois césares, na altura um imperador júnior, na Tetrarquia em 293. Embora a sua condição junto de Diocleciano fosse em parte a de um refém, Constantino serviu nas campanhas do césar Galério e de Diocleciano contra os sassânidas e os sármatas. Aquando da abdicação conjunta de Diocleciano e Maximiano em 305, Constâncio seria proclamado augusto, mas Constantino seria descartado como césar em proveito de Valério Severo (também conhecido modernamente como Severo II, título que jamais usou, para não ser confundido com o grande imperador do século anterior, Septímio Severo).

Pouco antes da morte do seu pai, em 25 de julho de 306, Constantino conseguiu a permissão de Galério para se reunir a ele no Ocidente, chegando a fazer uma campanha juntamente com Constâncio Cloro contra os pictos, estando junto do leito de morte do seu pai em Eburaco (atual Iorque) na Britânia, o que lhe permitiu impor o princípio da hereditariedade em seu proveito, proclamando-se "césar" e sendo reconhecido como tal por Galério, então feito "augusto" do Oriente. Desde o início de seu reinado, assim, Constantino tinha o controle da Britânia, Gália, Germânia e Hispânia, com sua capital em Augusta dos Tréveros, cidade que fez embelezar e fortificar.

Nos dezoito anos seguintes, combateu uma série de batalhas e guerras que o fizeram o governador supremo do Império Romano. Como Maximiano desejava retomar a sua posição de augusto, da qual se havia afastado a contragosto juntamente com Diocleciano, Constantino recebeu-o na sua corte e aliou-se a ele por um casamento em 307 com a filha de sete anos de Maximiano, Fausta, o que lhe permitiu ser reconhecido tacitamente como Augusto em 308 por Galério numa conferência tetrárquica em Carnunto (atual Petronell-Carnuntum na Áustria). Em 309, no entanto, Constantino enfrentaria o seu sogro, que tentava recuperar abertamente o poder, capturando-o em Marselha e mandando assassiná-lo. Em 310, Constantino seria formalmente reconhecido como Augusto por Galério. Severo havendo sido entrementes eliminado, em 307, por Magêncio, filho de Maximiano que se havia proclamado imperador em Roma, Constantino deveria acabar por enfrentar o seu cunhado para conseguir o domínio completo do Ocidente romano. Após uma série de mediações fracassadas e lutas confusas, Constantino, após apoiar o usurpador africano Lúcio Domício Alexandre, cortando o fornecimento de trigo de Roma, de 308 a 309, desceu em 312 até Itália para eliminar Magêncio.

Essas guerras civis constantes e prolongadas fizeram de Constantino, antes de mais nada, um reformador militar, que, para aumentar o número de tropas à sua disposição imediata, constituiu o cortejo militar do imperador (comitatus) num corpo de tropas de elite autossuficiente - um verdadeiro exército de campanha — principalmente pelo recrutamento de grande número de germanos que se apresentavam ao exército romano nos termos de diversos tratados de paz, a começar pelo rei alamano Croco II, que teve um papel decisivo na aclamação de Constantino como Augusto.

Religião

O facto de Constantino ser um imperador de legitimidade duvidosa foi algo que sempre influiu nas suas preocupações religiosas e ideológicas: enquanto esteve diretamente ligado a Maximiano, ele apresentou-se como o protegido de Hércules, deus que havia sido apresentado como padroeiro de Maximiano na primeira tetrarquia. Ao romper com o seu sogro e após o ter eliminado, Constantino passou a colocar-se sob a proteção da divindade padroeira dos imperadores-soldados do século anterior, Deus Sol Invicto, ao mesmo tempo que fez circular uma ficção genealógica (um panegírico da época. Para disfarçar a óbvia invenção, dizia, dirigindo-se retoricamente ao próprio Constantino, que se tratava dum facto "ignorado pela multidão, mas perfeitamente conhecido pelos que te amam") pela qual ele seria o descendente do imperador Cláudio II — ou Cláudio Gótico — conhecido pelas suas grandes vitórias militares, por haver restabelecido a disciplina no exército romano, e por ter estimulado o culto ao Sol.

Constantino acabou, no entanto, por entrar na História como primeiro imperador romano a professar o cristianismo, na sequência da sua vitória sobre Magêncio na Batalha da Ponte Mílvia, em 28 de outubro de 312, perto de Roma, que ele mais tarde atribuiu ao Deus cristão. Segundo a tradição, na noite anterior à batalha sonhou com uma cruz, e nela estava escrito em latim:

De manhã, um pouco antes da batalha, mandou que pintassem uma cruz nos escudos dos soldados e conseguiu uma vitória esmagadora sobre o inimigo. Esta narrativa tradicional não é hoje considerada um facto histórico, tratando-se antes da fusão de duas narrativas de factos diversos encontrados na biografia de Constantino pelo bispo Eusébio de Cesareia.

No entanto, é certo que Constantino era atraído, enquanto homem de Estado, pela religiosidade e pelas práticas piedosas — ainda que se tratasse da piedade ritual do paganismo: o senado, ao erguer em honra a Constantino o seu arco do triunfo, o Arco de Constantino, fez inscrever sobre este que sua vitória se devia à "inspiração da divindade" (instinctu divinitatis mentis), o que certamente ia ao encontro das ideias do próprio imperador. Até um período muito tardio do seu reinado, no entanto, Constantino não abandonou claramente a sua adoração com relação ao deus imperial Sol, que manteve como símbolo principal nas suas moedas até 315.

Só após 317 é que ele passou a adotar clara e principalmente lemas e símbolos cristãos, como o "chi-ró", emblema que combinava as duas primeiras letras gregas do nome de Cristo ("X" e "P" sobrepostos). No entanto, já quando da sua entrada solene em Roma em 312, Constantino se recusou a subir ao Capitólio para oferecer culto a Júpiter, atitude que repetiria nas suas duas outras visitas solenes à antiga capital para a comemoração dos jubileus do seu reinado, em 315 e 326.

A sua adoção do cristianismo pode também ser resultado de influência familiar. Helena, com grande probabilidade, havia nascido cristã e demonstrou grande piedade no fim da sua vida, quando realizou uma peregrinação à Terra Santa, localizou em Jerusalém uma cruz que foi tida como a Vera Cruz e ordenou a construção da Igreja do Santo Sepulcro, substituindo o templo a Afrodite que havia sido instalado no local — tido como o do sepultamento de Cristo — pelo imperador Adriano.

Mas apesar do seu batismo, há dúvidas se realmente ele se tornou cristão. A Enciclopédia Católica afirma: "Constantino favoreceu de modo igual ambas as religiões. Como sumo pontífice ele velou pela adoração pagã e protegeu seus direitos". E a Enciclopédia Hídria observa: "Constantino nunca se tornou cristão". No dia anterior ao da sua morte, Constantino fizera um sacrifício a Zeus, e até o último dia usou o título pagão de pontífice máximo (pontifex maximus). E, de facto, Constantino, até ao dia da sua morte, não havendo sido batizado, não participou de qualquer ato litúrgico, como a missa ou a eucaristia. No entanto, era uma prática comum na época retardar o batismo, que era suposto oferecer a absolvição a todos os pecados anteriores — e Constantino, por força do seu ofício de imperador, pode ter percebido que as suas oportunidades de pecar eram grandes e não desejou "desperdiçar" a eficácia absolutória do batismo antes de haver chegado ao fim da vida.

Qualquer que tenha sido a fé individual de Constantino, o facto é que ele educou os seus filhos no cristianismo, associou a sua dinastia a esta religião, e deu-lhe uma presença institucional no Estado romano (a partir de Constantino, o tribunal do bispo local, a episcopalis audientia, podia ser escolhida pelas partes de um processo como tribunal arbitral em lugar do tribunal da cidade). E quanto às suas profissões de fé pública, num édito do início de seu reinado, em que garantia liberdade religiosa, ele tratava os pagãos com desdém, declarando que lhes era concedido celebrar "os ritos de uma velha superstição".

Esta clara associação da casa imperial ao cristianismo criou uma situação equívoca, já que o cristianismo se tornou a religião "pessoal" dos imperadores, que, no entanto, ainda deveriam regular o exercício do paganismo — o que, para um cristão, significava transigir com a idolatria. O paganismo retinha ainda grande força política — especialmente entre as elites educadas do Ocidente do império — situação que só seria resolvida por um imperador posterior, Graciano, que renunciaria ao cargo de pontífice máximo em 379 — sendo assassinado quatro anos depois por um usurpador, Magno Máximo. Somente após a eliminação de Máximo e de outro usurpador pagão, Flávio Eugénio, por Teodósio I é que o cristianismo tornar-se-ia a única religião legal (395).

O imperador romano Constantino participou em grande parte na inclusão na igreja cristã, mas, não na questão dos dogmas, pois, isso cabia aos bispos e Constantino não tinha formação teológica para tal. Um Édito dos mais conhecidos foi o Édito de Constantino, promulgado em 321, que determinou oficialmente o domingo como dia de repouso, com exceção dos lavradores — medida tomada por Constantino. Na verdade Constantino utilizou-se da sua prerrogativa de, como Pontífice máximo, de fixar o calendário das festas religiosas, dos dias fastos e nefastos (o trabalho sendo proibido durante estes últimos).

Reformas religiosas, militares e administrativas

Constantino legalizou e apoiou fortemente a cristandade por volta do tempo em que se tornou imperador, com o Édito de Milão, mas também não tornou o paganismo ilegal ou fez do cristianismo a religião estatal única. Na sua posição de pontífice máximo — cargo tradicionalmente ocupado por todos os imperadores romanos, e que tinha a ver com a regulação de toda e qualquer prática religiosa no império — estabeleceu as condições do seu exercício público e interferiu na organização da hierarquia quando convocado, seguindo uma prática, no que diz respeito aos cristãos, que já havia sido inaugurada por um imperador pagão, Aureliano, que fora chamado a arbitrar uma querela entre o bispado de Antioquia e o bispado de Roma, que excomungara Paulo de Samósata, bispo de Antioquia, por heresia. O imperador reafirmara o que já era do direito circunscricional da Igreja Romana — ou seja, que as igrejas cristãs locais, no que diz respeito a sua organização administrativa — inclusive quanto a eleição dos bispos — deveriam reportar-se à igreja de Roma, a capital.

A sua vitória em 312 sobre Magêncio resultou na ascensão ao título de augusto ocidental, ou soberano da totalidade da metade ocidental do império, reconhecida pelo pagão Licínio, único augusto do Oriente após a eliminação de Maximino Daia. A vitória de Constantino teve uma consequência militar imediata: Constantino aboliu definitivamente a guarda pretoriana, que havia sustentado Magêncio e, com ela, os interesses políticos da aristocracia italiana, substituindo-a por um corpo de tropas de elite ligadas à pessoa do imperador, as escolas palatinas, que, a partir daí, seriam o núcleo do sistema militar romano, enquanto os velhos corpos de tropa territoriais eram negligenciados. As escolas eram principalmente regimentos de cavalaria, que serviam como uma força-tarefa ligada à pessoa do imperador, e seu principal objetivo era garantir uma capacidade de ação imediata em caso de guerra civil ou externa; quanto às forças de defesa territorial, os limítanes, estas acabaram por se reduzir a uma mera força policial de fronteira, entrando em declínio imediato na sua capacidade combativa. O objetivo destas reformas militares era principalmente político, colocando a quase totalidade das forças militares móveis à disposição imediata do imperador — com a exceção de certas unidades territoriais que eram equiparadas às forças móveis e chamadas pseudocomitatenses  — concentradas em áreas urbanas onde pudessem ser mantidas abastecidas pelos fornecimentos que eram agora a maior parte do soldo militar (os pagamentos em dinheiro, tornando-se recompensas esporádicas pagas aquando da ascensão ou dos jubileus de ascensão do imperador ao trono).

Quando Licínio expulsou os funcionários cristãos da sua corte, Constantino encontrou um pretexto para enfrentar o seu colega e, tendo negada permissão para entrar no Império do Oriente durante uma campanha contra os sármatas, fez disto a razão para derrotar e eliminar Licínio em 324, tornando-se imperador único.

Diante da ameaça da heresia ariana, que ameaçava as bases da Doutrina Cristã, Constantino, convocou o Primeiro Concílio de Niceia, um grande centro urbano da parte oriental do império, em 325, um ano depois da queda de Licínio. Duas questões principais foram discutidas em Niceia (atual İznik): a questão da Heresia Ariana que dizia que Cristo não era divino, mas o mais perfeito das criaturas, e também a data da Páscoa. É sabido que o imperador não tinha especial preocupação com discussões filosófico-doutrinárias, assunto que delegava aos "acadêmicos", nem fazia questão em ser a autoridade suprema da Igreja, pois reconhecia a autoridade do Bispo de Roma.

"O que encontramos aqui em Constantino ainda não é cesaripapismo bizantino, isto é, tutela absoluta da Igreja por parte do imperador. Bem mais, a forma do concílio imperial era tão nova quanto era novo o fato de um imperador amigo dos cristãos ser soberano do Império".

Constantino só foi batizado e cristianizado no final da vida. Ironicamente, Constantino poderá ter favorecido o lado perdedor da questão ariana, uma vez que ele foi batizado por um bispo ariano, Eusébio de Nicomédia (que não deve ser confundido com o biógrafo do imperador, Eusébio de Cesareia). A inclinação que Constantino e seu filho e sucessor na condição de augusto único, Constâncio II, demonstraram pelo arianismo, é bastante explicável, na medida em que ambos tentaram apresentar a figura do imperador como um análogo do Cristo ariano: uma emanação divina, reflexo terreno do Verbo. A tempestuosa relação de Constantino com a Igreja da época dá conta dos limites da sua atuação no estabelecimento da Ortodoxia: pouco antes de sua morte, em 335, ele mandou exilar, na capital imperial de Augusta dos Tréveros (Tréveris), o patriarca de Alexandria Atanásio, campeão da ortodoxia, por suas violentas atitudes antiarianas, e apesar do facto de que Atanásio continuou a ser perseguido pelos sucessores de Constantino, o abertamente ariano Constâncio II e o pagão Juliano, o Apóstata, foi a sua visão teológica que acabou por prevalecer.

Ao mesmo tempo que velava pela unidade religiosa do império, Constantino quis resolver o problema da divisão da elite dirigente numa aristocracia senatorial com acesso exclusivo às "dignidades" (as velhas magistraturas republicanas, sem poderes ou responsabilidades, e transformadas numa mera hierarquia de status) e numa hierarquia burocrática de funcionários imperiais com funções administrativas efetivas e pertencentes à ordem equestre: após 326, os altos funcionários passam à pertencer à ordem senatorial (os clarissimi) e o número de senadores passa de 600 a 2 mil, com os requisitos de entrada elevados (em Roma, os ex-questores deixam de ser senadores, e a entrada no senado passa a depender da pretura; na nova capital de Constantinopla, o acesso ao senado seria garantido aos ex-titulares do posto de tribuno da plebe, velha magistratura ressuscitada). Com a entrada do alto pessoal administrativo na ordem senatorial, quaisquer pretensões de independência política da velha aristocracia ficaram eliminadas; a escolha de todos os imperadores subsequentes seria feita exclusivamente na família do imperador ou através do exército. Em contrapartida, no entanto, Constantino parece haver cedido aos senadores no final do seu reinado o direito de elegerem, eles mesmos, questores e pretores e assim determinarem que pessoas queriam fazer ingressar na sua ordem, abandonando a prática da nomeação imperial de novos senadores, a adlectio. O senado, assim, se continuou sem o poder de fazer uma política própria, passou a ter o poder de estabelecer um "cadastro de reserva" da administração imperial. Por outro lado, paralelamente à carreira senatorial "padrão", a qual se chegava pela eleição às magistraturas, forma-se uma carreira alternativa, pela qual indivíduos não oriundos da aristocracia tradicional se tornam automaticamente senadores ao serem nomeados pelo imperador para cargos de hierarquia senatorial. Por outras palavras: o título de senador passou a significar uma posição na hierarquia administrativa, e não uma função pública (excetuando-se, aí, o governo local de Roma). O que aconteceu com os senadores romanos foi apenas o exemplo mais notável do que aconteceu em todo o império com sua cristianização: as identidades culturais e políticas locais deixaram de contar diante da hierarquia burocrática central.

Fundação de Constantinopla
Para resolver definitivamente o problema logístico da distância entre a capital e as principais frentes militares da época, sem recorrer ao expediente de uma residência imperial "interina", Constantino reconstruiu a antiga cidade grega de Bizâncio, que dedicou em 11 de maio de 330 chamando-a de Nova Roma, dotando-a de um senado e instituições cívicas (catorze regiões, um fórum, distribuições de trigo, um prefeito urbano) semelhantes aos da antiga Roma. Tratava-se, no entanto, de uma cidade puramente cristã, dominada pela Igreja dos Santos Apóstolos, junto à qual se encontrava o mausoléu onde Constantino seria sepultado. Os templos pagãos de Bizâncio foram nela preservados, mas neles foram proibidos os sacrifícios e o culto das imagens dos deuses. Após a morte de Constantino, Bizâncio foi renomeada Constantinopla, tendo-se gradualmente tornado a capital permanente do império. A fundação de Constantinopla foi complementada pelo tratado (foedus) realizado entre Constantino e seus descendentes com os godos, que, a partir de 332, passaram a defender a fronteira do Danúbio e fornecer homens ao exército romano, em troca de abastecimentos. A mudança da capital imperial enfraqueceu a influência do papado de Roma e fortaleceu a influência do bispo de Constantinopla sobre o Oriente, um dos eventos notáveis que provocariam futuramente o Grande Cisma do Oriente.

Sucessão
Um ano depois do Primeiro Concílio de Niceia, em 326, portanto, durante uma viagem solene a Roma para a comemoração dos seus vinte anos de reinado,  Constantino mandou matar o seu próprio filho e sucessor designado Crispo, um general competente que provavelmente foi suspeito de intrigar para derrubar o pai. Pouco depois, sufocaria a sua segunda mulher Fausta num banho sobreaquecido, provavelmente por suspeitar que ela tivesse intrigado contra o seu enteado Crispo. Mandou também estrangular o cunhado Licínio, que se havia rendido em troca da vida e chicotear até à morte o seu filho (e sobrinho do próprio Constantino). Foi sucedido pelos seus três filhos com Fausta: Constantino II, Constante I e Constâncio II, os quais dividiram entre si a administração do império até que, depois de uma série de lutas confusas, Constâncio II emergiu como augusto único.

Morte
Na Páscoa de 337 Constantino havia percebido que a sua morte chegaria em breve. Dessa forma chamou Eusébio de Nicomédia e pediu-lhe os sacramentos. Morreu em Ancirona, nos subúrbios de Nicomédia (atual cidade turca de Izmit), ao sul do Mar de Mármara.

Apreciações póstumas
Constantino foi uma figura controversa já na sua época: o último imperador pagão, seu sobrinho Juliano, dizia que ele era atraído pelo dinheiro e que buscou acima de tudo, enriquecer-se e aos seus partidários  — traço este (de saber enriquecer os seus amigos) que também foi reconhecido pelo historiador Eutrópio e pelo próprio Eusébio de Cesareia. O historiador pagão Zósimo criticou severamente as suas reformas militares. Mas como primeiro imperador «cristão», Constantino foi reverenciado durante toda a Idade Média, seja pela cristandade oriental, que o tinha como fundador do Império Bizantino — e a Igreja Ortodoxa acabou por canonizá-lo  — seja pela ocidental, que, sem lhe atribuir o status de santo, considerava haver ele criado os Estados Papais, territórios doados ao Papa pela chamada Doação de Constantino. Só com o Iluminismo o seu legado começou a ser pesadamente criticado, e o historiador inglês Edward Gibbon, no seu livro clássico sobre a "A História do Declínio e Queda do Império Romano" caracteriza-o como um general romano de velha cepa a quem o poder absoluto (e, por extensão, o cristianismo) havia convertido num déspota oriental. Com a secularização da sociedade moderna, a apreciação de Constantino em função exclusivamente das suas reformas religiosas perdeu acuidade - e ele passou a ser analisado em termos da sua própria época, como um dos fundadores, juntamente com Diocleciano, do Baixo-Império (ou Dominato), do qual ele estabeleceu as estruturas políticas e sociais básicas.

Notas

 Constantino já era casado com Minervina e afastou-se dela para poder casar-se com Fausta.

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! colspan="3" style="background: #FBEC5D;" | Constantino IDinastia Constantinianac. 27 de fevereiro de 272 – 22 de maio de 337
|-

Pessoas citadas na Divina Comédia (Paraíso)
Imperadores bizantinos
Dinastia constantiniana
Santos do Império Romano
Pessoas deificadas
Romanos antigos do século III
Romanos antigos do século IV
Aurelii
Flavii
Valerii
Iguais aos apóstolos
Dardânia (Europa)
Escritores em latim
Gótico Máximo
Romanos antigos na Britânia
Romanos antigos envolvidos nas guerras romano-sassânidas
Tetrarquia
Monarcas canonizados
Santos da Grécia
Santos da Sérvia
Filhos de Constâncio Cloro


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Litecoin (LTC) Can Be Key Element in Bitcoin. but this connection is not on the live mainnet yet.Bitcoin Gold blockchain ran with revised and updated versions to go live allowing to create the largest decentralized community in the crypto world.The development and performance of Litecoin has tracked Bitcoin,. all of the market conditions that may affect pricing and execution in a live trading.
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MARK COLVIN: After all the pressure from Government and the security services for mandatory metadata retention, the Federal Attorney-General's Department has admitted that Australians can avoid it simply by using overseas services.
The admission came at a Senate inquiry this afternoon.
It heard that if people used what's known as Over The Top messaging, their communications would likely escape being caught up by ISPs.
Over The Top messaging uses the internet to send messages, rather than traditional phone channels, and it's seen huge growth rates over the past few years.
The Department's also confirmed that any metadata gathered and stored by internet service providers will also be accessible through litigation, for example by Hollywood studios prosecuting copyright cases.
WILL OCKENDEN: If there's one thing the smart phone revolution has brought the world, it's a explosion in the different number of ways to contact each other.
People can now use Snapchat, Skype, WhatsApp, Twitter direct messaging, Facebook messenger, Google hangouts, and even the chat function on the scrabble app to communicate.
It seems there's a new messaging app every week, but while they all work slightly differently from each other, they all have one thing in common.
They're all from overseas, and they're all operated by foreign companies.
As such, according to the Attorney-General's Department, the services won't be included under the nation's proposed metadata retention scheme.
SCOTT LUDLAM: So if my email account is an @iinet.net.au address, it will be within scope. And if my email is an @gmail.com, it'll be out of scope.
WILL OCKENDEN: That's Greens Senator Scott Ludlam, who was quizzing the Attorney-General's Department as part of a review by a Senate Committee of the Telecommunications Interception and Access Act.
SCOTT LUDLAM: All I need to do to avoid mandatory data retention is just to take a webmail service.
WILL OCKENDEN: Webmail includes services like Gmail, Hotmail or Yahoo.
Anna Harmer is from the Attorney-General's Department.
ANNA HARMER: I don't know that it's quite as simple as that for the reasons that I set out previously in relation to the Telecommunications Services.
SCOTT LUDLAM: Why is it more complex than that? If I use a cloud hosting provider or Gchat, or something like that, I won't be caught.
If I use an iinet or an Internode address, I will be caught. If it's more complex, please explain how it's more complex.
ANNA HARMER: So it's correct that iinet, Internode as an Australian carrier service provider, depending on which part of the entity you're using, is subject to the obligations.
Gmail itself, or Google as an entity, is not subject to the obligations. So that is in relation to the provision of the email service.
WILL OCKENDEN: Because services like Gmail use encryption for users who send mail via the web browser, it makes it very hard for authorities to know who is talking to who.
Which is a pity for the metadata retention scheme, as that is the entire point of it.
SCOTT LUDLAM: Are you trying to drive people away from Australian service providers?
ANNA HARMER: I think we've articulated the intent of the bill and the Government's articulated the intent of the bill in terms of its coverage.
SCOTT LUDLAM: Is that an unintended consequence, that you will be driving people away from Australian service providers?
ANNA HARMER: No, no Senator.
ANNA HARMER: I wouldn't frame it in those terms, Senator. I think, you know, the Government has made it clear that the obligation applies in relation to service providers who maintain their business and their infrastructure here in Australia.
WILL OCKENDEN: It's not to say the data can't be obtained by police, they can still subpoena the companies for data.
But they won't be able to easily ask Australian ISPs for the information that they want under the current system of warrantless metadata requests.
So how much is this whole scheme costing? Well, the Attorney-General's Department also told the inquiry that it doesn't know if Parliament will be told the final cost of the metadata retention scheme before the legislation is voted on.
And it also confirmed that data stored by telecommunications companies under the scheme would be accessible via litigation.
ANNA HARMER: So what will exist, yes, will be a range of data that is not necessarily retained for that same period at the moment.
So some data which is retained for a brief period will now be retained for longer.
SCOTT LUDLAM: That's right. Which will be quite useful, actually, if you're a rights holder and you're trying to find out who's downloading your stuff.
WILL OCKENDEN: Many expected the Attorney-General's Department to take that position, but it does mean that third parties will be able to use the metadata for their own purposes.
That could include Hollywood studios tracking down people who are suspected of file sharing.


Nobody mentioned the quality of their work or fear of not being good enough. Nobody mentioned lack of time. Maybe these factors are still there in the background, but it is encouraging that these old issues were not given as excuses.
The good news is that of those top three responses two are completely under your control to improve. The issue of gallery representation may no longer be an issue once the other two are conquered. And you can conquer they them!
How to market your art is firstly a question of business. Do you have a business? You have to learn the basics of running a business that can turn a profit. If this fundamental step is not in place then no amount of marketing will help. So read a few books, do a course online and get a business sense before you spend time and money on marketing. I can suggest Start Your Own Business 6th Edition by the Staff of Entrepreneur Media as a fun introduction to the start up process.
Once the business issues are squared away the issue of marketing and technology will make a lot more sense. The truth is that there has never been a better time to start and market a small business. Never! The problem lies in those old myths that undermine your confidence. Particularly creatives. You are told that you need a publisher, gallery representation or whatever other gatekeeper to choose you. To give you permission to succeed. Well, like the author James Altucher says - it is time to Choose Yourself!
To be a success as an artist you need to make your own way. If that means taking on a learning curve then do so. The abundance of information out there is enormous. Some free, others paid for, but all within your grasp. Does this mean never use a gallery to sell your paintings? No, but it does mean you need to take responsibility for your career. You have a choice. No matter how modest you want your business to be you will benefit from marketing your art. Galleries and publishers also benefit by having artists market themselves. They are not going to do it all for you!
All of those four items are doable by anyone determined to put in some effort. It is not a recipe for overnight success, but it will sustain your business over the long term.
Does all of that sound terribly boring for an artist? It does not have to be. The great part is that as a creative person you have a head start on all the corporations who are struggling with marketing. You have the creative ability to crush marketing. It does not have to cost you much either.
Think about how you create beautiful works, the process and the joy that it brings you. There are thousands of people who are fascinated with art and the creative process. Instead of thinking about the hurdles think about what you already know. What can you show others? What is your journey as an artist? Share that and build your business at the same time.
Once you get started you will put the self-defeating thoughts behind you. The challenge I would like to set for you is to do one thing right now that will help you start your business. Take the first step to light the creative fire! Maybe get out a notebook and write down ideas, purchase a book, research online - whatever. Start now.
If you would like to learn more about content marketing for creatives then visit The Art of Content Marketing. You can join my Book Launch Team and hopefully get plenty of inspiration to grow your marketing system. Go for it!
Recently I received a "solve my painting problem request" from Cleleste . She describes her problem as follows: "I would like to use more colour. Most of my paintings are dull and somber- so unlike who I am. I can't manage to break away from that." Celeste kindly sent a few samples of her work. She also gave me permission to publish her photos. I am grateful to her, because this is a problem experienced by many other artists. Perhaps this post will help them too.
I am sure you will agree the artist's portrait drawing skills are very good. Also the monochrome color in the portraits has a moody appeal. However Celeste wants more vibrant color. The same goes for her landscapes.
Color is a beautiful mystery. A mystery that keeps an artist enthralled for a lifetime. How to capture the mood of a scene or the character in a portrait using a few pigments? Nature has almost infinite variety at her disposal. It is an unfair contest. But we try even so.
First off I must confess that color theory used to bore me as a beginner. Haul out the color wheel and my eyes would glaze over. I wanted to paint not learn about split-complementary color schemes.
These four items will be important in your painting career.
Add the secondary colors to the primary colors and see what happens. Add a touch of white to see whether the mix is warmer or cooler. We call these grays.
Mixing color and varying the tint with white produces many variations. Consider the paint swatches at the hardware store. Practice these basics until you feel confident that you can mix the colors.
See the light: Light is fundamental to color. Light can accentuate color. Add drama. Light can also wash out color. Use light to your advantage by being conscious of the light.
Not mixing color Correctly. Often too many tube colors are used on the palette. This leads to colors looking unrealistic on the canvas. In turn this leads to frustration and overmixing. Too much white paint or tertiary colors and generally muddying up the color.
Using too much solvent: this loosens up the pigment and reduces color intensity. Thickness of paint also plays a factor here.
Mixing: We have dealt with this one already. Use the limited number of colors. The colors will be more intense, clean and true to life.
Color Temperature. This will do wonders for your painting when you see these temperature variations. I will sum up this complex topic like this. Color works best when you see relationships between colors. In this case is a color warmer or cooler than the color next to it? Ask yourself this question every time you look at the color. If cooler add a cool color like blue. If warmer add a warm color like red or yellow. Remember cooler does not mean making the color darker. Some darks are warm like burnt umber.
Color Relationships: To take this idea further you must see color like an artist. That is cooler or warmer / lighter or darker than the color next to it. Ask yourself "Warmer-Cooler-Lighter-Darker?" Whatever the answer adjust accordingly. Then there are relationships based on the hue itself. Such as a primary alongside its complimentary. A yellow sun will look more intense against a violet sky for instance.
Solvent. A clean brush is good. But you should try to avoid washing the brush too often during your painting. Far better to wipe the brush off with a tissue or rag. Solvents make the brush wet and they break down the intensity of the color. They also thin the paint texture. You lose some of oil paints natural buttery quality.
Transparent and Opaque Paint. Paint the early stages of the painting without white paint. Or very little of it. Avoid white paint in the shadow areas and other dark areas. Rather keep these areas transparent by mixing only pure colors and adjusting temperature. For example blue and burnt sienna make a strong dark. The sunny patches can have white paint added for opaque, thicker paint. This adds beautiful contrasts.
Memory: Only goes so far. The mind oversimplifies color. We miss so much true color from nature and end up with dull color. What we think is accurate color is guesswork at best. Look at nature or at a real person instead of a photo to see color accurately.
Color intensity is called saturation. It is most saturated in the tube.
Mix Grays for true color variety: This is not mud. Grays make all the difference in nature. To get these tones mix primaries with complementary shades. Add white and see the warm or cool shades that result. These varieties can be everywhere in nature. Experiment to get your mixes accurate.
A final tip: See the real color by isolating the color note. To do this punch a hole in a card with a pencil. Hold up the card at arm's length. Look through the hole with one eye. You will see a small part of the color isolated from those around it. That is the actual color you need to mix.
What about portraits? Treat them in similar fashion. Paint from models where possible and keep the color strong. Brushwork bold. Shapes distinct.
There are many other factors such as brushwork, values and color schemes. It comes down to learning and practice. Also be willing to take risks. Be bold. Painting rewards artists who try new things. Have a look at my new course How to Add Light to Your Landscape Painting. Painting light involves using color and values better. This course will show you how to see these essential qualities. Have fun and put more color into it!
Want to share your painting experiences or tips? Please add them to the comments. You may be helping someone too.


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Somerset Patriots Pulse
Your place for in-depth coverage of the Somerset Patriots and the minor-league baseball world
Postseason All-Star Team Player Reaction: Matt Zielinski
Mike Ashmore • October 29, 2014
Matt Zielinski, currently pitching for Escodigo in the Dominican Republic, was reached by MyCentralJersey.com for his reaction to being named to the Atlantic League Postseason All-Stars First Team:
"I am honored to be named First Team All-Star along with so many talented players. I came into the season not sure if I was going to be able to make the team, and was able to show the coaching staff in spring training that I could pitch in this league. 2014 was the best season of my career, and I plan to build on that for next year."
Posted in Uncategorized on October 29, 2014 by Mike Ashmore.
About Mike Ashmore
A new resident of Raritan after many years in Three Bridges, Mike Ashmore is a 2001 graduate of Hunterdon Central Regional High School who began his career covering professional sports two years later. Since then, he's covered countless other teams and events ranging from the last eight Stanley Cup Finals, last three Super Bowls and last six World Series as well as the Daytona 500, UFC, NBA and much more. The 36-year-old is now in his seventh season of covering the Somerset Patriots for MyCentralJersey.com, and 17th season overall. He's approaching 1,000 career games covered in the Atlantic League, and recently surpasssed 2,400 total. He also shot the "viral video" of Patriots broadcaster Marc Schwartz catching a foul ball and his subsequent play-by-play of it, which garnered international attention and has been seen millions of times.
View all posts by Mike Ashmore →
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To me, great leaders demonstrate an innate ability to learn and glean lessons from both their life experiences and the content that they consume. Leadership lessons do not need to be found only in business or political books, but they can be found in a variety of sources and subjects like social science, psychology, and even memoirs. Throughout the year, I have been reading several books that are loosely (or closely) related to leadership or self-development. Here I will share the lessons I have learned from these sources.
Share book reviews and ratings with Jaemie, and even join a book club on Goodreads.


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Scissileda is een geslacht van tweekleppigen uit de  familie van de Yoldiidae.

Soorten
 Scissileda anatina (E. A. Smith, 1896)
 Scissileda clara (Melvill, 1898)
 Scissileda crassicardo Kilburn, 1994
 Scissileda divaricata (Odhner, 1919)
 Scissileda iris Kilburn, 1994
 Scissileda nicobarica (Bruguière, 1789)
 Scissileda parceplicata (Barnard, 1964)
 Scissileda semisculpta (Thiele & Jaeckel, 1931)
 Scissileda tropica (Melvill, 1897)

Yoldiidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


SIMMERS: Mary Enid. The life of Mary Simmers, a creative loving woman, came to a peaceful end on May 1, 2005. She will be lovingly remembered by her immediate family: daughter Bonnie Skobel, Frank and granddaughters Tara and Erin; son Bill Simmers, Pam and grandchildren Lisa, Julie and Jeff and her precious great granddaughter Madison; her sister Jessie Rotzien; and her adopted family Maureen, Ken and Lisa Linklater. Mary was predeceased by her husband Walter, her best friends Evelyn Thrift and Eva Folk. A gathering of close friends and family was held to celebrate her life. Mary was a very gifted lady who was always involved in an artistic endeavour. She was a painter, a potter, sewer, a photographer, candle, soap, box and candy maker, a caterer and an avid gardener. Mary earned the name of "Peace Grandma" by the students of Tynehead Elementary by folding 5000 paper peace cranes to help them in their quest to promote peace. However, Mary's most precious talent was making each of us feel that we were the most special person to her. Having lived in White Rock since 1950, some of Mary's fondest memories were the hours spent at the beach, water skiing and later boating with good friends. A special thank you to the staff at Ocean View Care Home for the compassionate care given to her.


Does Monsanto's Roundup herbicide really cause cancer? Why do we continue to use it on crops? What impact does it actually have on our bodies? Listen to this edition of A Public Affair to find out more!
On Friday, May 15th our host Esty Dinur was joined by Tom Philpott of Mother Jones Magazine, and Professor of Agricultural and Applied Economics at UW-Madison, Paul Mitchell, to discuss the use of Roundup in our agricultural practices.


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Gambling.com » Online Casinos » Slots » Joker Millions Online Slot
Joker Millions Online Slot
Published: Aug 30th, 2019 | Updated: Jan 8th, 2021
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Photograph by Jason Hatfield
Cheyenne Mountain's Dixon Trail Is Finally Open
Bouts of severe weather and negotiations over private land have stalled the path for years.
By Will Jarvis • 5280 October 2018
A snowstorm canceled one work weekend. A hellacious rainstorm postponed another. Legal battles over a quarter-mile of private land waged for six years. Almost two decades after it was conceived, the Dixon Trail is finally finished and providing passage to hikers looking to scale Cheyenne Mountain. Located inside Colorado Springs' Cheyenne Mountain State Park, the difficult Dixon Trail zigzags up 2,000-plus feet over 3.25 miles to connect with the previously inaccessible, three-mile Top of the Mountain trail system, completed in 2015. Together, the paths provide a lot of new track to tread—something runners at the Cheyenne Mountain Run will discover on October 20. The four-year-old race will expand from 10 miles to a half-marathon this year, as the Dixon Trail leads runners through old-growth pine and past the remains of a crashed T-33 aircraft. (The mountain was the headquarters for NORAD until 2006.) Along the way, they'll catch views of Fort Carson, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and the city of Colorado Springs—a scenic reward well worth the agonizing wait.
This article appeared in the October 2018 issue of 5280.


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The name of Lizzie Borden will forever be linked to a pair of gruesome and sensational axe murders that were committed on August 4, 1892 in Fall River, Massachusetts. On that day, Lizzie Borden's father, Andrew Jackson Borden, and her stepmother, Abby Borden, were brutally hacked to death by an unknown assailant whose identity remains a mystery down to the present day, more than 120 years later. The murders remain hotly debated among experts and aficionados on both sides of the question as it relates to the guilt or innocence of Lizzie Borden. After a jury acquitted her of the crimes, the commonwealth of Massachusetts has never seen fit to charge anyone else.
Lizzie Borden's father, despite coming from a wealthy family in the area, grew up in exceedingly modest surroundings and was not financially successful as a young man. This changed as he grew older – he found success by building and selling furniture and caskets. Later he prospered as a property developer and as the director of several local textile mills. At the time of his death his assets included a substantial amount of commercial property – he was also the director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Company and president of the Union Savings Bank.
In spite of this, Andrew Borden was conspicuously frugal. The Borden home, for example, had no indoor plumbing on the ground and first floors. It was also built near Borden's businesses, in distinct contrast to the practice of most of Fall River's economic elite, who preferred living in their own distant and fashionable enclaves.
Lizzie and her older sister Emma had a religious upbringing; both attended Central Congregational Church. As a young woman Lizzie was involved in many church-related activities – she taught Sunday school to children of recent immigrants to America, served as treasurer for the Christian Endeavor Society, and and was involved in the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
The Bordens' live-in maid Bridget Sullivan testified at the inquest that Lizzie and Emma rarely had meals with their parents. Furthermore, Lizzie revealed that she called her stepmother "Mrs. Borden" instead of "Mother" and would not say whether she and her stepmother were cordial with each other.
In May 1892, an incident took place where Andrew, believing that pigeons belonging to Lizzie were attracting intruders, killed them in the family barn using a hatchet. Two months later a family argument erupted that led both sisters to take prolonged "vacations".
Financial tensions flourished in the family in the months leading up to the murders. Andrew's gifts to various branches of the family lay at the center of many of them. When Abby's relatives received a house, Lizzie and Emma demanded and received a rental property – which they sold back to their father later for cash.
Just before the murders, a brother of Andrew's first wife paid a visit to discuss the transfer of another property. On the night before the murders, John Vinnicum Morse, the brother of Lizzie's and Emma's deceased mother, visited the home to speak with Andrew regarding certain business matters.
In addition to this, the entire household had been violently ill for several days. The family doctor said it was food left on the stove for use in meals over several days, but Abby suspected poisoning – Andrew Borden was not a popular man.
Andrew was collapsed on a couch in the downstairs sitting room, struck 10 or 11 times with a hatchet-like weapon. One of his eyeballs had been split cleanly in two, as if he were asleep when attacked. While neighbors and doctors comforted Lizzie, Sullivan soon discovered Abby Borden upstairs in the guest bedroom. Her skull had been crushed by 19 blows.
Investigating police soon found a hatchet in the basement. Though free of blood, it was missing most of its handle. Lizzie was arrested a week later, on August 11. On November 7 a grand jury began hearing evidence. They indicted Lizzie on December 2.
The hatchet head in the basement was not definitively shown to be the murder weapon. The prosecution claimed that the killer had removed the handle because it was bloody; one officer testified that a hatchet handle was indeed found near the hatchet head, but another officer contradicted him.
Although no bloody clothing was found, a few days after the murder Lizzie had burned a dress in the stove. She claimed it had been ruined when she brushed up against some fresh paint.
Amazingly, a similar axe murder had occurred nearby, shortly before the Borden trial. The defendant in that crime was shown to have been out of the country at the time of the Borden murders, however.
Evidence was excluded from the trial showing that Lizzie had tried to purchase prussic acid (supposedly for cleaning a sealskin cloak, according to the defendant) from a druggist the day before the murders.
Because of the mysterious illness that had afflicted the Borden household before the murders, the family's milk and Andrew and Abby's stomachs (removed during autopsies conducted in the family dining room), were tested for poison;none was found.
The victims' heads were removed during autopsy. After the skulls were used as evidence in the trial – Borden fainted when she saw them – they were later interred at the foot of each grave.
On June 20, after deliberating for just an hour and a half, the jury voted for acquittal.
The Lizzie Borden case served as a kind of precursor to such sensational later trials as that of Bruno Hauptmann, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, and O.J. Simpson in the annals of American legal proceedings.
Ironically, Lizzie herself, in spite of her acquittal – at least one writer has proposed that she killed while she was in a fugue state.
Bridget Sullivan, enraged, perhaps, because she had been ordered to clean windows on a hot day – while still not fully recovered from the mysterious illness that had struck the household.
One William Borden (Andrew Borden's illegitimate son) – supposedly after failing to extort money from his father.
Emma Borden, having established an alibi at Fairhaven, Massachusetts (about 15 miles from Fall River) is alleged by some to have secretly returned to Fall River to commit the murders, then returned again to Fairhaven in time to receive the telegram informing her of them.
After their trial the Borden sisters moved to a much larger, more modern house in the fashionable "Hill" neighborhood of Fall River. From then on, Lizzie began to use the name Lizbeth A. Borden. At their new house, which Lizbeth named "Maplecroft," the sisters were able to hire a staff that included live-in maids, a housekeeper and a coachman.
Lizbeth continued to be ostracized by society. Her name again came into the public eye, in 1897, when she was accused of shoplifting.
After the removal of her gallbladder in what proved to be the last year of her life, Lizbeth was chronically ill. She died of pneumonia on June 1, 1927 in Fall River. Funeral details were confidential and attendance was sparse. A little more than a week later, Emma died from chronic nephritis at the age of 76. The sisters never married. They were buried side by side in the family plot in Oak Grove Cemetery.
Lizzy and Emma Borden's graves.


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Thank you mama: Teyana Taylor, Bobby Brown, Ne-Yo and Jhené Aiko perform for VH1's Dear Mama special
May 8th, 2018 by KRNB
Image Group LA/ABCMonday night's Dear Mama: A Love Letter to Moms television event on VH1 featured a handful of exciting performances from Teyana Taylor, Bobby Brown, Ne-Yo and Jhené Aiko.
The annual star-studded affair, which honors various celebrity mothers, was hosted by La La Anthony and Anthony Anderson.
Teyana and Bobby honored Teyana's mother, Nikki Taylor, with a performance of Bobby's hit track, "Every Little Step."
Meanwhile, Ne-Yo took the stage to perform his songs "Good Man" and "Miss Independent" as a tribute to actress Gabrielle Union's mom, Theresa Union.
Jhené Aiko and her daughter Namiko Love also appeared onstage together to perform a song they wrote together, called "Sing to Me," as Jhene's mother, Christina Yamamoto, adoringly looked on.
"Sing to Me" is featured on Jhené's latest disc, Trip.
Sean "Diddy" Combs also showed up to surprise his mom, Janice Combs, with a tribute performance from none other than Patti LaBelle.
Diddy gave a moving speech before Patti's performance of her hit, "You Are My Friend."
Diddy began his heartfelt speech by saying, "I would not be standing here today if it was not for my mother, Miss Janice Combs. She was a single mother who worked four jobs to raise me and my sister Keisha in Harlem."
"And this was through one of the toughest times of our lives — my father was killed when I was three and the pain that she must have been going through to surpass that and to take care of us is something that all mothers possess."
The speeches and performance highlights from Dear Mama: A Love Letter to Moms are streaming on VH1.com and YouTube.
bobby brown Jhene mama Ne-Yo perform special taylor teyana Thank vh1s
New Music Friday: Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, Chris Brown and Cordae Read More
Kanye West plans to meet with Russian President Putin and perform Sunday Service Read More


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Virtual assistant, copywriter, and 6 other easy side hustle jobs to start right now
2 weeks ago 40
Today, online tools make it simple to test the entrepreneurial waters with a side hustle.
Insider compiled a list of the easiest side hustles to start based on low overhead costs and access.
The list includes virtual assisting, freelance, resale, and teaching online courses.
Today, online tools and platforms make it easy to test the entrepreneurial waters with a side hustle.
Startup costs for a digital business can be as low as the price of internet access, which encouraged many to launch their own businesses in the Great Resignation. Some have started selling homemade goods on social-media platforms like Instagram, while others are using expertise from previous jobs to freelance or teach online courses.
"You can become a freelancer so much easier now and have a better line to getting clients than we had before," Jacqueline Kirtley, a Wharton management professor, previously told Insider.
But with accessibility also comes more competition, cautioned Cynthia Franklin, a director at the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship at New York University.
"The operative word there is hustle — you really have to hustle," she said. "You have to be super creative and very clever in how you get noticed."
Starting a side hustle is fairly inexpensive, so Franklin recommends dipping into multiple platforms to generate passive income, which is earnings that don't require regular work or maintenance to achieve. "Leverage and go deep in a particular area," she said. "Find ways to connect these various tools that make sense so that you can dominate your space."
Insider compiled a list of the easiest online side hustles to start based on the following criteria:
Low overhead cost — Starting a business in any one of these categories requires a small financial investment, such as acquiring a small amount of inventory or paying for a domain name and website hosting.
Accessibility — There's little to no red tape, like needing to get a bank loan or rent a storefront, to establish your business. Instead, you need to download an app, have internet access, or sign up for a monthly membership that won't cost much more than streaming Netflix.
Remote work — All essential functions of the business can be done remotely and do not require a retail store or office to be efficient.
Minimal expertise required — While educational resources are widely available, these categories require no additional degrees or certifications to get started.
Nicholas Waskosky has been selling thrifted clothing on Poshmark since he was 14. Nicholas Waskosky
1. Sell digital downloads on Etsy
If you're a skilled artist, graphic designer, or pattern maker, you can earn money selling your creations as digital downloads on Etsy. A digital download often comes in the form of a PDF, like wall decor you can print at home, instructions for sewing your own dress, or a custom decal you can place on a T-shirt. Once you upload a design, customers can purchase and download it indefinitely, meaning you don't have to worry about shipping or running out of stock.
"It's a nice way of avoiding some of the overhead that comes with having to ship and produce physical products," Franklin said, adding that Etsy businesses have an extra challenge to stand out because the platform is crowded with more than 5.2 million sellers. "There are a lot of really interesting, compelling products."
Digital downloads were the right format for Shelby Ashworth, who launched her Etsy shop in 2016. PaperDotInkDesigns sells handwritten prints and templates, and in 2021, Ashworth booked $2,494 in sales, which Insider verified with documentation.
2. Host online courses on Teachable or Skillshare
If you have expertise in a particular topic or industry, you can become an instructor and sell your online courses. Platforms like Teachable and Skillshare have an assortment of on-demand classes in design, marketing, business, finance, personal development, and more.
"Many people have skills that they may not realize would be very much attractive to someone else," Franklin said.
Aubree Malick quit her elementary-school teaching job in 2018 to become a virtual assistant, and now hosts online courses teaching others about virtual assistance. Malick generated $105,735 in revenue in 2021, which Insider verified with documentation.
3. Monetize your blog with affiliate marketing
Domain names are digital real estate and, with some work, buying one can be a fruitful investment. Some people also purchase blogs with low traffic, revamp them with better SEO, and then sell them for a profit.
Affiliate marketing — a type of advertising that pays one website host to refer visitors to their site — may not reap benefits right away, so Franklin recommends it for someone who already has a following or successful business and wants to generate additional revenue. "You're essentially selling your followers," she said.
Graphic designer Morgan Overholt started a tourism blog in 2020 and grew site traffic so she could monetize it through affiliate marketing. In 2021, her site generated $205,642 in ad revenue, which Insider verified with documentation.
Annalise Abell working from home. Courtesy of Annalisa Abell
4. Be a virtual assistant for other business owners
As more people start businesses, the market for virtual assistants has skyrocketed in tandem. You can leverage your skills in administrative tasks, content creation, communications, event planning, and writing to earn an average of $2,000 to $5,000 per month, according to a report from the US Association of Virtual Assistants.
"We're seeing this whole shift to remote working and appreciation for the ability to have teams that are dispersed, so virtual assistants are very hot," Franklin said.
Annalisa Abell helps small businesses with administrative tasks. She started her virtual-assistant company, Elevated Assist, in 2019 while working a full-time job. She booked six figures in revenue in 2021, which Insider verified with documentation.
5. Resale on Poshmark, Depop, Instagram, or Facebook Marketplace
Resale is booming as more sellers pop up across the globe to hawk thrifted apparel, home decor, and accessories. The secondhand market was worth $35 billion in 2021 and is expected to reach $82 billion by 2026, according to a report from resale company ThredUp.
Franklin advised resellers to pay attention to the fees each platform charges since they can vary. For example, Poshmark charges $2.95 for most items while Depop charges 10% on every sale. "Track your expenses and your time very closely to make sure that your side hustle is actually going to generate what you're hoping to generate," she said.
Nicholas Waskosky has been selling clothing and accessories on Poshmark since he was 14 years old and continued to run his side hustle while attending college. In 2020, he made $34,607 in sales on the app, which Insider verified with documentation.
6. Stream on Twitch, Popshop Live, and Instagram
Hosting livestreams can bring in extra cash for the time you already spend on a passion or hobby, like practicing an instrument, playing video games, or collecting toys. It can also be an additional revenue stream if you already have a business and want to increase sales or market your brand.
Franklin suggests that people who are interested in streaming find a niche community. "Identify people who are fanatical about something that you are very much interested in," she said.
Miguel Rivera turned his love for collecting FunkoPop figurines into a side hustle by streaming auctions on the live shopping app Whatnot. He earned $40,648 on the app between December 2020 and August 2021, which Insider verified with documentation.
Miguel Rivera is the owner of Master Poppins, a business that sells FunkoPops. Courtesy of Miguel Rivera
7. Freelance on Upwork or Fiverr
If you've worked in a particular industry for some time, you can use those skills to do freelance work like copywriting, marketing, or web design through work-for-hire platforms Upwork and Fiverr. As more people start their own businesses, they'll need help with their websites, blogs, advertisements, and social-media campaigns.
Franklin warned that it can be tough to manage client expectations on these platforms, so keep track of how your rates justify the amount of time you spend on each project.
Freelance copywriter Jaime Hollander got her start on Upwork after working at major media companies for more than a decade. She built up her clientele, increased her rates, and now runs a six-figure marketing agency.
8. Monetize your art through merch and NFTs
Most artists don't make thousands from selling a few high-ticket items. That's why offering smaller pieces like prints, T-shirts, and stickers can make up a bulk of regular sales. Meanwhile, some artists have booked serious earnings by selling their work as NFTs.
While the market is relatively new, NFTs offer artists a bigger payout in the long term, Franklin said. "You get royalties on future sales," she added. "It's a brave new world, so while there is a lot of potential there, it's still pretty early."
Artist Isaac Pelayo sold 50 paintings in 2020 and made over six figures by the end of the year, according to documents verified by Insider. In addition to commissioned pieces, he sells prints and tattoo designs on his website.
First-time homebuyers face a lose-lose scenario
An ex-Googler says he discovered he'd been laid off while fe...
I'm earning more than 140 times as much on my savings now th...


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← They knew what season demonstrated going fans get
media marketing NFL's coincide collect →
Soccer $4B, 7 new england patriots NFL $4B 8
Then they give their thoughts on Zion Williamson's knee injury and how Memphis could be the Zion Williamson Team this year .
Braden Holtby, Jacob Markstrom, Robin Lehner, and Thomas Greiss are among the many players that could fit as the new starter in Buffalo.
The Top Five also includes the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, where visitors to Yankee Stadium and Progressive Field, respectively, ate about 1 million frankfurters.
NBA Chinese New Year Celebration 2018 presented by custom baseball jerseys Nissan is also supported by official partners Vivo and Mission Hills.
He is so domineering, so omnivorous as a player that he plays an outsized role in determining his team's fate even if he custom jerseys not their best player.
23 PM • Episode 3: Wednesday, Dec.
On TV, custom football jerseys says you can't get off the couch to do anything that takes much energy.
But we know we're a good enough team to win with a couple of guys out of the lineup, no doubt.
The FFT said that tickets for the event – Sept.
New England Patriots NFL $4B 8.
Of the players added, Giles Meloche, Dennis Maruk, Al MacAdam and Greg Smith are the only players to skate for the California Golden Seals, the Cleveland Barons and the Minnesota North Stars.
Tennis Assn.
New York Jets NFL $3B 20.
According to a statement from NFL evp Jeffrey Pash, This agreement lets us help those who need it most and continue our work to make the game safer for current and future players.
So we examined the net effect on Nike's sales and market share, Timothy Derdenger, assistant professor of economics and strategy, who helped conduct the study, said in a statement.
Turn left on Kellogg Boulevard.
The Wimbledon Grand Slam runs July 2 .
Serena Williams tennis $36M 3.


Gerald Barry (85) was sitting up in his bed at Marymount Nursing Home in Lucan, Co Dublin when he choked on his toast on 29th May last year.
"He'd been on antibiotics since Friday. The doctor decided to send him to hospital for intravenous antibiotics. I was at the door when he motioned me back with his hand. I said 'are you okay Gerry' but he was unable to respond," she said.
The doctor attempted the Heimlich manoeuvre while Ms Cusack ran to get a suction machine at the nurses station next door. The suction machine brought up some food particles and phlegm, Dublin Coroner's Court heard.


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Q: Maximal small lattice points of an elliptic curve The elliptic curve $-4 x^3 + 4 x^2 y + 16 x - y^3 + 9 y$ goes through $21$ integer points in the range $-9$ to $9$.  Is that the maximum?

A: This is a bit of a longshot, but have a look at Matthew Baker and Clayton Petsche, Global discrepancy and small points on elliptic curves, http://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0507228v1 and at some of the papers in the references that have titles that suggest they may be relevant to this problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus launches June 29 on Nintendo Switch, requires download
Mike Minotti@tolkoto	 April 24, 2018 8:15 AM
Above: Frau Engel has been promoted to a general in Wolfenstein II.
Image Credit: Bethesda
Bethesda Softworks announced today that Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus will release on the Nintendo Switch on June 29. It will be available digitally and physically, but even playing off a cartridge will require a download.
The first-person shooter came out for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC in October last year. Although its sales had a slow start, its emotional and relevant story made it one of our favorite games of 2017.
Coming to the Switch will introduce the game to a new audience, and it could even encourage repeat purchases from those who already own other version [looks at GamesBeat managing editor Jason Wilson, who did this with Doom]. The Switch makes it possible to play games on your TV or in portable mode, a novelty that the other platforms can't match.
Since Wolfenstein II's physical version requires a download, you'll need to make sure you have a microSD cart in your Switch for that storage space if you want to play it and the Switch's small internal memory won't cover it.
Bethesda released Switch versions of Doom and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim in November, showing an enthusiasm for Nintendo's hybrid that we're not seeing from the other triple-A publishers. It's supporting Nintendo's newest system by porting some of its biggest games to the console. The Switch has been a huge hit for Nintendo since launching in March 2017. Over its first twelve months on the market, the Switch has the largest install base for any console in history.


From onboarding to exit, and every phase in between, Jakob Nielsen, Senior Data Scientist, and Deepa Daniels, Director of Product, explain how we've used tenure data in Peakon to break down the employee lifecycle into four distinct phases, which we refer to as the Employee Experience Cycle.
The Employee Experience Cycle provides a way to visualise the employee lifecycle from start to finish. It ties together the various interactions and touch points that happen between employees and your organisation into a coherent journey that can be optimised over time.
We've identified four distinct phases of the employee experience: Onboarding, Initial Development, Ongoing Development and Retention, and Separation. Jakob and Deepa explain the importance of each phase in more detail during the first part of the webinar.
Being able to see how engagement trends over time within each phase, the Employee Experience Cycle report makes it possible to identify areas that need to be improved. Along with Peakon's recommendations, you can now provide different departments within your organisation the insight they need to make data-driven decisions, suggest the right actions and measure the impact of changes over time.
Traditionally, organisations have used multiple survey processes and providers to try and understand how their employees are feeling at different points along their journey.
One survey experience throughout the employee journey, which leads to higher participation rates and better quality responses.
Multiple data points for each of the four phases, which allows you to optimise the Employee Experience for different employee populations.
Being able to see how different phases impact each other, including the ability to measure the impact of specific changes without any manual analysis.
Separation insights based on data collected months before an employee's departure, which provides more accurate insights compared to a single exit survey.
Automatic targeting of onboarding and separation question sets, without increasing the overall number of questions employees have to answer in each survey.
The separation phase draws on data from survey responses in the months leading up to an employee's departure. This gives you more actionable insight into the causes of employee attrition compared to traditional exit surveys and interviews – which often happen too late in the employee lifecycle and only provide feedback from a single point in time.
We've covered Separation Insights in more detail in the past, but the Employee Experience Cycle gives you a way to understand how other phases might be contributing to attrition, and plan specific actions to reduce turnover at various stages of the employee journey.
Watch the full webinar recording to learn more about the different phases of the Employee Experience and see how you can explore different segments to identify engagement issues and develop a plan of action that will improve the overall experience of your employees.


Even though fractures are common they are often misunderstood. Similar to other materials, like glass, bone can "fail" when loaded beyond its limits. This means a fracture can be anything from a "crack" in the bone, hairline (non-displaced) fracture, to a "shattered" bone with multiple pieces and deformity. Fractures can occur in anyone, especially when exposed to higher-energy injuries, like hard falls. They can also result from relatively "weak" bone failing from a relatively mild fall.
A fracture can occur in any of the more than 10 bones comprising the wrist. The wrist itself (carpus) is arranged in two rows of four bones. These carpal bones are interconnected like puzzle pieces and held together with ligaments. They also articulate with the forearm bones, the radius and ulna, in addition to the metacarpal bones of the hand itself. While many of these bones and ligaments are relatively small, they are critical to normal function, and any damage to them requires prompt evaluation and proper treatment. Improperly treated wrist fractures can result in significant impairment and disability.
What are the symptoms of a wrist fracture?
How is a wrist fracture diagnosed?
Wrist fractures are diagnosed using a combination of diagnostic studies, such as X-rays, and a physician examination. It is necessary to perform an X-ray of the wrist, often from several angles, to assess bones. In more complex injuries or in cases where X-rays do not give adequate information, an MRI or CT scan may be required. It is critical to know the extent of the injury to the wrist so that proper treatment is chosen. It is not unusual to have associated injuries, such as ligament tears, associated with a wrist fracture. Improper treatment can result in permanent damage and loss of wrist function. The experienced physicians at the MOR Hand, Wrist & Elbow Institute excel in proper diagnosis and treatment of fractures and other wrist injuries.
What are the treatments for a wrist fracture?
Most wrist fractures can be treated "closed" with immobilization using splints or casts. This depends on whether the fracture is well-aligned and stable. In some cases the fracture may need to be "set," to get proper alignment. This is called fracture reduction and is often performed with pain-reducing techniques, such as muscle relaxants, sedatives and different types of anesthesia. If the wrist fracture cannot be properly reduced and aligned, or if the fracture is unstable, surgical treatment may be appropriate.
Surgical treatments for a wrist fracture vary and depend on extent and location of injury in addition to other factors. Complex wrist fractures may require surgery where fixation devices, such as plates, screws, pins and possibly bone grafts, are used to hold broken bones together. These procedures may be necessary when there are displaced or unstable (loose) bone fragments, an unstable joint, or multiple fractures.
Whether treated with or without surgery, wrist fractures require a period of "protection" or rest while the bone heals. This can vary depending on severity of wrist fracture and mode of treatment. Medication may be prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation. Therapy may also be necessary to restore lost function and maximize recovery.


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Actenicerus siaelandicus is a species of click beetle belonging to the family Elateridae, subfamily Dendrometrinae.

This beetle is present in most of Europe, in the East Palearctic realm and in the Nearctic realm.

The adults grow up to  long and can mostly be encountered from May through August, mainly in wet meadows, bogs and marshes. One of preferred host-plants are Carex species.

The whole body is bronzed-brownish or auburn-purplish, with a greyish pubescence.

References

Bibliography
 Mendel, H & Clarke, R. E., 1996, Provisional Atlas of the click beetles of (Coleoptera: Elateroidea) of Britain and Ireland, Ipswich Borough Council Museums, Ipswich
 Speight, M. C. D., 1989, The Irish Elaterid and Buprestid fauna (Coleoptera: Elateridae and Buprestidae), Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society, 12: 31-62

External links
 Biolib
 Fauna Europaea
 Elateridae
 Habitas

Elateridae
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1764
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller


One of the most exciting recent developments in Formula One is the reappearance of drivers driving in other series. For some reason—an unwillingness to risk getting hurt or break their focus or whatever—that hasn't happened much recently. But as F1's Fernando Alonso and Lance Stroll have found out at this year's Rolex 24, the world of endurance racing can be brutal.
McLaren F1's Alonso signed on to race with the No. 23 United Autosports team, which is owned by McLaren F1 exec Zak Brown. The No. 23, like many of the other prototypes, has had a genuinely rough race.
Brown was realistic about his team's chances before the Rolex 24, telling the pressroom that he expected a podium finish at best for his cars because the competition was so stiff in the thick 20-car Prototype field. Yet that could only happen if the Nos. 23 and 32 executed a near-flawless race, which hasn't happened for either car.
Alonso's getting a trial by fire (figurative fire, not Mazda Team Joest fire) in his first-ever 24-hour race. They, too, had a tire go down with Phil Hanson behdin the wheel that damaged the bodywork of the No. 23 car, which cost them time spent off-track to repair the car.
Shortly afterwards, a brake master cylinder failure forced them back into the garage for more repairs, losing around 40 more minutes off-track. Alonso rather comically kept going around the big NASCAR oval when it failed, but fortunately was able to bring the car back into the pits.
Thing is, he seems to be having fun. He sometimes cranked out the fastest laps on track. While handlers have been quick to move him through throngs of fans—excited masses who have helped push Daytona's attendance numbers to a possible record for recent years' attendance—he seems glad to be here, smiling for fans and stopping for the occasional autograph. Even his update in the last four hours of the race on the car's likely lower finish seemed disappointed, but still excited to be trying something new.
Alonso isn't the only Formula One driver in the mix this weekend. Williams F1 driver Lance Stroll is here for his second attempt at the 24 Hours of Daytona, and his first as a F1 driver. His No. 37 Jackie Chan DC Racing LMP2 effort has fared slightly better but couldn't escape the phenomenon of Prototype-class cars popping tires. They lost time in the garage to repair the rear end of their car after the race's midpoint, dropping them down the standings. They currently sit in eleventh place with two hours and forty-five minutes left.
There's even a promising F1 test driver in the mix, driving alongside Alonso in the No. 23. McLaren test driver Lando Norris has been cranking out wicked fast laps when their car has been on track as well. Here's hoping those dudes are teammates in multiple series more often. The No. 23 currently sits 12th in the Prototype class, even despite all the setbacks.
Rain is returning to the track, though, so maybe these guys have a shot after all.


text:
Recent Abstracts
Investigative Urology
The effects of oral administration of the novel muscarinic receptor antagonist DA-8010 on overactive bladder in rat with bladder outlet obstruction.
DA-8010 is a novel compound developed for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of DA-8010 on OAB in a rat model.
Study animals were divided into the following five groups of seven animals each: a sham-operated control group, a control group with partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) (OAB group), and three DA-8010 (doses of 0.3 mg/kg/day, 1 mg/kg/day, and 3 mg/kg/day, respectively) with partial BOO groups. Oral administration of the drugs was continued for 14 days after 2 weeks of partial BOO. After 4 weeks of partial BOO, cystometrography was performed in all groups. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Rho-kinases, and histology of the bladder were analyzed.
There was a significant increase in the contraction interval and a decrease in contraction pressure in the 3 mg/kg/day DA-8010 group versus those in the OAB group. Rho kinase was also significantly decreased in the DA-8010 3 mg/kg/day dosage treatment group. The increased ratio of collagen to smooth muscle after partial BOO was significantly attenuated in the DA-8010 3 mg/kg/day dosage group.
Oral administration of DA-8010 at 3 mg/kg/day improved findings in an OAB rat model induced by partial BOO. Our results suggest that the novel muscarinic receptor antagonist DA-8010 may be a promising drug for treating patients with OAB.
BMC urology. 2020 Apr 17*** epublish ***
Jin Bong Choi, Seung Hwan Jeon, Eun Bi Kwon, Woong Jin Bae, Hyuk Jin Cho, U-Syn Ha, Sung-Hoo Hong, Ji Youl Lee, Sae Woong Kim
Department of Urology, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Korea Bio Medical Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea and Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Department of Urology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea and Catholic Integrative Medicine Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Banpo-daero 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .
PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32303205


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Decision 47/2000. on performance-improving substances
Article 283/B.1 of the Criminal Code according to which any person who produces, manufactures, acquires, possesses, imports into or exports performance-improving substances from Hungary, or transports such through the territory of Hungary for the purpose of increasing the performance of athletes, in violation of the provisions set forth in international treaties, by international organisations, or in legal regulations and in ordinances, commits a misdemeanour offence
Decision 46/2000. on compensation for victims of terror
The petition requesting the Court annul the rule which allocated HUF 30,000 to relatives of victims of state terror as compensation for loss of life, arguing it was humiliating and discriminatory compared to other compenstions
Decision 45/2000. on anti-discrimination legislation
A petition saying that the Parliament created an unconstitutional situation by not enacting a specific anti-discrimination law
Decision 42/2000. on social security
The parliamentary commissioner for civil rights and the ombudsman for national and ethnic minority rights submitting a petition asking the Court to interpret Article 70/E of the Constitution on the right to social security and to decide whether the right to housing forms a part of the right to social security
Decision 37/2000. on advertising tobacco and alcoholic beverages
Article 12.1 of the Act on Commercial Advertising, under which advertising of tobacco products or alcoholic beverages is prohibited in some cases
Decision 36/2000. on self-determination related to medical care
Some provisions of the Health Act restricting the right of self-determination related to medical care (the right of consent and refusal) of patients with limited disposing capacity to the same extent as in the case of incapable patients
Decision 18/2000. on distributing untrue facts that may disturb the public order
Section 270 of Act IV of 1978 on the Criminal Code according to which it was a misdemeanour to assert or to distribute untrue information or true facts in a way that may threaten to disturb the public order
Decision 1270/B/1997. on commercial advertising
The constitutional review of some articles of Act LVIII of 1997 on commercial advertising


s (for walls). This works fine in 0.14, but is no longer true in 0.15.
This was almost certainly caused by my changes in commits fff14f or 7f423c.
Thanks! I'll probably try to get rid of symbol and magic_symbol entirely sometime soon.


Syria requested the 11th-hour postponement of a planned visit by the Arab League chief to press for an end to its bloody crackdown on dissent as security forces killed four more people on Tuesday.
Syria said that circumstances had forced it to postpone Wednesday's visit by Nabil al-Arabi in which he had been due to present an Arab League reform initiative of which Damascus has been strongly critical.
"Syria has asked Arab League secretary general Nabil al-Arabi to delay his visit to Damascus due to circumstances beyond our control," the official SANA news agency said late on Tuesday.
"He has been informed of those circumstances and a new date will be set for his visit," the news agency added.
Arabi had been commissioned by the 22-member bloc to travel to Damascus on Wednesday with a 13-point document outlining proposals to end the government's bloody crackdown on dissent and push Syria to launch reforms.
According to a copy of the document seen by AFP, Arabi will propose that President Bashar al-Assad hold elections in three years, move towards a pluralistic government and halt immediately the crackdown on anti-government protesters.
The initiative, agreed at an Arab foreign ministers' meeting in Cairo last month, calls for a "clear declaration of principles by President Bashar al-Assad specifying commitment to reforms he made in past speeches."
The initiative angered Syria which said it contained "unacceptable and biased language."
Assad has pledged reforms and in August issued a decree allowing opposition political parties alongside the ruling Baath party in power since 1963 with the constitutional status of "the leader of state and society."
But his regime insists its policies will not be dictated from abroad.
Arabi said Tuesday that he had been instructed by the Arab League "to carry a clear message to the Syrian authorities about the situation in Syria and the need to stop the violence and launch immediate reforms."
Arab foreign ministers held a special meeting on Syria on August 27 and called on Damascus "to follow the way of reason before it is too late" and to respect "the right of the Syrian people to live in security."
Their proposal calls on Syria "to immediately end" the crackdown, launch "serious political contacts" with members of the opposition and to "separate the military from political and civil life."
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said that in the latest bloodshed four civilians, including a 15-year-old boy, were killed by gunfire in the flashpoint central province of Homs, where another five bodies were found on Tuesday.
Security forces killed 12 people in the province on Monday, among 13 people killed nationwide.
Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Stoere announced on Tuesday that Oslo would match the sanctions adopted by the European Union against Damascus over its failure to halt the repression.
The EU on Friday adopted a ban on oil imports from Syria, which is expected to hit the government hard as the EU buys 95 percent of Syria's crude exports, providing a third of its hard currency earnings. The bloc has not excluded further sanctions.
The US ambassador to Damascus Robert Ford, who has earned Damascus's wrath by making a widely reported visit to the flashpoint city of Hama, denounced Assad's regime.
Ford said in a strongly worded post on Facebook that although Syrian security forces had died during protests, their numbers were "far lower than the number of unarmed civilians killed.
"Neither the Syrian protest movement nor the international community will believe that this Syrian leadership desires or is capable of the deep, genuine and credible reforms that the Syrian people are demanding," he wrote.