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A Comprehensive List of Common Wild Mushrooms in Oregon
January 19, 2022 August 17, 2021 by The Mushroom Guy
Oregon is an interesting state to be a mycophile because the eastern and western parts of the state are so different—basically, there are two Oregons, and while it's somewhat easier to find information about coastal Oregon's options, there are mushrooms in both halves.
There is no way we can list every mushroom species, or even every edible mushroom species, in the state. There are way too many. What we can do is give you a small sampling of some of the most popular and interesting species.
Our Recommended Field Guides for Oregon
Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest
All That the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms
Edible Wild Mushrooms in Oregon
Oregon boasts many edible mushrooms. Here are just a few. Please don't go out and forage simply on our recommendation, though. In fact, if you're a beginner, don't go out foraging at all without a skilled guide (or at the minimum a field guide), better yet take spore prints. It's not that mushrooms are especially hard to identify (at least, not in most cases), it's that until you get really familiar with mushrooms you're likely to overlook key details, so there's much greater chance of a mistake. Get some experience, learn how to really see mushrooms, and then go foraging (be sure to take a basket and a proper knife when mushroom hunting!).
Dark Honey Mushroom (Armillaria solidipes)
The largest known organism in the world, and one of the oldest, is a fungus in Oregon[i]. It's often referred to as a "big mushroom" or a "giant underground mushroom," but these descriptors are misleading—the fungus does produce mushrooms, but they aren't especially large, nor are they underground. It's the mycelium, the network of threads that form most of a fungus' body, that is large and mostly underground or inside the trees it is busy killing and eating. The whole thing covers at least three square miles. It's a member of the genus, Armillaria, the honey mushrooms, named for the color of their fruiting bodies, not their taste. Exactly which honey species this big one is not always clear in the various accounts, but many refer to it as A. solidipes or A. ostoya, a darker species than the yellow-brown A. mellea that originally inspired the name, honey mushroom.
Honeys eat trees and can be serious pests from the perspective of foresters, but they are themselves edible, at least for most people (as with many mushroom species, it will cause problems for some people)[ii].
Chanterelles (Cantharellus sp. and others)
The Pacific golden chanterelle (C. formosus) is Oregon's official state mushroom, probably because it is delicious and grows abundantly in many parts of the state[iii]. It is difficult to cultivate, so the wild harvest is commercially important. Chanterelles are funnel-shaped, with ridges, rather than gills, on their outer surface. Nine species in Oregon fit that description. Seven are edible.
Three are in the genus, Cantharellus, which is generally considered the chanterelle genus: the aforementioned Pacific golden, the similar White Chanterelle (C. subalbidus), and the rainbow chanterelle (C. roseocanus), which is orange, not rainbow-color. The other species belong to other genera, but are closely related and can loosely be called chanterelles, trumpets, or false chanterelles: Yellowfoot (Craterellus tubaeformis), Black Trumpet (Craterellus cornucopioides), Pig's Ears (Gomphus clavatus), Blue Chanterelle (Polyozellus multiplex), and two woolly, possibly poisonous species, Turbinellus floccosus and Turninellus kauffmanii.
Western Giant Puffball (Calvatia booniana)
Giant puffballs live up to their names, sometimes reaching two feet across. Although the eastern species (C. gigantea) is somewhat better-known, the western giant[iv] is quite similar (except for a much more textured exterior), and is the one found in much of Oregon. Both are edible if harvested young, before the spores begin to develop, though the western species reportedly has a stronger (and not always pleasant) odor when drying. Puffballs as a group have an odd texture that not everybody enjoys, but dried they can be made into a powder and added to many recipes.
The shear size of the giant puffball is an excellent field mark, but a small specimen could be mixed up with a larger example of any of several other puffball species. In general, edible puffballs can also be confused with toxic earthballs or even the "egg" stage of the deadly Amanita species, but the size of these giant mushrooms makes such confusion perhaps a little less likely.
King Bolete (Boletus sp.)
The King Bolete[v] is known by many names, including porcini and penny bun, in part because it is found in so very many places. And, like many mushrooms with a very broad range, it's not really a single species but several, with the taxonomy not entirely worked out yet[vi]. Boletus edulis was the original collective name, but it's difficult to say which name properly belongs to the Oregon version. It's also worth noting that there are many other boletes, plus others that have been moved to new genera bu retain "bolete" as part of their name, that are not the king. Some of these others are edible, but some are not.
King Boletes are very popular edibles, thanks to their dense, meaty, almost crunchy texture and their pleasant, nutty flavor. They are good prepared virtually any way mushrooms can be prepared, though drying removes the hint of bitterness than can mar the flavor of some specimens. King bolete powder can be added to soups, sauces, and gravies, although a little goes a long way—it's strong stuff!
Morels combine great taste with the thrill of the hunt, popping up on unpredictable basis in the spring, usually in recently-burned areas of Oregon's conifer forests. People who know where a good morel patch is are careful to never tell anyone else, since competition for these odd-looking mushrooms (the narrow cap is pitted like a honeycomb) can be fierce.
Most writers refer to Oregon's morels simply as "morels," as though that were the name of a species. It's not. There are many species of morel, and several grow in Oregon. Common names sometimes don't reflect true species distinctions—morels are variable, and some are hard to tell apart, so some common names refer to more than one species while other species have more than one common name. Scientifically speaking, Oregon's morels include: M. importuna, M. snyderi, M. americana, and M. esculentoides[vii].
Psychedelic Magic Mushrooms in Oregon
Readers may have heard that psychoactive mushrooms have been legalized in Oregon. That both is and is not true[viii].
First of all, regardless of state law, psilocybin (and any mushrooms that contain it) is still against Federal law. That means in any circumstances under which the Federal government has jurisdiction, possession or use of psilocybin will remain a crime for the foreseeable future. Second, the new state law does not allow personal use at home. The law instead requires the creation of a set of rules whereby designated therapy centers will be allowed to supervise psilocybin use for either mental-health treatment or personal-growth purposes.
Picking a few mushrooms in the woods isn't covered and is still illegal, but there are mushrooms in the woods. Here are a few of them, all Psilocybes[ix].
P. cyanescens
These mushrooms are slightly above average in terms of potency and easy to find in urban areas because they especially like to grow in wood chips.
P. azurescens
At least locally, these are called Oregon blues. They're extremely potent. They often grow among dune grass.
P. stuntzii
This one is a relatively new discovery, but it's already accummulated multiple common names, imcluding blue ringer, Washington blue veil, and blue legs. It also looks even more like one of the deadly Galernas than most psychoactive shrooms do, so do be careful.
P. semilanceata
This is the famous liberty cap, one of the best-beloved Psilocybes after P. cubensis. They're common in the region's cow pastures.
P. pelliculosa and P. silvatica
These two are impossible to tell apart without a microscope, but that's OK because they produce the same effect when eaten—their potency is relatively low, making mild trips or even microdosing convenient.
P. allenii
This one is new to science, having only been named in 2013. It's relatively common, though, and considered moderately potent.
Poisonous Mushrooms in Oregon
There is no simple way to tell whether a mushroom is poisonous. Rules like "all mushrooms with white spores are poisonous" (some are, others aren't) or "mushrooms growing on wood are safe" (might be true in Italy, but in North America will kill you) are worse than useless because there are always some species that don't follow the rules. The only way to forage safely is to learn how to identify mushroom species and not to eat any whose identity is in doubt. It's a good idea to learn the poisonous species as well as the edibles, since many edible mushrooms have poisonous look-alikes.
An introductory list of a few of the poisonous species in Oregon may help readers get started, but remember, there are lots of poisonous species not on the list.
Not all poisonous mushrooms are deadly. Many simply cause some degree of gastric upset. Many are poisonous sometimes but not others, and it's not always clear why. Of those that can kill, many have toxins that work very slowly, meaning the victim might not feel bad for several days—and might even feel better again for a while after the initial symptoms pass. Then major organ failure begins. It's important to take the possibility of mushroom-poisoning seriously, even if the mushroom was of a kind previously eaten with no ill effects or eaten several days earlier.
Little Brown Mushrooms (LBMs)
"LBM" is an acronym for "little brown mushroom," a very large group of very similar-looking, mostly unrelated, species. The big problem is that while most magic mushrooms are LBMs, so are several species that can kill people who eat them. It is not a good idea to allow wishful thinking to bias the identification process, nor should psychonauts who are not experienced foragers go picking wild magic because this mushroom over here looks like what's growing in the fruiting chamber back home. There is no short-cut to learning mushroom identification, and LBMs are a big part of the reason why!
Oregon's toxic LBMs include Pholiotina rugosa[x] and Galerina marginata[xi]. Both can kill adult humans. The Galerinas are especially common in Oregon, where they often grow alongside similar-looking edibles, such as honey mushrooms.
Deadly Amanitas
Amanita phalloides
There are many species in the Amanita genus. Some are edible, and some can be safely used as psychedelics if processed properly first. Others can kill. Most writers recommend avoiding all Amanitas just in case, since it's usually easier to tell that something is an Amanita than which Amanita it is. Experienced foragers can and do tell Amanitas apart, enjoying some and admiring others only from a distance, but mistakes are possible.
Most fatal mushroom poisonings in the world are attributed to the death cap, Amanita phalloides[xii], a species native to Europe but now spread all over the world, including to Oregon, on the roots of landscaping stock. In the Western United states, many of its victims are Asian immigrants because it resembles an edible species back home. In Oregon, it still grows mostly in developed areas.
Reportedly, Oregon is also home to the destroying angel mushroom, a related and likewise deadly Amanita. Unfortunately, that common name belongs to multiple species. It's difficult to find a list of exactly which ones grow in Oregon. Most are large and all-white, whereas the death cap is pale, dull green and white.
Gyromitra esculenta
The false morels, mostly in the genus, Gyromitra, are a group that have wrinkled caps, rather than the pitted caps of true morels, meaning they look similar except on close inspection. Most are poisonous, though usually not deadly. Gyromitra esculenta is one of the strongest morel look-alikes. It is also both a popular edible in its own right and a known poisoner. The problem is that it, like many false morels, is only poisonous sometimes, meaning many people have eaten it without trouble—but eating one meal safely is no guarantee of safety for the next meal. Some writers insist there is no reason to avoid it at all, provided it is cooked properly in a well-ventilated area. Other writers are in favor of more caution.
[i] Patton, V. (2015). Oregon Humongous Fungus Sets Record as Largest Single Living Organism on Earth. Oregon Public Broadcasting
[ii] (n.d.). Armillaria solidipes Peck. California Fungi.
[iii] Baer, D. (n.d.). Chanterelle Mushrooms. Oregon Encyclopedia
[iv] Richter, D. L., Morse, B.L. (2008). The Western Giant Puffball (Calvatia booniana A.H. Smith) in Northern Michigan. The Michigan Botanist
[v] (2011). King Bolete (Boletus edulis and others).
[vi] Scates, K. (2019). Trial Field Key to the Boletes in the Pacific Northwest. SVIMS
[vii] Cohen, J.D. (2015). Species List: Oregon West Side Morels (863). Mushroom Observer
[viii] Acker, L. (2020). Oregon Legalizes Magic Mushrooms: 5 Things to Know. Oregon Live
[ix] Manke, E. A. (2020). How to Pick Psilocybin Mushrooms in the Pacific Northwest. The Psychonaut
[x] (n.d.). Pholiotina rugosa (Peck) Singer. California Fungi
[xi] Roehl, T. (2019). #123: Galerina marginata, the Deadly Galerina. Fungus Fact Friday
[xii] Childs, C. (2019). Death-Cap Mushrooms Are Spreading Across North America. The Atlantic
A Comprehensive List of Common Wild Mushrooms in Texas
The Ultimate Guide to Puffball Mushrooms: Identification & More


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The focus of the programme is on developing expertise in the new discipline of digital literacy education. The discipline is formed by linking of digital literacy to information and communication technology in learning and pedagogy, media use and critical thinking in media saturated societies. The programme develops students' expertise in tutoring, development of conceptual awareness and practical skills, which are necessary for competence in reading and writing for media, and creating suitable learning environments. The programme and research on digital literacy education support current research priorities of communication sciences, particularly from the perspectives of audiencing and priorities. Education sciences as a collaboration partner contributes the perspective of pedagogies in mediated learning environments to the programme.
The programme will facilitate maturity in the cognitive skills needed to understand and evaluate media and their contents, as well as cultural practice – enabling media users to be more than consumers by actively doing mediation for themselves (i.e. as 'prosumers'). The programme broadly benefits from current media and educational studies, especially digital literacies, education, intercultural education, and studies on learning environments and information technologies in education, such as human interaction and technology.
For more information, please see the Curriculum. Please note that the name of the Master's degree programme has changed and the curriculum is updated later in spring 2019.
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Carefully read through the general eligibility criteria and the programme-specific eligibility criteria and see whether you meet them. For additional questions on applying, application documents and application process, please contact our Admissions office. For questions regarding the content of the programme, please contact Ms. Anna Vähämäki, anna.vahamaki@uta.fi.
To be eligible to apply to the Master's degree programme in Digital Literacy Education, you must have a successfully completed Bachelor's degree or equivalent in Media Studies or Education or in a closely related field (Journalism, Game Studies, Information Sciences, Speech Communication). If your degree is from a different field, it must include a sufficient amount of studies in above-mentioned fields.
A maximum of 30 students are admitted into the programme. The programme is given jointly by two Faculties; the estimated intake for students per Faculty is 15 students.
Master's programme in Digital Literacy Education only requires the Tampere University general application enclosures, there are no programme-specific enclosures.


text:
By Lorie Ann Grover
After receiving a full-ride scholarship to Mills College for Girls, it appears Sarah's future is all laid out before her … that is until she walks into a poetry class led by Mr. Haddings, a student teacher from the nearby University of Washington. Suddenly, life on the UW campus seems very appealing, and Sarah finds herself using her poetry journal to subtly declare her feelings for Haddings. Convinced Mr. Haddings is flirting back, she sets off for school in the rain with a poem in her back pocket—one that will declare her feelings once and for all.
Mr. Haddings has noticed Sarah's attention; the fallout from any perceived relationship with a student is too great a risk, and he has decided to end all speculation that morning.
But everything changes when Mr. Haddings feels a thud on his front bumper when he glances away from the road, and finds Sarah in the street with blood pooling beneath her.
Buy on BAM
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Hardcover, jacketed
On Sale October 7, 2014
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text:
Naomi Shihab Nye
Naomi Shihab Nye is an award-winning writer and editor whose work has appeared widely. She edited the ALA Notable international poetry collection, This Same Sky, and The Tree Is Older Than You Are: Poems and Paintings from Mexico, as well as The Space Between Our Footsteps: Poems and Paintings from the Middle East. Her books of poems include Fuel, Red Suitcase, and Words Under the Words. A Guggenheim fellow, she is also the author of the young adult novel Habibi, which was named an ALA Notable Book, a Best Book for Young Adults, and winner of the Jane Addams Children's Book Award as well as the Book Publishers of Texas award from the Texas Institute of Letters. Naomi lives in San Antonio, Texas, with her husband, Michael, and their son, Madison.
Books by Naomi Shihab Nye


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the biggest outstanding questions about the new H1N1 Swine Flu epidemic is the mortality rate. Most of the cases outside of Mexico have been quite mild, whereas there have been a significant number of deaths linked to this flu infection in Mexico. A superficial look at the limited data we have suggests that the virus might be similar to routine human flu (0.1% mortality rate) outside Mexico but more like the 1918 flu (2.5% mortality rate) in Mexico (but note that I don't believe this is the case!) Why the difference?
Different environment – Are people in Mexico City exposed to different opportunistic bacteria? To more pollution? Slower or worse health care? My opinion — possible, but not really consistent with our knowledge about influenza virus.
Different virus – Is the virus circulating in Mexico the same as we've seen elsewhere? My opinion: Although we haven't yet seen genome sequences from Mexican virus, this is unlikely, because we have seen sequences from patients who presumably caught the virus in Mexico, and these look like all the others.
However, I want to throw out one more possibility — not because I think it's the most likely explanation, but because I think it's the most interesting explanation, at least to me (and it's my blog, so I get to choose). (And I'm sure I'm not the first to consider this, by the way — the CDC guys are presumably already thinking about this possibility.) That is that the virus we are seeing now is not the same virus that caused the mortality in Mexico. We are now seeing the human-adapted virus, whereas (remember, still speaking hypothetically) the virus that killed the patients was still swine-adapted. As the virus adapted to humans it became less virulent and better at human-to-human transmission; we are therefore seeing the adapted, lower-virulence virus, and the high-mortality virus has already gone extinct. To test this, we need not only current samples from Mexico, we need samples from the earliest patients they had.
There are precedents for the pieces of this, though I don't know offhand of an example where both halves have been seen. As an example of rapid evolution as a virus shifts species, there's SARS virus; it jumped from civets to humans; we saw the genomes of the virus evolving at a furious rate as it adapted to humans. (The figure at the top here shows evolution of the SARS S protein1 – click for a larger version.) Certainly we know that viruses in general change their virulence (in both directions — increased and reduced virulence) as they adapt to a new population.
… and really, a lot more — this has been one of the major themes of my blog.
But surely the CDC or WHO has samples from the patients who have been dying for the past two weeks, and can ascertain if the virus has adapted?
I believe the denominator theory.
I like your theory! It makes a lot of sense.
And, I hope you are correct!
I like you story, remember all the viruses are part of the evolution. Whoever survive are the winner, that's why we call it evolution, whoever die is not strong enough.
my mom has a flu and is currently in ICU with h1n1 symptoms she has been here 35 days in ICU and she come up negative for every thing they tested for she just started having problems going BM and I am worried that this strain of flu is going to cause an infection in her intestannce they looked at her stom today and found no blood but infulmation so they put her on an antibotic she has been on a breathing machine all 35 days so far any info she came to the hospital with a hard time breathing and trowing up and diera.
Old post but in response to Apotik, it looks like we won this time!
Its amazing looking back how this simple fact was overlooked in all the H1N1 scare hype, yet bloggers like yourself could still see the simple truth. Maybe the increased mortality rate in Mexico contributed to the fear at the time?
Sure. But I'm sure that's much consolation if a virus kills your family.
Definitely funny to see people talking about the swine flue in terms of evolution though. Looking back it won't even be a footnote in human history like the 1918 epidemic.
Lol! We always seem to win when it comes to these viral outbreaks that threaten to end the species. SARS, H1N1…is it really because we took proper precautions, or is it because the hype was overblown anyways?
Even in 2009, Iayork's article mentions that the mortality rate for h1n1 was similar to normal flu…why was there so much fear?


In short, everything. It means you love our product, what we stand for and you want us to be able to develop and grow as a business.
But let's break it down a little more. If our pre-order funds reach £500, which means selling 25 t-shirts, you'll help us to grow our collection by being able to make samples of another 5 t-shirts.
By selling 50 t-shirts, or 40 t-shirts and 30-something colouring books, we can start to fulfil some of the requests we've had for stock from local independent retailers who want to sell our shirts in their shops.
If we raise £2000 from pre-orders, and meet our Indiegogo goal, we can start to think ahead to future collections, to look for t-shirts which continue to fit our ethical and eco criteria, but in a wider range of colours and offering options like long sleeves, or vests, or maybe sweatshirts.
If we exceed our target, and sell more than 100 shirts in the next 34 days, we can really start to grow our business, to work on our website, to advertise our work more widely to attract new retail stockists and new direct customers alike, and to hold a stock of our t-shirts ready to ship on demand.
Best of all, no matter how many t-shirts we sell between now and mid-October, everyone who makes a purchase will receive their choice of t-shirt in time for Christmas. Our Indiegogo campaign means that even if we don't reach our £2000 target, we'll still honour all the orders for t-shirts from this first collection. And we'll continue to promote and develop our range of designs into 2014.


Housing affordability can't be solved under the status quo. There are too many vested interests in keeping house prices high. The capital losses required to make housing "affordable" relative to median household incomes around the country are too damn high.
Thus, housing can never become affordable unless there is an enormous reduction in demand or increase in supply. The supply side can't keep up – new houses are an order of magnitude below that needed to impact prices and deliver the kinds of houses newly formed households both want and can afford.
What does the phrase "housing affordability" actually mean? That surely depends on who is doing the complaining.
From the perspective of an older person, "housing affordability" means capital losses, the value of their main asset going down instead of up, up, up.
From the perspective of a politician, "housing affordability" means sound bites, and occasional pearls of wisdom that can never actually be implemented at sufficient scale to solve the "problem".
From the perspective of a "first home buyer" housing affordability means stretching their median household income to Ponsonby as opposed to Papakura. Who knows? Is there even a stock meme for what constitutes a "first home buyer" demographic profile?
It's not clear that any policies attempting to address the housing affordability issue can actually achieve their intended policy objective without accepting that they will impose capital losses on people already owning houses. This means that because it's not politically possible it's not actually going to happen.
Why Do So Many People Look To The Gummint For Help?


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The 2012–13 Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners men's basketball team represented California State University, Bakersfield during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Roadrunners, led by second year head coach Rod Barnes, played their home games at the Icardo Center, with four home games at Rabobank Arena, and played as an independent. They finished the season 14–16. This was the Roadrunners last year as an independent as they will join the Western Athletic Conference in July 2013.

Roster

Schedule
The Roadrunners played a series of exhibition games in The Bahamas from September 2–7.

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!colspan=9| Regular Season

References

Cal State Bakersfield Roadrunners men's basketball seasons
Cal State Bakersfield

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


, & (20080619). Part 4 International transactions, Ch.14 Treaties, Depositaries and Registration. In (Ed.), Oppenheim's International Law: Volume 1 Peace. : Oxford University Press,. Retrieved 23 Apr. 2019, from http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780582302457.001.0001/law-9780582302457-div1-338.
, and . "Part 4 International transactions, Ch.14 Treaties, Depositaries and Registration." Oppenheim's International Law: Volume 1 Peace. : Oxford University Press,. Oxford Public International Law. Date Accessed 23 Apr. 2019 <http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780582302457.001.0001/law-9780582302457-div1-338>.
, and . "Part 4 International transactions, Ch.14 Treaties, Depositaries and Registration." In Oppenheim's International Law: Volume 1 Peace. : Oxford University Press,, 20080619. http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780582302457.001.0001/law-9780582302457-div1-338.
, . Part 4 International transactions, Ch.14 Treaties, Depositaries and Registration. In: Oppenheim's International Law: Volume 1 Peace. Oxford University Press; 2008. http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780582302457.001.0001/law-9780582302457-div1-338. Accessed April 23, 2019.


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SOS Children's Villages in Building Back Better after the Earthquake
SOS Children's Villages builds well-equipped school building for the Children of Bhimeshwor Municipality- 9, Lakuridada, Dolkha.
Lakuridada, Dolkha, and 2nd May 2018:
Chief Guest, Mr. Rabindra Adhikari Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation inaugurated the newly constructed building of Shree Surke Secondary School Bhimeshwor Municipality-9 Lakuridada, Dolkha.
Mr. Siddhartha Kaul, President SOS Children's Villages international, dedicated the newly building that was constructed by financial and technical support of SOS Children's Villages to the children and school family.
The program took place in the gracious presence of Dr. Kay Vorwerk, President SOS KDI e.V, Dr. Jyoti Ratna Dakhwa, president, SOS CV Nepal, Mr. Ishwori Prasad Sharma, National Director, SOS Children's Villages Nepal, SOS senior coworkers, representative from district education office, School management committee, school students and the community people.
In the inaugural remarks, Honorable Minister Mr. Adhikari acknowledged the quality work of SOS Children's Village through its various programs in communities for last 46 years for the needy children.
Around 400 school children get direct benefit from the school.
The school has 16 classrooms, 10 toilets, a multipurpose hall, a teachers' room and a Principal's room.
The school has been supported with child friendly well-furnished classrooms, a library, computer lab, and musical instruments.
In the same program, three completed houses were handed over by Mr.Siddhartha Kaul, President SOS Children's Villages international to the owners. Remaining 104 individual houses and a multi-purpose community center are under completion soon.


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Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in an elderly population of former prisoners of...
Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in an elderly population of former prisoners of war https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/bibliography/1990-1999/1995/neal_convergent_1995 https://www.upress.umn.edu/logo.png
Leigh A Neal, Nicholas Hill, Julian Hughes, Aisla Middleton, and et al (1995)
Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in an elderly population of former prisoners of war
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(7):617 --622.
Convergent validity
Convergent validity of 4 PTSD measures
Diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
DSM-III-R
Mississippi Scale
Neuroses and Anxiety Disorders
PTSD Scale
Rating scales
Test validity


Mega Moolah, the ever popular Progressive Jackpot slots game from software giant Microgaming, has just awarded a record-breaking win to a player at Zodiac Casino's mobile platform. Prior to this, the last big Mega Moolah win was around $7,084,120 that was awarded to a lucky player in June 2016. This newly awarded life-changing amount was approximately $8,881,880 and was paid out to a winner who is known to the public only as 'DP' on the 28th of August 2016.
Microgaming's Progressive Jackpot network, which features other titles such as Major Millions and Mega Millions 5-Reel Drive, links the jackpots of all involved games and makes it possible to win much more than would be possible on a standalone slot. All games in the network all pay out in lump sums, so 'DP' will get the full Jackpot prize in one transfer, and life will probably never be the same again.
The payout marks the 6th instant-millionair e win across Zodiac's member casinos, and was achieved over quite a remarkable course. As a new member of the casino, 'DP' took advantage of the sign-up bonus that gives players 80 chances to become millionaires for just $1. The Jackpot was then triggered, which means that the incredible payout was actually won with a 1-dollar wager.
Both Zodiac Casino and Microgaming have been quick to congratulate 'DP' on the enormous windfall, especially since it adds strength to the idea that the games they offer are the best and most rewarding for players. Emma Hall, Zodiac Casino's Promotions Manager, used the words 'absolutely ecstatic' when describing how happy the casino was for 'DP'.
Meanwhile John Quinn, Head of Casino at Microgaming, said that being able to add the title of biggest mobile jackpot win to the fact that they are the longest-standing and biggest Progressive Jackpot network in the industry was very satisfying for the software provider.
He went on to comment that, since mobile entertainment now accounts for nearly half of all gameplay, big wins are expected to become more and more common in this arena. With the reset Mega Jackpot already over the $5 million mark at Zodiac Casino, mobile players are sure to be hoping that is true and to be taking hope and inspiration from 'DP's' jaw-dropping win to play for some huge payouts of their own.


Oortreders is a composition based on recordings made during the 2013 Sonic Mmabolela residency in Limpopo, South Africa. Sonic Mmabolela is a project curated and directed by Francisco López. A group of 16 sound artists and composers gathered in the Mmabolela reserve for two weeks to make field recordings, present their work and engage in some splendid discussions.
Each participating artist was asked to make a composition with the sounds he or she recorded. Oortreders is my contribution to the compilation. 'Oortreders' is the Afrikaans word for 'trespassers', however in my own mother tongue, 'oor' means 'ear'. So Oortreders is somewhere in between 'trespassing the ears' and 'ears trespassing'. The composition layers the sounds into both an abstract version of the South African landscape, and a, at least superficially, natural sounding one, playing with the expectations of the listener.
Oortreders was released on the "Various artists: Sonic Mmabolela 2013" compilation on the Free Music Archive, together with 11 other tracks contributed by the artists participating in the 2013 residency.
guides and crew of the Mmabolela Reserve.


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21st Annual Elkins Baseball Hit-A-Thon
Join us February 11, 2023 at 10:00 am for the 21st Annual Elkins Baseball Hit-A-Thon at Elkins High School's Carpenter Field. Maintaining a program of the caliber that Elkins High School Baseball team has established requires a big financial commitment, and this is our biggest fundraiser of the year.
Make Pledge
We are hosting our 21st Annual Elkins Baseball Family Day / Hit-A-Thon fundraiser. This big event is scheduled for Saturday, February 11, 2023 at 10:00 am, Each player is given 5 pitches to hit the ball as far as they can. As part of the hit-a-thon, all players will be seeking donations to help fund the Elkins baseball and its facilities. Each player is challenged to raise a minimum of $500. To achieve this, players are asking family members, friends, neighbors and co-workers to pledge a flat donation. Your donations are fully tax deductible as the Knights Baseball Club is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Maintaining a program of the caliber that Elkins High School Baseball team has established requires a big financial commitment. If you would like to support our fundraiser, online is quick and easy. Go to: kbcstore.ecwid.com
Fill out form: and don't forget to include the name of the player you are supporting
Payment: Click the Submit Button to go to payment screen
Confirmation of order: You will receive an email confirmation of your order from The Knights Baseball Club. You will also receive a receipt for tax purposes once your payment is processed.
The Elkins High School Baseball tradition of excellence is made possible through the hard work and dedication of our players and coaching staff as well as the support of the families and community. We look forward to this event each year and what it will mean to our program's future. If you are in town on February 11th, we would love for you to join us!
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What Is Feminism And How Is Porn Represented In The Real World By Women?
Porn is the visual stimulation of sexually stimulating themes in Porn. Since the invention of the first pornographic videos inimum a long time, it has been used by men to satisfy their sexual urges. In recent years, there is a new way to define a porn movie: amateur porn. The difference between Porn and amateur porn is that amateur porn includes many different types of Porn from adult videos to softcore videos. And even more since the creation of amateur porn, people have been actively selling them as amateur porn with multi-angel distribution since 1982.
But what are the differences between adult videos and homemade porn? Well, while some people believe that independent producers make great porn, they are wrong. Porn performers are generally amateurs, and independent producers who create independent porn films are not nearly as good as the performers of major porn studios. In independent porn films, there is no doubt that the performers are desensitized to the various sexual themes because they are more often than not performing in trailers or Behind the Screens.
For the most part, independent producers tend to do better job of featuring real people. This is probably due to the fact that amateur porn film makers do not get many people to help them with the actual filming. Therefore, many people are turned off with the idea of seeing porn stars actually performing sex acts. This is probably why many people fail to find many videos on adult websites: the "porn star" seems artificial and unreal.
But the performers of adult films are not fake, they are just normal people. People like you and me, regular people with normal sexual urges. I can tell you right now that there is something wrong when you are constantly told that you are not supposed to have sexual freedom or that you cannot perform certain sexual acts because it will harm your mental health in the long run. Sexual freedom is one of the foundations of sexual happiness, and if people are going to tell you otherwise, then they are not true. If you are going to indulge in Porn, make sure you are going to look at the positive effects that it can bring to your own life.
Let's talk about this last statement for a second. The fact that porn performers are not real people makes them much more appealing as a subject matter. It's hard not to fantasize about what it would be like to sleep with a porn star. Maybe it makes you feel sexy orhorny, or you just love the idea of seeing a porn star perform oral sex on you. Whatever the case is, it is not unhealthy or wrong to have these fantasies.
What is unhealthy and wrong, however, is turning to Porn to satisfy your hunger for sexual happiness. If you are seeking fulfillment of your sexual desires, then going to see a porn star is just asking for trouble. Think about it. If you meet a new friend one day and you decide to take him to eat at a famous restaurant, chances are that you aren't going to be very happy.
However, if you decide to take a cheap shot at sexual freedom and choose to go to the local bar instead of taking your lover to that great restaurant, chances are that you are going to wind up partying with some weirdos. You might wind up bringing one of those's back home. Of course, the feminist revolution did not help with this one bit. So why is porn Star representation of feminism in the same light as this? Why promote such unhealthy behaviors towards sexuality?
The answer is simple. There are a lot of feminist porn stars out there that have done nothing but promote the ideals of women. One of the most prominent members of the team that produces the popular porn videos called Anastasia Steele is an actual Feminist porn star named Anastasia Steele. Does this mean that these films promote Porn? No, it does not. In fact, even the director that made the pornographic Anastasia movie says that it promotes healthy sexuality.
Understanding Pornography Addiction - The Harmful Consequences of Excessive Sexual Imagination
Myths About Porn That You Should Know
The Danger of Porn
Feeling Bad About Porn? Don't! It's Good Sex in the Real World
Porn's Impact on Young People's Sexual Health and Wellness
What is Pornography Addiction?
Main Article: What Are Compulsive Sexual Behavior And What Causes It?
Is Pornography Eating Away at the Health Of Consumers?
What Can Porn Do to Your Teen?
Is Porn Using Real Life To Teach Kids Sex?


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— Main Menu —Homepage About Breaking News Freedoms Guns Health Disclaimer
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1776 Commission Report: Schools Should Reject "Activist Propaganda" in Curriculum
Republican Lawmaker: Impeachment Vote May Have Been "Political Suicide"
State Lawmakers Want Users to Be Able to Sue Social Media Sites
CNN's Jake Tapper Questions the Patriotism of Double-Amputee War Hero
Remembering When Nancy Pelosi Claimed 2016 Election was "Hijacked"
Mozilla: We Must Do MORE to Silence Wrongthink on the Internet
Last Time Dems Took Their Eye Off the Ball, a Pandemic Was the Result
Nikki Haley on Trump's Twitter Ban: "This is What Happens in China"
Sean Hannity: Anyone Who Charged Capitol Should Be "Arrested and Prosecuted"
Mark Levin: This Election Has Put Us Into a "Constitutional Crisis"
Bannon: Liberal Media "Blind to Who We Are"
One of the first moves President-elect Donald Trump made upon defeating Hillary Clinton was to appoint Stephen Bannon his chief strategist in the White House. While the appointment should have come as little surprise – Bannon was the architect of Trump's general election campaign – it still inspired waves of shock in the D.C. media. They began assailing Bannon as a "white nationalist," a slur that he rejected in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter.
"I'm not a white nationalist, I'm a nationalist," Bannon told THR. "I'm an economic nationalist."
Bannon, who runs the conservative news site Breitbart, has been tarred as a racist anti-semite whose appointment proves that Trump has no interest in unifying the country after an explosive election. Bannon himself delights in watching the media chase its tail:
"Darkness is good," says Bannon, who amid the suits surrounding him at Trump Tower, looks like a graduate student in his T-shirt, open button-down and tatty blue blazer — albeit a 62-year-old graduate student. "Dick Cheney. Darth Vader. Satan. That's power. It only helps us when they" — I believe by "they" he means liberals and the media, already promoting calls for his ouster — "get it wrong. When they're blind to who we are and what we're doing."
In other words, while the media is getting caught up in easy-to-swallow (if fictional) accusations of white supremacy, Bannon and Trump are putting together an anti-establishment agenda right under their noses. The networks and newspapers are focused on clickbait and ad revenue, which forces them to cover the sensational. It doesn't take a genius to see how Trump exploited this for maximum gain in his campaign.
"The globalists gutted the American working class and created a middle class in Asia," Bannon told THR. "The issue now is about Americans looking to not get f—ed over. If we deliver, we'll get 60 percent of the white vote, and 40 percent of the black and Hispanic vote and we'll govern for 50 years. That's what the Democrats missed. They were talking to these people with companies with a $9 billion market cap employing nine people. It's not reality. They lost sight of what the world is about."
The liberal media has been hiding the machinations of the donor class for years, and they're going to keep on doing it during the Trump administration. Thankfully, we seem to have a president coming to office who, rather than letting himself be pushed around by the media, knows how to use that shield for the betterment of the country.
"Suck it Up": Republican Bashes Coddling Colleges After Election
Obama Ready to Take Shots At Trump From the Sidelines
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New Delhi: An important government audit on Chinese power equipment was completed without the participation of any of the companies involved, and while it finds several problems with such machinery, it stops short of preventing power plants here from using them.
Several Indian power project developers have placed orders with Chinese firms, largely on account of the inability of local manufacturers to meet growing demand for equipment in Asia's second fastest growing major economy. The Central Electricity Authority, or CEA, India's apex power sector planning body, conducted the survey at the behest of state-owned Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (Bhel), which competes with the Chinese firms for power projects, and alleged, as reported by Mint on 5 August, that the equipment provided by these companies were of poor quality.
The report says Chinese firms such as Dongfang Electric Corp., Shanghai Electric Power Co. Ltd and Harbin Power Equipment Co. Ltd did not provide technical information that was asked for. It also raises questions about the operation and maintenance of such equipment, the lack of a comprehensive quality plan and the insufficient number of Chinese engineers at site locations.
"There are issues with the lay-out which may affect maintenance of equipment, after-sales service, long-term availability of spares and Chinese experts in the country. None of the Chinese firms responded to our queries. In such a situation, it is very difficult to conduct a study," said Rakesh Nath, chairman, CEA.
Dongfang's chief representative in India, Wen Ya, had earlier told Mint that the company would be participating in the CEA audit. Dongfang, Shanghai Electric and Harbin Power did not respond to queries on the CEA report.
Some power plants that have used Chinese equipment have run into trouble. For instance, one of the turbines supplied by Dongfang Electric Corp. for the West Bengal Power Development Corp. Ltd's 300MW Sagardighi project failed. Mint couldn't independently ascertain whether this failure had to do with a manufacturing defect or some other reason.
Concerns over the quality of Chinese power equipment have caused Power Finance Corp. Ltd and Rural Electrification Corp. Ltd from deciding against funding any projects using these, Mint reported on 6 August.
Indian power project developers have placed orders with Chinese firms for equipment to generate around 22,000MW of power. Almost 40% of these orders have been placed with Dongfang Electric. Chinese equipment are cheap and immediately available.
Bhel was among the companies worst hit by Chinese inputs. The company's chairman and managing director had earlier told Mint that Bhel's market share could decline to 50% from the current 60% over five years because of competition from domestic and foreign firms. Bhel has the capacity to manufacture equipment that can generate 10,000MW of power and wants to increase this to 56,000MW by 2012.
The CEA audit came in the wake of an announcement by the government that it would allow foreign equipment makers to bid to supply to power projects here only if they had a manufacturing facility in the country.
"Today all the projects using Chinese equipment are facing problems. It will be only after one or two years, when time will tell whether these issues have been taken care of," CEA's Nath added. "The report states all problems but gives no solutions. Now all private sector developers are coming to us but they want Chinese prices. We can get these contracts if we can squeeze some of our margins," said Bhel's Kumar.
"We know that there are issues borne out by what is demonstrated by (the) limited (number of) Chinese units deployed in the country. A large part of it also has to do with the way one (a power project developer) manages its engineering, procurement and construction contracts," said Shubhranshu Patnaik, an executive director at audit and consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers.


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Cyaniris mindanensis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av John Nevill Eliot och Kawazoé 1983. Cyaniris mindanensis ingår i släktet Cyaniris och familjen juvelvingar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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mindanensis


Five years into his pro hockey career, Curtis Lazar is finally putting up the numbers he was expected to produce.
That may be because he's finally getting a chance to develop in the minors.
In 46 games with the Calgary Flames' AHL team, the Stockton Heat, Lazar has 16 goals and 36 points. He's playing with other players who have NHL experience — like Alan Quine, Tyler Graovac and Kerby Rychel — and another former member of the Senators organization in Buddy Robinson. And he's rediscovered the "swag" he had as a high scoring junior with the Edmonton Oil Kings and the captain of Team Canada at the world junior championships.
Now Lazar is just waiting to see if he can keep it going in the NHL.
"I think that's the next step in my development," said the recently turned 24-year old, who was recalled by Calgary more than two weeks ago but is still waiting to make his 2018-19 NHL debut. "I've played roughly 45 games down there, which is a good amount of time. I was able to just find that consistency, which I lacked at the NHL level.
The Senators first round pick in 2013, Lazar played 143 games for Ottawa before his first AHL game. And when the Senators did decide he'd be best served with some time in Binghamton, it was for just 13 games before he was recalled.
When he played 33 games and picked up just one point, an assist, the Senators traded Lazar to the Flames, along with minor leaguer Michael Kostka, for Jyrki Jokipakka and a second round pick they used to select Alex Formenton.
Lazar played 65 games with the Flames last season, scoring twice and adding 10 assists. Why coach Bill Peters didn't let him play against a last place Senators team that currently consists mostly of minor leaguers is a mystery, although Lazar isn't complaining.
"They're buzzing at a pretty good pace right now," said Lazar. "You understand, when you're on the outside looking in, when things are going well there's no need to change it.
Asked what goes through his head when he looks at what's happening in Ottawa, Lazar was smart enough to play coy. (In the NHL, it's never a good idea to burn bridges. Just in case there's an opportunity to get back from whence you came).


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Trimaran Spindrift 2 achieved second fastest time in history
The trimaran skippered by Yann Guichard has finished its first Jules Verne Trophy, registering the second fastest time in history, and with Dona Bertarelli becoming the fastest woman to sail around the world. The sailors on Spindrift 2 crossed the finish line of the Jules Verne Trophy off Ushant at 15:01 UTC on Friday, after 47 days 10 hours 59 minutes and 02 seconds at sea.
Peyron's record still the one to beat
After nearly 29,000 miles travelled at an average speed of 25.35 knots, Spindrift 2 closed the circle on its first voyage around the world by claiming the second fastest time in history. The crew, led by Yann Guichard, did not beat, on this attempt, the time set by Loick Peyron (they were slower by 1d 21h 16' 09"), whose record of 45 days 13 hours 42 minutes is still the one to beat.
Three new record times set
The 14 sailors have set three new record times on this voyage around the world. The first came from the start at Ushant to the Equator in 4 days 21 hours 29 minutes, a staggering average of 30.33 knots on the theoretical route (the shortest route). The second, between Ushant and the South of Tasmania, symbolising the entrance into the Pacific Ocean, was 20 days 04 hours 37 minutes. Incidentally, Spindrift 2 fleetingly held the record for crossing the Indian Ocean in 8 days 04 hours 35 minutes, which was broken a few hours later by IDEC Sport, who also left from Ushant on November 22. Finally, the third record: Ushant-Cape Horn in 30 days 04 hours 07 minutes, which brought a lead of 18 hours and 11 minutes over Banque Populaire V.
Third best time for IDEC Sport
IDEC Sport crossed the finishing line off Ushant at 1650hrs UTC on Friday 8th January. Francis Joyon and his crew of five took 47 days 14 hours and 47 minutes to sail around the world. Francis Joyon, Alex Pella, Clement Surtel, Boris Herrmann, Gwenole Gahinet and Bernard Stamm can hug each other, perform a high five and smile as they look forward to a great night ahead in the harbour in Brest. It is true they didn't smash the Jules Verne Trophy record, but they did manage to get the third best time ever sailing around the world. They improved on the boat's own record by 17 hours, with a crew of just six, while Franck Cammas had nine men with him when he won the Jules Verne Trophy on this boat back in 2010.
Source: www.spindrift-racing.com / www.idecsport.com/sailing
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A Sermon about Change and Being Called as Dearly Beloved Disciples
On January 23, 2017 By Josh EvansIn sermons
Augustana Lutheran Church
22 January 2017 + Third Sunday after Epiphany (Lectionary 3A)
Matthew 4.12-23
How are your New Year's resolutions going? I won't make us do a show of hands (though that would be kind of fun), but I'm willing to bet most of us who made some sort of resolution for 2017 will likely fail, if not already. In fact, there's even an unofficial holiday, observed every January 17th: "Ditch New Year's Resolutions Day." (Who knew?!)
A statistic I stumbled across in Forbes magazine suggests that only 8% of people actually achieve their intended resolutions. The reasons for failure are varied, from making too many resolutions to setting goals that are simply unachievable. In short, our resolutions often set us up for failure. And of course, as we all know, change is hard.
Change, it seems, is the order of the day in our gospel text. John the Baptist has been arrested. Jesus retreats and moves to Galilee. He begins to proclaim that the dominion of heaven has come near, and he starts recruiting followers. Followers who experience drastic change, immediately leaving their occupations, families, and livelihoods. And they go throughout Galilee, as Jesus only intensifies his public ministry of teaching and preaching and healing.
If the calling of these first few followers is any indication, it's a given that change is caught up in what it means to be a disciple. Indeed, discipleship demands transformation.
Last Monday, in the thick of the ice storm, I happened upon an episode of the daytime talkshow The View. One of their guests that day was Arno Michaelis. His story began in an alcoholic household with parents who would often fight. By his own admission, he reacted by lashing out and turning to bullying and violence as an outlet. By the time he was a teenager, he had gotten into the punk rock music scene, an interest which led him to fall in with the white supremacist movement. Eventually, he would become a founding member of one of the largest white supremacist organizations in the world, using his own band as a platform for his hate-filled agenda.
Then, slowly, his life began to be interrupted. He attributes his gradual awakening to people he claimed to hate—people of color and sexual orientations different from his own—who showed him kindness when he least deserved it. At 24, he became a single parent to his young daughter. A few months after that, he lost a second friend in a violent street fight. "It was the slap-in-the-face moment," he said, that gave him the opportunity to leave a life of hate behind.
Today, Arno has become an anti-hate activist. In 2012, one of the members of the hate group he had previously helped form killed six people at the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Following the shooting, the son of one of the victims reached out to Arno in an attempt to better understand what had happened at his place of worship. The two have since become close friends.
It's an inspiring story of transformation. Though most of us have never and probably will never experience a change quite that dramatic in our own lives, the call of discipleship is nonetheless caught up with change.
One pastor (T. Denise Anderson) writes of this week's gospel text and the abrupt call of these disciples, "[Their] assignments have to change because the culture—indeed, the world—has changed. God's call often seems to be directly related to some major shift that requires a strong witness."
In the aftermath of the most divisive election in recent history and a new administration that has left many of us feeling afraid and angry—indeed, in the midst of national change—our call as disciples only intensifies our public witness to a radically inclusive, justice-seeking gospel that proclaims love, not hate. Just last night, I participated in the Women's March downtown, with hundreds of thousands of others around the world who did the same. It was a powerful witness that love can and does indeed trump hate.
Women's March through the Old Market in Omaha, NE (photo credit: Josh Evans)
Often, though, I fear that we lose sight of the why in favor of the what, focusing on the work itself and its results and not our calling and identity that compel us.
I suspect this is also why so many New Year's resolutions fail: We are coerced into making commitments to better ourselves that are not really goals that are important for us and who we authentically are. When you're not in touch with your own identity, it's easy to suffer burnout and lose energy for the things we think we're supposed to be doing.
Yes, change is demanded in the life of a disciple, but it is a call to change systems that are hurting people, because indeed we are already changed through the work of Christ. The Reformers called this idea the third use of the law in our book of Lutheran Confessions. For the Beloved Community of the Church, the law—God's unchangeable will for justice—becomes "a sure guide, according to which [we] can orient and conduct [our] entire lives" (FC Ep VI.1). The call of the disciple, therefore, is to do those things which the law requires—to do justice and to love kindness—freely and without compulsion, and most especially in the face of hatred and all the forces that tell marginalized communities they don't matter.
We can follow this path of discipleship—Jesus's call to "follow me"—precisely because of who we are as beloved children of God, made in the divine image, with inherent sacred worth and dignity. These first followers of Jesus most assuredly had no idea what on earth he meant by becoming "fishers of people." But the fact they were called to begin with indicates that Jesus saw something of value, some potential, in them.
This is true for us, as well. As another preacher (David Lose) writes, even when we don't know what being a child of God exactly means, or when we're not confident of what precisely we're being called to do in the world, we can rest in the assurance that God values, honors, and loves us, just as we are.
This is a truth that we need to be reminded of, regularly. Being a disciple is hard work, and we need to be fed in that work. We are fed every Sunday at this table. We are fed in fellowship during adult forum, coffee hour, and our potluck meals. We are fed in small group book studies, and we are fed in relationship with other people, both within and outside of these walls.
Once we are fed, I suspect we will find that the rest will follow.
callingdisciplesjusticevocation
A Brief Reflection for MLK Day
A Sermon for the Salted and Unsalted


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I have a manifest file an alert.js file and a code.js file which contains the code to click on a button.
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My code.js file is a small code to click a button which I need to send a trusted event.
My only need to send istrusted to true since many websites could track the user is clicking through script using this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


historical control group is a topic covered in the Taber's Medical Dictionary.
Venes, Donald, editor. "Historical Control Group." Taber's Medical Dictionary, 23rd ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2017. Nursing Central, nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730083/all/historical_control_group.
Historical control group. In: Venes D, ed. Taber's Medical Dictionary. 23rd ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2017. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730083/all/historical_control_group. Accessed April 25, 2019.
Historical Control Group [Internet]. In: Venes D, editors. Taber's Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2017. [cited 2019 April 25]. Available from: https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/730083/all/historical_control_group.


MILTON KEYNES, England -- Ariya Jutanugarn was flirting with another Sunday meltdown, her six-stroke lead down to one after a double bogey on the par-4 13th at tree-lined Woburn.
Her late collapse in the ANA Inspiration nearly as recent as her three straight LPGA Tour victories, the 20-year-old Thai player held on to win the Women's British Open for her first major title.
"I think everything in the past is good for me, because I learned a lot from that," Jutanugarn said. "I know how to come back. I know how to be like patient. Feels like everybody going to have like bad times in their life and I think I have that already."
Jutanugarn played the final five holes in 1 under for an even-par 72 and a three-stroke victory over American Mo Martin and South Korea's Mirim Lee. The winner finished at 16-under 272 on the Marquess Course, the hilly, forest layout that is a big change from the usual seaside layouts in the tournament rotation.
The long-hitter left driver out of the bag and hammered 3-wood and 2-iron off the tee.
"It's in my locker. Hope nobody steal it," she said.
In April at the ANA in the California desert, Jutanugarn -- at the time, best known for blowing a two-stroke lead with a closing triple bogey at age 17 in the 2013 LPGA Thailand -- bogeyed the final three holes to hand the major title to Lydia Ko.
"After ANA, I'm still really nervous," Jutanugarn said. "But I'm pretty sure I learned a lot from that, also, because like after I feel nervous, I know what I have to do. Like last few holes, I tried to be patient and to commit to my shots."
Jutanugarn rebounded in a breakthrough May, running off the three straight victories to become the LPGA Tour's first Thai champion. Now, she's the first Thai major champion.
"I think it's really important for me and for Thai golf, also," Jutanugarn said. "After my first tournament on tour, my goal is I really want to win a major. I did, so I'm very proud of myself."
Jutanugarn had a six-stroke lead over Lee at the turn, but Lee picked up five strokes on the next four holes with three straight birdies and Jutanugarn's double bogey on the 13.
"I think I got mad after that hole," Jutanugarn said. "I'm like, `Oh, what's wrong with me.' But after that, I'm really like be patient and I can come back really good."
Jutanugarn made a 25-foot birdie putt on the par-3 17th to take a two-shot advantage to the final hole. Jutanugarn closed with a par, and Lee made a bogey for a 73.
Lee matched the tournament record Thursday with an opening 62 and also led after the second round.
"I really had fun," Lee said. "That was the most important thing. I had fun throughout the whole thing."
Martin, the 2014 winner at Royal Birkdale, shot a 70.
"That was my heart and my soul out there," Martin said. "That's all I had. I gave it everything I could."
After opening with rounds of 65 and 69, Jutanugarn shot a bogey-free 66 on Saturday to pull two strokes ahead of Lee and break the tournament 54-hole record of 201.
Jutanugarn is projected to jump from sixth to third in the world ranking Monday. A year ago, she was 52nd.
She will return to Thailand for rest and practice before the Rio Olympics.
"I'm really looking forward to it," Jutanugarn said. "I can't wait. I'm really excited about that."
DIVOTS: Jutanugarn's older sister, Moriya, had a 75 to tie for 43rd at 3 over. ... The top-ranked Ko tied for 40th at 1 under after a 74. ... Stacy Lewis was fourth at 11 under after her third straight 70. The American won in 2013 at St. Andrews. She's winless in 57 starts since June 2014.


text:
HOME | THAILAND LAWYER BLOG |LAW NEWS | LAW JOURNAL | COURT OPINIONS |LAW DATABASE |ABOUT |THAILAND LAWYERS
4.1 Extraterritoriality
In 1855, Thailand signed the Bowring Treaty with Great Britain. One of the most important points was that this treaty marked the beginning of the system of extraterritoriality in Thailand. The treaty provided a condition for the Thai government in Article II that:
Any disputes arising between Siamese and British subjects shall be heard and determined by the [British] Consul in conjunction with the proper Siamese officers; and criminal offences will be punished, in the case of English offenders by their own laws, and in the case of Siamese offenders by their own laws, through the Siamese authorities. But the Consul shall not interfere in any matters referring solely to the Siamese, neither will the Siamese authorities interfere in questions which only the concern the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty(9).
It was natural that other western countries should demand similar privileges. Thus, after the Bowring Treaty was signed, other western countries(10) also made 13 other treaties. Each of these treaties imposed extraterritoriality upon Thailand similar to that outlined in the Bowring Treaty. For example, the Portuguese treaty of 1859 provided that:
Any question which may arise between Portuguese and Siamese subjects must be laid before the Portuguese Consul, who, in concert and agreement with the Siamese authorities, will endeavor to settle it amicably; and in case of not being able to do so, civil questions will be decided by the Consul or the Siamese authority, according to the nationality of the delinquent or accused person, and in conformity with the respective laws. The Consul will never interfere in questions which solely concern Siamese subjects, nor the Siamese authorities in questions solely relating to Portuguese subjects, except in the case of crimes in which the delinquents will be taken into custody by the local authority and handed over to the Portuguese Consul to be punished according to the Portuguese laws, or sent to Macao to be tried there.
The Italian treaty of 1868 provided that:
Any dispute or controversy between Italian and Siamese subjects, shall be settled by the Diplomatic Representative or jointly by the Consul and the functionaries of Siam. Criminal cases shall be adjudged by the Legation or the Consulates, if the delinquent be an Italian and by the local authorities if he be a Siamese subject. But neither the Legation nor the Consulates shall interfere in the matters affecting Siamese subjects only, nor shall the local authorities interfere in questions relating purely to Italian subjects(11).
Besides applying to Siam, these treaties also covered countries that were western colonies at the time as well.
The Bowring Treaty, however, had a provision stipulating that "on all articles of import the duties shall be 3%", in order to prevent the reduction of British trade through increased Thai duties. It was further stipulated that "the tax or duty to be paid on each article of Siamese produce previous to or upon exportation" should be that specified in a lengthy and minute schedule of export and in-country duties attached as an appendix to the treaty(12). Both of these provisions were explained and amplified in an explanatory agreement signed the following year(13).
After the following modernization and reform of the legal system of Thailand, the passage of extraterritoriality in Thailand was increasingly successful until Thailand regained complete judicial sovereignty from each European country with the amicable help of Dr. Francis Bowes Sayre, an American consultant hired by the government of King Rama VI in 1923-1925. King Rama VI was renowned for his skill in diplomatic and political negotiations(14).
As a historical record, it should be noted here that H.M. Princess Suvadana, a princess consort of King Rama VI, praised Dr. Francis Bowes Sayre when he went to Thailand for paying a visit to H.R.H. Princess Bejaratana, the only child of King Rama VI, in Thailand in 1962 that: "Chao Khun(15), you are the great friend of my husband and our country. We are glad to welcome you(16)."
4.2 The Obsolescence of the Old Thai Judicial System
There are some who consistently blame western selfishness in the demand for total extraterritorial rights as the sole reason for legal reformation in Thailand. Thai students are often taught that Thailand was forced to change her old laws and traditions only because of the cruelty of the west. But when we consider reform from another perspective, apart from the concept of extraterritoriality, it is possible to realize that another reason of using western legal principles to guide modern Thai law was due to special characteristics of the western legal systems. Since western legal systems had developed over time, they were proven and tested by the principles of modern society through systematic reasoning and logic(17).
About non-western legal systems, a western scholar recently noted that:
To the degree that non-western cultures were mired in what Max Gluckman was fond of calling "the kingdom of custom", they obviously lacked a corpus juris, a modern sense of right-bearing selfhood, and most seriously of all, anything approaching "civilized" judicial procedures. It was appropriate, therefore, that in the name of universal "progress", they be subordinated to a superior European legal order(18).
European countries always stated that the only reason for demanding the extraterritorial provisions was that Thai laws, particularly criminal law and criminal procedure, were obsolete and barbaric. Indeed, it is hard to judge whether the Thai judicial system at that time was truly barbaric since western views and eastern views were quite different. We may not say that old Thai laws were all wrong and null because the mother of Thai laws – Dharmasatra, a natural jurisprudence of the East, was still valid eternally; whereas, most technical laws or some specific provisions of laws were not suitable to a society stepping into the modern age anymore.
Principle of the old Thai law and the western law were quite different from each other in many aspects, namely(19):
(1) The modern law believes that persons are "equal before the law", and enjoy equal protection under the law. Also, people are "subjects of the law". Yet, Thailand at that time had the slavery system and people were labeled in different classes. Although slaves in Thailand were not treated like property as they were in western countries, and could enjoy some rights, Thai slaves were still their owners' property in other manners, and their human dignity was not guaranteed.
(2) The modern law very much guarantees that property rights and the sanctity of a person's dwelling are protected. There are clear rules about obligations, contracts, rights of ownership upon property, etc., in the modern law, while old Thai law had only some basic rules about property such as loan and deposit. In short, old Thai law did not govern the all-inclusive area of human relations.
(3) Modern criminal justice has a principle that government officials can arrest and punish a person where there is a law clearly indicating that an action is unlawful. The doctrine where there is no guilt if there is no law, Nulla Poena, Sine Lege, was not known in Thailand at that time. Further, as a modern idea, the arrest as well as the punishment of an accused must follow considerations of fundamental human rights. Interrogation through torture and punishment were totally unacceptable in the western view.
These modern principles had gradually developed in western countries over a long period. Arising under the fear or torture as existed in the Middle Ages, modern principles of criminal law and criminal procedure that respected human dignity were heavily emphasized. Even so, before the 20th century Thailand still interrogated suspects and proved the guilt of the accused by methods of torture dating back to ancient civilization.
Comparing old criminal law and criminal procedure in Thailand to modern principles of criminal law and procedure in the west, there are four dominant differences as follows:
(i) Substantive criminal law
Some consequences of criminal offences under old Thai laws go against modern law. Sometimes, members of the criminal's family or neighbors were punished along with the criminal himself. For instance, neighbors of the place that was robbed were guilty if they themselves could not arrest robbers. Since this offence prevented neighbors from providing refuge to criminals from officials, it was appropriate for the community's peace and security. However, under a modern view of law, the responsibility for a criminal offence must be particular to the one who committed the crime, not an innocent person. Also, the application of punishment throughout the family line prevented revenge from the executed criminal's relatives, and frightened others who were thinking about committing a rebellion. However, it conflicted with the principle that a criminal offence must be particular to the criminal. Old Thai criminal law still made a criminal offence for a person who merely behaved suspiciously, called Nilumparajon. The offence of Nilumparajon is totally contrary to the modern principle of presumption of innocence that requires unambiguous facts and evidence before punishing an accused. As a western principle, in dubio pro reo, in case of doubt, the court shall decide in favor of the accused.
(ii) Criminal Procedure
Old Thai laws used the method of bodily infliction and torture, called Jareet Nakornbarn, to prove guilt. An accused might be nailed through his nails, or have the temple of his head compressed for confession. To prove guilt, an accused might be forced to walk through fire, or to submerge himself in water. These methods were based on the principle that an accused was already a criminal. This way of proof brought an accused excessive suffering as Prince Rabi noted:
At that time, whoever was accused in a criminal suit, would violently suffer. First of all, he would be imprisoned. Unlike now, a case was not tried speedily. Whoever was an accused, he was a criminal indeed. Officials thus might flog or hit or do any kind of abuse to an accused for evidence. If the accused could bring evidence proving his innocence, he would be saved…..the accused himself was the one who investigated his offence. Judges at that time had never made any kind concession to people at all. People felt that judges were truly cruel ogres. It might be because judges at that time had noble power. Low-ranking judges also wanted to show their results of work to higher-ranking noblemen so judges themselves became prosecutors who prosecuted the accused(20).
Interrogation through torturing the accused is certainly contrary to modern law due to the fact that modern law assumes an accused innocent until there is clear proof of guilt. If no clear proof of guilt, the accused cannot be punished. Also, the officials are not allowed to deceive or coerce the accused for a confession.
(9) Francis Bowes Sayre, The Passing of Extraterritoriality in Siam, Am. J. Int'l L. 71 (1929)
(10) Id. (In 1856, with the United States and France. In 1858, with Denmark. In 1859, with Portugal. In 1860, with the Netherlands. In 1862, with Germany. In 1868, with Sweden, Norway, Belgium, and Italy. In 1869, with Austria-Hungary. In 1870, with Spain.)
(11) Id.at 72.
(12) Id. at 71.
(13) Article II of the supplementary agreement of 1856, explaining the meaning of Article II of the treaty of 1855, stipulated that:
[A] ll criminal cases in which both parties are British subjects, or in which the defendant is a British subject, shall be tried and determined by the British Consul alone. All criminal cases in which both parties are Siamese or in which the defendant is a Siamese, shall be tried and determined by the Siamese authorities alone....
[A]ll civil cases in which both parties are British subjects or in which the defendant us a British subject, shall be heard and determined by the Siamese authorities alone....British subjects, their persons, house, premises, land, ships, or property of any kind, shall not be seized, injured, or in any way interfered with the Siamese.
(14) See Francis Bowes Sayre, Siam's Fight for Sovereignty, The Atlantic Monthly, Nov. 1927, at 674.
(15) Chao Khun is an informal pronoun for addressing a person who has the title of nobility of Phra-Ya (similar to "Lord" in British nobility). King Rama VI bestowed the noble rank of Phra-Ya Kalyanamitri, which means Phra-Ya, on Dr. Francis B. Sayre, who is the "true friend".
(16) The National Identity Board, In the Honors of HRH Princess Bejaratana on the Occasion of Her Royal Highness's 72nd Birthday Anniversary in November 24, 1997. at 177 (1998)
(17) Contra Mattei, supra note 3, at 19:
The first assumption is that the western centrism cannot be the foundation of a classification of legal systems that aims to cover the whole world. In order to serve its scholarly purpose, any classification must take into account the deep-rooted differences between all models of social organization. Most classifications proposed so far have placed the Western Legal Tradition in a privileged position. This is in accordance to a pattern now defied by anthropological studies and which should be abandoned.
(18) John L. Comaroff, Colonialism, Culture and the Law: A Foreword, 26 Law & Soc. Inquiry 306 (2001)
(19) Saweang Boonchalermvipas, Thai Legal History, at 139-19 (2d ed. 2000).
(20) Prince of Rajburi, Acts in the Present Vol I, Lectures for Graduate Students in Thai Legal History by Phra-Ya Nitisatrabaisalya, at 165 (3d ed. 1954).
Chaninat & Leeds, a Thailand attorney firm has provided support in acquiring materials for the Thailand Law Forum. Bangkok lawyers at Chaninat & Leeds have also assisted with translation of Thai language materials.For any submissions, comments, or questions, e-mail the Thailand Law Forum at: info@thailawforum.com Please read our Disclaimer.