text:
Drumettaz-Clarafond és un municipi francès situat al departament de la Savoia i a la regió d'Alvèrnia-Roine-Alps. L'any 2007 tenia 2.315 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Drumettaz-Clarafond era de 2.315 persones. Hi havia 849 famílies de les quals 178 eren unipersonals (78 homes vivint sols i 100 dones vivint soles), 251 parelles sense fills, 364 parelles amb fills i 56 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 971 habitatges, 881 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 49 eren segones residències i 40 estaven desocupats. 761 eren cases i 209 eren apartaments. Dels 881 habitatges principals, 707 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 152 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 23 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 26 tenien una cambra, 42 en tenien dues, 124 en tenien tres, 205 en tenien quatre i 484 en tenien cinc o més. 698 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 326 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 512 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 1.537 persones, 1.193 eren actives i 344 eren inactives. De les 1.193 persones actives 1.133 estaven ocupades (599 homes i 534 dones) i 61 estaven aturades (26 homes i 35 dones). De les 344 persones inactives 119 estaven jubilades, 134 estaven estudiant i 91 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Drumettaz-Clarafond hi havia 929 unitats fiscals que integraven 2.425 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 22.747 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 172 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 1 era d'una empresa alimentària, 4 d'empreses de fabricació de material elèctric, 13 d'empreses de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 33 d'empreses de construcció, 41 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils, 3 d'empreses de transport, 3 d'empreses d'hostatgeria i restauració, 3 d'empreses d'informació i comunicació, 5 d'empreses financeres, 6 d'empreses immobiliàries, 31 d'empreses de serveis, 25 d'entitats de l'administració pública i 4 d'empreses classificades com a «altres activitats de serveis».

Dels 41 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 8 eren tallers de reparació d'automòbils i de material agrícola, 1 taller d'inspecció tècnica de vehicles, 2 paletes, 4 guixaires pintors, 11 fusteries, 2 lampisteries, 4 electricistes, 4 empreses de construcció, 1 perruqueria, 1 veterinari, 2 restaurants i 1 tintoreria.

Dels 13 establiments comercials que hi havia el 2009, 1 era un hipermercat, 1 un supermercat, 1 una fleca, 1 una llibreria, 4 botigues de mobles, 3 botigues de material esportiu, 1 una perfumeria i 1 una floristeria.

L'any 2000 a Drumettaz-Clarafond hi havia 20 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 320 hectàrees.

Equipaments sanitaris i escolars
L'únic equipament sanitari que hi havia el 2009 era una farmàcia.

El 2009 hi havia 1 escola maternal i 1 escola elemental. Drumettaz-Clarafond disposava d'un liceu tecnològic amb 85 alumnes.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Drumettaz-Clarafond a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Drumettaz-Clarafond a l'INSEE
 France par commune  Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis de la Savoia


Find comfort in the tradition of the Original Yogi Tea recipe, created by our founder, Yogi Bhajan, to provide a delicious health benefit to his yoga students. Traditional Ayurvedic spices Cinnamon, Cardamom, Ginger, Clove and Black Pepper are blended for a richly spiced tea designed to warm the body and help stimulate digestion.
Bring water to boiling and steep 7 minutes. For a stronger tea, use 2 tea bags. Add your favorite sweetener and milk or milk substitute.


Eurometaux and ARCHE have developed this tool to help DU check compliance with the ES for the environmental compartments (aquatic compartments, sediments, soil, sewage treatment plant and local air concentrations). Key operational conditions and risk managements measures can be selected that represent the site-specific conditions of the DU site.
ARCHE has developed this tool for calculating site-specific ecological risk of metals in soil. Key soil properties (such as pH, Organic matter, clay content and cation exchange capacity) are required to calculate a site-specific soil PNEC. Further guidance is provided in the tool.
Eurometaux and ARCHE have developed default specific environmental release factors to air and wastewater which are meant to replace the more conservative environmental release categories (ERCs) developed by ECHA. They are available for several production and use processes, and can be selected within the Downstream user Scaling Tool for estimating environmental exposure.
ARCHE has developed the GPM tool for estimating local air concentrations to neighbouring populations. This tool takes into account more site-specific information and replaces the more conservative estimates from the DU scaling tool. More information is provided within the tool and an example of using it is provided in the nickel specific guidance for Man via the Environment.
Eurometaux and EBRC Consulting developed this tool for estimating worker exposure to metals and inorganics. Site-specific operational conditions and risk management measures can be selected to estimate exposure via the dermal and inhalation routes.


BRC Enterprise Providers have been designed to assist both retail members and certificated suppliers achieve price reductions with out compromising high quality, service and purchase control by realising optimum value from suppliers. The Business Service Management Framework has been developed as part of a undertaking throughout the Sensible Companies CRC research initiative ( ). The framework consists of four clusters. Let a little bit soap and water do wonders… along with just a few rags, brushes, and elbow grease; then drive dwelling gross sales by advertising your services to automotive dealers, rental fleet house owners, and corporations. This associates the outbound proxy business service and the outbound Web Service.
Whether you are searching for numerous specialised merchandise appropriate for business reminiscent of fleet insurance coverage, resort and restaurant insurance coverage, indemnity insurance coverage, motor commerce insurance, or even extremely specialised things equivalent to commercial automobile and haulage insurance in North Wales, Liverpool, Manchester or Chorley, BiS Insurance can give you what you need in order to carry on ought to something occur.
Foresight is the first thing that gets misplaced when your enterprise keeps you on the run for too lengthy. NOTE: Property Set Binding must be used when the input Property Set to the proxy service is forwarded without adjustments to the vacation spot handle.
You will get a first-hand tour of our workplaces and meet some of the folks at your service and ready to help you once you name us at 1-800-345-2677. From there, we'll current options that leverage your assets and show you how to regain a sharp give attention to your small business. There are a number of catering Melbourne companies and they all look doing the precise exact same point.
With the business consulting companies, corporations can take appropriate measures to prepare for main dangers that come of their operations. For the Local Workflow or the Native Business Service transports, enter the identify of a Business Process or Business Service that ought to be known as. Every business seems to be to simplify the process of cash getting into and going out, to ensure that it to be extra easily invested later down the line.


VMSD magazine is celebrating the best and brightest young designers in retail with the third annual VMSD Designer Dozen. In retail's global, multi-channel and fast-paced market, it's going to take more than business-as-usual to help propel the industry forward. Bergmeyer's own Stephanie Jones makes the list of up-and-coming talent that are introducing new strategies and concepts and impacting the shopping experience in the 21st century.


text:
February 3, 3 p.m.–Historic District Commission
May 29, 2020 by Kimberly Weller in News & Meetings | Comments Off on February 3, 3 p.m.–Historic District Commission
The Historic District Commission usually meets on the 1st Thursday of the month at 3 p.m. Applications must be submitted 10 days prior to the meeting date by noon.
The Historic District Commission will hold meetings on Zoom until further notice. If you have not used Zoom, please take a few minutes to download the free app to your computer or smart phone prior to joining the meeting.
Join meeting on computer or smart phone with video and audio on Zoom:
Join meeting by phone with audio only on Zoom:
For more information, please contact the Town Office at 410-745-9535 during regular business hours.
Meeting dates (Submit dates by noon Monday)
FEBRUARY 3, 2022 (JANUARY 24, 2022)
MARCH 3, 2022 (FEBRUARY 21, 2022)
APRIL 7, 2022 (MARCH 21, 2022)
MAY 5, 2022 (APRIL 25, 2022)
JUNE 2, 2022 (MAY 23, 2022)
JULY 7, 2022 (JUNE 27, 2022)
AUGUST 4, 2022 (JULY 25, 2022)
SEPTEMBER 1, 2022 (AUGUST 22, 2022)
OCTOBER 6, 2022 (SEPTEMBER 26, 2022)
NOVEMBER 3, 2022 (OCTOBER 24, 2022)
DECEMBER 1, 2022 (NOVEMBER 21, 2022)
Historic District Commission Rules of Procedure

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A-line skirts in 3 different lengths, usually worn with knee-length boots. No doubt, which length the blokes preferred! (1972). Again mostly influenced from the 1960s, but you cannot keep a good skirt down. If you know what I mean.
The mini skirt was every schoolboys dream. Here you had the ability to see the legs of the wearer right up to the, well nearly the top. It was always a joy to watch the girls wearing them trying to sit down gracefully without revealing those blue knickers. Of course, I am not talking from personal history you understand.
The Midi was the one that mostly came down to around the knee level. No problems here for the girls getting embarrassed in a strong wind or finding it difficult to sit down without revealing all! But for the lads watching it was like the curtain had come down half way. But the Midi was a practical skirt that helped protect the girls' legs from the rain and was easy and comfortable to wear.
The maxi was every guy's spoiler. Here we had something that called itself a dress or skirt, but actually was more like a pair of trousers as it covered absolutely everything. It was normally made of thicker material, and it never stopped moving. When a girl stopped walking the material was so heavy it continued to flow. It became quite a favourite for the older ladies who wanted to stay in the 1970s fashion, but maybe, just maybe did not have the legs to go with it.
Maxi skirts were not usually allowed at school probably because the skirts were too cumbersome. However, thinking about it now, for some reason school rules played in the boys favour and seemed to ban any clothes that fully covered the girls' legs. This seemed unfair, especially in winter!


text:
\section{Introduction}
Understanding nanoscale dynamics at soft-matter interfaces is of profound interest in life sciences as well as for technical applications. For example, nanoscale structure and dynamics are crucial for the performance of organic solar cells~\cite{vakhshouri_characterization_2013, deibel_organic_2010, camacho_polarization_2014} and inkjet printed electronics~\cite{belgardt_inkjet_2013}, while, for example, protein adsorption is of great interest in life sciences~\cite{schmitt_structural_2010}, and in particular plays an important role in the biocompatibility of implants~\cite{thevenot_surface_2008}. The application related research is accompanied by fundamental research on the influence of structural changes at soft-matter interfaces on material properties\cite{napolitano_glassy_2013, mcumber_electrostatic_2015}.
Nowadays several well established investigation methods with nanoscale and even atomic resolution exist, for instance, x-ray reflectometry~\cite{tolan_x-ray_1999} and atomic force microscopy~\cite{mcconney_probing_2010, spitzner_multi-set_2012}. However, their application to the investigation of dynamics in soft-matter is still delicate, as they usually demand for sophisticated sample preparation and may cause damage to the materials of interest. The fortune of optical investigation methods is their non-invasiveness. Thereby, single molecule methods are superior to ensemble methods in retrieving heterogeneous structures and dynamics on the micro- and nanoscale~\cite{kulzer_single_2010, woll_polymers_2009}. Fast diffusion processes and other dynamics related to fluorescence fluctuations in the range from nanoseconds to seconds can be monitored by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)~\cite{elson_fluorescence_1974, schwille_fluorescence_2002, woll_polymers_2009, tauber_influence_2013}. Conventional FCS is retrieved employing a confocal fluorescence microscope~\cite{elson_fluorescence_1974, schwille_fluorescence_2002}. Several more advanced microscope techniques have been developed during the recent years~\cite{sauer_handbook_2010, engelborghs_fluorescence_2014}, including two-photon excitation for FCS and also a combination of FCS with stimulated emission depletion (STED)~\cite{vicidomini_sharper_2011}. In contrast to many other super resolution techniques, STED does not require for statistical averaging, enabling also a high temporal resolution for investigation of fast dynamics~\cite{leung_review_2011}. For example, it has been successfully applied to discriminate between free and hindered diffusion of lipids in a living cell, which had not been possible by conventional confocal microscopy~\cite{eggeling_direct_2009}. However, drawbacks of STED are its need for alignment of the excitation and depletion beams, and a dependence of the spatial resolution on relatively high excitation powers~\cite{leung_review_2011}, which requires very photostable fluorophores and may damage the sample structure.

Conventional confocal microscopy provides a vertical resolution in the range of 0,5 to 1~$\rm\mu m$~\cite{resch-genger_state_2008, hein_stimulated_2008}, it may be further reduced by using more sophisticated methods~\cite{engelborghs_fluorescence_2014}. For example, 3D STED allows to achieve a vertical resolution of 150~nm~\cite{hein_stimulated_2008}. Here we demonstrate a reduction of the vertical resolution in conventional confocal microscopy down to 50-100~nm by employing optical interference at mirror interfaces. The approach does not require any alignment of two or even more laser beams, and it is particularly suited to retrieve information about the structure and dynamics at soft-matter interfaces. In principle, more advanced methods may also be employed together with mirror interfaces, however, the implications of the wavelength dependent interference patterns on such methods have to be taken into account. Rigneault and Lenne developed modifications of 3D correlation functions for FCS at mirror interfaces~\cite{lenne_subwavelength_2002, rigneault_fluorescence_2003, etienne_confined_2006}. Below we address the problem of diffusion in films which are considerably thinner than the focal depth of the excitation profile. Investigation of  thin films on this scale is of particular interest for understanding the structure and physical properties at soft-matter interfaces. We apply the developed correlation function to FCS studies of 100~nm thick liquid crystal (LC) films on silicon substrates with varied silicon oxide thicknesses $d$.

Liquid crystal (LC) materials have been of increasing interest within the recent decades, on the one hand due to their abundance in living organisms~\cite{cowin_liquid_2004, giraud-guille_liquid_2008}, and on the other hand due to an increasing field of technical applications, which does not only span liquid crystal displays and optoelectronic devices. For example, recently, LC materials have been investigated for enhancement of organic solar cell performance~\cite{suzuki_effect_2014}. The here employed 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) is in its smectic-A state at room temperature and allows us to compare the results with literature reports on investigations using different experimental methods~\cite{tauber_single_2013, coursault_self-organized_2015}. LC materials are very sensitive not only to interface structures, but also to interaction forces with the substrate, influencing their anchoring conditions~\cite{de_gennes_physics_2002, lin_note_2013}. For the here studied 8CB films, in particular, an influence of the $\rm SiO_2$ layer thickness $d$ on film structure and dynamics was found~\cite{schulz_influence_2011, tauber_guest_2013}. Here, we vary $d$ in five steps from native (4~nm) to 100~nm, which we expect to shed some light onto this influence.

To allow for a general overview of this study, we start with a short outline of the experiment, before going into details about the developed fluorescence correlation function in section~\ref{FCSfunction} and the calculation of the vertical fluorescence modulation in section~\ref{flumod}.
\vspace{1in}

\section{\label{Scope}Scope of the experiment}
\begin{figure}[ht]
 \begin{minipage}[b]{3.4in}
 \includegraphics[width=2.8in]{Bilder/8CB-dimer_noPDI.pdf}
  \includegraphics[width=1.5in]{Bilder/hydrodynamics_xy.pdf}
  \includegraphics[width=1.5in]{Bilder/hydrodynamics_z.pdf}
 \end{minipage}
 \hspace{0.2in}
 \includegraphics[width=1.1in]{Bilder/LC-orientation.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=1.1in]{Bilder/LC-orientation_dark.pdf}
\caption{\label{structures} a,b) Chemical Structures. c) Model (not to scale) of sample structure with 8CB film thickness $L$, $\rm SiO_2$ layer thickness $d$; with refractive indices changing from $n_{\parallel}$ at the substrate (region i) to $n_{\perp}$ at the interface with air (region iii) and an intermediate region (ii) with mean refractive index $n_{\rm m}$. Orientation of 8CB dimers highlighted as blue cigars. d) Scheme illustrating the use of the interference pattern in $I(z)$ for probing the samples, no fluorescence signal from PDI tracers (red balls) in dark regions. e,f) Diffusion coefficients according to hydrodynamics: e) $D_{xy}(z)$ and f)  $D_{z}(z)$, calculated from (\ref{Dpll_noslip}) and (\ref{Dperp_noslip}), respectively, for mean diffusion (solid), as well as diffusion along (dash) and perpendicular (dot) to the LC director. }
\end{figure}
In this work we study thin 8CB films of thickness $L=110\pm10$~nm on silicon substrates differing in oxide thickness $d$. For details on sample preparation and conduction of measurements we refer to appendix \ref{Experiment}. As stated above, the particular structure of the 8CB film is very sensitive to interface structure and forces~\cite{de_gennes_physics_2002, lin_note_2013, schulz_influence_2011, tauber_guest_2013}. In bulk 8CB the molecules will arrange paired into dimers with antiparallel dipole moments~\cite{xu_wetting_2000}, see FIG.~\ref{structures} a) and the LC director oriented parallel to the long axis of the 8CB dimers. We modeled the vertical structure within the 8CB films using three regions differing by the orientation of these 8CB dimers, as shown in FIG.~\ref{structures} c), with the 8CB dimers highlighted as blue cigars (not to scale). As 8CB is birefrigent, the refractive index depends on the particular orientation and is noted also in FIG.~\ref{structures} c), ranging from parallel to the LC director $n_{\parallel}$ close to the substrate, to perpendicular to the LC director $n_{\perp}$ at the interface with air, with an intermediate region for which we employ the mean reflective index $n_{\rm m}$. Further details on the film structure are discussed in section~\ref{flumod} on the vertical fluorescence modulation.

For investigating structure and dynamics in these thin 8CB films, we used highly diluted perylenediimide (PDI) molecules as fluorescence tracers, for the chemical structure see FIG.~\ref{structures}b). The PDI tracers are depicted as red balls in FIG.~\ref{structures}d), which illustrates the fluorescence detection depending on the vertical fluorescence intensity modulation $I(z)$. The dark regions correspond to low values of a typical $I(z)$ caused by negative interference. Fluorescence from diffusing PDI tracers can only be detected in the bright regions, which depend on $d$ and differ for the two employed excitation wavelengths $\lambda_{ex}=488$~nm and $\lambda_{ex}=515$~nm. Numerical data for each calculated $I(z)$ were employed with the below described fluorescence intensity autocorrelation function (ACF) to derive vertical $D_z$ and lateral $D_{xy}$ diffusion coefficients. Thereby, the vertical dependence of the diffusion coefficients was modeled by a potential of strength $V_0$ rapidly decaying with distance $z$ from the substrate, as will be discussed in more detail in the next section~\ref{FCSfunction} and in appendix~\ref{DerivCorr} giving details on the derivation of the ACF.

Since the detection of diffusing tracer molecules is restricted to the areas with sufficiently high $I(z)$ (bright areas in FIG.~\ref{structures}d), the experimental FCS data report only on the corresponding vertical regions of the film. By incorporating $I(z)$ into the particular ACF for fitting the data, we take this into account. Consequently, the obtained potential and diffusion coefficients are related to the particular vertical region in the films spanned by the combination of all $z$ for which $I(z)\gtrsim 0.4$. As this not necessarily covers the whole film thickness $L$, we employ a hydrodynamic model with no-slip boundary conditions for calculating height dependent diffusion coefficients and comparing them with our results. Details about this hydrodynamic model are given in appendix~\ref{hydro}. The calculated vertical dependence of the diffusion coefficients is plotted in FIG.~\ref{structures}e) and f) for $D_{xy}$ and $D_z$, respectively. Thereby, the diffusion anisotropy of 8CB is taken into account by plotting diffusion coefficients along (dash) and perpendicular (dot) to the LC director, as well as mean diffusion coefficients (solid).

Before discussing the results from our investigation, we will explain the employed ACF and its derivation in the following section~\ref{FCSfunction} as well as the calculation of $I(z)$ in section~\ref{flumod}.

\section{\label{FCSfunction}Fluorescence intensity correlation function}
In general, for FCS, a temporal (auto-)correlation of the fluorescence intensity ($\mathcal{F}$) or the related (auto-)correlation of the fluorescence intensity fluctuations ($\delta \mathcal{F}=\mathcal{F}-<\mathcal{F}>$) recorded from a confocal volume in the sample is required~\cite{elson_fluorescence_1974, schwille_fluorescence_2002}. As long as no other fluorescence modulation mechanisms in the time region of interest are involved, the diffusion coefficients of the fluorescing probes diluted in the sample may be derived from the ACF.

The ACF for translational diffusion in FCS experiments is based on the analysis of the expression~\cite{schwille_fluorescence_2002}
\begin{equation}
<g(t,t^{\prime })>\equiv<\delta \mathcal{F}(t)\delta \mathcal{F}(t^{\prime })>=\int \int \limits_{G}d^{3}r\ d^{3}r^{\prime }\ I(\mathbf{r}%
)\left\langle \varrho (\mathbf{r},t)\varrho (\mathbf{r}^{\prime },t^{\prime
})\right\rangle I(\mathbf{r}^{\prime })\, .
\label{start}
\end{equation}%
Here, $I(\mathbf{r})$ is the normalized spatial distribution of the detectable light intensity fluctuations ($\delta \mathcal{F}=I(\mathbf{r})\varrho (\mathbf{r},t)$), the function $\left\langle
\varrho (\mathbf{r},t)\varrho (\mathbf{r}^{\prime },t)\right\rangle $ is the
density-density correlation function of the active particles in the detection volume $G$, and the average is taken over the full time of observation. For derivation of the ACF, on the one hand, the particular $I(\mathbf{r})$ in the sample has to be known, and on the other hand, knowledge about the expected diffusion process is needed. Typically, FCS is used in bulk biological samples, where the spatial behavior of $I(\mathbf{r})$ can be approximated by a 3D Gaussian~\cite{schwille_fluorescence_2002}, and the density of the active particles is expected to be homogeneous. Then the normalized ACF depends on the ratio of the lateral Gaussian waist $w_{xy}$ to the vertical one $w_z$ and has the form~\cite{schwille_fluorescence_2002}
\begin{equation}
g_{3D}(\tau) = \frac{1}{(1+\tau/\tau_D)\sqrt{1+(w_{xy}/w_z
)^2(\tau/\tau_D)}}\, .
\label{3Dcorr}
\end{equation}
where the correlation time $\tau$ is scaled with the correlation time for translational diffusion $\tau_D$. If FCS is applied to films considerably thinner than the focal depth $w_z$, the vertical diffusion of the fluorescent probes does not contribute to the ACF. In this case one uses a 2D Gaussian approximation for the lateral shape of the fluorescence intensity distribution $I(\mathbf{r})$~\cite{elson_fluorescence_1974, cooper_imaging_2014}, which eventually leads to the 2D ACF
\begin{equation}
g_{2D}(\tau) = \frac{1}{1+\tau/\tau_D}\, .
\label{2Dcorr}
\end{equation}
In both cases, the ACF~(\ref{3Dcorr}), (\ref{2Dcorr}) will yield diffusion coefficients averaged over the focal region within the sample during the observation time.

By use of a mirror interface, the sampling region can be further reduced due to the interference pattern, which for visual light typically yields interference fringes on a scale of $50-100$~nm~\cite{rigneault_fluorescence_2003, etienne_confined_2006, lenne_subwavelength_2002}. Assuming a cosine fringe pattern within the focal depth, a simple extension of the 3D ACF~(\ref{3Dcorr}) may be used to obtain the correlation function in the form~\cite{lenne_subwavelength_2002}
\begin{equation}
g_f(\tau) = g_{3D}(\tau)\left[1+A\,{\rm exp}\left(- \frac{\tau}{\tau_f}\right)\right]\, ,\quad\mbox{with}\quad
\tau_f=\frac{\lambda_{ex}^2}{16\pi^2n^2D}\,,
\label{fringe}
\end{equation}
where $A$ is a constant, $\lambda_{ex}$ is the excitation wavelength, $n$ is the refractive index of the solvent, and $D$ is the translational diffusion coefficient. Rigneault and Lenne successfully applied eq.~(\ref{fringe}) to analyze diffusion of Cy5 in an 80~$\rm\mu m$ thick water layer on a dielectric mirror interface~\cite{rigneault_fluorescence_2003}. They further extended this approach for diffusion in small tubes~\cite{etienne_confined_2006}.

Eq.~(\ref{fringe}) can be used as long as homogeneous diffusion within the sample volume is assumed. Structural changes within the sample, in particular close to the interface, as well as interactions of the fluorescent probe with the substrate cause heterogeneities~\cite{tauber_influence_2013, tauber_characterization_2011}. If those heterogeneities cannot be neglected, a more precise calculation of the vertical excitation and fluorescence detection is required, together with an advanced model of the diffusion of the fluorescent probes. On the other hand, this very interplay between sample structure, resulting vertical fluorescence modulation and diffusion coefficients can be utilized to retrieve structure related diffusion coefficients, and thus to increase the amount of information  obtained from vertical regions in the sample on a scale of 50 to 100~nm.

Here we propose an ACF approach developed for the diffusion of fluorescent probes in thin films on mirror interfaces, when the film thicknesses $L$ is considerably smaller than the focal depth $w_z$. Contrary to the previously discussed cases, the vertical  fluorescence intensity distribution $I(z)$ (the zero of $z$-axis, is placed at the interface of the substrate with the LC film, the positive direction is chosen into the thickness $L$ of the LC film) is no longer Gaussian, but is modified by the optical interference (see section~\ref{flumod}), causing a vertical modulation of the Gaussians in the $x,y$-plane, $I(\mathbf{r})=I_0 I(z)\exp\left\{-\frac{x^2+y^2}{2w_{xy}^2}\right\} $ (the zero point $x=0$, $y=0$ is placed at the geometrical center of the laser beam).

The diffusion takes place in an anisotropic LC which generates a diffusion anisotropy, where diffusion parallel to the LC director ($D_{\parallel}$) is $\approx 1.5$ times faster than diffusion perpendicular to it ($D_\perp$)~\cite{tauber_single_2013}. The geometry of the experimental focal volume (see appendix \ref{Experiment}) with $2w_{xy}\approx 0.5$~$\mu{\rm m}>L\approx 0.1$~$\mu{\rm m}$ yields vertical correlation times at least 20 times shorter than lateral ones. This allows to distinguish the diffusion processes taking place in vertical and lateral directions. Due to the diffusion anisotropy of the material it is feasible to employ this experimental possibility and to discern both corresponding diffusion coefficients, the vertical $D_z$ and the lateral diffusion coefficient $D_{xy}$. The LC director orientation at the boundaries is known from literature~\cite{designolle_afm_2006}, and one expects that $D_z(z)=D_{\parallel}$ and $D_{xy}(z)=D_{\perp}$ as  $z\to L$, while this does not hold for $z\to 0$. The interaction of the LC with the substrate leads to a $z$-dependence of both $D_z(z)$ and $D_{xy}(z)$, which is modeled by a $z$-dependent drift term in the diffusion equation, generated by a potential $V(z)$ which rapidly decays with the distance from the substrate (as $z$ increases), for details about the mathematical model see appendix~\ref{DerivCorr}.

It is clear that the choice of the potential $V(z)$ significantly depends on the geometry of the system. According to Blake, diffusion of a liquid close to a wall with hydrodynamic no-slip boundary condition can be represented by a potential with a square decay with the distance to the wall~\cite{blake_note_1971}. For the here studied thin LC films, a hydrodynamic no-slip boundary condition at the substrate is feasible~\cite{schulz_optical_2010}. Additionally, the LC properties together with the confined geometry give rise to so called pseudo casimir forces~\cite{ajdari_pseudo-casimir_1992}, which can also be represented by a $1/z^2$ decaying potential. Besides the influence of the confinement on the self-diffusion of the LC molecules, the tracer molecules themselves will interact with the substrate.  For the here used neutral perilenediimide tracer molecules, hydrogen bonding with substrate surface silanols is the most likely tracer-substrate interaction~\cite{tauber_characterization_2011}. According to Israelachvili, the potential of hydrogen bonds between two molecules decays with the square of the distance and contains also a dependence on the bond angle~\cite{israelachvili_intermolecular_2011}. In our system the interface has an unknown irregular distribution of silanols and thus unknown bond angles, in addition, the interaction potential might be screened by the LC medium, leading to an even faster decay. Long range van der Waals forces acting between the tracer molecules and the substrate decay with the cube of the distance~\cite{parsegian_van_2006}.

As the result of this discussion we model the potential as
\begin{equation}
V(z)=V_0/z^2\,
\label{potential}
\end{equation}
with some potential strength $V_0$. Rapid decrease of the potential allows to employ perturbation theory for solving the diffusion equation, for details see appendix~\ref{DerivCorr}. Thereby, the diffusion coefficients are approximated as being homogeneous within the area of observation, while their $z$-dependence is taken into account by the potential. The other simplifying assumptions are that the diffusing isotropic perylenediimide tracers are highly diluted and that one can use the reflecting boundary conditions at both interfaces. These assumptions are supported by previous single molecule tracking experiments, which in particular showed only a small amount of adsorption events ($<17$\%)~\cite{schulz_optical_2010}.

Besides the above explained impacts from the confinement on tracer diffusion at solid-liquid interfaces, an influence from the particular LC structure is also expected. In LC materials, the interfacial interactions cause distortions of the bulk LC structure which itself is induced by the intermolecular interactions. The particular anchoring conditions at the substrate depend on the substrate chemistry and roughness~\cite{mullin_properties_1989, pizzirusso_predicting_2012, roscioni_predicting_2013}, while the anchoring strength also depends on the long range interactions~\cite{schulz_influence_2011,  sarlah_van_2001, ajdari_pseudo-casimir_1992}. For thin nematic LC films with antagonistic anchoring, i.e.~perpendicular (homeotropic) anchoring at the air-interface and planar anchoring at the substrate, Lin et al.~showed that strong anchoring stabilizes the film structure~\cite{lin_note_2013}, while weak anchoring leads to instabilities of the film thickness and the appearance of LC director distortions~\cite{effenterre_coupling_2003, lin_note_2013}. For the here studied thin smectic-A LC films with antagonistic anchoring conditions, the extent of reorientation at the substrates is still not fully understood and thus is not included into the modeled potential~(\ref{potential}). The expected influence from the LC reorientation will be discussed along the presentation of our results.

\section{Vertical fluorescence modulation \label{flumod}}
To apply the above derived correlation function to the investigation of thin films at reflecting substrates, the particular vertical fluorescence intensity modulation has to be calculated. Naturally, it is related to the refractive indices of the involved media. Since the here employed 8CB is birefringent, its arrangement within the thin film has to be modeled, as we briefly stated in section~\ref{Scope} and depicted in FIG.~\ref{structures} c). We now will discuss details of the film structure and the employed model before explaining the calculation of the vertical fluorescence modulation.

In the smectic~A phase the 8CB dimers form layers spaced by about 3.2~nm aligning perpendicular to the layers~\cite{xu_wetting_2000}. At silica substrates 8CB molecules are known to align tilted planar, with a tilt angle of $\approx23^\circ$~to the interface plane~\cite{mullin_properties_1989}, while they will align perpendicular (homeotropic anchoring) at the interface with air~\cite{designolle_afm_2006}. For smectic liquid crystals free energy considerations are strongly unfavorable in respect to bending of the smectic layers~\cite{de_gennes_physics_2002, lacaze_bistable_2004}. Thus, the arrangement of 8CB in thin films with such antagonistic anchoring conditions is not straightforward~\cite{designolle_afm_2006}. Just recently, investigations of thin 8CB films on rubbed PVA were reported~\cite{coursault_self-organized_2015}. On rubbed PVA, 8CB aligns unidirectional planar, in contrast to the randomly oriented planar anchoring at amorphous silica. But also there the mismatch of anchoring conditions on the substrate and on the air-interface, causes deformations of the smectic LC film. The authors suggest a transition zone to form close to the substrate that ranges between 27 and 49~nm into the film, while it may contain a number of dislocations or a melted nematic area~\cite{coursault_self-organized_2015}. On silicon with native oxide, for very thin 8CB films a trilayer conformation is reported~\cite{xu_wetting_2000}. For thicker films, the formation of a nematic layer at the interface with the substrate is suggested~\cite{lacaze_bistable_2004, schulz_influence_2011}.
Recently Roscioni et al.\ performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the 8CB homolog 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) at crystal as well as amorphous silica interfaces~\cite{roscioni_predicting_2013}. For nematic 5CB on the amorphous silica reorientation from random planar to perpendicular orientation occurred within 5 to 15 nm from the substrate in 20 to 25~nm thick films~\cite{roscioni_predicting_2013}. For our considerably thicker smectic LC films with $L=110$~nm, we expect the reorientation to extend further into the film.
Preliminary studies of 220~nm thick 8CB films on silicon with native or 100~nm thick oxide showed an influence of the oxide thickness on the film structure, suggesting stronger anchoring for 8CB on native oxide~\cite{schulz_influence_2011, tauber_guest_2013} and thus a varying extent of the reorientations depending on the oxide thickness $d$.
For methodical reasons, we choose to use three different extensions of the interfacial order spaced by 10~nm, namely 15, 25 and 35 nm from the substrate into the film to calculate possible fluorescence intensities $I(z)$ and compare the related fit results.
To approximate the random planar arrangement at the substrate and the following reorientation, we split the modeled interfacial region into two parts: (i) close to the substrate a 3-5~nm thick region with molecules aligned planar and refractive index $n_\parallel$, (ii) followed by a region of rearrangement for which we use the mean refractive index $n_{\rm m}$. The remaining top region (iii) of the film consists of smectic layers parallel to the substrate with refractive index $n_\perp$, see FIG~\ref{structures}~c). In the following we refer to the combination of regions (i) and (ii) as disordered region with height $\zeta$, motivated by the circumstance that at $22^\circ$~C bulk 8CB is expected to be in its smectic~A phase, in contrast to this interfacial rearrangement.

To obtain $I(z)$ we used {\it Essential Macleod}\,\texttrademark \, (V.9.7 Thin Film Center, Tucson Arizona) to calculate
the intensity profiles $I_j(\varphi ,\xi)$ within our thin films for relevant wavelengths $j$, whereby $\xi$ is the vertical
position in respect to the reflecting silicon interface and $\varphi$ is the incident and reflected angle at the film surface.
{\it Essential Macleod}\,\texttrademark\, allows to use uniaxially birefringent media within the calculation of reflections in thin films.
The fluorescent probe PDI does not align with the LC, but is isotropically distributed~\cite{schulz_optical_2010}.
 Within 8CB its fluorescence spectrum contains a peak at $\lambda_{peak}=620$~nm and a $60\%$ intense shoulder peak
at $\lambda_{shoulder}=647$~nm~\cite{schulz_optical_2010}.
We model the intensity in emission $I_{em}(\varphi ,\xi)$ as a linear combination of the intensity
profiles $I_{\rm peak}(\varphi ,\xi)$, $I_{\rm shoulder}(\varphi ,\xi)$ for $\lambda_{peak}$, $\lambda_{shoulder}$, respectively,
and use it together with the intensity profiles in excitation $I_{ex}(\varphi ,\xi)$ to obtain angular fluorescence profiles
$I(\varphi ,\xi)$ for the two excitation wavelengths, 465~nm and 514~nm according to
\begin{equation}
I(\varphi ,\xi) = I_{ex}(\varphi ,\xi) \left[I_{\rm peak}(\varphi ,\xi)+0.6\,I_{\rm shoulder}(\varphi , \xi)\right]\, .
\label{fluoprofile}
\end{equation}
The numerical aperture of 0.9 corresponds to a maximum angle of $64^\circ$. Thus, $I(z)$ was obtained by setting $z=\xi-d$,
where $d$ is the oxide layer thickness of the substrate and averaging the intensity $I(\varphi ,\xi)$ over the area
illuminated by the objective using the approximation
\begin{equation}
I(z) = \frac{1}{{\sin^2(64.5^\circ)}}\left(\sin^2(0.5^\circ)I(0^\circ,z)+ \sum_{\varphi=1}^{64}\left[\sin^2(\varphi+0.5^\circ)-\sin^2(\varphi-0.5^\circ)\right]I(\varphi,z)\right)
\, .
\label{filmarea}
\end{equation}
The above expression is a discrete integral (discretization step $\varphi=1^\circ$)
of $I(\varphi,z)$ over the surface of the LC air interface in polar coordinates. The fluorescence intensity from a tracer molecule reaching the LC air interface will be decreased by an increasing path length of incident and emitted light in the LC medium upon increasing the angle $\varphi$~\cite{lakowicz_principles_2010}. We approximated this drop of $I(\varphi,z)$ to be proportional to $\cos^2\varphi$.
Essential Macleod\texttrademark\, provides $I(\varphi ,\xi)$ for $s$, $p$ and a mean polarization. Here
we used the mean polarization, because our excitation was circularly polarized, and the isotropic dye
molecules could freely rotate~\cite{schulz_optical_2010}. The obtained vertical fluorescence intensity modulations $I(z)$
do only contain averages over illumination and detection angels. The lateral gaussian intensity distribution was already
taken into account for the derivation of the correlation function (\ref{zerog},~\ref{firstg}) and thus is not included here.

In close proximity to silicon ($\xi<20$~nm), $I(z)$ is not only determined by interference, but also by non-radiative fluorescence quenching~\cite{hayashi_quenching_1983}. Several mechanisms for this quenching have been discussed in literature. According to Danos et al., an exponential distance dependence of the ratio of non-radiative to radiative de-excitation will fit most experimental data well~\cite{danos_efficient_2008}. For $d\leq25$~nm we further applied this approximation to $I(z)$ from eq.(\ref{filmarea}) to obtain the final $I(z)$.

\section{Results and Discussion}
As outlined above, diffusion dynamics in liquids close to interfaces with solids deviate from the bulk behavior. Moreover, for the here studied 8CB films, the diffusion dynamics are related to the - yet not fully understood - local LC structure, and we expect to see an influence from the local structure in our results. In this study we compare FCS experiments from 10 different experimental conditions, where the optical interference leads to detection of the FCS signal from  specific vertical regions in the films, which are varied by changing between two excitation wavelengths $\lambda_{ex}$ and five oxide layer thicknesses~$d$. This section is therefore structured as follows: In part~\ref{calculated_I} we demonstrate the influence from the reflecting substrates on the FCS experiment by comparing the obtained curves from such experiments to those on nonreflecting glass substrates, and we give a comparative overview of the calculated vertical fluorescence intensity modulations $I(z)$. For a detailed discussion of the  experimental FCS curves for the various combinations of $\lambda_{ex}$ and $d$ as well as the fit results from application of the derived correlation function~(\ref{zerog},~\ref{firstg}) we refer to appendix~\ref{FitsExp}. In two further parts we summarize and discuss the obtained results for the LC structure in the thin 8CB films (part~\ref{LC_disorder}), and for the diffusion dynamics (part~\ref{diff_dyn}).

\subsection{Experimental FCS curves and calculated vertical fluorescence modulations\label{calculated_I}}
\begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=2.49in]{Bilder/LC-orientation_quer.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=2.29in]{Bilder/FCS_comparison_141014.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=2.6in]{Bilder/noPDI_Interferenzen_465exL110.pdf}
 \includegraphics[width=2.6in]{Bilder/noPDI_Interferenzen_514exL110.pdf}
\caption{\label{interference}a) Scaled model (see FIG.~\ref{structures}) visualizing the vertical LC film structure used in c,d). b) FCS curves obtained with $\lambda_{ex}=465$~nm for PDI in 110~nm thick 8CB films on glass (o) and on silicon wafers with native ($\blacksquare$) and with 100~nm thick thermal oxide ($\blacktriangle$). c,d) Calculated fluorescence intensities $I(z)$ in 8CB films as a function of distance $z$ to the substrate, using Essential Macleod\texttrademark\, for native (blue, solid), 10~nm (purple, dash), 25~nm (pink, dot), 70~nm (yellow, dash-dot), and 100~nm (red, dot-dash-dot) oxide with c) $\lambda_{ex}=465$~nm and d) $\lambda_{ex}=515$~nm.}
\end{figure}
A comparison of FCS curves obtained from 8CB films on silicon wafers to such on glass slides shows a faster component (shorter correlation time) for the FCS curves on the silicon wafers, in particular for the native oxide ($\blacksquare$), see FIG.~\ref{interference} b). Diffusion coefficients of perylenediimides in 8CB have been reported to be in the range of  2 to 5~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ from single molecule tracking experiments and fluorescence recovery experiments at room temperature~\cite{tauber_single_2013}. Neglecting the influence from the interference pattern, a conventional two-component fit of FCS curves obtained on silicon wafers yields a one to two orders of magnitude larger fast component~\cite{tauber_single_2013}. Taking the interference pattern into account, the application of (\ref{zerog},~\ref{firstg}) yields diffusion coefficients similar to those reported from other experiments, as will be detailed below. For FCS curves on glass substrates, the small reflections on the interfaces can be neglected. However, as can be seen in FIG.~\ref{interference} b), the amplitudes of the FCS curves on glass (o) are very low. Conventional FCS is applicable to detect fast diffusion down to the range of 1~$\rm\mu m^2/s$~\cite{woll_polymers_2009, tauber_influence_2013}. Very stable experimental conditions are needed to monitor slowly diffusing molecules passing through the focal volume. At the required long timescales, background fluctuations compete with the signal form the diffusing dye molecule. Consequently, the FCS curve from the 8CB film on glass is on the edge of detectability.

The situation is different for the films on silicon wafers. There, the vertical fluorescence modulation leads to fluorescence fluctuations on shorter timescales. However, the FCS curves for the films on 100~nm oxide ($\blacktriangle$) and on native oxide ($\blacksquare$) differ significantly. As can be seen from FIG.~\ref{interference} c,d) the interference patterns highlight different regions in the 8CB films on these substrates. For better comparison, in FIG.~\ref{interference} only $I(z)$ calculated for the most reasonable extensions $\zeta$ of the disordered regions are shown, for more details see appendix~\ref{FitsExp}. The films on native (blue, solid line) and on 10~nm thick oxide (purple, dash) were modeled with 3~nm, 12~nm, and $95\pm10$~nm for regions (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively, while the film on 25~nm oxide (pink, dot) contained slightly more disorder having extensions of 3~nm, 22~nm, and $85\pm10$~nm for regions (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively. For the films on 70~nm (yellow, dash-dot) and 100~nm (red, dot-dash-dot) oxide, extensions of 5~nm, 30~nm, and $75\pm10$~nm, respectively, were used. For a detailed discussion of experimental and fit results from the varied combinations of $d$ and $\lambda_{ex}$ we refer to appendix~\ref{FitsExp}. In the following part we now will discuss the implications of varying $d$ on the LC structure at the solid-liquid interface as found from these results.

\subsection{Extension of LC reorientation at the solid-liquid interface\label{LC_disorder}}
In agreement with previous results~\cite{schulz_influence_2011, tauber_guest_2013} we found a structural difference for the films on thin and on thick oxide. Our results point to a varying thickness $\zeta$ of the interfacial region at the substrate within which the LC molecules reorient from random planar~\cite{mullin_properties_1989} to smectic layering with the LC director normal to the substrate~\cite{designolle_afm_2006}. For thin oxide ($d\leq 10$)~nm, we find $\zeta\approx 15$~nm, while for $d=70$~nm $\zeta\approx 35$~nm.

The similar surface geometry and roughness for thick and thin oxide~\cite{tauber_influence_2013} induce a similar anchoring geometry of the 8CB at the different substrates. But a reduced mobility at the solid-liquid interface and a higher anchoring strength are expected for small $d$ due to the stronger influence from the underlying silicon in that case. Long range forces inducing fluctuations of the electromagnetic field (as van der Waals forces) are stronger for the more polar silicon substrate than for the less polar silicon oxide~\cite{parsegian_van_2006, israelachvili_intermolecular_2011, loskill_is_2012}. Theoretical considerations~\cite{bocquet_flow_2007} as well as experiments on protein adsorption~\cite{loskill_is_2012} and dynamics in ultrathin liquid films~\cite{tauber_influence_2013} show a decrease in mobility at the solid-liquid interface for an increase of long range van der Waals interactions. In LC materials, due to their optical anisotropy, the LC structure is related to an anisotropy of the van der Waals interactions~\cite{sarlah_van_2001}. Additionally, the so called "Pseudo Casimir" effect, i.~e.~thermal fluctuations of the LC director field, has to be taken into account~\cite{ajdari_pseudo-casimir_1992}. All these interactions will contribute to the anchoring strength of the LC material at the substrate. Because of the LC reorientation in the film induced by the antagonistic boundary conditions, a theoretical calculation of the anchoring strength is not straightforward for the here studied smectic-A 8CB films on silicon substrates. So far, theoretical calculations of the van der Waals interaction and the Pseudo Casimir effect, have only been reported for simple geometries with no reorientation at the walls~\cite{ajdari_pseudo-casimir_1992, sarlah_van_2001}. For nematic LC materials, strong anchoring will stabilize the film, while weak anchoring may lead to the appearance of structural changes and instabilities~\cite{lin_note_2013, effenterre_coupling_2003, guo_influence_2009, de_gennes_physics_2002}. For smectic LC films with antagonistic boundary conditions, melting of the smectic layers close to the substrate into the nematic phase is suggested~\cite{lacaze_bistable_2004, schulz_influence_2011}. Our findings suggest that for thin $d$ such melting exists within a thin region $\zeta\approx 15$~nm, while the remaining part of the film consists of smectic~A layers.
In contrast, for thick $d$ we found a large extension $\zeta\approx 35$~nm, of the interfacial disorder in the smectic~A 8CB, which matches expectations of an increased instability and structural change due to weaker anchoring found for nematics. For 200 nm thick 8CB films with $d=100$~nm, temperature cycling into the nematic phase was reported to lead to the appearance of structural reorientations, so called focal conic domains (FCD), while for films on native oxide no FCD were found~\cite{schulz_influence_2011}. Although FCD were not found on spin cast films without annealing, their appearance points to a different organization of the 8CB films on thick and thin oxide. Our findings suggest the existence of structural disorder close to the substrate already for as prepared spin cast films on thick oxide.

\subsection{Potentials and diffusion coefficients\label{diff_dyn}}
Having discussed the LC structure within the 8CB films, we now turn to the diffusion dynamics within these films. An overview of diffusion coefficients $D_{xy}, D_{z}$ and potentials $V_{0}$ derived for the particular $\zeta$, is given in TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion} together with the calculated vertical area of observation for each experimental configuration. As stated above, the potentials $V(z)$ are modeled to account for vertical modulation of the diffusion coefficients in the area of observation, which not necessarily covers the total film thickness $L$. FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} illustrates $D_{xy}(z)$ (red) and $D_{z}(z)$ (blue) using the results summarized in TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}, however, for better visibility we did not plot the determined errors. Along with the vertical dependence of the diffusion coefficients, also the contributing vertical film regions are illustrated by depicting approximations of $I(z)$ as dark and bright regions. We will now summarize and discuss the findings concerning $D_{xy}(z)$ and $D_{z}(z)$ from fitting the experimental data. For a more detailed discussion of the data and fits we refer to appendix~\ref{FitsExp}.

\begin{table
\caption{\label{TableDiffusion}Diffusion coefficients $D_{xy}, D_{z}$ and potentials $V_{0}$ derived from fits to experimental FCS curves from $110$~nm thick 8CB films on substrates with different oxide thickness $d$, with modeled height $\zeta$ of disordered 8CB at the solid-liquid interface, and indication of vertical region $z$ for which $I(z)\gtrsim0.5$ and which thus contributes to the derived diffusion coefficients from fitting. Errors denote standard deviations from multiple experimental data.}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
$d$ $[\rm nm]$ & $\lambda_{ex}$ [nm] & $D_{xy}$ $[\rm\mu m^2/s]$ & $D_{z}$ $[\rm\mu m^2/s]$ & $V_{0}$ $[\rm meV]$ & $\zeta$ $[\rm nm]$&region $z$ [nm]\\
\hline
4 & 465 & $1.8\pm0.3$ & $5.2\pm2.6$ & $-0.006\pm0.0004$ & 15&$5<z<50$, $z>100$\\
4 & 515 & $3.6\pm0.9$ & $7.5\pm2.9$ & $-0.006\pm0.001$ & 15&$5<z<50$, $z>105$\\
10 & $465^*$ & $2.4\pm0.6$ & $1.8\pm0.9$ & $-0.007\pm0.003$& 15& $z<35$, $z>90$\\
10 & 515 & $2.4\pm0.3$ & $2.3\pm0.5$ & $-0.006\pm0.001$ & 15& $z<45$, $z>90$\\
25 & 465 & $2.1\pm0.5$ & $6.6\pm3.2$ & 0 & 25&$z>70$\\
25 & 515 & $1.6\pm0.3$ & $2.6\pm0.9$ & 0 & 25&$z>70$\\
70 & 465 & $0.04\pm0.02$ & $0.3\pm0.1$ & $-0.007\pm0.0005$ & 35&$z<70$\\
70 & 515 & $0.2\pm0.1$ & $1.2\pm0.7$ & $-0.004\pm0.001$ & 35&$z<80$\\
100 & 465 & $0.03\pm0.03$ &  $0.2\pm0.2$ & $-0.01\pm0.001$ & 35&$0\leq z\leq L$\\
100 & 514 & $0.11\pm0.06$ & $0.3\pm0.2$ & $-0.006\pm0.001$ & 35&$z<40$\\
 \end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
{\footnotesize{* values obtained for film thickness $L=120$~nm}}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htb]
 \includegraphics[width=4
in]{Bilder/DiffusionResults.pdf}
\caption{\label{DiffRes}Illustration of obtained diffusion coefficients $D_{xy}(z)$ (red) and $D_{z}(z)$ (blue) in $\rm\mu m^2/s$ from each experiment for (left) $\lambda_{ex}=465$~nm and (right) $\lambda_{ex}=515$~nm, and $d$ decreasing from top to bottom. For errors in $D(z)$ see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}. Note the change in scale for thin and thick oxides. Approximations of $I(z)$ are depicted within each 8CB film in greyscale as illustrated in FIG.~\ref{structures}d).}
\end{figure}

For $d=25$~nm, the fluorescence signal is detected from $z>70$~nm, see the depiction in FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} middle row. Within this region, the 8CB is organized in smectic-A layers and a vertical modulation of diffusion coefficients should be negligible, in agreement with $V_0=0$ obtained from fitting. The derived diffusion coefficients (see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}) are within errors similar to the anisotropic diffusion coefficients $D_{\perp}=2.4\pm0.1$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ and $D_{\parallel}=3.8\pm0.6$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ reported for PDI in 200~nm thick 8CB films from single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments at room temperature~\cite{schulz_influence_2011, tauber_single_2013}. From SMT of a perylenediimide in a 0.5~$\rm\mu m$ thick 8CB cell, anisotropic diffusion coefficients were reported as $D_\perp=2.8\pm0.5$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ and $D_\parallel=4.4\pm0.5$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$~\cite{pumpa_slow_2012}. In the thicker cell with parallel alignment at the walls, interfacial effects contribute less to the diffusion coefficients, explaining slightly larger values than those obtained from our FCS experiment. Both SMT experiments were conducted without temperature control, and a slightly larger $D$ may also be explained by the high temperature sensitivity of 8CB .

Diffusion coefficients obtained from the films on native oxide are of similar range as those for 25~nm oxide, see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}. On native oxide $I(z)$ contains a high amplitude in a narrow upper part of the film (for $z\gtrsim100$~nm) and in the lower part $5<z<50$~nm (depiction in FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} top row), whereby the fluorescence signal from the close proximity to the interface is weak, see FIG.~\ref{4nm}~a) in the appendix~\ref{FitsExp}. As discussed above, $\zeta\approx15$~nm for films on native oxide. Thus, contributions from reorientation are small and most of the signal is recorded from smectic-A layered regions. Therefore, we again can assign the obtained diffusion coefficients to the anisotropic diffusion in 8CB as $D_{xy}=D_{\perp}$ and $D_{z}=D_{\parallel}$. A small attractive potential $V_0=-0.006$~meV is obtained from fitting, taking into account the decrease of the mobility induced by the solid-liquid interface.

For the remaining three substrates $I(0)\geq0,5$, see FIG.~\ref{interference}, and there is a considerable contribution from the area of reorienting 8CB to the detected fluorescence. As a consequence, $D_{xy}$ and $D_{z}$ can no longer be assigned to diffusion perpendicular and parallel to the LC director. As explained above, within these three substrates we found the extension $\zeta$ of the reorientation region to be smallest for $d=10$~nm. For films on this kind of substrate, the fluorescence signal contains contributions from the lower film region ($z\lesssim40$~nm) and a small upper film region ($z>90$~nm), see FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} second row. The obtained small potential is similar to that for films on native oxide, and the obtained $D_{xy}\approx2.4$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ is similar to that for $d=25$~nm, while $D_{z}$ is of similar range and thus smaller than for $d=25$~nm. This may be explained by different effects of the interfacial LC reorientation on diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the substrate. Any deviation from the smectic~A layering with its LC director in $z$-direction will lead to a decrease of $D_{z}$ additional to the hydrodynamic effect represented by the interface potential $V_0$.  On the other hand, if there are extended areas of similar orientation with LC director deviating considerably from the substrate normal, $D_{xy}$ may even be enhanced. Since $D_{xy}$ is similar to that for $d=25$~nm, we expect such areas to be small, in agreement with our modeling.

The situation is different for $d\geq70$~nm, see FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} two bottom rows. As can be seen in TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}, films on those substrates yielded considerably smaller diffusion coefficients. Thereby, the largest values $D_{xy}\approx0.2$~$\rm\mu m^2/s $ and $D_{z}\approx1.2$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ were obtained for $d=70$~nm and $\lambda_{ex}=514$~nm (FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} second row from bottom, right). In that case, $I(0)\approx0.85$ is only slightly larger than $I(0)\approx0.7$ for $d=10$~nm, compare FIG.~\ref{10nm} a) and~\ref{70nm} a) in appendix~\ref{FitsExp}. In both cases, $I(z)$ shows large amplitude in the lower film region, containing the reorientation of 8CB. For $d=70$~nm the fluorescence is also detected from the middle of the film, decreasing towards upper film regions, while for $d=10$~nm, the amplitude of $I(z)$ is high again in the upper film region but low in the middle of the film. The attractive potential $V_0=-0.004\pm0.001$~meV is only two thirds of the potential obtained for $d=10$~nm. This agrees with the smaller area of observation, which covers two thirds of the film thickness only. As can be seen in FIG.~\ref{structures} e,f), hydrodynamic considerations according to (\ref{Dpll_noslip},~\ref{Dperp_noslip}) still yield a decrease of diffusion coefficients at $z=80$~nm, which is most pronounced for $D_{\parallel}$ in $z$-direction. This effect can be taken into account for the smaller $D_{z}=1.2\pm0.7$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ obtained for $d=70$~nm and $\lambda_{ex}=514$~nm compared to $D_{z}=2.3\pm0.5$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ for $d=10$~nm (see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}). Additionally, the suggested larger extension $\zeta\approx35$~nm for $d=70$~nm compared to $\zeta\approx15$~nm for $d=10$~nm will contribute to the smaller $D_{z}$, since $D_{z}$ is highest within smectic~A layered regions with LC director perpendicular to the substrate.

In contrast to $D_{z}$ being still of similar order of magnitude, $D_{xy}=0.2\pm0.1$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ is one order of magnitude smaller than $D_{xy}=2.4\pm0.3$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ found for $d=10$~nm. As discussed above, LC reorientation may enhance $D_{xy}$ if it leads to extended areas of similar orientation with LC director deviating considerably from the substrate normal. For $d=10$~nm we had found $D_{xy}$ to be similar to bulk $D_{\perp}$, whereby we concluded that such areas had to be small in that case. The decrease of $D_{xy}$ found for $d=70$~nm suggests the absence of areas with similar oriented LC director on the experimental length scale in the range of 100~nm, in agreement with the proposed increased interfacial disorder in the above section. The PDI tracer molecules are known to cause a considerable distortion of the local 8CB structure~\cite{tauber_single_2013}, which in SMT experiments on 200~nm thick 8CB films led to smaller diffusion coefficients than expected from the comparison with self-diffusion coefficients obtained by NMR~\cite{schulz_optical_2010, tauber_single_2013}. In the disordered region close to the substrate, the rearrangement of the surrounding 8CB may be even more pronounced accounting for the observed strong decrease of the lateral tracer mobility.

An even stronger decrease of diffusion coefficients is found for $d=70$~nm with $\lambda_{ex}=465$~nm (FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} second row from bottom, left) and $d=100$~nm with $\lambda_{ex}=514$~nm (FIG.~\ref{DiffRes} bottom row, right), yielding one order of magnitude smaller $D_{z}$, while the $D_{xy}$ are decreased by one to two orders of magnitude, see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}. In that case, $I(0)\approx1$, decreasing to 0.5 within 70 and 40~nm from the substrate, respectively. According to the hydrodynamic model (\ref{Dpll_noslip},~\ref{Dperp_noslip}), at  70 and 40~nm distance to the substrate there is only a small decrease of $D_i$. Hydrodynamic modeling according to (\ref{Dpll_noslip},~\ref{Dperp_noslip}), thus, cannot account for the observed strong mobility decrease. However, the signal is recorded from the disordered region with little contribution from upper film regions with smectic~A layering. As explained above, the extended rearrangement of 8CB around the tracer molecules may cause a strong decrease in mobility. It is now seen to slow both lateral and vertical diffusion, with still a stronger effect on lateral diffusion. For both films, potentials similar to those from films on thin oxide were obtained, see TABLE~\ref{TableDiffusion}, although here the fluorescence is recorded from the lower film region mainly, pointing to a stronger vertical modulation of the diffusion compared to that for $d\leq25$~nm.

As mentioned above, for $d=100$~nm with $\lambda_{ex}=465$~nm, $I(z)\geq0.6$ in the entire film, causing only weak intensities of fluorescence fluctuations from vertical diffusion, which in turn leads to a small amplitude of the FCS curve (see FIG.~\ref{interference} b) rendering further discussion of the obtained diffusion coefficients not feasible.

In general, stronger long-range interactions with the substrate are expected to cause a stronger decrease of the mobility of the liquid at the interface~\cite{tauber_influence_2013, loskill_is_2012, bocquet_flow_2007}. For the here studied smectic~A films we find a stronger decrease of the tracer mobility for the films which are subject to weaker long-range interactions with the substrate. However, the observations made for simple liquids may not hold in the same way for complex liquids as the here studied smectic~A 8CB. For the latter, a slowdown of tracer diffusion is reported in respect to hydrodynamic considerations based on diffusion coefficients for self-diffusion~\cite{tauber_single_2013}, which is explained by a necessary rearrangement of the LC around the diffusing tracers. As mentioned in the previous section~\ref{LC_disorder}, in 8CB films on 100~nm thick oxide, FCDs representing structural rearrangement were found after annealing, while they were not observed on native oxide~\cite{schulz_influence_2011}. Our findings suggest that already in the as prepared films on thick oxide irregularly sized LC domains exist. LC materials are very sensitive to surface structure~\cite{roscioni_predicting_2013, coursault_self-organized_2015}. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the grain boundaries are fixed by some surface structure, which could be given by irregularly distributed surface silanols known to be present on silicon oxide grown on silicon wafers~\cite{albers_driven_2015}. On the other hand, transition of grain boundaries by the tracer molecules implies their rearrangement, which would cause a slowdown or even repulsion of the tracers.

The absence of FCDs observed for 8CB on native oxide~\cite{schulz_influence_2011}, points to a different internal structure of these films on thin oxides, in agreement with our observations. For thin oxides, the underlying silicon enhances the long-range interactions~\cite{tauber_influence_2013, loskill_is_2012, bocquet_flow_2007}, thus leading to even stronger anchoring of 8CB at the substrate. FCDs as well as dislocations reported for 8CB on rubbed PVA contain regions with unfavorable perpendicular orientation of 8CB at the substrate~\cite{designolle_afm_2006, coursault_self-organized_2015}, which seem to be absent in thin 8CB films on thin oxide. Instead, for native oxide, nematic melting of 8CB at the substrate is suggested~\cite{lacaze_bistable_2004, schulz_influence_2011}. In the nematic phase, the self-diffusion is enhanced in respect to the smectic phase~\cite{dvinskikh_anisotropic_2002}, which can counterbalance a slightly reduced mobility due to stronger long-range interactions with the substrate. Moreover, the absence of grain boundaries for 8CB on thin oxides facilitates the tracer diffusion in respect to 8CB films on thick oxides and thus explains the agreement of the obtained diffusion coefficients with the hydrodynamic model.
\vspace{2cm}

\section{Conclusion}
The here developed correlation function (\ref{zerog},~\ref{firstg}) could be successfully applied to determine the tracer diffusion behavior of a perylenediimide in thin 8CB films on silicon substrates with varied oxide thickness. In particular, the fit results allowed us to estimate the extension $\zeta$ of the interfacial reorientation of the 8CB close to the substrate from three different modeled extensions. We found $\zeta$ increasing with oxide thickness, which we assign to a decreasing stabilization of the liquid crystal structure by long-range interactions with the underlying silicon in accordance with literature~\cite{tauber_influence_2013, loskill_is_2012, bocquet_flow_2007, ajdari_pseudo-casimir_1992, sarlah_van_2001, effenterre_coupling_2003, lin_note_2013}. For thin oxides ($d\leq10$~nm), $\zeta\approx15$~nm was obtained, while for thick oxides ($d\geq70$~nm), a larger disordered region with $\zeta\approx35$~nm was found. For 200~nm thick 8CB films different LC structures after annealing into the nematic phase are reported in literature for native and for 100~nm thick oxides~\cite{schulz_influence_2011}. Our results suggest a different structure for the spin cast films even before annealing.

Our findings not only show a variation in the structural arrangement of the 8CB at the substrate. The larger extend of re-orientation for the thick oxides also leads to a stronger decrease of tracer diffusion close to the substrate. Thereby, $D_z$ is reduced about one order of magnitude (within $\approx 50$~nm from the substrate), while $D_{xy}$ is reduced even more, about two orders of magnitude. This strong decrease of tracer diffusion can be explained by dislocations and grain boundaries~\cite{coursault_self-organized_2015} in the disordered region, which slow or even repel diffusing tracers by hampering the local rearrangement caused by these tracers~\cite{tauber_single_2013}. In the upper film regions on the thin oxide, anisotropic diffusion coefficients  of similar order than reported from SMT experiments~\cite{schulz_optical_2010, pumpa_slow_2012, tauber_single_2013} were found, in particular $D_{\perp}=2.1\pm0.5$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ and $D_{\parallel}=6.6\pm3.2$~$\rm\mu m^2/s$ from investigation of films on 25~nm thick oxide with excitation at 465~nm, where $\approx40$~nm of the upper film region contributed to the signal. The very narrow height ($\leq30$~nm) of this region in case of excitation at 514~nm led to considerable errors from fitting going along with diffusion coefficients of half of the expected size, which we assign to an influence from higher orders of the correlation function. Thus, for very thin film regions contributing to~(\ref{zerog},~\ref{firstg}), higher orders have to be taken into account.

The fluorescence modulation at reflecting substrates may further be applied to investigate thin polymer films, in particular to yield additional information about the widely discussed impact from confinement effects to the glass transition temperature~\cite{baumchen_reduced_2012, krutyeva_effect_2013}. Investigations of spectral diffusion~\cite{krause_freezing_2011, araoz_cage_2012} or rotational diffusion~\cite{adhikari_temperature_2011, araoz_influence_2014} could be studied for different vertical regions within such films without the need to change the film thickness.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
A wiki is a type of website that lets anyone who can access the wiki create and change its pages. The word is Internet slang. The word wiki is short for WikiWikiWeb. Wikiwiki is a word from the Hawaiian language, meaning "fast" or "speed".[1] Examples of wikis include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikibook, Citizendium, and Conservapedia.
Every wiki can be changed, or edited, by anyone who has an account on the wiki, or by everyone in the world if the wiki allows it. Some important pages can only be changed by certain users. Wikis are central places where we all can share information, people can add new information, and then people read them. Wikis allow information from all around the world to be collected.
On a wiki, people can write pages by collaboration. Pages are watched closely to see whether changes are good or bad. If one person writes something wrong, another can correct it. Other users can also add something new to the page. Because of this, the page gets better when people change it. Administrators can block someone from editing if they vandalize, or for other reasons.
Users can also discuss things on wikis. Discussion can help people understand things better and get a chance to tell their views. In Wikipedia the talk pages are for that, but in some wikis, the article and the discussion are in the same page.
Wikis can be used for different things; not all wikis follow the same rules for using them. For example, the purpose of Wikipedia is to write articles for an encyclopedia. That is why in Wikipedia, people do not want general discussion that does not help in writing articles.
Ward Cunningham started the first wiki in March 1995.[2][3][4] Many people liked it, and wrote there, after which they started similar websites. MediaWiki is the most used software for wikis. JSPWiki is one of many others. "Wiki" is also sometimes an abbreviation for Wikipedia.
Vandalism[change | change source]
For Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Vandalism.
Most wikis can be edited by anyone and everyone. Some wikis are even available to people without an account, so sometimes wikis will become a target for vandals to add unwelcome, disruptive or even misleading content. There are many ways to prevent this. Individual pages can be protected to allow only certain users, or only those with an account, to edit them. Administrators can also block users who make repeated vandalous edits after a minimum of a single warning. Vandalism may not be stopped totally, but regular, careful checking can limit the amount of disruptive edits you will see in a day.
↑ "Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian to English". Maui Island Guide. mauimapp.com. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
↑ "Wiki Wiki Web". c2.com. 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
↑ Cunningham, Ward (2011). "Wiki and the rise of gift economies". Re-imagining democracy. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
↑ Richardson, Bill (2008). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms. Corwin Press. p. p.60. ISBN 1412959713. |page(s)= has extra text (help)
The Simple English Wiktionary has a definition for: wiki.
Wikis in plain English at YouTube
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wiki&oldid=7127171"
CS1 errors: extra text: pages
Internet slang


Undoubtedly, Mahendra Singh Dhoni has been the most influential Indian cricketer in the last decade – unparalleled finisher in one-dayers, more than handy Test batsman, smart wicket-keeper, and multiple World Cup-winning captain.
But two inglorious summers in England and Australia, his poor Test form and talk of rift in a team that resembled an impenetrable phalanx ten months ago have put the Jharkhandi at the cross-roads. It means Dhoni the skipper and the batsman are under considerable pressure, a situation he has never had to deal with earlier in a remarkably successful career.
Let's start with Dhoni the captain. His hallmark was the ability to unearth 'Golden Moves' from nowhere at the right time to change the course of a game. Later, he would attribute that to sheer 'fluke' with a smiling face.
But he seems incapable of pulling such rabbits out of the hat these days. The once vibrant skipper seems to have gotten into a prolonged defensive mood, letting oppositions off the hook several times. Unlikely pairs like Thilan Samaraweera and Ajantha Mendis at the P Sara in 2010, Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Fidel Edwards in Dominica in 2011, and James Pattinson and Peter Siddle in Melbourne late last year have reaped the benefits of his ultra-defensive fields, all partnerships having a major say in the eventual outcome of the match.
It can be argued that he was forced to adopt a negative approach because of the ineffectiveness of the bowlers at his disposal, but there's a counter that he should have shown more innovativeness as skipper in his field placements that would have given the bowlers something to work with.
These are on-field matters. But off it too, Dhoni does not seem to have a full grip over things as reports of a rift between him and some senior members have filled the pages in recent days. It can be said that they might have been blown out of proportion, but different voices on key areas like rotation of senior batsmen and fielding abilities by some of his colleagues in press conferences need more explanation. Virender Sehwag had said on Tuesday that the reason given to them for rotating the seniors was to give more opportunities to young batsmen like Rohit Sharma.
But a few days back, Dhoni had stated that the rotation policy was adopted because picking three seniors – Sehwag, Sachin Tendulkar and Gautam Gambhir – could cost the team 20 runs in the field.
So, it demands a serious enquiry from the bigwigs to unearth the real reason behind the cracks that are getting increasingly visible just ten months after winning the World Cup because the differences in opinion aren't helping the team in any way.
Dhoni also has the responsibility of guiding a team that will soon take the field without some of the biggest icons in the history of cricket. But here too, he has come up with a rather bewildering move. Dhoni said he might have to give up one format to last till the 2015 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand, and his statement could put the selection set-up in a quandary.
If Dhoni eventually decides to retire from one format next year, Test cricket in this case, the selectors will have to find a replacement for him with important tours of South Africa, England and Australia lined up one after another. Sehwag and Gambhir could have presented options, but the Delhi duo hasn't scored many runs, and the next choice could be Virat Kohli.
But the Delhi lad, who has taken some massive strides as batsman in Australia, is still not mature enough to handle the pressures and demands of captaincy.
It's not a bad record for someone who comes to bat at number seven, but that Eden hundred against the Windies is his lone big score in India's victory in this period.
This, perhaps, is the first time in his career that Dhoni has had to tackle so many adversities together. His response will be fascinating to watch.


text:
Denys Sylantiev
Name Full News Original
English Ukrainian Russian
Medals OG
Competed in Olympic Games
Denys Olehovych•Sylantiev
Used name
Denys•Sylantiev
Денис Олегович•Силантьєв
3 October 1976 in Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhia (UKR)
Spartak Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhia (UKR) / Spartak Kyiv, Kyiv (UKR)
NOC(s)
Discipline (Sport)
2nd NOC
1996 Summer Olympics Swimming (Aquatics) 100 metres Butterfly, Men Olympic 18 UKR Denys Sylantiev
200 metres Butterfly, Men Olympic 6
4 × 100 metres Medley Relay, Men Olympic Ukraine 9
200 metres Butterfly, Men Olympic 2 Silver
4 × 100 metres Medley Relay, Men Olympic Ukraine 11
200 metres Butterfly, Men Olympic 10
Other participations
2004 Summer Olympics Flagbearer at the Opening Ceremony
Listed in Olympians Who Set a European Record in Short Course Swimming (100 m butterfly – 23 January 1997 - 29 January 1997: 52.51 tied (23 January 1997; Espoo, FIN); 4×50 m freestyle relay – 16 December 2001 - 14 December 2003: 1:26.09 (16 December 2001; Antwerpen, BEL))
Listed in Olympians Who Won a Medal at the World Aquatics Championships (1–0–0 1998 Perth SWI gold: 200 m butterfly)
Listed in Olympians Who Won a Medal at the World Short-Course Swimming Championships (25 m) (0–1–2 1997 Göteborg silver: 200 m butterfly; 1999 Hong Kong bronze: 200 m butterfly; 2000 Athina bronze: 100 m butterfly)
Listed in Olympians Who Won a Medal at the European Swimming Championships (25 m) (1–2–4 1998 Sheffield silver: 200 m butterfly, bronze: 100 m butterfly; 1999 Lisboa bronze: 100 m butterfly and 200 m butterfly; 2001 Antwerpen gold: 4×50 m freestyle relay, silver: 200 m butterfly; 2002 Riesa bronze: 4×50 m freestyle relay)
Listed in Olympians Who Won a Medal at the European Aquatics Championships (2–5–2 1995 Wien SWI silver: 100 m butterfly; 1997 Sevilla SWI silver: 100 m butterfly and 200 m butterfly; 1999 İstanbul SWI silver: 200 m butterfly, bronze: 100 m butterfly; 2002 Berlin SWI silver: 200 m butterfly, bronze: 100 m butterfly; 2004 Madrid SWI gold: 200 m butterfly and 4×100 m medley relay (swam in heats only))
Listed in Olympians Who Won a Medal at the Summer Universiade (2–0–0 1997 Catania SWI gold: 100 m butterfly and 200 m butterfly)
After the Dutch government voted not to support the 1928 Olympics due to events being held on Sundays, the organizing committee launched a successful "crowdfunding" campaign.


The purpose of Use and Lot Standard Regulations of the Red Oak Zoning Ordinance is to establish requirements for use of property, minimum requirements for lot area, width, depth, yard setbacks, coverage, building height, and dwelling unit size. The restrictions are applicable to all districts set forth in the Use and Lot Standard Regulations of the Red Oak Zoning Ordinance.
Regulations are the minimum requirements for lot area, width and depth, building setbacks, lot coverage, dwelling heights, and dwelling size.
The minimum lot area width and depth must be in accordance with the square footage and dimensional values of the Use and Lot Standard Regulations of the Red Oak Zoning Ordinance for residential districts, except a lot platted of record prior to the adoption of the Red Oak Zoning Ordinance may be used for single-family residential purposes if all other requirements are met.
Public and semi-public institutional uses such as hospitals, churches and schools located in any district have a minimum site area of 1 acre.
Access to a lot must have a minimum width of 25 feet at the property line.
Whenever two or more main buildings, or portions thereof, are placed upon a single lot or tract and such buildings do not face upon a public street, the same may be permitted when the site plan for such development is approved by the Commission so as to comply with the requirements for platting. However, no parking area, storage area or required open space for one building may be computed as being the open space, yard or area requirements for any other dwelling or other use.
Municipally-operated facilities are allowed in any zoning district.
Only one main building for single-family use, with permitted accessory buildings, may be located upon a lot or unplatted tract.
Special Yard, Height & Railroad Access Req.


text:
Q: MYSQL Command Line cannot enter I am trying to create a table in MYSQL command line, this has worked before for previous tables but is now not working Heres whats happening
I have tried restarting the command line, not fixed it, I also dont know what id google.
The arrows -> turn into '> and i cannot enter (complete) the table.
I tried restarting the command prompt but this hasnt fixed it, googled but not exactly sure what i should google.
I was expecting to have the table made and be able to enter the table correctly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While some businesses such as health clubs are naturally structured as membership programs with customers paying monthly, virtually any business could add a membership component to its model. For example, customers of a hardware store might pay a monthly fee for special discounts, extended store hours or access to training programs. Likewise, a manufacturer could establish a program whereby it ships customers a predetermined amount of new product each month.
Current Member Count/Number of Subscribers: In general, the more members paying you, the better. So, while this metric is fairly basic, knowing what it is and publicly displaying it to your team can ensure everyone focuses on improving it.
One of my clients shows this figure on a big screen television in his office. Along with the real-time membership count, he shows the change in membership versus last month and last year.
Number of Members Added/Dropped: While your overall membership may be increasing, that doesn't mean all members are staying. That's why in addition to assessing your total member count, you should review how many new members have joined and how many members canceled each week or month.
The goal is to not only add members, but limit member cancellations. Constantly replenishing your membership base requires costly and ongoing marketing efforts that deplete your profits.
Member Churn Rate: This is the percentage rate at which members cancel from your service. This is important because it shows the scale of your cancellations. For example, having 100 members cancel one month can be devastating if your program only has 200 members. Conversely, if you have 10,000 members, this 1 percent monthly churn rate might be acceptable.
One client of mine assessed his monthly churn rate over the past 12 months. He then set a company-wide goal to decrease this rate. The team rallied behind the goal, decreasing the rate and growing monthly profits by 42 percent.
Average Subscription Length: This KPI digs further into your lost customers by determining their average subscription length. When members pay monthly, as is most common, the longer they stay as members, the more revenue and profits you generate.
One of my clients noticed a huge drop-off in members after five months. Knowing this, he implemented a tactic to fix it. Just before the period where most members canceled, he told members they would be getting a surprise bonus the following month. The majority of members stayed because they were curious and excited to get their bonus. The bonus was a small gift, and it resulted in a three-month increase in average membership.
Lifetime Membership Value: The lifetime value of each of your members, in terms of both revenues and profits, is one of your most important metrics. Your goal is to maximize your lifetime member value. Also, when you understand your average lifetime profit per member, you can optimize your advertising.
For example, for one client, we calculated her lifetime profit per member to be $384 dollars. By setting a desired advertising return on investment of 100 percent, she knew she could spend $192 to acquire each new member. This guided her advertising spend and dramatically improved her results.
You can't improve performance if you can't measure it. So, measure these KPIs in your membership business, and start increasing your profits today.


text:
Continental Congressmen - North Carolina
Thomas Burke
Thomas Burke (c. 1747{spaced ndash}December 2, 1783) was an Irish physician, lawyer, and statesman who lived in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He represented North Carolina as a delegate to the Continental Congress and was the third Governor of the state.
Burke was born in Galway, Ireland around 1747. By 1764 he had emigrated. Thomas went to Virginia and practiced medicine for a number of years. He studied law, and began its practice in Norfolk, Virginia. He became an early supporter of the American Revolution, writing tracts in opposition to the Stamp Act. In 1774 he moved to Hillsborough, North Carolina.
Burke's neighbors made him a member of the provisional or rebel government that met in convention at Halifax in 1776. There he had a part in the debate that led to North Carolina's new constitution. He was chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress on December 20, 1776 and arrived in Philadelphia to take his seat on February 4, 1777. He was a strong state's rights advocate, although he moderated this view somewhat by 1781. In September 1777 most of the Congress were preparing to flee Philadelphia as the British advanced. Burke instead went to join General Nash's North Carolina troops defending the city. He was present at the Battle of Brandywine before rejoining the Congress.
Burke served in Congress until 1781, when he was chosen to be Governor of North Carolina. He returned home to assume that office in June. As governor he was active in supporting and encouraging the militia in its resistance to British and Tory forces. Then, in September, he was captured by Tories under the command of Col. David Fanning, and after a failed rescue attempt by patriot militia under the command of John Butler at the Battle of Lindley's Mill, Burke was imprisoned by the British Army on James Island near Charleston, South Carolina.
Burke was allowed to live freely on the island under parole, but he was subject to mistreatment and deplorable conditions, and he feared assassination. Finally, on January 16, 1782, he escaped and made his way to North Carolina. He wrote to the British that he still considered himself under the terms of his parole. He resumed his duties as governor prior to being released from parole through exchange. Accordingly, many North Carolinians and Continental officers considered that he had broken his word, and he remained under a cloud of dishonor. In April 1782 he did not stand for the governorship and was succeeded by Alexander Martin.
Burke's health never recovered from his term of imprisonment. He retired to his home, known as 'Tyaquin, in Orange County. He died there on December 2, 1783, and was buried on his plantation near Hillsborough. The gravesite is approximately 350 feet north of what is now Governor Burke Road.
It has been claimed that Burke was a practicing Roman Catholic who succeeded politically in an era when Catholics held little political power and were often discriminated against. No contemporary evidence of Burke's Catholicism exists, and he did not write about it himself.
Burke County, North Carolina is named for him.
Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(North_Carolina)
Abner Nash
John Penn
John Baptista Ashe


text:
private var walkingForce = 20;			//Applied force when walking
private var dashForce = 70;				//Applied force when dashing
private var crouchingForce = 6;
private var repeatThreshold = 0.25f;		//Threshold for recongnizing double taps
private var jumpForce = 40;
private var jumpTime = 0.4f;
private var maxSpeed = 0;
private var maxSpeedWalking = 10;
private var maxSpeedDash = 20;
private var maxSpeedCrouch = 6;

public var currentJumpTime = 0.0f;
private var currentRepeatTime = 0.0f;	//Tracks space inbetween button presses for dashing
private var moveForce = 0;				//Current applied force; changes depending on whether walking or dashing.
public var dashing : boolean = false;	//Flags whether dashing or not
private var ducking : boolean = false;
private var canStand : boolean = false;

private var startFall = 0.0f;
private var lastY = 0.0f;
private var fallingThreshold = 30.0f;
public var falling : boolean = false;
private var fallDamage = 5;

private var hit : RaycastHit; //struct used for determining objects hit by raycast (used for passthrough platforms and such)

var slot : Texture;
var health = 100.0f;
var maxHealth = 100.0f;

function Start ()
{
	lastY = transform.position.y;
}

function Update () {

	//Adjust movement force depending on speed;
	if (dashing)
	{
		moveForce = dashForce;
		maxSpeed = maxSpeedDash;
	}
	else if (ducking)
	{
		moveForce = crouchingForce;
		maxSpeed = maxSpeedCrouch;
	}
	else
	{
		moveForce = walkingForce;
		maxSpeed = maxSpeedWalking;
	}

	//Add force depending on direction
	if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.A))
	{
		dashingCheck();

		if (rigidbody.velocity.x > -maxSpeed)
		{
			rigidbody.AddForce(-moveForce,0,0);
		}
	}
	else if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.D))
	{
		dashingCheck();

		if (rigidbody.velocity.x < maxSpeed)
		{
			rigidbody.AddForce(moveForce,0,0);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		dashing = false;

		if (currentRepeatTime < repeatThreshold)
		{
			currentRepeatTime += Time.deltaTime;
		}
	}

	//Jumping
	if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Space) && currentJumpTime < jumpTime)
	{
		rigidbody.AddForce(0,jumpForce,0);
		currentJumpTime += Time.deltaTime;
	}

	if (!Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Space) && currentJumpTime > 0)
	{
		currentJumpTime = jumpTime;
	}

	if (Physics.Raycast(transform.position,-transform.up,1))
	{
		currentJumpTime = 0;
	}

	//Ducking
	if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.S))
	{
		dashing = false;
		ducking = true;
		if (transform.localScale.y == 1)
		{
			transform.localScale.y = 0.5f;
			transform.position.y -= 0.5f;
		}
        if (Physics.Raycast(transform.position, Vector3(0, -1, 0), hit))
        {
            if (hit.collider.tag == "Fallthrough")
            {
                hit.collider.gameObject.GetComponent("platformFallthrough").makeTrue();
            }
        }
	}
	else if (!Physics.Raycast(transform.position + Vector3(0.5f,0,0),transform.up,1) &&
			!Physics.Raycast(transform.position - Vector3(0.5f,0,0),transform.up,1))
	{
		ducking = false;
		if (transform.localScale.y == 0.5f)
		{
			transform.localScale.y = 1;
			transform.position.y += 0.5f;
		}
	}

	//Check if falling
	if (lastY >= transform.position.y)
	{
		if (!falling)
		{
			falling = true;
			startFall = lastY;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		if (Mathf.Abs(startFall - transform.position.y) > fallingThreshold && falling)
		{
			gameControl.health -= fallDamage;
		}
		falling = false;
	}

	lastY = transform.position.y;

}

function dashingCheck()
{
		if (currentRepeatTime > 0 && currentRepeatTime < repeatThreshold)
		{
			dashing = true;
		}
		else
		{
			currentRepeatTime = 0;
		}
}

function OnGUI()
{
	gameControl.drawHealth();
	//GUI.DrawTexture(Rect(10,Screen.height - 32,128,32), pixel);
	//GUI.DrawTexture(Rect(10,Screen.height - 32,128.0f * (gameControl.health / gameControl.maxHealth) ,32), healthBar);
	//GUI.Label(Rect(10,Screen.height - 32,128,32), gameControl.health.ToString());
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Campton, NH31 Abnaki Trail
Square Feet 12,310
This 12,000 sq ft house is 2,000 ft above the valley, has tremendous mountain and valley views, 5,000 sq ft of decks, and has built with a structural design which allows the buyer to customize the interior that allow for an open concept design. It's surrounded by 488-acres of undeveloped land abutting 90,000 acres of the White Mtn National Forest and trail system. It has 35 miles of its own trails and carriage roads for hiking, cross country skiing, etc. It also has a 1.5 mile motorcycle/snowmobile track for motorsport enthusiasts. The Estate includes 5 lots in the Waterville Estates community on property which features private ski mountain, 2 indoor swimming pools, several tennis courts and a Rec Ctr. The property comprises 14 separate parcels with multiple ponds and streams. 2 large parcels have been surveyed/engineered for a buyer interested in development. This once in a lifetime opportunity is just 5 minutes from I-93 and Owl's Nest Golf Club, 15 minutes from Waterville Valley, Loon Mountain and Squam Lakes and features 4 garage bays in the main house with a separate 2 bay garage/barn. If all that's not enough, there is a 400+/- sq ft bunker under the home which can serve many functions. NOTE: Some of the Interior pics are renderings of Potential Interior Redesign, all are labeled RENDERINGS
Listed by Arnold Bennett of Keller Williams Coastal Realty
Holderness, NH110 US Route 3
This Squam Lake seasonal home, which is situated on 4.4 acres looking out to the easterly views of Mount Chocorua & Red Hill. The original camp was rebuilt in the 1950s, Post & Beam open concept, the main floor features living room, dining, and kitchen with cozy wood stove. The full bath, washer, and dryer are also located on the first floor. This property has been in the same loving family for over 100+ years and has 262 ft. of its own waterfront with a sandy beach. After a wonderful day on Squam share stories around the campfire then retreat upstairs where three bedrooms are located with an oversized bunk room and bath. Large 11 x 27 screened-in porch is where you will spend many hours watching the sunrise, playing games, and making many wonderful memories. Two car garage has plenty of room to store your boat, car, or kayaks and canoes.
Listed by Jacqueline Elliott of Peabody and Smith Realty/Holderness
Campton, NHAbnaki Trail
This 12,000 sq ft house is 2,000 ft above the valley, has views of the valley and mountains, 5,000 sq ft of decks, and is structurally designed to allow the buyer to design the interior to a full open concept design. The interior is dated but in superior shape and adorned with the highest end appliances. It's surrounded by 488-acres of undeveloped land abutting 90,000 acres of the White Mtn National Forest and trail system. It has miles of its' own trails and carriage roads for hiking, cross country skiing, etc. The property includes 5 lots in the Waterville Estates community that features its own private ski area, tennis courts, hiking trails indoor swimming pools and a community center. The property is comprised of multiple separate parcels with multiple ponds and streams and a lot line change can be negotiated to allow for the desired amount of acreage. This once in a lifetime opportunity is just 5 minutes from I-93 and Owl's Nest Golf Club, 15 minutes from Waterville Valley, Loon Mountain and Squam Lakes and features 4 garage bays in the main house with a separate 2 bay garage/barn. If all that's not enough, there is a 400+/- sq ft bunker under the home which can serve many functions. NOTE: SOME OF THE PICTURES ARE MARKED AS POTENTIAL RENDERINGS
Gilford, NH296 Edgewater Drive
Price$10,000,000
A remarkable home on a sensational Lake Winnipesaukee lot with sandy beach and an enormous, covered dock for multiple boats. Enjoy picturesque sunsets and added outdoor living space from the sweeping, enclosed, stone patio with fireplace. This home was architecturally designed and custom built with unmatched detail and quality. Sophisticated, state of the art systems are easily monitored and controlled by your personal computer. The theater has custom seating and sound. The billiards room with curved walls and fireplace area is a gentleman's dream. The private gym rivals the finest health club. The Master Suite is luxurious and spacious, and the Great Room overlooks the manicured lawn and gardens toward picturesque lake and mountain views. The walkout lower level includes a summer kitchen, family room, game room and spa. With a carriage home and nine garages, this is the Ultimate Lake Home on prestigious Governor's Island!
Laconia, NH41 Windjammer Ridge, Unit 104
Construction New Construction
There are plenty of Lake Access homes, but only in Meredith Bay Gated Community can you enjoy Resort Style of living! This Homes Views Won't Disappoint, nor will the abundance of luxury items included in this new build! The house comes with rights to lease a BOAT SLIP at Akwa Marina, Boat slip available for immediate use 2021 season .It is one of the last new construction HOUSES AVAILABLE on an exterior cul de sac lot. The home abuts ~64 acres of open space with miles of groomed walking trails. This CUSTOM home, is not a Meredith Bay Spec home. Rather it is a one of a kind, CUSTOM Home. The plans were thoughtfully designed, specifically for this house lot. The plans take advantage of the stunning views from nearly every room, including the first floor master suite. The open concept floorplan includes a floor to ceiling stone fireplace with a living room that opens up to both the kitchen and a large private deck over looking the lake and mountain views. Sitting on your deck watching the mountains turn red as the sun sets is the perfect way to end your day after enjoying all the amenities of Meredith Bay. No need to get in the car to enjoy Lake Winnipesaukee waterfront, just jump on the paved cart path! Amenities include: Marina and Beach, onsite restaurant, Miles of walking trails with workout stations, Gym, Garden Center, Kayak Cove, Pools, hot tub, tennis court, volley ball court, bocce court - too many to mention. Construction has begun, schedule a showing today.
Listed by Adam Dow of Keller Williams Lakes & Mountains Realty
Gilford, NH90 Blueberry Hill Lane
This stunning four bedroom home has been constructed on a beautiful level lot with privacy and a sunny yard for outdoor enjoyment. As you step into this home you will be impressed with the detail and style. The Great Room with a soaring ceiling and a gas fireplace leads to an oversized rear deck perfect for entertaining or just enjoying the peaceful lot and location. The living room opens to a private office and a spacious dining room. The second level bedrooms are spacious and include a beautiful master bedroom and bath suite. Laundry room is conveniently located on the second level. The mud room with lockers and a half bath lead to the kitchen which will impress any serious cook. A finished bedroom suite over the attached two car garage includes a private bath. On the special, level lot there is a large barn which can easily accommodate additional vehicles, boats and toys. Its second level provides easy and convenient storage and could be a fabulous future game room. This special home with unlimited possibilities enjoys the amenities of Governor's Island which include a beautiful 900 foot sandy beach, picnic area, a newly constructed clubhouse, tennis, pickle ball, volley ball, basketball and a wonderful children's playground. The community is special and welcoming.