text:
The effect of foetal and early childhood growth on metabolic derangements of Sri Lankan children
V.P. Wickramasinghe ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-12831 &
C. Arambepola2
Previous studies have shown that delayed prenatal growth followed by accelerated postnatal growth plays a significant role on the onset of adult metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to identify the effects of intrauterine and later growth on metabolic derangements among children in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 5–15-year-old children selected using a two-stage probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling technique. Birth-weight (BW) was extracted from records (denotes prenatal growth) and body mass index(BMI)-Z score and fat mass(FM) measured to denote the current growth of children. Fasting and random blood glucose, lipid profile and blood pressure(BP) were measured. The sample was stratified by age (5—< 10 and 10—15 years); was further categorized into tertiles of BW and BMI-Z scores. Based on these two parameters, metabolic parameters were evaluated within each age category.
The sample comprised 833(494 boys) healthy school children. Metabolic parameters did not significantly differ by sex or across BW tertiles of each BMI-Z score tertile. However, significant changes in some metabolic parameters were noted across the BMI-Z score tertiles of each BW tertile. Children belonging to the lowest BW and highest BMI-Z score tertiles had worst metabolic profiles, while those in the lowest BW as well as BMI-Z score tertile were protected. Excessive fat deposition seemed to move children to higher BMI-Z score tertiles.
Poor prenatal growth is not the sole risk factor for abnormal metabolic profile found in childhood. Those who gain fat, denoted by weight, during early childhood are at a higher risk of developing metabolic abnormalities than those who do not. This favours the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis.
Physical growth distinguishes paediatric population from adults. Not only it reflects the nutritional status of an individual but also determines his/her future health. This has given insights to the origin of non-communicable diseases (NCD) in adults and introduces new avenues in prevention of these illnesses.
Many retrospective epidemiological studies have shown the impact of early nutrition on later health [1]. Barker noted that small-for-gestational-age (SGA) individuals were the most disadvantaged as far as the development of many NCDs are concerned [1]. Their foetal as well as early postnatal under-nutrition has been noted to have many adverse outcomes later in life with respect to blood pressure (BP), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), impaired glucose homeostasis, abnormal lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis and even malignancy. This marked the beginning of the "fetal origin of adult diseases" hypothesis, in which under-nutrition during early life was seen as a threat for development of NCD later in life.
Although Barker's hypothesis states that the risk for NCDs are higher among low BW babies data from India has shown that if they remain thin or underweight at 16 to 19 years of age, the risk for elevated BP is minimum compared to normally nourished counterparts [2].
Rapid growth in pre-term children has shown to lead to many metabolic derangements such as high BP, cholesterol, insulin and leptin resistance with significant endothelial dysfunction at 16 years of age compared to their counterparts having a slower growth [3, 4]. Similarly, when SGA infants at-term were given enriched formula to promote growth, they had shown elevated BP and increase in fat mass(FM) at 8 years of age [5]. This acceleration has also shown to lead to central adiposity in many, leading to develop CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) later in life [6]. These adverse health outcomes observed with "over feeding" as opposed to under nutrition in the immediate postnatal period, led Singhal & Lucas to propose the "accelerated postnatal growth" hypothesis [3].
It is shown that there could be a period in fetal and/or early postnatal life where "programming" of growth takes place, which would begin to "track" to adult life [7, 8]. Once tracking has established, changing the growth trajectory by offering more protein and energy may lead to storing the excess as fat, thus resulting in obesity rather than letting an individual grow with an appropriate body composition. Asian populations, where low BW cohorts are found to be more vulnerable to NCDs, in the backdrop of drastic nutritional and socio-economic transitions that have transformed the traditional behaviours practices of Asian societies into those accumulating many NCD risk factors.
Growth is a continuous process and birth is only an event in that process that changes the environment in which they grow. In line, post-natal growth needs to match its fetal growth, so that adverse programming effects are not encountered. This suggests that managing growth faltering must be done cautiously. Such proper management of growth will yield an optimum programming effect in children, which will exert better long-term effects when applied at a critical period during early growth (prenatal or early postnatal period) [9]. This study was carried out to identify the effect of intrauterine growth (reflected by BW) and later growth (reflected by BMI-Z scores in early and late childhood) on metabolic derangements among 5–15-year-old children in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 5–15-year-old apparently healthy Sri Lankan children recruited from 15 state schools in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka. They represented children studying in grades 1–10 and of mixed ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds. Those with any acute/chronic illness or on any medication, as confirmed by documental evidence were excluded. The minimum sample calculated was 790 to ensure detection of an expected proportion of children with obesity of 2% [10]; with level of precision of 0·01; confidence interval of 0·05; and a non-response rate of 5%. The sample was recruited using a two-stage, probability-proportionate-to-size (PPS) cluster sampling technique. Stratified by age and sex, one class from each grade was included as a cluster, which was randomly selected from each school that was selected according to PPS. The eligible students and their parents were informed about the procedure, and written consent to participate from parents/legal guardian of minors and assent from children above 12 years were obtained. The Ethics Review Committees of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo and Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children approved the study. After obtaining permission from school principals, the parents of the students were invited to participate.
Assessment of growth
During data collection, BW was extracted from the child health development record as a proxy measure of their foetal growth. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body FM were considered as proxy measures of the current growth of children.
Height and weight were measured using a standard protocol [11] in order to calculate the BMI (weight (kg)/ height (m)2). Based on IOTF classification, BMI categorization was made. BMI-Z scores were calculated according to WHO standards (2007). Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the lower border of palpable rib and upper border of the iliac crest in the mid axillary line, using a non-stretchable flexible tape to the nearest 0.1 cm at the end of expiration.
Total body FM of children was assessed using the whole-body bio-impedance assay (BIA) technique using eight-electrode InBody 230® machine (Boispace Co Ltd, South Korea). This technique had been previously validated against a Sri Lanka-based BIA Eq. [12] and height-weight based Eq. [13]. Assessment compared with BIA Eq, correlations of 0·95 (p < 0·001) and 0·97 (p < 0·001) were shown with total body water (TBW) and fat free mass (FFM), respectively. Also, when compared with assessments made by height-weight based equation, high correlations were given for both TBW (r = 0·91; p < 0·001) and FFM (r = 0.93; p < 0·001). The FM and FFM were evaluated in absolute amount (kg), as an index (FMI, FFMI kg/m2) and as a percentage out of total body weight (%FM).
Assessment of metabolic derangements
Bio-physical measurements were done as parameters to detect metabolic derangements. The BP was measured adopting standard practice defined by Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (1996), using a mercury sphygmomanometer in seated position with arm placed at the levels of the heart and resting on the arm of the chair to relax the muscles, after a 10-min rest [14]. The first and fifth Korotkoff sounds were used to represent the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), respectively. If elevated blood pressure was noted, it was rechecked after a 30-min rest [14]. Blood pressure was evaluated using Z scores of UK standards and elevated blood pressure defined as > + 2 Z scores from mean for age and sex for both SBP and DBP [15].
Blood was drawn after a 12-h overnight fast to test for fasting blood glucose (FBS) and lipid profile. Oral glucose tolerance test was also done after giving a drink of anhydrous glucose 1·75 g per kg per body weight to a maximum of 75 g; and blood drawn two hours later for random blood sugar (RBS).
Biochemical analysis was performed at the endocrine laboratory of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, University of Colombo. Blood glucose was assessed by enzymatic spectrophotometric method using glucose oxidase and peroxidase enzymes. Quantitative analysis was done using spectrophotometer (BioSystems®). Cholesterol ester molecule was cleaved using cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes and cholesterol level was assessed quantitatively using spectrophotometer (BioSystems®). Enzymatic cleavage of triglycerides (TG) was done using glycerol phosphate oxidase and peroxidase enzymes and end-product was assessed quantitatively by spectrophotometer (BioSystems®). HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) was measured using enzymatic spectrophotometry with enzymatic analysis using cholelseterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. Quantitative assessments were done by spectrophotometer (Randox ®). LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) was calculated using the equation (total cholesterol—(HDL-c + TG/5)). Serum insulin was assessed by solid phase, enzyme-labelled chemiluminescent immunometric assay using immulite 1000 ®analyser (Siemens, USA).
Quantitative data were described using mean and standard deviation (SD) and qualitative data using proportions. The sample was stratified by age into two groups: 5- < 10 years and 10–15 years in keeping in line with IDF classification for obesity related metabolic derangements [16]; and each group further categorized into tertiles of BW (denoting fetal growth) and BMI-Z scores (denoting current growth). Metabolic parameters within each age category were evaluated according to different BMI-Z score and BW tertile combinations. For this purpose, 3 × 3 tables were constructed, and their significance assessed using ANOVA (for normally distributed variables) and Kruskal–Wallis (for non-normally distributed variables) tests at 0.05 level of significance.
A total of 833 (494 boys) children were studied. Characteristics related to the growth of the children stratified by age and sex are presented in Table 1. In both 5- < 10- and 10–15-year age categories, the weight, BMI, FM, FMI and WC were significantly higher in girls, while FFMI was higher in boys. BW was similar in all four groups. Further, the overall prevalence of obesity was 3.2%; overweight was 9.6%; and severe wasting has been 8.9% in the study sample (Table 2). Descriptive statistics of the anthropometric and body composition parameters are given in Supplementary Tables 1a -c.
Table 1 Demographic and growth parameters of the study population according to age category and sex
Table 2 Categorization of the study population according to IOTF cutoff values according to age category and sex
Table 3 shows the distribution of metabolic parameters of the total sample by tertiles of the current BMI-Z score and BW. Since there was no sex difference noted in relation to each metabolic parameter(data not shown), both males and females were analysed together according to age groups. When compared along each BW tertile most of the parameters showed deterioration except for FBS and LDL-c in younger age group and FBS, total cholesterol and HDL-c in older age group. However, when the parameters were compared across different BW tertiles of each BMI-Z score tertile, no significant difference was noted.
Table 3 Distribution of the metabolic parameters according to birth weight (denoting fetal growth) and BMI-Z score (denoting current growth) tertiles and age category of children
In both age groups, both mean SBP-Z score and DBP-Z score, when compared across different BMI-Z score tertiles, BP-Z scores increased within each BW tertile (Table 3a & 3b). Characteristically, the lowest SBP-Z score and DBP-Z score values of both age groups were found in the lowest current BMI-Z score tertile. Children who were in the lowest BW tertile had a lower SBP-Z score and DBP-Z score when they remined thin (lowest current BMI-Z score tertile) compared to their counter parts who were heavier (highest BMI-Z score tertile).
The mean FBS did not show any significant differences when compared across different BW or BMI-Z score tertiles (Table 3c). RBS also showed increasing values across BMI-Z score tertiles, but a significant increase was seen only in the middle BW tertile in the younger age group (Table 3d).
Both total cholesterol and LDL-c did not vary significantly either across the BW tertiles or BMI tertiles (Table 3e & 3f). However, TG values increased with the increase in the current BMI-Z score tertiles. Lowest TG values were noted in the lowest current BMI-Z score tertile and lower BW did not increase the risk of having higher TG levels unless they increase the weight later in life (Table 3g). Similarly, HDL-c levels decreased with increasing in the BMI-Z score tertiles in the younger age group. In the older age group this pattern was seen only among those of the lowest birth weight tertile. Higher HDL-c levels were seen in the lower current BMI-Z score tertiles and lower BW tertiles (Table 3h).
The percentage FM differed significantly across the BMI tertiles, with higher values demonstrated in the highest BMI-Z score tertile compared to the other two tertiles, demonstrating an almost two-fold increase across BMI-Z scores (Table 4). This suggests that the gain in weight (or BMI) was most likely to have occurred due to an accumulation of fat rather than a growth maintaining a healthy body composition.
Table 4 Distribution of the fat distribution according to birth weight (denoting fetal growth) and BMI-Z score (denoting current growth) tertiles and age of the children
Our study confirms that BW in isolation would minimally affect the metabolic abnormalities related to NCD in children. Consequently, children with optimum body composition (children belonging to middle BW and BMI-Z score tertiles) were found to be metabolically healthier, denoting the role of both BW and post-natal growth on subsequent metabolic derangements. However, more importantly and contrary to the Barker hypothesis, the study further shows that, if a child is born with a lower BW but tend to have a lower BMI-Z score during childhood, they are protected from adverse metabolic derangements. This contrasts with children born with a lower BW, followed by a higher weight gain during childhood (those belonging to lower BW and higher BMI-Z score tertiles) showing the worst metabolic outcomes. This highly suggests that BW is not the only risk factor that determines a poorer metabolic profile in children, but the weight gain during the first few years of life has a significant contribution to the development of an adverse metabolic profile.
Blood pressure appears to track from a younger age and the 1970 British birth cohort showed an inverse relationship between SBP at 10 years of age and BW [17]. This study showed that the highest mean SBP was observed among those belonging to the lowest BW and highest current weight tertile, while the lowest mean SBP was seen in the highest BW and lowest bodyweight tertile. In comparison, the best mean SBP-Z score and DBP-Z score observed in our study were among children belonging to the mid BW and lowest current BMI-Z score tertiles. This reflects that both poor growth during fetal period as well as excess growth during post-natal period could be risk factors for development of high BP later in life. Furthermore, Barker and co-workers showed an inverse relationship of SBP with mothers' height, which could be considered as an indirect measure of uterine size that may contribute to birth size of her offspring [17]. Although we have not looked at this relationship, our data shows that optimum birth size provides protection from future metabolic derangements. Therefore, could postulate that the control of NCDs could even be a generation long process, where a healthy girl child with good uterine size would give birth to a well-grown healthy baby.
FBS and RBS 2 h after a glucose load failed to show a clinically relevant relationship, highlighting its poor applicability as a routine screening test to detect impaired glycaemic control. A previous study showed that fasting and 2-h post glucose serum insulin levels as well as insulin resistance measured using HOMA-IR had a strong relationship with BW and BMI [18]. Hales and co-workers studying a group of 59–70 year old men from Hertfordshire UK, showed that adults with a low BMI, helped in protecting those with poor prenatal growth against dysglycaemia [19].
It is shown that children with "catch-up growth" have a greater risk of dying from coronary heart diseases (CHD) later in life [20]. The Helsinki study showed that the highest death rates were seen in children who were thin at birth but caught up their weight to the level of average child or above at 7 years of age [20]. Similarly, Harvard growth study showed the effect of high BMI at childhood on CHD in later life, which was independent of adult BMI [21]. In comparison, our data also showed that low BW children achieving a higher BMI in early life would have an adverse metabolic profile. As to the cause underlying this, accumulation of fat was strongly implicated. Prader and co-workers originally defined 'catch up growth" as a phenomenon that occurs after slowing of growth following illness or starvation, that recovers after correction of the insult [22], Loose application of this on low birth weight babies, would have had led to dire consequences. However more clear knowledge at present day had differed the use of this practice on feeding to achieve a "catch up" growth for low birth weight children as it would lead to harmful effects of "accelerated growth" [4].
Reports suggest that fetal nutrition, as denoted by BW, may have an inverse programing effect on abdominal adiposity in later life, which could contribute to the development of insulin resistance [6]. This indicates that one's body composition during fetal and early life is associated with adult disease risk [23].
It is shown that rapid weight gain during infancy in SGA children is associated with increased FM rather than FFM [6, 24]. Early "catch-up growth" following SGA birth has been noted as a CVD risk factor in later life rather than SGA alone [25]. However, the tendency of SGA children to assimilate intra-abdominal fat is not yet clear; whether due to low BW itself, rapid postnatal "catch-up" growth or a combination of both [6, 26]. During recovery from wasting or protein-energy malnutrition in children and adults, FM is shown to accumulate much faster than the muscle mass. This phenomenon could partly explain the adverse outcomes in SGA children during "catch-up" growth [6]. Therefore, although "catch-up" growth explicitly confers several benefits in relation to improved neurodevelopment, enhanced immune function, and achieving adult height, there are certain adverse metabolic consequences as well, such as the insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, DM, CVD, increased fat mass and obesity. As such, it is imperative that early feeding of SGA children requires close growth monitoring to achieve an optimum body composition.
This paper highlights the importance of improving the clinical practice related to children in early life, especially in developing countries where poor prenatal growth of a child is still a grave issue. In such clinical settings, measures should be in place to prevent excess weight gain during early childhood in SGA children. Length/height of a baby, which is usually parallel to weight gain, should be assessed regularly at 3–6-month intervals, so growth could be evaluated in a manner where weight is standardize to height (use of length/height for weight or BMI for age charts).
Children who show a rapid growth during early childhood, especially SGA babies, are at a higher risk to develop NCD related abnormal metabolic profile in childhood. Those who gain fat, denoted by weight, during early childhood are at a higher risk of developing metabolic abnormalities than those who do not, denoting that poor prenatal growth is not the sole risk factor to develop NCD later in life. This favours the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis. Therefore, maintaining optimum growth appropriate to the birth weight is important to prevent NCD later in life.
Larger cohort studies are needed from developing countries to understand the best possible trajectory of growth based on anthropometry with the metabolically favourable body composition to prevent complications of SGA infants.
Data will not be made available in a public repository as we have not obtained ethical clearance to share data publicly. However, on request from corresponding author data could be provided while maintaining anonymity.
ANOVA:
BIA:
Bio impedance assay
BMI-Z:
Body mass index z score
BP:
BP-Z:
Blood pressure z score
Cardio vascular disease
DBP:
Diastolic blood pressure
FBS:
Fasting blood sugar
FFM:
Fat free mass
FFMI:
Fat free mass index
FM:
Fat mass
FMI:
Fat mass index
%FM:
Percentage fat mass
HDL-c:
High density lipoprotein cholesterol
HOMA-IR:
Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
IOTF:
International Obesity Task Force
LDL-c:
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
NCD:
Non communicable disease
PPS:
Probability-proportionate-to-size
RBS:
Random blood sugar
SBP:
Systolic blood pressure
SGA:
Small for gestational age
TBW:
Total body water
Triglyceride
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Wickramasinghe VP, Arambepola C, Bandara P, Abeysekera M, Kuruppu S, Dilshan P, et al. Insulin resistance in a cohort of 5–15 year old children in urban Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):347.
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We are grateful to all children and their parents for participating in this study. Dr. P Bandara, Dr. M Abeysekera, Dr. S Kuruppu, Dr. P Dilshan, and Dr. B S Dissanayake for assisting in the collection of data. Prof Sumedha Wijerathne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, in supervising biochemical analysis. Ms. Amara S de S Wijeratne and Ms. A U A Gunawardhane of the Biochemistry Laboratory of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Mr. S D D Dissanayake of Department of Paediatrics in analyzing the blood samples.
This study was carried out through an educational grant from Anchor institute to University of Colombo. The funding body played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
V.P. Wickramasinghe
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
C. Arambepola
VPW conceptualized, designed, conducted the study and wrote the manuscript. CA analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to V.P. Wickramasinghe.
Ethics approval was obtained from Ethics Review Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo. Permission to approach school children were given by principals of the respective schools. Informed written consent was obtained from parents/guardians of minors and assent from children above 12 years.
Consent to publication
Authors declare no competing interests.
Wickramasinghe, V., Arambepola, C. The effect of foetal and early childhood growth on metabolic derangements of Sri Lankan children. BMC Pediatr 23, 14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03762-9
Sri Lankan children
Metabolic abnormality

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package net.floodlightcontroller.map;

import   net.floodlightcontroller.core.module.IFloodlightService;

public interface IMappingTableManagerService   extends   IFloodlightService {
	/**
	 *  获取数据库中的所有表项.
	 */
    public   String  getAllRules();
    /**
     * 根据EID,获取数据库中对应的表项
     */
    public  String  getRules(String  eid);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Articles / Fads in Focus: Coconut Oil – Panacea or Artery Clogger?
Fads in Focus: Coconut Oil – Panacea or Artery Clogger?
By: Simone Baroke 10/20/2016
There is barely a food or beverage category that has not been invaded by coconut in some shape or form. Overall, this has spurred an impressive burst of innovation, resulting in a rash of novel products and the amplification of consumer choice. But there is a shadier side to this story, which is causing a headache to public health bodies: the meteoric rise of coconut oil, which has been lauded as a body fat burner, a cure for Alzheimer's, a treatment for arthritis, diabetes, and viral infections, as well as preventing heart disease and boosting the immune system, amongst other alleged benefits. This article is a call for prudence, since, in reality, we still know precious little about coconut oil's impact on human health.
Celebrities fall for coconut oil
Coconut products are everywhere, and launch activity remains rampant. Besides the roaring success of coconut water, based on the concept of "natural hydration for active people", it is the free-from trend, and in particular the dairy-free trend, which is a key driving factor. In March 2016, for instance, UK-based Middledale Foods launched Yo-Good, a coconut-based alternative to dairy yoghurt made with a blend containing coconut cream, resulting in a product with a 10% total fat content. In May 2016, health food company Tundalaya introduced a coconut-based dairy creamer in the US, made with 85% coconut cream. Promoted as soy-, GMO-, dairy-, trans-fats- and gluten-free, the product keys perfectly into several major health and wellness trends.
Products such as these, intended to be eaten occasionally and/or in small amounts, are not raising much of an eyebrow. Where things get slightly more controversial, though, is in the arena of coconut oil. Here, we have a growing number of advocates who are trying to convince people that they ought to choose coconut oil as their number one cooking oil and even take it as a supplement.
High-profile endorsers include Dr Oz, the US's most famous heart surgeon, who has consumers flocking to health food stores in their droves following his pronouncements on the popular The Dr Oz Show. "This is the fat that you eat to lose the fat you don't want," was his take on coconut oil, whose celebrity following is huge. Angelina Jolie reportedly starts off her day with a spoonful of coconut oil accompanied by a handful of cereal, while supermodel Miranda Kerr puts it in her tea. Kelly Osbourne, Jennifer Aniston, baseball star CJ Wilson and several of the Kardashian tribe have also fallen under its spell.
'Coconut oil not good for healthy cholesterol' remains the official line
Public health bodies, by contrast, are not on board with the coconut oil craze. The American Heart Association and the British Heart Foundation, for example, keep listing coconut oil as a source of saturated fat, which people concerned about their heart health ought to be cutting down on.
Heart UK is quite explicit in advising people who want to lower their blood cholesterol level that they should avoid using coconut oil in their cooking and refrain from taking it as a dietary supplement. With regards to creamed and desiccated coconut, the charity states that since these products contain around 60-70% coconut fat, they should only be consumed on an occasional basis and in small amounts.
Furthermore, Heart UK also points out that two tablespoons of coconut oil contain 24g of saturated fat, which is more than the 20g a day recommended for women by the UK's National Health Service (NHS). Our Nutrition data shows that UK per capita daily saturated fat intake from packaged food alone stood at 28.81g in 2014.
The soaring popularity of coconut oil already irked the New Zealand Heart Foundation in 2014, prompting it to release a statement informing the general public that, based on current evidence, unsaturated plant oils were preferable over coconut oil in terms of heart health.
The organisation duly commissioned an expert, Dr Laurence Eyres, to conduct a review on the matter, which was published under the title Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factor in humans in the journal Nutrition Review in April 2016. The salient conclusion was that coconut oil raised total and ("bad") LDL cholesterol more than unsaturated plant oils did, but to a lesser extent than butter.
The paper pointed out that the dietary and lifestyle patterns in societies where coconut oil constitutes the principal dietary fat, but where heart disease incidence was low, eg across Polynesia (a factor often cited in the marketing of coconut oil), were not comparable to those typical in the West, and that the difference in cardiovascular health status between countries could not be attributed to this one dietary factor.
The changing fortunes of coconut oil
The world of nutrition fads thrives on controversy. The diet gurus of the moment know how to bolster their standing by highlighting gaps in knowledge that led to questionable nutrition advice disseminated in the past.
Coconut oil has a bit of a history in this regard. Many will remember that coconut oil was once a leading choice for cooking in Western Europe owing to its high heat stability and neutral taste. One well-known brand of 100% coconut oil is Palmin (GBO Peter Kölln KGaA), which has been on the German market now for over a century.
In the 1980s, when the war against saturated fat kicked off in earnest, a growing number of health-conscious consumers started to replace coconut oil with other vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, many of which, in order to achieve a solid-at-room-temperature consistency, had been partially hydrogenated.
We know now, of course, that the trans-fatty acids produced by partial hydrogenation are even more damaging to cardiovascular health than saturated fatty acids, since they not only raise "bad" LDL cholesterol (as do many saturated fatty acids) but also lower "good" HDL cholesterol (saturated fats do not do this). So, the sad irony is that consumers would indeed have been better off sticking to coconut oil.
MCTs– the "magic" component?
Nutritional science moves on, and, on a regular basis, new discoveries are made which can indeed lead to official guidelines being revised. In essence, this is a good thing; it shows that the scientific process is working and that policy makers are receptive to embracing advancements in collective scientific knowledge.
Coconut oil is far from being a fully explored entity. We know that it consists of around 90% of saturated fatty acids, two thirds of which are made up by lauric and myristic acid, and that these can cause a rise in total as well as LDL cholesterol.
What makes coconut oil special compared to other plant oils or animal fats is that approximately 60% of it is accounted for by medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), meaning fatty acids that are between 6-12 carbon atoms long. (Lauric acid, incidentally, belongs to that group.) And it is those MCTs which coconut oil proponents ascribe most of its health benefits to, most notably weight loss, increased brain function and, paradoxically, heart health.
Researchers, like the aforementioned Dr Eyres, point out that, thus far, coconut oil research is largely based on animal studies and/or extrapolated from research done on isolated MTCs, rather than on whole coconut oil, and also that the effect of coconut oil consumption on the ratio of total cholesterol to ("good") HDL cholesterol had barely been investigated so far.
So, what should the industry do?
First of all, it would be unwarranted for the industry to be fearful of the coconut trend as a whole. As a new product development impetus, it is a welcome breath of fresh air. But caution is advised with regards to jumping with both feet on the "healthy" coconut oil bandwagon.
Public health bodies remain firmly opposed to consumers switching to coconut oil, and it is not advisable for any mainstream product to put itself into the firing line and end up branded as a "menace to public health", no matter how enthusiastically various celebrities happen to be endorsing it.
Even if no explicit health claim is made, substituting the fat in a packaged food product for coconut oil could potentially expose a manufacturer to attack at a time when reducing the population's saturated fat intake remains very much a prime public health objective in most countries.
consumer health, nutrition


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Q: Wait for reportviewer to render before continuing I am trying to create some SSRS reports inside a loop, the report should render onscreen, then save to a file, then update a list box to say it has been saved.
I have managed to get the reports rendering inside the loop, updating the list box and saving, the problem is that the report never displays onscreen until after the last report has been ran at which point last last report magically appears!  I think that the problem is that I am not waiting on the report to render before continuing back round the loop again (Although I'm not sure as surely the report must be rendered in order to save it?).  How do I wait until the report has been rendered before continuing on to the next step in the loop?

A: I think its better for you to run the process parallel.
Means that you can export the report to PDF without render it on screen, and in parallel render it for user's view.
Force SSRS Report to create a file rather than render on screen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Der Entscheidungsprozess besteht in der Entscheidungstheorie aus den Phasen der Entscheidungsvorbereitung, der Entscheidung durch die Entscheidungsträger, der Entscheidungsausführung und der Kontrolle.

Allgemeines
Der Entscheidungsprozess ist Teil vieler Prozesse wie Arbeits-, Führungs-, Geschäfts-, Management- oder Produktionsprozess, die auf dem Markt oder in Unternehmen und Behörden ablaufen. Manche Autoren sehen die Ausführung der Entscheidung bereits jenseits des Entscheidungsprozesses, doch macht sie auf manche Probleme aufmerksam. Die Entscheidung wird also nicht auf den bloßen Entscheidungsakt reduziert, sondern ist das Ergebnis eines vorausgegangenen Prozesses.

Entscheidungsphasen

Phase 1: Problemformulierung
Der Entscheidungsträger oder sein Umfeld erkennt die Notwendigkeit irgendeiner Entscheidung (Diagnose). Das Problem muss bewusst oder unbewusst formuliert werden in Form von Zielsetzung und Randbedingungen (Restriktionen), um planerisch das Problem zu beheben. In unstrukturierten Entscheidungsprozessen ist zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht klar, dass eine Entscheidung erforderlich ist.

Phase 2: Informationsbeschaffung
Die Informationsbeschaffung dient zum einen der Validierung der Problembeschreibung (Zielrevision) zum anderen zum Aufspannen eines Lösungsfelds mit Hilfe von Informationen. Wenige Autoren rechnen die Informationsbeschaffung (Erhebung/Analyse) zu Phase 1, weil bei ihr bereits ein Planungszyklus vorangegangen ist. Die für die Alternativensuche und das tiefere Verständnis des Problems und dessen Ursachen zusammengetragenen Informationen haben starken Einfluss auf die Entscheidungsqualität.

Phase 3: Alternativensuche
Über die vorhandenen Informationen lässt sich ein Lösungsfeld möglicher Alternativen aufspannen. Trivial ist dies bei einer Ja/Nein-Entscheidung (Gehe ich ins Kino oder bleibe ich zu Hause?). Doch selbst hier kann es Kompromissvarianten geben (Ich gehe morgen ins Kino.). Für die Erweiterung des Lösungsraums eignen sich Kreativitätstechniken wie Brainstorming, Brainstorming paradox, Methode 6-3-5, morphologische Analyse, Perspektivenwechsel, Analogietechniken. Besonders effektiv erweist sich die entscheidungstheoretisch fundierte, zielgerichtete Entwicklung von Alternativen auf Basis von Value-focused Thinking. Dabei wird im ersten Schritt überlegt, wie einzelne Ziele erreicht werden können. Im zweiten Schritt wird überlegt, wie zwei Ziele erreicht werden können und im dritten Schritt, mit welchen Alternativen möglichst viele Ziele erreicht werden können. Diese Vorgehensweise erlaubt eine breite Suche, so dass keine möglicherweise attraktiven Alternativen übersehen werden, und eine schrittweise Erhöhung der Qualität der Alternativen. Durch Filterung und Reduzierung des Lösungsfelds entsprechend den Randbedingungen () ergeben sich schließlich mögliche Handlungsoptionen(/-alternativen).

Phase 4: Bewertung
Bei der Bewertung (Antizipation erwünschter und unerwünschter Folgen, Prognose der Konsequenzen hieraus) erfolgt ein Vergleich der gefundenen Alternativen auf Basis von Zielen.

Bei einem nur eindimensionalen Ziel und streng monoton steigenden Einzelbewertungen der Alternativen sowie vollständiger sicherer Information ist die zu empfehlende Alternative eindeutig. Schwieriger ist die Bewertung bei Fehlen dieser Bedingungen. Die Art und Weise wie dieser Vergleich erfolgt, nennt man Entscheidungsverfahren.

Phase 5: Entscheidung (Entschluss)
Die eigentliche Entscheidung, nämlich die Auswahl einer Handlungsalternative obliegt dem Entscheidungsträger. Er muss mit der entsprechenden Entscheidungsmacht (Kompetenz) bzw. -autorität ausgestattet sein, damit die Entscheidung zur Umsetzung angenommen wird. Neben den rationalen Kriterien für die Entscheidung, die durch Alternativensuche und Bewertung aufgestellt wurden, spielen weitere (weiche) Faktoren eine Rolle. So wird der Entscheidungsträger bemüht sein, durch die Entscheidung seine Entscheidungsmacht nicht zu demontieren. Gleichzeitig kann für die Umsetzung eine hohe Akzeptanz der Entscheidung ratsam sein. In diesem Fall bietet es sich an, möglichst viele von der Entscheidung Betroffener in die Entscheidungsfindung mit einzubeziehen.

Phase 6: Handlung
Bei der Handlung wird die geplante und ausgewählte Handlungsalternative ausgeführt, also in Realität umgesetzt. Gibt es keine mögliche Handlungsoption, kann die Entscheidung darin bestehen, die Zielsetzung bzw. Restriktionen zu ändern. Im Regelfall weichen Entscheidungsträger und Umsetzer voneinander ab. Dann bedarf es eines Auftrags zur Umsetzung.

Phase 7: Kontrolle
Die Umsetzung erzielt aufgrund von Problemen der Information, Kommunikation, Motivation oder sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen nicht immer den antizipierten Erfolg. Die Kontrolle ist somit wieder Beginn eines neuen zeitdiskreten Regelungskreislaufs (vgl. Kybernetik).

Der Mensch im Entscheidungsprozess

Entscheidungsprozesse werden selten so strukturiert wie oben dargestellt durchgeführt. Die meisten Entscheidungen laufen unbewusst (aus dem Bauch heraus) ab. Das funktioniert, weil unser Gehirn ähnliche Abläufe speichern kann und in ähnlichen Problemsituationen (mit gutem Gefühl) automatisiert entscheiden kann (Erfahrung).

Eine Entscheidung ist immer auch geprägt durch die subjektiven Grundlagen der Entscheidungsträger, durch deren Präferenzen, Gefühle, Vorlieben, Abneigungen, Wertvorstellungen, Erfahrungen und Risikobereitschaft. Auf Grund dieser Einflüsse unterliegt eine Entscheidung in der Regel nur einer beschränkten Rationalität.

Im Bereich der Folgenabschätzung der Bewertungsphase kommen noch andere soziologische Faktoren hinzu:

 Wie reagieren Betroffene auf die Entscheidung?
 Wie wird die Entscheidung von den Umsetzern akzeptiert?
 Wie reagieren Wettbewerber (Spieltheorie)?

Auch ethische Grundsätze können sich auf das Entscheidungsverfahren auswirken.

Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Ein rationaler Entscheidungsprozess erfordert zielorientierte, also auf die Unternehmensziele oder Staatsziele gerichtete Prozessschritte, wobei Informationen und Daten unter Kosten-Nutzen-Aspekten zu beschaffen und zu analysieren sind und der Prozessablauf wiederholbar strukturiert und für Dritte nachvollziehbar sein muss.

Siehe auch
 Markow-Entscheidungsproblem

Einzelnachweise

Entscheidungstheorie
Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Planung und Organisation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


RDI Teledyne Acoustic Doppler current profilers are configured to monitor water currents at several frequencies. The instruments contain sensors for temperature, pressure, tilt and compass heading. RDI ADCPs use four beams to measure current velocity so that the fourth beam/transducer can substitute for a blocked or damaged beam or it can be used to increase data accuracy. The RDI Workhorse ADCP operating at 600 kHz monitors currents within a range up to 70 metres. In our area we typically get good data to about half that range.


INDEPENDENCE, Ohio, October 24 � The Teamsters Disaster Relief Fund is offering assistance to members living in Florida regarding Hurricane Matthew, which caused major damage to homes and property beginning on October 3, 2016. This is in addition to Disaster Relief efforts previously announced regarding Hurricane Hermine.
Members living in the following Florida counties are eligible to apply: Flagler, Putnam, St. Johns and Volusia.
Download the �Request for Help� form here: www.ble-t.org/pr/pdf/FL_Disaster_Relief_101816.pdf .


Upon researching the subjects of policy implementation and college policy and the college hierarchy, I began to notice a great lack of information. Almost nowhere was there information readily available on the subject of how colleges work, how they are structured, how they deal with outside pressures, how they develop policy, and so on. This meant that the research I planned on doing concerning general college logistics would not be done through the library but rather through the interviews I had planned. I went to Dr. La Plante at K to discuss the general breakdown of the college hierarchy and get a generic sense of the way in which colleges generally addressed issues they were faced with.


text:
Q: blank page when printing the window I'm using javascript window.print() method to print a window and I'm removing unwanted components to print by adding display none inside @media print in my CSS. But my issue is it always shows a blank page after the 1st page which I need to print. I tried several solutions found online but nothing worked in my case.
my CSS used
@media print
{
    .noprint {display:none;}
    .leaflet-bottom {display:none;}
    .leaflet-control-container {display:none;}
    .leaflet-popup.leaflet-popup-content-wrapper {
        background: white;
    }
    html, body {
        height:100vh !important;
        margin: 0 !important;
        padding: 0 !important;
        overflow: hidden !important;
        page-break-after: avoid !important;
        page-break-before: avoid !important;
      }
      #lmap:last-child {
       page-break-after: auto !important;
      }

}

Here is the view I need to print
  <div id="lmap"> ........ </div>


Choose the section of the auditorium where you would like to purchase a seat and select up to four seats to name. Then choose "Submit Seat Choices." You will be taken to a secure form where you may complete additional information such as what name or message you would like inscribed on your seat(s). Enter your payment information, and submit the form.
Seats are named on a first-come, first-served basis. Due to limited quantities, we cannot reserve seats without a pledge or payment. If you have questions about naming your seat, or if you would like to choose more than four seats, please contact Elise Cherpin at echerpin@hmc.edu or 909.607.0943.


謹以此卡祝福 ~ 易儒的女兒 – 勇敢的苑綺!
Run a piece of wax paper through your CB inside a CB embossing folder.
Stamp your chosen images in black stazon on glossy cardstock.
Then make a stack (after the stazon has dried) of from the bottom up: a piece of computer paper, your cardstock layer with the images on it, the wax paper, another piece of computer paper and then hold your hot iron on top of that sandwich.
The cardstock will now have a wax imprint in the design on your CB folder. Sponge across it with various inks and VOILA!
選定Provo Craft 浮雕片 37-1611 Shell Collage,按照指示步驟,就可以了!
也就是說是四個顏色混成的! 半乾 和 全乾 的顏色不一樣耶!
翻翻翻 ~~~ 找找找 ~~~ 看到N年前買的日式印章, 試試吧!
蓋了上下兩排紫雲以後 傻眼囉 ~~~ 然後呢 ~~~ 被限制住了?!!
來個 "魚躍龍門" 吧! 立體些, 貼個三層 (看不出來ㄋㄟ)!
試著用 StazOn 印台去做表現 ~ 說黑, 不夠黑! 說不黑, 又有喧賓奪主之嫌!
為了見賢思齊, 早日可以參加交換會, 決定拜師Helen, 追隨她的技法, 一步一步向前行!


does anyone here play maplestory. if so my username is BladeOath if you are ever on ther and looking for me. its world windia any channel. maple story is completly free to play and you download it to your computer.


text:
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Host Pay Per Head Blog » Sporting News » MLB Playoff Picture
MLB Playoff Picture
by admin on Thursday, October 4th, 2012
MLB Playoffs PictureMajor League Baseball in winding down toward the Playoffs and the World Series. The New York Yankees and the Baltimore Orioles are battling down to the wire in the American League East. The Yankees are 8 & 2 in their last 10 games while the Orioles are 7 & 3 and holding on at one game back. The only other division that could be called close is in the American League Central between the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers with the Tigers only one half game out after the White Sox have gone into a 5 game losing slump.
The San Francisco Giants and the Cincinnati Reds have both clinched their respective division titles and are on their way to the playoffs.
The amazing Washington Nationals are the winningest team in MLB with a percentage of .608 with the Atlanta Braves hanging tough at 5 games back. The Nats have already clinched a playoff berth. Nolan Ryan's' Texas Rangers are on a roll and headed to the playoffs as well with a determined and talented Oakland A's team just 4 games back.
The Wild Card spots are, as always at this point , up in the air with the Dodgers, the Brewers and
the Cardinals in the hunt in the National League and the Tampa Bay Rays and the Detroit Tigers holding on in the American League.
For the 2012 playoff, clubs from the same division will now be allowed to play one another in either the Wild Card Game or the Division Series. Tiebreaker games will be played to determine Division Championships, even if the two tied Clubs are assured of participating in the Postseason. If a Division Championship tiebreaker game is necessary, the head-to-head record between the tied Clubs will determine home-field advantage.
If the head-to-head record is tied, then division record will be the next tiebreaker. In the event of a tie for the division championship or a Wild Card spot, a one-game playoff will break the tie. If three or four clubs are tied for first place in a division at the end of the regular season, and the two non-division winners would NOT be Wild Card clubs, a playoff will be played among the teams in question. If two Clubs are tied for both Wild Card berths, home-field advantage will be determined by the head-to-head record between the tied Clubs. If the head-to-head record is tied, then division record will be the next tiebreaker.
Major League Baseball in winding down toward the Playoffs and the World Series. The New York Yankees and the Baltimore Orioles are battling down to the wire in the American League East. The Yankees are 8 & 2 in their last 10 games while the Orioles are 7 & 3 and holding on at one game back. The only other division that could be called close is in the American League Central between the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers with the Tigers only one half game out after the White Sox have gone into a 5 game losing slump.
The Wild Card spots are, as always at this point , up in the air with the Dodgers, the Brewers and the Cardinals in the hunt in the National League and the Tampa Bay Rays and the Detroit Tigers holding on in the American League.
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text:
HEALTH: The Government of Uganda has received one million condoms
23/07/2020 by KMA Updates
DKT Uganda, the makers of KISS and Fiesta Condom brands, together with distributors Dembe Group Uganda have donated condoms worth $50,000(shs184million) to the Ministry of Health to boost family planning and HIV prevention efforts by government.
The donation was received by the Health Minister, Dr Jane Ruth Aceng at the ministry headquarters in Kampala on Wednesday evening.
Speaking at the ceremony, Aceng said the country should not ignore issues related to unwanted pregnancies and sexual reproductive health while dealing with the Coronavirus pandemic.
According to the minister, cases of sexual reproductive health have increased countrywide during the pandemic since most of the children are out of school.
"Thank you for supporting government's efforts towards promoting family planning and the fight against HIV, "Aceng said.
The Chief Executive Officer for Dembe Group, Anil Damani explained that the rationale behind the donation condoms was to reduce unwanted pregnancies during the lockdown.
"We want to make sure that the country is not only safe from Covid-19 but other diseases like HIV /AIDS," Damani said, reiterating that Uganda has made its mark in taking care of its most vulnerable groups in fighting the global pandemic.
The Ugandan government has over the years called for joint efforts from all sectors in fighting HIV as a public health challenge.
It launched the ABC -Abstinence, Being faithful and using Condoms initiative which had early success in lowering HIV prevalence.
It is against this background that DKT Uganda said they have joined the fight.
Whereas condoms have played a key role in Uganda's HVI prevention strategy for the last 20 years, reports indicate that condom use in the country has declined from 38% in 2000 to 24% in 2018.
DKT is one of the largest makers of condoms and one of the largest social marketing groups in the world.
In 2017, the organization launched operations in Uganda to support the country's achievement in family planning and HIV prevention goals through social marketing of high-quality contraception products.
The donation of Fiesta Condoms, which were made for the premium market in Uganda, will support the work of the Ministry of Health and the Uganda Aids Commission.
The condoms will be distributed through the public sector channels in rural and remote areas where other socially marketed condoms are not readily available.
Posted in HEALTH, UGANDA
Tagged Africa, Health
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NextSouth Africa: African Development Bank approves first ever crisis response budget support of R5 billion to fight COVID-19


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Should We Rebuild the Past or Live in the Future
Questioning whether we should restore the history that was nearly destroyed.
Erin Conner, Junior Editor in Chief|May 1, 2019
Studying the destruction of historical architecture in art class makes one consider -- is the rebuild the right thing to do?
Photo by Erin Conner
On April 15th, 2019 the roof of the Notre Dame Cathedral in France drastically caught fire and burned for hours on end. The beloved spire fell along with the hearts of the Parisians as they watched a millennial landmark become destroyed. After just two days over 900 million euros had been donated for the reconstruction of the monument; but, the debate soon rose. Should this money have been put to a 'better' use? After calculations, many are upset by the fact that even a fraction of this money could have fixed important and relevant social problems. So, shall we rebuild the past or live in the present?
As most Parisians and people of France would agree, we must rebuild. The Notre Dame Cathedral is over 1000 years old and considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. It was consecrated to the Virgin Mary and serves not only as a witness to art and history but to spiritual memory as well, thus it would be a gross disservice in not pursuing with reconstruction.
As for some other opinions, using these millions of dollars to rebuild a monument that will never be the same will rather serve as an injustice to billions of people.
As we all know global warming is a factor that is destroying our earth as we speak. The temperature of our earth is rising— and not just for summer, for eternity. Our polar ice caps are melting, and our ecosystems that rely upon those arctic numbers are dying and dwindling by the number. By 2030 we are expected to drastically set off a chain reaction that will ultimately result in our extinction. What good is a monument if we're not around to enjoy it? The money and devotion for the Notre Dame restoration project could have a greatly positive effect on our attempts to reverse global warming. This is one of the many arguments made by those who support that we live in the present.
If that wasn't convincing enough for you, take into account the homelessness rates right now. Currently, Paris, the home of the Notre Dame Cathedral is experiencing an exponential growth in their census of the homeless. To be exact, there has been a 21% increase in homelessness in Paris in just one year. Although there are organizations and charities doing their best to eliminate this problem, they can only do so much when there is a severe lack of capital funding for them. Thus, some may argue that if the 900 million euros donated by French billionaires went towards this social problem of their own people, the Parisian streets may be sorrow free. Again, this is yet another argument made by those who support the side of living in the present.
At the end of the day, the millions of euros raised will go towards the reconstruction of the Notre Dame. This cathedral is one of the largest religious buildings in the world and lives in the very heart of Paris, serving as a reminder for the people of their very own faith. This debate had quickly taken over headlines following the fires at the Notre Dame Cathedral and seems to have split many, especially the people of France.
So, what do you think? Should we rebuild the past or live in the present?
Erin Conner, Junior Editor in Chief
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THIS MAN, even with a black sweater, looks so yummilicious!! wahahas! KIM JAEJOONG, FIGHTING!
[TRANS] I finally saw Kang SuYeon-nim*!ㅜㅜ I couldn't even talk to herㅜ.
According to the lunar calendar, Bok-Nal, the month-long weather pattern that brings the hottest part of the year to Korea, began on July 18th, 2012, on Cho Bok, first summer, to be followed by Joong Bok, mid-summer, on the 28th, and Mal Bok, end of summer, on August 7th, lasting 21 days.
Since it's summer, there's an excuse It's time to do a spazz picture post of Jaejoong wearing wifebeaters!
the lyrics~ awww… ): i love Jaejae and his talents!!


text:
Toshiko Mori Challenges Strong Men Through Her Architecture
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Japanese-American architect Toshiko MoriPhoto by Ralph Gibson
Of renovating buildings by masters she has said, "I'm respectful but not subservient"
By Fred A. Bernstein
This is the latest in a series of profiles of immigrants who have made important contributions to the fields of architecture and design.
Toshiko Mori has designed projects as wide-ranging as a visitor center adjacent to Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin Martin House in Buffalo and additions to houses by Paul Rudolph and Marcel Breuer. What may be intimidating challenges to some are invigorating to her. "I like challenging strong men," she has said of her architecture. "I'm respectful but not subservient."
The Mori-designed Visitor Center at Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin D. Martin House in Buffalo, NY.
Photograph by Paul Warchol
Born in Kobe, Japan, Mori honed her aesthetic during childhood visits to Zen gardens and ancient temples. As a budding architect, she benefited from mentors on both sides of the Pacific. The Tokyo architect Kazuo Shinohara advised her to practice in the United States, where he said she would enjoy more freedom as a woman. Studying at the Cooper Union in the 1970s, she became a protégé of John Hejduk, the school's legendary dean. She then went on to work for the modernist Edward Larrabee Barnes. (While interviewing artists to design a fountain outside Barnes's IBM building in Manhattan [1983], she met James Carpenter, who became her husband.)
Early in her career, she was recruited to design a Comme des Garçons boutique; she also did stores for Charivari and Issey Miyake. "People in fashion are great patrons of architecture," she once said, "because they understand experimentation."
At the same time she was building her New York–based firm, she became chair of the architecture program at Harvard's Graduate School of Design. Her recent projects include several houses in New York and New England; part of the Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, MA; and Thread, a clinic and artists' residency in a remote part of Senegal.
Recalling her decision to emigrate, Mori says: "I grew up in a globally itinerant family, both in lifestyle and mindset. It gave me the ability to empathize with many different cultures and economic situations." She adds: "I chose to stay and live in the U.S. because of the equal opportunity it provides and the values it represents of freedom and respect for human rights."
Brazilian Designer Fernando Campana Dies, Furniture Start-up Dims Ceases Operations, and More News
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text:
Richard Seal
Organist, Conductor
Richard Godfrey Seal is an English organist and conductor, who served from 1968–1997 as organist and master of the choristers at Salisbury Cathedral.[1]
Biography[edit]
Richard Godfrey Seal was born 4 December 1935 in Banstead, Surrey, England. As a child he was a chorister at New College, Oxford. He continued his education at Cranleigh School, Surrey and then became organ scholar at Christ's College, Cambridge. This was followed with a year's study at the Royal College of Music, London. The same year he served as assistant organist at the Kingsway Hall, London. After doing National Service he became assistant organist at St Bartholomew-the-Great Smithfield, London (1960–1961), and then assistant organist to John Birch at Chichester Cathedral, England (1961–1968).
In 1968 he took up the post of organist and master of the choir at Salisbury Cathedral, a position which he held until 1997.[2] While at Salisbury Cathedral he made many recordings and broadcasts with the cathedral choir.[3][4][5] He was conductor of the Salisbury Orchestral Society (and President) from 1969 to 1994.[2] In 1991 Seal founded the first ever English cathedral girls' choir at Salisbury Cathedral. At the time of its recruitment it consisted of 18 singers aged between 8 and 11 years. When singing in the cathedral, the girls' choir is completely independent of the boys' choir.[6] In recognition of his distinguished service to English cathedral music Seal was awarded a Doctor of Music Lambeth degree in 1992.[2]
^ https://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/journalnewsindex/9273589.Cathedral_welcomes_back_girl_choristers/
^ a b c "Salisbury Orchestral Society Programme (1992)". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ All Music Guide, 2011. "All Music Guide Richard Seal Overview (2011)". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ David Vernier, Classics Today. "Classics Today review". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ OCLC, Online Computer Library Center, Inc. "WorldCat Identities Richard Seal". Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ Of Choristers – ancient and modern, Salisbury Cathedral School. "Salisbury, The Cathedral School". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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Winston just received a promotion! He is working full time and going to school to become a chef! He recently moved to permanent housing and turned 21. He would love his very own knife set! A must for a future restaurant owner and Top Chef!
"I feel so professional with my complete knife st! Thank you! "


Check your faucets outdoors for dripping or leaking before the first winter arrives. If your faucets are dripping, make the repairs before the temperature plummets. Whatever material your pipes are built from, freezing water causes pressure that can make them crack. Even a tiny crack is capable of releasing enough water to damage or flood your home. Plumbing requires more skill then just routing water from point A to point B. Plumbers are most frequently called on to repair or clear water lines. Many people don't fully understand plumbing, because they have no idea about plumbing themselves. If you're a homeowner, then it behooves you to understand plumbing concepts to the degree that you can assess a professional plumber's work. This will protect you aren't ripped off. If you see water dripping into your walls, you should immediately turn off the water supply and contact a plumber. This may be a sign that you might have a serious issue with your plumbing. More information about Cheap Emergency Plumbing Bonham Tx.
If you are looking for Plumber List Of Phone Numbers Big Lake Tx, sports tickets and theater seats at the best prices click here.


The ZIIIRO Gravity presents a simple and unique way of reading time. The tip of the inner swirl represents the current hour, while the outer swirl displays the minutes, with a continuous gradient movement showing the passing through time. Resting on patent pending bracelet strap, it combines silicone and metal to form a flexible bracelet watch.
This model also features an interchangeable clock body switchable with multi color straps.
Any more questions regarding Gravity Green?


In our continuing efforts to improve City of Ann Arbor budget communications and education, this web resource was created to increase transparency with financial information and the budgeting process. We would like to help citizens better understand the complex efforts underway to maintain a balanced budget while also balancing service needs and expectations.
Each year, as part of the budget process, City Council compiles a list of priorities that address topics such as safety services, parks and recreation, water utilities, street construction and maintenance, and solid waste. Resources are then allocated accordingly based on multi-year revenue projections. By City Charter, the City Administrator presents his recommended budget to Council in April. The budget must be approved by City Council by the last meeting in May. The city's budget fiscal year is July 1 through June 30.
Because we want this budget web resource to be dynamic and useful, feedback is welcomed. Please e-mail the City of Ann Arbor Finance Department with suggested content additions.


Roy Alvarez, a fixture at the Cornell Hotel School for nearly 25 years, taught Information Systems, and was the first faculty member anywhere in the world to teach Micro Computing for university credit. While at Cornell, in addition to teaching 1000s of Cornellian's their way around a spreadsheet, he taught the management of information system, hospitality information systems, and strategic information systems in particular. Mr. Alvarez has also been on the faculties at IHME in France, The Australian International Hotel School in Australia, and most recently at The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK). Mr. Alvarez taught various courses in Hospitality management at CUHK as well as Strategic Information Systems in all of their MBA programmes.
In addition to teaching in the Information Systems discipline, Roy Alvarez has also facilitated and supported the delivery of several hospitality simulations, including CHASE, CRASE, and CHARMS, and has become a primary facilitator of the highly regarded and popular CHESS simulation. In addition to his academic work, Mr. Alvarez has also worked in the industry having developed training materials, consulted on information systems, and while at CUHK managed the Executive Education programmes in Hong Kong and China. Roy Alvarez, recently retired to enjoy travel adventures, continues to develop and deliver seminars around the world, as he does in EUHT StPOL.
A hotel manager has to have technical skills but also business skills and has to like challenges and competitiveness. The larger the hotel, the more technical skills the manager will need. The more global the brand, the more business skills will be required.
But becoming a hotel manager doesn't work the same way everywhere: in Asia, for instance, hospitality professionals start with a lower level. In the United States, some chains hire former soldiers with more than 20 years of experience in managin people. In some countries, hotel managers hold an MBA.
Because of the relationship with Lluís Serra, EUHT StPOL's Director, who studied at Cornell University. I was once offered to start a hotel-school in Spain but I didn't find it interesting.
After teaching in several continents, which teaching model works better in hospitality and tourism?
That depends on the market. In Hong Kong I've taught hospitality management in a polytechnic university, while in Australia and New Zealand these studies are more business oriented. I have seen different models, but in the end the market is the one that decides the focus.
When did technology began to be important in the hospitality industry?
In the late 70's, when the first business software were engineered. Technology represented a huge improvement in the operations support, especially with data management. The information and how to treat it became very important, even more than the transactions themself. The bigger companies are the ones who use customer information better so they can build most useful networks.
My advise from wisdom would be: don't do what other people expect you to do, do what you want to do. Don't live with your 'shoulds'. The important thing is to follow your dreams and your values.


text:
Search by Name, State, Culture or Tradition
The National Heritage Fellowship
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Artist Mary Holiday Black
Mary Holiday Black
Jeronimo E. Lozano
Native American, Navajo
Artisan, Basketmaker
Mary Holiday Black was born high atop the Douglas Mesa near the northern boundary of the Navajo reservation in Utah's Monument Valley. A member of the Bitter Water Clan, she was raised in a community of traditional Navajo artists and religious practitioners and never learned to speak English. Her mother was a rug weaver and her father was a medicine man. At age 11, she learned to weave rugs from her mother and baskets from a friend of her grandmother's. She learned not only the techniques of gathering, cutting, dyeing and weaving the willow (sumac), but also the rich store of meaning associated with baskets.
Women in the community have maintained the tradition of weaving ceremonial baskets at the same time they weave rugs to sell to trading posts. Even when rug weaving offered greater economic incentives, Black remained active at basketweaving by passing her skills along to her eleven children. Nine of them and their families became active basket makers.
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Navajo basketweaving went into a severe decline. It has been estimated that by the 1960s, only about a dozen active weavers remained, and Navajos had long become accustomed to buying ceremonial baskets from their Ute and Paiute neighbors. But in the 1970s, innovations in basket design, fabrication and use led by women such as Mary Holiday Black sparked a renaissance of weaving Navajo baskets, both for ritual and personal use and for sale to museums and aficionados.
In the 1970s, encouraged by a burgeoning Native American art market and local traders, Black focused her creative work on basketweaving and introduced several innovations that proved critical to the tradition's survival. First, she stretched the traditional limitations of design, keeping the black-white-and-red color scheme but expanding the baskets beyond the size appropriate for ceremonial use. Some of her coiled-tray "wedding baskets," used in a number of ceremonial rituals, reached 5 feet in diameter. She also expanded the jar, the other principal extant Navajo basket type, far beyond its previous size.
Later, Black took up the vegetable dyes whose use she had learned from her mother, creating subtle hues and shades not possible with artificial dyes. She introduced new motifs gleaned from prehistoric Anasazi and Mimbres pottery and rock art and from other tribes of the Southwest. She also borrowed imagery from other Navajo crafts, especially sand painting and rug weaving, incorporating both geometric designs and images with religious significance, like the yei-be-chei (supernatural beings), into her baskets. In many instances this pictorial style alludes to mythological scenes, spiritual figures, legends and scenes from everyday life, leading many to label these creations "story baskets."
Although some of Black's Navajo neighbors were initially uncomfortable with her use of religious imagery, they soon accepted her new kinds of basketry that was more decorative and not intended for ceremonial use. By pushing the parameters of technique, aesthetics and custom, Black led a contemporary revival of Navajo basketry.
"There are many basket stories," Black said. "If we stop making the baskets, we lose the stories."
Baierschmidt, Chris. "Weaving the Bond." Catalyst (April 1994).
Castro, Peter, and Cathy Free. "Stitches in Time." People (January 22, 1996): 63-64.
Edison, Carol A., ed. Willow Stories: Utah Navajo Baskets. (Salt Lake City: Utah Arts Council, 1996.)
Jacka, Lois Essary, and Jerry Jacka. "Weaves of Grass." Arizona Highways (November 1997) 73, 11: 18.
McEntire, Frank. "Navajos Keeping the Tradition of Basket Weaving Alive." Salt Lake (Utah) Tribune (September 25, 1994).
McGreevy, Susan Brown. "What Makes Sally Weave: Survival and Innovation in Navajo Basketry Trays." American Indian Art (summer 1989): 38.
Miller, Layne. "Clan Keeps Traditional Navajo Basket Weaving Alive." Salt Lake (Utah) Tribune (February 19, 1994).
Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. Smithsonian Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.)
Whiteford, Andrew Hunter. Southwestern Indian Baskets: Their History and Their Makers. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 1988.
Mary Holiday Black interviewed by Roger Welsch, 1995 National Heritage Fellowship Concert, Washington, D.C., courtesy National Endowment for the Arts
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Q: How to execute a method a set time after Alarm is triggered? I am using Alarm Manager to trigger an alarm at a user picked time using TimePicker. I want to automatically execute a method 1 minute after this alarm. However I cannot figure out how to put the appropriate time in code.
listener = new TimePickerDialog.OnTimeSetListener() {
u/Override
public void onTimeSet(TimePicker timePicker, int i, int i1) {
c.set(Calendar.HOUR, i);
c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, i1);
start(c);

new Timer().schedule(new TimerTask() {
u/Override
public void run() {
//do something
}
}, timeDelay());`

I've tried creating a time delay but its not correct, what's the right way to do this?
public long timeDelay(){
long timePlusDelay = c.getTimeInMillis() + 60000;
return timePlusDelay;
}

I need the delay to be user picked time + 60 seconds. When I simply put a delay in seconds, it runs that amount of seconds after onTimeSet() is run but before the start(c) method. I'm a beginner so I'm probably missing something obvious, but I've tried different things to no avail. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
I tried setting the delay to 60000 milliseconds, but it executes 60000ms after onTimeSet is called. I need it to execute 60000ms after start(c) is called.


Over the last few years this event has become hugely popular with a sell out crowd; suitable for older kids, its a great way to celebrate & have lots of fun with family and friends and has proved a Christmas season highlight for many people.
Stand Up Comedian & award winning comedy writer (Not Going Out, the Lee Mack show, Miranda) Paul Kerensa will be returning with his very special Christmas Show to Kettering Arts Centre at St Andrew's Church, with help from other top comedians, as part of a national tour.
Watch this space for billing announcements or join our facebook group for up to date info, and follow us on twitter for updates.
Exiled Cornishman Paul Kerensa has established himself as one of British comedy's leading young talents, both as a writer and a comedian.
News Quiz, The Now Show, and countless others.
interval 2. Andrew Watts – heralded show from Edinburgh Fringe this year, 5 stars on Chortle!
This show was way better – and funnier – than anything on TV over Christmas. Not laughed so much in a long time. Brilliant show, really fresh comic material and amazing venue at St Andrew's Church. Best way I have ever kicked off Christmas!
Glad you enjoyed it, Helen! Paul has done us proud 3 years running now with fantastic line-ups of fresh, funny and friendly comedians. We've got loads more comedy either booked or in the pipe-line- I don't know if you've seen Kettering's own James Acaster live yet, but we'd thoroughly recommend him to anyone who enjoyed Comedians and Carols.


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East County Wednesday, May 1, 2019 2 years ago
Future Lakewood Ranch library gets infuse of funding
More sales tax revenue may mean bigger library in East County.
by: Pam Eubanks Senior Editor
When Lakewood Ranch resident and retired educator Sue Ann Miller thinks about a future library in Lakewood Ranch, she gets excited.
She hopes the facility will have a "Maker's Space," like that at Manatee's Central Library. It has items like a 3D printer, a sewing machine and audio and video equipment students can use.
"We need things for our teens to do," said Miller, president of the Friends of the East Manatee Library at Lakewood Ranch, the future volunteer fundraising arm for library. "I really feel it's important the children here in the eastern part of the county have equal access
NEW LIBRARY FUNDING PLAN
With the Manatee County Commission's changes to the Infrastructure Sales Tax allocations April 23, funding for the future East County library will be as follows: $2.2 million from impact fees and $7.8 million from the infrastructure sales tax.
Previously, there was only $5.14 million allocated. Of that, $2.2 million was from impact fees, $1.2 million from the infrastructure sales tax and $1.74 million to be paid for through debt.
to the children in the western part of the county."
It's one of the reasons she supported the half-cent infrastructure sales tax initiative, which was approved by voters in fall 2016. It generates an estimated $25 million annually in unincorporated Manatee County for transportation, public safety and law enforcement and parks and community facilities.
On April 23, Manatee County commissioners voted to dedicate more revenues from the tax to the future library. It increased funding for libraries and communities from .8% to 2.4% of total revenues, or $6.6 million. That increases total funding for the future library, tentatively to be constructed on county-owned land near Premier Sports Campus, from $5.14 million to $10 million. Sales tax dollars will replace about $1.7 million in planned debt for the project.
"It's going to support what we've been asking for in the Lakewood Ranch area," Miller said.
Manatee County Neighborhood Services Department Director Ava Ehde said conceptual plans are for a 24,000-square-foot, two-story library with room for expansion. Initially, the building may share space with other government departments, such as veterans services and building and development services.
Commissioners also dedicated $2.9 million for pickleball courts at G.T. Bray District Park, $2 million for the Lincoln Park Pool in Palmetto, $4 million toward improvements on Factory Shop Boulevard by the Ellenton Prime Outlets and $8 million for a new animals services facility, likely to be at a location in east Manatee.
Those changes resulted in other modifications to how sales tax dollars are being allocated. Public safety and law enforcement's total allocations went from 15.2% to 17% with the extra dollars — $8 million — going toward a new animal services facility.
The overall parks and community facilities category saw a decrease with subcategories of district parks and aquatic facilities dropping from 3.9% to 3.5%, athletic fields from 3.3% to 2.1%, recreation buildings and playgrounds from 4.2% to 2%. It increased environmental preserves and boat ramps from 1.9% to 2.4%.
District 5 Commissioner Vanessa Baugh said funding for an animal shelter should come from another funding source. She said the proposed increase was too drastic and should not impact parks' funding.
Other commissioners disagreed.
"To set a plan and not change it, to me doesn't make sense," Commissioner Priscilla Whisenant Trace said, noting modifications were approved by the Citizens Oversight Committee for the Infrastructure Sales Tax Advisory Board. "I'm fine with this."
Manatee County spokesman Nicholas Azzara said no projects were removed from the previously approved spending plan.
"Each of the major funding categories had wiggle room, cushion, in case costs fluctuate or priorities change," Azzara said. "The board had approved a spending plan in 2016. Priorities change and costs shift. This was in response to that.
"No projects were removed," he said. "We are talking about the cushion areas that had not been budgeted before."
Bounty hunting legend to share about cancer battle
It's fawn season in Lakewood Ranch


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Director, Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics
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