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Home Research > Members > 1820-1832 > POULETT THOMSON, Charles Edward (1799-1841)
POULETT THOMSON, Charles Edward (1799-1841), of 11 Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, Mdx.
Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820-1832, ed. D.R. Fisher, 2009
1832 - Aug. 1839
b. 13 Sept. 1799, 3rd s. of John Thomson (afterwards Buncombe Poulett Thomson), Russia merchant (d. 1839), of 7 Austin Friars, London and Roehampton and Waverley Abbey, nr. Farnham, Surr. and Charlotte, da. of John Jacob, MD, of Salisbury, Wilts.; bro. of George Poulett Scrope†. educ. Hanwell, Mdx. (Rev. Hannington) 1806; private tutors 1809-15. unm. cr. Bar. Sydenham 19 Aug. 1840; GCB 19 Aug. 1841. d. 19 Sept. 1841.
Vice-pres. bd. of trade Nov. 1830-June 1834, pres. June-Dec. 1834, Apr. 1835-Aug. 1839; PC 22 Nov. 1830; treas. of navy Dec. 1830-Dec. 1834.
Gov.-gen. Canada 1839-d.
Poulett Thomson's great-grandfather John Thomson (d.1746) was an Edinburgh banker. His only son Andrew Thomson entered the Russian trade and by 1755 was established in London at 7 Austin Friars. His firm, which had other premises at 32 Old Bethlem and an office in St. Petersburg, was styled Thomson and Peters by 1763, and Thomson, Peters, Bonar and Thomson by 1791. His principal partner in his later years was his nephew and son-in-law Thomas Bonar (the son of his sister Agnes and Andrew Bonar, who married his daughter Anne in 1779). He acquired property at Roehampton, fathered several illegitimate children, including the merchant, philanthropist and art collector John Julius Angerstein, and died, 'in his 84th year', 11 Feb. 1795.1 By his will, dated 2 June 1790, he devised £13,000 to Bonar, £8,000 to his son-in-law Sir Joshua Vanneck, £4,500 between the sons of his daughter Elizabeth and John Hankey, and a life annuity of £300 to his daughter Agnes Ibbetson, plus £5,000 for any future husband and £3,000 for her children. In a codicil of 14 Feb. 1792 he left £15,000 to be invested for the equal benefit of the then six children of his only legitimate son John Thomson, his residuary legatee and active head of the business.2 John Thomson, who bought the Waverley estate in about 1796, took the additional names of Buncombe and Poulett in 1814 as the heir and representative, through his mother Harriet Buncombe, of those Somerset families.3 He had three sons and six daughters. His eldest son Andrew Henry, born in 1786, was a director of the Bank of England, 1824-33, as well as the eventual head of the firm, which, as Thomson, Bonar and Company, was operating from 10 New Broad Street Mews by 1811, 51 Old Broad Street by 1816, and 7 Austin Friars, again, from 1821 onwards. The second son George Julius (1797-1876) was educated at Harrow, Cambridge and Oxford, took the name of Scrope in 1821, made a name for himself as 'Pamphlet' Scrope, author of many tracts on geology and political economy, and was Liberal Member for Stroud, 1833-67.4
Their brother Charles Edward, John Thomson's youngest child, had a 'constitutional weakness' from birth and was always prey to 'continued and harassing infirmities'. He was a pretty boy and a favourite of George III, to whom the family were introduced at Weymouth in 1803: his brother claimed to recall the king forcing Pitt, to his immense embarrassment, to dandle and kiss the child before an audience of smirking courtiers. After a private education he was sent in 1815 to St. Petersburg to be trained for the family business, currently under the direction of his brother Andrew. He was introduced to high Russian society and acquired the 'peculiar charm of manner' and 'polished tone' for which he became noted. After recovering from a long illness he returned to England in the autumn of 1817 and then accompanied his doting mother and two youngest sisters on a tour of northern Italy and Switzerland. In the summer of 1818 he took the waters at Valdagno and Recora, before rejoining his family and wintering in Naples. The following summer he travelled home with his brother George, who had joined him in Italy, and spent the winter in the London counting house. Irked by this drudgery, and being fluent in French, German, Italian and Russian, he nurtured diplomatic ambitions, but all attempts to place him failed. He went back to St. Petersburg in April 1821, now entrusted with a share in the conduct and profits of the business. He visited Moscow and central Russia the following year, and in August 1823 went on a tour of the south-east which took him to Vienna for the winter. He went from there in the spring of 1824 to Paris to attend his dying mother. He subsequently returned to London and played his part in the business, which he took charge of when Andrew was away.5
Poulett Thomson, who had his fingers slightly burnt as a result of some South American mining speculations in the financial panic of 1825-6, developed 'strong opinions of a liberal character', in contrast to the Tory views of his father. He made the acquaintance of the leading Utilitarians and philosophic radicals, attended meetings of the Political Economy Club, where he became friendly with Lord Althorp* and took lessons in economics from John McCulloch.6 He aimed at a parliamentary career, and was introduced by Bentham's confidant John Bowring, who later credited him with 'considerable sharpness and sagacity', to the radical Member Joseph Hume.7 Hume put him in touch with a group of Dover voters resident in London who wished to remove the sitting Members. In September 1825, when a dissolution was expected, he canvassed the borough in coalition with James Morrison*, a wealthy London silk merchant, as 'professed friends to economy and retrenchment', whose object was 'to produce the greatest sum of happiness to our fellow men'. They disclaimed 'any party attachments' and expressed approval of 'the liberal commercial changes, and other political ameliorations' recently introduced by the Liverpool ministry.8 By the time of the dissolution in 1826 Morrison had dropped out, but Poulett Thomson, disregarding the remonstrances of his father and brother, who feared both the cost of a contest and his distraction from the family business, stood his ground. He boasted of his ability to serve local maritime interests through his commercial connections, and at the nomination advocated parliamentary reform, including shorter parliaments, 'removal' of the corn laws and retrenchment. In response to the strong 'No Popery' cry which was raised against him, he proclaimed himself 'favourable to civil and religious liberty' and 'hostile in every case to the prostration of intellect, of Protestant or Catholic, to either a lord warden or a town clerk'. After an eight-day contest, which cost him rather more (at least £3,000) than he had led his brother to expect, he was returned in second place.9 At a celebration dinner he attacked the government on the national debt, foreign policy and, retrospectively, post-war repression. He said that he was 'no rash innovator, no theoretical reformer', but an advocate of 'constitutional reform', who believed that 'it were better there were no representation at all, than that the shadow of it should be purchased by so much corruption, perjury, and iniquity of every kind'.10
Poulett Thomson voted in the minority of 24 for Hume's amendment to the address, 21 Nov. 1826. He divided against the duke of Clarence's annuity, 16 Feb., 2 Mar., and the garrisons grant, 20 Feb. 1827. He presented a Dover petition against the corn laws, 26 Feb., and voted to relax them, 9, 27 Mar.11 He observed that prohibitory customs duties only encouraged smuggling, 13 Mar., and called for rationalization of the system of measuring quantities of grain, 23 Mar. He voted for Catholic relief, 6 Mar., inquiry into the electoral activities of Leicester corporation, 15 Mar., and the spring guns bill, 23 Mar., and to postpone going into committee of supply in view of the current political uncertainty, 30 Mar. He divided for inquiries into the Irish miscellaneous estimates and chancery delays, 5 Apr., and next day objected 'most strongly' to the clause of the corn bill sanctioning the prohibition of imports from countries which imposed high duties on British goods. As he put it, 9 Apr., when he seconded Warburton's wrecking amendment, it 're-enacted the old system of prohibition'.12 His first major speech was in opposition to Gascoyne's motion for inquiry into the British shipping interest, 7 May, which he construed as an attack on the 'liberal principles of policy' in commercial matters espoused by Huskisson, president of the board of trade, and other ministers. The speech, which his friend John Hobhouse* thought 'excellent', was a success, and drew 'loud applause from both sides of the House'. Later in the debate Huskisson complimented Poulett Thomson on his 'acuteness and knowledge'.13 The Tory backbencher Henry Bankes noted that Poulett Thomson 'surprised the House' with his 'very able, detailed and argumentative speech', and the Canningite Member John Denison considered it 'very good'.14 Poulett Thomson voted for the disfranchisement of Penryn, 28 May, presented a Dover petition for repeal of the Test Acts, 31 May, supported the introduction of the East Retford disfranchisement bill, 11 June, and, on the Preston election bill, 14 June, endorsed Hume's advocacy of the ballot.15 He was in the Canning ministry's majority for the improvement of water communications in Canada, 12 June. On 2 June 1827 he was admitted to Brooks's Club, sponsored by Althorp and Lord Duncannon*.
On the Wellington administration's budget statement, 12 Feb. 1828, he tried to exploit apparently contradictory statements by Huskisson and Peel on the scope of the finance committee, and went on:
Ministers, he had no doubt, did not wish to keep up large military establishments, but they were in a great measure controlled by the aristocracy ... who returned a majority of the Members of that House, and who urged them to many measures to which they would otherwise be repugnant.
He had more to say on this theme, 22 Feb., though he was reluctant to support Hume's call for extensive reductions in the armed forces. He presented petitions for repeal of the Test Acts, 18, 21, 26 Feb., 17 Mar., and took pleasure in voting in the 'wholly unexpected' majority for it, 26 Feb. Two days later he wrote to his brother:
Thanks for your congratulations on what you are pleased to call my success in Parliament. I wish it were greater, but still, if I am permitted to proceed, I trust I may improve upon it. To the justice of every one of your maxims I entirely subscribe. The speech which I made last year, which gained me what little credit I have, is the best illustration of the principal one. A man who tells the House facts with which the majority are unacquainted, is sure to be listened to, and a reputation for doing so will procure him attention upon other points on which he, perhaps, does not deserve it. But a parliamentary reputation is like a woman's. It must be exposed as little as possible. And I am so sensible of this, that I would willingly abstain from opening my mouth more than once or twice in a session. I have latterly been obliged to infringe this rule more than I wish, but it has only been in committees, which are parliamentarily sans consequence. I hope to have one or two occasions for a splash, but I shall not go out of my way for them. This, to be sure, is all sad manoeuvring. But still, it is a means to being useful hereafter and therefore must be submitted to ... Now and then it occurs to me that some ten or fifteen years hence, when I am broken in health, in constitution and in spirits, and disappointed in both fortune and ambition ... I shall envy your position, and regret the useless waste of time, health, and money of the present day.16
Poulett Thomson, who voted for the disfranchisement of East Retford, 21 Mar., and for relaxation of the corn laws, 22, 29 Apr., continued to build up his reputation as a proponent of Ricardian economics. He was unhappy with the passengers regulation bill, 18, 24 Mar., objected to protection of the British lead industry, 1 Apr., advocated free trade in corn and silk and opposed wage regulation, 21 Apr., and supported reform of the laws governing friendly societies, 22 Apr. He moved for inquiry into the Hibernian Joint-Stock Company, 24 Apr., but gave up the motion a week later. He was against inquiry into the wool trade, 28 Apr., and called for a speedy settlement of the problem of protection against foreign wool, 1 May. He presented petitions for Catholic relief, 5 May, and voted for it, 12 May. He opposed the provision for Canning's family on 'constitutional' grounds, 13 May, and was in the minority of 14 against it, 22 May. He voted for a return of civil list pensions, 20 May, and paired for Hume's motion for their reduction, 10 June. On 20 May he spoke at some length in support of his motion for leave to introduce a bill to amend the usury laws which, he said, impeded fair competition and contributed to commercial distress, crime and misery. He brought it in, 5 June, and saw it through a second reading by 52-40, 19 June, but was forced by the strength of hostile feeling to abandon it.17 He voted against the archbishop of Canterbury's bill, 16 June, and later that day, admitting that he had voted with government against inquiry into the circulation of small notes, 3 June, he opposed the bill to restrict the circulation of Scottish notes in England. On 17 June, opposing Gascoyne's renewed attempt to secure inquiry into the shipping interest, he expressed dismay at the apparent willingness of Vesey Fitzgerald and Courtenay, the new heads of the board of trade, to turn back the clock on commercial policy:
If those great questions ... are to be subjected to the clumsy examinations of those who do not understand them ... where ... are we to look for an end of their inquiries? Under such a system, the country must become the scene of the most ruinous fluctuations and changes ... The course of policy has been taken, from which there is no return.
He voted for various economies, 20, 23 June, 4, 7 July, inquiry into abuses in the Irish church and against throwing East Retford into the hundreds, 24 June, against the additional churches bill, 30 June, and for the corporate funds bill, 10 July. He exhorted ministers not to increase the duty on foreign gloves, 26 June, and tobacco, 30 June, and supported repeal of the Foreign Enlistment Act on commercial grounds, 3 July. He welcomed that aspect of the pilotage bill which safeguarded the rights of Cinque Port pilots wishing to work west of Gravesend, 10 July, when his motion to reduce the duty on Indian manufactured silk goods was carried by the casting vote of the chairman. He defended the alteration against the attacks of spokesmen for the silk industry, 14 July, but could not prevent its reversal by 37-34. He complained next day that he had been beaten by a resort to 'brushing in votes', and on 16 July made a bid to reinstate his amendment, but was beaten by 48-31. He quizzed the chancellor, Goulburn, on his budget statement and advocated reduced taxation and free trade, 11 July, and on the national debt bill, 17 July, called for a limitation on the surplus applicable to the sinking fund. In September 1828 he apparently refused an offer of office from the Wellington ministry.18 The following month Edward Davies Davenport* asked Lord Holland if he thought Poulett Thomson might legitimately attend the Kent county meeting called to petition against Catholic relief as Member for and a freeman of Dover. Holland reckoned that his presence to support those hostile to the petition would be 'most useful' and that he could get away with it; but he does not seem to have turned up.19 Reviewing possible Commons leaders for the Whig opposition in November 1828, Davenport commented that Poulett Thomson, 'with talents little inferior [to Althorp and Edward Smith Stanley] has every recommendation that candour and integrity can give him, but I suppose it would be said that he has not station'. Their notion of forming a dining club of Members keen to 'reform the abuses and economize the revenues of the state' came to nothing, partly because, as Davenport recalled, when Parliament met Poulett Thomson 'was always engaged when I proposed to bring our resolves into operation'.20
Poulett Thomson, just back from a stay in France, dismissed a Dover petition against Catholic claims presented by his colleague Trant as unrepresentative and presented favourable ones, 3 Mar. 1829. He spoke and voted for emancipation, 6, 16, 19, 20 Mar., but he differed from many of his political associates by approving the relief bill's suppression of Jesuit and other Catholic monastic institutions, which he felt would destroy 'the nucleus of that resisting power to the principles of civil liberty, of which we have seen so much, of late, in Europe'. He could not, however, go along with Vyvyan's attempt to deprive Jesuits of their privileges under the Act of 1791. He opposed the West India dock bill, 14 Apr., and objected to that company's proposed purchase of the city canal, 16 Apr., because it was 'of the highest importance to discourage monopolies of all descriptions'. He applauded Vesey Fitzgerald's resistance to Fyler's motion for inquiry into the silk trade, 14 Apr.:
I am no rash theorist, I am not desirous of carrying a favourite principle into operation at the expense of existing interests; but I maintain that your only course is a gradual, a progressive, but a steady approach to a free system; and ... that the very essence of commercial and manufacturing industry, is freedom from legislative interference and legislative protection.
He supported, with minor reservations, the silk trade bill, 1, 7 May. He denounced the corn laws as 'a tax which was laid on the people in general for the benefit of a particular class', 7 May, and was in the minority of 12 for a fixed duty on corn, 19 May. Yet, as he privately indicated to a friend who pressed him to take a parliamentary initiative on free trade, he was conscious of the restraints on action:
I like your doctrine very well, but you fall into the line of which my friends the Utilitarians are but too justly accused, and with which you, as with them, will go further to defeat the extension of your principles, than your reasoning will go to establish them. You, like them, begin every discussion by telling those who differ from you that they are d--d fools, not exactly the way to put them in an humour for cool argument. You seem besides to have formed a most erroneous judgment of the facility with which any improvement can be carried into effect. To propose, to legislate, and to act on your law, you seem to think follow one another as glibly as cause and effect. Why, God bless you, the majority of the House of Commons, ay, 600 of the 650 senators, are opposed upon principle to any change, be it what it may; and a whole session could be readily spent by them in considering whether they had better consider.21
(Denis Le Marchant† thought Poulett Thomson's lack of a conventional education, by depriving him of 'social intercourse with young men of the class and position amongst which he now found himself', caused him to rate their abilities 'too low'.)22 He voted for the transfer of East Retford's seats to Birmingham, 5 May, and for Lord Blandford's parliamentary reform resolutions and the issue of a new writ for East Retford, 2 June. He condemned the 'absurdity' of raising exchequer bills to reduce the unfunded debt, 8, 11, 14 May. He wanted an assurance that no more money would be demanded for the completion of Buckingham Palace, and was in the minority in the subsequent division, 25 May. His attempt to reduce the hemp duties, 1 June, was beaten by 60-40. He called for better protection of Spitalfields silk manufacturers against the depredations of disgruntled weavers, 2 June, presented a petition for a commutation of tithes, 4 June, and denied that there was serious distress in the shipping industry, 12 June 1829. He spent part of the winter in Paris, where he extended his contacts with the leading French free traders and corresponded with the junior minister Robert Wilmot Horton* on the subject of subsidized emigration.23
Poulett Thomson had been assured by Huskisson in October 1829 that reports of distress in the north of England were 'grossly exaggerated';24 but he voted for the Ultra Knatchbull's amendment to the address, 4 Feb. 1830, after deploring the government's apparent indifference to distress. Yet on the appointment of the select committee on the renewal of the East India Company's charter, to which he was named, 9 Feb., he defended ministers against Bright's charge of procrastination. Later that day he clashed with Attwood, whose call for currency reform he dismissed as 'nothing less than a fraud on all the creditors in the country'. He attributed distress to a combination of bad harvests and inept legislation and advocated 'a better distribution of the taxes' as a solution. On 16 Feb. he gave notice of a motion on this subject. He voted for the transfer of East Retford's seats to Birmingham, 11 Feb., 5, 15 Mar., Blandford's reform scheme, 18 Feb., and the enfranchisement of Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester, 23 Feb. He presented a radical reform petition from Dover, 26 Feb., and on 1 Mar. presented and proposed inquiry into the Newark petition accusing the duke of Newcastle of electoral malpractice as crown lessee; he was beaten by 194-61. When O'Connell moved to insert voting by ballot in the provisions of the East Retford bill, 5 Mar., Poulett Thomson, 'friend as I am to the system of ballot', pressed him to withdraw the proposal and reintroduce it as a substantive motion. He voted against government on the Bombay judicature, 8 Mar., British interference in Portugal, 10 Mar., and the treasurer of the navy's ministerial salary, 12 Mar. At the meetings of the reviving Whig opposition in early March he not only recommended a property tax to offset tax reductions, but even suggested a legacy duty. Both notions met with opposition, and a meeting on 16 Mar. decided not to endorse a property tax but to back Poulett Thomson's planned motion for inquiry into a revision of taxation. He brought it on, 25 Mar., despite having been 'for some days past so indisposed, as to be rendered scarcely able justly to treat the matter'. He detailed proposals for reductions of duties on raw materials and articles of common consumption amounting to about £7,000,000, at an estimated cost to the treasury of £1,000,000. His motion was beaten by 167-78, a disappointing outcome which some blamed on Althorp's advocacy of a property tax during the debate.25 Le Marchant recalled Poulett Thomson's performance on this occasion:
He was ... clever, and thoroughly conversant with business; as he proved ... by the comprehensive view he took of the fiscal policy of the country, and his exposure of the vicious character of many of the existing duties ... He wanted the fullness and depth, and, it must be admitted, the modesty of Mr. Huskisson, for he had a dogmatism of tone and manner ill-suited to his youthful appearance; but in a ready flow of words, an animated diction, and the advantage of voice and delivery, he was incomparably the superior.26
Lord Grey's son Lord Howick* thought the speech was 'very good', but Bankes deemed it 'tedious' and delivered 'in the tone and manner of a whining Methodist preacher'.27 The 'ostentation of doctrine in his reasoning', not to mention his background and active involvement in trade, made him suspect in the snobbish eyes of many leading Whigs, including Brougham and Grey, who privately dismissed his financial plans as 'the height of infatuation and folly'.28 In April 1830 there was speculation that ministers were anxious to recruit him in order to strengthen themselves in commons debates.29 Poulett Thomson, who told Howick that he did not subscribe to the theory that absenteeism impoverished a country,30 joined in the ensuing opposition campaign for economy, retrenchment and reduced taxation. He questioned the need for so many clerks in the office of the surveyor-general of the ordnance, 2 Apr., and criticized the cost of treasury messengers, 14 May. He objected to Spring Rice's motion for repeal of the Irish coal duties as 'partial', 13 May, but was listed in the minority for it, though Howick thought he had 'voted against us'.31 The scorn which he heaped on a Northumberland miners' petition for an increased duty on lead, 25 May, drew a rebuke from Sir James Graham, its Whig presenter, who observed that Poulett Thomson 'must be made of most inflammatory materials, since he warms so easily upon such a subject'; but he cordially supported Graham's motion to reduce the cost of South American missions, 11 June, when he observed:
I am ready to allow ... government some credit for a disposition to economy, although that disposition has probably been stimulated by the prayers and petitions of the people; but it is too much to see them take to themselves the infinite credit which they do on the subject.
He spoke against inquiry into the shipping interest, 6 May, opposed a return to a silver standard, 8 June, and denounced government's proposals on the sugar duties as 'injurious to the country', 21 June. He was called to order for renewing his attack on them when there was no question before the House, 23 June, and he supported Lord Chandos's attempt to reduce the duty on West Indian sugar, 30 June. He voted for Jewish emancipation, 5 Apr., 17 May, abolition of the Irish lord lieutenancy, 11 May, inquiries into Newfoundland, 11 May, the civil government of Canada, 25 May, and the commerce of Ceylon, 27 May, and parliamentary reform, 28 May. He reintroduced his usury laws amendment bill, 6 Apr., carried its second reading by 50-21, 26 Apr., and saw it through committee, where he accepted various amendments to it, but it never received a third reading. He presented petitions against the Dover improvement bill, 3, 6 May. He called for a simplification of bankruptcy procedure, 14 May, voted for abolition of the death penalty for forgery, 24 May, 7 June, and spoke and voted against an increase in the recognizances required under the libel law bill, 9 July 1830.
At the general election that summer Poulett Thomson, having declined an invitation to stand for London, offered again for Dover. He had damaged himself in some quarters by supporting Catholic emancipation, and when he was quizzed at a meeting of London voters, 2 July, he expended so much nervous energy in defending himself that he collapsed and had to be assisted from the overheated room. He was returned easily enough after a rowdy contest.32 He told John Fazakerley* that 'in vexation and annoyance the cost had been so high, that I really don't think a seat for 20 years would make me consent to undertake it again'. Yet a week later he informed Althorp that although he had 'paid dearly in fatigue, trouble and illness', he had the consolation of knowing that 'nothing can touch my seat ... as long as I choose to retain it'. Of events in France he wrote:
What a glorious revolution! Does it not raise your admiration of the state of the public mind there and demonstrate the fruits of the complete change of feeling, of education, and of prejudice which has been brought about by the first great change of `89? ... As for interference by our government, that must certainly be out of the question, but surely these events cannot pass so near us without producing positive good. The day is gone by when people's fears can be excited as in '92 and '93 ... and if so, reform of our institutions will be called for too loudly for the duke or any government to refuse it.
His only anxiety, expressed earlier to Fazakerley, was that Althorp's diffidence might prevent him from doing justice to the question of 'a general reform' in the House, where he was the man best equipped to take it up.33 Poulett Thomson went to Paris in October, but was in the House to give notice of his intention of moving for a reduction of the newspaper stamp duty after Christmas, 12 Nov., and to help to vote ministers out of office on the civil list, 15 Nov. 1830.34 Thanks to Althorp (who reluctantly took the exchequer and, as a financial greenhorn, probably wanted an experienced man of business at his elbow), he was made vice-president of the board of trade in the Grey ministry, under Lord Auckland, an amiable nonentity with no practical expertise.35 According to Greville, who thought him 'very good-humoured, pleasing, and intelligent, but the greatest coxcomb I ever saw, and the vainest dog, though his vanity is not offensive or arrogant', Poulett Thomson told him five years later that
when Lord Grey's government was formed ... he was averse to take office, but Althorp declared he would not come in unless Thomson did also, and that, knowing the importance of Althorp's accession to the government, he sacrificed a large income and took the board of trade; that when this was offered to him, he was asked whether he cared if he was president or vice-president, as they wished to make Lord Auckland president if he (Poulett Thomson) had no objection. He said, provided the president was not in the cabinet, he did not care; and accordingly he condescended to be vice-president, knowing that all the business must be done in the House of Commons, and that he must be (as in fact he said he was) the virtual head of the office. All this was told with a good-natured and smiling complacency, which made me laugh internally.36
Poulett Thomson's 'sudden' elevation excited considerable surprise and no little alarm, for he was known as 'a radical merchant' of doctrinaire views. Greville described him, curiously, as 'an ultra political communist'; and Edward Littleton* observed that 'although a clever man', he 'is a merchant, and the greatest of purists and political economists, and at whose names every Tory turns red or pale, as rage or fever predominates'.37 Le Marchant, who called him an 'attenuated muscadin', noted that 'the City people were violently opposed' to his appointment, which was 'very injurious to the government', for 'his manners and his love of great society had made him very unpopular in the mercantile circles'.38 Lord chancellor Brougham, who many years later unfairly dismissed him as 'a City fop or dandy who wanted to dine in good society' and was 'absolutely worse than useless in debate', admitted early in 1831 that his appointment was 'most unpopular': 'people will not draw nice distinctions, and a City man told me ... his ... name is still on tallow and timber bills in the market and then they go to him as a minister on such questions'.39 At the same time, the Tory Thomas Gladstone* thought his merchant father would 'approve' of Poulett Thomson's appointment.40 He gave up his involvement in the family business, but when the writ was moved for Dover, where his re-election was untroubled, 22 Nov. 1830, Lord Lowther made a point of asking, to 'a loud and general cheer', for confirmation of his withdrawal, 'in consequence of the sensation which this ... appointment has created out of doors'.41
As a minister Poulett Thomson, whose appointment advanced the development of the board of trade along Benthamite and Ricardian lines, rarely spoke on anything but departmental business.42 He uttered not a syllable in debate on the ministerial reform bills, for which he voted steadily, though he did present favourable petitions, 7 Feb., 18 Mar., 15 Apr. 1831. His return for Dover at the general election of 1831 was unopposed, but, according to a hostile press report, he was 'severely reprehended' by some London voters over the proposed disfranchisement of non-resident freemen.43 He supported Littleton's bill to end the truck system, 14 Dec. 1830, because 'it is our duty to endeavour to confer the greatest possible benefit upon the people for whom we are called upon to legislate'; but he annoyed Littleton by forcing through an amendment allowing factory masters to provide cooked food on their premises, 12 Apr. 1831. He acknowledged the force of objections to the colonial trade bill, 17 Dec. 1830, and promised to modify it. Later that day he remarked that 'remonstrance and fair dealing' were more likely to effect a relaxation of American protectionism than harangues like that just delivered by Herries. He confirmed that it was intended to reduce the duty on barilla, 20 Dec. 1830, but on 7 Feb. 1831 had to admit under 'severe' Tory harassment that through 'hasty zeal' he had erred in issuing the order to do so without first notifying the House.44 He was credited with 'the great part' of Althorp's ill-starred budget proposals, particularly the plan for a one and a half per cent tax on transfers of funded and landed property, which provoked 'uproar' in the City. It was reported that his brother Andrew said to him, 'Brother or no brother, we are foes in future'; and there was a malicious story that the removal of the duty on candles was 'a job for Tallow Thomson'.45 On the other hand, his brother George later claimed that he had 'remonstrated' against the transfer duty in ministerial discussions.46 Whatever the truth, there can be no doubt of McCulloch's intellectual influence on Poulett Thomson, and it is hard to believe that he did not have an important part in the framing of the budget.47 According to Le Marchant, he was ready and willing to reply to Goulburn's attack on it, 11 Feb., but Althorp, expecting backbench support which did not materialize, stayed his hand.48 When he did speak, 14 Feb., he deplored the enforced abandonment of the transfer duty, which had necessarily limited the scope for tax reductions; but he argued that even so 'we shall have a mutation of taxation' which would 'materially add to the comfort of the consumer, and to the increase of the revenue'. He moved the previous question against Waithman's motion for inquiry into commercial distress, 15 Feb., when Gladstone reckoned that 'he appeared to be perfectly at home on all the subjects before the House' and was said to have 'raised himself from a very low station'. Yet he subsequently observed that Poulett Thomson's 'manner' of speaking was 'very affected and petulant' and 'operates unfavourably upon his matter'.49 He defended the budget proposals on the coal duties, 16, 17 Feb., and printed calicoes, 28 Feb. On 21 Feb. Chandos, proposing a reduction of the West Indian sugar duties, claimed the votes of Poulett Thomson and Charles Grant, president of the board of control, on the strength of their utterances in opposition. Poulett Thomson 'blustered through', as Lord Ellenborough put it, and opposed the motion, but Grant expressed his support in principle for the proposition.50 The episode made Poulett Thomson even more anxious, as he told Althorp, to obtain 'the formal authority of cabinet' for his proposed amendment to the colonial trade bill, which Grant had intimated he would oppose.51 He evidently secured this sanction, and he defended the amendment, 11 Mar., as 'a great improvement' which would relieve the West Indies while increasing protection for Canada. Ellenborough noted a malevolent tale, 24 Feb., that Poulett Thomson would 'probably be obliged to leave his office' because he 'finds he cannot have the mercantile profits in the house accumulate as he wished till his release', as 'the Petersburgh partner objects'.52 In the House next day he sought to vindicate his holding the treasurership of the navy jointly with his principal office. Greville thought his speech in defence of the timber duties, 18 Mar. 1831, was 'very good ... clear and satisfactory'. Smarting after the ministerial defeat, he alleged that their opponents had planned a similar measure before they fell from power.53
Poulett Thomson, who in mid-May 1831 perceived 'a more promising aspect' in the money markets, was privately mocked by Macaulay for his 'ludicrous sort of flirtation' with Mrs. Marcet, a political economist 30 years his senior.54 He secured the appointment of a select committee on the expediency of permitting the use of molasses in brewing and distilling as a means of relieving the West India interest, 30 June. He supported Althorp in debate on the customs duties, 1, 11 July. He expressed grave doubts about Hobhouse's cotton factories apprentices bill, 18 July, and in consultations with Littleton he again insisted on the inclusion in his truck bill of provision for cooked food to be given in part payment of wages.55 Greville noted in June 1831 that as 'a trader', he was 'very much disgusted' with the measures for containing cholera by quarantine in which he was 'obliged to concur' as a privy councillor; he answered questions on the subject in the House, 18, 19 Oct.56 He was in the government majority against the Irish union of parishes bill, 19 Aug., but four days later got himself into a scrape by ostentatiously remaining in the Commons library with Howick during the first division on the Dublin election controversy. Although they evidently mustered for the second, on the opposition censure motion, Brougham, 'almost frantic on the subject', demanded Poulett Thomson's 'head on a charger'. He was eventually mollified by Grey's intercession and 'promises of amendment'.57 Poulett Thomson defended the government's treatment of the West Indian colonies and opposed Burge's motion for inquiry into the proposed renewal of the Sugar Refinery Act, 12 Sept. He did so again, 28 Sept., when, dismissing as specious the argument that it would encourage the foreign slave trade, he argued that 'we must be just before we are generous'. In view of the narrow defeats of these motions, however, he conceded an inquiry into the commercial state of the colonies, 6 Oct., though he held out scant hope of its hitting on a handy remedy for distress. Next day he offered, if the West Indians would drop their opposition to the Act, to renew it for six months only, with the promise of a review in the light of the committee's findings. On 12 Oct. 1831 he introduced a bill to permit the temporary importation of American flour to Barbados and St. Vincent in the aftermath of recent hurricane devastation.
Poulett Thomson, who was of course in the government majority on Lord Ebrington's confidence motion, 10 Oct., went to Paris on 2 Nov. 1831, partly with the intention of seeing if 'something may be brought to bear upon their commercial system'. In consultation with the French authorities he conceived the idea of setting up a joint commission to investigate commercial relations between the two countries and, by exposing 'the absurdities of the present system', to prepare the way for a thorough revision of the tariffs. He got permission from London to prolong his stay in order to set it on foot, but a hitch arose over his wish to make Bowring, who was on the spot compiling a report on French public accounts, one of the commissioners. Lord Palmerston*, the foreign secretary, was particularly hostile to the employment of Bowring, 'a theorist, and a jobber'; but Poulett Thomson threatened to wash his hands of the scheme rather than see it 'marred' and eventually got his way. Bowring was joined by George Villiers, a commissioner of customs, and Poulett Thomson left Paris on 3 Dec. 1831, having seen the first session of the commission, which in truth accomplished little, fairly under way.58 In his letters to Althorp from Paris he expressed surprise and disappointment at the renewed outbreak of cholera. On the reform crisis, he wrote:
I cannot believe that you will consent to retrograde. If you do, you are lost. Not you of the government only but the country, for if you lose the confidence of the people, which you must do unless you take measures, and those directly, for making sure of the reform bill, the battle will be between the Tories and the people, and chaos must ensue. Depend upon it, there must be in these times no faltering.
He admitted that
the unions are indeed awkward things, but they are the necessary consequences of the folly of the Tories, and you can only check them by passing the bill or showing that you have the means and the determination to do it. Here you see we have made a batch of 36 peers in order to destroy the peerage. Cannot you make as many to save it?59
It was at this time that Greville, at a loss 'to understand the enormous unpopularity' of Poulett Thomson, who 'appears civil, well-bred, intelligent, and agreeable (only rather a coxcomb)', had it explained to him by 'a person who knows him well':
He was originally a merchant, and had a quantity of counting-house knowledge. He became a member of a club of political economists ... [in which] there were some obscure but very able men, and by them he got crammed with the principles of commerce and political economy, and from his mercantile connections he got facts. He possessed great industry and sufficient ability to work up the materials he thus acquired into a very plausible exhibition of knowledge upon these subjects; and having opportunities of preparing himself for every particular question, and the advantage of addressing an audience the greater part of which is profoundly ignorant, he passed for a young man of extraordinary ability and profound knowledge, and amongst the greatest of his admirers was Althorp, who, when the Whigs came in, promoted him to his present situation. Since he has been there he has not had the same opportunities of learning his lesson from others behind the curtain, and the envy which always attends success has delighted to pull down his reputation, so that he now appears something like the jackdaw stripped of the peacock's feathers.60
On 15 Dec. 1831 Poulett Thomson moved the reappointment of the West Indian committee, acquiesced in the introduction of Sadler's bill to regulate the employment of children in factories and explained the precautions taken against cholera. Opposing Davies's motion for inquiry into the glove trade, 31 Jan. 1832, he admitted the existence of distress, but denied that it was caused by French imports. In a debate on the budget, 6 Feb., he replied 'admirably', as Thomas Spring Rice* thought, to opposition attacks on the government's handling of the economy. As Littleton saw it, he 'carried the war into the enemy's quarter' and 'wrung Peel's withers' by pointing out his failure to support in opposition the same liberal commercial policies which he had espoused in power.61 Poulett Thomson was much concerned with the cholera prevention bill in the following weeks: he argued that it would be folly to end quarantine on the strength of a fashionable but unproven theory that the disease was not contagious, 23 Feb. He conceded an inquiry, suitably circumscribed, into the silk industry, 1 Mar., but warned that duties, far from being increased, would probably have to be lowered. He opposed reduction of the West Indian sugar duties, 7 Mar., and a renewed bid to obtain inquiry into the glove trade, 3 Apr. He naturally voted for the address asking the king to appoint only ministers who would carry undiluted reform, 10 May, though he was reported on their restoration to power to believe that 'they could not last three weeks'.62 He ridiculed Robinson's protectionist motion for inquiry into trade, 22 May, and made a detailed defence of the liberalization of commercial policy since 1822, concluding that 'free trade has no existence in this country - it is a mere delusion to tell the people that it is the cause of distress'. He brusquely opposed Waithman's similar resolutions, 3 July. Poulett Thomson, who successfully contested a law suit brought against him by a former supporter, alienated by his pro-Catholic views, for alleged non-payment of expenses incurred at the 1826 Dover election, was busy with the customs duties bill and attendance on select committees during the last weeks of the 1831 Parliament.63 The work took toll of his health, as he noted on 28 July:
A week of the hardest possible labour. I have not returned from the House any day till three o'clock ... It is impossible to stand this. I find my body quite exhausted, and my mind equally worn out. All this week I have alternated between the bank and silk committees, and then the House. On ... [25 July] I carried my bill through the committee; was at it from five till two in the morning, nine mortal hours! ... I passed my bill today, thank God!
He resisted attempts to have daily returns of cholera cases published, 21, 26 July. He supported the forgery punishment bill, claiming that City opinion strongly favoured abolition of the death penalty, which made juries reluctant to convict, 31 July 1832.
At the close of the session he went on a two-month tour of the manufacturing districts of Derbyshire, Lancashire and Scotland.64 He successfully contested both Dover and Manchester (where he did not canvass) at the general election of 1832 and opted to sit for the latter, which gave him an influential platform for promoting his free trade views. He became president of the board of trade and a member of the cabinet under Lord Melbourne, but the exchequer eluded him. His father died early in 1839, and in April that year his brother Andrew was accidentally drowned in the Thames near his residence at Great Marlow. (His personalty was sworn under £50,000, and the provisions of his will included an annuity of £50 for one Mrs. Maria White, née Black, of 45 Portman Place.)65 Soon afterwards Poulett Thomson took on the governor-generalship of Canada. His appointment raised many eyebrows, not least in his own party, but he made a considerable success of the job, exhibiting a vitality and ruthlessness which enabled him to force through the contentious union of the two provinces.66 His rewards were a peerage, long coveted, and a red ribbon. By the summer of 1841 he was 'almost done up, and very like an old foundered horse'; and, having sent in his formal resignation in July, he anticipated returning to Britain in mid-October. On learning of the Liberal defeat at the general election he wrote to Lord John Russell:
I am too much broken in health to take much more than the interest of a spectator in the political struggle ... next session, and I shall not be at all sorry for the opportunity of trying by quiet and amusement to save the remains of my constitution; but I cannot but feel deeply anxious about the country and I am very gloomy about its prospects. The evil which ten years ago I predicted, if we did not liberalize our commercial policy, has fallen on it.67
On 4 Sept. 1841 he was thrown from his horse and sustained a severe injury to his right leg. Gangrene set in, and after lingering in agony for several days he died, 'just as his most sanguine dreams of ambition had been gratified'.68 By his will, dictated to his secretary the day before, he bequeathed all his property to his surviving brother. He left legacies amounting to £2,600, including £500 for Russell, and devised an annuity of £800 for their joint lives to his 'housekeeper Amy Washer and to the child with which she is now big or of which she has lately been delivered'. (A note in the death duty register indicated that she, who became Amy Diamond and died in 1908, in fact had 'no child'.) The will was proved in Canada on 13 Oct. 1841 and in London on 1 Mar. 1842, when the personalty was sworn under £25,000. It was re-sworn at £30,000 the following year.69
Ironically, in view of the praise heaped on him by Poulett Thomson in 1831, Bowring wrote very sourly in 1853 of one of the men 'whom I have been instrumental in bringing into the field of politics':
He was by no means a man of high capacity, or of remarkable steadfastness and soundness of opinion. Happily the tide of his interests rolled in the current of his knowledge ... His connection with that free-trade citadel [Manchester] ... gave Thomson an influential status in the government, in Parliament, and in the country. Yet he was not the man to conceive, and still less to undertake, anything essentially grand. His free trade schemes were puny, hesitating, and imperfect ... He was ever querulous, impatient, and unteachable when anything was suggested of a more comprehensive and embracing character than a policy founded on an instinct of self-preservation appeared to warrant ... He ... died at an age which might have opened to him very bright prospects, but perhaps he was not winged with strength for a higher flight than that to which he reached.70
On the other hand Greville, who had no dogmatic axe to grind, wrote a year after Poulett Thomson's death that he had been 'underrated', as his performance in Canada had proved him to be
a man of first-rate capacity, with great ability, discrimination, judgement, firmness and dexterity ... He was always known as a man of extraordinary industry, but nobody knew that he had such a knowledge of human nature and such a power of acquiring influence over others as he evinced when he went to Canada ... This is something very like greatness; these are the materials of which greatness is made - indefatigable industry, great penetration, powers of persuasion, confidence in himself, boldness, firmness, and all those jumbled up with a finikin manner, and a dangling after an old London harridan.71
The 3rd earl of Malmesbury remembered him as 'a remarkably agreeable man'.72 Davenport noted laconically that he 'got office, went asleep, got made a lord and died of an accident'.73
Author: David R. Fisher
See Mem. of Life of Lord Sydenham ed. his bro. George Poulett Scrope (1843); Oxford DNB.
1. Gent. Mag. (1795), i. 256; Glenbervie Diaries, i.238; Farington Diary, ii. 400, 645, 647.
2. PROB 11/1258/216.
3. VCH Surr. ii. 625.
4. Oxford DNB.
5. Mem. Sydenham, 1-11.
6. Ibid. 12-14; L. Brown, Board of Trade, 16-17; E.A. Wasson, Whig Renaissance, 106, 109-10; Greville Mems. ii. 75, 225-6.
7. Bowring, Autobiog. Recollections, 301.
8. Mem. Sydenham, 14-15; Kentish Chron. 9, 23, 30 Sept., 4 Oct. 1825.
9. Mem. Sydenham, 16-17; Kentish Chron. 28 Apr, 6 June; Kentish Gazette, 13, 20 June 1826.
10. Kentish Chron. 30 June 1826.
11. The Times, 27 Feb. 1827.
12. Mem. Sydenham, 17-18.
13. Ibid. 18-19; Add. 56550, f. 170.
14. Dorset RO D/BKL, Bankes jnl. 160; Nottingham Univ. Lib. Denison diary, 7 May [1827].
15. The Times, 1, 12 June 1827.
17. Ibid. 21-22.
18. Palmerston-Sulivan Letters, 214, 215; Duke Univ. Lib. Fazakerley mss, Abercromby to Fazakerley, 16 Oct. 1828.
19. Add. 51834, Davenport to Holland,18 Oct.; JRL, Bromley Davenport mss, reply, 20 Oct.1828.
20. Add. 51834, Davenport to Holland, 18 Nov. [1828]; Bromley Davenport mss, memo. [1832].
22. Le Marchant, Althorp, 237.
23. Mem. Sydenham. 36-37; R. Wilmot Horton, Causes and Remedies of Pauperism (1830).
24. Grey mss, Ellice to Grey [7 Oct. 1829].
25. Mem. Sydenham, 37-38; Wasson, 169-70; Brown, 13; A. Mitchell, Whigs in Opposition, 227-8; Le Marchant, 238.
26. Le Marchant, 237-8.
27. Grey mss, Howick jnl. 28 Mar.; Bankes jnl. 169 (25 Mar. 1830).
28. Le Marchant, 237; Arbuthnot Jnl. ii. 345.
29. Grey mss, Ellice to Grey, Monday [Apr. 1830].
30. Howick jnl. 2 May 1830.
31. Ibid. 13 May [1830].
32. Althorp Letters, 152; Kent Herald, 8 July, 5 Aug. 1830.
33. Add. 61937, f. 116; 76381, Poulett Thomson to Althorp, 14 Aug. 1830.
34. Mem. Sydenham, 40.
35. Brown, 17-18; P. Mandler, Aristocratic Government in Age of Reform, 112; Wasson, 188; Le Marchant, 263-4; Mem. Sydenham. 41; Three Diaries, 6, 21; Greville Mems. ii. 75.
36. Greville Mems. iii. 272-3.
37. Ibid. ii. 75, 263; Hatherton mss, Littleton to Wellesley, 19 Nov. 1830.
38. Three Diaries, 6.
39. Brougham mss, autobiog. fragment; Add. 76371, Brougham to Althorp, Friday [Feb. 1831].
40. St. Deiniol's Lib. Glynne-Gladstone mss 196, T. to J. Gladstone, 22 Nov. 1830.
41. Mem. Sydenham, 42; Kentish Gazette, 26, 30 Nov. 1830; Croker Pprs. ii. 78.
42. Brown, 17-18.
43. Kentish Gazette, 29 Apr. 1831.
44. Glynne-Gladstone mss 197, T. to J. Gladstone, 7, 8 Feb. 1831.
45. Baring Jnls. i. 81; Greville Mems. ii. 116-17, 119; Three Diaries, 9, 50.
46. Mem. Sydenham. 44.
48. Le Marchant, 282.
49. Glynne-Gladstone mss 197, T. to J. Gladstone, 16-18 Feb. 1831.
50. Three Diaries, 56; Glynne-Gladstone mss 197, T. to J. Gladstone, 22 Feb. 1831.
51. Add. 76382, Poulett Thomson to Althorp, 22 Feb. 1831.
52. Three Diaries, 58.
53. Greville Mems. ii. 132.
54. Add. 76382, Poulett Thomson to Althorp, 11, 18, 21 May 1831; Macaulay Letters, ii. 39.
55. Hatherton diary, 25 July [1831].
56. Greville Mems. ii. 155, 157.
57. Three Diaries, 122; Holland House Diaries, 39.
58. Add. 76382, Poulett Thomson to Althorp, [1], 7, 18, 21, 28 Nov., 2 Dec. 1831; Brown, 121; Mandler, 113; Mem. Sydenham, 47-48; Maxwell, Clarendon, i. 62-3.
59. Add. 76382, Poulett Thomson to Althorp, 11, 18, 21 Nov. 1831.
60. Greville Mems. ii. 222-3.
61. Add. 51573, Rice to Lady Holland, 6 Feb.; Hatherton diary, 6 Feb. 1832.
62. Arbuthnot Corresp. 167.
63. The Times, 16 July 1832.
65. Gent. Mag. (1839), i. 432, 667; ii. 670; PROB 11/1912/399.
66. Mem. Sydenham, 97-218. See A. Shortt, Lord Sydenham (1926), 59-363; P. A. Buckner, 'Thomson, Charles Edward Poulett' in Dict. Canadian Biog. vii.; P.A. Buckner, Transition to Responsible Government (1985); Oxford DNB.
67. Letters from Lord Sydenham to Lord John Russell ed. P. Knaplund, 19, 55- 59, 68-69, 79-80, 87, 92, 137, 144, 151-4, 160-4.
68. Mem. Sydenham, 259-65; Raikes Jnl. iv. 177-9.
69. PROB 11/1960/205; IR26/1623/170.
70. Bowring, 301-2.
71. Greville Mems. v. 46-47.
72. Malmesbury, Mems. of an Ex-Minister, i. 135.
73. Bromley Davenport mss, memo. [1832, 1842].


This mid-sized GIVI E340N Vision Monolock Top Box has a 34 litre capacity, and is available in a variety of colours which feature on the lid of the top box. The standard model is finished in black. This box comfortably takes a full face helmet and is supplied with a universal fitting kit. This box has an automatic opening/detaching system: the top push button enables the opening of the case, while the lower push button detaches it from the plate. For your passengers comfort, why not also purchase a GIVI E811 Backrest.
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I am passionate about Latin America, issues of globalization and social justice, as well as study abroad experiences.
I grew up in a small town in Ohio. I was a first-generation college student who studied in Mexico in 1978. After that trip I was dedicated to visit as much of world as possible, especially Latin America. I speak 4 languages. I am married to a Brazilian and we often speak Portuguese at home. I have been teaching at one level or another for 39 years. There isn't a place I feel more at home than in the classroom.
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1995 "Ciclos de aproximación y distanciamiento en Balsa de serpientes de Lizandro Chávez Alfaro." El Angel Pobre., Managua, Nicaragua, diciembre, 1995.
1993 "John Fox", Contemporary Gay American Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, 1993, pp. 140-144.
1993 "Christopher Bram", Contemporary Gay American Novelists: A bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, 1993, pp. 29-36.


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A little old lady went to talk to her preacher, this is what she had to say.
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text:
Q: Does a compiler collapse classes which are identical in their structure? I hope this isn't a duplicate of a question itself, but the search terms are so ambiguous, I can't think of anything better.
Say we have two classes:
class FloatRect
{
 float x,y,width,height;
};

and somewhere else
class FloatBox
{
 float top,left,bottom,right;
};

From a practical standpoint, they're the same, so does the compiler treat them both as some sort of typedef?
Or will it produce two separate units of code?
I'm curious because I'd like to go beyond typedefs and make a few variants of a type to improve readability.
I don't want needless duplication, though...

A: They are totally unrelated classes with regards to the compiler.
If they are just POD C-structs, it won't actually generate any real code for them as such. (Yes there is a silent assignment operator and some other functions but I doubt there will be code actually compiled to do it, it will just inline them if they are used).

A: Since the classes you use as samples are only relevant during compilation, there's nothing to duplicate or collapse. Runtime, the member variables are simply accessed as "the value at at offset N".

A: This is, of course, hugely implementation-specific.
Any internal collapse here would be completely internal to the mechanism of the compiler, and would not have an effect on the produced translated code.
I would imagine it's very unlikely that this is the case, as I can think of no benefit and several ways in which this would really complicate matters. I can't present any evidence, though.

A: This is completely implementation specific.
For example I can use CLang / LLVM to illustrate both point of view at once:

*

*CLang is the C++ front-end, it uses two distinct types to resolve function calls etc... and treats them as completely different values

*LLVM is the optimizer backend, it doesn't care (yet) about names, but only structural representation, and will therefore collapse them in a single type... or even entirely remove the time definition if useless.

If the question is about: does introducing a similarly laid-out class creates overhead, then the answer is no, so write the classes that you need.
Note: the same happens for functions, ie the optimizer can merge blocks of functions that are identical to get tighter code, this is not a reason to copy/paste though

A: No. As they are literally two different types.
The compiler must treat them that way.
There is no magic merging going on.

A: No they are not treated as typedefs, because they are different types and can for example be used for overloading functions.
On the other hand, the types have no code in them so there will be nothing to duplicate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Lake Champlain Chocolates Factory Store & Café
Burlington / Education Burlington School Board Blocks Construction of Preschools
Posted By Molly Walsh on Wed, Jun 13, 2018 at 12:28 AM
Burlington Superintendent of Schools Yaw Obeng
The Burlington School Board ordered Superintendent of Schools Yaw Obeng to halt construction plans for two new preschool buildings after a divisive discussion that went on for more than an hour Tuesday night.
The board voted 7-3 in support of a resolution that directed Obeng to stop spending money and stop developing plans for the proposed South End and North End preschool centers after parents and taxpayers complained that the projects were pushed forward without voter approval.
Supporters, including Obeng, had countered that the buildings were within the scope of a $19 million school improvement bond, framed largely as funding for deferred maintenance, that voters approved at the polls in 2017.
The resolution mirrored the view of critics who said they want more time to consider the addition of two new structures to the district's already large real estate portfolio, which includes 10 school buildings.
It stated that the board "is mindful of retaining the trust of the City's voters and is concerned that use of the Bond proceeds for such new construction rather than for capital improvements at existing district buildings may compromise such trust."
Opposition has been building since April when many parents and teachers first became aware of the plans, in some cases after seeing stakes in the ground. Construction on the two structures was set to start as soon as August, at a cost of about $8.75 million.
The passage of the resolution was a win for a slate of new board members who were elected in March and appear to be taking a tighter approach to managing the district than the former board majority.
Burlington school board vice chair Jeff Wick (left) and chair Clare Wool
The new members sparred with some veteran board members who spoke in favor of the proposed preschool buildings. While the process that led to the proposed construction wasn't perfect, those veteran board members argued, it would be financially irresponsible to freeze plans now after several hundred thousand of dollars has been spent on architectural and engineering work.
Supporters of the projects also said calling a halt would be a case of micromanaging the superintendent.
Board chair Clare Wool, who was elected by Ward 6 voters in March, disagreed.
"We have not engaged this community in a manner that is respectful and that asserts trust in this district," said Wool, who declined to vote as chair but said she supported the resolution.
Mike Fisher of Ward 5, another new board member, supported the resolution and said that the bond vote did not justify the preschool centers. "When this was put to the voters, two new buildings were not part of the plan," he said.
The resolution directs the superintendent to present to the board a plan to address deferred maintenance and handicap access issues at the district's existing school buildings.
Critics of the resolution framed it as a step backwards for kids and for the board's governance style.
Ryan McLaren, representing the Central District, said the resolution does not provide clarity and leaves the superintendent little sense of which operational duties he can undertake without the board's approval. By "nitpicking specific operational issues," the board creates an environment where the superintendent cannot make decisions without fear of being undercut or second-guessed, McLaren said.
"That is not a functioning way to operate a system," he said. "It's not."
McLaren also said that the halt could mean a delay of several years in addressing the district's waitlist for preschool slots. "It means 30-plus needy kids will not have access to pre-K. For two years," he said.
Board member Martine Gulick, who was elected in March by Ward 4 voters, bristled at that inference: "I refuse to be accused of denying preschool right now to children. That's not what we're doing. That's not an accurate statement."
The resolution is a "pause to take a breather and do this right," Gulick said.
Three board members voted against the resolution: McLaren, North District rep Mark Barlow and Liz Curry of Ward 3. Eric Gorman of Ward 1 abstained, as did Wool.
Curry said the motion went against equity for children and said she was disappointed that some new commissioners came in "with their minds made up." She commended Obeng for showing patience amid commentary "that at times has risen to the level of vitriol."
During the discussion, Obeng calmly responded to questions several times. He also presented multiple proposals that would have allowed for a delay or reconsideration of the buildings.
After the vote, he thanked the board for the "robust discussion" and asked a variety of questions about next steps for assembling improvement projects.
More than 50 people attended the meeting Tuesday at Lyman C. Hunt Middle School. Most spoke out against design aspects of the preschool buildings and said the public had wrongly been kept in the dark about them. A few speakers said the buildings were needed to add capacity to the current preschool classrooms that serve about 170 children.
Also Tuesday, McLaren announced that he is stepping down from the board because he has purchased a house in Essex and is planning to move there. Tuesday was his final meeting. His term was supposed to run through 2019.
Read the full board resolution below:
Construction Resolution 11 Jun 2018 (PDF)
Construction Resolution 11 Jun 2018 (Text)
Tags: Burlington, Yaw Obeng, superintendent, schools, preschool, Burlington School Board, bond, voters, Image
As Controversies Swirl, What's Next for Burlington Schools' Beleaguered Superintendent?
by Molly Walsh
Some Councilors Cry Foul As Obeng Gets Residency Exemption
by Katie Jickling
Surprised by Plans to Build New Schools, Burlington Residents Call for a Halt
Burlington School Board Investigation Finds No Racial Discrimination
Burlington School District Billed Nearly $3,000 for Racial Bias Investigation
Burlington Schools Superintendent Weighs In on Race Controversy
Can China Help Fill — and Fund — Vermont's Public Schools?
Amid Turnover, Educators Seek Burlington School Board Seats
Burlington School Board Chair Porter Steps Down
Burlington School District to Put $19 Million Bond to Voters
Molly Walsh
molly@sevendaysvt.com
@mokawa
Molly Walsh is a Seven Days staff writer.
More by Molly Walsh
Sorry, Gondola Lovers. South Burlington Wants to Build a Pedestrian Bridge Over I-89
South Burlington is seeking federal funds to build a pedestrian bridge across Interstate 89 near busy exit 14 in order to ease commuting hazards. The plan nudged out a Vermont-y option of installing gondolas to ferry people over the busy highway interchange at Route 2, also known as Williston Road.
buck@sevendaysvt.com
@jamesbuck
jamesbuck.org
James Buck is a multimedia journalist for Seven Days.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Les championnats du monde d'Ironman 70.3 2016 se déroulent le  à Mooloolaba en  Australie. Ils sont organisés par la World Triathlon Corporation.

Résumé de course
La finale des championnats du monde d'Ironman 70.3 se déroule dimanche 4 septembre à Mooloolaba en Australie et créée quelques belles surprises. L'Australien Timothy Reed dans une course à domicile et la britannique Holly Lawrence à 26 ans et dans un début de carrière sur longue distance surprennent les favoris et inscrivent leurs noms au prestigieux palmarès. L'épreuve finale du circuit international d'Ironman 70.3 organisée par le World Triathlon Corporation propose chaque année, 1,9 km de natation suivit de 90 km de vélo de route, pour finir pas un semi-marathon.

Timothy Reed champion chez lui
Chez les hommes l'absence du champion en titre, Jan Frodeno promettait une course ouverte. Un autre Allemand, Sebastian Kienle très en forme en ce moment espérait inscrire une troisième fois son nom au palmarès. L'issue de la partie natation emmenée par l'Australien Josh Amberger aucun écart significatif n'est créé. Ce dernier reste en tête de la première partie vélo, mais n'arrive pas à maintenir cette avance et Tyler Butterfield est le premier à la seconde transition poursuivit par un groupe d'une quinzaine de tête d'affiche dont Sebastien Kienle qui effectue le départ en course à pied le plus rapide. Timothy Reed le rejoint et accélère devant l'Allemand qui ne lâche rien. S'engage alors un combat sans merci contre le retour des poursuivants mais également un affrontement en tête à tête entre les deux leaders. A cinq kilomètres de l'arrivée, Sebastian Kienle porte son attaque, l'Australien subit mais remonte son retard et dans un ultime effort crée un faible écart sur l'Allemand que ce dernier ne parvient pas à combler. Timothy Reed passe la ligne en vainqueur et remporte après une lutte remarquable son premier titre mondial. Le Suisse Ruedi Wild remporte une surprenante .

Holly Lawrence impressionne

La présence des meilleures mondiales dont la double championne, la Suissesse Daniela Ryf, n'a pas empêché la Britannique Holly Lawrence de remporter avec panache sa première victoire mondiale. Sortie de l'eau à trente secondes de la leader l'Américaine Lauren Brandon, Holly Lawrence dans une démonstration de puissance en vélo s'impose rapidement la tête de la course féminine et prend jusqu'à trois minutes d'avance sur ses poursuivantes, Daniela Ryf et l'Australienne Melissa Hauschildt principalement. Sur la partie course à pied, l'Australienne forte de ses qualités pédestres entame sa remontée mais la Britannique garde son rythme et ne lâche rien jusqu'à la ligne d'arrivée. Elle remporte à 26 ans le titre de championne du monde d'Ironman 70.3. Daniela Ryf termine en  après avoir cédé la troisième place du podium à la Canadienne Heather Wurtele.

Résultats du championnat du monde

Hommes

Femmes

Notes et références

2016
Ironman 70.3
Ironman 70.3 2016
Sunshine Coast
Compétition de triathlon en Australie
Triathlon en 2016
Sport en Australie en 2016
Sport en septembre 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Pulp Fantasy Library: Flashing Swords! #1
The pulp fantasy revival of the late 1960s and early 1970s is the background against which our hobby arose. It's important to remember this for a number of reasons, chief among them being that the content and style of those pulp fantasies were quite different than the latter-day fantasies that followed in their wake. The historical amnesia of this fact has, in my opinion, made it much harder for gamers not immersed in that culture to understand the early days of the hobby and the RPGs it produced.
As a genre, pulp fantasy is distinguished from other types of fantasy by its format as well as its content. The short story, the novelette, and the novella are the preferred forms of pulp fantasy fiction. While there are novels in the genre, they're fewer in number and are often little more than a collection of smaller works strung together by linking material, which is why they often have picaresque qualities that set them apart from the epics many nowadays tend to associate with fantasy. These qualities are the ones that, in my opinion, early gamers seized upon when crafting their own games and campaigns and it's the rejection of the same that led to the decline of the Old Ways.
Whatever his merits as an author in his own right, Lin Carter was one of the most important and influential editors during the pulp fantasy revival. He put together numerous collections of swords-and-sorcery literature, including the Flashing Swords! series, which ran from 1973 to 1981 and ultimately encompassed five volumes. The series included contributions from many of the prominent members of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America, a literary group dedicated to the promotion and popularization of the S&S genre. During its existence, the Guild presented a Gandalf Award for contributions to "heroic fantasy," which just goes to show that, at the time, the fine distinctions guys like me make weren't recognized and writers like J.R.R. Tolkien were considered as part of "the club," despite the clear difference in their content and style from authors like Leiber or Vance.
Flashing Swords! #1 consists of four novelettes. The first is a story of Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser entitled "The Sadness of the Executioner." The story itself concerns Death, his role in Nehwon, and how Lankhmar's most famous pair of adventurers fit into his plans. It's a terrific story that, I think, nicely exemplifies the pulp fantasy ethos, on both a personal and a "cosmic" level. "Morreion" by Jack Vance is a tale from his "Dying Earth" series, which would later re-appear in his 1984 book, Rhialto the Marvellous. "Morreion" is particularly of interest of fantasy gamers looking for one possible way to represent "space" travel. Ioun Stones are also prominently on display here. Poul Anderson's "The Mermaid's Children" is another installment in his fantastic medieval quasi-series that includes books such as Three Hearts and Three Lions and The Broken Sword. It's just as good as its predecessors and as suffused with sadness. Rounding out the book is Lin Carter's own "The Higher Heresies of Oolimar," which is by far the weakest piece in the whole thing. If ever there were any question that Carter had no shame, it's fully on display in this silly piece, which comes across as exceedingly amateurish.
Regardless, Flashing Swords! #1 is well worth a read if you can find it. Its four stories -- yes, including Carter's -- are a very good encapsulation of the pulp fantasy revival: three-quarters genius and one-quarter hack-work. Come to think of it, that description might fit the old school movement too ...
Posted by James Maliszewski at 9:07 AM
Labels: anderson, carter, history, leiber, pulp fantasy library, swords-and-sorcery, tolkien, vance
Aos October 19, 2009 at 10:51 AM
S&S is by far my favorite genre of fiction- and the one that most influences my own gaming. I think, however, that the inclusion of the dwarf, elf, hobbit trio in the early incarnations of the game clouds the issue of what type of fiction was most influential at the dawn of RPGs more than any historical amnesia. Whatever the reasons for their presence and how EGG felt about it are not as important as the fact that they ARE there, imo.
I hate, hate, hate LOTR, but the presence of these races swamps the single all other influences, imo. M I'm almost certainly weak minded, but once Bilbo's in the potential mix, I have a hard time imagining Conan being there- much less Turjan. Furthermore, that leaves aside the fact that rules had to be broken in order to create the Mouser in the 1e Dieties and Demigods book.
James Maliszewski October 19, 2009 at 11:06 AM
I think, however, that the inclusion of the dwarf, elf, hobbit trio in the early incarnations of the game clouds the issue of what type of fiction was most influential at the dawn of RPGs more than any historical amnesia.
It's possible, but my feeling is that, when you look at the demihuman characters in context within OD&D, particularly their level limits, they feel more like Gary's saying, "Well, sure, if you really want to play one of these weirdos, here are some rules to do so, but they're no good compared to humans." The hobbit limits feel very much like that to me, but perhaps that's my own biases showing.
I think the larger issue really is that the vast majority of gamers who got into D&D, then and now, expected a more epic style of multi-racial fantasy and the fact that the game allowed for it from the first has provided the thin wedge by which they've been able to advance that interpretation.
It's possible that EGG was trying to express things as you see them- or he might have been trying to model hobbits as he saw them from Tolkien more than he was truing to discourage their use. However, I stand by my original statement that the reasons for the inclusion and how Gary felt about it- and even how he implemented it didn't really matter. I think the fact that level limits were largely ignored bolsters my arguement a bit.
Actually, rereading your last paragraph- I think we're saying just about the same thing, really. I just think the wedge end was pretty thick.
Jon McNally October 19, 2009 at 12:13 PM
James, do you know how, if at all, the version of "The Merman's Children" found in this collection differs from the later stand-alone printing?
James Maliszewski October 19, 2009 at 12:15 PM
I'm not sure how the novelette included here and the later version differ. I presume, as is usual the case, that the later version is somewhat expanded, but I can't say that for a fact.
Trent October 19, 2009 at 12:16 PM
I'm not James, but I know that the story "The Merman's Children" in this anthology is the first quarter (roughly) of the novel by that same name published a few years later. Another section from that novel also appeared in one of the later Flashing Swords anthologies.
metamorphosissigma October 19, 2009 at 12:25 PM
The series included contributions from many of the prominent members of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America, a literary group dedicated to the promotion and popularization of the S&S genre.
My understanding is that "SAGA" was never really a "group" in the sense that it had active members. It was pretty much just an editorial vehicle for Lin Carter, who solicited S&S stories from the authors who were "members", and publishing them under that rubric. Moorcock is a case in point, in that he is both cited as a "founding member" and has repeatedly stated that he wasn't really involved in SAGA. Like you say, Lin had a talent for self-promotion.
Howarth,
Your point is well-taken. SAGA -- an acronym that doesn't even work -- was pretty much a creature of Lin Carter and died with him. Its Gandalf Award was given almost exclusively to people with whom Carter worked, including his mentor De Camp. Still, there was a semi-formal "membership" and, as I understand it, they did make a point of getting together and sharing ideas with one another over drinks at cons and the like. Perhaps not a true literary guild but I wouldn't have minded being a member.
Daniel October 19, 2009 at 12:42 PM
Black Gate tips the cap to Lin Carter today, too, also for all the right reasons. http://www.blackgate.com/2009/10/18/why-i-like-lin-carter/
metamorphosissigma October 19, 2009 at 3:26 PM
Perhaps not a true literary guild but I wouldn't have minded being a member.
@ JM - I'm with you there :).
Vigilance October 19, 2009 at 3:32 PM
I think the short story format is really important to understanding adventure construction, as opposed to designing a campaign whole cloth.
Older modules are clearly unconnected short stories strung together, that tell unrelated events to depict the life of a single group of adventurers.
The Dragonlance modules, on the other hand, are much more structured along a Sword of Shannarra type epic trilogy.
Matthew Slepin October 19, 2009 at 3:49 PM
I will continue to champion Lin Carter even while recognizing that he wrote some lousy stuff.
Knightsky October 19, 2009 at 5:30 PM
While I don't think much of his writing (and even less of his work on Conan), I do think that for his efforts as an editor (not only Flashing Swords, but the Year's Best Fantasy Stories series, as well as other anthologies) Carter helped revitalize fantasy fiction in the 70's, and for that he should be remembered fondly.
Blair October 19, 2009 at 7:45 PM
I love Lin Carter, but everything I have read by him is entertaining trash....aside from the "World's End" series which stands heads and shoulders above any other of his works I've been exposed to.
I think that the one-off Wizard of Zao is a very good book. One of Carter's (many) weaknesses was the series (or "cycle" as he insisted on calling them). It was just too damn easy for him to start writing the fantasy equivalent of the Perils of Pauline.
irbyz October 19, 2009 at 10:56 PM
> Black Gate tips the cap to Lin Carter today, too, also for all the right reasons. http://www.blackgate.com/2009/10/18/why-i-like-lin-carter/
*g* well, that's freaky timing since I'd just replied to the original thread before that was reposted; http://dragonsandswords.blogspot.com/2009/09/why-i-like-lin-carter.html
Yeah, and that's for Lin the Author (/particularly/ in "World's End" mode), rather than Lin the Editor, Lin the Critic, Lin the (Fantasy, etc.) Promoter, Lin the Fan, and so on, which are rather over-looked given how well several of those hats fit in with the timeframe running up to and just after D&D was first published.
(Not that he didn't go /way/ back to the 40s as well, of course; his Callisto series actually started on Mars back then with an unpublished short story and his world-creation maps in Barsoomian tradition, for example).
With regards to this particular volume; yes, good, safe choices of author and stronger works therefrom which makes it rather more difficult with that inevitable comparison to his own fannish self-induction to the volume. Had he had included/expanded slightly upon one of at least two separate episodes from The Enchantress of World's End (taking forwards two years) per that blog link, instead, he'd've been in good company /and/ on the level, IMHO.
(digression/Linnish background & later fiction w/RPG hook)
"Callisto was originally Mars" (or "Darloona was a silly name for a lady after all"):
One of Lin's maps from his mid-1940s "Mars" world-creation portfolio; http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2667/4028451222_ce4cc2c5c7_o.jpg
End of the (separate) short story - his first, perhaps - from 1945-49/50 period; http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2767/4028451474_0eb2a95d55_o.jpg
Only a few borrowed names remain as revisited in his Callisto series ~25 years later; original pseudo-Barsoomian outline plot being USAF pilot Brian Clark over Burma in 1945 vs. Red Cross pilot Jonathan Andrew Dark in Vietnam/Cambodia.
There are many "forgotten" people and their world-creations and ongoing ideas rolling forwards from back in the 40s/50s, no doubt. And many of those who came to the fore only did so through some random occurrence; e.g. Lin losing his job and deciding to chance his arm on the literary front professionally (*hooks back to top of thread*) after decades in the fandom, Prof. Barker who only published because some D&D player decided to go kill an angel, etc. (And credit to Lin for not being derivative all the time by any means, since he did not borrow from Tekumel that I can see despite having that entire world in his hands from 1950).
Any thoughts on Lin the Gamer, too? i.e. collabs w/Scott Bizar on Royal Armies of the Hyborian Age and Flash Gordon and the Warriors of Mongo.
IMO, it's a pity he couldn't have encouraged other authors in that "informal group" (SAGA) to have taken a more active involvement in gaming as well since that was haphazard at best (with Fritz Leiber, for example).
Rose Bailey October 20, 2009 at 9:48 AM
Historical note: The Frazetta cover art shown here was later used for the Wilderlands of High Fantasy boxed set.
Fairly Odd Grognard
Thanks, All
Retrospective: The Temple of Elemental Evil
Otherworld Minis Sale
Early Birthday Gift from Paizo
Old School News Round-Up
I Hate Mapping
Pulp Fantasy Library: Dracula
Stats by Poll
Still Behind
More on Megadungeons
Schrödinger's Dungeon
New Column
Retrospective: Ravenloft II
FYI: Backlog
Tolkien and Howard
One Man's Primitivism
Cursed Chateau Artwork
Arduin's XP System
A Partial Pictorial History of Elves in D&D
The Primary Activity in Adventures
Grognard's Grimoire: Eldritch Bones
Retrospective: Battle System
The Miniatures Heritage of OD&D
Pulp Fantasy Library: The Black Company
The "Secret" of Naming
A Word of Clarification
Dwimmermount Session 19
Necromancer Games Raises a Few Zombies
German Article on M.A.R. Barker
Retrospective: The Horrible Secret of Monhegan Island
XRP Hardcopy Sale
A Game of One's Own
Blackmoor Maps
Pulp Fantasy Library: Another Fine Myth


We all know how icky, sticky and uncomfortable it can be to dress during summer. You always want to go with airy fabrics such as linen and cotton. These materials will allow you to feel good and stay fresh. This applies for dressing your children too. These are the latest FabKids styles available.
FabKids is having a great summer sale! Make sure to checkout their Facebook page for updates.
Todos sabemos lo repulsivo, pegajoso e incómodo que puede ser para vestirse durante el verano. Uno siempre quiere ir con telas aireadas como el lino y el algodón. Estos materiales le permitirá sentirse bien y mantenerse fresca. Esto se aplica para vestir a sus hijos también. Estos son los últimos estilos disponibles de FabKids.
FabKids está teniendo una gran venta de verano! Asegúrese de pago y envío su página de Facebook para las actualizaciones.
We're finally in Brazil! However, it wasn't as smooth of a trip as you may think..
My family and I arrived at JFK around 3pm thinking our flight was going to take off at 5:10pm as scheduled. Soon after arriving we were informed there are delays. We waited and waited and waited... until it was delayed another 3 times!
American Airlines then decided to give us food vouchers for the delay. We ate a little over $150 of food in a matter of 4 hours!! It got to a point where we were handing out the extra vouchers to families with small children because we simply couldn't eat anymore.
Estamos finalmente en Brasil! Sin embargo, no fue tan suave de viaje como crees..
Mi familia y yo llegamos en el aeropuerto JFK a las 3 pm pensando que nuestro vuelo se va a despegar a las 5:10 pm como estaba previsto. Poco después de llegar nos informaron que hay retrasos. Esperamos y esperamos y esperamos ... hasta que se retrasó 3 veces mas!
American Airlines decidió darnos vales de comida por el retraso. Comimos más de $150 en 4 horas!! Llegamos a un punto en el que estábamos repartiendo los vales adicionales para las familias con niños pequeños porque simplemente no podíamos comer más.
Growing up with hard working parents was always difficult around the holidays, especially when Father's Day came around. My dad lived in Republica Dominicana and I would only see him once a year because of his busy schedule. I've always had a stronger connection with my dad because we're so much alike. We look the same (no kidding) and even share the same name- Johnny. As I got older the connection with my Padre grew and now we're inseparable.
When we get together it's always a celebration. We cherish the little time we're able to spend together and create endless memories. My dad is loyal, funny, selfless, humilde unlike anyone I've ever met. He thinks about you before thinking about himself. He's one of those people who you instantly love the minute you meet them. I'm the luckiest girl to have him when I need him the most and even when I don't. We speak twice a day and always have something to talk about.
How beautiful is this shell printed dress from Jigsaw London? I received it a few weeks ago yet didn't get the chance to wear it until the weekend when my family and I went out for dinner. The dress was originally $145 and it's on sale today for only $98! They are currently having a huge Spring/Summer 50% off sale- make sure to check it out.
The minute I saw this dress I knew it would be a great piece to own. You can style it with sparkly sandals, comfy loafers or dress it up with high strappy heels, like I did. Either way, you can't go wrong. One of my favorite details about the dress is how loose fitted it is and how the sleeves kindoff flow, you see?
¡Qué hermoso es este vestido de Jigsaw London? Lo recibí hace unas semanas y no tuve la oportunidad de ponérmelo antes hasta el fin de semana cuando mi familia y yo fuimos a cenar. El vestido era originalmente $145 y está a la venta hoy por solo $98!
En el momento en que vi este vestido sabía que sería una gran pieza de poseer. Puedes usarlo con sandalias brillantes, tenis cómodos o vestirlo con tacones de tiras, como yo lo hice. De cualquier manera, usted no puede ir mal. Una de mis favoritos detalles sobre el vestido es lo suelto que es y el flujo de las mangas, ves?
It's Official! I'm Going to Brazil!
My family and I will be in Brazil for 7 days shooting a Mother's Day campaign with The Brazilian Footwear brands next week. I'm so excited on so many levels.. I want to learn about Brazilian footwear brands, see the beautiful city of Ouro Preto, meet new people, learn about Brazilian traditions/culture and try different foods (you knew that was coming). It's even more exciting that I will be sharing this entire experience with all of you! So make sure to follow me on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and snapchat; JohnnybellSan to be in the loop of what's going on.
Es official! Me voy para Brazil!
Mi familia y yo estaremos en Brazil durante 7 días en colaboración con las marcas de zapatos de Brazil. Estoy tan emocionada en muchos niveles.. Quiero aprender acerca de las marcas de zapatos de Brasil, ver la hermosa ciudad de Ouro Preto, conocer gente nueva, aprender las tradiciones/cultura brasileña y probar comida diferente. Es aún más emocionante que voy a compartir toda esta experiencia con todos ustedes! Así que asegúrese de seguirme en Instagram, Twitter, Facebook y snapchat; JohnnybellSan para que vean lo que está pasando.
We all know how stressful moving can be and if you're like me, a person who likes everything to run smoothly at-all-times.. then this process becomes even more stressful.
Lost photos from St. Lucia.
Leanne is wearing a beautiful two toned blue dress from Brooks Brothers.
Fotos perdidas de Santa Lucía.
Leanne lleva un hermoso vestido azul de dos tonos de Brooks Brothers.
Espero que todos ustedes tengan un gran fin de semana!
Although I have been posting very little content these past two weeks I have my reasons.
We recently moved and I'm just taking the time to decorate and get things done right in order to give you better content. & speaking of... I am working on a very special project which requires me to travel to Brazil. I will be sharing more with you soon.
If you've been following me for a while then you might know how much I love the brand. I literarily own about 7 or 8 dresses from ML & how couldn't I? Every piece is comfortable, perfectly fitted to my body and super pretty.
This floral piece is great for summer days minus the denim jacket. I styled it with peachy Jimmy Choo shoes and a simple demin jacket during the day. During the night I removed the jacket, did a high pony tail, added stud earrings and a peachy lip. I also carried a peach clutch like this one here.
For both looks I only wore a statement necklace. When you have such a beautiful piece (like this dress) you really don't want to over-accessorize.
Espero que todos estén teniendo una gran semana hasta ahora.
Aunque he estado publicando muy poco contenido estas últimas dos semanas tengo mis razones.
Recientemente me mude y yo sólo estoy tomando el tiempo para decorar y hacer las cosas de la manera correcta con el fin de darle un mejor contenido. Y hablando de ... Estoy trabajando en un proyecto muy especial que me obliga a viajar a Brazil. Voy a compartir más con ustedes pronto.
Si me ha estado siguiendo durante mucho tiempo entonces usted save lo mucho que me encanta la marca. Yo literariamente tengo unos 7 o 8 vestidos de ML y ¿cómo no? Cada pieza es cómoda, perfectamente equipada a mi cuerpo y super lindos.
Esta pieza floral es ideal para los días de verano, menos la chaqueta de mezclilla. Use estos zapatos de Jimmy Choo y una chaqueta sencilla durante el día. Durante la noche, me quité la chaqueta, me hice una cola de caballo alta, agregué aretes y un labio color de rosa. Tambien lleve una carterita de el mismo color de los zapatos como esta aqui.
Sólo lleve un collar de declaración porque cuando se tiene una hermosa pieza (como este vestido) no quieres usar un exceso de accesorios.


Gary Lachman is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his contributions as the bassist for the rock group Blondie. But for much of his life, Gary has been a student of the mysteries of life. In this capacity, he has become a popular writer bringing the teachings of the occult and consciousness to a mass audience with over 20 published books including biographies of Rudolf Steiner, Carl Jung, Aleister Crowley, Madame Blavatsky and P.D. Ouspensky.
For more information on Gary, check out his website here.
I encourage you to check out all of Gary's books here on Amazon.
If you like Mark Gilbert's writings, also check out his books on Amazon! Also, be sure to follow Conscious Bridge on Twitter and Facebook!