text:
Research/Papers
Friends & Collaborators
Navigation Home Curriculum Vitae Research/Papers Friends & Collaborators
Oh, hello there. I'm Amit. I am currently an Assistant Professor of Marketing and Psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. My primary appointment is at the McCombs School of Business. I'm also affiliated with UT's Psychology Department. I was previously a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Center for Decision Research at The University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. During my time there, I mainly focused on some fun experiments with Nick Epley. I received my Ph.D. from the Department of Psychology at Cornell University, where I worked with Tom Gilovich on topics related to consumer behavior, well-being, and judgment and decision-making. Before that, I received my A. B. in Psychology and Economics from Harvard University, working primarily with Dan Gilbert.
I am particularly interested in studying happiness. Much of my work has explored its relationship with money, examining the distinction between experiential and material purchases (that is, money spent on doing--e.g., on vacations and concerts--versus money spent on having--e.g., on clothing and gadgets). I have investigated how experiential consumption promotes enhanced anticipatory pleasure, provides hedonic benefits through utility derived from storytelling, and also has downstream consequences in terms of fostering social connectedness, gratitude, and prosocial behavior. These days I'm thinking about the broader connection between sociality and well-being. More specifically, I've been curious about whether people should act prosocially more often than they typically do.
I enjoy justifying the amount of money I spend on meals, live music, travel, and theater through rigorous scientific research.
I do not especially enjoy updating this website.
Like the late, great Prince, I am sometimes on the radio. I've been told that "sometimes" implies more than once.* (Did Prince ever do podcasts?)
I guess I also occasionally blog. (People tell me that "occasionally" suggests "more than once" as well). And at times my writing for a general audience can be longer, like when it's for the Harvard Business Review.
2110 Speedway, B6700, Austin, TX 78712
Amit.Kumar@mccombs.utexas.edu
For media coverage of some of my work, see The Atlantic, BPS Research Digest, CNBC, CNN, The Daily Texan, Forbes, The Huffington Post, Inc, Moneyish, Newsy, Pacific Standard, PBS, Psychology Today, Quartz, U.S. News & World Report, The Wall Street Journal, Business Insider (here and here), Chicago Booth Review (here and here), The International Business Times (here and here), The New York Times (here and here), NPR (here and here), Texas McCombs Big Ideas (here and here), Time Magazine (here and here), the Cornell Chronicle (here, here and here), New York Magazine (here, here, and here), or ScienceDaily (here, here and here).
For an overview of some of my work, read this. If you'd rather take a few minutes instead of--or in addition to--a couple of hours, watch this video (and/or this one).
For a blurry picture of me learning how to ride a bicycle at the age of 28, click here.
If you can think of some of the many other ways in which I am like Prince, please feel free to shoot me an email.
*Apparently, the first link is a Fox affiliate and the second is an NPR affiliate. I'm really bridging the political divide. [Okay, maybe I do the Public Radio thing a little more often. (Even in Canada)].
Copyright © Amit Kumar


text:
package net.sf.ntru.sign;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;

import net.sf.ntru.polynomial.DenseTernaryPolynomial;
import net.sf.ntru.polynomial.IntegerPolynomial;
import net.sf.ntru.polynomial.Polynomial;
import net.sf.ntru.polynomial.ProductFormPolynomial;
import net.sf.ntru.polynomial.SparseTernaryPolynomial;
import net.sf.ntru.sign.NtruSign.FGBasis;
import net.sf.ntru.sign.SignatureParameters.BasisType;
import net.sf.ntru.sign.SignatureParameters.TernaryPolynomialType;

/** A NtruSign basis. Contains three polynomials f, f', h. */
class Basis {
    Polynomial f;
    Polynomial fPrime;
    IntegerPolynomial h;
    int N;
    int q;
    private TernaryPolynomialType polyType;
    private BasisType basisType;
    private double keyNormBoundSq;

    /**
     * Constructs a new basis from polynomials f, f', h.
     * @param f
     * @param fPrime
     * @param h
     * @param params NtruSign parameters
     */
    Basis(Polynomial f, Polynomial fPrime, IntegerPolynomial h, int q, TernaryPolynomialType polyType, BasisType basisType, double keyNormBoundSq) {
        this.f = f;
        this.fPrime = fPrime;
        this.h = h;
        this.N = h.coeffs.length;
        this.q = q;
        this.polyType = polyType;
        this.basisType = basisType;
        this.keyNormBoundSq = keyNormBoundSq;
    }

    /**
     * Reads a basis from an input stream and constructs a new basis.
     * @param is an input stream
     * @param params NtruSign parameters
     * @param include_h whether to read the polynomial h (true) or only f and f' (false)
     * @throws IOException
     */
    Basis(InputStream is, int N, int q, boolean sparse, TernaryPolynomialType polyType, BasisType basisType, double keyNormBoundSq, boolean include_h) throws IOException {
        this.N = N;
        this.q = q;
        this.polyType = polyType;
        this.basisType = basisType;
        this.keyNormBoundSq = keyNormBoundSq;

        if (polyType == TernaryPolynomialType.PRODUCT)
            f = ProductFormPolynomial.fromBinary(is, N);
        else {
            IntegerPolynomial fInt = IntegerPolynomial.fromBinary3Tight(is, N);
            f = sparse ? new SparseTernaryPolynomial(fInt) : new DenseTernaryPolynomial(fInt);
        }

        if (basisType == BasisType.STANDARD) {
            IntegerPolynomial fPrimeInt = IntegerPolynomial.fromBinary(is, N, q);
            for (int i=0; i<fPrimeInt.coeffs.length; i++)
                fPrimeInt.coeffs[i] -= q/2;
            fPrime = fPrimeInt;
        }
        else
            if (polyType == TernaryPolynomialType.PRODUCT)
                fPrime = ProductFormPolynomial.fromBinary(is, N);
            else
                fPrime = IntegerPolynomial.fromBinary3Tight(is, N);

        if (include_h)
            h = IntegerPolynomial.fromBinary(is, N, q);
    }

    /**
     * Writes the basis to an output stream
     * @param os an output stream
     * @param include_h whether to write the polynomial h (true) or only f and f' (false)
     * @throws IOException
     */
    void encode(OutputStream os, boolean include_h) throws IOException {
        os.write(getEncoded(f));
        if (basisType == BasisType.STANDARD) {
            IntegerPolynomial fPrimeInt = fPrime.toIntegerPolynomial();
            for (int i=0; i<fPrimeInt.coeffs.length; i++)
                fPrimeInt.coeffs[i] += q/2;
            os.write(fPrimeInt.toBinary(q));
        }
        else
            os.write(getEncoded(fPrime));
        if (include_h)
            os.write(h.toBinary(q));
    }

    private byte[] getEncoded(Polynomial p) {
        if (p instanceof ProductFormPolynomial)
            return ((ProductFormPolynomial)p).toBinary();
        else
            return p.toIntegerPolynomial().toBinary3Tight();
    }

    /**
     * Tests if the basis is valid.
     * @param h the polynomial h (either from the public key or from this basis)
     * @return true if the basis is valid, false otherwise
     */
    boolean isValid(IntegerPolynomial h) {
        if (f.toIntegerPolynomial().coeffs.length != N)
            return false;
        if (fPrime.toIntegerPolynomial().coeffs.length != N)
            return false;

        if (h.coeffs.length!=N || !h.isReduced(q))
            return false;

        // determine F, G, g from f, fPrime, h using the eqn. fG-Fg=q
        Polynomial FPoly = basisType==BasisType.STANDARD ? fPrime : f.mult(h, q);
        IntegerPolynomial F = FPoly.toIntegerPolynomial();
        IntegerPolynomial fq = f.toIntegerPolynomial().invertFq(q);
        Polynomial g = basisType==BasisType.STANDARD ? f.mult(h, q) : fPrime;
        IntegerPolynomial G = g.mult(F);
        G.coeffs[0] -= q;
        G = G.mult(fq, q);
        G.modCenter(q);

        // check norms of F and G
        if (!new FGBasis(f, fPrime, h, F, G, q, polyType, basisType, keyNormBoundSq).isNormOk())
            return false;
        // check norms of f and g
        int factor = N / 24;
        if (f.toIntegerPolynomial().centeredNormSq(q)*factor >= F.centeredNormSq(q))
            return false;
        if (g.toIntegerPolynomial().centeredNormSq(q)*factor >= G.centeredNormSq(q))
            return false;

        // check ternarity
        if (polyType == TernaryPolynomialType.SIMPLE) {
            if (!f.toIntegerPolynomial().isTernary())
                return false;
            if (!g.toIntegerPolynomial().isTernary())
                return false;
        }
        else {
            if (!(f instanceof ProductFormPolynomial))
                return false;
            if (!(g instanceof ProductFormPolynomial))
                return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        final int prime = 31;
        int result = 1;
        result = prime * result + N;
        result = prime * result
                + ((basisType == null) ? 0 : basisType.hashCode());
        result = prime * result + ((f == null) ? 0 : f.hashCode());
        result = prime * result
                + ((fPrime == null) ? 0 : fPrime.hashCode());
        result = prime * result + ((h == null) ? 0 : h.hashCode());
        long temp;
        temp = Double.doubleToLongBits(keyNormBoundSq);
        result = prime * result + (int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
        result = prime * result
                + ((polyType == null) ? 0 : polyType.hashCode());
        result = prime * result + q;
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (this == obj)
            return true;
        if (obj == null)
            return false;
        if (!(obj instanceof Basis))
            return false;
        Basis other = (Basis) obj;
        if (N != other.N)
            return false;
        if (basisType != other.basisType)
            return false;
        if (f == null) {
            if (other.f != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!f.equals(other.f))
            return false;
        if (fPrime == null) {
            if (other.fPrime != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!fPrime.equals(other.fPrime))
            return false;
        if (h == null) {
            if (other.h != null)
                return false;
        } else if (!h.equals(other.h))
            return false;
        if (Double.doubleToLongBits(keyNormBoundSq) != Double
                .doubleToLongBits(other.keyNormBoundSq))
            return false;
        if (polyType != other.polyType)
            return false;
        if (q != other.q)
            return false;
        return true;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Panos London's valued contribution to development and journalism has only been possible thanks to the people who worked here and our partners.
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Hi, on an RPi 3B+ with AMP2 running 4.14.93-v7+, the ALSA mixer behaves weirdly. If I set mixer values for the "Digital" control programmatically, I get "Input/output error" from snd_mixer_selem_set_playback_dB(elem, chlist[i], chval[i], val). With "amixer sset Digital 60%" on the command line, the first time I set a new value it claims it fails ("Invalid command!", the second time it apparently succeeds.
I haven't seen this before. I never tried to use the ALSA C API, but with the amixer command line tools, I never saw this issue.
One thing you can try is using another kernel version on see if the behaviour stays the same in your setup.
We have compiled an 4.18 kernel for the DAC+ ADC that will also work with the AMP2 (it is a "normal" Raspberry Pi kernel, the DAC+ ADC driver has not been added to 4.14, therefore it's an 4.18).
I guess that one was faulty hardware. It happened on the AMP2 that was displaying this weird whistling coil noise, which has since died (it sets the Pi into a boot loop probably because something's wrong with the power). On the other AMP2 I have here the behaviour is as expected, so I guess it's a hardware glitch. I'll send you a ticket when I get around to it. Thanks for your help anyways!


Sweet memories of my visit to Debby.
A very sweet morning began refreshed, super cool, cheerful, light, airy, hopeful when I woke up from overnight's sleep. Thinking about Debby. Felt like it is time to capture the sweet memories I had with her. Here you go.
With a strong desire in my mind, I asked God to provide me an opportunity to meet Debby personally.


There is a new GUAC in town!
Look at this delicious food! What are you waiting for!?!? Right Coast Taqueria is the new hot spot on Long Island for everyone's favorite food...Tacos! Not only do we have tacos, but pupusa's, healthy bowls and don't forget a nice margarita! Long Island is raving about the food at RCT, and you will too. Come on in or order delivery but either way, RCT is becoming a new family favorite restaurant.


How much does a 2 bedroom house cleaning product and deep cleaning cost in St. Louis, MO?
Clorox Clean-Up Disinfectant Cleaner with Bleach is a powerful one-step cleaner, disinfectant and stain remover. It eliminates odors caused by bacteria, mold and mildew. With Clorox Clean-Up Disinfectant Cleaner with Bleach, you can clean and disinfect confidently with the power of Clorox Bleach. From Clorox Commercial Solutions, this fresh smelling spray cleaner is perfect for use in offices, day care centers, restaurants, schools and other commercial facilities. Spray every drop with Smart Tube technology that reaches to the very bottom of the bottle.


This report investigates industrial waste heat recovery practices, opportunities, and barriers in order to identify technology research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) needed to enable further recovery of industrial waste heat losses.
This report summarizes an analysis of three waste energy recovery opportunities applicable to the interstate natural gas pipeline system and also evaluates the current status of pipeline energy recovery projects in the U.S.
This article explains how waste heat recovery strengthens each state's industrial base, is economically advantageous to the state, and allows the industrial sector to actually profit from clean energy regulations.


text:
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Nebraska Cooperative Development Center
About NCDC
What is a Cooperative
Types of Cooperatives
Starting a Cooperative
Board of Directors Training
Cooperative Month
Value Added Agriculture
Community Owned Retail
General Cooperative Development
Cooperative Business Enterprise Network
Cooperative Examples
Additional Cooperative Development Centers
National Coop Business Assoc.
The Nebraska Cooperative Development Center is Nebraska's center for cooperative based business development. NCDC provides education, training, and technical assistance to cooperatively owned businesses, be it a cooperative, an LLC, or other business structure.We are committed to creating sustainable communities in Nebraska where people work together to meet their needs and reach their goals. Our center provides technical assistance, education, and training for developing and existing groups. Our services are available for all types of business enterprises.
For 20 years the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska Coop-erative Development Center (NCDC) has been working with start-up and established "multi-owner" businesses throughout the state. NCDC is Nebraska's center for cooperative based business development. We help facilitate the formation of new business ventures and growth of existing businesses by providing technical assistance, training and education programs.
Cooperative businesses are unique because they are autonomous associations of people united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. NCDC works with groups who incorporated or have an interest in forming cooperatives, LLCs and other "multi-owner" businesses.
NCDC Brochure (revised 2016)
Dedicated to assisting people prosper in rural areas by helping them work together through cooperative business development.
Nebraska Cooperative Development Center was created in 1998 through a USDA-RD Rural Cooperative Development Grant (RCDG). The grant was received by the Nebraska Community Foundation and written by the Nebraska Rural Development Commission (RDC). As Director of the RDC, Don Macke also became the first formal director of NCDC.
The RDC began a formal agreement with the Center for Rural Community Revitalization and Development (CRCRD) (Later to be called the Center for Applied Rural Innovation or CARI) in Fall of 1999 to make CRCRD the institutional home for NCDC. Through this agreement Dr. Sam Cordes, CRCRD Fellow, became director and they committed a .5 full-time employee position to NCDC to be supervised by Dr. Cordes.
The first NCDC Board of Directors meetings were held in September and December and of 1999 where they created the mission statement, goals, and organizational development of the program. The NCDC Management team consisted of Dr. Cordes, Jo Lowe, and Alan Corr (NCDC Board Chair, UNL Extension).
On September 17, 1999 the Nebraska Extension, USDA-RD, and RDC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to provide funding "…to enhance cooperative development efforts in Nebraska". USDA-RD and Nebraska Extension each contributed $25,000 and RDC contributed $5,000. This funding level was continued for a second year in July 2000. Through this commitment a full-time position and operating support (via the university Extension) was created for a cooperative development specialist. This position was advertised in January 2000 and Jim Crandall was hired April of 2000 as the first cooperative development specialist.
The formation, initial training, and certification of "NCDC First Responder" Network occurred in December 2000. This network consisted of 29 people across Nebraska, including at least one university Extension Educator in each of the five Extension Districts. The Network also consisted of: RC&D coordinators, USDA-RD staff, Nebraska Department of Economic Development Staff, Nebraska Dept. of Agriculture staff, and Center for Rural Affairs staff. The UNL attendees were: Dave Aiken, Alan Baquet, John Allen, Sam Cordes, Jim Crandall, Tom Dorn, Charles Francis, Terry Gompert, Gerald Hopp, Lynn Lutgen, Dave McLaren, Ed O'Neill, Linda Price, Jim Schild, and Dave Stenberg.
In September 2001 the Nebraska Community Foundation was awarded a second USDA RCDG grant on behalf of NCDC. The director was Sam Cordes.
In 2002 NCDC added Shirley Lederers as an administrative assistant through an agreement with CARI by buying 25% of her time. (Staffing levels: Dr. Cordes .5 FTE, Jo Lowe (RDC) .5 FTE, Jim Crandall 1.0 FTE, Shirley Lederer, .25 FTE).
On April 1, 2002 NCDC became incorporated as a 501 (c) 6 with the initial principal office located in 58 Filley Hall, UNL East Campus. This incorporation was in response to the NCDC Board of Directors concerns regarding personal liability relating to disbursement of grant funds. Thus, the NCDC bylaws named the Nebraska Community Foundation as the repository for grant funds and to provide oversight and auditing of funds.
NCDC was awarded a third USDA RCDG grant in August 2002. This grant now supplied all of Jim Crandall's salary, benefits, and support.
Dr. John Allen became the NCDC Executive Director on January 1, 2003, followed by Dr. Lynn Lutgen as NCDC Executive Director on July 15, 2003. In June of 2003 NCDC began paying Jo Lowe's salary as RDC phased out, however RDC disbanded in August 2003 and Lowe resigned.
NCDC was awarded a fourth USDA RCDG grant in August 2003 under current director Lynn Lutgen. In December 2003 Elaine (Klaege) Cranford was hired as a temporary full-time cooperative development specialist (she had been a NCDC student intern in local food systems since October 2002). Cranford was hired as a permanent full-time cooperative development specialist in September 2004.
NCDC was awarded a fifth USDA RCDG grant in September 2004 under director Lynn Lutgen. In October 2004 NCDC added a .5 FTE position through a shared position agreement with the university Food Processing Center. Current staffing levels: Dr. Lutgen .5 FTE, Jim Crandall 1.0 FTE, Elaine Cranford 1.0 FTE, Mark Hutchison (FPC) .5 FTE, Alan Shaw, secretarial, .25 FTE. All positions, except for Dr. Lutgens, were funded entirely from USDA RCDG grant.
"The Nebraska Cooperative Development Center has helped us develop our business and get the professional training we've needed to excel in our field. Thanks to the NCDC mini-grants, Farmstead First members have been able to attend conferences and get hands-on training from dairy professionals and participate in professional networking with cheese makers and cheese buyers across the country. There is no doubt that our business venture has benefitted from these experiences-thanks so much, NCDC, for your support!" -Krista Dittman, Farmstead First
AgEcon
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Lincoln NE 68583-0922
UNL Ag Economics
UNL Extension
Dept. Economic Development
Rural Policy Research Institute
USDA-Rural Development
NE Sustainable Ag Society
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


NEW DELHI: The Supreme Court has asked a house owner to pay Rs 15 lakh as compensation to a buyer for backing out on the deal after signing an agreement while claiming that it was his only residential place. The court allowed him to retain the house but pay compensation to the buyer.
The owner had signed an agreement in 1999 to sell a house for Rs 1.6 lakh at a village in Tamil Nadu and the buyer had paid Rs 60,000 in advance. Rest of the amount was to be paid at the time of execution of the sale deed.
The owner, however, refused to honour the agreement, compelling the buyer to approach court. The trial court and Madras high court passed directions for execution of sale deed as per the agreement.
Failing to get relief, the owner, Jayakantham moved the apex court challenging the order. He contended that the residential house was the sole property owned by the family and he could not sell it. He argued that the agreement was merely a document executed by way of security for a loan transaction but agreed to pay compensation to the buyer to retain the property .
An SC bench of Justices Arun Mishra and D Y Chandrachud said the hardship of the seller had to be considered and the court was not bound to grant relief of "specific performance" (contractual duty) merely because it is lawful to do so.
"The decree for specific performance shall accordingly stand set aside and shall stand substituted with a direction to the appellants (owners) to pay a sum of Rs 15 lakh to the respondent in lieu of specific performance. The amount shall be paid within two months from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment," it said.


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If your answer to one of the above statement is "yes" then you should hire a qualified electrician and have them take a look at your home. Rewiring calls for an experienced and professional electrician – don't try to attempt it yourself. Contact Your Avondale Electrician in Avondale Arizona and get a free quote on your Avondale wiring replacement needs.


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Queens County is situated in the South Shore region of Nova Scotia. It has an estimated population of 10,900 people living in its 2,398.63 square kilometers of land. The county which was established in 1762 is headquartered in Liverpool. It is bordered by Yarmouth County to the west, Annapolis County to the north, Lunenburg County to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.
The county is under the Region of Queens Municipality. This encompasses the town of Liverpool, and several communities which were amalgamated in 1996 to form the present day municipality. The county has a rich and colorful past. It boasts as a gateway to the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve, one of Canada's 16 special designations, which was declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2001.
Liverpool, the county's headquarter also serves as its commercial centre. It is a beehive of business activities ranging from small shops to recreational areas like the Queens Place Emera Centre.
We also service the following areas:
Liverpool - This former town was founded in 1759 and it has an estimated population of 2,700. It is situated in Queens County covering an area 3.48 square kilometers. Fishing is one of its key industries.
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text:
THORNTON v. SCHREIBER et al.
8 S.Ct. 618
31 L.Ed. 577
SCHREIBER et al.1
John G. Johnson and Frank P. Prichard, for pl intiff in error.
A. Sydney Biddle, J. R. Paul, and J. K. Valentine, for defendants in error.
MILLER, J.
This is a qui tam action brought by the defendants in error, constituting a partnership in the name of Schreiber & Sons, against Thornton, the plaintiff in error, under section 4965, Rev. St. This is found in chapter 3, tit. 60, which has relation to copyrights. As we have heretofore decided in the case of Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U. S. 53, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 279, photographs are included, under certain circumstances, among the things which may be copyrighted. The plaintiffs in this action allege themselves to be the owners of a valid copyright of a photograph entitled 'The Mother Elephant 'Hebe' and her Baby 'Americus," and that the defendant, Thornton, was liable to them under the above section for an infringement of their exclusive right in such photograph. The declaration consisted originally of four counts, but the plaintiffs afterwards obtained leave to amend it by striking out the third and fourth. Of the two counts which remained, the first was for copying an printing said photograph, with the charge that 15,000 sheets of the same were found in the defendant's possession, printed and copied by him, and claiming the sum of $15,000 as forfeited to plaintiffs and to the United States under said section. The second count alleged that the defendant published said photograph, and that 15,000 sheets of the same were found in his possession. Section 4965, on which this action if founded, reads as follows: 'If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or model, or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, published, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his possession, or by him sold or exposed to sale; one-half thereof to the proprietor, and the other half to the use of the United States.' It will be observed that this section gives no right of action to recover damages, merely as such, by the owner of the photograph, but limits the remedy to the forfeiture of the plates on which the infringing article is copied, 'and every sheet thereof, either copied or printed,' and to the further forfeiture of 'one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, published, imported, or exposed for sale.' In case of 'a painting, statue, or statuary,' there is to be a forfeiture of $10 for every copy found in the defendant's possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale.
In section 4964, immediately preceding the one under consideration, it is declared that every person who shall, without the consent of the proprietor of a copyrighted book, print, publish, import, sell, or expose for sale any copy of such book, shall not only forfeit every copy thereof to such proprietor, but shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered in a civil action by such proprietor. And so in section 4966, which immediately follows the one under consideration, it is declared that 'any person publicly per orming or representing any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for damages therefor, such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just.' It will thus be seen that while this chapter provides a remedy by a civilaction on behalf of the owner of the copyright of a book or dramatic composition which has been violated, it makes no such provision in favor of a copyright of 'any map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or model,' etc., except so far as it forfeits the plates on which they are copied, and the sheets, either copied or printed, and one dollar for every sheet found in the possession of the defendant. Section 4967 also allows an action for damages by the author or proprietor of any manuscript published without his consent.
As the action in the present case is brought by plaintiffs below, who sued as well for the United States as for themselves, under the idea that the government was entitled to one moiety of the penalty recovered, an examination of the statute presents a question at the outset as to whether the United States has any interest in the only penalty sought to be recovered, namely, that of one dollar for each sheet of the photographs found in the possession of the defendant. Looking critically at the language of the statute the question is suggested whether the one-half of the amount recovered which is to go to the United States extends beyond the case of 'a painting, statue, or statuary.' It will be observed that in the beginning of the penalty denounced in this section it is said that the defendant 'shall forfeit to the proprietor [meaning the proprietor of the copyright] all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, published, imported, or exposed for sale,' and recurring, after a semicolon, to another branch of the subject, it is said that 'in case of a painting, statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the proprietor and the other half to the use of the United States.' With regard to the copyrighted articles mentioned in the section under consideration, it would seem that the first penalty is a forfeiture of them to the proprietor, and after wards, when other copyrighted articles, enumerated as 'a painting, statue, or statuary,' where the amount forfeited is different, it provides that one-half of the forfeiture shall be to the proprietor and the other half to the use of the United States. This point, however, was not raised by either counsel in the argument, and as we are of opinion that the copies for which judgment was recovered in this case against the defendant were not found in his possession, within the meaning of the statute, it is unnecessary to decide it here. The suit was brought originally in the district court of the United States for the Eastern district of Pennsylvania. It was there tried before a jury, and a verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiffs for a forfeiture of one dollar for each of the copies found in defendant's possession, amounting to $14,800, for which judgment was entered in that court. A bill of exceptions, taken at that trial, is found in the record. A writ of error took the case to the circuit court for that district, which, on the case as made in the district court, affirmed its decision. To this latter judgment the present writ of error is directed.
The assignment of errors questions the validity of the copyright, both as regards the subject-matter of the photograph, and as regards the evidences of proper proceedings with the librarian to make the copyright effective. There are also other errors assigned, which it might be interesting to examine, but which we do not think necessary to a decision of the case as it is now before us. The judge in the trial in the court below charged the jury as follows: 'The court instructs you that under the evidence, if you believe it,—and the court sees nothing that would justify disbelief,—the plaintiff is entitled to recover and to have damages assessed at the rate of one dollar ($1.00) for every sheet of that copied photograph found in his [defendant's] possession, and every sheet under his control at the time must be treated as in his possession, notwithstanding the interest his employers may have had in it. * * * A large number of the copies, according to the testimony, were upon a shelf. * * * And he [the defendant] obtained these copies for the purpose of labels. They were found in the store where he was, and under his charge. Now, I repeat what I have said, that every sheet under his control (then under his control)—notwithstanding the interest that the firm of Sharpless & Sons may have had in them—every sheet thus subject to his control must be regarded, for the purposes of this suit, as in his possession, and for every sheet thus found in his possession, if you find for the plaintiff, you must assess one dollar damages, and I see nothing that would justify you in not so finding.' This left nothing for the jury to consider but whether they would believe the testimony; if they did, it was a peremptory instruction to them to find a verdict against defendant of one dollar for every sheet found in the store of Sharpless & Sons. There is no contradiction in the testimony on the subject of the relation of the defendant, Thornton, to the possession of these 15,000 sheets of the photographs. Sharpless & Sons were a partnership in the city of Philadelphia, and large wholesale dealers in dry goods. Mr. Thornton was, according to his own testimony and that of Mr. Sharpless, employed by them somewhat in the character of a business manager, but his main business was, however, the purchasing of goods which were afterwards sold by that firm. Their place of business was a three or four story building, in which they had large quantities of textile fabrics stowed away for sale, and it was in the second or third story of this building that the sheets were found which are the subject of this suit. They were among other goods, and were to be used by pasting them upon parcels of dry goods, which was also often done at the dyers' before the goods were brought to the business house for sale. That these copies were the property of Sharpless & Sons can admit of no doubt; that they were in their building, subject to their control and use, in the same manner as any of the other goods that they had there, is also clear, as well as the fact that the plaintiffs in this case so understood it.
It appears from the evidence of Francis Schreiber, who was not, however, a member of the plaintiffs' firm, that he went, in company with his brother Henry, to the place of business of Sharpless & Sons, and sought an interview with Mr. Sharpless. In the course of the conversation which ensued he asked Mr. Sharpless where he got the pictures from, and he said, 'His man who had charge had got it at Queen's;' by his man evidently meaning Thornton, the defendant. Then after some conversation about the injury done the proprietors of the picture, Mr. Sharpless said that he did not intend to do anything wrong; whereupon witness then asked him whether he had any of them, to which the reply was, 'Yes, he had a great many of them upstairs.' The witness asked him whether they could have them, and Sharpless said, 'Yes, they could have the copies.' This language is inconsistent with any other idea than that Mr. Sharpless considered the matter entirely under his control. This conversation with r. Sharpless occurred on the eighth day of May, in their place of business at the corner of Eighth and Chestnut streets; it was in the second story of the building, and Henry Schreiber, a brother of the witness, was also present. In regard to this same conversation the witness Francis Schreiber was asked: 'How came you to ask Mr. Sharpless if he would surrender any of the pictures?' His answer was: 'I wanted to know if he had any. * * * That was my object in going there.'
Henry Schreiber, one of the plaintiffs, was also sworn, and stated that he was present upon the Saturday morning when the conversation occurred with Mr. Sharpless as to which his brother Francis testified; that he had been there a few days before, upon which occasion he saw Mr. Thornton, who was employed there to the best of his knowledge. He testified that Thornton showed him a picture; that he saw the place from which it was taken, a shelf; and that there were others, quite a package of them, on the shelf. He further testified that in the conversation on Saturday, Mr. Sharpless said. 'Mr. Thornton has the sole charge of that; he gets up the labels, and gets everything that hethinks will be appropriate,' or something to that effect; and that Mr. Sharpless also said that Thornton had shown him this picture before it was used, and he (Sharpless) told him to go ahead. He also states that Mr. Sharpless said that they had a lot upstairs, and that he (the witness) could have them all.
Mr. Thornton himself testified that he got up this plate, and ordered 15,000 copies to be made; that these copies were delivered to Sharpless & Sons; that the tickets were often put on the goods at the dyeing establishment, received afterwards by Sharpless & Sons, and sold to other parties. After some further testimony as to the details of this transaction, Mr. Thornton was asked: 'Tell us what your besiness was then at that store of Sharpless & Sons.' He replied: 'I was employed there as the superintendent of the wholesale domestic department; I have the purchasing of all the goods, the making of the price, and seeing that they are sold.' He testified in substance that these prints or copies were paid for by Sharpless & Sons; that he never paid out any money, but that they were paid for as other goods were by that firm in the course of business; that they were contracted for by him and paid for by Sharpless & Sons when the bill was sent to them. The attempt was made to establish the fact that Thornton had the possession or control of these prints by showing that he was the man who first conceived the idea of getting up and using them in the business of Sharpless & Sons; that he did in effect order the photograph to be made, and only showed it to Mr. Sharpless after this was done. Thornton, however, states that before it was used, and a month before the time the prints were found at the store by the plaintiffs, that Mr. Sharp less had known about the photograph and copy; that he approved it, and that the bills were paid by his firm. We do not see how Mr. Thornton, merely as an employe, although he may have had a principal place in that establishment, could be said to have had the possession of these prints when they were found by the plaintiffs in the store of Sharpless & Sons. In any other light that it can be viewed, that firm would be held to be in possession. An action of replevin could have been sustained against them for the possession of these goods, or an action of trover, if they had been the property of plaintiffs, on account of the possession of them by Sharpless & Sons. Sharpless & Sons could have done what they pleased with them; they could have ordered them thrown out and burned; they could have given them up, and they did offer to give them up, to plaintiffs. It was Sharpless himself who made this offer, and the plaintiffs obviously understood that Sharpless was the man with whom they were dealing all this time. Their first visits were to him; they talked the matter over with him; they re ognized him as having control of the plates, of the prints, of the entire transaction; and it is impossible to conceive that Mr. Thornton had any other control over those sheets than he had over any piece of dry goods in the building. What he did during all the time in which this transaction occurred was as an employe of Sharpless & Sons; and any other clerk, porter, or salesman in that establishment, who handled these articles, or who had access to them and could use them upon packages of goods, had as much possession of them as Mr. Thornton, and any such person could have been sued and a recovery had against him as lawfully as against Thornton, so far as the matter of possession is concerned. What right of action might have been maintained against Thornton for actively copying, printing, selling, or exposing these prints for sale, is not now in question; the recovery here is based upon the fact of their being found in his possession.
Counsel for defendants in error, Schreiber & Sons, insist that the words 'found in his possession' are to be construed as referring to the finding of the jury; that the expression means simply that, where the sheets are ascertained by the finding of the jury to have been at any time in the possession of the person who committed the wrongful act, such person shall forfeit one dollar for each sheet so ascertained to have been in his possession. We, however, think that the word 'found' means that there must be a time before the cause of action accrues at which they are found in the possession of the defendant. If, however, plaintiffs' view of the subject were tenable, the fact still remains that the only possession Mr. Thornton ever had of these prints was the possession of Sharpless & Sons, holding them merely as their employe, subject always to their order and control, and never with any claim of right in him to control them except in their service.
The instructions of the court to the jury, therefore, on this subject, were erroneous, and the testimony did not justify the charge. For this reason the judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the case remanded, with instruction to set aside the verdict, and for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Reversing 17 Fed. Rep. 603.
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I've spent a larger portion of my life than I care to admit trying to be somebody else. It was no one specific. It was often "let me be anyone other than who I am". It's only within the last five years that I have begun to know who I am and not only accept it but also embrace it.
I have spent decades as a cynic. I have hidden for years in sarcasm and I have used it as a coping mechanism and a deflection. Being logical is, what I have told myself, adults do.
Slowly I've been shuffling off the sarcasm. It's not easy and I definitely find my way back. More often than not, though, if I stay aware and in the joy of the moment, I can let sarcasm be. I can choose to be joyful. I can choose to be open. I can choose to embrace things that are light, silly, and not always logical.
I'm going to offer a sample of one of the meditations from my book on how to let go of these traits that you have taken on as your own that are not actually you. I call it a "glow stick meditation" as a reminder that you have your own light. You don't need to compare or compete. You are enough. You glow.
This is one of my favorites. When you're feeling blah or uninspired, try this exercise and see if you can raise your energy level! Put on an upbeat song. Don't think about it too much, just play something fun!
As you press your palms together, imagine that you are snapping a glow stick and feel that opening across the front of your chest. Close your eyes and visualize that initial crack of the glow stick as the opening of your energy. Now just like we need to shake a glow stick to make the chemicals mix and glow – you need to get all of the light and energy glowing and moving all across your body!
Release the interlacing of your fingers and reach your arms into the sky. Close your eyes and quickly shake your wrists from side to side (as if you are quickly screwing and unscrewing a lightbulb).
At the same time turn your head from side to side (as if you are shaking your head to indicate no).
Bend your knees one at a time to transfer weight quickly from one foot to the other.
Continue for the duration of the song and as you move picture your body filling up with bright, neon light. Choose any color you like! Let this light grow stronger as it infuses your limbs. Try to picture every atom of every cell in your body growing and buzzing with light and energy. Continue buzzing and moving throughout the duration of the song!
When the song is finished, come back to stillness while standing and press your hands together at your heart. Continue to let that buzzing energy move around your body. Find deep breaths in and out through your nose (your mouth can be slightly open if you have any congestion). Let these breaths ground you as you remember that this electric glow stick energy is yours to tap into at any time!
*The author does not present any exercises on this site as a treatment for any medical condition. Please consult your wellness professional before using this or any other exercise.


text:
Q: Move ylabel up/down in pgfplots I'm creating a graph with pgfplots with two y-axes, one on the left and one on the right. I'm wondering how to move the ylabels up or down to vertically align with the middle of the tick marks:

Here is my code:
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usepgfplotslibrary{dateplot}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\pgfplotsset{set layers}
\begin{axis}[
width=5.3in,
date coordinates in=x,
xmin={2012-08-01},
xmax={2012-11-06},
ymin=-3,
ymax=3,
xtick={2012-08-01,2012-09-01,2012-10-01,2012-11-01},
xticklabels={August, September, October, November},
ytick={0,1,2,3},
ylabel={Depth (m)},
tick align=outside,
scale only axis,
xtick pos=left,
ytick pos=left,
]
\addplot[color=black]table[col sep=comma,y=depth]{depth.csv};
\end{axis}
\begin{axis}[
width=5.3in,
date coordinates in=x,
xmin={2012-08-01},
xmax={2012-11-06},
ymin=0,
ymax=50,
axis x line=none,
ytick={0,5,10,15,20},
ylabel={Rainfall (mm)},
ylabel near ticks,
yticklabel pos=right,
tick align=outside,
scale only axis,
xtick pos=left,
ytick pos=right,
]
\addplot[ybar=,bar width=3pt,fill=black]table[col sep=comma,y=rainfall]{rainfall.csv};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

A: Use the ticklabel cs to position the ylabels:
First plot:
\begin{axis}[
width=5.3in,
date coordinates in=x,
xmin={2012-08-01},
xmax={2012-11-06},
ymin=-3,
ymax=3,
xtick={2012-08-01,2012-09-01,2012-10-01,2012-11-01},
xticklabels={August, September, October, November},
ytick={0,1,2,3},
ylabel={Depth (m)},
ylabel style={at={(ticklabel cs:0.75)}},% <- added code
tick align=outside,
scale only axis,
xtick pos=left,
ytick pos=left,
]
\addplot[color=black]table[col sep=comma,y=depth]{depth.csv};
\end{axis}

and second plot:
\begin{axis}[
width=5.3in,
date coordinates in=x,
xmin={2012-08-01},
xmax={2012-11-06},
ymin=0,
ymax=50,
axis x line=none,
ytick={0,5,10,15,20},
ylabel={Rainfall (mm)},
ylabel style={at={(ticklabel cs:0.2)}},% <- added code
%ylabel near ticks,% <- remove this line
yticklabel pos=right,
tick align=outside,
scale only axis,
xtick pos=left,
ytick pos=right,
]
\addplot[ybar=,bar width=3pt,fill=black]table[col sep=comma,y=rainfall]{rainfall.csv};
\end{axis}

(The plot is empty because of the missing datas in the MWE.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Episode 13 - Purdue Legends
Today on This is Purdue you will hear about two aviation legends from the Purdue family, Neil Armstrong and Amelia Earhart.
Astronaut and Purdue alumnus, Greg Harbaugh, joins the podcast to talk about his relationship with with Armstrong and his history at Purdue. After becoming a skilled pilot in the Navy and an engineering student at Purdue, Armstrong was part of the famous Apollo 11 crew, which were the first people to step foot on the moon. Even with dangerous odds and low fuel, the crew was able to successfully land on the moon, where Armstrong coined his famous phrase, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." After retiring from NASA, Armstrong led a humble life, where he eventually became a professor at the University of Cincinnati before passing away in August of 2012.
In the next segment of This is Purdue, Amelia Earhart's life and legacy is discussed. In 1935, Erhart joined the Purdue Aeronautics program, becoming an advisor to the program and counselor to the students. She frequently met with the female students at Purdue, encouraging them to pursue their education and career goals. She is remembered as one of the first advisors and advocates for female students in an American university. Her connections at Purdue helped her begin one of her long-term goals: to fly around the world, researching and journaling as she went. After completing almost 22,000 miles of her mission, there was an issue on her trip, resulting in her disappearance. Even today, mystery and uncertainty surround her disappearance. Her legacy of bravery, hard work, and feminism continues on today as she is remembered as one of the many Boilermaker legends.
Key Ideas:
2:19 - A past interview from Neil Armstrong is shared, where he discusses his decision to attend Purdue University over Ohio State.
6:08 - The Apollo 11 mission is discussed, with original audio from the crew.
9:21 - Armstrong's life after NASA and legacy are discussed.
15:25 - Amelia Earhart's solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean is described.
17:00 - Earhart's history at Purdue is shared.
20:16 - Learn more about the history of Earhart's
Learn more about Neil Armstrong
Learn more about Amelia Earhart
Learn more about This is Purdue
Learn more about Purdue University
The Neil Armstrong interview feature originally aired in 2013 as part of a "Boiler Bytes" segment.
Episode correction: The episode notes Special Collections Archive, but the correct name is Archives and Special Collections.
Where to listen to This is Purdue


text:
import cv2
import numpy as np
import operator
import os
import GenData as gd
import ContourWithData as cwd
# boe

def main():
    allContoursWithData = []  # declare empty lists,
    validContoursWithData = []  # we will fill these shortly

    try:
        npaClassifications = np.loadtxt("classifications.txt", np.float32)  # read in training classifications
    except:
        print "error, unable to open classifications.txt, exiting program\n"
        os.system("pause")
        return
    # end try

    try:
        npaFlattenedImages = np.loadtxt("flattened_images.txt", np.float32)  # read in training images
    except:
        print "error, unable to open flattened_images.txt, exiting program\n"
        os.system("pause")
        return
    # end try

    npaClassifications = npaClassifications.reshape(
        (npaClassifications.size, 1))  # reshape numpy array to 1d, necessary to pass to call to train

    kNearest = cv2.ml.KNearest_create()  # instantiate KNN object

    kNearest.train(npaFlattenedImages, cv2.ml.ROW_SAMPLE, npaClassifications)

    imgTestingNumbersRaw = cv2.imread(".\\testData\\realPen.jpg")  # read in testing numbers image
    imgTestingNumbers = cv2.resize(imgTestingNumbersRaw, (1000, 400))

    if imgTestingNumbers is None:  # if image was not read successfully
        print "error: image not read from file \n\n"  # print error message to std out
        os.system("pause")  # pause so user can see error message
        return  # and exit function (which exits program)
    # end if

    imgThresh = gd.PreProcess(imgTestingNumbers)

    imgThreshCopy = imgThresh.copy()  # make a copy of the thresh image, this in necessary b/c findContours modifies the image

    imgContours, npaContours, npaHierarchy = cv2.findContours(imgThreshCopy,
                                                              # input image, make sure to use a copy since the function will modify this image in the course of finding contours
                                                              cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,  # retrieve the outermost contours only
                                                              cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)  # compress horizontal, vertical, and diagonal segments and leave only their end points

    for npaContour in npaContours:  # for each contour
        contourWithData = cwd.ContourWithData(npaContour)  # instantiate a contour with data object
        allContoursWithData.append(contourWithData)  # add contour with data object to list of all contours with data
    # end for

    for contourWithData in allContoursWithData:  # for all contours
        if gd.CheckIfContourIsValid(contourWithData):  # check if valid
            validContoursWithData.append(contourWithData)  # if so, append to valid contour list
            # end if
    # end for

    validContoursWithData.sort(key=operator.attrgetter("intRectX"))  # sort contours from left to right

    strFinalString = ""  # declare final string, this will have the final number sequence by the end of the program

    for contourWithData in validContoursWithData:  # for each contour
        # draw a green rect around the current char
        cv2.rectangle(imgTestingNumbers,  # draw rectangle on original testing image
                      (contourWithData.intRectX, contourWithData.intRectY),  # upper left corner
                      (contourWithData.intRectX + contourWithData.intRectWidth,
                       contourWithData.intRectY + contourWithData.intRectHeight),  # lower right corner
                      (0, 255, 0),  # green
                      2)  # thickness

        imgROI = imgThresh[contourWithData.intRectY: contourWithData.intRectY + contourWithData.intRectHeight,
                 # crop char out of threshold image
                 contourWithData.intRectX: contourWithData.intRectX + contourWithData.intRectWidth]

        imgROIResized = cv2.resize(imgROI, (gd.RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH,
                                            gd.RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT))  # resize image, this will be more consistent for recognition and storage

        npaROIResized = imgROIResized.reshape(
            (1, gd.RESIZED_IMAGE_WIDTH * gd.RESIZED_IMAGE_HEIGHT))  # flatten image into 1d numpy array

        npaROIResized = np.float32(npaROIResized)  # convert from 1d numpy array of ints to 1d numpy array of floats

        retval, npaResults, neigh_resp, dists = kNearest.findNearest(npaROIResized,
                                                                     k=2)  # call KNN function find_nearest

        strCurrentChar = str(chr(int(npaResults[0][0])))  # get character from results

        strFinalString = strFinalString + strCurrentChar  # append current char to full string
    # end for

    print "\n" + strFinalString + "\n"  # show the full string

    cv2.imshow("imgTestingNumbers", imgTestingNumbers)  # show input image with green boxes drawn around found digits
    cv2.waitKey(0)  # wait for user key press

    cv2.destroyAllWindows()  # remove windows from memory

    return

###################################################################################################
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
# end if


A purposeful method to help you connect with your audience through Facebook, Instagram & Twitter.
This guide will help you quickly and easily determine the what, when, who, where and WHY of your content so you can create and share information and knowledge that is meaningful and intentional.
This guide's purpose is to help you build more relationships and connections with your ideal audience, because when you build real relationships, there's a higher chance of achieving more bookings, selling more products and reaching your ultimate business dreams.
• Busy entrepreneurs and business owners who don't have time to manage their social media accounts, but know they have to!


Everything went smooth and easy.
We got the size unit we needed, Wes was very polite and helpful. The unit was clean, as was the whole facility.
Pricing is very competitive and the facility is well-designed and roomy for vehicles and access. Grounds and storage rooms are clean and well-lighted and the staff are very friendly and helpful.
The folks at Republic Self Storage were helpful friendly and efficient. Exactly what I needed.
Checking in was simple (location has a good bit of construction around it, so if you're not familiar with the area, use the most current GPS available). The facility is clean. The gentleman that helped me with all the paperwork was wonderful - friendly, knowledgeable & helpful. Moved to the state this weekend, and this was a very welcome streamlined experience during a stress-filled weekend.


text:
Home Master of Military Art and Science Theses Urban joint fire support: Air Force fixed-wing and Army field artillery precision munitions...
Urban joint fire support: Air Force fixed-wing and Army field artillery precision munitions capabilities for urban operations.
Collection Master of Military Art and Science Theses
Title Urban joint fire support: Air Force fixed-wing and Army field artillery precision munitions capabilities for urban operations.
Author McCarty, Craig A.
Abstract While both air and ground based fire support have proven themselves to be an invaluable and overwhelmingly lethal force in conventional combat, they have struggled to deal with the extreme complexity, density, and constraints of the Urban Operational Environment (UOE). However, it is in this area that precision munitions have proved their worth. The United States (US) Air Force's focus on precision munitions since the late 1960s has kept it a step ahead of the Army; however, the US Army has recently taken huge steps in the field of precision munitions and is in the midst of its own precision munitions revolution surrounding its Field Artillery (FA) capabilities. The integration of these newly fielded capabilities into the joint fight will strengthen US military capability, but will also pose a challenge to commanders, planners, and fire support coordinators to choose the right weapon for the right job. This thesis looks at a focused field of applicable Air Force and Army precision munitions, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages they have in urban combat. It researches the capabilities of each of the systems as they apply to urban operations with the intent of providing considerations to aid in employment.
Keyword Joint fire support; United States Air Force (USAF); Urban operations; Field artillery; Precision munitions; Capabilities; Fixed-wing aircraft; Urban environment; United States Army; Weapons; Military planning; Fire support; Employment (of forces); Urban combat; Weapon systems; Weapons systems; Fires; Military operations; Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT)
Series Command and General Staff College (CGSC) MMAS thesis
Call number ADA 471393


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Shawna Nelson case revealed problems in police department that led to dark time in history
Local | March 4, 2018
For The Tribune
In his closing argument on Feb. 29, 2008, at the Larimer County Justice Center in Fort Collins, Larimer County Assistant District Attorney Clifford Riedel kneels on the floor to demonstrate the position of Heather Garraus when she was shot and killed in the parking lot of the Colorado State Employee's Credit Union in Greeley on Jan. 23, 2007.
Tribune file photo |
Shawna Nelson listens as the prosecution presents its case in her first-degree murder trial on Feb. 25, 2008, at the Larimer County Justice Center in Fort Collins.
The Greeley Tribune looks back at the murder trial for Shawna Nelson in 2008 and how the law enforcement community reacted.
Photo Illustration by Joshua Polson | The Greeley Tribune
With an aerial map of Greeley projected behind him, Greeley Police Detective Greg Tharp answers questions about the investigation into the murder of Heather Garraus on Feb. 25, 2008 at the Larimer County Justice Center in Fort Collins. Former Weld County dispatcher Shawna Nelson was charged with the January 2007 murder of Heather Garraus in Greeley. The trial was moved to Larimer County due to publicity surrounding the case and her connections to law enforcement agencies.
Public defender Kevin Strobel delivers his closing argument in the first-degree murder trial of his client Shawna Nelson on Feb. 29, 2008, at the Larimer County Justice Center in Fort Collins.
Prosecutor Gregory Lammons gestures toward a hooded and robed mannequin during closing arguments in the first-degree murder trial of Shawna Nelson on Feb. 29, 2008, at the Larimer County Justice Center in Fort Collins. The jury went into deliberation after seven days of testimony. Nelson was charged with the January 2007 murder of Heather Garraus.
Getty Images/iStockphoto | iStockphoto
Shawna Nelson speaks during her trial at the Larimer County Courthouse in Fort Collins. Nelson was found guilty with the January 2007 murder of Heather Garraus.
Police investigate the scene of a murder on Jan. 23, 2007, at a parking lot in front of the Colorado State Employees Credit Union at 25th Street and 11th Avenue Greeley.
Police field evidence technicians Officer Keller, right and Officer Anderson collect evidence while investigating a murder on Jan. 23, 2007, at a parking lot in front of the Colorado State Employees Credit Union at 25th Street and 11th Avenue Greeley.
Who's who in the Shawna Nelson case
Shawna Nelson was sentenced to life in prison 10 years ago in Greeley's most publicized murder. Here is a look at the key players:
» Name: Shawna Nelson
» Role: She killed her romantic rival, Heather Garraus. Nelson, a former police dispatcher, had an affair with Garraus' husband, Ignacio. She also testified she had an affair with former best friend Michelle Moore, which is denied by Moore. Nelson shot Garraus after Ignacio Garraus broke off their affair. The affair produced a child. Nelson also had an abortion after another pregnancy from her affair with Garraus.
» Name: Ken Nelson
» Role: Ken Nelson is Shawna Nelson's husband. He is a former Weld County Sheriff's investigator. Nelson also was a member of the Weld County Drug Task Force. On the night of Garraus' death, he stopped his wife in her vehicle in west Greeley. Witnesses testified that he removed something from the truck. He is raising son Shawna Nelson had with Ignacio Garraus, along with the couple's other children.
» Name: Ignacio Garraus
» Role: He was married to Heather Garraus and had a daughter with her. The 16-year Greeley police veteran had close to a three-year affair with Shawna Nelson. He left the Greeley Police Department after the shooting and moved out of state.
» Name: Heather Garraus
» Role: Heather Garraus was shot to death on Jan. 23, 2007, in the parking lot of a Greeley credit union, where she worked. Garraus was married to Ignacio Garraus on July 27, 1991. She was a University of Northern Colorado graduate and worked as an assistant bank manager for the Colorado State Employees Credit Union.
» Name: Michelle Moore
» Role: Moore is the former best friend of Shawna Nelson. Nelson testified in court that she had an affair with Moore. Moore, however, denied that affair in her testimony. Moore was arrested on Nov. 20, 2008, at the Windsor home of her boyfriend, Greeley police officer Tim Young, for her role in planning the murder. Moore agreed to testify against Nelson after accepting a deal to plead as an accessory to a crime.
» Learn more:
— Ignacio Garraus: 'I loath myself'
— Sordid details emerge as Ignacio Garraus testifies in the Shawna Nelson trial
— Shawna Nelson sentenced to life behind bars
— Shawna Nelson gives her side of the story
— Experts: Shawna Nelson case in uncharted territory
Greeley's police chief called it a "dark time" for the police and city of Greeley. Two investigators said the Shawna Nelson case likely was the most notorious case in the history of the department.
Chief Jerry Garner said the murder of Heather Garraus caused extreme problems within the department where he had been chief for just a year.
"We had to do some cleaning throughout the department," Garner said, "and it was difficult to face some of the problems we had."
It was 10 years ago a sheriff deputy's wife, Shawna Nelson, was convicted of shooting and killing Garraus, a police officer's wife. It could be the most publicized murder case in Greeley history.
"There were very few officers involved in the problems. But we had to let everyone know that what they did off-duty was just as important as what they did on-duty. They would be held accountable for their behavior.— Jerry Garner, Greeley police chief
It was a case that involved an affair, a baby born to that affair and Nelson possibly trying to frame her husband for the murder.
The victim, Heather Garraus, was the wife of Ignacio Garraus, a Greeley police officer at the time of the murder. He and his family since have moved out of state. Shawna Nelson was the wife of Weld County sheriff's deputy Ken Nelson. They've now divorced, and he too has moved out of state.
Investigators Greg Tharp and Mike Prill still are with the department and carry strong memories of their investigation into the murder.
"We found a lot of problems throughout the department at the time," Prill said this week. "The chief took it on and turned the department around."
Added Tharp: "There were so many levels to this case. We had 360 reports over a 14-month investigation. We uncovered some ugly things about the department."
Those "ugly things" included some officers having affairs in the department and involvement in other questionable behavior.
"There were very few officers involved in the problems," Garner said this week. "But we had to let everyone know that what they did off-duty was just as important as what they did on-duty. They would be held accountable for their behavior."
The chief added that the whole department got a black eye from the behavior of a few.
"But everyone learned what can happen to them if they perform immoral activities," Garner said.
Ignacio and Shawna had a long-time affair that led to Shawna having his baby. Shortly after the birth, Heather found out about the baby, and Ignacio broke off the affair.
In January 2007, Heather was getting off work at the Colorado State Employees' Credit Union and was in the parking lot in the 2500 block of 11th Avenue when she was approached by a person dressed in black, wearing a hood and a black mesh Halloween facemask.
Witnesses heard the shooter tell Heather to get on her knees, and they identified it as a woman's voice. She said, "You ruined my life!" and then shot Heather twice in the head. Credit union employees called the police and told them Heather said earlier she was afraid Shawna might try to harm her.
When the police radio broadcast the shooting and Shawna as a suspect, Ken was on duty with the police drug unit but left immediately to get home to check on his children. Before he got there, he saw his pickup, driven by Shawna, and he stopped the vehicle. His partner, Kell Hulsey, was with him. Students from University High School heard shouting and were stopped because of the two vehicles blocking the road.
The students said they saw Ken go to the truck and possibly remove something. Hulsey, who was holding Shawna in custody, did not see Ken get into the truck. Later, according to the case's chief investigator, Tharp, they couldn't locate the gun s used in the murder, and it's believed to be Ken's on-duty Glock pistol.
"He may have taken it from the pickup," Tharp said this week.
Ken later was arrested for taking the weapon, but those charges were dismissed when police and the courts couldn't prove he took it.
Bullet casings found at the scene matched a Glock, and the DNA test on the bullet casings showed they were handled by a female. Tharp said the overheating of the shells when the gun was fired eliminated some of the DNA, so the only proof was that a woman handled the casings.
Tharp and Prill, who handled many of the search warrants, said despite her denials, the huge amount of evidence against Shawna proved to them and the jury she was the murderer.
Part of the proof came from former sheriff's deputy Michelle Moore, who testified on the stand that Shawna told her of her plans to kill Heather. The two talked about Shawna concealing her identity, planting false evidence and not driving her own car. When she was stopped, Shawna was in her husband's pickup. Because of her part in the case, Moore was convicted and sentenced to nine years in prison. She since has served a shortened sentence and now lives out of state.
As for the employees of the Credit Union, Tharp calls them "rock stars" because of their descriptions of the killer. They described the mask and black clothing found in the pickup Shawna was driving. They even described her shoes in detail. A pair of shoes were found along the road from the murder scene to the place Shawna was stopped, and Tharp said DNA tests showed Shawna was wearing them. There was gunshot residue on the outside of the shoes.
In addition to the details from witnesses, police also were able to match the tire prints in the snow at the murder scene to the tires of the pickup Shawna was driving.
To remove the case from suspicion and linkage to local police, the case was tried in Larimer County in Fort Collins. It was a nine-day trial with 46 witnesses testifying. It took the jury just five hours of deliberation to convict Shawna.
Years later, Shawna would appeal the case, blaming her court-appointed attorney for losing. But her appeal was denied by a Weld District Court judge.
The national publicity on the case was almost overwhelming for the detectives.
"We were contacted many times by the national media and television networks," Prill said. "We couldn't talk to them about the case because of the trial and then her appeal. After she lost her appeal, they backed off."
Both investigators said the case always will be with them.
"There are reminders and parts of the case that always come back to me," Tharp said. "I'll never forget the serial number on the gun."
Shawna is in prison at the Denver Women's Correctional Facility, where she will remain for the rest of her life.
2020 Weld Community Foundation Scholarship applications open, students encouraged to apply
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Ghislaine Maxwell objects to potential witness' attempt to end civil lawsuit
For the second time this month, an alleged childhood sex-abuse survivor is running into unexpected opposition from Ghislaine Maxwell as the alleged victim tries to dismiss a civil lawsuit against Maxwell and the estate of deceased sex-offender Jeffrey Epstein, new court documents show. The alleged victim may be a key prosecution witness at a criminal trial of Maxwell.
"Ms. Maxwell is clearly trying to gain an unfair advantage over all these victims," said Robert Glassman, a lawyer for the anonymous plaintiff, who sued the estate and Maxwell in federal court under the pseudonym Jane Doe. "I've never had a case in my career where a defendant is blocking the plaintiff's attempt to dismiss the plaintiff's case."
Doe, 40, accepted an offer earlier this month from the Epstein Victims' Compensation Program, an independently operated restitution fund established by the co-executors of Epstein's estate. To finalize the deal, she is required to dismiss all pending litigation against the estate and any former employee of Epstein and his thicket of companies.
"The estate would not settle the case without Maxwell being part of it," Glassman said.
Maxwell, 58, has asserted in court filings and testimony in various civil cases that she worked for Epstein from 1999 until at least 2006, staffing and managing his various properties in the U.S. and Europe. She has denied, under oath, that she ever hired underage girls to work for Epstein.
PHOTO: In this Oct. 18, 2019, file photo, Ghislaine Maxwell attends an event in New York. (Sylvain Gaboury/Patrick McMullan via Getty Images, FILE)
Doe and the estate's lawyers have agreed to end the litigation, but Maxwell's legal team is objecting, just as they did earlier this month when Annie Farmer, another probable criminal trial witness, tried to dismiss her lawsuit after reaching a deal with the victims' program.
In both cases, Maxwell's lawyers have argued that they require unredacted copies of the agreements the women reached with the program -- including the amount of the settlement -- and documented proof that Maxwell is released from any future liability, before they'll agree to end the lawsuits.
But in Doe's case, Maxwell's advocates went even further, asking the court to require Doe to pay Maxwell's legal costs for defending the civil suit and, in a letter to the court late Tuesday, assailing the alleged victim's credibility in the most direct way since Maxwell's arrest in July.
"[Doe] improperly brought this baseless civil suit against Ms. Maxwell, making claims that are decades old without a shred of documentary or corroborative support. Ms. Maxwell absolutely denies plaintiff's claims against her; they are false," wrote Laura Menninger, an attorney who represents Maxwell in both civil and criminal cases.
MORE: Ghislaine Maxwell described as 'deeply committed' to family in effort to be released on bail
The conflict over the resolution of Doe's lawsuit comes as Maxwell is awaiting a decision from a federal judge on her renewed effort to be released from jail pending trial, which is scheduled to begin in July 2021. Maxwell has proposed a $28.5 million bail package, secured primarily by her assets combined with those of her previously undisclosed husband.
"Ghislaine Maxwell is in prison and stands accused of aiding and abetting one of the worst sexual predators of our time. She is trying to pay her way out of prison by putting up over $28 million," Glassman, Doe's attorney, told ABC News after reviewing Maxwell's letter Tuesday night.
"Now ... she is inexplicably asking the judge to make a child rape victim pay for her attorney's fees and costs. It's unconscionable and sad," said Glassman, a trial lawyer at the California firm Panish, Shea & Boyle.
Doe alleged in her lawsuit, which was filed six months before Maxwell's arrest, that she was first approached by Epstein and Maxwell in 1994, when she was just 13, at a summer arts camp in Michigan. She alleged in her complaint that she was sexually abused over several years by Epstein at his homes in Florida, New York and New Mexico, and that she would often travel to those locations with Epstein and Maxwell on one of Epstein's private jets.
"Epstein's system of abuse was facilitated in large part by his co-conspirator and accomplice, Maxwell, who helped supply him with a steady stream of young and vulnerable girls," the complaint said. Maxwell has denied the allegations in Doe's complaint.
MORE: Federal prosecutors push to keep Ghislaine Maxwell jailed, question statements about husband
The allegations in Doe's civil case overlap substantially with those of "Victim-1" in the criminal indictment. Prosecutors allege Maxwell groomed three minor girls to be abused by Epstein between 1994 and 1997 and, in some instances, participated in the abuse herself. Maxwell has pleaded not guilty to all the charges.
Of more than 30 women who brought legal claims against Epstein's estate following his death last year, Doe was the only accuser who had declined to voluntarily put her lawsuit on hold to pursue the alternative resolution via the compensation program, arguing in court filings that a stay would "simply delay long overdue justice."
But Doe's lawsuit was placed on hold by a magistrate judge in September after Maxwell argued that the overlap between the civil and criminal cases would result in Maxwell being forced to choose between her constitutional right to remain silent and defending herself against the claims in the civil case. Federal prosecutors also advocated for a stay of the civil case, citing a "significant risk" that proceeding with the case "would adversely affect the ongoing criminal prosecution against Maxwell."
MORE: Ghislaine Maxwell: I never saw any inappropriate underage activities
The government did not confirm in its court filings that Doe is one of the alleged victims in the criminal case, and Doe's attorney has declined to comment on the parallels. But in her Tuesday letter to the court, Menninger directly addressed the commonalities, writing that Maxwell "is currently under indictment based on the same allegations as were made by [the] plaintiff in this case."
At a hearing last week in Annie Farmer's case, U.S. Magistrate Judge Debra Freeman declined Maxwell's request to be provided with details of Farmer's monetary award from the estate. But she directed the parties to work out a resolution themselves to end the lawsuit to everyone's satisfaction, calling the dispute "a ridiculous problem."
"It's sort of beyond me how you can't work this out. It seems like so much of a non-issue," Freeman said. But a week later, there's no indication in the court record that the dispute has been resolved. Farmer has publicly identified herself as one of the three alleged victims in the criminal indictment of Maxwell.
Doe's case has a conference scheduled for Wednesday afternoon. Glassman is hoping that the court will side with his client, dismiss the case and reject the demands that Doe pay Maxwell's legal fees. "There's no good faith reason in fact or law for [Maxwell] to be doing this," Glassman said.
Maxwell had no role in the development of the compensation fund by the estate, and she is not consulted on any of its operations or decisions. But attorneys for the estate have said in court filings that the program requires participants to sign a broad release of former Epstein employees like Maxwell for finality and to prevent alleged victims from "double-dipping" with more lawsuits after reaching a settlement with the estate.
Ghislaine Maxwell objects to potential witness' attempt to end civil lawsuit originally appeared on abcnews.go.com


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Meet the Ugandan men eliminating river blindness one fly at a time.
River blindness, or Onchocerciasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bites of black flies. Charles and John work as fly catchers in Uganda.
Their job involves catching the flies and sending the samples to a lab in Kampala. They also distribute medicine to the community and spray the river with eco-friendly chemicals.
Onchocerciasis can cause extreme itching and skin discolouration, and can eventually lead to permanent blindness.
With the help of the fly catchers, the end of river blindness in Uganda is now in sight.


Certain composers have a noticeable humor in their music, hiding a musical punchline hidden in their piece. The CSO presents a concert of witty compositions meant to bring a smile to everyone's face. Enjoy a symphony by Haydn, Jeffrey Biegel's interpretation of Shostakovich's second piano concerto, and Carnival of the Animals by Saint-Saens, narrated by Maestro Zimmermann himself!


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Ruchira Gupta
Ruchira Gupta discusses prostitution as the "absence of choice."
Mary Ellen Iskenderian
Mary Ellen Iskenderian on how a small loan can create better opportunities for a girl.
While sex trafficking often grabs the headlines and attention, there are many other ways in which women and girls are forced into lives of prostitution. No matter how a girl enters prostitution — whether she is responding to the pressures of her circumstances or is actually coerced — the experience leaves a lasting imprint on her future.
Economic necessity, a lack of employment options, drug addiction or coercion by family, pimps or traffickers are all factors that can force women into sexual slavery. Paradoxically, it's the countries with the most straitlaced and sexually conservative societies, such as India, Pakistan and Iran, that have disproportionately large numbers of forced prostitutes. Since having sex with girlfriends may not be an option for most men in these cultures, prostitutes have become an acceptable solution.
Alex Majoli / Magnum
Take India, for example. There are 2 million to 3 million prostitutes in India, a significant number of whom entered the sex industry unwillingly. One study found that of Indian and Nepali prostitutes who began as teenagers, about half said they had been coerced into the brothels. Meanwhile women who started in their 20s were more likely to have made the choices themselves, often to feed their children.
In some countries with strong class hierarchies, certain lower-class women are practically born into prostitution. In India and Nepal, for example, where the caste system is strong, girls from certain castes are pushed into prostitution from a young age, many times by their mothers. Some studies report that close to 90 percent of sex workers' daughters in India join the profession.
Once a girl or women enters prostitution it can be hard to leave. It's not uncommon for pimps to use a variety of methods to force women to continue serving as prostitutes. Often, they lure girls with alcohol or drugs, build up their dependency and use this addiction as a means of control. They may also threaten girls with the shame they might bring on their families if they leave or the punishments they might suffer if they go to the police.
Joachim Ladefoged / VII
But a study of nine countries showed that 89 percent of people in prostitution do want to escape. As a result, many girls or women who are enslaved in prostitution eventually come to accept their circumstances as fate, and resign themselves to selling sex because they perceive themselves to have no other options. A study of prostitutes in nine countries showed that 70 to 95 percent had been physically assaulted; 68 percent suffered post-traumatic stress disorder.
Educating and empowering women and girls is key to helping them escape and stay out of prostitution. Various groups globally are using this strategy. One example is New Light, an organization in one of the oldest red light areas of Kolkata, India, which attracts sex workers from the city, Bangladesh and Nepal. The group provides shelter, education, health care and legal aid for high-risk children, girls and women in the community.
New Light is just one group doing this type of work. By supporting such organizations, be it through donating our time or money, we can work to help combat the vicious and complex cycle of forced prostitution.
GEMS is an organization designed to serve girls and young women who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation and domestic trafficking. Watch the trailer for their 2007 documentary Very Young Girls.
Apne Aap organizes small groups of women and girls at risk or affected by trafficking into self-empowerment groups across India to access three fundamental rights – education, dignified livelihood and legal empowerment.
Check out Half the Sky Movement's partners who are working to end forced prostitution here.


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USA: Iteris's Video-based Lane Departure Warning System Now Available to OEM Market
DaimlerChrysler First to Offer AutoVue Option on Trucks in Europe Iteris, Inc., a subsidiary of Odetics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ODETA - Nasdaq: ODETB), has achieved the automotive industry's first large scale deployment of video-based in-vehicle sensors with the production order shipment of its AutoVue(TM) lane departure warning system to DaimlerChrysler in Europe.
DaimlerChrysler First to Offer AutoVue Option on Trucks in Europe
Iteris, Inc., a subsidiary of Odetics, Inc. (Nasdaq: ODETA – Nasdaq: ODETB), has achieved the automotive industry's first large scale deployment of video-based in-vehicle sensors with the production order shipment of its AutoVue(TM) lane departure warning system to DaimlerChrysler in Europe.
The AutoVue system is now available as an option on Mercedes Actros trucks.
"The lane departure warning system DaimlerChrysler and Iteris have jointly developed will play a significant role in enhancing the safety of our trucks," said Dr. Hartmut Marwitz, senior vice president and head of European truck development for DaimlerChrysler. "Furthermore we think that this system represents the basis for future video-signal-based safety systems."
Francis Memole, vice president of vehicle sensors for Iteris commented, "We see a bright future for AutoVue in the automotive industry worldwide. This product has the potential of significantly reducing the number of lane departure related accidents and limiting the number of injuries and deaths that occur as a result."
Statistics show that tens of thousands of automobile accidents are caused each year by unintended lane departures. Lane departures are also identified as a major cause of roll over incidents involving sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and light trucks. AutoVue was developed to reduce the number accidents by warning drowsy or inattentive drivers of a possible unintended lane departure before it occurs.
"We have spent several years developing the AutoVue system," said Memole. "It's exciting to see it out in the market and available on new trucks."
The AutoVue system uses a highly sensitive, computerized camera and a combination of sophisticated lane recognition algorithms and proprietary image recognition software and hardware to track lane markings in the road. AutoVue is a compact device that resides inside the vehicle on the windshield.
When the AutoVue system detects that an unintended lane change is about to occur, it alerts the driver by emulating a distinctive rumble strip sound, allowing the driver time to correct the situation in a controlled manner. This particular alarm sound was chosen after thorough research proved it to be most effective for warning a driver without causing them to overreact.
"With its advanced engineering and relatively low-cost, AutoVue may very soon become as much a part of overall vehicle safety as airbags and ABS brakes," Memole concluded.
AutoVue works effectively both day and night and in most weather conditions where the lane markings are visible. By simply using the turn signal, a driver indicates to the system that a planned lane departure is intended and the alarm does not sound. Additional sensory features not yet announced, are in development and will be added to the system in the near future.
About Iteris, Inc.
Iteris, Inc., a subsidiary of Odetics, Inc., is a leading provider of advanced information, software and sensor technologies that improve the efficiency and safety of surface transportation. Iteris has combined information technology, system integration and applied sensors to offer a broad range of transportation solutions. For more information, see the Iteris Web site at www.iteris.com.
This release contains statements, which may be deemed to be forward-looking. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of risk factors such as: short product lives, technological shifts, current technical issues that cannot be resolved on a timely basis, component availability, competition (including new and directly competitive products from others), pricing pressures, incorrect assumptions regarding market demand, and the significant uncertainty of market acceptance of new products by both distributors and end-user customers.
Investors are strongly encouraged to review the risk factors set forth in the Odetics, Inc.'s Annual Report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1999 on Form 10-K and Quarterly Report for the quarter ended Dec. 31, 1999 on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC.
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