Under the title "The corrective emotional experience" here we include three chapters of the classic book by Franz Alexander, Thomas M. French et al., Psychoanalytic Therapy: Principles and Application (New York: Ronald Press, 1946): chapter 2 ("The development of psychoanalytic therapy", pp. 13-24), chapter 4 ("The principle of corrective emotional experience", pp. 66-70), and chapter 17 ("Conclusions and outlook", pp. 338-341). The three chapters were written by Franz Alexander (the other collaborators of the book were Catherine Lillie Bacon, Therese Benedeck, Rudolf A. Fuerst, Margaret Wilson Gerard, Roy Richard life and intellectual biography. Franz Alexander (1891-1964) was born in Hungary, where his father, Bernard, was a professor of philosophy at the University of Budapest, an illustrious Shakespearean scholar who conveyed to his son a deep respect for the power of the intellect. Alexander received his medical degree in 1912, and later was the first graduate of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, where his training analyst was Hanns Sachs. Alexander was one of the most important members of the group often referred to as "the second generation of psychoanalysts". In 1929 Freud invited him to Vienna as his assistant, but he chose to leave for the University of Chicago where at the same time he was invited to became Professor of Psychiatry. Every summer, though, he visited Freud, who considered him as "his best pupil in the United States".
He was an independent thinker, and his research interests were so wide that it would be too long to list them here. We could mention two main interests: psychosomatics and brief analysis. During his twenty-four years as Director of the Chicago Institute, the psychosomatic research has been the hallmark of this Institute. Alexander developed an important theory of psychosomatics according to which a specific conflict (e.g., dependence) can stimulates those physiological processes which, by corresponding organic predisposition, might lead to psychosomatic illnesses (e.g., duodenal ulcer). He founded the journal Psychosomatic Medicine and may be considered the chief founder of the field of psychological medicine.
The ideas contained in this 1946 book by Alexander and French (such as the concept of "corrective emotional experience") stimulated a critical discussion among the psychoanalysts of the classical tradition of the time. One of the most outspoken critical voices was that of Kurt R. Eissler (The "Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis" and the sixth period of the development of psychoanalytic technique. Journal of General Psychology, 1950, 42: 103-157): his article is published as a comment to Alexander 's 1946 contribution.
Before going into a detailed discussion of this new therapeutic: orientation, we shall return to some psychoanalytic experimentations of the past which led up to the present more flexible techniques.
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was one the great experimenters of all time. He subjected every formulation to the test of new experience with the result that his original theories underwent important changes. A review of the development of the so-called standard psychoanalytic technique will show the ever-changing character of his work, in which distinct phases can be differentiated.
When he took up the psychotherapeutic approach to emotionally disturbed patients, Freud was a physician and a neurologist. Accepted medical treatment at that time consisted either in administering drugs or performing a surgical operation. Therapy was then (and often still is) regarded as a procedure in which the physician "does something to" the patient – the classic example being a surgical operation by which a foreign body or a diseased organ is removed. A similar procedure is the giving of an. emetic or a cathartic which brings about a dramatic process in the body leading to cure; or the giving of an injection, as in chemotherapy, by which the invading micro-organism is exterminated. Each of these medical procedures is a circumscribed performance, a therapeutic act which may or may not have to be repeated to bring about the desired effect.
The method of psychotherapy first developed by Freud, in collaboration with Breuer, was cathartic hypnosis. As even its name shows, cathartic hypnosis was also considered a dramatic one-act performance, in which the patient got rid of a spiritual foreign body-his repressed traumatic memories and pent-up affects.
In hypnosis the ego not only gave up its control over the emotions, but it also abandoned its function of testing reality. The hypnotized patient was asked questions with the purpose of uncovering the origin of his symptoms and of allowing him to discharge his repressed feelings. This discharge of emotion was considered of great therapeutic value and the method was therefore called "cathartic." Breuer and Freud soon saw, however, that simply discharging emotions did not cure the patient and that the hypnotic. procedure had to be repeated again and again to obtain results.
In using this method, Freud made three significant discoveries: (1) that hysterical symptoms have their source in emotional disturbances of the past; (2) that these disturbing events are capable of undergoing complete repression from consciousness; and (3) that although discharge of repressed emotions (abreaction) in hypnosis gives temporary relief, it has no lasting therapeutic vale in itself.
This insight into the cause and course of hysterical symptoms induced him to search for therapeutic techniques which would yield permanent results. He argued that since in hypnosis the patient is able to express his emotions only because his conscious personality-or more precisely, his critical faculty is temporarily eliminated, the real therapeutic task must consist in making the conscious personality capable of facing the emotions which were so intolerable that they had to be suppressed. Even a repetition of the hypnotic experience does not improve the ego's capacity for dealing with the repressed emotions, since in hypnosis the ego is (in a sense) not there. His problem, therefore, was to find a method by which the patient retained the full functions of his conscious mind and yet could be induced to face that which it repudiated.
The next step was an experiment with waking suggestion. This can be considered the second period in Freud's scientific development. Freud would lay his hand on the patient's forehead and assure him that he could recall the past if he tried.
In the history of psychoanalysis this period was of the shortest duration. It is difficult to establish precisely how long it lasted. It started after 1895 and was given up before 1899 when Dora's analysis was completed (Freud, 1901 ; see Vol. III, p. 13, of the Collected Papers, London: Hogarth Press, 1924). It is certain, however, that after a relatively sbort period Freud learned that he could not, by suggestion alone, force his patients to remember those traumatic events which led to the neurotic condition, to face in themselves what they had not dared acknowledge before. As a result, this phase left the least impression on the therapeutic procedure.
Having convinced himself of the futility of a frontal attack, Freud now developed a new strategy-the method of free association. In free association, Freud found a means of unlocking the unconscious mind of the patient while the patient's consciousness was retained. The patient was required to tell whatever entered his mind without exerting any conscious selectives or applying any logic to the train of thought. What the patient expressed was drawn, therefore, from the whole span of his life experiences-from his thoughts and feelings, fantasies and dreams, of past and present. Dreams became an important source of unconscious material, not only because of their content but also because of the train of associations they aroused. Repressed feelings were ' thus allowed to come to the surface in an indirect manner.
Freud's main interest at that time remained focused upon the reconstruction of the pathogenic past. He hoped and expected that, while the patient in his daily interviews was giving expression to his uncontrolled train of thought; he would gradually – almost in spite of himself – recall the events of the past which had disturbed him. The patient's conscious defense against his repressed emotions Freud tried to eliminate by what he called his "basic rule" – namely, that the patient reveal everything that occurred to him during the interview whether it be painful or embarrassing or seemingly unimportant.
The free associations were thus used as a substitute for the direct memory of hypnosis. In hypnosis, however, recollection of repressed events was not used alone to reconstruct etiology but also to discharge those emotions which were linked with the traumatic experiences of the past. When he replaced hypnosis with free association, Freud was-still concerned with the therapeutic importance of the discharge of emotion. He expected the patient to recall the past gradually and, at the same time, to rid himself of the repressed feelings associated with the painful past. Free association differed from cathartic hypnosis in that the patient's recollections and discharge of emotion took place in small. quantities over a long period, rather than in the more dramatic hypnotic session.
At that time, Freud did not see as clearly as he did later that the real therapeutic problem was not merely to make the patient recall a trauma and discharge those emotions connected with it, but rather to produce certain permanent changes in the ego which would make him capable of remembering painful events and dealing with emotional constellations which had previously been unbearable. This he must have sensed without stating it explicitly. One of his reasons for discarding hypnosis was, to be sure, that. not everyone can be hypnotized; we find indications, however, that he saw even then. that ego resistance had to be dealt with by bringing about a permanent change in the ego, not merely by rendering it defenseless through hypnosis.
It is in his report on Dora's analysis, published in 1905 but completed in 1899, that Freud (1901 ) gives his first account of transference – his most important discovery – which provides the most powerful instrument yet found for overcoming the, patient's resistance to facing disturbing emotional experiences. In this treatment, he was still far from recognizing the full therapeutic significance of the transference phenomenon with all its technical implications. From that time on, however, a consistent development can be observed-. After this discovery, the search for memories – that is to say, the intellectual reconstruction of the patient's life history-gave place more and more to the utilization, for therapeutic purposes, of the emotional attitudes developed by the patient toward the physician during analysis. The handling of transference manifestations and the patient's resistance gradually became the center of the therapy.
The emotional reaction of the patient toward the analyst Freud called "transference" because he saw that the patient transferred onto the analyst his neurotic behavior patterns that were based on past experiences, that the patient now entertained toward the therapist the same feelings and conflicts he bad had in his childhood toward some person of authority. This re-living of his neurotic past in his relationship to the therapist in the form of an experimental neurosis of the present, Freud called transference neurosis [Footnote: The expression "transference neurosis" was also used by Freud in a different sense, referring to certain types of neurosis like hysteria in contrast to a narcissistic neurosis like the manic-depressive conditions. It is not in this sense that the expression is used in this book]. The transference neurosis is a milder edition of the patients real-life neurosis, of which he is cured step by step in the analysis.
In the transference phenomenon, Freud recognized the same principle so well known in immunology. The organism, receiving small quantities of injected toxins or bacteria, develops defenses against them. These antibodies enable the organism to protect itself against the invasion of the original toxins and bacteria when re-exposed to infection. In the transference neurosis, the patient learns to deal with small quantities of the same emotional tensions which be could not master in the past and against which he could defend himself only by repression, by excluding the intolerable emotions from consciousness.
After Freud recognized that all the deeply ingrained emotional patterns of the patient the whole infantile nucleus of his personality, gradually came into free expression during the treatment as the defenses against them were overcome, the transference neurosis as a dynamic reenactment of the pathogenic past became the basis of modern psychoanalytic therapy. Later, as we shall see, transference analysis transformed therapy into a methodical training of the ego, gradually enabling the patient to, deal with conflictful psychological situations which he had avoided before on account of carlier traumatic experiences. Although both principles-the old etiological reconstruction of the past, and the newer analysis of transference manifestations-continued side by side in theory and practice, their mutual relationship was not fully clarified f or a long time.
After Freud's discovery of the significance of the transference, it took about fifteen years for psychoanalytic therapy to emancipate itself from the formulations based on the one-act drama, cathartic hypnosis, and become transformed into a procedure aimed at achieving permanent changes in the ego's functional capacity by a slowly progressing emotional training – more an educational process than a therapy in the original sense.
This transformation is not yet complete. The present-day standard technique, and particularly our therapeutic attitudes and thinking, still display many features which belong to the earlier phases. The main purpose of this book is to hasten this transformation and to encourage the development of more pertinent forms of psychotherapy.
Arena of psychotherapy. Some analysts still work on the assumption that the curative process takes place mainly on the couch, the doctor by his interpretations performing a "therapeutic act" upon the patient. They have not yet fully appreciated the significance of the fact that psychoanalytic treatment is a part of the patient's ego development. For the most part, this assumption that the therapeutic process is confined to the couch is an uncritical carry-over from the past. Any psychodynamically well-trained therapist (should he seriously try to figure out the therapeutic significance of the events in the patient's daily life) would agree that under the influence of the emotional and intellectual experiences on the couch, the patient becomes capable of having beneficial experiences in his life-at his office with his colleagues, superiors and inferiors; with his wife or his lover; with his children-and that the therapeutic achievements result in part from these life experiences.
Although we are still influenced by the dramatic curative happenings of the hypnotic sessions, common sense requires every sound therapist to reckon with the effect of the patient's daily life and, if absolutely necessary, to; interfere. Many practitioners, however, consider it a "practical compromise" and not a desirable part of the treatment to offer any direction to the patient in regard to his daily life. Consequently, a divided attitude has developed: as a scientifically trained therapist, the physician feels he should center his whole attention on the interviews; as a man of common sense, he knows he must guide the patient's daily activities to some degree. The common failure lies in not making this guidance an integral part of the whole treatment.
The analytic sessions may be considered catalytic agents, speeding up and making possible new relationships and experiences. The influence upon the ego of these experiences of daily life is as great as and often much greater than that of the interviews. Having the courage of one's convictions and speaking up in the office for the first time may be the beginning of a profound change in a patient's capacity for self-assertion which had been inhibited by a suppressive home atmosphere in his early childhood. Although this becomes possible only through the experience of the analytic interviews and follows the first successful self-assertion of the patient toward the therapist, the therapeutic influence of such an actual experience is much greater than that of the interviews themselves which are but a "shadow play" of real life.
The practical consequences of the assumption that the therapeutic process is confined to the interviews, are enormous. It is responsible for many unjustifiably prolonged treatments, for the unnecessary insistence upon daily interviews when weekly interviews may suffice or may be preferable. It is responsible for our fear of interrupting the treatment, even at the right moment. It is responsible for our not clarifying one of the most general experiences of psychoanalytic therapy-the mysterious post-analytic improvement. This orientation is also responsible for not recognizing those phases in psychoanalysis when daily interviews become detrimental to the cure, giving the patient an excuse for avoiding experiences in life and substituting for them the safe experiences of the analytic sessions.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RECOVERED MEMORIES. The belief that the recovery of memories is, in itself, one of the most important therapeutic factors, is still held by many psychoanalysts and in a sense can be considered to be a residue of the period of cathartic hypnosis. The persistent emphasis upon intellectual reconstructions of memory gaps can possibly be traced back to the relatively short period of waking suggestion; but it was the still greater emphasis during the free association phase on the intellectual understanding of the past that made psychoanalytic treatment almost synonymous with genetic research. As a result, the filling in of memory gaps became crystallized as the therapeutic goal of psychoanalysis. This exaggerated emphasis has long hampered both the understanding of why patients remember repressed events and the correct evaluation of their therapeutic significance. It was not until 1930 that the recovery of memories was demonstrated to be not the cause of therapeutic progress but its result, and that recollection of repressed childhood memories occurs, as a rule, only after the same type of emotional constellation has been experienced and mastered in the transference situation (Alexander, 1930).
All repressions follow the pattern set up by the child when he first repressed painful emotions his weak and inexperienced ego could not cope with. Recently repressed emotions are more easily recaptured than the corresponding infantile material. When the patient has learned to accept recently repressed material that has been brought to consciousness within the transference relationship, his ego becomes more permeable and he is enabled to recover earlier memories of the same emotional coloring, with which his mature ego can now contend successfully. The real therapeutic accomplishment consists in the patient's successful mastery in the transference relationship of a previously unbearable emotional conflict. Remembering the original traumatic experience may be considered an indicator of progress. The fact that the patient can now remember something he could not before, simply shows that his ego's capacity to face a certain type of unbearable emotional constellation has been increased through the treatment.
"From the repetition-reactions which are exhibited in the transference, the familiar paths lead back to the awakening of the memories, which yield themselves without difficulty after the resistances have been overcome" (Freud S., Collected Papers, Vol. II, p. 375. London: Hogarth Press, 1924).
It is unfortunate that this isolated remark of Freud's was not developed earlier and in greater detail, with all its significant consequences for therapy.
The recovery of memories is not only a barometer of progress indicating the -ego's increased ability to face repressed emotional situations; it has the additional therapeutic value of helping the patient learn how to discriminate between the past and the present situation. For example, a patient's early manifestations of aggressiveness have been intimidated by a father who required complete submissiveness from his son. As a result (following the principle of "spreading" or generalization of emotional reactions) the patient has become inhibited in all situations in which he faces a person of authority. By reviving the past emotional reactions toward the father, we enable the patient to develop the power to differentiate between the original childhood situation and his present status. He will then realize that he is no longer helpless and can afford to resist the oppressive attitude of others.
The principal curative powers of this treatment, however, lie in the fact that he can express his aggressiveness toward the therapist without being punished, and can assert himself without being censured. This actual experience is needed before the patient gains the emotional perception that he is no longer a child facing an omnipotent father. This type of emotional experience as it occurs during treatment, we call "corrective emotional experience" and we consider it the most important factor in all uncovering types of therapy.
It is not necessary – nor is it possible – during the course of treatment to recall every feeling that has been repressed. Therapeutic results can be achieved without the patient's recalling all important details of his past history; indeed, good therapeutic results have come in cases in which not a single forgotten memory has been brought to the surface. Ferenczi and Rank were among the first to recognize this principle and apply it to therapy. However, the early belief that the patient "suffers from memories" has so deeply penetrated the minds of the analysts that even today it is difficult for many to recognize that the patient is suffering not so much from his memories as from his incapacity to deal with his actual problems of the moment. The past events have of course prepared the way for his present difficulties, but then every person's reactions are dependent upon behavior patterns formed in the past.
Merely remembering an intimidating or demoralizing event does not change the effect of such an experience. Only a corrective experience can undo the effect of the old. 'Fhis new corrective experience may be supplied by the transference relationship, by new experiences in life, or by both. A genetic reconstruction of the past is less important for the patient than for the physician; to him it is essential because only in the light of the past will he be able to understand and interpret the meaning of the patient's transference behavior. It is on this understanding that he bases his treatment and helps the patient to find a better and happier way to live.
We have given this brief outline of the history of basic psychoanalytic principles in order to show the logical development of our flexible approach to psychiatric problems. It is by no means a comprehensive statement of the history of psychoanalysis from Freud to the present. If it were, many more names would have to be included to show their influence on the growth of this discipline.
In historical perspective, our work is a continuation and realization of ideas first proposed by Ferenczi and Rank (1924). They advocated an emphasis upon emotional experience instead of intellectual genetic understanding of the sources of the patient's symptoms. They held that emotional experience should replace the search for memories and intellectual reconstruction. At the same time, they proposed another radical departure from the usual procedure by setting a date of termination for treatment. In this respect also, they were groping in the right direction; unfortunately, they did not draw the correct technical conclusion (as to termination) from their correct evaluation of psychoanalysis as a kind of emotional training. Enforced termination was not a method which cold be used successfully in the majority of cases and, because of this one faulty technical generalization, the many valid parts of Ferenczi and Rank's contribution did not find adequate recognition.
The briefest of historical outlines would be incomplete without some mention of the work of Jung and Adler, both of whom were associated with Freud in the early days of psychoanalysis. Each developed a school of his own and each has made well-known contributions both to psychodynamic theory and to psychotherapeutic techniques based on psychodynamic principles which it would be of interest to discuss if only space permitted.
A review of the literature in the field of psychoanalytic therapy of the last decade would reveal a large body of ideas and observations similar in direction to the views expressed in this book. Of the more recent contributions, the work of Oberndorf (1942) comes nearest to the orientation of this study. To give anything like an adequate account of recent work in this field would go far beyond the limits set for this volume.
In all forms of etiological psychotherapy, the basic therapeutic principle is the same: to reexpose the patient, under more favorable circumstances, to emotional situations which he could not handle in the past. The patient, in order to be helped, must undergo a corrective emotional experience suitable to repair the traumatic influence of previous experiences. It is of secondary importance whether this corrective experience takes place during treatment in the transference relationship, or parallel with the treatment in the daily life of the patient.
The simplest example of such a corrective, experience is offered by the procedure called narcosynthesis. The patient in narcosis re-lives in fantasy the dangers of combat which he had been unable emotionally to master in reality. Because the narcotic and the presence of the therapist in whom he has confidence reduce the intensity of his anxiety, the patient becomes more capable of facing the situation to which he had succumbed.
The character of the transference relationship is unique in that the patient has an opportunity to display any of a great variety of behavior patterns. It is important to realize that the mastery of an unresolved conflict in this relationship becomes possible, not only because the transference conflict is less intense than the original one, but also because the analyst assumes an attitude different from that which the parent had assumed toward the child in the original conflict situation.
While the patient continues to act according to outdated patterns, the analyst's reaction conforms strictly to the actual therapeutic situation. This makes the patients transference behavior a one-sided shadow-boxing, and thus the therapist has an opportunity, to help the patient both to see intellectually and to feel the irrationality of his emotional reactions. At the same time, the analyst's objective, understanding attitude allows the patient to deal differently with his emotional reactions and thus- to make a new settlement of the old problem. The old pattern was an attempt at adaptation on the part of the child to parental behavior. When one link (the parental response) in this interpersonal relationship is changed through the medium of the therapist, the patient's reaction becomes pointless.
In the formulation of the dynamics of treatment, the usual tendency is to stress the repetition of the old conflict in the transference relationship and to emphasize the similarity of the old conflict situation to the transference situation. The therapeutic significance of the differences between the original conflict situation and the present therapeutic situation is often overlooked. And in just this difference lies the secret of the therapeutic value of the analytic procedure. Because the therapist's attitude is different from that of the authoritative person of the past, he gives the patient an opportunity to face again and again, under more favorable circumstances, those emotional situations which were formerly unbearable and to deal with them in a manner different from the old.
This can be accomplished only through actual experience in the patient's relationship to the therapist; intellectual insight alone is not sufficient. It is, however, vitally necessary' for the therapist to have a clear understanding of the genetic development of the patient's emotional difficulties so that be may revive for the patient the original conflict situations from which he has retreated. The patient's intellectual understanding of the genetics has only an accessory significance. The more precisely the therapist understands the dynamics and is thus able to reactivate the early attitudes, the more adequately can he provide, by his own attitude, the new experiences necessary to produce therapeutic results.
A completely neutral psychoanalyst does not exist in reality, nor wold he be desirable. While it is necessary that the therapist maintain an objective, helpful attitude at all times, within this attitude lies the possibility of a great variety of responses to the patient. Spontaneous reactions to the patient's attitudes are frequently not desirable for the therapy, since they may repeat the parents' impatience or solicitude which caused the neurosis and cannot, therefore, constitute the corrective experience necessary for cure.
Jean Valjean did not know why he had robbed the boy. He felt clearly, however, that "if he were not henceforth the best of men he would be the worst, that he must now ascend higher than the bishop or sink lower than the galley-slave, that if he wished to be good he must become an angel, and if be wished to remain wicked that he must become a monster." Here the author interrupts his dramatic narration and goes into a psychodynamic discussion of Valjean's emotional processes in an attempt to explain his sudden conversion.
HUGO's DYNAMIC PERCEPTION. Were it not for the episode with Gervais and Hugo's – psychological explanation of Valjean's emotional state, the story of Valjean's conversion would not deserve our attention. The scene with the bishop which demonstrates the effect of kindness upon unfortunate and maltreated pariahs is anything but novel. The encounter with the boy, however, shows not only that Hugo instinctively understood the emotional metamorphosis but also that he was acquainted with the dynamic process in all its details. Hugo shows us explicitly-and no better explanation could be given today-why Valjean behaved in such an inhuman manner toward little Gervais, robbing the helpless boy just after he had been overwhelmed by the bishop's generosity.
Hugo understood that the bishop's act was a violent attack upon Valjean's precarious emotional equilibrium, which consisted in being cruel toward a cruel world, and Hugo saw that Valjean in response had to reestablish his balance in a spiteful insistence upon being bad.
In this, Hugo describes an experience well known in psychoanalysis; that whenever a symptom or neurotic attitude is attacked by the treatment, a recrudescence of the symptom usually occurs before the patient is able to give it up altogether. The experienced psychoanalyst knows this storm before the calm, this exacerbation of the morbid condition which precedes improvement, and he watches with eager expectation for its occurrence.
MODEL OF BRIEF PSYCHOTHERAPY. We might question that one favorable experience could undo the cumulative effects of lifelong maltreatment. We are justified, however, in assuming that Valjean, although a hardened criminal, had a conscience which was rendered ineffective only by the hardships of his emotional development. He had to emphasize to himself his adverse fate in order to feel free to act destructively. This equilibrium was disturbed by the bishop's unexpected and extraordinary kindness.
Valjean's conversion took place within a few hours; it is a model of brief psychotherapy. This masterpiece of psychodynamic analysis was written in 1862, about sixty years before Freud introduced his concept of the super-ego and its compelling influence upon human behavior.
The work set forth in this volume is a logical continuation of a trend in psychotherapy which began with Freud's discovery of the phenomenon of transference as the dynamic agent of the curative process. Expressed more concretely, the main therapeutic result of our work is the conclusion that, in order to be relieved of his neurotic ways of feeling and acting, the patient must, undergo new emotional experiences suited to undo the morbid effects of the emotional experiences of his earlier life. Other therapeutic factors – such as intellectual insight, abreaction, recollection of the past, etc. – are all subordinated to this central therapeutic principle.
Re-experiencing the old, unsettled conflict but with a new ending is the secret of every penetrating therapeutic result Only the actual experience of a new solution in the transference situation or in his everyday life gives the patient the conviction that a new solution is possible and induces him to give up the old neurotic patterns. By repetition, these corrected reactions gradually become automatic; the ego accepts the new attitudes and integrates them into the total personality. It is thus that therapeutic results become consolidated.
In the patient-physician relationship, the therapist has an unique opportunity to provide the patient with precisely that type of corrective experience which he needs for recovery. It is a secondary question what technique is employed to bring it about. The standard psychoanalytic technique is only one – and not in every case the most suitable one – of the many possible applications of fundamental psychodynamic principles that can be utilized for this kind of emotional training. Moreover, every therapy which increases the integrative functions of the ego (through re-exposing the patient under more favorable conditions to those conflicts which have before been met with neurotic defense mechanisms) should be called psychoanalytic, no matter whether its duration is for one or two interviews, for several weeks or months, or for several years.
One of the most significant practical results of our study is the clear recognition of certain definite disadvantages in any routine procedure. just as a strain of bacteria may adapt itself to the drug. being used for its extermination and become sulfa- or penicillin-resistant, so neurotic mechanisms often adapt themselves to a standardized technique and thus rob it of its therapeutic effectiveness. The result may be an "interminable" transference neurosis in which the patient replaces his old disturbance with a neurotic relationship to his doctor which gradually loses most of its suffering and retains chiefly a morbid gratification-thus becoming a new method of evading those problems in life from which he retreated by means of his neurotic symptoms. Only by constantly counteracting the patient's regressive tendencies and changing the routine procedure can this most vulnerable feature of the standard psychoanalytic technique be annulled.
In this connection it is important' to remember that the patient's new emotional experiences are not confined to the therapeutic situation; outside the, treatment he has emotional experiences which profoundly influence him. The corrective emotional experiences within the transference situation enable the patient to endure or to meet successfully life experiences which he had been unable to face before, and the influence of the treatment is itself reinforced by each such success. A proper coordination of life and therapeutic experiences is the basis for determining when a change in the frequency of the interviews or an interruption of treatment is necessary. At a certain phase in every treatment it will be desirable to have the patient translate into his actual life experience his newly acquired reaction patterns without the support of the therapist. In such a phase an interruption, long or short, is indicated.
All this can be summarized as the principle of flexibility in treatment: the application of the technique best suited to the nature of the case [Elsewhere in the book (ch. 1, p. 6), Alexander states: "Among these modifications of the standard technique are: using not only the method of free associations but interviews of a more direct character, manipulating the frequency of the interviews, giving directives to the patient concerning his daily life, employing interruptions of long or short duration in preparation for ending the treatment, regulating the transference relationship to meet the specific needs of the case, and making use of real-life experiences as an integral part of the therapy" (Note of the Editor)]. This principle of flexibility opens for psychoanalytic therapy new possibilities of great social significance.
Originally, psychiatry dealt almost exclusively with the custodial care of advanced cases of psychosis. With greater psychological understanding of the nature of mental disturbances came the development of the practice of psychiatry in offices and out-patient clinics. These cases, well-diagnosed forms of severe chronic psychoneurosis, were ambulatory patients who continued to live in their usual environment during a prolonged treatment of almost daily interviews. We can now extend the scope of rational psychotherapy to include an even greater number of maladjusted persons, to include not only many severe psychoneurotics who have been unable to benefit from the standard technique (because of insufficient time or money) but also that even greater group-the acute, the mild chronic, and the incipient psychoneurotics.
As a result of the gradual extension of the scope of psychiatry in general, the understanding of the nature and methods of psychiatry and of the functioning of the human personality is becoming a part of contemporary public knowledge. Mental illnesses, which until recently were little understood and were therefore an open field for conjecture and superstition, are gradually losing their stigma and yielding to a more reasonable point of view. Already it is becoming a natural part of everyday life to consult a psychiatrist when the occasion arises, just as one 1yould consult any other specialist, and it no longer need be shrouded in shameful secrecy.
The development of bacteriology, the knowledge of disease-curing germs, became the foundation of public hygiene and, by preventing the periodic extermination of the population through epidemics, made congested living in large cities possible. Contemporary man now faces a problem of, if possible, even greater magnitude: the problem of, living together harmoniously in a highly differentiated civilization. The majority of mental disturbances are failures of adjustment by the individual to social living-an adjustment which is becoming more and more difficult in this era of transition wherein social values and standards are so rapidly changing. Harmonious emotional adjustment has thus become a problem for the large majority of the population.
Here lies the most vital function of psychotherapy: to give rational aid to all those who show early signs of maladjustment. A flexible approach, based on sound general principles of psychodynamics and adjustable to the great variety of those in need, is therefore a pressing necessity of our day.
The progress of psychiatry in the past bas been characterized by the gradual improvement of mental hospitals. The new development will come to expression in the creation of well-staffed out-patient clinics where the large number of incipient cases – all those whose emotional balance bas been impaired through the complex human relationships in our fluid, ever-changing and highly differentiated society – will receive rational, dynamic psychotherapy.
Aichhorn A. (1925). Verwahrloste Jugend. Leipzig: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag (trad. ingl.: Wayward Youth. New York: Viking Press, 1935; trad. it.: Gioventÿ traviata. Milano: Bompiani, 1950).
Alexander F. (1930). Zur Genese des Kastrationskomplexes. Internationale Zeitschift für Psychoanalyse, 1930, XVI Band (English transl. by C.F. Menninger: Concerning the genesis of the castration complex. Psychoanalytic Review, 1935, XXII, 1).
Ferenczi S. & Rank O. (1924). Entzvicklungsziele der Psychoanalyse. Wien: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag (English transl. by Caroline Newton: The Development of Psychoanalysis. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1925).
Freud S. (1895). The psychotherapy of hysteria. In: Breuer J. & Freud S., Studies on Hysteria (1892 -1895), Chapter IV. Standard Edition, 2: 253-306.
Freud S. (1901 ). Fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria [Dora's case]. Standard Edition, 7: 7-124.
Hugo V. (1862). Les Miserables (Italian transl.: I miserabili. Milano: Mursia, 1958-1970).
Oberndorf C.P. (1942). Factors in psychoanalytic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 98: 750.


Should You Travel This Holiday Season?
Growing up there was never a question as to what my family and I would do on Christmas Day. The morning was always spent opening presents with my family, and in the afternoon we shared Christmas dinner with both sides of the family. This was just a perk of all of us living within 1 mile of each other. It never mattered to me where the holidays were hosted; I just couldn't wait to see my family. As excited as I was to get presents, I felt the importance of the love and connection of family at a very young age.
Ideally, for me, this is how Christmas Day would go every year. As a military family, Christmases have been very different. During the years when my husband was deployed, I chose to travel and visit my family for Christmas as a means of self-preservation and healing. I knew I needed the comfort of the memories in order to get me through without my husband.
Three years ago, we implemented "Operation: Stay Home For Christmas". Why? We were exhausted, and more importantly, our kids were exhausted. The travel back and forth was just too much. It also didn't help that my parents were newly separated, making the holidays even harder to try and coordinate where and when we were meeting with who.
While the importance of sharing this holiday with family is still something we instill in our children, they also have to understand that sometimes we just need to stay put and create our own memories at home. We of course open the doors to those who wish to visit, but we stay put.
What were the pros of staying home? We had the opportunity to spend more time in and around our home creating our own Christmas traditions. We had the chance to relax and unwind rather than pack up and load the car. We had more time to embrace the spirit of the season and less time traveling. Those who have traveled with kids understand that traveling with them is more than enough to kick Christmas cheer to the curb!
If you travel, you get to see your family you haven't seen in a long time, it is also nice to share with your kids the traditions you grew up with.
If you stay home, it can potentially help with your budget. Sometimes travel expenses cut into your budget and makes saving money during this time of year harder.
I have heard many stories from military friends that they have to travel to see their extended families during the holidays because it would make so-and-so mad if they didn't. They are stressed and frazzled from the pressure of taking their kids on long trips just to appease others. Although we miss seeing our families during the years we choose not to travel, sometimes a military family needs to do what is best for its family unit.
There are two sides to everything. You must remember that whatever choice you make, make it with the best intention for your family.
Will you be traveling this holiday season? Share your tips with us in the comments below!


Throughout the last number of years, I've worked as both a studio artist and a commissioned painter. When commissioned to create one of my photorealist paintings, I work closely with my clients to develop a deeper understanding of their unique needs, tastes, and preferences.
From there, I create customized art that aligns with their purposes, single works of art, large scale paintings, or complete series of paintings.
Portraiture is my true passion. I'm specifically drawn into the eyes of my subjects because I see the eyes as serving as a gateway into the soul. By representing my subjects realistically, their portrait serves as an entryway into the larger conversation of who they are.


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Twins Acquire Shortstop Kyle Farmer In Trade With Reds
Jeff Dean, ASSOCIATED PRESS
FILE - Cincinnati Reds' Kyle Farmer bats during the team's baseball game against the St. Louis Cardinals on Aug. 31, 2022, in Cincinnati. The Minnesota Twins have acquired Farmer from the Reds in a trade for minor-league right-hander Casey Legumina. (AP Photo/Jeff Dean, File)
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — The Minnesota Twins acquired shortstop Kyle Farmer from Cincinnati on Friday night in a trade that sent minor league right-hander Casey Legumina to the Reds.
Farmer gives the Twins middle infield flexibility regardless of whether they get a new deal done this winter with free agent shortstop Carlos Correa. The 32-year-old Farmer batted .255 with 14 home runs and 78 RBIs in 526 at-bats for the Reds in 2022, his second season as a regular in the lineup. He started 98 games at shortstop, 36 at third base and 10 as the designated hitter.
The Twins traded third baseman Gio Urshela to the Los Angeles Angels earlier on Friday for minor league right-hander Alejandro Hidalgo.
Jorge Polanco is entrenched as the second baseman and Luis Arraez and Jose Miranda are on track to take the corner infield spots, but if Correa doesn't return the Twins would need a regular shortstop.
Prized prospect Royce Lewis is recovering from another torn ACL and likely won't be ready for action until midseason. Nick Gordon is the only other natural shortstop on the roster, but his greatest value to the Twins is his versatility. Gordon started 78 games in the outfield last year, 29 at second base and seven at shortstop.
Farmer made his major league debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2017. He is eligible for salary arbitration.
Legumina was an eighth-round draft pick by the Twins in 2019 out of Gonzaga University. He has a 4.25 ERA in 135 2/3 innings over two minor league seasons, with 25 starts in 48 appearances. Legumina finished 2022 with Double-A Wichita.
The Twins also tendered contracts to their remaining seven players eligible for arbitration: Arraez, left-handed reliever Caleb Thielbar, right-handed relievers Jorge Alcala, Jorge López and Emilio Pagán, and right-handed starters Tyler Mahle and Chris Paddack. Outfielder Kyle Garlick avoided arbitration earlier this month by signing a one-year, $750,000 deal.
Athlete compensation
Athlete contracts
Sports transactions
Kyle Garlick
Luis Arraez
Tyler Mahle

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You can earn a 5% commission by selling 1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!


Nestle SA's Indian unit, which is recovering from the biggest crisis in its history, plans to reduce its dependence on Maggi noodles and introduce more products from its global portfolio. An order by the Indian food safety regulator in June to recall the popular snack resulted in the company's first ever quarterly loss in more than 15 years. By Adi Narayan (Bloomberg) Read more.
ABB Ltd., in which activist investor Cevian Capital AB has been building a stake, is pooling its power-distribution assets in a possible prelude to selling the unit as part of an accelerated overhaul. ABB will gather its utilities operations, spanning high-voltage power lines, substations and transformers into a new Power Grids division, the Zurich-based company said Wednesday. While supplying utility companies generates an estimated $12.6 billion in revenue, according to Bank of America, it's viewed by analysts as a weaker part of ABB's portfolio, under pricing pressure and competition from emerging market peers. By Alice Baghdjian (Bloomberg). Read more.


- Flannel, felt or wool may only be used for embellishment which you are free to use, but please attach by sewing.
- Stitch around fusible appliqué.
- Put your name on a back seam allowance of each of the 15 blocks.
All of us want to get great blocks in the exchange. To do that we must all create great blocks. Blocks that do not follow the rules will be returned to the maker.
Place the blocks in a ziplock bag labeled with your name. Blocks will be accepted until the November meeting. Your bag will be returned to you at the Christmas party with 15 different, beautiful blocks done by your guild buddies. If you cannot make the party, we will bring your blocks to the January meeting.
How to participate? At the September or October meeting: Sign up with Amy Steed, make your bocks and turn them in by the November meeting.


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Did Bands Sing Live on Top of the Pops?
Rules relating to performance were also altered meaning acts had to sing live as opposed to the backing tracks for instruments and mimed vocals for which the show was known.
1. When did bands stop miming on Top of the Pops?
2. Which bands played live on Top of the Pops?
3. Who was the first live band on Top of the Pops?
4. Who refused to sing on Top of the Pops?
5. Why didn't they sing live on Top of the Pops?
6. Did Michael Jackson ever appear on Top of the Pops?
7. Why do singers mime?
8. Which band swapped instruments on Top of the Pops?
9. What was the first song played on Radio 2?
10. What was the first record played on Radio 1?
11. What was the last dance troupe on Top of the Pops?
12. Where is Claudia Simon now?
When did bands stop miming on Top of the Pops?
Initially, acts performing on the show mimed to their latest record, but in July 1966, just after the show had been moved to London from Manchester, and after discussions with the Musicians' Union, miming was banned.
Which bands played live on Top of the Pops?
6: Dexys Midnight Runners: 'Jackie Wilson Said' (1982)
5: Blur: 'Country House' (1995)
4: Kate Bush: 'Wuthering Heights' (1978)
3: New Order: 'Blue Monday' (1984)
2: David Bowie: 'Starman' (1972)
1: Nirvana: 'Smells like Teen Spirit' (1991)
Who was the first live band on Top of the Pops?
The very first Top of the Pops, broadcast on a Wednesday evening at 6.36 pm, was introduced by DJ Jimmy Savile. The opening band was The Rolling Stones, who had just made number 13 in the chart with 'I Wanna Be Your Man'.
Who refused to sing on Top of the Pops?
It may seem far-fetched in today's more cynical times, but Maiden refusing to mime truly felt like an important moment in British rock history. Running Free ended up spending five weeks on the charts, entering the Top 40 at number 46 and peaking at 34 in week three on March 8, 1980.
Why didn't they sing live on Top of the Pops?
Did Michael Jackson ever appear on Top of the Pops?
Janice Long and Pat Sharp present the weekly look at the pop charts, first broadcast on 10 February 1983. Featuring The Belle Stars, Toto, Level 42, Michael Jackson, Central Line, China Crisis and Men at Work.
Why do singers mime?
For entertainment and effect. Lip-synching where the audience knows the performer is pretending has also been popular as a form of musical pantomime, in which performers mime to pre-recorded music for the public's entertainment. It is often performed by drag performers (drag queens and drag kings).
Which band swapped instruments on Top of the Pops?
When Nirvana weren't allowed to play their instruments live on Top Of The Pops, Kurt Cobain responded by singing the song in a deep Jim Morrison baritone, not even pretending to play.
What was the first song played on Radio 2?
The first song played on Radio 1 was Flowers In The Rain by The Move. Over on Radio 2, it was Julie Andrews singing The Sound Of Music. 5. George Martin's Theme One, however, was technically the first piece of music on Radio 1.
What was the first record played on Radio 1?
It's the 50th birthday of Radio One – and the first song played on the station was by a Midlands band.
What was the last dance troupe on Top of the Pops?
On 5 November 1981, a week after Legs & Co.'s final on-screen appearance, Zoo, the final featured dance troupe to appear on Top of the Pops, made their debut. They were choreographed by Colby, and consisted of a rotating pool of 12 male and 12 female performers. Their first performance was dancing to Twilight by ELO.
Where is Claudia Simon now?
Claudia Simon
But since then Claudia has disappeared off British television. She moved to the US and was an anchor on Fox Sports until the early Noughties. Claudia continues to work as a freelance sports and music journalist.
Where Did Your Heart Go? (Live from Top of the Pops 1986)
10 Singers Refusing to Lip Sync on TV
Travis – Sing – Top Of The Pops 2001
Why Is My Singing Tone So Bad?
What Did Percy Sledge Song?
When Do Roosters Crow?
Who Is the Girl Singing in Street Runner?
What Do Aha Sing?
Which Harry Potter Hybrid Are You?
What Is Sailing Rocks?


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				<address>Copyright © 2002-2015 Javlin a.s.</address>

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Dear Chamber Members,
Today's COVID-19 business information compiled by your Greater Sumter Chamber Team includes: Governor Issues Stay-at-Home Order, General Assembly Returns For One-Day Session, CDC Issues New Guidance, Chamber Small Business Hotline
Governor McMaster Issues Stay-at-Home and Work Order for South Carolina
In his press conference yesterday, Governor McMaster announced that he had issued Executive Order 2020-21, putting a mandatory "Home-or-Work Order" in place beginning Today at 5:00 pm to help limit the spread of COVID-19. This new order MAKES NO CHANGES to the current list of non-essential businesses that must close. To review that list, see our previous communications here.
The Governor's order requires that all residents and visitors in South Carolina limit their movements outside of their home, UNLESS they are engaged in Essential Business, Essential Activities, or Critical Infrastructure Operations. Additionally, the order requires retail businesses, that are not deemed non-essential, to limit customers to no more than five customers per 1,000 square feet of space or 20% of occupancy limit as determined by the fire marshal, whichever is less.
The Greater Sumter Chamber Team anticipates some questions from members about this new executive order, which we attempt to answer below.
When does the Governor's Home-or-Work Order go into effect?
Tomorrow, April 7th, at 5:00 pm.
How long is the Home-or-Work Order effective?
April 7th at 5:00 pm until the State of Emergency ends.
The Governor's order allows individuals to conduct "Essential Business." What is this?
An Essential Business is any business that has not been deemed "non-essential" by two previous executive orders. See bullet 5. It does NOT mean these business can't operate, it only means they can not be open to the general public.
The Governor's order allows individuals to conduct "Critical Infrastructure Operations." What is this?
Individuals operating commercial vehicles transporting essential goods and products
Individuals are performing any essential services identified by the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency's guidance, including amendments thereto, for continued critical infrastructure viability.
How is the Home-or-Work Order different for businesses than the previous executive orders?
This order does not change the list of "non-essential" businesses that must close. Only companies classified as "non-essential" in the Governor's previous two executive orders must close. See the full list here.
It does require individuals to stay home UNLESS they are conducting "Essential Activities" (see below for explanation).
Also, there are new requirements for retailers not deemed non-essential. Those stores must limit customers to no more than five customers per 1,000 square feet of space or 20% of occupancy limit as determined by the fire marshal, whichever is less.
The Governor's order allows residents to continue to conduct "Essential Activities." What are these activities? Read the order for a full explanation.
Caring for or visiting family
Obtaining necessary goods and services for household consumption and use
Seeking medical care for persons and pets
Engaging in outdoor recreational activities using six feet social distancing
Attending religious services
Is there a penalty for not following this order?
Yes. A violation of this order is a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine (up to $100) or imprisonment for up to 30 days.
Are there travel restrictions punishable by a penalty associated with the Home-or-Work Order?
No, individuals can still travel to essential work and activities as needed. The order requires no special credentials to travel to essential work or activities at this time.
If I'm not sure whether or not I am an essential business, who can I contact?
First, the Governor's previous orders only close "non-essential businesses" and only those on the list, as explained in bullet three. Second, if after reviewing the list, you are still uncertain about whether your business needs to close, then you can complete the "Essential Business Clarification" form via the Department of Commerce's website, email chris.hardy@sumterchamber.com , or call 803-775-1231. The department will review the request, and the business will receive a determination within 24 hours. Finally, the Governor's Office clarified: "If a business is not explicitly addressed in the governor's executive order, the business should continue normal operations until a determination is made."
Some cities have stay-at-home ordinances in effect, like Columbia and Charleston. If I am a business in a city with a stay-at-home ordinance, what order should I follow?
The Governor's previous orders state that his orders "supersedes and preempts" any part of a local ordinance that conflicts with his order. If your business is required to close under a local ordinance but can stay open under the Governor's orders, then we suggest you contact the SC Department of Commerce per bullet 4 for more clarification. Keep in mind that the SC Attorney General has issued an advisory opinion that states local stay-at-home ordinances are still valid until a court determines they violate state law. Attorney General Wilson believes state law only grants the Governor these types of emergency powers.
General Assembly Returning to Columbia for One-Day Session on Wednesday
The SC House of Representatives and SC Senate are returning to Columbia at 1:00 pm on Wednesday, April 8th to take up two key legislative items:
Continuing Resolution: extends funding for state government at current fiscal year levels until the General Assembly can return to pass a new budget. This resolution is needed because the General Assembly isn't likely to meet again for the remainder of the COVID-19 crisis and, therefore, won't be able to pass a new state budget before the fiscal year ends on June 30th.
Sine Die Resolution: extends the legislative session past the date on which regular legislative work ends on May 14th. The Sine Die Resolution will specify when the General Assembly will return, and what specific bills it debates. At this time, we anticipate the General Assembly will return in October and take up bills that have already passed one body and crossed over, including:
The State Budget (H.5201)
Comprehensive Education Reform (S.419)
Business License Tax Reform (H.4431)
Details of Latest CDC Guidelines – Masks and Return to Work Standards
Face Coverings and Masks: On Friday, the CDC recommended that Americans wear face coverings when in certain public settings. Read the details below as you consider what this means for you and your business.
The new recommendations encourage the wearing of cloth face coverings in public settings where social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, like grocery stores and pharmacies.
The CDC emphasized the importance of this new recommendation in areas where significant community-based COVID-19 transmission is high.
This recommendation is considered a voluntary public health measure, and the CDC offers a primer on simple face cloths here.
The practice of six-feet social distancing continues to be a leading technique to slow the spread of the virus. This guidance is in addition to the current interim guidance for employers and businesses offered by the CDC that updates regularly, as well as the March-issued workplace guidance prepared by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
The CDC also notes that surgical masks and N95 respirators are critical supplies that we must reserve for the nation's health care workforce and first responders.
Updated Return-To-Work Standards: The CDC has provided updated guidance on when a person with COVID-19 or a person exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms may discontinue home isolation and return to work.
Previous guidance: recommends the person to self-quarantine for 14 days.
Updated guidance: allows people to end home isolation and return to work before the previous 14-day period under certain conditions.
Continued guidance: employers should immediately separate employees who are exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms when they arrive at work or who become sick during the day from other employees, customers, and visitors.
Chamber Small Business Hotline
The Chamber of Commerce has launched a new Small Business Hotline to answer any questions regarding the Governors Executive Orders, SBA disaster recovery programs and the Payroll Protection Program. If you have any questions about how these new orders will affect your business or anything you feel the Chamber can do for you please call Chris Hardy at 803-774-2402. This line will ring directly to me in my office, if I am unable to answer the phone please leave a message and I will return your call at the next available opportunity.
These and other resources for businesses are available on our COVID-19 website.


Fall announces itself in Japan with the startling turning of the leaves. Discover dazzling shades of yellow, red and rust flaming across the mountains, countryside, and city avenues, lending a golden glow to Japan's architectural wonders. Experience autumn, in this beautiful country!


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HomeStoriesWhen Scotland had a National Stage Race: Part 2 - The Pro-Am...
When Scotland had a National Stage Race: Part 2 – The Pro-Am Years
By Al Hamilton
In Part 1 of "When Scotland had a National Stage Race" we saw the domination of the East Europeans that ended with the introduction of Professionals in to the Scottish Milk Race. The first year it was the British based pro's, then the big boys in the shape of the Belgian Isjberk-Gios team arrived in 1978 and set fire to the race, so instead of an East European domination we now had a Continental Pro domination, but they had something the Czechoslovakians, Poles, East Germans or Russians didn't have: style; class; and that "Pro-appeal".
The year was 1977 and the Scottish Milk Race had gone Pro-Am for the first time. Co-organizer; the late Arthur Campbell, said before the start "perhaps the shape of things to come". How right he was, as now we have open racing all around the world.
Many people thought it would be a Polish and Czech whitewash, but they didn't know the hardman character of Sid Barras. Barras had some trouble from the Pole Stanislav Szozda and the strong Czech team, but "Super Sid" never lost control at any point in the five stage race.
2nd overall Szozda with teammate Synowiecki.
The field consisted of teams representing the nations of Scotland, Great Britain, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Holland and Ireland, they were joined by three British professional teams; Bantel, Holdsworth/Campagnolo and Carlton-Weinmann, and the Swiss team of ADS-Colnago.
The Bantel team leader, Sid Barras took the first yellow jersey by winning the first stage in Rouken Glen Park by out sprinting Szozda, Matousek (Czech), Graham Jones (GB) and Kostadinov (Czech), his time bonus gave him the lead, but 10 seconds are not much in hand and by the end of stage two Barras and Szozda were on the same time overall.
Stage 2 was from East Kilbride to Leven, unluckiest rider has to Irishman, Mick Nulty who punctured but was unable to get back to the bunch and due to a circuit around East Kilbribe he was lone leader of the race on the road (one lap down) and so he had to be disqualified, the luck of the Irish!
Klasa won the stage bunch gallop into Leven, with Szozda second in front of Barras in third and this put them on the same time and it looked like the gauntlet had been thrown down by the Pole and battle would be fought over the coming days.
Ed's hero – Hugh Porter.
Stage 3, Arbroath to Aberdeen and stage four from Stonehaven to Dunfermline, both ended in stale-mate with large group sprints.
Paul Sherwen leading an escape group to Dunfermline.
The stages had many attacks and groups trying to split things up, but any dangerous break to Barras was brought back by ex-pursuit World Champion and Ed Hood's hero, Hugh Porter, who kept thing together so well that Barras was always finishing one place in front of his rival, Szozda.
Sid wins into Aberdeen.
Two very active protagonists who went on to ride and finish the Tour de France were Paul Sherwen and Graham Jones, and it was Jones who nearly stole the race on stage four, but was reeled in (it was suggested at the time) by a combine of the British Pro teams.
Graham Jones forces the pace on Cairn O' Mount.
Going into the last stage from Dunfermline to Ayr. Barras had a 40 second advantage on Szozda and had him watched through out the stage.
At the finish Barras could allow a few unimportant riders slip away, Scheuneman from Holland took the stage from a young man named Robert Millar in a Scotland jersey and Barras finished in 1w0th position and held his winning margin over Szozda and the first Pro-Am Scottish Milk Race was a success.
What about the home riders? It was not a great race for the Scottish riders, apart from Robert Millar's second spot on stage five, the only other rider of merit was the evergreen Sandy Gilchrist who was ninth overall and got in the top on another occasion, the Scotland team were sixth.


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The Chicago Food Swap started its fourth year off with a bang at the January food swap. A few timely mentions in the local press, such as the Chicago Reader and the Check Please Planner, brought a wave of new swappers who mixed right in with the returning veterans. And there was plenty of delicious food all around.
One of the highlights of the January swap was the presence of our terrific sponsor: Challenge Butter. Challenge Butter is the West Coast's best-selling brand of butter and now it is widely available in Chicago. Two swappers, Michelle and Kristina, used Challenge Butter to create original swap items, including pineapple curd, salted caramel sauce and green tea whoopie pies. I tried all three and they were uniformly delicious.
Every attendee got to go home with a handy Challenge Butter reusable shopping bag — the kind that fits easily in your purse for when you are out and about — an adorable Challenge Dairy cow squeeze toy and, best of all, a coupon to try Challenge Butter for free. Thanks to Challenge Butter for your support and welcome to Chicago!
Maybe it was just me, but I noticed fewer sweets than usual at this month's swap. I think everyone has finally listened to my advice that savory items do well. New swapper Teri and her teen daughter Lucy brought several kinds of soup and an Ottolenghi rice salad, which made them very popular indeed. Vegan swapper Betsy was back with soup as well, including an amazing Brazilian stew that I cannot wait to try. Second-time swapper Lori is known for her sweets, like peppermint fudge, but even she brought a saffron potato soup that will make a very nice dinner for me this week.
Savory baked goods were also popular. New swapper Benny brought several kinds of homemade bread, which will go very nicely with all that soup. Veteran swapper, and vegan. Alison, had several delicious items, one of which, a rosemary flatbread, was too good to pass up. The Kostyo siblings brought an English muffin toasting bread that was full of nooks and crannies.
Food blogger Christina brought a Yugoslavian cheese, egg and spinach pie that was so rich and yummy. I scored one and my husband and I are going to come to blows over who gets to eat it.
Due to the season, there were fewer foods in jars than usual. But recipe-tester extraordinaire Gena did bring some pickled fennel that I happen to know is outstanding. (It's from my recipe.) And I spied some trendy fermented foods, including Celeste's kim chi and Christina's miso dressing.
Drinks were also quite popular with new swapper Ruth offering multiple kinds of homemade wine. Danielle, a veteran swapper, brought a hibiscus syrup that people were going crazy for. Alison brought a super-trendy shrub and Mike of the Chicago Food Bloggers had an amazing cinnamon syrup that everyone wanted for their coffee.
All that savory food aside, there were plenty of baked goods and sweets to go around. In addition to the sweets already mentioned, new swapper Mia brought adorable miniature apple pies and homemade marshmallows. New swapper Katie had several kinds of quick breads, including a scrumptious lemon blueberry, and Gena brought cinnamon swirl banana bread in an effort to use up the bananas stashed in her freezer. (I do that too with brown bananas.) Elyse, a relatively new but very enthusiastic swapper, had homemade peppermint patties, which I was not quick enough to get, more's the pity.
In short, the January swap was a great way to kick off the Chicago Food Swap's fourth year. We are excited to return to the Fearless Food Kitchen in just a few weeks for the February 15 swap. Registration is now open, so won't you please join us?
Such a gorgeous, cool and unique place for party planning. Everything about it was a dream come true! I hope I get invited to more amazing events here!


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GIANT TO GO C-STORE TO DEBUT CARLISLE, Pa. Giant-Carlisle's new convenience store concept, called Giant to Go, is scheduled for its grand opening this week in Lancaster, Pa. The 4,422-square-foot store will offer a new kind of convenience store experience, Giant said in a statement, combining an emphasis on the fresh items and the quality of its Giant supermarkets with savings from its Bonus Card
'GIANT TO GO' C-STORE TO DEBUT
CARLISLE, Pa. — Giant-Carlisle's new convenience store concept, called Giant to Go, is scheduled for its grand opening this week in Lancaster, Pa. The 4,422-square-foot store "will offer a new kind of convenience store experience," Giant said in a statement, combining an emphasis on the fresh items and the quality of its Giant supermarkets with savings from its Bonus Card loyalty program. The store will include an eight-pump fuel station and will offer the brand's Gas Extra Rewards program, which provides gas discounts for qualifying purchases at Giant or Giant to Go stores.
BI-LO GETS $125M IN FINANCING
GREENVILLE, S.C. — Bi-Lo here said it had received court approval for a revised $125 million in debtor-in-possession financing facility from GE Capital. The company said it had reviewed "several" DIP financing proposals from different lenders since filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection three weeks ago. "We are pleased to have reached this agreement," said Michael Byars, president and chief executive officer of Bi-Lo, in a prepared statement. "The revised agreement we have reached with GE Capital provides us with more liquidity on better overall terms than originally proposed." Several creditors, including Ahold, the former owner of Bi-Lo, had filed objections to the retailer's original plan.
PENN TRAFFIC CLOSING TWO STORES
SYRACUSE, N.Y. — Retailer Penn Traffic here will close two stores early next month, a company spokesman told SN last week. Employees at the stores — a P&C Foods location in Clyde, N.Y., and a Bi-Lo supermarket in Hollidaysburg, Pa. — were informed that the stores will close by May 2. With the closures Penn Traffic will operate 80 stores. The company earlier this year announced eight store closures.
MAGAZINE RANKS WEGMANS NO. 1
YONKERS, N.Y. — Wegmans Market, Trader Joe's and Publix Super Markets ranked as the top three supermarket chains in customer satisfaction, according to survey results released last week by the publishers of Consumer Reports magazine here. The survey revealed higher scores for service, checkout speed and store-brand quality than the last time the magazine ranked food retailers, in 2005, but consumers still logged complaints about long checkout lines, congested aisles and out-of-stocks, the magazine said. Other supermarkets in the Top 10 included Raley's, Harris Teeter, Fareway, Costco, Whole Foods Market, Demoulas Market Basket, Winco and Stater Bros.
BALDUCCI'S TO SHUTTER FOUR SITES
BETHESDA, Md. — Balducci's plans to shutter four of its 10 locations in the coming weeks, including both stores in New York City, a company spokeswoman told SN. "We are restructuring the company and going through a reorganization, and we decided to close these four underperforming stores," said Jennifer Barton, marketing director for the chain. In addition to the two Manhattan locations, stores are also slated for closure in Ridgefield, Conn., and Washington, D.C. The six remaining stores include two each in Connecticut and Virginia, one in Scarsdale, N.Y., and another in Bethesda. Balducci's merged with Sutton Place Gourmet in 1999, and was acquired in 2003 by Bear Stearns Merchant Banking, a private equity fund now known as Irving Place Capital.


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Kim McCarthy a.k.a. SOULE is one of the most prolific member artist on Brooklyn Art Project. She is based in Seattle, WA and has exhibited her work at the early age of 16. This past year, this artist executed 14 paintings in one day. Originally her canvas were facades of buildings on the streets of Spokane and Seattle, her medium ranged from stencils, wheat pastes, stickers and spray paint. She currently focuses her hand to create work on stretched canvas and wood panels, as well as legal walls. She has an affinity for photography and paper cutouts. This dual process enables her to design her stencils. SOULE's "skillz are mad transferrable", from designing apparel, buttons/pins, shoes, skateboards to home decor. She is indeed doing what she loves.
SOULE is praised for her stencil work, and she applies the medium or the process itself to all her oeuvres. The series that she has worked on include famous people and friend portrait stencils spray painted on canvas and wood panels; porcelain white characters adorned in black and white stripes that are watercolors on clayboards; skull and skeleton stencils with army green, rich coppers, and reds; and Japanese inspired characters spay painted with bright colors.
Kim "SOULE" McCarthy completed her Fine Art and Design in Spokane, WA and Printmaking in Astoria, OR. Due to her renegade self-promotion, four galleries represent her work in the United States and one in the United Kingdom. She has recently exhibited her pieces as a solo exhibit at Doc's Lounge, Behrd Studios, and Squid and Ink. Her most recent group show was at Twilight Gallery, with member artist Brad Strain and Justin Hillgrove. Her work is also featured in the book called, "Stencil Nation" that will be released on June 2008. Fearless self-promotion is paying off, she is an inspiration to us all.
Posted by Joyce Manalo, Brooklyn Art Project Blog Editor and founder of ArtForward.
A collection of artists and artist collectives, all who highly regard the street as their canvas fiercely decontextualized on the basis of medium.
Assembling a group of well known street artists from around the world, De Feo invited the participants to showcase work they're not typically recognized for. Behind the Seen includes personal projects, works in different mediums or styles and pieces not necessarily intended for view on the streets. The mediums include paintings, drawings, photographs and sculptures by over 30 artists from around the world.
Street artists develop a level of notoriety for their originality, talent and frequency of a style or visual vocabulary. Like most successful artists, they don't limit their creative endeavors to what they're known for.
Behind the Seen goes beyond the familiar to build upon what we already know... providing connections, challenges and insights to other facets of the artist's oeuvre.
If you live in NYC, get yerself to myplasticheart.com in the Lower East Side. They're featuring a show called "Attack of the Zliks" where participating artists each designed their own creature (Zliks) using the same base.
If you live too far, just check out the site. They've got some good Asian and Western varieties as well as DIY stuff.


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"The representations of Christ by many poets, essayists, and preachers, while not so grossly false, are nevertheless unsatisfying," said R. A. Torrey. Almost everyone we talk to has a different interpretation of the person of Christ—who He was and what He stood for. This prompted Torrey on a journey to discover the real Christ—the Christ whom God reveals to us in His Word.
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About R. A. Torrey,
Reuben Archer Torrey (1856–1928) was one of the greatest evangelists of the twentieth century. Several years after his graduation from Yale Divinity School, he was selected by D. L. Moody to become the first dean of the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago. Under his direction, Moody Institute became a pattern for Bible institutes around the world. From 1903 to 1905, Dr. Torrey traveled the world in revival campaigns, winning thousands of souls to Jesus Christ. He ...Read More
Reuben Archer Torrey (1856–1928) was one of the greatest evangelists of the twentieth century. Several years after his graduation from Yale Divinity School, he was selected by D. L. Moody to become the first dean of the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago. Under his direction, Moody Institute became a pattern for Bible institutes around the world. From 1903 to 1905, Dr. Torrey traveled the world in revival campaigns, winning thousands of souls to Jesus Christ. He continued worldwide crusades for the next fifteen years while he served as the dean of the Bible Institute of Los Angeles and pastored that city's Church of the Open Door. Dr. Torrey longed for more Christian workers to take an active part in bringing the message of salvation through Christ to a lost and dying world. His straightforward style of evangelism has shown thousands of Christian workers how to become effective soulwinners.
More Books by R. A. Torrey
Basic Steps for Spiritual Growth
R. A. Torrey
How to Bring Them to Christ (Journal Edition)
Real Salvation
R. A. Torrey on the Christian Life
Asa Mahan
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The Practice of God's Presence
The Principles and Benefits of Change
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