text:
\section{Introduction}

The search for a model that correctly describes the whole evolution of the universe is an old problem in cosmology. In the current model, the universe starts in a very hot and dense phase known as big bang\footnote{See \cite{kolb} or \cite{weinberg} for a brief resume of the thermal history of the universe.} driven by quantum effects based on models as supersymmetry, supergravity, extra dimensions, superstrings, among others. The quantum effects are dominant while the energy density is greater than Planck energy density $m_{pl}^4$, characterized by the Planck mass $m_{pl}\simeq 1.22\times 10^{19}$GeV. The age of the universe is about $10^{-43}$s at this stage. From $10^{-43}$s to about $10^{-35}$s the universe is still expanding and cooling in the so called pre-inflationary phase, its temperature is about $10^{27}$K and the energy density is about $10^{58}$GeV$^4\sim$ $10^{75}$g/cm$^3$. From $10^{-35}$s to $10^{-32}$s the universe undergoes the so-called {cosmic} inflation, where the scale factor $a(t)$ growth for about $10^{43}$ orders of magnitude. Such phase is necessary in order to solve some problems as the flatness problem, the monopole and relics problems, the horizon problem and homogeneity \cite{bookliddle,linde1}. After such very abrupt expansion, nearly exponential, the energy density is about $10^{51}$GeV$^4\sim 10^{68}$g/cm$^3$ and the universe {goes through} a reheating phase, where the so called inflaton field transfer energy to the ordinary matter, which starts to dominate. After $10^{-32}$s the universe goes into radiation dominated phase up to $10^{11}$s, and several process occur, as the end of electroweak unification, the quark-hadrons transition and nucleosynthesis of light elements. At the end of radiation dominated phase, radiation and matter has the same energy density, of about $10^{-34}$GeV$^4\sim 10^{-17}$g/cm$^3$. Then the universe enters a matter dominated {long epoch}, {in which} occurs the formation of atoms and first structures, as galaxies and cluster of galaxies.  The scale factor growth about $10^{65} - 10^{75}$ orders of magnitude up today, with an age of about $10^{18}$s and the energy density decreases to about $10^{-46}$GeV$^4\sim 10^{-29}$g/cm$^3$. Finally, very recently the universe starts a new accelerating phase, dominated by a cosmological constant term or a dark energy fluid. This is a very brief history of the universe.

An unified model that could describe all the phases of evolution of the universe is a difficult task. The several orders of magnitude involved from the inflation to recent cosmic acceleration forced the researches to divide the evolution of the universe into different parts, each one characterized by different kind of particles that dominate at different stages. These ingredients form the so called standard model of cosmology. The inflationary phase of the universe can be constructed with a single scalar field which drives the inflation while the scalar field rolls down to the bottom of its potential. Several potentials that satisfies the fine tunings of the inflationary phase have been studied in last decades (see \cite{bookliddle,linde1} for a review and \cite{Planck2013} for observational constraints on several potentials.). After inflation, the scalar field ends in a rapid oscillation around the minimum of its potential and its energy is transferred to the baryonic particles in the next phase of evolution, in a process known as reheating.  The scalar field does not act anymore and the universe evolves dominated by radiation and subsequently by matter. During the matter dominated phase there is the necessity {of adding} a new kind of non-baryonic matter to the model in order to correctly explain structure formation, thus the standard model needs addition of dark matter, about 25\% of the total content of the universe. Radiation and baryons corresponds just to about 5\% of the total content. After evolving dominated by dark matter, observations show that a recent {accelerated} phase of expansion needs a new ingredient, the so called cosmological constant or even a new kind of energy, called dark energy, acting as a vacuum energy density and representing about 70\% of the total energetic content.

As previously stated, a model describing all phases of the evolution of the universe is a challenge for the present cosmology. In particular, the constraints in the energy density and the `size' of the universe after each phase is strongly dependent on the inflationary model adopted. The exact initial conditions {leading a cosmic} inflation and its connection to radiation and matter evolution depends on the dynamic of the inflaton field. Recently, a new class of fermions with mass dimension one named Elko \cite{AHL1,AHL2,ahl2011a,AHL4} was proposed and established in solid quantum bases very recently \cite{AHL4,WT} (see also \cite{RJ}). Such new fermionic field is a natural candidate to dark matter in the universe once it is constructed by means half-integer spinors that are eigenstate of the charge conjugation operator, being neutral and weakly coupled to the electromagnetic sector of the standard model of particles. Several cosmological applications of such fermionic mass dimension one field have been recently presented in the literature \cite{FABBRI,BOE4,BOE6,GREDAT,BASAK,sadja,kouwn,saj,js,asf,sajf,st}.
The great advantage to use the Elko field as the inflaton field is that it does not need to disappear after acting, since it happens to be responsible for the dark matter in the present day. Also, being a fermionic field, its quantum properties could be evoked in order to better understand both the inflationary phase as recent cosmic acceleration, as a kind of Pauli exclusion principle mechanism.

In the present paper we consider the fermionic Elko field as an alternative to drive the inflationary phase of the universe. If we suppose that it transfers only part of its energy to radiation after inflation\footnote{The mechanism of such transfer is not known yet, but the possible coupling of Elko field to Higgs field has been studied recently \cite{AHL2,dias1,alves1}, thus the Higgs field could intermediate such energy transfer to ordinary matter.}, the evolution of universe up to present time can be correctly described, namely the end of inflation serves as initial conditions to radiation phase and the end of radiation as initial conditions to matter dominated phase. We present the numerical results concerning the Elko field equations obtained recently in \cite{sajf} and here driving the inflationary phase in the presence of a potential with a quadratic mass term and a quartic self interaction term, similar to which has been done recently in \cite{st}. It is shown that inflation occurs when the Elko field makes a transition characterized by a value of about one Planck mass. The Planck scale represents a limit from pre-inflationary phase to post-inflationary one. The evolution for the scale factor and the energy density during and after {a cosmic} inflation are in good agreement to the values of the standard model for three different epochs, namely the end of inflation, the transition from radiation to matter dominance and the present day value for such parameters. It is important to stress that the time scale in seconds used here allows to estimate the real growth of the scale factor and the decrease of the energy density up today. As quoted above, a similar treatment has been done recently in \cite{st} concerning the numerical analysis at the inflationary phase, however using a phenomenological symmetry broken potential, which is not predicted by mass dimension one fermions theory \cite{AHL2}. Also, in \cite{st} the evolution after inflation was just extrapolated, not covering the radiation and matter evolution from its known evolution equations, as done here.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig01.eps}
\caption{Numerical result for the evolution of the scale factor $a(t)$ with time. Inflation occurs from $10^{-35}$s to $10^{-32}$s (solid line) with the scale factor increasing from $10^{-70}$ up to about $10^{-28}$. After that the scale factor grows smoothly dominated by radiation (dashed line), with $a(t)\sim t^{1/2}$ up to about $t\simeq 10^{11}$s. From  $10^{11}$s to $10^{18}$s the evolution is of matter type (dotted line), with $a(t)\sim t^{2/3}$. The growth of the scale factor up today, $a(t)\sim 1$, corresponds to an increase of about $10^{70}$. The vertical axis on the right shows the number $N$ of e-foldings.}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{fig02.eps}
\caption{Numerical result for the evolution of the energy density (\ref{rhoElko}) of the Elko field with time. The units of vertical scale on the left is [s$^{-4}$] and on the right is GeV$^4$. During the inflationary phase the energy density is nearly constant, about $10^{155}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{58}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{75}$g/cm$^3$. The inflation finish at $10^{-32}$s with an energy density of about $10^{149}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{52}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{69}$g/cm$^3$. Up to $t\simeq 10^{-30}$s (solid line) the figure was obtained numerically using the solution for $\phi(t)$ into (\ref{rhoElko}). After $t\simeq 10^{-30}$s (dashed line) the evolution corresponds to the radiation energy density of the form $\rho_{r}=\rho_{r0}a(t)^{-4}$, with $\rho_{r0}=4\times 10^{39}$s$^{-4}$, showing the reduction of the radiation energy density up to $10^{11}$s, where matter and radiation are in equilibrium, with an energy density of about $10^{-35}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{-18}$g/cm$^3$. After that the evolution follows the matter energy density (dotted line) as  $\rho_{m}=\rho_{m0}a(t)^{-3}$, with $\rho_{m0}=3.5\times 10^{35}$s$^{-4}$, up  today, where the energy density is about $10^{51}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{-46}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{-29}$g/cm$^3$.}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.325\textwidth]{fig03.eps}
\hspace{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.28\textwidth]{fig04.eps}
\hspace{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{fig05.eps}\\
\hspace{0.7cm}(a)\hspace{5.5cm}(b)\hspace{5.4cm}(c)
\caption{(a) - Evolution of the Elko field $\phi(t)$ to its minimal value showing its oscillation with time while rolling down to the bottom of the potential. (b) - Evolution of the equation of state parameter $\omega=p/\rho$ with time, showing its oscillation around 0 after starts in $\omega=-1$. (c) - Detailed view of the inflationary phase and its strong dependence on the initial value $\phi_i$. The number $N$ of e-foldings are also presented to each case. }
\end{figure*}

\section{Dynamic equations for Elko field}

In a flat space-time there are four Elko spinors satisfying invariance by the charge conjugation operator $C$, they are labeled as $\lambda^{S/A}_\beta$ where $S$ stands for Self-conjugate and $A$ for Anti-self-conjugate. The index $\beta$ stands for two possible helicities. They satisfies $C\lambda^{S/A}_\beta = \pm \lambda^{S/A}_\beta$ \cite{AHL1,AHL2,ahl2011a,AHL4,RJ,WT} and are normalized satisfying the relation $\stackrel{\neg}{\lambda}_{\beta}({\bf k})^{S/A}\lambda_{\beta^{'}}({\bf k})^{S/A} = \pm 2m\delta_{\beta\beta^{'}}$, where $\lambda_{\beta^{'}}({\bf k})^{S/A}$ and $\stackrel{\neg}{\lambda}_{\beta}({\bf k})^{S/A}$ are the usual spinor and its dual, respectively. The dual have been redefined recently \cite{AHL4,RJ,WT} in order to maintain locality and Lorentz covariance. The corresponding quantum fields can be redefined in order to satisfies a normalization relation as $\stackrel{\neg}{\lambda}\lambda = \pm 1$, where $\lambda$ stands here for any of the four spinors, with normalization $+1$ for the two self-conjugate and $-1$ for the two anti-self-conjugate.

In this paper it was used just one fermionic Elko field satisfying a positive normalization. Also, in order to use the Elko field in a curved background, it was factored out the time dependence of the Elko field as \cite{BOE4,BOE6,GREDAT,
BASAK,sadja,kouwn,sajf,saj,js,asf,st} $\Lambda=\phi(t) \lambda$. The action for the model reads \cite{kouwn,sajf}:
\begin{equation}
S = \int d^4 x \sqrt{-g} \left[ -\frac{\tilde{R}}{2\kappa^2}+{1\over 2}g^{\mu\nu}\tilde{\nabla}_\mu \stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda}\tilde{\nabla}_\nu \Lambda -V(\stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda}\Lambda) \right] \,,
\label{actionE}
\end{equation}
where $\kappa^2\equiv8\pi G$ with $c=1$. The tilde denotes the presence of torsion terms into the Ricci scalar $\tilde{R}$ and covariant derivatives, namely, $\tilde{\nabla}_\mu \Lambda\equiv \partial_\mu\Lambda - \Gamma_\mu \Lambda$ and $\tilde{\nabla}_\mu \stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda} \equiv \partial_\mu\stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda} + \stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda}\Gamma_\mu$,
where $\Gamma_\mu$ is the connection associated to spinor fields, containing the spin connections. For the potential it was used a quadratic mass term and a quartic self-interacting term, namely:
\begin{equation}
V= \frac{1}{2}m^2 \stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda}\Lambda + {\alpha\over 4}(\stackrel{\neg}{\Lambda}\Lambda)^2 =  \frac{1}{2}m^2\phi^2 + {\alpha\over 4}\phi^4\,,\label{potential}
\end{equation}
where $m$ is the physical mass of the field and $\alpha$ a dimensionless coupling. Such kind of potential follows naturally from the theory of mass dimension one fermions \cite{AHL2}.

In a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric $ds^2=dt^2-a(t)^2[dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2]$, the two Friedmann equations and the dynamic field equation for the time component $\phi(t)$ of the Elko field\footnote{We will refer to $\phi(t)$ as Elko field from now on, but the complete spinor structure is present in $\Lambda$.} plus a ordinary matter $i$ can be obtained \cite{kouwn,sajf}:
\begin{equation}
H^2={\kappa^2\over 3}\bigg(1+{\kappa^2\phi^2\over 8} \bigg)\bigg[{\dot{\phi}^2\over 2}+V(\phi)+\rho_i\bigg]\,,\label{H2}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\dot{H}=-{\kappa^2\over 2}\bigg(1+{\kappa^2\phi^2\over 8} \bigg)\bigg[\dot{\phi}^2-{1\over 2}{H\phi\dot{\phi} \over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)^2} +\rho_i+p_i\bigg]\,,\label{Hdot}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\ddot{\phi}+3H\dot{\phi}+{dV(\phi)\over d\phi}-{3\over 4}{H^2\phi\over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)^2}=0\,,\label{phiElko}
\end{equation}
where $H={\dot{a}\over a}$ is the Hubble parameter and a dot stands for time derivative. The energy density $\rho_i$ and the pressure $p_i$ for the ordinary matter $i$ (radiation or baryonic matter) where also included in the right side of (\ref{H2}) and (\ref{Hdot}). The equations for energy density and pressure for Elko field are \cite{sajf}:
\begin{equation}
\rho={\dot{\phi}^2\over 2}+V(\phi)+{3\over 8}{H^2\phi^2\over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)}\,,\label{rhoElko}
\end{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
p&=&{\dot{\phi}^2\over 2}-V(\phi)-{3\over 8}{H^2\phi^2\over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)}- {1\over 4 }{\dot{H}\phi^2\over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)}\nonumber\\ &&-{1\over 2}{H\phi\dot{\phi}\over (1+\kappa^2\phi^2/8)^2}\,.\label{pphiElko}
\end{eqnarray}

Such equations generalizes that one for a standard scalar field. The second terms inside curl bracket of (\ref{H2})-(\ref{Hdot}), the second term inside square bracket of (\ref{Hdot}), the last terms of (\ref{phiElko}) and (\ref{rhoElko}) and last three terms of (\ref{pphiElko}) are not present in the standard scalar field equations. This shows that the Elko dynamic field equations are much richer than the scalar field ones. Such additional terms comes from the fact that the fermionic Elko field must be coupled to torsion in an Einstein-Cartan framework and also due to spin connections terms. In particular, since that $\kappa^2 = 8\pi G =8\pi/m_{pl}^2$, in the limit $\phi\ll m_{pl}$ and $H\phi \ll \dot{\phi}$ these additional terms can be discarded and the equations are exactly like that ones for the standard scalar field. Thus the limit $\phi \sim m_{pl}$ represents a kind of transition of the Elko field from a high energy regime dominated by torsion and spin connection terms to a low energy regime free of torsion. Surprisingly, it has been found numerically that such transition from a high energy regime to a low energy one is the responsible for the inflationary phase of the universe. Notice also that in the limit $\phi\ll m_{pl}$ we have the torsion term $\kappa^2\phi^2/8\ll 1$, which simplifies the system of equations, being very similar to the standard scalar field, but it is important during inflationary phase.

Finally, given a potential $V(\phi)$ the above set of equations can be integrated (at least numerically) in order to study the evolution of $a(t)$ and $\phi(t)$. In which follows it will set the initial conditions and values of the parameters in order to make a numerical analysis of the system.

\section{Numerical results}

In order to perform a numerical analysis\footnote{It was used the Maple 15 Software, whose numerical solutions are found by a Fehlberg fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method with degree four of interpolation.} for the evolution of the scale factor $a(t)$ and $\phi(t)$ it was chosen to work with the coupled equations (\ref{H2}) and (\ref{phiElko}). It is also necessary to fix some parameters of the potential (\ref{potential}) and initial conditions for $\phi$. Since (\ref{H2}) is a first order differential equation in $a(t)$ it needs just one initial condition at $t_i$, and it was chosen $a(t_i)=10^{-70}$. With such choice we expect the present value to be $a=1$. Equation (\ref{phiElko}) is a second order differential equation and needs two initial conditions. In order to test the hypothesis that inflation occurs due to a transition of the Elko field from a high energy scale $\phi > m_{pl}$ to a low energy regime $\phi < m_{pl}$, it was chosen $\phi(t_i)\equiv \phi_i = 1.75m_{pl}=3.25\times 10^{43}$s$^{-1}$, similar to chaotic inflationary model by Linde \cite{lindePLB}. The inflation must occur when $\phi(t)$ decays from $\phi_i$ to zero, to the bottom of the potential. It has been also considered that before inflation occurs the universe was filled with a nearly homogeneous and isotropic gas of Elko particles, nearly at rest, so it was chosen $\dot{\phi}(t_i)\equiv \dot{\phi}_i=0$. Thus the unique energy present at the beginning is its potential energy $V(\phi_i)$. During inflation we do not consider the presence of ordinary matter $\rho_i$ nor $p_i$.

After some numerical analysis it was found that the beginning of the evolution, namely the phase that includes the inflation, can be driving just by the self-interacting quartic term of the potential if $m^2\ll {1\over 2} \alpha \phi_i^2$, which is obvious since that it is proportional to $\phi^4$ while the mass term is proportional to $\phi^2$ and the initial condition for $\phi$ is nearly greater than the Planck mass. By choosing $\alpha = 4\times 10^{-20}$ the condition for the mass is $m\ll 2.5\times 10^{-10}m_{pl} \simeq 3\times 10^9$GeV. It was chosen $m=1.0$GeV so that it does not contribute to the evolution at the beginning. When the field decays below about $10^{-10}m_{pl} \simeq 10^{33}$s$^{-1}$ the quadratic mass term starts to dominate. Numerically this occurs at about $10^{-5}$s, being important already in radiation dominated epoch.  Having stated the initial conditions and the value of the parameters, we see that the condition $V(\phi_i)\ll m_{pl}^4$ is satisfied in order to warranty that the total energy of the field is below the Planck scale, so that quantum effects are not present. Such condition is satisfied due to tiny value of $\alpha$. Now it is possible to make a numerical analysis of the system of equations (\ref{H2}) and (\ref{phiElko}). In order to have the time scale in seconds, it was used $\kappa=\sqrt{8\pi}/m_{pl}= 4.1\times 10^{-19}$GeV$^{-1} = 2.7\times 10^{-43}$s. The initial time $t_i$ was chosen as $t_i=10^{-35}$s. It is expected that inflation occurs up to about $10^{-32}$s and after that the universe expand in a nearly power law in time.

Figures 1 and 2 present the main results of the paper. The black solid lines correspond to numerical analysis just for Elko field, namely with $\rho_i=0$ into \eqref{H2}. In Figure 1 the evolution of the scale factor $a(t)$ with time (in seconds) for the above initial conditions and parameters of the potential shows that inflation in fact occurs up to about $10^{-32}$s and the scale factor growth for about $10^{42}$ orders of magnitude, which corresponds to about 97 e-foldings, calculated as $N=\ln a(t)/a(t_i)$ and indicated on the vertical axis on the right. After that, by supposing the Elko field transfer part of its energy to ordinary matter, the universe evolves as $a(t)\sim t^{1/2}$ in a radiation dominated phase, which is indicated by the strait dashed line in the logarithm scale. After that, once radiation finish its dominance, the rest of Elko field that was also evolving together radiation act again, as a dark matter with null pressure and $a(t)\sim t^{2/3}$. The evolution follows up today with the scale factor of about 1, our normalization for present day, in good agreement to the previous estimate from \cite{kolb} of an increase of about $10^{74}$ for the standard model.

Figure 2 shows the numerical analysis for the evolution of the energy density $\rho(t)$ from (\ref{rhoElko}), showed in solid line. It can be seen that during the inflationary phase (from $t\sim 10^{-35}$s to $10^{-32}$s) the energy density is nearly constant, about $10^{155}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{58}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{75}$g/cm$^3$. The inflation finishes with an energy density of about $10^{149}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{52}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{69}$g/cm$^3$, in good agreement with standard model \cite{kolb} of about $10^{69}$g/cm$^3$. After $t\simeq 10^{-30}$s (dashed line) the evolution corresponds to the radiation energy density of the form $\rho_{r}=\rho_{r0}a(t)^{-4}$, showing the reduction of the radiation energy density up to $10^{11}$s, where matter and radiation are in thermal  equilibrium.  At this stage the energy density if of about $10^{-35}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{-18}$g/cm$^3$. After that the evolution follows the matter energy density (dotted line) as  $\rho_{m}=\rho_{m0}a(t)^{-3}$ up  today, where the energy density is about $10^{50}$s$^{-4}\simeq 10^{-47}$GeV$^4\simeq 10^{-29}$g/cm$^3$, exactly the expected value for the critical energy density today. The energy density at all transitions phase are in good agreement to the standard model.

Figure 3 (a) shows the numerical results for the decaying of the Elko field $\phi(t)$ from its initial value $\phi_i=1.75m_{pl}$ with time. Before reach the bottom of the potential the field oscillates for a long time around its minimal value. Figure 3 (b) shows the numerical analysis of the equation of state parameter $\omega \equiv p(\phi)/\rho(\phi)$ obtained with (\ref{rhoElko}) and (\ref{pphiElko}), which indicates that $\omega$ starts from $-1$ during inflation and then begins to oscillate around $\omega=0$ for the rest of its evolution. This confirms that the Elko field satisfies a dust equation of state type, exactly as desired for a dark matter fluid. Thus the Elko field act as a dark matter after radiation dominated era, up to the rest of the evolution of the universe. Also, having nearly null kinetic energy the Elko particles could be attracted to other local potentials, initiating the growth of small structures, as  dark matter halos. Remember that it is one the main characteristic of the Elko field, a candidate to dark matter particle. Figure 3 (c) shows in detail what happens during the inflationary phase for different initial conditions of $\phi$, indicating a strong dependence with the initial value $\phi_i$ of the field. The other parameters are the same of previous analysis. It is possible to see clearly that the number of e-foldings of the inflation is strongly dependent on the initial condition for the field. This is a kind of fine tuning for the model and shows that inflation occurs when the field decreases below the Planck mass scale.

\section{Concluding remarks}

The numerical analysis of the coupled system of equations concerning a homogeneous and isotropic distribution of mass dimension one fermionic Elko field filling the whole universe was performed, considering the Elko field as an alternative to standard scalar field inflationary model. The potential under which the Elko field slows down is a quadratic mass term plus a quartic self-interaction. It was found that the evolution for the scale factor reproduces the expected exponential growth during the inflationary phase up to about $10^{-32}$s, with the desired number of e-foldings. The energy density after inflation is also in agreement with standard model. After inflation ends, by supposing a partial energy transference from Elko field to radiation, the values for the scale factor and energy density serve as initial conditions for the radiation phase. Surprisingly the evolution of the type $t^{1/2}$ for the scale factor and $a(t)^{-4}$ for the energy density leads the universe to the expected value for the energy density at $10^{11}$s, where matter and radiation are in equilibrium. Being the Elko field of matter type, with null pressure, it dominates again, given rise to the dark matter phase in the universe, evolving as $t^{2/3}$ for the scale factor and $a(t)^{-3}$ for the energy density. Again, the present day value for the energy density is obtained in agreement with the standard model, and the total growth for the scale factor is about $10^{70}$, also in agreement to standard model.

In this analysis the mass of the Elko field was taken as $1.0$GeV and its effects during the inflationary phase is not important, thus the mass of the Elko field must be estimated by others observational constraints, as formation of structures for instance.  We have verified that an upper limit to the mass of $m\ll 10^{-10}m_{pl}\sim 10^9$GeV can be established if we want to keep the initial conditions before each epoch according to the standard model values. Such value is in agreement to modern estimates \cite{fuku}. It was also obtained that the number of e-foldings during the inflationary phase is strongly dependent on the initial value of the field, here taken as $\phi_i > m_{pl}$, as occurs in chaotic inflationary models. Inflation occurs exactly when the field goes from $\phi_i\sim m_{pl}$ to zero. As the field decays to the bottom of its potential it starts to oscillate and its amplitude diminishes with time.

As already pointed out previously, a similar analysis just for inflationary phase has been done in \cite{st}, using a phenomenological symmetry broken potential. The expected evolution as matter type after inflation has been obtained just by extrapolating the obtained curve and the effective mass estimated is strongly dependent on the parameters of the symmetry broken potential. Here both evolutions, namely radiation and matter type, were obtained using its expected evolution laws and initial conditions generated after inflation, showing a good agreement to standard model. Also, the mass used here for the field is free to be constrained by observations, since the inflationary phase is driven just by the quartic self-interaction term.

Although the exact analysis of the system of equations has been done only for a short time interval\footnote{The numerical analysis for the oscillatory behaviour of $\omega$ was verified from $10^{-35}$s up to $10^{-20}$s.}, the initial conditions generated after inflation for the scale factor and the energy density correctly lead to the expected values for the subsequent evolution. In this sense we can affirm that the Elko field drives all the evolution of the universe, including its action as dark matter in the last phase of evolution.

The Elko field considered here is just a classical field. As a final remark on the inflation driven by Elko field, maybe we could interpret the inflationary expansion as a consequence of a kind of Pauli exclusion principle or degeneracy pressure effect if the field is considered as a quantum one. When the fermionic quantum Elko field rolls down to the bottom of the potential, trying to occupy its minimal energy state, the degeneracy pressure acts expanding the whole system in order to separate the particles, once they can not occupy the same fundamental state. This could be the trigger for inflation occur. Such interpretation is not possible when inflaton field is of bosonic type. Also, after evolve as dark matter in late times, the field keep trying to occupy the minimum potential energy, but its quantum nature does not allows all particles with zero potential energy, thus a remaining net energy fills the whole universe, which could be interpreted as a kind of cosmological constant energy density, being responsible for the recent cosmic acceleration. Such possible quantum effect based on the Pauli exclusion principle for explain both inflation and recent cosmic acceleration driven by a mass dimension one fermion field deserves future investigations.

\begin{acknowledgements}
SHP is grateful to CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\'ifico e Tecnol\'ogico, Brazilian research agency, for financial support, grants number 304297/2015-1 and 400924/2016-1. RFLH acknowledges financial support from CNPq (No. 303734/2014-0). We would like to thank professor J. M. Hoff da Silva for valuable discussions.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Monday Morning, Shifting Gears
October 19, 2020 October 19, 2020 / Crist Inman	/ Leave a comment
In these pages the impacts of the pandemic have not been a regular feature, but since early on it was clear we would be feeling the impact for a long time. Each passing week has given us reason to think about how we can adjust what we do. Click the image to the right for a conversation with an illustrator who captures that spirit of adjustment in his own context. At the end of the conversation you can see past cover illustrations that have themes related to bicycles. Not a bad way to start a new week:
As covid-19 infection rates have risen in New York, and the city braces for winter, it can be hard to see a reason for optimism. For his latest New Yorker cover, R. Kikuo Johnson finds one: the welcome surge of cycling across the boroughs. We recently talked to Johnson about biking, working from home, and one of his favorite views in the city.
This is such a lovely image amid dark times. Was there a moment when inspiration struck?
When I think of New York City, the first image that comes to mind is the view from the Williamsburg Bridge. From the top, you see the whole city at once: skyscrapers, graffiti, at least four bridges, the Statue of Liberty, sweating crowds in a rush. Continue reading →
The New Commute
June 4, 2020 June 4, 2020 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
Brian Chen riding the electric Ride1Up 700, which sells for $1,495. A VanMoof S3 e-bike cost $1,998. Jim Wilson/The New York Times
If they displace congesting and polluting four-wheel alternatives, they are worth a look:
E-Bikes Are Having Their Moment. They Deserve It.
The benefits of owning a battery-powered two-wheeler far outweigh the downsides, especially in a pandemic.
The Ride1Up e-bike, which is faster, in front of the VanMoof, which has a longer range on a full battery charge.Credit…Jim Wilson/The New York Times
Many of us are entering a new stage of pandemic grief: adaptation. We are asking ourselves: How do we live with this new reality?
For many Americans, part of the solution has been to buy an electric bike. The battery-powered two-wheelers have become a compelling alternative for commuters who are being discouraged from taking public transportation and Ubers. For others, the bikes provide much-needed fresh air after months of confinement. Continue reading →
Vacation Choices Make A Difference
December 13, 2019 December 13, 2019 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
We did not link out to Annie Lowrey's article earlier this year, so thanks to her and the Atlantic for this brief summary statement; and with it, a recommendation to read the whole article Too Many People Want to Travel:
Mass Tourism Is Destroying the Planet
Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled the world. That's up from just 25 million in 1950. In China alone, overseas trips have risen from 10 million to 150 million in less than two decades.
This dramatic surge in mass tourism can be attributed to the emergence of the global middle class, and in some ways, it's a good thing. Continue reading →
250 Miles Of Protected Bike Lanes, At Long Last
October 28, 2019 October 28, 2019 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
Today, good news from New York City resulting from some extended bad news. Instead of putting the headline and the photo from the news story (tragedy), we have placed the video above to digest before reading the news below:
Riding a bicycle in New York City is often a harrowing journey across a patchwork of bike lanes that leave cyclists vulnerable to cars. The dangers came into focus this year after 25 cyclists were killed on city streets — the highest toll in two decades.
Now Mayor Bill de Blasio and the City Council have agreed on a $1.7 billion plan that would sharply expand the number of protected bike lanes as part of a sweeping effort to transform the city's streetscape and make it less perilous for bikers.
Its chief proponent, Corey Johnson, the City Council speaker, calls it nothing less than an effort to "break the car culture.''
Such ambitions show how far New York has come since around 2007 when the city, under Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, started aggressively taking away space for cars by rolling out bike lanes and pedestrian plazas. Continue reading →
Cycling In The Land Of Cyclists
September 15, 2019 September 15, 2019 / Crist Inman	/ 2 Comments
The eighteen million residents of Holland own, in total, more than twenty-two million bicycles. Photograph by Martin Parr / Magnum
Whether or not you are a cyclist (as I am), whether or not you have cyclist friends in Holland (as I do), you may appreciate the experience of this writer as much as one of my Dutch cycling friends did (he read it yesterday while on a cycling vacation in Russia and gave it an enthusiastic two thumbs up):
How I Learned to Cycle Like a Dutchman
In the bike-friendly Netherlands, cyclists speed down the road without fearing cars. For an American, the prospect is thrilling—and terrifying.
Where are our helmets?" my daughter Harper asked. We were standing outside a cycle shop in the Dutch city of Delft, along with Harper's older sister, Lyra, and my wife, Alia.
"We didn't buy any," I replied. Along the dark green Wijnhaven canal, confident Dutchmen and Dutchwomen whizzed around, their blond heads exposed to the soft northern sun. "In the Netherlands, only tourists wear helmets." Continue reading →
When Andeans Dream Of Electric Buses
September 12, 2019 September 12, 2019 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
An electric bus in service on the streets of Medellín, Colombia. METRO DE MEDELLÍN
Happy to see our neighbors to the south taking the lead in greening public transportation:
An Increasingly Urbanized Latin America Turns to Electric Buses
From Colombia to Argentina, major cities in Latin America are starting to adopt electric bus fleets. In a region with the highest use of buses per person globally, officials believe the transition will help meet climate targets, cut fuel costs, and improve air quality.
Medellín will have 65 electric buses in service by the end of the year, making it the second-largest electric bus fleet in Latin America. MARIA GALLUCCI/YALE E360
In Medellín, Colombia, passengers cram aboard a battery-powered bus during the morning commute. Inside, the vehicle is a respite from the crush of cars, taxis, and motorcycles winding through traffic outside. The driver, Robinson López Rivera, steers the bus up a steep ramp, revealing views of hillsides covered with rooftops of tile and tin. The bus dashboard indicates that the batteries are mostly charged, with enough power to last through the evening rush hour.
"It's a little smoother and more comfortable to drive. And there's hardly any noise," López Rivera says from behind the wheel. He gently brakes as a street vendor pushes a fruit cart across the dedicated bus lane. At night, the bus will return to a parking lot by the airport, recharging its 360-kilowatt battery pack while the city sleeps.
An electric bus charging terminal in Santiago, Chile, which draws power primarily from solar panels. ENEL X
The other 77 buses in the city's bus rapid transit system, called Metroplús, run on natural gas and move about 251,000 passengers daily. Thousands more privately owned coaches and minibuses burn diesel as they traverse the sprawling metropolitan area of 3.7 million people, with older models leaving a trail of sour-smelling smoke. Faced with chronic air pollution and concerns about climate change, Medellín is now trying to move quickly to electrify its entire mass transit network. Continue reading →
Green Is The New Black & Costa Rica Is Evergreen
March 13, 2019 April 10, 2019 / Crist Inman	/ Leave a comment
Costa Rican wildlife was the theme of reception in February to formally introduce the government's decarbonization strategy.
Somini Sengupta and her colleague Alexander Villegas published a story yesterday that resonates with the explanations Amie and I gave friends and family about our original decision to live in Costa Rica. It also resonates with the decision we made recently to return. In 2010 when we moved to Kerala it was not clear when, or even if, we would be back here. But our work in India was intertwined with Costa Rica's evergreen pioneering role in the global conversation about conservation. So we are back. And the evergreen is appreciated, especially in the way Costa Rica's president and his wife tell the story within a story.
A diesel commuter train in San José. The government plans to replace older trains with electric models.
Despite it's diminutive size, Costa Rica been at the forefront of the climate change conversation. While the country has only about 0.25% of the world's landmass, it contains almost 5% of the world's biodiversity. These statistics give both an added incentive to focus energies on shifting the juggernaut of climate change and the ecological soapbox from which to be heard.
Costa Rica has an infrastructural uphill climb, most specifically with transportation as is illustrated below, but the country has stood its ground successfully in the past. When we think of the country's road network in the mid-1990s relative to the roads today, it gives one of many reasons to be optimistic:
Tiny Costa Rica Has a Green New Deal, Too. It Matters for the Whole Planet.
SAN JOSÉ, Costa Rica — It's a green big deal for a tiny sliver of a country. Costa Rica, population 5 million, wants to wean itself from fossil fuels by 2050, and the chief evangelist of the idea is a 38-year-old urban planner named Claudia Dobles who also happens to be the first lady. Continue reading →
Europe And The Race To Car Electrification
August 26, 2018 August 26, 2018 / Organikos	/ 1 Comment
Thanks to Adam Vaughan and the Guardian for this update on this race:
Electric cars exceed 1m in Europe as sales soar by more than 40%
Milestone reached nearly a year after China but ahead of the US
Between January and June around 195,000 plug-in cars were sold across the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Photograph: Miles Willis/Getty Images for Go Ultra Low
There are now more than a million electric cars in Europe after sales soared by more than 40% in the first half of the year, new figures reveal.
Europe hit the milestone nearly a year after China, which has a much larger car market, but ahead of the US, which is expected to reach the landmark later this year driven by the appetite for Tesla's latest model.
Between January and June around 195,000 plug-in cars were sold across the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, a 42% increase on the same period a year before. Continue reading →
Lyft Is Now Carbon Neutral
April 23, 2018 April 23, 2018 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
Image © Medium
We've already expressed our natural preference for Lyft, although Uber is still necessary and useful in certain countries outside the US. But now there is yet another reason to support the underdog, after they announced a few days ago that their rides were from then on (i.e., now) carbon neutral, through the funding of emission mitigation and capture, reforestation projects, and renewable energy programs.
Road Electrification, The Latest Automotive Paradigm Shift
Take a minute to watch this video, and you may find the article below worth the read:
World's first electrified road for charging vehicles opens in Sweden
Stretch of road outside Stockholm transfers energy from two tracks of rail in the road, recharging the batteries of electric cars and trucks
The world's first electrified road that recharges the batteries of cars and trucks driving on it has been opened in Sweden.
About 2km (1.2 miles) of electric rail has been embedded in a public road near Stockholm, but the government's roads agency has already drafted a national map for future expansion.
Sweden's target of achieving independence from fossil fuel by 2030 requires a 70% reduction in the transport sector. Continue reading →
State By State Ranking For USA Bicyclists
January 10, 2018 January 10, 2018 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
PHOTO COURTESY OF MACHIKO THRELKELD
Thanks to Sierra magazine for bringing this to our attention:
Is Your State Bicycle-Friendly?
A new report ranks the best and worst places to hop on the saddle
Do you live in the safest or the most dangerous state for riding a bike? The 2017 Bicycle Friendly State Report Card has the answer.
Each year, the League of American Bicyclists, an advocacy group founded in 1880 to improve street conditions for bikers, releases a detailed ranking that cyclists can use to track where it's safe, and not so safe, to hop on wheels. The group also monitors each state's progress toward increased bicycle safety. The rankings are derived from a variety of factors, including five key bicycle-friendly actions, federal data on bicycling conditions, and summaries with feedback on how each state can improve the safety and mobility of bicyclists. Continue reading →
New Vehicle Technology Makes Good Business Sense
January 6, 2018 January 4, 2018 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
Free parking and charging stations for electric cars in Oslo. Norway offers generous incentives that make the vehicles cheaper to buy, and other benefits once they are on the road. Credit Thomas Haugersveen for The New York Times
Norway's public policy that puts environmentalism front and center stands in stark contrast to the obvious deconstruction of protections in this country.
In Norway, Electric and Hybrid Cars Outsell Conventional Models
Sales of electric and hybrid cars in Norway outpaced those running on fossil fuels last year, cementing the country's position as a global leader in the push to restrict vehicle emissions.
Norway, a major oil exporter, would seem an unlikely champion of newer, cleaner-running vehicles. But the country offers generous incentives that make electric cars cheaper to buy, and provides additional benefits once the vehicles are on the road.
Countries around the world have ramped up their promotion of hybrid and electric cars. As China tries to improve air quality and dominate new vehicle technology, the government there wants one in five cars sold to run on alternative fuels by 2025. France and Britain plan to end the sale of gasoline- and diesel-powered cars by 2040.
Norway is ahead of the rest of the world. Continue reading →
Sunny-Futured Mass Transit
An illustration of a solar train in action. Photograph: Esther Griffin
Thanks to Alice Bell and the Guardian for a look into the latest on harnessing the sun to power more of our transportation needs:
In 10 years time trains could be solar powered
A technique has been devised that allows electricity to flow directly from solar panels to electrified train tracks to the trains themselves making solar powered trains more feasible than ever before Continue reading →
The Largest Underground Bicycle Parking Garage In The World
September 9, 2017 September 9, 2017 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
A special section in Utrecht's new underground bike parking garage is for bigger bikes, which usually have children's seats attached. Credit Ilvy Njiokiktjien for The New York Times
If You Build It, the Dutch Will Pedal
UTRECHT, the Netherlands — When city officials unveiled the first section of the world's largest bike parking garage in Utrecht, a small city in the center of the Netherlands, late last month, the feeling of accomplishment was short-lived.
While many of the 6,000 new, state-of-the-art bike parking spots filled quickly, city engineers focused on the work ahead: creating thousands more such spots and hundreds more miles of bike paths to ensure that even more Utrecht residents can comfortably commute by bike.
"We found that if you build it, people will use it," said Lot van Hooijdonk, a vice mayor, about her city's seemingly insatiable public demand for bike infrastructure.
Utrecht, with 330,000 residents, is the Netherlands' fourth-largest and fastest-growing city. It is also one of the most bike-friendly places in one of the world's most bike-friendly countries.
As fast as Utrecht can build underground bike parking garages, most spots are taken. Credit Ilvy Njiokiktjien for The New York Times
The city recently surpassed Amsterdam in a widely respected ranking of bike-friendly cities and is now second only to Copenhagen, which is more than twice its size. Continue reading →
That Thing About Uber
July 24, 2017 July 24, 2017 / Crist Inman	/ 2 Comments
For what it is worth, a confession. I deleted this app with the intent to never use it again, and then I switched to this one. That felt good. Then last week I was up in the mountains of Escazu, in Costa Rica, and I had to change my mind. At 3:30 a.m. a local taxi driver who was supposed to pick me up to take me to the airport did not show up. After a few minutes I finally relented and downloaded the app I had deleted. And something unexpected, something very good happened. Continue reading →
Suddenly, Lyft
July 4, 2017 July 4, 2017 / Crist Inman	/ Leave a comment
When I decided to delete that app it was without hesitation. I wanted to avoid sanctimony, but the point of making a show of my resolve was a simple message, i.e. that manners matter. Even though that app had been extremely useful to me over the past year, it was not so useful that I could ignore its founder's behavior once I finally paid attention.
So now I am paying attention, and need a new app. And where better to start looking? I liked the message of that story, for reasons akin to my boyhood preference for Bjorn Borg over John McEnroe. I believe in disruption and I believe in winning, but if one is going to develop new rules of the game, then they should definitely be better rules that lead to better behavior. Continue reading →
Design Worth Reading About
February 19, 2017 April 11, 2019 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
INGO MECKMANN/PIAGGIO FAST FORWARD
Sometimes it makes more sense to look at a design rather than read about it. This story is in itself interesting (thanks to Wired) and that is because of the combination of the history of Piaggio and the character at the center of the design story:
IN THE SUMMER months of 2015, Jeffrey Schnapp and a few of his colleagues started collecting rideables. The hoverboard craze was in full swing, and OneWheels and Boosteds were showing up on roads and sidewalks. Schnapp and his co-founders rode, drove, and crashed everything they could find. For Schnapp, a Harvard professor and longtime technologist with a shaved head, pointy goatee, and a distinct Ben Kingsley vibe, this was market research. Continue reading →
Bikes Starting to be Made in USA Again
August 24, 2016 August 23, 2016 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
This latest post in our common bicycle theme is not about any novel designs or materials being used to make the pedal-powered machines, but rather a feature from The New Yorker website on the new bicycle manufacturing scene in the US, particularly in Detroit, where a crashed automobile industry left a city in dire need of revival. Omar Mouallem writes:
In 1896, the Detroit Wheelmen opened an ornate new clubhouse, complete with an auditorium and a bowling alley. The Detroit Free Press called it "the most modern club house of any cycling organization in the west." Its forty-thousand-dollar cost (about $1.1 million today) was paid for by the club's four hundred and fifty members, who included John and Horace Dodge, the co-owners of Evans & Dodge Bicycle Company, one of more than three hundred U.S. manufacturers during the bike boom of the eighteen-nineties.
Getting over "Range Anxiety" and into Electric Cars
August 19, 2016 April 11, 2019 / Organikos	/ Leave a comment
Source: Conservation Magazine
If you have ever considered buying an electric car but haven't done so in fear of the car battery dying before getting to a charging station – which is known as "range anxiety" – fear no more. A new study shows that most American drivers do not go beyond the distance that today's electric cars can go in a single battery charge in one day.
87 percent of the vehicles on the road could be replaced by low-cost EVs on the market today even if they were only charged overnight, say the MIT researchers who conducted the study published in Nature Energy.
If this large-scale swap were to happen, it would lead to roughly 30 percent less carbon emissions even—if the electricity were coming from carbon-emitting power plants.
Car-sharing Greatly Reduces Carbon-Output
August 12, 2016 August 12, 2016 / Seth Inman	/ Leave a comment
Image via car2go.com
I've never owned a car myself, because friends and family have always had one. While a student at Cornell, a couple of my friends used the Zipcar service, and that's something I'd have used if I didn't have the opportunity to borrow a car or share a ride with housemates for grocery shopping every other week (when I didn't bike or bus to the store instead). But you don't need to do any math to realize that a car-sharing service is almost certainly going to result in a reduction of carbon dioxide output, even if it's not as environmentally friendly as biking or taking public transportation. Conservation Magazine reports on a new study quantifying the use of the Car2go service in five cities over three years:
Car-sharing is quickly gaining popularity in cities around the world. Proponents say that it's a green way to get around town. In a report published in July, researchers calculated car-sharing's precise impact by analyzing the car-share service car2go in five North American cities. Each car2go eliminated up to 11 privately-owned vehicles from the roads and prevented 10 to 14 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, they found.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Goebbels never had it so good.
Marvel has completely lost it. First, we had the Muslima superhero fighting "islamophobia"—now this. Captain Marvel is going after conservatives. Shouldn't he be renamed Captain Anti-America? Shame on Disney (which owns Marvel). The once-great American entertainment company is becoming a cesspool of traitorous agitprop.
Marvel has decided to take a more liberal and partisan slant in its new Captain America comic book series as it has Captain America beating up conservatives who are trying to stop illegal immigrants from coming into the country.
So stopping illegal immigration is now something a right-wing terrorist would do that requires a liberal superhero to fight against? What a load of crap.
This is obviously a response to Donald Trump making illegal immigration a huge issue in this election campaign. Liberals can't stand the idea of illegals being deported or a big wall being built to keep them from coming in. So they portray conservatives like Trump, Cruz, and others as right-wing terrorists and illegal immigration as something to be defended.
Geez, it's getting harder and harder to give anything Marvel comics does the time of day. Heck, this season of Agents of Shield has an openly gay character who just finds out he has to go back in the 'closet' because of his newfound super powers.
But it's the same in DC comics, as they are putting more gay openly gay characters in their most of their series like Arrow and Gotham.
The liberal agenda never quits which is why we need candidates who will stand up and strongly defend conservative values in a coherent way.


Yes, you need a travel adapter (plug adapter) for a trip from the United Kingdom to Yemen. In Yemen, people are using different plugs and plug sockets that are not compatible with plugs from the United Kingdom!
Which types of plugs are used in Yemen?
Yemen uses plugs of type A, D and G. Plug sockets of type G, which are common in the United Kingdom, are only partially used in Yemen.
The frequency, therefore, is the same as in the United Kingdom. That's why it is safe to use all your electric appliances in Yemen.


text:
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN

@interface DPSectionedFetchedResultsController : DPSectionedArrayController
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- (instancetype)initWithDelegate:(id<DataSourceContainerControllerDelegate> _Nullable)delegate sectionHashCalculator:(NSInteger (^)(id ))sectionHashCalculator sectionSortDescriptor:(NSSortDescriptor *)sectionSortDescriptor frc:(NSFetchedResultsController *)frc NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;

- (void)startUpdating NS_UNAVAILABLE;
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- (void)setObjects:(NSArray * _Nullable)objects NS_UNAVAILABLE;

- (id)objectAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index NS_UNAVAILABLE;
- (NSUInteger)indexOfObject:(id)object NS_UNAVAILABLE;
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- (void)insertObject:(id)object atIndex:(NSUInteger)index NS_UNAVAILABLE;
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- (void)moveObjectAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index toIndex:(NSUInteger)newIndex NS_UNAVAILABLE;

@end

NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


DA Training and Consultancy are a private training provider based in Eastleigh that deliver a wide range of apprenticeships to meet the business needs of today and the future.
Our team of tutors are dynamic and use the most up to date methods of teaching and assessment to deliver diverse and engaging training. All of the team are specialists in electronic evidence collection which allows apprentices more time to focus on learning and developing their skills and knowledge.
We offer a bespoke service that is tailored to meet the needs of your business, the apprentices and their roles.
Our area of operation is Hampshire and bordering counties.
We are a member of Hampshire Chamber of Commerce, CIH and Society for Education and Training.


January this year crawls to a close with only a smattering of new Blu-ray releases, none of them too exciting (in my book). The most notable is also the most ironically titled movie of last year.
Despite competition from a bunch of new Christmas releases, December's biggest hits continue to be holdovers from earlier in the month.


text:
Previous Prev ONLINE EXCLUSIVE: Mixed Doubles
Next "C" Ya In Bed
HIV's senior class studies up on symptoms and treatments
September 1, 2006 • By Cristi Hegranes
Hulda Brown has been HIV positive for 15 of her 62 years. "With all my ailments," she says, laughing, "I could fill a whole book and not be done." A few, like shingles, are HIV-related. Others, like hormone imbalances, arthritis and fat loss, could be ordinary signs of aging. Amid a boom in over-65 HIV cases (they've increased tenfold in the past ten years), positive seniors are asking whether their symptoms come from age, HIV or the meds. How can you treat something if you aren't sure what's causing it? Jane Fowler, 71, of the National Association on HIV Over 50, hears it all the time from both men and women. "We feel a need to know," she says, "and you always wonder if you're ailing because of your age or because you have HIV."
Sharon Lee, MD, of Kansas City's University of Kansas Medical Center, had to learn the intricacies of HIV and aging when positive seniors began appearing as patients. "The side effects of the medicines, the impact of the virus and the impact of aging overlap," Lee says. But she and other docs have reached a shocking conclusion: In most cases, they believe, the cause doesn't really matter.
Ellen Morrison, MD, of New York City's Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, says, "Symptoms common to HIV and aging, like fatigue or arthritis, are not usually approached or treated differently" in positive people. Indeed, Brown's doctor, Sandra Hernandez, MD, says she treats Brown's symptoms as she would if she were negative.
What if your HIV combo seems to be causing high cholesterol, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? Some docs would suggest switching combos. "If the person's virus isn't resistant to many HIV drugs, we might change the meds," says Barbara Zeller, MD, of New York's Project Samaritan HIV program. If you're on a second or third combo, though, your doctor would likely say you should stick with the combo and add drugs to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. Zeller says doctors are often more aggressive in treating CVD risk factors in older people. Lifestyle adjustments (exercise, diet, quitting smoking) work more easily in younger people, Zeller adds. Lee points to an HIV study that found that blood-fat problems, which are related to CVD risk, "responded better to lipid-lowering meds than to changing HIV meds."
Bone thinning is another puzzler. Studies have shown higher rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis in positive women—whether on HIV meds or not—without determining why. The treatments, however, remain the same as for older women without HIV: weight-bearing exercise, more calcium and vitamin D, and prescription meds such as Fosamax and Actonel.
Like other positive elders, Brown wonders whether HIV is aging her faster. Hernandez says there's still no evidence blaming the virus—because no studies have been done. Zeller points out that HIV meds may slow the aging accelerator: Untreated, the virus constantly activates the immune system, provoking an inflammatory response and stressing cells.
New Yorker Brenda Curry, 61, wants to know what's causing her symptoms, even if the treatments don't change. "If you knew," she says, "at least you'd feel at peace, you'd have less anxiety." Brown turns to her over-50 support group for answers. The group gives her the opportunity to compare symptoms and experiences with other older women. In the absence of hard data about aging and HIV, sharing complaints and remedies can make "older" seem even wiser.


text:
Home Baylor University Press Releases Page 1
Baylor University Press Release, 03/28/1984
Identifier bu-pr_1984-03-28b
Title Baylor University Press Release, 03/28/1984
Format Press Release
Custodian Baylor University - The Texas Collection
Digital Collection Baylor University Press Releases


text:
Alumni interview: Stella Lu, co-founder of the Shanghai Alumni Club
By ucypsga, on 14 November 2018
Stella Lu is one of the co-founders of the Shanghai Alumni Club. We spoke to her to find out about her experiences as an international UCL student and her activity as an alumni volunteer.
How did you find studying at UCL, in the centre of London?
The first thing I'd highlight is the culture: UCL is right in the centre of London, near to the British Museum, so we could walk there right after work. You really feel the combination of the traditional and the modern in London. It's a great lifestyle: the student halls are located in the centre too, so it's really convenient for people to travel around the city – and to get to the best shopping areas!
How has your time at UCL helped you to achieve your ambitions?
I studied Law, specifically international arbitration, which is quite a new and emerging area. The UK is actually the starting place for arbitration, so studying at the UCL law school really equipped me with the skills and knowledge to help my clients.
Since graduating in 2011, how have you stayed in touch with the UCL community?
After graduation I went back to China with my husband – who I met at UCL – and we found there was no UCL alumni association here in Shanghai. As we'd loved our time there, and wanted to communicate with other UCL alumni, I started the Shanghai Alumni Club together with some friends.
Since then, we've organised various events to help people to get to know each other. All of the events have one common theme: that we all graduated from UCL and we're all really proud of that.
How often do you meet up?
It depends: we have at least ten events throughout the year. The biggest event is the annual party, where the Provost comes to celebrate with alumni in Shanghai. We also organise academic events and we've had forums on subjects such as architecture, finance and real estate. Last week, we held a UCL Connect event about entrepreneurship.
We also have inter-uni mixers, with other UK schools, where people can relax and get to know one another, along with cultural events. We organise trips to movies or operas – last week, we organised for alumni to see the musical Kinky Boots together. There are also smaller group events, like paintball or picnics, together with other schools. It's quite a range: from big ceremonies to small events.
What motivates you to volunteer?
It gives me a real sense of achievement. We have a committee here at Shanghai, with nine members, and we really feel like we're family. Whenever we see that an event has been a big success, we feel a huge sense of accomplisment. We also strive to strengthen the relationship between China and the UK; we have good relationships with organisations such as the British Consulate and British Council here, and our work supports theirs.
What advice would you have for Chinese students looking to study in the UK?
I'd strongly recommend choosing UCL because of its location, right in the centre of one of the best cities in the world. Also because of its impressive academic achievements – if you study at UCL, you're sure to have your own. As a student, I always felt UK people were very friendly to us, and UCL is very open to international students.
This interview originally featured in the UCL and China resource: an in-depth look at UCL's current and historical connections with China.
Filed under Blog, East Asia, Global Engagement Office, Global Engagement Strategy, Partnerships and collaborations, Students, Uncategorized


text:
Q: Handling two rows in ng-repeat with same colour for n items I have an array of objects which I need to show as list, required design is

I tried the code below

.odd{
    background-color: grey;
}

.even{
    background-color: #d09683;
}
<ion-audio-track track="track" ng-repeat="x in array" ng-if="track.Size!=0">

              //item prints here

  </ion-audio-track>

but what I got is

A: First of all we will apply one background-color for all list items.
ul li {
  background: blue;
}

In second step we will use 2 css selectors that will override background
of specific list items by creating an even pattern:
ul li:nth-child(4n + 1),
ul li:nth-child(4n + 2) {
  background: green;
}

Image Output:

ul {
  list-style: none;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

ul li {
  background: blue;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  color: white;
}

ul li:nth-child(4n + 1),
ul li:nth-child(4n + 2) {
  background: green;
}

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A: Here is one more solution:
div.card {
    background-color: grey;
}

div.card:nth-child(4n), div.card:nth-child(4n-1) {
    background-color: #d09683;
}

A: See below example.

angular.module('AppModal', []).controller('OTASheetCtrl', ['$scope', function ($scope) {
  $scope.array=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10];
  }]);
.odd{
    background-color: grey;
}

.even{
    background-color: #d09683;
}

  <li ng-class="{'even':$index%4<=1, 'odd':$index%4<=3}">
    {{x}}

A: check this
tr:nth-child(4n+1), tr:nth-child(4n+2) {
 background-color: red;
}
tr {
 background-color: grey;
}

check fiddle example

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A Joint Select Committee of the House is to hear submissions today (January 28), from members of the Diaspora Advisory Board seeking to obtain greater autonomy for the Jamaican Diaspora.
Chairman of the Committee and Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, Senator Dr. Ronald Robinson, told JIS News that the meeting is expected to hear several key submissions, which would have far reaching implications for persons seeking to become representatives in Parliament.
"The meeting will be dealing with the whole issue of dual citizenship, the issue of voting rights for Jamaicans living overseas and Parliamentary representation, and so we're expecting a lot from the Advisory Board members who are having their first Board meeting in Jamaica," he disclosed.
Submissions will be made by the main Diaspora groupings in England, Canada and the United States of America.
Dr. Robinson said that the submissions made to the Joint Select Committee would not be treated with scant regard, since submissions made to Committees of Parliament do inform policy and help to form the core of Bills which eventually become laws of the land.
"So, whatever is said will be taken on very seriously and will be acted on with the greatest of expediency," he noted.
Senator Robinson pointed out that after the submissions are made, a report would be prepared and presented to Parliament for further action.


text:
ORGANIC NON GMO FORUM
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Contributed Content: Mandatory labeling of GMOs Expected to Expand Market for Non-GMO, Organic Crops
By Peter Golbitz and Jacob Golbitz
NOTE: This article first appeared in The Organic Broadcaster, July/August 2019 issue, Volume 27, Number 4, published by Midwest Organic & Sustainable Education Service (MOSES).
The food landscape in America is being reshaped by shifting consumer preferences driven by a younger demographic that values transparency, sustainable farming practices, and humane treatment of animals. This dynamic is causing millennial and Gen Z consumers – as well as aging baby boomers who helped set the stage for these products – to seek out foods that can be identified as having been produced without toxic synthetic pesticides or grown and processed without the use of GMOs (genetically modified organisms), antibiotics, or questionable food ingredients or additives.
First, there was the USDA Organic seal. Consumers who wanted to enjoy foods grown and processed without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides could simply purchase foods that carried the USDA Organic label. Next came the Non-GMO Project Verified seal. Shoppers looking to avoid foods that contain ingredients derived from genetically engineered crops could look for products that carry the Non-GMO Project Verified label. Now, we have a new USDA labeling program about to roll out – the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (NBFDS) – that instead of identifying products that are not genetically engineered, will actually identify foods that do contain GMO crops or ingredients.
For many consumers, there already has been mounting confusion about organic and non-GMO product claims: about how they're different from one another, and in some cases, how they overlap. Now add to this a new mandatory label that uses radically different terminology and threshold levels to describe which foods contain, or may contain GMOs, and we have the makings of a major disruptive event for the food industry. And any major disruptive event that impacts food processing and marketing has the potential to have a direct impact on the supply, demand, and pricing for organic and non-GMO crops, foods, and ingredients.
Background on the NBFDS
The development of the new rule came about after years of pressure on the USDA and FDA from consumer and environmental groups that were concerned about the safety of consuming GMO foods, and the potential negative impact of their use on the environment. These groups initiated various voter referendums focused on labeling GMOs and also pressured state legislatures to write laws requiring mandatory labeling of foods containing GMOs.
In 2011, for example, the Center for Food Safety, a national non-profit public interest and environmental advocacy organization, submitted a formal legal petition to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asking that the FDA require mandatory labeling of genetically engineered foods. Other groups such as Just Label It, and trade associations such as the Organic Trade Association, began to get involved in similar initiatives, and by 2013, a number of state legislatures passed the first wave of GMO labeling laws, including Maine, Connecticut, and Vermont. Eventually, 54 bills were introduced in 26 states. But it was the Vermont law, passed in 2014 and set to go into effect on July 1, 2016, that finally made a national rule more imperative. The idea of a patchwork of differing state regulations requiring the labeling of GMO foods was a nightmare scenario for the food industry.
With the Vermont law pending to go into effect, and after additional input from consumer groups, trade associations, food companies, agricultural interests and debate among congressional leaders, the U.S. Congress passed, and President Obama signed into law on July 29, 2016, an act requiring the USDA to develop a new rule that would require food manufacturers to disclose the content of genetically engineered ingredients in packaged food products. The law gave authority for the development of the rule to the USDA and required that the agency conduct a study on labeling options, and seek public comments on a proposed rule within two years. In addition, the law prohibited any state from developing their own mandatory GMO labeling law, which had the immediate effect of keeping Vermont's law from being implemented.
On May 4, 2018, after the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) received and reviewed over 112,000 responses to 30 questions it posted to the public and industry for input, AMS posted a proposed rule for final comment. The final rule was then released and published in the Federal Register on December 21, 2018. The implementation date for voluntary compliance of the rule is January 1, 2020, but for small food manufacturers it has been extended to January 1, 2021. Mandatory compliance for all regulated entities begins on January 1, 2022.
One major aspect of the new rule is that it essentially redefines the term that has been commonly used to describe genetically modified organisms, from GMO to "bioengineered" or "BE." The rule defines bioengineered food as "A food that contains genetic material that has been modified through in vitro recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) techniques and for which the modification could not otherwise be obtained through conventional breeding or found in nature." In essence, the rule only covers what has been commonly described as transgenic modifications, or when DNA from one organism, say a soil bacterium, is introduced into a different organism such as a soybean to give it new attributes like herbicide resistance. This would mean that CRISPR or other new gene editing techniques that do not introduce DNA from one organism to another would not need to disclose that the food is "bioengineered."
The List of Mandatory Crops
The rule also created a list of bioengineered foods that require mandatory disclosure as "bioengineered" unless testing of the food confirms the absence of modified genetic material; or, the food has undergone a refinement process that makes the modified genetic material in the food undetectable; or, the food is certified as organic under the National Organic Program. The list of foods requiring disclosure includes alfalfa, apple (Artic™ varieties), canola, corn, cotton, eggplant (BARI Bt Begun varieties), papaya (ringspot virus-resistant varieties), pineapple (pink flesh varieties), salmon (AquAdvantage®), soybean, squash (summer), and sugarbeet.
Labeling of Refined Ingredients
One of the more controversial aspects of this new law is that it will not require the labeling of highly-refined ingredients produced from GMO crops, such as oils or sugars, as long as no modified genetic material is detectable in the final food. This is quite different than the current understanding of what would be considered a GMO food or ingredient based upon the rules of the Non-GMO Project or other third-party certifiers. The Non-GMO Project requires that for a food or ingredient to be considered non-GMO, the original crop that the ingredient is derived from must also be non-GMO and verified as such to be 99.1 percent free of GMO, and meet or beat the 0.9 percent tolerance threshold. Under the Non-GMO Project's rules, soybean crushers and oil refiners needed to use non-GMO soybeans to produce a non-GMO soybean oil. Under the new USDA regulation, soybean oil from a GMO soybean will not need to be labeled as "BE" or "Bioengineered" (GMO) because there is no presence of modified DNA in the oil.
Higher Thresholds for Inadvertent Contamination
Another aspect of the new rule that is not aligned with current U.S. food industry practices is the higher allowable threshold of up to 5.0 percent inadvertent or technically unavoidable BE presence. Currently, the Non-GMO Project and other third-party certifiers require that inadvertent contamination of a non-GMO product be no higher than 0.9 percent. This wide variance in tolerance levels is certain to create some issues for buyers, but at the same time, according to the USDA, the 5.0 percent threshold aligns the new U.S. rule with a number of the U.S.'s major trading partners such as Canada, Indonesia, and Japan.
The Organic Exemption
Products certified by the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) as organic are exempted from the rule as organic production does not allow the use of any genetically modified seeds, inputs, or ingredients in products labeled organic. As such, the organic label is sufficient for a marketer to make claims about the absence of bioengineering in the food without the need for additional testing or certification.
Where Will the Food Industry Go with This?
Upon release of the final rule, many industry and consumer watchdog groups came out strongly against the regulation.
"Specifically, we are deeply disappointed that the final rule does not clearly require the disclosure of all genetically engineered ingredients including highly refined sugars and oils, and new GMO techniques like CRISPR and RNAi," said Gary Hirshberg, Chairman of Stonyfield Farms and who chaired the Just Label It campaign that brought together companies and groups that were asking for mandatory labeling of foods that contained GMOs. In addition, Hirshberg added, "the rule fails to require that foods be disclosed using terms that consumers understand, like 'genetically engineered' or 'GMO.'"
With the new rule requiring mandatory disclosure of bioengineered ingredients, many food companies will now be facing critical decisions regarding whether or not to see this as an opportunity to educate the consuming public about their use and support of genetic engineering of food, or remove all GMO ingredients from their products in order to avoid using the new "Bioengineered" or "Derived from Bioengineering" labels. The other, but more costly option, is to source organic ingredients only.
And while the implementation of this new law is less than half a year away, it appears that many food processors have yet to begin taking action regarding understanding how consumers are likely to react to the new food label or decide if they should consider changing some of their ingredient sources.
"The companies that are waving off the need to do anything about this rule at this time are to be shorted for the future," says Todd Napolitano, Director of Business Development and Program Manager of GMO Services at Mérieux NutriSciences, one of the leading global food testing and certification companies. "Food products that companies produce is a sign of their greater corporate culture," says Napolitano. "Companies can endear themselves to consumers by rolling out products that reflect their consciousness about health, or not. From our vantage point, we see that the race is on for organic certification."
Opportunities and Challenges for Farmers
For farmers, this new regulation is likely to produce both opportunities and challenges. Will the new regulation push more companies to move to non-GMO and organic crops and ingredients, or will the "Bioengineered" labels' wider use make consumers more comfortable with, and eventually embrace, bioengineering as a technology? Will companies currently sourcing non-GMO ingredients upgrade to organic in order to avoid the costs and hassle of testing inbound ingredients? Will the wider threshold (5 percent) for inadvertent contamination of GMOs reduce the costs and increase the supply of non-GMO ingredients? What will consumers prefer to see on their food labels, and how will they weigh this against the cost and value of the product?
"We may continue to see a market split between organic and non-GMO as many CPGs have been successful in creating demand for both products," says Erin Heitkamp, Senior VP of Agriculture and Public Affairs at Pipeline Foods, a Minnesota-based supplier and processor of non-GMO and organic grains and ingredients. "But the new rule will now make it a bit more complicated, as will the regenerative initiatives and other issues that are coming to organic."
Regardless of one's opinion of the new regulation – and it has been widely criticized by many companies and trade groups, given supportive trends for cleaner food and more sustainable farming practices – it is quite likely that there will be an increase in demand for both non-GMO and organic crops and ingredients. Given the necessary three-year transition required to convert conventional farmland to organic, there should be two years where some of the crops, particularly canola, soybeans, corn, and alfalfa can gain a non-GMO premium on the way to organic certification.
To Note:
Peter Golbitz is co-chair of the Organic & Non-GMO Forum, which will take place in Minneapolis, October 29-30, 2019. Additionally, hear more from Todd Napolitano of Mérieux NutriSciences, who will present "There's a New Sheriff in Town: Understanding the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard" at this fifth annual event. Visit ONGForum.com for more information.
Peter Golbitz is president of Agromeris, an advisory firm with a focus on organic, non-GMO and sustainable supply chains. His brother, Jacob, works in research and consulting spanning the global food and agribusiness supply chain.
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Lynda Kiernan is Editor with HighQuest Group Media and of the Oilseed & Grain News. If you would like to submit a contribution for consideration, please contact Ms. Kiernan at lkiernan@highquestgroup.com.


text:
Mickelson, Westwood ousted in Match Play Championships
MARANA, Ariz. - Rickie Fowler made two eagles in a span of three holes Thursday to send Phil Mickelson to a 6-and-5 defeat, his worst loss in the Match Play Championships.
Equally impressive was Italy's teen sensation, 17-year-old Matteo Manassero, who hit a 6-iron to 4 feet on the 17th hole and closed out Charl Schwartzel of South Africa to advance.
Of the 16 players remaining, eight of them are under 30.
That includes Nick Watney, who steadied his emotions over the last three holes to knock out top-ranked Lee Westwood. The highest seed remaining after two wild days was PGA champion Martin Kaymer, the 25-year-old "Germanator" who had to go 20 holes to beat Justin Rose.
With so much emphasis on youth, the oldest player in the field is still alive. That would be Miguel Angel Jimenez, the 47-year-old Spaniard with his love of cigars and red wine. Next up is Ben Crane, who has never made it past the third round in this tournament.
Things are going well for J.B. Holmes, too. He wasn't in the field until Tim Clark withdrew, and he beat Ernie Els on the 18th hole.
• Mayakoba Classic: At Playa del Carmen, Mexico, David Toms got off to a good start in a bid for his first PGA Tour victory in more than five years, shooting a 5-under 66 to share the first-round lead.
• HSBC Women's Champions: At Singapore, Japan's Chie Arimura overcame strong winds to shoot a 4-under 68 and take a one stroke lead after the first round at the Tanah Merah Country Club.
American Natalie Gulbis finished with a 1-under 71 in a group of six players, while Michelle Wie was 1-over after three bogies and two birdies.


text:
Asterisk: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition
The Future of Telephony Is Now
Bookstore > Books > Asterisk: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition
Apple iBooks $46.99
BiggerBooks $45.80
eBay $8.79
eCampus $46.74
Authors Russell Bryant, Leif Madsen, Jim Van Meggelen
Publisher O'Reilly Media
Design a complete Voice over IP (VoIP) or traditional PBX system with Asterisk, even if you have only basic telecommunications knowledge. This bestselling guide makes it easy, with a detailed roadmap that shows you how to install and configure this open source software, whether you're upgrading your existing phone system or starting from scratch.
Ideal for Linux administrators, developers, and power users, this updated edition shows you how to write a basic dialplan step-by-step, and brings you up to speed on the features in Asterisk 11, the latest long-term support release from Digium. You'll quickly gain working knowledge to build a simple yet inclusive system.
Russell Bryant (3 books)
Leif Madsen (4 books)
Jim Van Meggelen (3 books)
Share → Asterisk: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition
ActionScript for Flash MX: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition
by Colin Moock
ActionScript for Flash MX: The Definitive Guide is the most complete, up-to-date reference available for the latest version of ActionScript. Author Colin Moock has added hundreds of new code examples to show new Flash MX techniques in the real world. The book's language reference alone has nearly doubled from the first edition, with mor...
Price: $6.06 | Publisher: O'Reilly Media | Release: 2002
802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition
by Matthew Gast
If you want to deploy your own wireless network - at home or at the office you must first understand the capabilities and risks associated with the 802.11 protocols. And 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition is the perfect place to start. This updated edition covers everything you need to know about integrating wire...
Price: $22.00 | Publisher: O'Reilly Media | Release: 2005
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, 6th Edition
by David Flanagan
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide has been the bible for JavaScript programmers-a programmer's guide and comprehensive reference to the core language and to the client-side JavaScript APIs defined by web browsers.The 6th edition covers HTML5 and ECMAScript 5. Many chapters have been completely rewritten to bring them in line with today's b...
Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, 3rd Edition
by Tom White
With this digital Early Release edition of Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, you get the entire book bundle in its earliest form - the author's raw and unedited content - so you can take advantage of this content long before the book's official release. You'll also receive updates when significant changes are made. Ready to unleash the power ...
Ethernet: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition
by Charles Spurgeon, Joann Zimmerman
Get up to speed on the latest Ethernet capabilities for building and maintaining networks for everything from homes and offices to data centers and server machine rooms. This thoroughly revised, comprehensive guide covers a wide range of Ethernet technologies, from basic operation to network management, based on the authors' many years of...
Asterisk: The Definitive Guide, 3rd Edition
by Leif Madsen, Jim Van Meggelen, Russell Bryant
Design a complete VoIP or analog PBX with Asterisk, even if you have no previous Asterisk experience and only basic telecommunications knowledge. This bestselling guide makes it easy, with a detailed roadmap to installing, configuring, and integrating this open source software into your existing phone system.Ideal for Linux administrators...
CSS: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition
by Eric Meyer, Estelle Weyl
If you're a web designer or app developer interested in sophisticated page styling, improved accessibility, and saving time and effort, this book is for you. This revised edition provides a comprehensive guide to CSS implementation, along with a thorough review of the latest CSS specifications.CSS is a constantly evolving language for des...
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The Definitive Guide to MongoDB, Third Edition, is updated for MongoDB 3 and includes all of the latest MongoDB features, including the aggregation framework introduced in version 2.2 and hashed indexes in version 2.4. The Third Edition also now includes Node.js along with Python.MongoDB is the most popular of the "Big Data&q...
Price: $49.99 | Publisher: Apress | Release: 2015


RINL, the corporate entity of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant participated in the Maritime India Summit which was inaugurated by the Hon"ble Prime Minister of India, Sri Narendra Modi in Mumbai on 14th April, 2016.
Launched with the theme of 'Anchored for Growth', the maritime Summit from 14th to 16th April 2016 at Bombay Exhibition center, Goregaon, was a grand success.
The stall put up by RINL-VSP show casing of display of the Vizag Steel Plant products and explaining how it is supporting the maritime industry was a great attraction among the visitors. Hon'ble Union minister for Steel, Shri Narendra Singh Tomar who visited the stall and appreciated RINL for participating in the summit. Sri P Madhusudan , CMD-RINL welcomed the Hon'ble Steel Minister. Sri P Raychaudhury, Director (Commercial) RINL also visited the stall.


Published on September 2, 2018. Home Depot Touch Floor Lamp. Touch floor lamp home depot floor lamps, floor lamp home depot lamps : home decorating ideas. Ore international 23 in ivory high modern touch lamp k. Missouri City Ballet.


text:
Kalank Af Somali
Set in 1945, in Pre-Independent India, the elite, opulent and solemn world of the Chaudhry family, and the wild, mysterious and musical underbelly of the town, Hira Mandi, clash when Roop Chaudhry encounters Zafar, a daredevil from Hira Mandi, unleashing deep-buried truths, secrets of betrayal and affairs that threaten to bring both worlds crashing down.
Luka Chuppi Af Somali
The story of a television reporter in Mathura who falls in love with a headstrong woman.
Stree Af Somali
Set in the town of Chanderi, Stree is based on the urban legend of Nale Ba that went viral in Karnataka in the 1990s, and features Shraddha Kapoor and Rajkummar Rao in pivotal roles.
Bareilly Ki Barfi Af Somali
Bitti Mishra is a bohemian Bareilly girl who falls deeply in love with Pritam Vidrohi, an author because she admires his progressive way of thinking. Finding him though proves to be as hard as looking for a needle in the haystack. So Bitti seeks the help of the local printing press-owner, Chirag Dubey on her journey of love.
Raabta Af Somali
Raabta is an upcoming Hindi movie starring Sushant Singh Rajput and Kriti Sanon. Saira & Shiv are in love with each other. The situation change when the past lover from previous life determine to be once again the lover of the present. And Saira is torned between the two.
Ek Ka Dum Af Somali
Gautham (Mahesh) is a rock star suffering from a mental disorder due to which he loses grip over reality. But he's convinced his parents were murdered by three men and his only goal is revenge.


text:
Q: Falha na criação de array Estou usando php 5.3 com Postgree num projeto que eu estou trabalhando.
Dessa forma eu tenho que usar o array() e não o [ ].
Eu tenho uma tabela que preciso enviar por e-mail mas ao enviar só está vindo o ultimo registro.
Preciso enviar essa tabela por e-mail com todas as linhas.
Estou tentando passar os valores da variável para um array mas ele mostra todos os valores no Índice, zero conforme imagem.
Estou usando um while. Gostaria de corrigir isso sem mudar a estrutura atual que é por while e não por for.

    $c = 0;
       while ($row = pg_fetch_array($res))
    {
      $c++;

    $sql1 = "
    select a.aux_nomecompltaxon from jabot.testemunho t,jabot.arvoretaxon a,jabot.determinacao d
    where a.codarvtaxon = d.codarvtaxon
    and d.coddeterminacao = t.ultimadeterm
    and t.codtestemunho = '".$row['codtestemunho']."'
    ";
    $res1 = pg_exec($conn,$sql1);
    $determinacao = pg_fetch_array($res1);

    ?>
    <tr>
        <td>
            <input type="checkbox" name="iditemguiaremessa[]" id="iditemguiaremessa" value="<?php echo $row["iditemguiaremessa"];?>" />
        </td>
    <td>
        <?php echo $c;?>
    </td>
        <td>
          <?php
    $array = array(
    $row['codtestemunho'] ,
    );
    print_r($array);
    ?>
    <input type="hidden" name="edtcodigobarra" value="<?php echo $array[0]; ?>" >

    </td>

   }

A: cara isso aqui
$array = array( $row['codtestemunho'] , );
é o mesmo que isto
$array=$row['codtestemunho']
e como você quer enviar o array ocm todas rows o certo seria isso aqui:
$array[]=$row['codtestemunho']
por que a cada iteração ( loop ) vo adiciona mais um item dentro da variavel $array.
e no caso de você precisar enviar por email pode fazer algo assim:
$result = implode(",",$array);
da um echo no $result depois para você ver.


text:
Foz Do Iguaçu seen by Jean-Paul Delfino
As the fourth largest city of the Parana state, Foz de Iguaçu, also named Land of the cataracts, seems to have only been built to show the rest of the world the unequalled power of its waters. Those waters, source of all living things, first appear in the form of two mighty rivers, whose confluence is a distinctive characteristic of the landscape: the Iguaçu and Parana rivers. But those two streams, rolling proudly along their beds to merge into a single flow, seem almost insignificant when compared to the famous falls…
The Iguaçu falls are before anything else, a spectacular and unending show with the crashing sound of huge masses breaking on the rocks, and the disproportionate dimensions of a natural creation whose power is three times superior to that of the Niagara falls. In that national park, water is everywhere, compelling humans to build fantastic masterpieces such as Fraternity bridge and Friendship bridge or the Itaipu dam on the Parana river. Remember that in Iguaçu, water doesn't belong to anybody since it stands precisely on the three borders that unite Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.
When at last, after having spent hours on end watching the unbelievable daily performance of the falls, you feel as if you had been knocked senseless and made drunk by so many views, sounds, smells and colours, Iguaçu can also show its softer side and will takes visitors for a walk along its paths. Over there, the Bosque Guarani, the town's zoological gardens, allows one to discover an unrivalled variety of fauna and, not far from there, the bird's Park offers a rare opportunity to see unbelievable species.
Written by : © Jean-Paul Delfino (This text is subject to copyrights protection in accordance with existing laws)
Our description of Foz Do Iguaçu is on this web page : https://terra-nordeste.com/en/destination/foz-do-iguacu-en/
Other texts by Jean-Paul Delfino are available here: Travel Diaries - Jean-Paul Delfino
Jean-Paul Delfino is a French writer and screenwriter so passionate about Brazil that he has taken on the writing of a major novel fresco entitled "Suite brésilienne" which covers three centuries of great Brazilian history.
Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Delfino


Rectangular shaped, hand forged hoop earrings. They will make a perfect addition to an evening out, but can be easily worn on a daily basis.
They can be made in sterling silver, rose gold and yellow gold filled.
Size is 450mm by 120mm.
Can be gift wrapped, ready for giving as a present.