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text:
Home Z_FeaturedTop Illinois Republicans Miss Their Party Leaders in Cleveland, But Rank and File...
Illinois Republicans Miss Their Party Leaders in Cleveland, But Rank and File Delegates Remain Committed to Victory in November
Quicken Loans Center in Cleveland, site of the 2016 Republican National Convention
From Cleveland: Republican from across Illinois came to Cleveland and the Republican National Convention, to hear the leaders of their party layout the case for a Republican victory in November.
Gov Rauner is a no-show at the Republican National Convention
But with the coming nomination of Donald Trump, an outsider until this year to the very party he is now about to lead, a number of the leading members of the Republican Party of Illinois, are skipping this convention, cautious of the impact of a Trump candidacy could have on their political health in Illinois. Not coming to Cleveland, are Gov Rauner, Comptroller Leslie Munger, nor US Senator Mark Kirk. Both Sen Kirk and Comptroller Munger are on the ballot this November.
But the Illinois Republican leaders are not alone. Despite the fact the Republicans choose to bring their national convention to Cleveland, neither Ohio Gov John Kasich (R), nor US Senator Rob Portman (R) are attending the convention.
But the fear of political repercussions is not a concern to Congressman Rodney Davis, who told us the key issues for Republicans remain the economy, national security, and having a Republican President to make the appointments to the US Supreme Court.
Rep Davis said Hillary Clinton would continue the war on coal, and the loss of jobs that has resulted within the coal industry, affecting parts of his district that extends into Southern Illinois.
Whether Donald Trump can run as successfully in the general election, as he did in beating established politicians in the primary, remains to be seen. But a long shot beat an establishment president in 1992, running on the simple phrase, "Its the economy stupid."
That phrase lead Bill Clinton into the White House, by reminding voters the economy under George H.W. Bush was not working for them. Americans are now mired in the ninth year of a slow-growth economy, which leaves middle class families unable to keep pace with rising costs, and many younger workers unable to launch their own financial futures. So the economy, may be the best asset Donald Trump has going for him in this election.
Just last Friday, the Commerce Department lowered its GDP projections for economic growth for this year from what had already been a lackluster 2.7% growth rate, to now a paltry 2.2% increase in the economy. That slow growth means that under the 8 years of Barack Obama, the US economy will never have grown more than more than 2.4%.
And highly regarded political analyst, Michael Barone, told the Illinois Channel in an interview we will air later, that every terrorist attack, and every police shooting also works to Donald Trump's favor, as voters become increasingly concerned about security issues, which fits into the themes of the Trump campaign.
So for Illinois Republicans attending the convention, and longing for a return of their party to the White House, the fact that their state's political leaders are missing in Cleveland, may be disappointing, but many of the Illinois delegates here are attending their very first national convention. And the excitement level remains high, as they hear the themes of the fall campaign being delivered from the podium, by the likes of Rudy Giuliani, Chris Christie, Sheriff David Clarke and others.
Illinoisan, Steve Greenberg, scores a photo with NJ Gov Chris Christie
Then too, the chance for Illinoisans to rub shoulders with political all-stars, remains one of the exciting aspects for those who are political junkies, and spend much of their lives following politics.
While this promises to be a very tight national election, the mood of many Illinoisans her remains upbeat.
Previous articleTRUMP OFFICIALLY WELCOMES GOV MIKE PENCE TO THE GOP TICKET AS HIS RUNNING MATE
Next articleCongressman Rodney Davis (R) on National Security and Trump at the Top of the Ticket
Will Governor Pritzker's "Fair Tax" Hurt Middle-Class Earners?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Biodiesel requirement takes effect (story audio)
Agriculture Commissioner Gene Hugoson and Gov. Tim Pawlenty talk about the biodiesel mandate (9/29/2005)
Pawlenty pumping biodiesel
Loading biodiesel
Bruce Hill
Biodiesel production begins in Minnesota (01/07/2005)
Biodiesel provision passes Legislature (03/12/2002)
Minnesota Department of Agriculture: Background on biodiesel
Minnesota Soybean Processors
Minnesota Soybean Growers Association
U.S. Department of Energy: Alternative fuels information
Biodiesel requirement takes effect
by Mark Steil, Minnesota Public Radio
by Tim Pugmire, Minnesota Public Radio
Gov. Tim Pawlenty traveled the state Thursday to promote Minnesota's new law requiring diesel fuel sold here to contain 2 percent biodiesel-- which is made from soybeans. (MPR Photo/Tim Pugmire)
Starting Thursday, nearly all the diesel fuel sold in Minnesota must contain at least 2 percent biodiesel, a farm-based oil made from soybeans.
Worthington, Minn. — State officials are celebrating the start of a new requirement Thursday that all diesel fuel sold in Minnesota contain 2 percent biodiesel.
During an appearance outside a school bus garage in Mendota Heights, Gov. Tim Pawlenty said the nation has been asleep at the switch when it comes to energy policy. He said the country is addicted to foreign oil.
"We have to find a better way. We have to find other sources of energy and fuel. And biodiesel is a tremendous opportunity for our state to once again lead the nation to a brighter and better future with respect to energy policy," Pawlenty says.
State Agriculture Commissioner Gene Hugoson says critics of the mandate wrongly predicted that biodiesel would be too expensive to use.
"My understanding is that this last week the wholesale price of diesel fuel in Minneapolis, delivered to Minneapolis, was $2.39 a gallon. The same price for biodiesel was $2.00 a gallon. So, it's cheaper," Hugoson says.
The law is the biggest step forward yet for the state's biodiesel industry, and it makes soybean farmers happy because it provides another use for soybeans and helps boost grain prices.
But the change is not welcome news for truck drivers, who rely on diesel to fuel their vehicles. They're concerned the new requirement could raise the price they pay for diesel fuel, and they call it unnecessary government mandate.
When the law was passed three years ago, it spurred construction of several biodiesel plants in the state. Southwest Minnesota farmer Bruce Hill heads the board of Minnesota Soybean Processors, which makes biodiesel in the town of Brewster.
"We are currently running 100 to 105 percent capacity," says Hill.
The plant is one of three in the state. The others are in Albert Lea and near Redwood Falls. Hill says, combined, the three will produce more than 60 million gallons of biodiesel a year, four times what's needed to meet the 2 percent mandate. Hill says much of the Brewster plant's output goes out of state.
"Illinois, Iowa, California. It's getting out there a ways," says Hill.
Minnesota is the only state requiring biodiesel. Still, use of the fuel is growing nationwide, mainly through government involvement. A growing list of states, cities and counties burn biodiesel in their trucks or buses. The U.S. military is a big user.
Renewable, non-toxic, bio-degradable, American-grown fuel if you would.
- Paul Nazzaro, Advanced Fuel Solutions
Country singer Willie Nelson made a big media splash this year when he introduced a biodiesel blend called "BioWillie." He's selling the fuel to truckers.
The increased demand means more production plants are being built in states like Iowa, Colorado, Mississippi, Texas and Georgia. Like the Minnesota facilities, they're looking for new places to sell.
One possibility is the nation's diesel fuel supply. Starting next year, what's called ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel will be phased in across the U.S. The switchover will take several years and is designed to reduce air pollution.
Al Mannato of the American Petroleum Institute says removing sulfur lowers the "lubricity" of the fuel -- it makes it less effective as a lubricant in the engine.
"Sulfur is a natural lubricant in diesel. And the diesel engine needs that lubricity," says Mannato.
Mannato says biodiesel is also a lubricant, so adding a small amount to ultra-low sulfur diesel would solve the lubricity issue. However, Mannato says biodiesel is more expensive than other additives, which might limit its use.
"Companies will be looking state by state and area by area -- what is the most cost-effective solution to dealing with lubricity," says Mannato.
One plus for the biodiesel industry is the federal energy bill passed last summer, which requires increased use of renewables like biodiesel and ethanol in the nation's motor fuel supply. It's possible some refiners will use biodiesel as a lubricant to help them meet the renewable requirement.
The Brewster biodiesel plant
Another major area of interest for biodiesel producers is the home heating market. Paul Nazzaro heads Advanced Fuel Solutions, a Massachusetts-based promoter of renewable energy. He says adding a small amount of biodiesel to traditional heating oil reduces pollution.
Nazzari's company surveyed consumers and fuel dealers. He says they're willing to pay a little extra to get a renewable blend.
"They were willing to swallow a 4-5 cent premium to get a blend of biodiesel in their home heating oil, to get those benefits," says Nazzaro. "Renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, American-grown fuel, if you would."
Nazzaro says his company is having success selling a home heating oil that's 5 percent biodiesel. He says most is sold in the northeast U.S., but he says a few companies in the Midwest are offering the blend.
That's the sort of news which encourages biodiesel producers like those in Minnesota. They believe public opinion is on their side. They say consumers seem willing to pay more for a product that reduces pollution and lessens the nation's reliance on foreign energy.
Got milk? Squeeze on dairy farmers eases
Trump escapes blame for ethanol policy hurting corn farmers
Your hummus habit could be good for the Earth


In honour of the Young Vic and Manchester International Festival's announcement of the world premiere of "Tree," a new musical created by Idris Elba that will open next summer, we took a look at some of the extraordinary (and sometimes surprising) talents of this modern Renaissance man.
9. His American accent is on point.
8. He's a powerhouse DJ (and even opened for Madonna).
A well-respected DJ, Elba was the supporting act for the German leg of Madonna's "Rebel Heart" tour.
7. He's had a secret modeling career.
6. He's a speed junkie.
Elba broke a British land speed record driving a Bentley in 2015, reaching speeds of over 180 mph.
5. He won over Nelson Mandela.
After seeing Elba play him in biopic "The Long Walk to Freedom," Mandela asked, "Is that me?" Elba recorded an album called "Mi Mandela" after making the film, and "Tree" is also inspired by the South African icon.
4. He has serious hardware.
He's won a Golden Globe for "Luther," a SAG Award for "Beasts of No Nation," and been nominated for Emmys and BAFTAs.
3. He's practically a knight.
In 2016 Elba was awarded an OBE, Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, by the Queen for his services to drama. It's the second-highest honour in the UK, after knighthood and a CBE (Commander of the British Empire).
2. Did we mention that he's really really really ridiculously good looking?
The entire Internet revolted when 2017's "People's Sexiest Man Alive" Award was given to Blake Shelton, unanimously deciding that it should've gone to Elba. Previous Sexiest Man winner Matthew McConaughey even launched a campaign to make it happen!
1. He sings and raps.
He recorded his first EP, Big Man, in 2004 and sometimes raps by the name Big Driis.


text:
Explore cases
Employment & Discrimination
Government & Civil Liberties
Extinction Rebellion: Central Legal Defence Fund
Clara Ponsati: New Extradition Attempt - S'enfronta a l'extradició
FATCA & HMRC: breaching my human rights to data protection and privacy
Justice for WPC Yvonne Fletcher
Lawyers: McCue & Partners LLP
Case Owner
I am former Metropolitan Police officer John Murray. For 35 years I have been fighting for justice for my murdered colleague WPC Yvonne Fletcher. Help me bring her killers to justice.
days to go
pledged of £30,000 stretch target from 588 pledges
This case is raising funds for its stretch target. Your pledge will be collected within the next 24-48 hours (and it only takes two minutes to pledge!)
About the case About
Case updates 2 Updates 2
Latest: Sept. 23, 2019
We can only continue our campaign for justice for Yvonne with your help
Dear Friends and Supports
Following our last update, I am writing to ask for your help in raising the funds to meet our stretch target.
We have managed to secure limited funding from the Police Federat…
Help me get justice for my murdered colleague WPC Yvonne Fletcher. No-one has ever been prosecuted for her killing, despite the names of the chief suspects being widely reported.
Who am I? :
My name is John Murray, and I am a former Metropolitan Police officer. For thirty-five years I have been fighting for justice for my murdered colleague WPC Yvonne Fletcher. In honour of Yvonne, please help me bring the Chief Suspect, Saleh Ibrahim Mabrouk, to justice.
On 17 April 1984, Yvonne was sent to police a protest at the Libyan Embassy in London by students opposing the brutal regime of Libyan dictator, Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi. She was part of a detachment of around 30 officers, including me.
The Embassy had been taken over and was being controlled and staffed by one of Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees (used to surveil the Libyan people and suppress opposition).
At 10:18am, one or more members of the Revolutionary Committee fired an automatic weapon at the protestors. Yvonne was shot in the back. She died a short while after in Westminster Hospital.
I was standing next to Yvonne when she was shot and cradled her as she died. I accompanied her to hospital and would later be asked to identify her body and stand watch over her post-mortem.
In 1984, the suspects, including Mabrouk, were deported to Libya and diplomatic relations between the UK and Libya were terminated. Mabrouk, went on to become a government minister.
In 1999, the Gaddafi regime finally accepted responsibility for Yvonne's murder but none of the men responsible have yet been brought justice.
In 2011, following the fall of Gaddafi, Mabrouk fled Libya and sought and was granted asylum in the UK. In 2015, he was arrested on charges of conspiracy to commit Yvonne's murder.
In 2017, the Government blocked Mabrouk's prosecution on grounds of "national security". This is despite a leaked report by the Crown Prosecution Service concluding that Mabrouk was one of the individuals responsible for a "pre-arranged plan to cause death".
Mabrouk has always denied any part in Yvonne's murder.
Why do I need your help?
I want there to be accountability for Yvonne's murder and for those responsible to be brought to justice.
Mabrouk is not the only suspect. Three other men have been named but two are deceased and the whereabouts of the third is unknown. Mabrouk lives in Surrey.
It is a stain on our country and on British justice that suspected murders of a police officer can be allowed to evade justice. It is a scandal that our own Government has helped them to do so.
The only remaining option is to bring civil proceedings against Mabrouk in the High Court. This is Yvonne's last hope for justice.
What will the money raised be used for?
I have instructed the specialist team at McCue & Partners, who, amongst others, successfully represented the families of the victims of the bombing of Omagh by the IRA in 1998. They are also currently before the High Court against John Downey, the chief suspect in the murder of four British soldiers in Hyde Park. In both instances, no-one had ever been successfully prosecuted for these atrocities.
As a result of these civil actions, in 2008 four men were held liable for the Omagh bombing and the families were ordered to pay £1.6m in damages. In 2018, John Downey was arrested for a terrorist double-murder and is now facing extradition to the UK from Ireland.
On my behalf, McCue & Partners have instructed Phillippa Kauffman QC and Jessica Jones of Matrix Chambers as my counsel, who recently represented the rape victims of London cab driver John Worboys in a landmark case before the Court of Appeal.
I have been diagnosed with chronic PTSD as a result of witnessing Yvonne's death but what is important is that Mabrouk is brought to court to answer the allegations against him.
My hope is that, through these civil proceedings and the evidence they uncover, we will finally learn the truth about Yvonne's murder and who was responsible, and that this will lead to further criminal charges and prosecutions.
After months of preparation, proceedings have now been served by my lawyers on Mabrouk. The next step is for us to apply for disclosure of prosecution materials from the authorities that demonstrate Mabrouk's culpability before we can go to trial. We know these materials exist and we will apply for them to be produced for use in these proceedings.
Chris pledged £35
Match Chris's pledge of £35
I was on duty that day (TDE) and remember it well. Good luck with your quest John. Godspeed Yvonne
Andy pledged £25
Match Andy's pledge of £25
I am ex-Met and was on duty when Yvonne was murdered. I later transferred to Dorset and was a next door neighbour & friend to her parents Queenie & Tim. I saw first hand how their quest for justice was thwarted at every turn.
Clive pledged £100
Match Clive's pledge of £100
We have known each other a very long time John, and I remember Yvonne from my DPG days, and will continue to support your quest for justice. Good Luck.
Support the case
I will pledge £10 I will pledge £25 I will pledge £35 I will pledge £50 I will pledge £100 I will pledge £200
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Your share on Facebook could raise £26 for the case
I'll share on Facebook
We have managed to secure limited funding from the Police Federation, but it is not enough to cover the costs of continuing to advance our campaign for justice for Yvonne.
As reported in The Telegraph, we have now commenced proceedings against Saleh Ibrahim Mabrouk, a suspect in Yvonne's murder. However, much work needs to be done in securing all the necessary evidence, which is in the hands of the authorities and others, in order to hold Mabrouk to account and learn the truth of who and what was behind Yvonne's death and bring the suspected perpetrators to justice.
If we can meet out stretch target we will have secured the funds necessary to do so.
Please may I ask you to :
To consider making another donation at http://www.crowdjustice.com/wpc-fletcher
Emailing friends and family with the link and urging them to donate.
If you have the time, please consider picking up the phone to just five friends or family members and asking them for their support in person. Tell them just how important this campaign is, not just to us, but to victims of terrorism everywhere.
Post the link on your Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts to spread the word.
Talk about our case with everyone you know, at dinner at home with your family or around the water cooler at work with your colleagues. The more people hear about our campaign the more support we get.
I can't do this without you.
Thank you - The Legal Action Has Begun
Dear Friends and Supporters,
It's been a month since the campaign for justice for Yvonne was launched and the response has been wonderful. Thank you.
We're also grateful to The Telegraph for covering the start of this legal action. With the support of you and the British public, after all this time, we hope there'll finally be justice for Yvonne.
Since we launched, I'm pleased to be able to inform you now that service of legal papers has been successfully carried out on the suspect in Yvonne's murder, Saleh Ibrahim Mabrouk, and that his defence is due to be filed by 15 July 2019.
I will keep you updated as the case progresses.
There are no public comments on this case page.


text:
'use strict';

import colors from 'colors';
import assign from 'object-assign';
import invariant from 'invariant';
import readKongApi from './readKongApi';
import {getSchema as getConsumerCredentialSchema} from './consumerCredentials';
import {normalize as normalizeAttributes} from './utils';
import { migrateApiDefinition } from './migrate';
import { logReducer } from './kongStateLocal';
import diff from './diff';
import {
    noop,
    createApi,
    removeApi,
    updateApi,
    addApiPlugin,
    removeApiPlugin,
    updateApiPlugin,
    addGlobalPlugin,
    removeGlobalPlugin,
    updateGlobalPlugin,
    createConsumer,
    updateConsumer,
    removeConsumer,
    addConsumerCredentials,
    updateConsumerCredentials,
    removeConsumerCredentials,
    addConsumerAcls,
    removeConsumerAcls
} from './actions';

export const consumerAclSchema = {
    id: 'group'
};

export function getAclSchema() {
    return consumerAclSchema;
}

const logFanout = () => {
    const listeners = [];

    return {
        logger: log => listeners.forEach(f => f(log)),
        subscribe: f => listeners.push(f),
    };
};

const selectWorldStateBind = async (adminApi, internalLogger) => {
    if (process.env.EXPERIMENTAL_USE_LOCAL_STATE == '1') {
        internalLogger.logger({ type: 'experimental-features', message: `Using experimental feature: local state`.blue.bold});
        let state = await readKongApi(adminApi);

        internalLogger.subscribe(log => {
            state = logReducer(state, log);
        });

        return f => async () => f(_createWorld(state));
    }

    return _bindWorldState(adminApi);
};

export default async function execute(config, adminApi, logger = () => {}) {
    const internalLogger = logFanout();
    const actions = [
        ...consumers(config.consumers),
        ...apis(config.apis),
        ...globalPlugins(config.plugins)
    ];

    internalLogger.subscribe(logger);

    internalLogger.logger({
        type: 'kong-info',
        version: await adminApi.fetchKongVersion(),
    });

    return actions
        .map(await selectWorldStateBind(adminApi, internalLogger))
        .reduce((promise, action) => promise.then(_executeActionOnApi(action, adminApi, internalLogger.logger)), Promise.resolve(''));
}

export function apis(apis = []) {
    return apis.reduce((actions, api) => [...actions, _api(api), ..._apiPlugins(api)], []);
};

export function globalPlugins(globalPlugins = []) {
    return globalPlugins.reduce((actions, plugin) => [...actions, _globalPlugin(plugin)], []);
}

export function plugins(apiName, plugins) {
    return plugins.reduce((actions, plugin) => [...actions, _plugin(apiName, plugin)], []);
}

export function consumers(consumers = []) {
    return consumers.reduce((calls, consumer) => [...calls, _consumer(consumer), ..._consumerCredentials(consumer), ..._consumerAcls(consumer)], []);
}

export function credentials(username, credentials) {
    return credentials.reduce((actions, credential) => [...actions, _consumerCredential(username, credential)], []);
}

export function acls(username, acls) {
    return acls.reduce((actions, acl) => [...actions, _consumerAcl(username, acl)], []);
}

function parseResponseContent(content) {
    try {
        return JSON.parse(content);
    } catch (e) {}

    return content;
}

function _executeActionOnApi(action, adminApi, logger) {
    return async () => {
        const params = await action();

        if (params.noop) {
            logger({ type: 'noop', params });

            return Promise.resolve('No-op');
        }

        logger({ type: 'request', params, uri: adminApi.router(params.endpoint) });

        return adminApi
            .requestEndpoint(params.endpoint, params)
            .then(response => Promise.all([
                {
                    type: 'response',
                    ok: response.ok,
                    uri: adminApi.router(params.endpoint),
                    status: response.status,
                    statusText: response.statusText,
                    params,
                },
                response.text()
            ]))
            .then(([response, content]) => {
                logger({ ...response, content: parseResponseContent(content) });

                if (!response.ok) {
                    const error = new Error(`${response.statusText}\n${content}`);
                    error.response = response;

                    throw error;
                }
            });
        }
}

function _bindWorldState(adminApi) {
    return f => async () => {
        const state = await readKongApi(adminApi);

        return f(_createWorld(state));
    }
}

function _createWorld({apis, consumers, plugins, _info: { version }}) {
    const world = {
        getVersion: () => version,

        hasApi: apiName => Array.isArray(apis) && apis.some(api => api.name === apiName),
        getApi: apiName => {
            const api = apis.find(api => api.name === apiName);

            invariant(api, `Unable to find api ${apiName}`);

            return api;
        },
        getApiId: apiName => {
            const id = world.getApi(apiName)._info.id;

            invariant(id, `API ${apiName} doesn't have an Id`);

            return id;
        },
        getGlobalPlugin: (pluginName) => {
            const plugin = plugins.find(plugin => plugin.api_id === undefined && plugin.name === pluginName);

            invariant(plugin, `Unable to find global plugin ${pluginName}`);

            return plugin;
        },
        getPlugin: (apiName, pluginName) => {
            const plugin = world.getApi(apiName).plugins.find(plugin => plugin.name == pluginName);

            invariant(plugin, `Unable to find plugin ${pluginName}`);

            return plugin;
        },
        getPluginId: (apiName, pluginName) => {
            const pluginId = world.getPlugin(apiName, pluginName)._info.id;

            invariant(pluginId, `Unable to find plugin id for ${apiName} and ${pluginName}`);

            return pluginId;
        },
        getGlobalPluginId: (pluginName) => {
            const globalPluginId = world.getGlobalPlugin(pluginName)._info.id

            invariant(globalPluginId, `Unable to find global plugin id ${pluginName}`);

            return globalPluginId;
        },
        hasPlugin: (apiName, pluginName) => {
            return Array.isArray(apis) && apis.some(api => api.name === apiName && Array.isArray(api.plugins) && api.plugins.some(plugin => plugin.name == pluginName));
        },
        hasGlobalPlugin: (pluginName) => {
            return Array.isArray(plugins) && plugins.some(plugin => plugin.api_id === undefined && plugin.name === pluginName);
        },
        hasConsumer: (username) => {
            return Array.isArray(consumers) && consumers.some(consumer => consumer.username === username);
        },
        hasConsumerCredential: (username, name, attributes) => {
            const consumer = world.getConsumer(username);

            return !!extractCredential(consumer.credentials, name, attributes);
        },
        hasConsumerAcl: (username, groupName) => {
            const schema = getAclSchema();

            return Array.isArray(consumers) && consumers.some(function (consumer) {
                return Array.isArray(consumer.acls) && consumer.acls.some(function (acl) {
                    return consumer.username === username && acl[schema.id] == groupName;
                });
            });
        },

        getConsumer: username => {
            const consumer = consumers.find(c => c.username === username);

            invariant(consumer, `Unable to find consumer ${username}`);

            return consumer;
        },

        getConsumerId: username => {
            const consumerId = world.getConsumer(username)._info.id;

            invariant(consumerId, `Unable to find consumer id ${username}`);

            return consumerId;
        },

        getConsumerCredential: (username, name, attributes) => {
            const consumer = world.getConsumer(username);

            const credential = extractCredential(consumer.credentials, name, attributes);

            invariant(credential, `Unable to find consumer credential ${username} ${name}`);

            return credential;
        },

        getConsumerAcl: (username, groupName) => {
            const consumer = world.getConsumer(username);

            const acl = extractAclId(consumer.acls, groupName);

            invariant(acl, `Unable to find consumer acl ${username} ${groupName}`);

            return acl;
        },

        getConsumerCredentialId: (username, name, attributes) => {
            const credentialId = world.getConsumerCredential(username, name, attributes)._info.id;

            invariant(credentialId, `Unable to find consumer credential id ${username} ${name}`);

            return credentialId;
        },

        getConsumerAclId: (username, groupName) => {
            const aclId = world.getConsumerAcl(username, groupName)._info.id;

            invariant(aclId, `Unable to find consumer acl id ${username} ${groupName}`);

            return aclId;
        },

        isConsumerUpToDate: (username, custom_id) => {
            const consumer = world.getConsumer(username);

            return consumer.custom_id == custom_id;
        },

        isApiUpToDate: (api) => {
            return diff(api.attributes, world.getApi(api.name).attributes).length == 0;
        },

        isApiPluginUpToDate: (apiName, plugin) => {
            if (false == plugin.hasOwnProperty('attributes')) {
                // of a plugin has no attributes, and its been added then it is up to date
                return true;
            }

            let current = world.getPlugin(apiName, plugin.name);
            let attributes = normalizeAttributes(plugin.attributes);

            return isAttributesWithConfigUpToDate(attributes, current.attributes);
        },

        isGlobalPluginUpToDate: (plugin) => {
            if (false == plugin.hasOwnProperty('attributes')) {
                // of a plugin has no attributes, and its been added then it is up to date
                return true;
            }

            let current = world.getGlobalPlugin(plugin.name);
            let attributes = normalizeAttributes(plugin.attributes);

            return isAttributesWithConfigUpToDate(attributes, current.attributes);
        },

        isConsumerCredentialUpToDate: (username, credential) => {
            const current = world.getConsumerCredential(username, credential.name, credential.attributes);

            return isAttributesWithConfigUpToDate(credential.attributes, current.attributes);
        },
    };

    return world;
}

function isAttributesWithConfigUpToDate(defined, current) {
    const excludingConfig = ({ config, ...rest }) => rest;

    return diff(defined.config, current.config).length === 0
        && diff(excludingConfig(defined), excludingConfig(current)).length === 0;
}

function extractCredential(credentials, name, attributes) {
    const idName = getConsumerCredentialSchema(name).id;

    const credential = credentials
        .filter(c => c.name === name)
        .filter(c => c.attributes[idName] === attributes[idName]);

    invariant(credential.length <= 1, `consumer shouldn't have multiple ${name} credentials with ${idName} = ${attributes[idName]}`)

    return credential.length ? credential[0] : undefined;
}

function extractAclId(acls, groupName) {
    const idName = getAclSchema().id;
    return acls.find(x => x[idName] == groupName);
}

function _api(api) {
    validateEnsure(api.ensure);
    validateApiRequiredAttributes(api);

    return migrateApiDefinition(api, (api, world) => {
        if (api.ensure == 'removed') {
            return world.hasApi(api.name) ? removeApi(api.name) : noop({ type: 'noop-api', api });
        }

        if (world.hasApi(api.name)) {
            if (world.isApiUpToDate(api)) {
                return noop({ type: 'noop-api', api });
            }

            return updateApi(api.name, api.attributes);
        }

        return createApi(api.name, api.attributes);
    });
}

function _apiPlugins(api) {
    return api.plugins && api.ensure != 'removed' ? plugins(api.name, api.plugins) : [];
}

function validateEnsure(ensure) {
    if (!ensure) {
        return;
    }

    if (['removed', 'present'].indexOf(ensure) === -1) {
        throw new Error(`Invalid ensure "${ensure}"`);
    }
}

function validateApiRequiredAttributes(api) {
    if (false == api.hasOwnProperty('name')) {
        throw Error(`"Api name is required: ${JSON.stringify(api, null, '  ')}`);
    }

    if (false == api.hasOwnProperty('attributes')) {
        throw Error(`"${api.name}" api has to declare "upstream_url" attribute`);
    }

    if (false == api.attributes.hasOwnProperty('upstream_url')) {
        throw Error(`"${api.name}" api has to declare "upstream_url" attribute`);
    }

}

function _plugin(apiName, plugin) {
    validateEnsure(plugin.ensure);

    return world => {
        if (plugin.ensure == 'removed') {
            if (world.hasPlugin(apiName, plugin.name)) {
                return removeApiPlugin(world.getApiId(apiName), world.getPluginId(apiName, plugin.name));
            }

            return noop({ type: 'noop-plugin', plugin });
        }

        if (world.hasPlugin(apiName, plugin.name)) {
            if (world.isApiPluginUpToDate(apiName, plugin)) {
                return noop({ type: 'noop-plugin', plugin });
            }

            return updateApiPlugin(world.getApiId(apiName), world.getPluginId(apiName, plugin.name), plugin.attributes);
        }

        return addApiPlugin(world.getApiId(apiName), plugin.name, plugin.attributes);
    }
}

function _globalPlugin(plugin) {
    validateEnsure(plugin.ensure);

    return world => {
        if (plugin.ensure == 'removed') {
            if (world.hasGlobalPlugin(plugin.name)) {
                return removeGlobalPlugin(world.getGlobalPluginId(plugin.name));
            }

            return noop({ type: 'noop-global-plugin', plugin });
        }

        if (world.hasGlobalPlugin(plugin.name)) {
            if (world.isGlobalPluginUpToDate(plugin)) {
                return noop({ type: 'noop-global-plugin', plugin });
            }

            return updateGlobalPlugin(world.getGlobalPluginId(plugin.name), plugin.attributes);
        }

        return addGlobalPlugin(plugin.name, plugin.attributes);
    }
}

function _consumer(consumer) {
    validateEnsure(consumer.ensure);
    validateConsumer(consumer);

    return world => {
        if (consumer.ensure == 'removed') {
            if (world.hasConsumer(consumer.username)) {
                return removeConsumer(world.getConsumerId(consumer.username));
            }

            return noop({ type: 'noop-consumer', consumer });
        }

        if (!world.hasConsumer(consumer.username)) {
            return createConsumer(consumer.username, consumer.custom_id);
        }

        if (!world.isConsumerUpToDate(consumer.username, consumer.custom_id)) {
            return updateConsumer(world.getConsumerId(consumer.username), { username: consumer.username, custom_id: consumer.custom_id });
        }

        return noop({ type: 'noop-consumer', consumer });
    }

    let _credentials = [];

    if (consumer.credentials && consumer.ensure != 'removed') {
        _credentials = consumerCredentials(consumer.username, consumer.credentials);
    }

    let _acls = [];

    if (consumer.acls && consumer.ensure != 'removed') {
        _acls = consumerAcls(consumer.username, consumer.acls);
    }

    return [consumerAction, ..._credentials, ..._acls];
}

function validateConsumer({username}) {
    if (!username) {
        throw new Error("Consumer username must be specified");
    }
}

function _consumerCredentials(consumer) {
    if (!consumer.credentials || consumer.ensure == 'removed') {
        return [];
    }

    return credentials(consumer.username, consumer.credentials);
}

function _consumerCredential(username, credential) {
    validateEnsure(credential.ensure);
    validateCredentialRequiredAttributes(credential);

    return world => {
        if (credential.ensure == 'removed') {
            if (world.hasConsumerCredential(username, credential.name, credential.attributes)) {
                const credentialId = world.getConsumerCredentialId(username, credential.name, credential.attributes);

                return removeConsumerCredentials(world.getConsumerId(username), credential.name, credentialId);
            }

            return noop({ type: 'noop-credential', credential, credentialIdName });
        }

        if (world.hasConsumerCredential(username, credential.name, credential.attributes)) {
            const credentialId = world.getConsumerCredentialId(username, credential.name, credential.attributes);

            if (world.isConsumerCredentialUpToDate(username, credential)) {
                const credentialIdName = getConsumerCredentialSchema(credential.name).id;

                return noop({ type: 'noop-credential', credential, credentialIdName });
            }

            return updateConsumerCredentials(world.getConsumerId(username), credential.name, credentialId, credential.attributes);
        }

        return addConsumerCredentials(world.getConsumerId(username), credential.name, credential.attributes);
    }
}

function validateCredentialRequiredAttributes(credential) {
    const credentialIdName = getConsumerCredentialSchema(credential.name).id;

    if (false == credential.hasOwnProperty('attributes')) {
        throw Error(`${credential.name} has to declare attributes.${credentialIdName}`);
    }

    if (false == credential.attributes.hasOwnProperty(credentialIdName)) {
        throw Error(`${credential.name} has to declare attributes.${credentialIdName}`);
    }
}

function validateAclRequiredAttributes(acl) {
    const aclIdName = getAclSchema().id;

    if (false == acl.hasOwnProperty(aclIdName)) {
        throw Error(`ACLs has to declare property ${aclIdName}`);
    }
}

function _consumerAcls(consumer) {
    if (!consumer.acls || consumer.ensure == 'removed') {
        return [];
    }

    return acls(consumer.username, consumer.acls);
}

function _consumerAcl(username, acl) {

    validateEnsure(acl.ensure);
    validateAclRequiredAttributes(acl);

    return world => {
        if (acl.ensure == 'removed') {
            if (world.hasConsumerAcl(username, acl.group)) {
                const aclId = world.getConsumerAclId(username, acl.group);

                return removeConsumerAcls(world.getConsumerId(username), aclId);
            }

            return noop({ type: 'noop-acl', acl });
        }

        if (world.hasConsumerAcl(username, acl.group)) {
            return noop({ type: 'noop-acl', acl });
        }

        return addConsumerAcls(world.getConsumerId(username), acl.group);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In March 2003 Lykes Lines took delivery the Lykes Flyer. Built at China Shipbuilding Corp in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, the Lykes Flyer is a sister ship to the Lykes Ranger, which was delivered to the line in June 2002. Both are owned ships, while the Lykes Deliverer is a new build on long-term charter. The 3,200-TEU Lykes Flyer began operation on the Pacific Sprint service, before joining the Lykes Ranger on the United States Gulf - East Coast South America service. The Lykes Flyer and Lykes Ranger were delivered under parent company CP Ships' four-year $800 million ship replacement program, which was completed in 2003.
TMM Lines started as the liner shipping division of TMM Grupo almost 50 years ago. It became part of CP Ships in 1999 and has expanded rapidly since then. With its roots in Mexico, TMM Lines became more internationally focused, with additional transatlantic and trans-Pacific services as well as north-south services on both the east and west coasts of the Americas. It has also launched services to Africa.
In January 2003 TMM Lines took delivery of the TMM Guanajuato, a 3,200-TEU vessel built by China Shipbuilding Corp in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The TMM Guanajuato is a sister ship of the TMM Colima, which was delivered to the line in October 2002. A third sister ship, the TMM Yucatan, was also delivered in January 2003.
TMM Guanajuato was the second of four sister newbuilds of shipowner CP Ships that Split Ship Management provided with full technical management & crew. Split Ship Management crew took over this ship on 26 November 2002. Her first oceancrossing started from Hong Kong and goes to Los Angeles. With TMM Guanajuato SSM took over the second of four newbuilds of shipowner C.P.Ships, what is very important for the company and the town Split. The cause is the very difficult situation where rate of growth of unemployement and young experts leaving the country are increasing. With these newbuilds the company provided job for 40 seamen per year per ship. This gave them the opportunity to work and to secure their existence and future. Apart from that, work on newbuilds offered the seamen great possibility of learning and improving, cause they are equipped with equipment of highest techology. These ships were initially under UK flag.
On September 13, 2005 CP Ships announced that they will send a vessel into New Orleans on a trial basis. This vessel will use the ship's cranes, as the terminal cranes are still out of commission. This vessel, the 'Lykes Flyer,' will not load any K-Line or K-Line partner's cargo. This is purely a trial operation to assess the overall infrastructure of the terminal after Hurrican Katrina.
On 29 September 2005 CP Ships re-flagged the 3200 TEU CP Yucatan to US flag and changed its name to CP Yosemite in recognition of the ship's enrolment in the US government's new Maritime Security Program which came into effect 1st October 2005 and under which CP Ships expanded its participation compared with the previous MSP. Built in Taiwan in 2003, CP Yosemite is geared, which means it is equipped with onboard cranes so it is not reliant on shore-side equipment to load and unload.
CP Yosemite is one of five vessels operating on the TransAtlantic which CP Ships is committing to MSP and which will be named after US national parks. In due course, the remaining four ships were to be renamed CP Everglades, CP Denali, CP Shenandoah and CP Yellowstone, but this new nomenclature was not reflected in MARAD dcouments as of early 2006.
CP Ships' new MSP contract represents an increase over its previous three-ship MSP participation. Under the new contract, government subsidy of $145 million is provided over the next ten years to offset the cost of operating five ships under US flag.
MSP was created to ensure that in times of war or national emergency the Department of Defense has ready access to a fleet of modern and efficient US-flag ships like CP Yosemite. Built in 2003, the ship is geared, which means it is equipped with onboard cranes so it is not reliant on shore-side equipment to load and unload.
In July 1997 Canadian Pacific Ltd (CP) acquired the container shipping arm of Lykes Bros Steamship Co, registering these services under a new Tampa-based company known as Lykes Lines Ltd. Effectively Lykes now becomes a subsidiary of the CP Ships group of companies in a US$34-million deal.
One of the world's leading container shipping companies, CP Ships provides international container transportation services in four key regional markets: TransAtlantic, Australasia, Latin America and Asia. Within these markets CP Ships operates 38 services in 22 trade lanes. At 30th June 2005, its vessel fleet was 82 ships and its container fleet 441,000 teu. Volume in 2004 was 2.3 million teu, more than 80% of which was North American exports or imports. CP Ships also owns Montreal Gateway Terminals, which operates one of the largest marine container terminal facilities in Canada. CP Ships is listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges under the symbol TEU and also in the S&P/TSX 60 Index of top Canadian publicly listed companies.
CP Ships operates 38 services in 22 trade lanes, most of which are served by two or more of seven brands: ANZDL, Canada Maritime, Cast, Contship Containerlines, Italia Line, Lykes Lines and TMM Lines. On 28th April 2005 the company announced plans to re-brand these services under the CP Ships name.
The CP Ships Limited Board of Directors unanimously recommended that shareholders accept an offer from TUI AG to acquire CP Ships in an all-cash transaction for US $21.50 per share or about $2.0 billion on a fully diluted basis. Including the assumption of net debt of $0.3 billion at 30th June 2005, the transaction has a total value of $2.3 billion. TUI AG, the parent of Hapag-Lloyd, planned to combine Hapag-Lloyd and CP Ships to create the world's fifth-largest container shipping company with a fleet of 139 ships (and a further 17 on order) for a capacity of approximately 400,000 teu on over 100 routes spanning the globe.


text:
Up to 80% Savings on all Readdle applications for Black Friday
Readdle, publisher of the top grossing iOS business and productivity applications, today announces unprecedented Black Friday sale. Company offers discounts up to 80% off the regular prices on all iPhone and iPad applications, including highly popular Scanner Pro, PDF Expert, Calendars and ReaddleDocs. Sale ends November, 30th, 12:00pm PDT. At the same time, Readdle is giving away three iPads to its Twitter followers as part of its "Black Friday Madness".
Following established Black Friday tradition, Readdle is offering extreme discounts for all its iOS applications for 7 days. The most significant discount is set for ReaddleDocs, all-in-one document reader; PDF Expert, application for annotating and signing PDF documents; Scanner Pro, to turn the iPhone into portable scanner; Printer Pro, to print from the iPad. Holiday prices for these applications range from $0.99 to $1.99.
Anyone could participate in "Black Friday Madness" and win one of the 3 engraved iPads. All they need is to own any Readdle product, follow @Readdle on Twitter and retweet message about Black Friday sale. Random draw winners will be announced on December, 2nd.
"During the holiday season millions of the iPhone and iPad users have the opportunity to get most useful apps from Readdle at unbelievable low prices." explains Igor Zhadanov, Readdle CEO. "Moreover, they also get a wonderful opportunity to win a brand new iPad for themselves or as a gift for friends or relatives".
All Readdle applications are available exclusively on the Apple App Store. Special pricing will last until November, 30th, 12:00pm PDT.


A backlink is defined as "an incoming hyperlink from one web page to another website." For example, every time a person shares a link to an article on Facebook, they have now created a backlink to that article. Backlinks can take any form, including images.
Think of backlinks as a list of websites that refer to your website. Google uses backlinks to determine a website's link profile. It's similar to a Yelp page – a collection of all the websites that support and connect with you. Search engines need to see that other websites recommend you to deem you relevant and worthy of the front page.
Having a diverse backlink profile is crucial to ranking well in organic searches. This means both quantity and quality websites are linking to a page. When websites are endorsed by other branded websites, rankings take off.
Our specialty lies in offsite backlinking. We have created a private network of sites over many years. That way, our links are high in PR and give you the high-power link juice you're looking for.
An organic backlink profile is the cornerstone of optimizing your online presence. Tap into the earning potential of search engines by starting a free 14 day trial of our backlinking service today.


text:
The Spokesman-Review Newspaper Sports SWX Right Now
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Sports > Gonzaga basketball
Zags escape Saint Mary's
Thu., Feb. 12, 2009
MORAGA, Calif. — Matt Bouldin scored 21 points, Josh Heytvelt added 20 points and 10 rebounds, and No. 19 Gonzaga survived Saint Mary's thrilling last-minute comeback for a 72-70 victory Thursday night. Carlin Hughes hit two 3-pointers and made a layup in the final 48 seconds for the Gaels, who trimmed a seven-point deficit in the final minute to 71-70 on Hughes' wacky banked-in 3-pointer with 9.9 seconds left. But after Bouldin missed two free throws, Hughes dropped the ball out of bounds under defensive pressure with 5.2 seconds to play. He also missed a desperation 3-pointer from midcourt at the buzzer. Jeremy Pargo scored 11 points and hit one free throw with 4.1 seconds left for the Zags (18-5, 9-0 West Coast Conference), who barely solidified their hold on the conference lead after keeping Saint Mary's scoreless for nearly 51/2 minutes late. Hughes' eight-point surge in the final seconds wasn't quite enough, even though Gonzaga missed four of six free throws in the final 30 seconds — including Bouldin's clunkers and two more misses by Heytvelt, giving Saint Mary's a golden opportunity to steal it. Wayne Hunter scored 18 points and Hughes added 14 for the Gaels (19-5, 6-4), who lost at McKeon Pavilion for the first time this season. After an 18-1 start, Saint Mary's is 1-4 in its 41/2 games since point guard Patty Mills, their high-scoring Australian star, was injured in the Gaels' loss to Gonzaga last month. Diamon Simpson had 12 points and 15 rebounds for the Gaels, becoming the first player in school history with 1,000 points and 1,000 rebounds. Gonzaga won at Saint Mary's for just the second time in the last five seasons. The Zags had won nine straight before losing soundly to Memphis last Saturday. Meanwhile, Saint Mary's knows its NCAA tournament hopes are pinned to the high-scoring playmaker Mills' possible return for the conference tournament — yet the Gaels nearly pulled off a remarkable upset without him. Backed by another rollicking sellout crowd in sweltering, 3,500-seat gym high in the East Bay hills, Saint Mary's kept it tied at halftime and pulled even again at 60 with 61/2 minutes to play. Austin Daye put the Zags back ahead with a rebound dunk, and Bouldin hit a 3-pointer with 4:10 left to push Gonzaga's lead to 67-60. The Gaels wouldn't score again until Hunter's layup with 1:18 to play. Gonzaga went scoreless for 3:15 down the stretch, setting up the wild finish. The Gaels were ranked 22nd and were seriously threatening Gonzaga's annual stranglehold on the WCC championship before Mills broke two bones in his right hand. Mills had scored 18 points in the first half before his injury, and Saint Mary's fell apart in the second half of the 69-62 loss. The Gaels relied heavily both on Mills' scoring and playmaking, and his absence was obvious as they struggled through the next two weeks with losses to Portland and Santa Clara, along with a win over San Francisco. Hunter, a junior who redshirted last season after starting 24 games in 2006-07, scored 13 points in the first half Thursday night with three 3-pointers. Hunter rejoined the starting lineup last week after coming off the bench, and Mickey McConnell joined him for the second straight game — but no combination of replacements could make up for Mills' skills. Mills underwent surgery on his hand with hopes of returning for the conference tournament next month in Las Vegas.
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One of the advantages of having our garden closed to the public for a year or two, or maybe more, is the freedom to experiment. And experimenting we are with lawns – or mown green areas may be a more accurate description. We stopped mowing half our park at the end of last winter, choosing instead to keep to a mown track meandering through, so it is possible to walk without getting wet feet.
We have been talking about lawns and grass for years here. Lawns are arguably the most environmentally unfriendly gardening practice of all. Yet there is considerable value placed on the perfect lawn and some people take great pride in achieving this. Perfection is measured against the bowling green which has no connection whatever to the home garden, let alone to nature.
I have never forgotten taking Mark along when I was doing an interview for a commissioned garden story. The owners were very proud of their lush, green sward and claimed that garden visitors often said they wanted to take their shoes off and walk barefoot or roll on it. I saw Mark throw me a telling glance and later he expostulated: "You want to let your bare skin touch that?' For we both knew that sort of lawn perfection is only achievable by regular spraying with a fair range of chemicals, as well as fertiliser application and the usual frequent mowing, scarifying and over sowing that is required to keep it in such an artificial state.
The perfect lawn is a triumph of man or woman over nature, a dominance achieved at considerable cost to the environment and no small financial cost. There are all sorts of concerns around the western world about run-off from domestic lawns and frankly, when your lawn clippings are too toxic to put into the compost without risking your tomatoes and other crops for the next six months, there is a problem. Some folk will even kill off the worms with a residual spray in the quest for lawn perfection.
Mark is keen to have grass expanses with at least one flowering a year to feed the bees and other insect life. An added bonus has been unexpected. We made a decision a few years ago not to replace our cat, even though I adore fluffy felines. As a result, the Californian quail population has been steadily increasing and these lovely birds are a delight, foraging across the house lawns for seed. We might feel differently about a flowering lawn if we had small people in our lives running around bare footed, but in their absence, there is no need to worry about the bees.
We use a mulcher mower so the clippings are returned to the grass and this has eliminated any need to feed the lawn. Come early November, we let the grass grow long before cutting because then the dreaded Onehunga weed gets stretched and cut off before it can set its prickles. We do a certain amount of hand weeding to keep the flat weeds and undesirable grasses at bay in the house lawns. Beyond that, as long as it is fine or small leaved and cuts neatly, it is allowed to stay. Our lawns are more mixed colony environments than controlled grass species. We still mow regularly, but we are stretching out the intervals between mowing because we have become very aware of how dependent we now are on the motorised gardening aids and just how much fuel we have to buy to keep the mower, strimmer, chain saw and leaf blower running.
"Avant-gardeners do not have lawns; they have grass….The 'bowling green' lawn is a feature that belongs in front of council houses where it is surrounded by borders of lobelia, alyssum, French marigolds and salvias with standard fuchsias used as 'dot plants'.
The avant-gardener's grass is intermingled with daisies, plantains, buttercups… and plenty of moss (usually at least of 50% of the total coverage). This is a state of affairs to be encouraged. The grass is mown (avoiding a striped effect at all costs)…" (Avant-Gardening, a guide to one-upmanshop in the garden).
It does not appear that we have moved a long way since 1984 avant-garde thinking. If you are wondering what half our park looks like after six months without cutting the grass, I can report that the buttercup and self heal are thriving. To a critical eye it probably looks better in the shady areas than in the full sun but the mown strip is indeed like a path through a meadow and that is the effect we now want. We have worked out that we want the lawns immediately around the house more tightly maintained but, even in a large garden, we can achieve that without chemical intervention and top-up feeding. We see that as far more sustainable and environmentally friendly than the suburban value of an immaculate lawn.
First published in the June issue of the New Zealand Gardener and repinted here with their permission.
This entry was posted in Abbie's column and tagged environmentally friendly gardening, lawn management, Mark and Abbie Jury, Tikorangi: The Jury garden on 23 June 2015 by Abbie Jury.
Brilliant, Abbie, this is exactly what I'm leaning towards, as I move towards my "food forest". I realise that some open areas have to be kept in order for certain crops to thrive, which can also be kept as an alternative food source for birds & bees, as well as other beneficial insects.
The view from our kitchen is over a big expanse of grass towards a single big linden tree. It looks fabulous but it needs mowing far too often. And with short grass, we are now invaded by Canada geese, a lovely bird to look at and a horrible one to have around. (Do you know the expression about the speed with which things go through a goose?) The results now dot the grass, making walking out to the tree a less than enjoyable experience. So I've been thinking about making a grass maze, with the tree as the centre point, mowing paths only. When I have time to lay it out, I'll give it a try.
Sounds a great idea but will it do anything to solve the goose problem? Will they avoid longer grass?


What can I do about my hip dips?
What's the deal with hip dips? In this video, Abby explains our hip anatomy to better understand why us ladies have those beautiful dips – as well as walk through a variety of exercises that help minimize their appearance.


The man from Vattenfall didn't sound pleased to hear from me at 4:30am this morning. But I was awake (guess why!) and it seemed like the right time to have a conversation with him about Vattenfall's time-keeping and their disregard for residents.
I had spoken to Melanie Rogers (07817 944 359), Vattenfall's local Customer Relations person on Saturday night about the racket they were making then. She had repeated the explanation she had been given as to why the pile-driving happened at all hours of the day and night, and happily added that she didn't understand all the technicalities and would ask Adam Ezzenel the Foundation Package Manager to call me the next day.
Adam called on Sunday while I was out, leaving his contact details, which is how I came to be speaking to him as the sky was lightening in the small hours of this morning. We had a polite and productive conversation, all things considered, but I'm still not happy.
Adam explained that their mobile rig collects the foundations from Sheerness, returns to the wind farm, gets into position, and screws itself 100 feet into the seabed. Then, if it's not too windy, the huge crane manoeuvres the foundations into place and they start hammering them into the seabed. Adam said that these were the constraints that they had to work within.
I pointed out that the well-being of the residents didn't appear to be a constraint that was even considered, and that any major construction project on land would have contractual or legal limits on its operating hours. Adam explained that the wind farm extension has no such restrictions.
Adam said that it was not Vattenfall's "intention" to cause disruption and inconvenience to residents. This is simply disingenuous. As I explained, it may not be their "intention", but it is inevitable that pile-driving at sea in the middle of the night will be audible for miles around.
Melanie Rogers has received complaints from the western end of Whitstable to the eastern end of Herne Bay, and I know that it's clearly audible at the corner of Sea View Road and Reculver Road, half a kilometre inland. That covers maybe a third of the population of Herne Bay and Whitstable – kids preparing for exams, the elderly in care homes, the poorly in hospital – and Vattenfall don't care.
Everyone on this stretch of the coast knows how well sound travels across the sea from the MOD/Qinetiq range at Shoeburyness. Vattenfall know how much noise their operation make, but they simply refuse to consider the local residents as any kind of constraint on their 24 hour operations.
This got me wondering about how, if at all, the coastal towns benefit from having the wind farm on our skyline. If Melanie is local, then that's one job. Our electricity isn't any cheaper, despite the huge amount that is generated off shore being piped ashore. Like the Monty Python sketch of "what have the Romans ever done for us?"… what does Vattenfall do for the coastal towns?
If they were smart, Vattenfall would offer to be permanent sponsors of the Christmas lights in Herne Bay and Whitstable, as an apology for being inconsiderate neighbours, and as a good bit of cheap, electricity-related PR. Just a thought.


This post is written by Dr. Ryan Hassan, M.D., local pediatrician and one of Boost Oregon's Community Workshop leaders.
In the last month, as the measles outbreak has continued to spread in Oregon and Washington, I have gotten many questions from concerned parents about what they can do to protect their children from this potentially deadly disease.
This information has been discussed at great length on hospital and public health websites, so here I'll provide a condensed summary of recommendations, focusing primarily on infants under one year, and young children.
Every child should get their first MMR vaccine at their 12-month well visit, or as soon as possible if they are older than 12 months. This dose leads to lifelong immunity in 93-98% of children who receive it.
Every child should get their second MMR vaccine at their four year well visit at the latest, but can get it as early as 28 days after their first dose. There is no downside to getting the second dose early, and it would be reasonable, but not essential, to do so for children who are in close proximity to the outbreak. The second MMR vaccine will lead to lifelong measles immunity in >99% of children who receive it, so anyone who has had two doses does not need to take any extra precautions during the outbreak, as they can neither get the disease nor spread it.
Babies six to 12 months old should get an MMR vaccine prior to international travel, and could receive a dose if they are in close proximity to the outbreak. Our clinic is not currently recommending this extra dose to our patients living in Clackamas County. This dose does not create lasting immunity, so children who receive it still need the normal two doses at 12 months and four years.
Babies younger than six months should not receive the MMR vaccine. At this age, they cannot create an immune response to the disease due to circulating maternal antibodies. While these maternal antibodies do provide some passive immunity against the disease, they are not a replacement for vaccination at the 12-month well visit.
If your child is not yet immunized and visited an exposed location (see Oregon and Washington locations) during the timeframe of exposure, call your local health department or healthcare provider immediately. If older than six months, your child can receive a protective dose of MMR within 72 hours of exposure that will provide the best protection against getting the disease. It's also important to note that you child will not be contagious until at least six days after exposure, so a timely response is essential.
Severely immunocompromised individuals, like those with AIDS or on chemotherapy, cannot receive the MMR vaccine. However, this is not a contraindication to having other household members vaccinated. In fact, it is even more important that other members get vaccinated in order to protect the immunocompromised person.
If your child is less than 12 months old and has not yet been vaccinated — or if you have a severely immunocompromised child that cannot receive the MMR vaccine — the best way to protect against measles is to limit outings in public spaces, especially in the Vancouver and Portland areas, during an outbreak.
People with measles are contagious 4 days before the rash starts until 4 days after, so even people without symptoms could potentially spread the disease. If your incompletely-immunized child has been exposed, immunoglobulin can be given within the first six days after exposure to protect against developing disease.
Once measles develops, there is unfortunately no cure; treatment is symptomatic only. Common complications include diarrheal disease, ear infections and pneumonia.
At best, the illness will lead to several days of misery, missed school and work, increased stress, and unnecessary suffering.
At worst, it can lead to hospitalization, irreversible brain damage, and even death. The harrowing reality is that one to two children out of every 1,000 infected will die of measles, usually because of infection spreading to the lungs or the brain.
This is a serious disease, making it especially critical that children receive vaccinations to protect themselves and the community.
Measles is the most contagious disease known to man, and will infect 90% of unimmunized people who come into contact with it.
Before 1963, when the first measles vaccine was developed, there were three to four million cases per year in the United States. We are now fortunate enough to have a safe vaccine that works so well against the disease that we successfully eradicated it from the US in the year 2000.
Unfortunately, the rise of vaccine misinformation has led to decreased immunization rates and a subsequent rise in outbreaks like the one we are seeing today in Oregon and Washington. Low vaccination rates in local communities means that a once-eradicated disease has returned to infect our children.
Given what we're experiencing locally, it becomes even clearer that vaccinating our children is not simply a personal choice. It is a very public choice, with very public consequences.
By vaccinating your child, you can help ensure an outbreak like this never happens again. Spread the word to friends, family, and colleagues, and encourage them to do the same.
If you or someone you know have questions about the MMR vaccine, or any other vaccine, speak to your child's pediatrician, and join me at a free Community Workshop through Boost Oregon, where you can ask questions and learn the science and safety of vaccines.
Dr. Ryan Hassan, M.D. is a pediatrician practicing at Oregon Pediatrics in Happy Valley, and a supporting member of Boost Oregon. He completed his Medical Degree and Masters degree in Public Health in Texas, and completed pediatric residency in Utah.
Is it Possible to Change a Parent's Misinformed Views on Vaccines?


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Satellite Subsidies Will Widen Digital Divide in Rural America
by Katie Kienbaum | Date: 14 Jan 2020 | posted in: MuniNetworks | 0
These funds are part of a 2018 federal program intended to expand rural broadband access called the Connect America Fund phase II (CAF II) reverse auction. The program, in which Internet access providers competed for subsidies, will distribute nearly $1.5 billion over the next 10 years to connect unserved rural residents. But in some communities, the auction may do more to widen the digital divide than diminish it.
While some winning bidders committed to building out high-speed fiber optic networks, satellite company Viasat will rake in more than $120 million in subsidies to continue providing inadequate geostationary satellite connectivity to rural households that are clamoring for something better. Not only does satellite Internet access offer slower speeds, greater latency, and less reliability for a higher cost compared to other technologies, but Viasat's subsidies are making those areas ineligible for future broadband funds, deterring other providers from building truly high-quality networks. Instead of bridging the digital divide, the process will relegate certain communities to satellite Internet access while others receive ultra-fast fiber and do nothing more than deepen the fissure.
Mo' Money . . .
The Connect America Fund (CAF) is a multi-phase subsidy program that supports improved connectivity in rural, high-cost areas as part of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC's) Universal Service Fund. The most recent phase of the program, the CAF phase II reverse auction, auctioned off regions to providers using a complicated formula that prioritized bids for low subsidy amounts and high-quality service.
Previous rounds of CAF mainly subsidized the large incumbents, such as AT&T and CenturyLink, but for the reverse auction, the FCC opened participation to other entities, including non-traditional providers like electric cooperatives. Eligible areas included rural locations where the incumbents had previously refused subsidies (and the accompanying commitment to expand Internet access).
Viasat was one of the largest winners in the CAF II reverse auction nationally. The satellite provider will receive a total of approximately $122.5 million over 10 years ($12.3 million annually) for nearly 200,000 locations across 20 states, as shown in the map below. Only three other auction participants, out of more than 100, won greater amounts of funding. In return for the financial support, Viasat must offer speeds of at least 25 Megabits per second (Mbps) upload and 3 Mbps download to all of the funded locations, but that access will also be saddled with high latency. Unlike other auction winners, Viasat doesn't have to build a new network to receive CAF II subsidies — it already offers service to practically the entire country.
The locations where Viasat won CAF funding cover a wide range of communities, from remote mountain towns to exurbs within commuting distance of major metros. In some instances, Viasat's CAF-funded areas are even adjacent to communities where the winning bidders will deploy gigabit fiber networks.
Review a table here that breaks down Viasat's CAF II subsidy amounts at the state level and the population covered.
. . . Mo' Problems
Communities where the FCC is subsidizing fiber networks will enjoy great advances in local connectivity, but areas where Viasat is the winning bidder will see limited improvement or even diminished service. Satellite Internet access is much slower than fiber or cable connectivity and often comes with restrictive data caps. Also, satellite connectivity is less reliable than wireline technology and is susceptible to interruptions in access caused by weather. Our fact sheet further explains why satellite Internet access is not true broadband.
Perhaps one of the hardest to reconcile problems with geostationary satellite Internet access is the latency, or lag time, that naturally results from sending signals thousands of miles into outer space and back again.1 High latency with applications like Voice over IP (VoIP) or video conferencing can annoy users or even make the technology unusable. "That's very frustrating as a consumer when your entry level price point is $120 a month," pointed out Nick Green, executive director of the intergovernmental Grant County Digital Network Coalition in Oregon. The FCC acknowledged this shortcoming when designing the CAF II reverse auction, placing satellite providers into a special high latency tier.
For these reasons, the vast majority of people only subscribe to satellite Internet access if they have no other option available. For example, even though Viasat services are available to approximately 122 million U.S. households, only about 586,000 residences and businesses subscribe to its fixed Internet access, the company reported.
"Over the last few years I've talked to hundreds of rural people about their broadband situation and I have never met anybody who liked satellite broadband – not one person," shared experienced broadband consultant Doug Dawson on his blog, POTs and PANs.
It's even questionable whether Viasat truly believes it can meet the modest quality standards set by the FCC for auction winners. Soon after the auction ended, Viasat filed a petition for reconsideration with the FCC, seeking permission to conduct call quality testing in-house and only count a certain percentage of tests. Though the FCC rejected those specific requests and allowed only some changes to compliance testing procedures, it raises concerns about the company's ability to fulfill basic service obligations.2
Satellite "Swiss Cheese" Blocks Fiber Broadband
Bad satellite connectivity could be the new status quo in places where Viasat receives CAF subsidies. Since federal funding programs prioritize unserved areas that aren't currently receiving subsidies, these communities could be stuck with slow, unreliable satellite for several years at least. For instance, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ReConnect grant and loan program — which completed its first round of $600 million last year and is about to open applications for another $550 million — excluded most areas that had already received federal broadband funds. Those areas also won't be included in the FCC's upcoming $20.4 billion Rural Digital Opportunity Fund, the successor program to CAF.
On Community Broadband Bits podcast episode 383, president and CEO of Tri-County Electric Cooperative Craig Eccher described how Viasat's subsidies could affect the Pennsylvania co-op, which also won funding in the CAF II reverse auction:
In the next auction that would come along, if some of those census block groups would come back up, we may want to go after those, but now we won't . . . It's a policy issue that FCC needs to really, really work on.
Grant County, Oregon, is already feeling the impact of Viasat's subsidies on local broadband efforts. For a recently awarded ReConnect grant, the county and private partner Oregon Telephone Corporation had to carefully design their fiber network around areas that Viasat won in the CAF II auction. "We have really bizzare zones of exclusion," Green shared. "Some of the area that was auctioned off looks like swiss cheese going through our county."
The partners' ReConnect network is allowed to travel through the CAF-funded areas, but they can't use the grant funds to serve anyone within that territory. Green described how the artificial distinction affects some ranchers and farmers in the county, who will have to pay higher prices for worse service than their neighbors connected to the fiber network:
We have to tell the residents in those areas we can't use this federal funding to connect you because according to the rules you're already connected via satellite. And their response is, "Are you kidding? I can see the fiber optic cable running in front of my property."
"Was the legislative intent to create winners and losers within constituencies?," Green questioned. "I don't believe that it was. I believe that it probably reflects the influence of lobbyists."
Satellite to Nowhere
Subsidizing satellite Internet access will not solve the urban-rural digital divide if communities are stuck relying on slow satellite connections while their neighbors flourish thanks to government subsidized, high-speed fiber connectivity. It simply creates a new divide, and some communities might have been better off without it.
For more on the Connect America Fund, the CAF II reverse auction, and Viasat, listen to episode 321, episode 349, and episode 375 of the Community Broadband Bits podcast.
Episode 321: Analyzing the Auction With Jonathan Chambers
Episode 349: FCC Considers Retroactive Rule Change for Viasat
Episode 375: Inside the Connect America Fund with Carol Mattey
1. Unlike existing geostationary satellites, new low Earth orbit constellation systems from companies like SpaceX, Telesat, and OneWeb will have much lower latency, nearly on par with today's cable networks.
2. In addition to the FCC, state utilities commissions are also responsible for ensuring Viasat is able to provide services that meet basic quality standards. All recipients of FCC subsidies, including CAF II auction winners, must first be designated as "eligible telecommunications carriers" by state utilities commissions. However, most states have either deferred the responsibility to the FCC or treated the designation as a rubber stamp because few people pay attention to these proceedings beyond the telecom companies themselves.
Viasat CAF II auction State Subsidies table
This article was originally published on ILSR's MuniNetworks.org. Read the original here.
Photo via GoodFreePhotos.
connect america fund, digital divide, homepage feature, initiative feature, map, rural, satellite
Follow Katie Kienbaum:
Katie Kienbaum
Katie is a Researcher with ILSR's Energy Democracy initiative, where she researches and writes about equitable and decentralized clean energy and its impact on communities across the country. Before joining the Energy Democracy initiative, she was a Research Associate with the Community Broadband Networks initiative
Latest posts from Katie
ILSR Urges Environmental Protection Agency to Prioritize Grants in Low-Income and Disadvantaged Communities - December 13, 2022
Are Utilities Blocking Rooftop Solar From the Power Grid? - September 9, 2022
How the Inflation Reduction Act Makes it Easier to Go Solar — and Where it Falls Short - September 5, 2022
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You've likely noticed distinctive (albeit slightly odd looking) web addresses at some of your favorite social sites as global brands seek to maximize brand impressions within character-limited messages by creating short vanity URLs.
Before you can start using a custom address, first you have to choose and purchase a vanity URL. This requires a bit of creativity and occasionally some international diplomacy.
Seeking a unique URL for your business. Well, good news, now your company can get a custom branded short web address while still capturing the valuable statistics you rely on — all from within HootSuite dashboard.
Along with the new premium plans, HootSuite now offers custom URL shortening services through the tried and tested Ow.ly tool.
Owly Pro is available to customers using the Enterprise or Platinum package for an additional charge. To get shorter, simply send email to pro (at) ow.ly or contact your VIP Ambassador.
Once registered, you'll receive technical instructions which should take under 10 minutes for your technical team to update your DNS records and provide a list of authorized publishers.
What other advice can you offer about choosing and registering a short domain name? What are some of your faves? Did you imagine this business trend 10 years ago? We'd be pleased to read your thoughts in the comments.


A big well done to all those of you who sang in the December Concert. The Stella Natalis went very well and everyone made a big effort to sparkle and shine! Twenty-four happy carollers also sang at Thomley Hall and we presented them with a cheque for £200 which was gratefully received.
It promises to be an exciting singing year ahead with Verdi Requiem in March and a French Revolution themed Summer Concert in July, not to mention Carmina Burana in December.
Behind the scenes we are planning another tour to take place in May 2018. We are also looking forward to another singing workshop with our very own President, Adrian Thompson, plus other social events. I look forward to singing with you!


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What follows will touch on two places that we've been before – the scarcity (or not) of media and the value of anything we, as journalists, do in this digital age.
If I was Paul or Charlie or Adrian or anyone of those boys entrusted with the education of the next generation of journalists, I would start my first term with a lesson on the treatment of quotes.
Given that in all likelihood we are now always going to be talking about quotes in their sound clip form – ie as held on a digital voice recorder not as an ineligble scribble on an reporter's notebook – in a sense the classic meaning of the 'treatment of quotes' has changed.
You don't 'treat' them at all; you have a perfect record of the conversation, of the interview; one that you could – and I'm not sure as to the argument why we don't – simply attach the sound clip of the interview as a 'source material' link beneath your article.
It's there in all it's dropped 'aitch, no sentence glory. But it's fresh, it's original, it's untreated and, above all else, it's yours.
And that's key; that's a fundamental. That possession of quotes is nine-tenths of our digital law.
And when we talk of the digital treatment of quotes, that's what has changed – we don't 'treat' them in the sense of smoothing out the grammar; applying the right tense to the passage – and we're back to the whole 'Who needs a sub?' line here – instead we treat them as you would the family silver. Never let them out of your sight.
If you give them away, you only do so for a very good reason. Cash, ideally.
And if that fails, then it is a credit. 'Blah, blah, blah…' told MyFootballWriter.com.
And that's your fall-back position; you don't budge from that line.
But – as all locals do – if you know it's the same old faces attending the same police calls, the same pre-match Press conference, etc, etc and, by the same token, you then know where those same quotes are head next – onto BBC Radio, the morning provincial paper 24 hours late(r) – then you have a fair chance of 'tracking' your babies. And watch where they go like a hawk.
And here's another trick that we should all learn – insert the odd, quirky punctuation. Bit like an individual stone mason used to leave his mark.
And it's hugely important. If there are just two of us who have got off our arses to talk to a single football player in the West Country rain and you know who the other 'local' face is… then you know where those quotes are going; and where they shouldn't be.
Or at least, not without either a cheque or a credit attached. Because a credit is a marketing device; it proves that you had the quote first; you were the one that got your hands dirty at the coalface; that you're the one with the fresh, organic stuff – you don't re-package and re-use for a living.
Back to the Piece Hall. By all means let people feel the quality of the cloth; that's why you've built a communal space in the first-place; for people to see, to feel and – ideally – to trade.
But you don't let people wander off with your hand-woven 'pieces' and then re-sell from the back of the dirty white van parked round the corner.
Value; you delivered value by sourcing those quotes yourself. And if you are selling your wares to a passionate, niche audience for whom those fresh quotes have a real value and interest, do not give them away.


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Family speaks out after two Louisiana teens fatally shoot each other
EU-UK leaders seek way out of Brexit trade impasse
by: RAF CASERT, Associated Press
Posted: Dec 22, 2020 / 10:39 AM CST / Updated: Dec 22, 2020 / 12:14 PM CST
European Union's chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier, left, speaks with Ambassador Michael Clauss, Permanent Representative of Germany to the European Union, during a meeting of EU ambassadors in Brussels, Tuesday, Dec. 22, 2020. Problems increased Monday in the bid to put a trade deal between the European Union and the United Kingdom before a Brexit transition period ends on New Year's Day, with the EU legislature insisting it will not have time to approve a deal. (John Thys, Pool via AP)
BRUSSELS (AP) — The European Union and the United Kingdom kicked efforts into higher gear on Tuesday to settle a fight over fishing quotas in British waters, the main dispute standing in the way of a trade deal that would avoid a chaotic New Year's Day economic divorce between the two.
EU nations insisted that they would even consider negotiating beyond Jan. 1 if necessary, acknowledging that an agreement that would safeguard hundreds of thousands of jobs on both sides should not fall apart over the small fisheries sector.
"We are really in a crucial moment and we are giving it a final push," said EU chief negotiator Michel Barnier before he briefed EU member states on the state of negotiations.
"In 10 days, the UK will leave the single market," Barnier said, highlighting the need for speed to get a deal.
After Barnier briefed the member nations, an EU diplomat said that "progress has been made. Most issues are preliminarily closed or close to being agreed."
The diplomat, who spoke on condition of anonymity because the talks were ongoing, said that the 27-nation bloc "remains ready to negotiate even beyond January 1."
Another diplomat said that among other issues not fully closed are a few disputes over fair competition rules.
Nine months of talks have boiled down to just a few days to reach a compromise on how to carry one trading with as few obstacles and tariffs as possible after Britain's Jan. 31 departure from the EU and a transition period that runs out at year's end.
If talks go on beyond that point, it's unclear under what conditions trade would take place in the interim. The European Parliament, which must approve any deal, already said it would be impossible to give the go-ahead on such short notice.
Over the past few days, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen have been drawn more and more into the talks and have been in contact by phone seeking to unblock negotiations on the last major hurdle of EU fishing rights in U.K. waters.
Up to Jan. 1, the rights were shared among all EU nations, but with the Brexit departure, the United Kingdom regains control over some of its fish-abundant waters. Now both sides are haggling, seeking to grab as much of those fishing quotas as they can. If Britain insists on keeping too much for itself, it could see itself punished with tough seafood export tariffs and other measures.
Officials said the EU could live with a cut of up to 25 percent in quotas while Britain wants it to be much more. The sides are also bickering over a transition period, which Johnson wanted to limit to three years while the EU was pushing for seven.
"Differences on fisheries remain difficult to bridge," the EU diplomat said.
On Monday, Johnson insisted it didn't really matter whether an agreement is reached or not, saying Britain would "prosper mightily" even if the talks collapsed overnight.
Hundreds of thousands of jobs are at stake in both sides' economies if no deal is found. But Britain is still insisting its sovereignty trumps concessions granting EU vessels rights in U.K. waters, and the EU is refusing to open its lucrative single market to the U.K. unless it commits to playing by the bloc's rules.
The stalemate has left the overall talks inconclusive, with businesses on both sides clamoring for a deal that would save tens of billions in costs. A failure to reach a post-Brexit deal would lead to more chaos on Britain's borders with the EU at the start of 2021, when new tariffs enacted by both sides would add to other impediments to trade.
While both sides would suffer economically from a failure to secure a trade deal, most economists think the British economy would take a greater hit, at least in the near-term, as it's relatively more reliant on trade with the EU than the other way around.
Follow all AP stories on the Brexit trade talks at https://apnews.com/Brexit
More Business Stories
by KEN SWEET, Associated Press / Jan 19, 2021
NEW YORK (AP) — Goldman Sachs said its profits more than doubled from a year earlier thanks to a surge in both trading and advising revenue.
The New York-based investment bank said it earned a profit of $4.36 billion, or $12.08 per share, up from a profit of $1.72 billion, or $4.69 a share, in the same period a year earlier. The earnings were significantly better than the $7.45-per-share profit that analysts were expecting.
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) — Bank of America's fourth-quarter profits fell 18% from a year ago, as lower interest rates weighed down its results. However the bank was able to release more than $800 million from its credit reserves, a sign that it sees the U.S. economy improving in the coming months.
The North Carolina-based bank said Tuesday that it earned a profit of $5.47 billion, or 59 cents a share, down from a profit $6.99 billion, or 74 cents per share, in the same period a year earlier. Analysts were expecting BofA to earn 56 cents a share, according to Zacks Investment Research.
Here's how Texans are honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. Day during the pandemic


On this occasion, we employed the energy-rich gamma radiation of a radiothorium preparation.
Here he discovered radioactinium and conducted investigations with Rutherford on alpha-rays of radiothorium and radioactinium.
His work here was rewarded by the discovery of a new radioactive substance, radiothorium, while working on the preparation of pure radium salts.


Bankruptcy Reform Act, Part 1: Hearing Before Subcomm. on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, (1975) 94th Cong.
Girth, Marjorie L., "Bankruptcy Reform Act, Part 1" (1975). Faculty Publications By Year. 220.