If you think of it, an SPA application is very similar to a Silverlight application, in that most Silverlight applications load all the pages at the beginning and later allow the users to navigate between the pages without calling the server. So understanding of the SPA concepts should come very naturally to Silverlight developers.
In its generic form, the browser navigation maps a unique URL to the specific navigation state of the browser application. The "navigation state of the application" determines which pages or regions within the application are shown or hidden or how they are shown.
The browser interprets the URL and sets the application to the corresponding state. This is required for e.g. enabling the user to navigate the browser application by pressing the browser "back" and "forward" navigation buttons (the browser stores the URLs and when the user presses one of the browser navigation buttons the URL changes and the application state changes correspondingly). Also, this is useful when some external page refers to some specific page (or state) within the application which is not the application's default page.
The reverse is also true: once the state of the application changes, e.g. because the user presses a tab or a hyperlink to move to a different page, the browser URL should also change to the one corresponding to the new state.
The same navigation concepts can apply to any native single window/multipage applications especially to those built for smart phones and tablets and time permitting, I am going to write more articles about it.
In my experience, building SPA application results in large HTML files since the application consists of multiple pages and all of them are loaded together. Large HTML files can be difficult to understand and modify. I created functionality allowing to split SPAs into multiple files and load and assemble them all on the client. This functionality is also discussed here.
Being a great fan of WPF and Silverlight, I ambitiously called the new framework BPF standing for Browser Presentation Foundation. Its ultimate purpose is to provide the capabilities one can find in WPF and Silverlight and more. Currently it provides some generic purpose utility functionality, navigation and composition capabilities which will be described below. Composition part of the framework depends on JQuery, the rest of the framework is self-sufficient, and can be used without JQuery installed.
There are two SPAs that have been built with an earlier version of BPF library: my own business website - awebpros.com and paperplusne.com. Note that paperplusne.com website does not have correct pricing data yet for all its items (for items without pricing data I put $1000 as their price). You can still order some plastic-ware through it and someone will contact you back about the prices.
Just like a Silverlight or a desktop application, the SPA application can minimize the amount of information it loads from the server by getting only the required data from the server (usually in JSON form) and not the generated HTML code as ordinary HTML applications do. I provide some examples of an SPA communicating with the server within this article.
We discuss the navigation and present the navigation capabilities of the BPF framework.
We discuss the composition using BPF framework.
We talk about SPA communications with the server using ASP.NET MVC and provide corresponding examples.
Important Note: This article concentrates on the business logic and not on the UI design. We present the SPAs built in the simplest possible way without any concern about how ugly they look.
Throughout this article, I use some very basic JQuery functionality to detect when the HTML document is loaded and also to provide a multiplatform way of binding to the DOM events, so some understanding of JQuery functionality is needed. A couple of paragraphs from JQuery and DOM Event should cover this information.
When discussing composition we also use JQuery selectors. You can follow the JQuery Selectors link to learn about them.
I am using JQuery-UI tabs control extensively for navigation but anything related to that is explained in the text.
Part that covers communications with the server might require some basic understanding of ASP MVC, even though we try to explain everything within the article itself.
Here we present two very simple two-page HTML applications: one ordinary and the other SPA. The code for the ordinary HTML application is located under TwoPageOrdinaryHTMLApp solution, while the code for the SPA is located under TwoPageSPA solution.
To start the TwoPageOrdinaryHTMLApp, right click on Page1.htm file within the Visual Studio's solution explorer and choose "View in Browser" option if you want to view it in the default browser or "Browse with" option if you want to choose the browser. You can switch between the pages by clicking the hyperlinks at the top.
The SPA solution uses JQuery (if you open Scripts folder you will see a bunch of JQuery files). You can install JQuery as a NuGet package as described in JQuery.
As you can see, the page links do not contain valid references - their href property is set to '#' just so that they would look and behave like links (have bluish color and change the mouse cursor to "hand").
Both pages' text is placed below the links. Page 2 text is not visible in the beginning (its display property is set to none and because of that, it is placed first so that whatever HTML code follows it won't be shifted down because of it.
// DOM has been loaded into the browser.
We use JQuery's bind function to attach event handlers to click events on the hyperlinks. When the event fires we show the contents of one of the pages and hide the contents of the other page.
One can see, however, there is a difference in behaviors of the two applications. When you change pages in the ordinary HTML application, the browser URL also changes (e.g. from http://localhost:23033/Page1.htm to http://localhost:23033/Page2.htm). After switching the pages, you can use "back" button on your browser to go to the previous page. Also if you want the users to access Page2.htm without accessing Page1 (which is a default page for the application) you can simply give a hyperlink http://localhost:23033/Page2.htm pointing straight to Page2.
If you try to switch pages in the SPA, however, you will notice that the URL does not change, back button is not working and there is no way to give the users a straight link to page2. This problem will be addressed shortly in a section of the article dedicated to SPA navigation.
It looks nicer to have tabs instead of hyperlinks when you want to switch between the pages. JQuery UI tabs can be used for this purpose.
JQuery UI is a GUI package built on top of JQuery. You can install it via NuGet in the same fashion as JQuery.
The code sample using JQuery UI tabs is located under TwoPagesSPAWithTabs solution. It consists of Index.htm file as well as the files from JQuery and JQuery UI packages. Index.htm file contains reference to a JQuery UI style sheet: <link href="Content/themes/base/jquery.ui.all.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> at the top of the page (the style sheet is part of the JQuery UI package installation).
Note that the href attributes of the hyperlinks at the top of the code are pointing to ids of the HTML tags containing page content (e.g. hyperlink with href="#page1" points to the tag <p id="page1" ...). This is to let JQuery UI functionality figure out which content belongs to which tab.
Just like in previous SPA sample, the URL is not connected to the tabs - changing tabs won't change the URL and changing URL won't change the tabs.
Here we present navigation functionality of the BPF framework.
There is a limitation to the current version of BPF framework, in that it relies on hashchange document event to detect the changes of the hash and change the navigation states of the SPA. IE7 does not support hashchange event so the navigation functionality will on work on it. The share of IE7 browser users is currently smaller than 1% and rapidly declining, so I believe this issue does not have to be addressed.
Do not try to understand it all, since detailed navigation functionality design will be discussed shortly. In short, we use bpf.nav.Node functionality to connect the navigation states to the parts of the browser url. bpf.nav.JQTabsNavAdaptor adapts JQuery tabs so that the resulting adapted object has methods expected by bpf.nav.Node. The line bpf.nav.connectToUrlHash(tabNode) makes a two way connection between the nodes and the URL (nodes react to URL and vice versa). Last line bpf.nav.setKeySegmentToHash(tabNode) sets the initial URL to match the one obtained from bpf.nav.Nodes structure.
Running the sample shows SPA very similar to TwoPageSPAWithTabs, but the tabs have unique URL mapped to them and when you change the tabs, the URL also changes. Correspondingly "Back" and "Forward" browser buttons now work and switch between the tabs. Also typing "http://localhost:48476/Index.html#page2." for a URL in a browser, will get you straight to the second tab.
HierarchicalSPAWithNavigation sample presents a more interesting of tab hierarchy. The top level tabs contain sub-tabs. Each tab/sub-tab combination maps to its own URL.
Pay attention that we show SubPage2 within Page2. This combination corresponds to the URL hash: "#page2.page2SubTab2.". If we change the tabs, the hash will change accordingly.
You can see that the hash always start with '#' and ends with '.' character. The links corresponding to different levels of the navigation state hierarchy are separated by the period ('.') character. Such links in this sample, match the href values of the links of the tabs stripped of '#' prefix character.
// creates the top level node (JQTabsNavAdaptor is used).
// as child of "page1".
// as child of "page2".
Navigation functionality is located under "namespace" bpf.nav within BPF library. It relies on the bpf.utils functionality and also parts of it depend on JQuery and JQuery UI (though it can work without them).
The purpose of Navigation functionality is to allow the developers to define a number of navigation states within an SPA and map each of the states into a unique browser URL so that when the state changes the URL changes also and vice versa - the URL change triggers the navigation state change.
Each part of the URL's hash bound by periods we call hash segment. For example hash "#Page1.SubPage2" has two segments: "Page1" and "SubPage2". Each segment maps into the level state selected at that level. At each level no more than one level state can be selected (sometimes, it is convenient to assume that no level state is selected at some level).
Navigation states consist of level states. Each navigation node can have several level child states that belong to it. One or none of these level child states may be selected as the current level state. Each of the level states has a string associated with it. This string uniquely identifies that state among the children states of the same node. This string becomes a segment bound by two period characters within the URL's hash when the level state is selected. The total hash is uniquely determined by the sequence of such segments corresponding to the level states starting from the higher level states and going down to the more refined levels.
bpf.nav.Node references its parent and children (if any). bpf.nav.Node's parent and children are also derived from bpf.nav.NodeBase class. The children of bpf.nav.Node are accessible by string keys via function bpf.nav.NodeBase.getChild(key). The key maps into the corresponding segment of the URL's hash.
// unselects the currently selected key (if any and if the object allows it).
Adaptor contains the object that controls the selection (in this case it is JQuery UI tabs object) and implements ISelectable interface by providing the methods that bpf.nav.Node expects.
Another adaptor built into BPF - a check box adaptor comes with bpf.nav.CheckboxNavAdaptor class. It provides a way to associate the level states with checkbox's checked and unchecked states.
getTotalHash() - returns a URL's hash that corresponds to the selections within the node itself and its descendants. The hash has a leading pound ('#') and trailing period ('.') characters.
These two methods provide a way to update the selection within some selectable objects (e.g. JQuery UI tabs) once the URL's hash changes and vice versa - to change the URL once a selection changes within the bpf.nav.Node hierarchy.
This section requires some knowledge of Knockoutjs library. You can learn about Knockoutjs by using this link or many other resources including Solar System Animation built with SVG, Knockout and MVVM Pattern.
This section's sample is located under ParamNavigationTest solution. We have a View Model created by the functionality within the file StudentViewModel.js file under Scripts/ViewModels directory. It defines a collection of studentVM.students of objects of type Student. Each Student has a name field and a collection of course objects. Each course has two fields courseName and grade. The View Model studentVM has selectedStudent Knockoutjs observable field. Also each Student object has an observable selectedCourse field.
Our task is to provide a unique URL hash for each student - course selection.
We can, of course, use the bpf.nav.Node functionality described above for every student and course object. This, however, can be problematic if the number of such objects is very high or if the student or course collections change throughout the application.
BPF library has a class bpf.nav.FactoryNode located within NavigationFactoryNode.js file, that produces bpf.nav.Node objects as they are needed by the application and adds them to their parent node's childNodes collection.
Suppose that your browser is divided into two halves. Each of the halves has tabs. You can select one tab in each of the halves. You also want to assign a URL for every possible tab combination. The resulting space of navigation states will be a Cartesian products of the states within each of the halves of the browser.
We can further complicate the task by dividing the browser into more than two parts. Also we can assume that such Cartesian product can occur not only at the top state, but at any state level.
Note that total URL hash for on the figure above is "#(topics/TopicA)(othertopics/SomeOtherTopicA).". The parts of the hash corresponding to the components of the Cartesian product are placed within a parenthesis. The part of the hash within a parenthesis starts with a key that uniquely identifies that part within the Cartesian product. The key is separated from the rest of the string within the parenthesis by a forward slash.
// add "topics" node to be a child of topLevelNode under key "topics"
// add "otherTopics" node to be a child of topLevelNode under key "othertopics"
bpf.nav.ProductNode is located within ProductNavigationNode.js file. Just like bpf.nav.Node, it is kind of a sub-class of bpf.nav.NodeBase. It overrides the implementation of the functions setSelectedKeySegmentsRecursive, getUrlRecursive and chainUnselect.
A considerably more complex example can be found in ComplexProductNavigationTest solution. It involves a long sequence of tabs within tabs with Cartesian products occurring at two levels - the top one and under TopicA tab.
The total hash part of the URL for the figure above is "#(topics/TopicA.(a1subs1/A1Subtopic1.A1Sub1Sub2)(a1subs2/A2Subtopic2))(othertopics/SomeOtherTopicA).". You can play with the application to see that the browser navigation buttons are working indeed.
As I mentioned in Introduction, SPA might result in large HTML files due to the fact that all its pages are loaded together and switching the pages simply means that parts of HTML change their visibility.
All of the BPF composition related functionality is located within Composite.js file and it relies heavily on JQuery.
Let us take a look at the sample under SimpleCompositionSample project. HTML directory of this project contains two html files Index.html - the main file and APlugin.html - a file containing the plugin code. To start the application, right click on Index.html file within Solution Explorer and choose "View in Browser" option.
The only text visible within main HTML file is "This is the main Module". There are two <div> tags for inserting plugin content: "APluginContainer1" and "APluginContainer2". Each one of them has a button under it that calls the plugin's code-behind to change the color of the text of the corresponding plugin instance to blue.
You may notice that the same plugin is being inserted into two places within the main module.
// and their descendants have been loaded into the main module.
// element pointed to by the selector "#APluginContainer1"
// element pointed to by the selector "#APluginContainer2"
The function bpf.control(jquery-selector) returns the code-behind for the plugin contained within the element pointed to by the jquery-selector passed to it. We use the function call() created by the BPF framework to call the code-behind's method. The function's first argument is the name of the method you want to call. If the method has some input arguments, you can add them after the method name.
// currentDOM - the DOM of the parent element.
// of the plugin and not some other instances.
// access to the code-behind function returned below.
// to work at the moment when the plugin is inserted into the plugin cache.
The HTML of the plugin simply shows text "This is a plugin".
The code-behind <script> tag contains an anonymous function that returns a JSON object defining various methods. There are two predefined code-behind methods that are called (if they exist) when the plugin is loaded into the main module: preRender and postRender - the first one is called before and the second one after the plugin is loaded.
All the code-behind methods except for preRender receive a special object as their this variable. This object contains currentDOM field which is a JQuery DOM object for the element within the parent module into which the plugin was attached.
Important Note: if you want to find a DOM element belonging to a plugin within the code-behind you should do it via a call to this.currentDOM.find(selector) function, not by using $(selector). The reason is that if the same plugin is inserted in multiple places within the main module, unless you use this.currentDOM.find method, you'll probably find multiple instances of the same plugin instead of that particular instance, so that all of your modification will be applied to multiple instances instead of the particular instance you need. BTW, note that that since our plugin has and id: id="aPlugin", and the plugin is inserted twice into the main module, you'll have two different elements with the same id within the main module. It seemed to be working fine in my experience due to the fact that I was always using this.currentDOM.find to resolve the instance. If you feel that it is wrong (after all it is the ABCs of the HTML that there should be no two elements with the same id within the DOM), you can avoid using ids within plugins and use unique class names instead.
The postRender function changes the color of the text of the plugin to green once the plugin is inserted into the main module.
Code-behind's method changeColorToBlue changes the color of the plugin's text to blue.
The text of the top plugin instance changed to blue, while the text of the bottom plugin instance stayed green.
The buttons change the color of the text of the plugin and sub-plugin correspondingly.
// And the parent event barrier won't fire until it fires.
// changes the color of the plugin itself to blue.
Note that when we call getPlugin() function within the plugin, we pass self ( which is the same as this variable) as the second argument, not null as we do in the main module. Also note that in order to get access within a plugin to the code-behind object of the sub-plugin, we need to pass self as the second argument to the bpf.control() function: bpf.control("#subPluginContainer", self).call("changeColorToBlack");.
// create the tabs, store a reference to the tabs.
// create the top level bpf.nav.Node object around the tabs.
// the plugin's tabs to the bpf navigation framework.
// connect it with the parent navigation node.
The method postRender creates the tabs out of the hyperlinks and stores the reference to them within the plugin by calling pluginTabs = this.currentDOM.find("#subTabPlugin").tabs();.
Connecting to the parent's navigation node is taken care of by the method connectToParentNode. This method is called from the main module. (Of course we could have connected the navigation nodes within postRender function but we wanted to demonstrate more composition functionality by creating a separate method connectToParentNode and calling it from the main module).
The top plugin instance has font size of 50px and blue color, while the bottom one - 20px and green color.
Here I describe a generic BPF plugin for Silverlight applications.
This is a large chunk of HTML code and my idea was to create a BPF parameterized plugin for re-using it in multiple places within HTML applications. One of the parameters of the BPF plugin will be, of course, the Silverlight app's URL. Other parameters might be needed for positioning the application, e.g. width, height, margins.
You would probably want to know why Silverlight plugin is different from any other BPF plugin. Why can't we simply create a parameterized plugin using the information from the previous subsection? My answer is "redirect your question to Microsoft". The <object> tag behaves in a very strange way in conjunction with JQuery on IE8 and IE9 - trying to use JQuery to parse the DOM of the object tag totally mangles it. Besides, from my experience, the Silverlight app URL has to be set before the HTML code is inserted into the main module - IE won't change the Silverlight application when the Silverlight URL changes if the code has already been inserted. In fact it is because of these issues that I added preRender function to the code-behind to be called before the plugin is added to the main module.
To get around the issues with Silverlight plugin that I describe above, we change the plugin code substituting <object> tag for <myobject>. Also in order to place the URL parameter in the correct place, we use "___XAPFilePlaceHolder___" string as a placeholder. The substitution of these strings by the correct ones takes place within preRender method, before the code is inserted into the main module. We get the HTML code of the Silverlight plugin by using this.getDownloadedHtml() function (which, within preRender method indeed returns the full plugin HTML code).
// ___XAPFilePlaceHolder___ with the Silverlight app url parameter.
Here we show how SPA can communicate with the ASP.NET MVC server. Unlike the previous two sections, this section does not contain anything new - it is simply a tutorial providing a number of different examples of SPA communicating with the server.
As was mentioned in Introduction, once the SPA is running, it should only load string or JSON data for the application and not the HTML code. A very simple example of an SPA sending and getting some string data from an ASP server can be found under SPAServerStringCommunications solution.
SPAServerStringCommunications project was created as ASP.NET MVC 4 empty project. After the project was created, I removed Model and Views folders and added a "Hello" controller to the Controllers folder. I also removed all the scripts from the Scripts folder and installed JQuery as a NuGet package.
// by GET HTTP request.
In this case Json function simply wraps a string and so, the string is returned to the server.
The relative URL to GetHelloMessage function is obtained by concatenating the controller name, forward slash and the function name: "/hello/gethellomessage".
// send query string to the server.
In general, when a GET query has multiple arguments, the query should be built as name1=<val1>&name2=<val1>... and on the server side the controller function arguments should have the same argument names as the GET query. In that case, parsing will happen automatically and the values of the arguments will be the same as the values within the query.
Unlike the previous sample, SPAComplexObjectGetter project has a non-empty Models folder with two classes in it: Cinema and Movie. Each Movie has a Title and a Year of the release. Cinema has Name, Description and a collection of Movie objects called Movies. Cinema's default constructor creates a Cinema object and populates it with some data including two Movie objects. The purpose of this sample is to show how this cinema information can be requested by the client, transferred to it from the server in JSON format and displayed on the client side.
The relative URL to call method GetCinema within DataController is "/data/getcinema".
// the previous click (if any).
The query part of the function $.get is empty, since our GET request does not have any parameters.
The object returned from the server is represented by variable cinema which is an input variable to the function called on GET request success. Within that function we form the text and append it to the "cinemaInfo" div tag. The returned cinema object has fields Name and Description as well as an array of movie objects called Movies. Each movie object has Title and Year fields. In fact, the returned JSON object mimics the server side C# object of type Cinema.
You can view the JSON object returned from the server by opening a browser e.g. Chrome and typing the URL to the controller function GetCinema: "http://localhost:29863/data/getcinema". You will see the returned JSON string in the browser.
GET requests presented in the two previous samples build the query as part of the URL and as such GET requests are perfect when an object you want to send a set of names and values to the server. When a complex JSON object needs to be transferred from the client to the server, POST request should be utilized.
In this sub-section we will consider the same Cinema model as in the previous one, only the model will be created on the client, sent to the server for modifications, returned by the server back to the client and displayed on the client.
This sub-section's sample is located under SPA_POSTingObjectToServer solution.
The server has the same model classes: Cinema and Movie, but Cinema's default constructor is empty since the data is coming from the client. DataController's method ChangeCinemaData changes the data coming from the client by adding another movie "Anne of Planet Mars" to the collection of the movies. Then it returns the modified Cinema object back to the client.
// add movie "Anne of Planet Mars"
Note, that the server will interpret the data coming from the client as an object of type Cinema as long as the object has correct structure.
The client code is located in Index.html file. HTML consist of two div tags - one for the visual representation of the original Cinema object - the other one for holding the visual representation of the modified Cinema object returned from the server. There is also a button placed between them to trigger the exchange with the server. The visual representation of the server reply is colored in red.
We use generic $.ajax method to send a POST request to the server. This method allows us to also specify the function to be called in case of a server error as well as the content type for the request.
The data we send within the message body is our Cinema JSON object turned into string by JSON.stringify function. Some older browsers still do not support this function and because of that, the reference to json2.min.js file was added. This file came from NuGet installation of the json2 package.
This article talks about the Single Page Applications (SPAs). We define the SPA and present numerous SPA samples. All the information and functionality within the article is something I wished I knew and had several months ago when I just started building the SPAs.
Navigation - enabling to navigate your SPA using browser URLs and navigation buttons.
Composition - showing how one can use BPF library to compose the SPA from different HTML pages on the client.
Eventually, I hope that the BPF library will include a lot of other functionality.
At the end of the article, I talk about how the SPA applications contact the server.
I was introduced to SPA by John Papa's presentation on Pluralsight at Single Page Apps with HTML5, Web API, Knockout and jQuery. Since then I am building web sites as SPAs. My warm thanks to him and other Pluralsighters.
Nice work. Thanks for the share.
Really great article, good job man.
Very sharp, crisp code, hats off!
Useful and detailed discussion of SPA development.
Nice idea, but is it good for a complicated application?
it is really nice idea!
Can it apply to a real world e-commerce web application?
I am wondering if it is kind of against asp.net MVC's Separation of Concerns.
Re: Nice idea, but is it good for a complicated application?
I applied this principles in paperplusne.com web site. Not only I applied these principles to that website, I came up with them while working on that website.
Basically I advocate using MVVM pattern on the client and using ASP.NET MVC or webapi only as a kind of middle tier - not for web page composition. This is similar to how Silverlight applications work. It is different from MVC, but from my point of view it is more flexible.
You're EXACTLY correct, and that's how I build all of my HTML/JS apps!
I loved Silverlight because it forced that pattern, which was the way I was building web apps anyway.
It really lends itself to a more services oriented backend, which not only scales well, but works for any client, desktop, mobile, you name it!
Nick, this is a very well thought out and presented article that I really appreciate.
The first thing that jumped out at me was... for a single page app, there's surprisingly a lot to say, LOL!
However you said it well, and I now have a good reference going forward for SPA's.
Seriously speaking, you are right - I think Single Page is actually a misnomer. Before I learned what it means I actually thought that the subject seemed too trivial - what can be stated about an HTML application that only takes one page. John Papa's presentation on Pluralsight cured me of that.
Thanks! What do you think can be improved about this article?


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Since Black Box has just come out with a stunning, and much needed resin cockpit set for the Monogram 48th scale F-5E, I thought a review of one of this kits latest incarnations would be in order. The kit is a Revell of Germany boxing, but anyone who has ever built the Monogram F-5E will recognize this kit as being from the Monogram molds.
The kit box art shows a pair of Swiss F-5s roaring over the Alps. Unfortunately, this kit does not contain any of the necessary modifications for an accurate Swiss F-5E. These would include the belly chaff/flare dispenser, flat "duckbill" nose cone, wing root leading edge extension (LEXs), and vented nose landing gear door (like the F-5F has). This kit is simply a reissue of the very old Monogram kit with Swiss decals. If you would like to correct the nose, and add the LEX mods, Cutting Edge makes a nice resin "Navy F-5 Update Set" that is well worth the $6 investment. However, you would still have to scratch build the chaff/flare dispenser.
Even though the the plastic looks gray in the picture, it is actually a very light blue/gray color. The are 28 piece on the first main sprue, and 36 on the second main sprue. There is a separate clear sprue that is individually bagged, and contains the canopy, windscreen, and HUD glass. For a 30 year old mold, there is relatively little flash, but some warping, and sink holes in the wings.
Like every other issue of this kit it comes with a totally inaccurate weapons load consisting of two early LGBs, and two 20mm gun pods! Two AIM-9P Sidewinder missiles are included, but are probably best replaced with Hasegawa ones. Also Included is a centerline fuel tank, and a decent looking standing pilot figure.
The main draw, for me anyway, was the decals. I've always wanted to do a 48th Swiss Air Force machine, but to this date, no one (that I know of) has done decals. I asked about their quality in a post at the discussion group, and got a thumbs up, so I bought the kit. The decals are nicely printed will the necessary data in what appears to be German, which is one of the three Swiss national languages. The markings are for aircraft J-3026, and the instructions tell you to paint the centerline fuel tank Day-Glo red, indicating the aircraft is an aggressor. The other decal option is for USAF aggressor 74-1535 painted in the Grape camouflage.


This means that it lasts for a long time, often for someone's whole life.
There are two types of diabetes type 1 and type 2 so life insurance underwriting for diabetes varies for because they truly are two different diseases.
For our bodies to work properly we need to convert glucose (sugar) from food into energy. The hormone called insulin is essential for the conversion of glucose into energy.
In people with diabetes, insulin is no longer produced or not produced in sufficient amounts by the body.
So when people with diabetes eat foods containing glucose, (such as bread, cereals, fruit and starchy vegetables, legumes, milk, yogurt and sweets) it can't be converted into energy.
Instead of being turned into energy the glucose stays in the blood. (Your blood glucose level is called glycaemia). This is why blood glucose levels are higher in people with diabetes.
Diabetes is listed in the top 10 leading causes of death in Australia. Diabetes and its complications both impact the life expectancy of an individual and can reduced life expectancy by 10 to 20 years.
How many people in Australia have diabetes?
The total number of Australians with diabetes and pre-diabetes is estimated to be approximately 3.5 million.
About one in four Australian adults over the age of 25 years has either diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism.
About 900,000 Australians have been diagnosed with diabetes. For every person diagnosed, it is estimated that there is another person who is not yet diagnosed.
If you or you loved ones have been diagnosed with diabetes, it's important to get some protection in place soon as possible rather than wait until there are unplanned complications that might prevent you from getting insurance.
Take our 60 second pre-assessment here and see if we can work with you.


By Andrew M. Seddon, M.D.
Today's Christian Doctor, Spring 2008, Volume XXXIX, Number 1.
One doctor's journey through shock, self-doubt, anger, anxiety, frustration, and depression due to a malpractice suit to joy again.
The letter came on a gray November Monday, a busy day in the urgent care department where I work. It bore the blue and white logo of the Montana Medical Legal Panel, the official state body composed of three lawyers and three physicians that assesses the merits of malpractice cases. I opened it without concern, thinking that I was being asked to serve on the panel. Instead, I was shocked to learn that I had been named in a malpractice suit.
I still don't know how I made it through the remainder of the day, or how my shaking hands were able to suture the next patient's laceration. Instantly, the joy was gone from my life.
For the next six months, until my case was heard, I was in the grip of the most intense, unrelenting anxiety I had ever known. Nothing - not the stress of medical school, not the pressures of residency - could even come close.
And there was no way to relieve it. It wasn't a bad dream from which I knew I would awake in the morning. I couldn't wish it away. The reassurances of my clinic's risk managers and defense lawyer couldn't alleviate the constant gnawing.
The facts of the case were simple. Years earlier, on one occasion, I had seen a teenage girl with a known history of anxiety for the same complaint. Some thirteen months later - during which she had seen other physicians for different complaints and received sports physicals from her pediatrician - she was found dead on her couch. When her cousin died in a similar manner two weeks later, Long QT Syndrome - a disorder affecting the electrical conductivity of the heart- was suspected. Even though the most common presenting symptom of Long QT Syndrome is sudden death, her mother blamed me for not detecting it.
For six months, I suffered. And my wife suffered with me. I was a poor husband. Work was an agony. I slept poorly. I hated every day. I was full of doubts - about my abilities, my competence, my calling, my worth or lack thereof. I was full of questions - Why me? Why was God allowing this? Didn't He care? Why didn't He protect me - wasn't that His duty as the Great Physician toward a junior physician?
I was angry. Not at the bereaved mother, but at the lawyer who was pressing the case and the system which allowed it. I was anxious, angry, frustrated, and depressed. I could well understand why some physicians left the medical profession after such an event.
And the anxiety didn't end with the Montana Medical Legal Panel hearing. Even though the panel ruled unanimously in my favor, the statute of limitations still had ayear to run ... another year of torment, waiting to see whether the plaintiff's attorney would decide to pursue the case (in the end, he didn't).
More than once, I came close to throwing in the towel. I desperately wanted to hand in my resignation and never see another patient. I didn't want to risk another lawsuit.
But I didn't throw in the towel. I wasn't a quitter. didn't want to give up. I had survived all the abusesI that medical school had thrown at me, and I wasn't going to yield now, especially when I knew I had done nothing wrong.
My wife, Olivia, was a tower of strength. She provided unfailing inspiration. She was endlessly creative in efforts to ameliorate my mood - taking me sledding, on overnight trips, baking cakes, and introducing me to running (an activity that would pay benefits later).
God's ways of working were not always immediately evident. He provided no instant answers or relief. There were no miracles, no sudden revelations, no quick cures. There were times when it didn't even seem as if He were present. And yet He was active behind the scenes, uti I izi ng a variety of methods to bring me through this particular "valley of shadow."
Only hindsight makes the picture clear. As I compare my I ife now with how it was at the start of the process, I can see the differences God has made. He used the instrument of prayer. Even though there were times when I thought no one was listening, God was. When I didn't have the words to say, Olivia came to my rescue, interceding for me, as did my parents.
I heard a phyician xaution against expecting vindication at the conclusion of the malpractice process. "At the end," he said, "all you'll walk away with is the love of your wife." In other words, there will be no restitution for us, no recompense for our anguish of heart and soul, no expressions of regret. Nothing. The system is cold and uncaring. Any victory will feel hollow. Malpractice suit are to be survived, not won.
Mind you, the love of your spouse is not to be dispised. I wouild never have been able to cope with the experience but for the love and support of Olivia, who was always at my side.
But there is also the love of God, whose everlasting arms eternally hold us up, bear our burdens, comfort our afflictions, heal our wounds. In comparisson, all human loves are but shadows and foretastes.
Ultimately, we will find out only vindication through the love of God in Christ Jesus. Whatever is done for Him and His service will receive its reward. It is He who will clear us. He is the only Judge whose sentence matters. It is the ultimate vindication that matters, not the world's judgement.
"Who may ascend the hiull of the Lord?
He will receive blessing from the Lord and vindication from God his Savior."
This is the life to which we are called. I am neither a perfect physician nor a perfect human being. Neither is anybody else. We are all fallible. Sometimes our failings cause harm, sometimes not. But we don't set out deliberately to fail. We do the best we can wth the talents, training, and judgement that God has granted us. If we serve with a willing, obedient heart, we will be vindicated even if, by medical - or the world's - standards, we fail.
Clean hands and a pure heart; a soul unstained by idolotry; personal integrity. No malpractice lawyer in the world can touch these. No storm of life can sweep them away. No judge can rule against them. They are what counts.
He used music to reach me on a different level. I found particular comfort in the works of English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams, a self-described "Christian agnostic" who expressed his questing yet unrealized spirituality in musical terms. His setting of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and the heavenly vision of the Fifth Symphony, the slow movement of which bore a quotation from Bunyan - "Upon that place there stood a cross, and a little below a sepulcher ... then he said, 'He hath given me rest by His sorrow, and life by His death"' - particularly ministered to my soul. Gerald Finzi's Cello Concerto (written when he learned he had incurable leukemia) and his cantata Intimations of Immortality, Bach's 8-Minor Mass and Edward Elgar's oratorio The Kingdom helped to put my own situation into perspective. I set myself to learn to play Busoni's piano transcription of Bach's Chaconne.
God used long walks in the mountains with our black German Shepherd, Finzi, to remind me that He is the author of creation, and that everything belongs to Him. And He used time, that great healer.
Him. And He used time, that great healer. Some things will never be the same. There will always be a shadow over medical practice, a nagging fear of another lawsuit. Anxiety resurfaces whenever an envelope with a blue and white logo arrives.
On the positive side, Olivia and I are closer than we have ever been - the stress welded us into a tighter team. Our spiritual lives have deepened - we have grown in worship, in Bible study, and in prayer. We have developed a greater desire to perform works of charity, assisting those less fortunate than ourselves - this, combined with Olivia's insight that running could be therapeutic led us to run the 2007 New York Marathon for charity. And we have developed a great appreciation for the manifold blessings of God. As Olivia reminded me during the darkest hours, "Spring will come again." It is a different spring - because God is opening new paths and new opportunities of service ahead for us - but it is truly spring.
David wrote, "Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning" (Ps. 30:5 KJV). And more recently, "The greatest joy and exaltation are born only of suffering," wrote Pope Pius XII, "hence we should rejoice if we partake of the sufferings of Christ, that when His glory shall be revealed we may also be glad with exceeding joy."
By God's grace, they do come again.
Andrew M. Seddon, MD, a native of England, is a staff physician at the Billings Clinic, Billings, Montana. He has published over one hundred articles and short stories, the novels Red Planet Rising, Imperial Legions, and Iron Scepter, and a devotional, Walking With the Celtic Saints. With his wife, Olivia, and black German Shepherd, Finzi, he enjoys hiking, travel, and running. (2009).


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29News/col/col8063/index.html
Interdiscipline
Party Secretary Shen Jie surveys BAST Haidian District Branch and extends regards to academician
On December 17, Secretary of Leading Party Members' Group of BAST Shen Jie visited BAST Haidian District Branch for a discussion meeting. Executive Vice President of Haidian Branch Zhang Lihong and Vice President Ling Li attended the survey.
Secretary Shen Jie fully recognized work results of Haidian Branch, pointing out that "BAST is the centerpiece of CAST and Haidian Branch is the centerpiece of BAST", and that Haidian Branch studies and carries forward the spirit of Zhongguancun and dares to serve as the "experimental field". She also raised work requirements as follows: first, as there are 659 academicians working or living in Haidian District, Haidian Branch is expected to pay consolatory visits to them before the upcoming New Year's Day and Spring Festival to make them feel cared about by the Party and government; second, facilitate the "dual reduction" with "dual advancement", as Haidian District is expected to take the initiative as a major district of science education to bring high-quality courses and activity resources to primary and middle schools as part of the efforts to help raise science literacy of teenagers and facilitate full coverage of science popularization services across primary and middle schools; third, advance the establishment of BAST branches at the level of industrial parks and buildings to ensure omnipresence of BAST wherever scientists and technologists work or live; fourth, advance the digitalization of BAST through joint efforts of BAST and its district branches by jointly building S&T consulting information platform, academic exchange service platform, achievement transformation evaluation industry platform and information interaction social networking platform for connectivity and sharing of resources.
After that, Secretary Shen Jie, Vice President of BAST Tian Wen and Executive Vice President of Haidian Branch Zhang Lihong paid a visit to CAS academician Gu Binglin, famous physicist and material scientist, former President of Tsinghua University and Honorary President of BAST, asking him about his physical and living conditions and thanking him for his contributions to the cause of BAST and cultivation of scientists and engineers.
After the field survey, Haidian Branch lost no time to hold a plenary session to convey the instructions of Party Secretary Shen Jie during her field survey of Haidian. Executive Vice President of Haidian Branch Zhang Lihong required all Party members and cadres of Haidian Branch to study and understand the requirements of municipal and district leaders for their work, intensify occupational study, improve their ability to serve scientists and technologists and endeavor to address the last mile issue in servicing scientists and technologists by advancing establishment of BAST branches at the level of industrial park and building. By facilitating "dual reduction" with "dual advancement", and by relying on young and old scientists working with CAS, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Beihang University, and scientific research institutes, a "national team" of science communication and education is expected to be formed at Haidian Branch, with focused efforts to cultivate "little scientists"in Haidian, strengthen the climate of science and technology education in the district, carry forward the scientist spirit and bring up future stars of science and technology through a series of science communication events such as scientists on campus. Meanwhile, according to the spirit of the 13th Party congress of Haidian District, efforts should be made to increase interaction, deepen emotional bonds and unite more scientists and technologists to take roots in Haidian, actively contribute to the development of Haidian and endeavor to support scientific decision making of the district party committee and district government, by visiting and networking with academicians, scientists and tech companies and by relying on seminar and forum.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Many people mistakenly believe that involving themselves in random pinning on Pinterest will do wonders for their social media marketing campaigns success. Unfortunately there's a bit more effort required to get your Pinterest account working for you and earning new followers for your brand. You need to learn how to build a strong presence on Pinterest that offers your followers and potential followers an attractive and engaging visual experience.
Keep in mind that most browsers use Pinterest as a source of inspiration and as such you need to cater to this particular need that your browsers have. If you want to reach your target audience, keep your social media campaign's visual portfolios or pin boards interesting, positive and inspirational. You will need to share who you are, build your expertise, share your passions and interests with others as well as entertain and inspire others.
Make your pins as appealing as you possibly can with intriguing images, clear text and detailed descriptions.
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Always post pins at peak times on Pinterest and make sure that you are pinning a few times a day. This will also help you to ascertain when the best times to pin are.
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Learn to code by making custom Minecraft mods. Add armor to Minecraft that gives your character powers like a superhero! Make pants that make you run like the Flash, make a night vision helmet like Batman, or make a cape that lets you fly through the air like Superman! Students will be coding in Java, so basic typing skills are required. Please bring a drink and snack daily.


September 22, 2005 Some of the most beautiful automobiles in history have come from the Turin area of Italy so it's fitting that this quite innovative racing cockpit peripheral for PC and games platforms such as Sony's PS2 should emanate from Turin-based design consultancy MoveTech. The basic idea is that the solidly built and fully adjustable GTC COCKPIT transforms into a beautiful leather-covered office chair and the frame transforms into a TV stand. We're not so sure about the TV stand idea but the office chair offers all the same adjustability as an upmarket chair and at 350 Euro, it seems a genuine bargain.
The pedal cluster is also fully adjustable.


Thank you for visiting HighTech Garage Doors.
We understand that you may encounter problems with your garage door at anytime, day or night. Rest assured that HighTech Garage Doors has the ability to dispatch a highly skilled garage door service professional to your home or business 24/7. Our technicians show up in a prompt and courteous manner, equipped with state-of-the-art tools and technology to meet your garage door service needs. We come ready to handle your service needs before a problem becomes too big.


It seems to me that at some point, there was a good discussion here of insurance options for our favorite firearm, but I can't find it now for the life of me.
I presently have a USAA Valuable Personal Property, but I'm not satisfied. It seems likely to be costing more than it needs to and I don't like the tone of the communications I'm getting. I normally trust USAA very much but on this issue they aren't giving me the usual warm and fuzzies, and they don't always seem to know what their own policies are.
So I'd be very interested in hearing fom y'all about where you have coverage, what it's costing you and how you like your provider.
I hope the thread will be useful for others who come along later with similar questions.
I think their price is competitive, and service on policy changes is fast and professional. I have not had a claim, so I have no information as to how that will play out, if it ever happens. They require items valued at $5000 and up be on a Scheduled Items List, but do not require you provide the serial number of the weapon.
I find USAA, while a great company, does not do so well with"outside the box" coverages. I have my cars with them, but moved my house and other property. I live on a farm, and their homeowners coverage really doesn't fit that, and they do not offer any type of farm coverage. They view a tractor as a $3000 riding lawn mower, not a $50000 cab tractor. No real understanding of farm implements or Farm Liability on multi tracts of land either.
Edited by av8tr, 04 February 2019 - 11:56 AM.
I used to have Collectibles Insurance Agency, then Katrina hit the gulf coast. My next quote was over a 300% increase. I called to ask why and was told it was to pay for those losses.
Now, I live in a safe zone in Minnesota, no flooding, guns kept in vaults, etc. Very little danger of any losses, but the CIA told me that all members have to pay their share of losses.
I asked if those in flood prone areas paid more for higher risk and was told no, but everyone picks up losses.
Hmmmm....I said I wasn't going to pay unfair rates to pay for higher risk owners of collectibles and was told that was the way it is and if I didn't like it I could go somewhere else.,...which is what I did.
In fact I dropped it completely and carry nothing now.
Since that time I've saved probably close to Three grand in insurance costs so it seems like the right thing for me.
I use Collectables Insurance as well. The policy will also cover your firearms in transit say to/from a show or for repairs as well as while the item is there. My firearms policy also covers a rather large brass model train collection.
USAA insurance I have had since 1979, no complaints with them regarding vehicle or home insurance but when it comes to firearms insurance both USAA and the NRA plans leave a great deal to be desired.
Are CIAs rates back down to "reasonable". again?
I had a policy with Collectibles but was displeased for a couple of reasons. One was their response to my concerns over the wording of the coverage pertaining to shipping a gun.
I recently changed to Eastern and I like them better. The level of communication and terms of coverage seem more straight forward to me.
Never filed a claim with either company, so I am not rating them in that regard.
My experience with USAA over several decades leaves me less and less impressed, although I still use them for some things.
I shopped and shopped and went with Eastern.
Homeowners additional coverage was the most expensive followed by USAA.
Eastern ins policy covers ALL collectibles in the home (except coins stamps and cars, perhaps a few more) for one bundled price. I have a big pinball and movie poster collection also covered by the policy. By FAR the cheapest and great coverage.
Only have to declare things over 50K IIRC which means you dont have to itemize. YOU DONT HAVE TO ITEMIZE !
Edited by lightguy, 04 February 2019 - 10:23 AM.
I looked at the last policy renewal, and I paid basically $2.79 per $1000 of coverage. i do not know if the cost is linear from small amounts to very large amounts of coverage, or if there are tiers where the cost per $1000 changes.
There must be tiers. I'm paying $5.85/$1000. I live in a suburban very low crime area with no flood hazard.
To attempt a comparison of the premiums, I went to the link SIG posted for Eastern Insurance and requested a quote. I got an automated reply from Jack Richardson's email address stating they would be in touch soon. That was 3 days ago, and as yet no response. If I'm not mistaken, I remember reading in another thread that Mr. Richardson died some months ago. Apparently they do not update their website all that often. I'll report if someone from their office responds to the request for a coverage quote.
Collectors will as well. I added a brass train collection valued at approximately $20,000 to my existing Collectors Insurance policy for no extra charge.
Mine is lower than that.
Thompson Teenager, there are a few of us who shoot together and we hit all the gun shows for social time. Thompson collectors are a special breed of gun-nerds indeed.
Keep in touch....a few of us will be at the big MWCA State fairgrounds Coliseum show in March.
I got an email response from Laura Sewall at Eastern Insurance on 20 February. In that reply, she attached a Welcome Package with a questionnaire to be filled out for a formal quote.
The Package states that the Standard rate is $0.35 per $100 of coverage for their "all risk" worldwide coverage. It states the minimum premium is $150 for $40000 of coverage. (There must be some policy fee in that price, because .35 x 400 is $140.) It further states optional deductibles and premium discounts are available for larger collections. Further, the questionnaire states that a 5% discount from the Standard rate is given for "members of various collecting and sportsmen fraternities as well as Members of our Military." Items values at $10000 or more must be scheduled, no serial number required. It appears their policy has two separate Limits of Liability, One for Scheduled Items and one for Unscheduled Items. They ask for an estimated number of items in the Unscheduled Limit.
Interests:Hunting, fishing, shooting, reloading, metalworking, woodworking, photography.
That's why a lot of properties in rural areas have a pond.
I'd be set, fire station less then a mile away and a fire hydrant in my front yard.


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Maryland Bus Driver Using Cell Phone Among The Accidents Cited Where Driving And Dialing Have Led To Injuries
February 7, 2007 | Lebowitz & Mzhen
Federal officials in the U.S. say that bus drivers who use cell phones while driving may be partially to blame for the 17,000 school children that sustain injuries from school bus accidents each year. In an undercover news report by ABC News and Good Morning America, the reporting team got on school buses to observe a number of bus drivers. Over four days, the news team reported seeing 17 bus drivers dialing their cell phone while driving with school children on the bus. Two bus drivers reportedly stopped using the phone when they saw that a news camera crew was shooting them.
Examples of school bus accidents involving cell phone-using bus drivers:
·	A bus driver in Prince Georges County, Maryland lost control of the bus while talking on his cell phone. 30 students were hospitalized.
·	An 8-year-old girl lost her right forearm. The bus driver was talking on his cell phone when the accident occurred.
The Governors Highway Safety Association says that all states should make it illegal for bus drivers to use their cell phone when they have passengers riding their bus.
Only the District of Columbia and 11 U.S. states ban cell phone use while driving a bus:
·	Arizona
·	Arkansas
·	California
·	Connecticut
·	Delaware
·	Illinois
·	Massachusetts
·	New Jersey
·	Rhode Island
·	Tennessee
·	Texas
·	DC
The Official Journal Of American Academy of Pediatrics Offers The Following Statistics Regarding School Bus-Related Injuries For Teenagers And Children:
·	There were an estimated 51100 school bus–related injuries treated in US emergency departments from 2001 to 2003, for a national estimate of 17000 injuries.
·	Ninety-seven percent of children were treated and released from the hospital.
·	Children 10 to 14 years of age accounted for the greatest proportion of injuries.
·	Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 42.3% of all injuries, followed by injuries that occurred as the child was boarding/alighting/approaching the bus (23.8%). Head injuries accounted for more than half (52.1%) of all injuries among children.
·	Strains and sprains accounted for the highest percentage of all injuries, followed by contusions and abrasions (28.3%) and lacerations (14.9%).
·	More than three quarters (77.7%) of lacerations were to the head.
The personal injury law firm of Lebowitz and Mzhen represents clients, including teenagers and children, who have been injured in an accident as a result of another person's negligence. If you have a child who has been injured in a school bus accident due to the negligence of the bus driver or another person, in the Washington D.C. area or in Maryland, contact Lebowitz and Mzhen today.
Driving and Dialing Bus Drivers May Cause Accidents, ABCnews.com, February 7, 2007
School Bus–Related Injuries Among Children and Teenagers in the United States, 2001-2003, The Official Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics
Cell Phone Laws as of September 2006, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
Related Web Resource:
School Bus Crash Reports 2007, The National Coalition for School Bus Safety
Posted in: Injuries to Minors
Updated: February 7, 2007 11:04 am


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How Many Books Of The Bible Were Removed
It took another 40 years before a final list of New Testament books was officially canonized by the church. Many of the most popular were excluded. Up To 50 Books Were Left Out Of The Bible, Here's Why -. Apr 09, · In stark contrast to that, the regular "Apocrypha" contains books that were ACCEPTED AND EMBRACED as part of the Jewish Bible and part of the Christian Bible, for thousands of years all the way up untilwhen they were removed just years ago.
However, many Protestant versions of the Bible today will state, "King James version with Apocrypha." The Council of Trent, reacting to the Protestant Reformers, repeated the canon of Florence in the Decree on Sacred Books and on Traditions to be Received () and decreed that these books were to be treated "with equal devotion and reverence.".
It is not true that "they" (whoever they are) removed 75 books from the original Bible. Prior to the fourth century, there was no Bible. Each community maintained its own collection of writings that the local congregation regarded as inspired. Jan 02, · Every book that God intended to be in the Bible is in the Bible.
There are many legends and rumors of lost books of the Bible, but the books were not, in fact, lost. Rather, they were rejected. There are literally hundreds of religious books that were written in the same time period as the books of the Bible. Some of these books contain true. Jun 09, · Eighth and perhaps most important: the Puritan belief that the Bible should have only 66 books slowly caught on in England and elsewhere with many (not.
Martin Luther translated the Bible into German during the early part of the 16th century, first releasing a complete Bible in His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ai and portions of books not found in the Masoretic Text of Judaism were moved out of the body of the Old Testament to this section.
Luther placed these books between the Old and. These 14 Books [There arewords in over 5, verses in Chapters] of the Apocrypha had been part of the King's bible since The "Apocrypha" was officially removed from the English printings of the KJV by the Archbishop of Canterbury in leaving only 66 books. May 15, · There have been many different theories set forth over the history of the church as to exactly how God's hand was involved in this selection process.
Skeptics have pointed out that over three thousand books were candidates for inclusion in the New Testament canon alone, and only a handful (twenty-some books) were selected. The Old and New Testaments of the Bible were put together by a group of scholars, theologians, philosophers and politicians who debated and voted on which books, writings and letters should or shouldn't be included.
Books that received a majority vote by the counsel were compiled and canonized as part of the volume of scripture. Alternatively: How many books were included in early Bible compilations and then later removed?
A book in the bible, to my understanding, is one of the many named divisions in the Old and New Testament. Mathew, Mark, Luke and John would be 4 different books, and each of Paul's letters to the churchs in the different cities would each be a 'book'. Aug 12, · This version of the Bible included the seven Deuterocanonical books. This was the version of the Old Testament used by the New Testament authors and by Christians during the first century A.D.
With the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in the year 70 A.D. and because the Christians were seen as a threat, the Jewish leaders saw a need to get their house in order. Mar 13, · 75 books REMOVED from the ORIGINAL Bible!!! If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device.
Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. The Catholic bible has 73 books, the Protestant only Why is that? Were those 7 books removed by the Protestants, or added by the Catholics? Most importantly, do they belong in the Bible? > Also, we do know that there were many books of supposed prophets > floating around up until CE when the Council of Nicea decided > which books were scripture and which ones were burned.
Thanks to > the notorious habit of early Christian leaders of destroying > books/scrolls, we may never know what doctrine existed before the > Council of. The "lost books" were never lost. These so-called lost books were already known by the Jews and the Christians and were not considered inspired. They weren't lost, nor were they removed from the Bible because they were never in the Bible to begin with.
These so-called lost books were not included in the Bible for several reasons. Dec 31, · 1. The early church fathers only accepted the thirty-nine books of the Old Testament. The only exception was Augustine (A.
D. ) who included the books of the Apocrypha (those "extra" books that some Bibles include between the books of the Old and New Testaments). Sep 13, · 22 Lost Books Referenced in The Bible. Below is a list of the books that the Bible references, or tells us to look at, that are lost forever.
A few have pseudepigraphical (fake copies that claim to be the original) versions, but none have the original versions. Dec 28, · The Bible as we know it in its canon goes back to a.d. There were 's of books which were not included. like the apocripha and xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ai were very good reasons not to. The translations were first published, under this title, by an unknown editor in The Lost Books of the Bible Clevelandbut the translations had previously been published many times.
The book is, essentially, a combined reprint of earlier works. — Museum of the Bible (@museumofBible) February 6, Most slaves were illiterate or prohibited from reading, so what would be the point of such a Bible? Apr 19, · The following post is a chapter from Short Answers to Big Questions about God, the Bible, and Christianity, co-authored by Dr.
Clinton E. Arnold (Dean of Talbot School of Theology) and his son, Jeff xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ai book was published by Baker Books and can be purchased here.
You can view another chapter from this book here. A few years ago, the National Geographic Society announced the. They Were Rejected By Many Catholic Scholars Through The Protestant Reformation Many Roman Catholic scholars, through the Protestant Reformation, rejected the Apocrypha as Scripture. Even the Roman Catholic Church made a distinction between the Apocrypha and the other books of the Bible prior to the Protestant Reformation.
Why Would The Book of Enoch Be Left Out? According to the video, one reason the book might have been left out could be outlined in Danielwhich says, "But thou, O Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased. " You can make the assumption that the book was purposely left out to confuse and. Apr 18, · They address the question: The Ethiopian bible is said to be the oldest and most complete bible on Earth and years older than the King James Version and.
Oct 21, · Commentary: One of the biggest changes that was made by the King James Bible was the decision to remove the above section of Psalms 14. Jun 02, · These books are known as the apocrypha books of the Bible, they were removed from the Bible by the Protestant Church in the 's.
These books are as true today, as they were in the 's, before being omitted from the xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ai are great books Reviews: Catholic Religion. In the Catholic religion the holy Bible is composed of 73 books. These are divided between the Old Testament and the New Testament.
Only the Old Testament consists of 46 books. The new testament is made up of the remaining 27 books. Protestant. The Protestant Bibles have 66 books, 7 less than the Catholic xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ai discrepancy is due to the fact that the Protestant Bibles. BIBLE VERSES REMOVED by Terry Watkins"man shall not live by bread alone, but by EVERY WORD of God." Luke This tract and others are available in "printed" form.
To order printed tracts. Most people believe the new versions are just "harmless" updating. These books were kept in Catholic Bibles because it is believed that the Bible which Jesus read was a Bible that included the books of the "Apocrypha," the deuterocanonical books.
It is known that the most popular Bible at the time of Jesus was the Greek Septuagint version - which includes these extra books. Jun 16, · Many of the most popular were excluded. Upon examination today, many of these writings attempt to resolve inconsistencies and questions raised from reading the Bible.
BANNED FROM THE BIBLE examines the stories in some of these books, how they were rediscovered and what they might mean to us today. Included are. Feb 24, · The books that make up the Bible were written by various people over a period of more than 1, years, between B.C.E. and the first century C.E. The Bible contains a variety of literary genres, including poetry, history, songs, stories, letters and prophetic writings.
Nov 03, · The books of the Bible were not taken out by the King James translators. In fact, the original King James translations included the "extra" seven books.
Martin Luther was the person who removed books from the Bible. He did so mostly because the books. Aug 19, · For + years, these books were considered sacred, then all of a sudden a bunch of people rock up and think they know better.
Well, let's examine the logical consistency because consistency reveals/betrays one's stupidity, or worse, dishonesty. The NT makes many allusions and references to the OT. These books include 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah, Prayer of Manasseh, 1 Maccabees, and 2 Maccabees. Within early Judaism, the writings of the Apocrypha were treated with respect, but were not accepted as books of the Hebrew Bible.
Way back in the s when the Bible was being transcribed there were books of the Bible that were not put into the Bible's of today. What were they, why were they left out and who wrote them.
I believe that if God had wanted them to be included they would be –. Dec 28, · Actually, they were recognized as canonical prior to the Council of Trent.
As Julie mentioned, they were included in the Septuagint, and the Councils of Rome (), Hippo (), and Carthage (), although focused on the New Testament books, also listed them as canonical books in the Old Testament. Jan 03, · Although the 19 books contained within this text were included in the Holy Bible for thousands of years, they were removed a little over years ago. Its now time to reclaim these treasured scriptures and get further insight into God's xn--4-dtb2ajakeejf.xn--p1ais: Aug 19, · The Roman Catholic Bible only has 46 Old Testament Books in it.
The Epistle of Jeremiah was added as Chapter 6 in the book of Baruch in the Catholic Bible rather than as a separate book as in the Septuagint which is why the Catholics are missing 2 full books and 1 Psalm rather than 3 books. All the Bible books were definitely written by men—with one possible exception. I'll say more about that exception in a moment. Some books have disputed authorship. The first five books of the Bible were written by Moses.
Even Jesus says so (Mark ; Luke ; et. all.). Oct 01, · There are three main categories of books that some say belong in Scripture: 1. Books of the Apocrypha: There has been much disagreement over the years as to which books constitute the Apocrypha, and indeed the list of books has changed over time.
Here is the best list we could confirm.
First and Second Esdras ( BC) Tobit ( BC) Judith. There were many other documents written in the decades and centuries to follow, some of which were evidently highly respected by the disciples in their time. Examples include the seven letters of Ignatius (c. ), the Shepherd of Hermas (c. ), Polycarp's Epistle to the Philippians (c.
), Apocalypse of Peter (c. ), and the. Jul 13, · Publisher HarperCollins has removed 45 complete verses from the NIV (New International Version) Bible. The KJV Bible of contained many books that were removed before the reprint. I do under stand that some of the books may not have been from the Holy Spirit and pertained more to the time they were written as a history book would.
I have been told that the Jews still follow some of. The 39 books of the Old Testament form the Bible of Judaism, while the Christian Bible includes those books and also the 27 books of the New Testament.
This list of books included in the Bible is known as the canon. That is, the canon refers to the books regarded as. Apr 09, · OK - Luther did NOT - I repeat, did NOT - remove the "7 books" from *any* edition of his bible, including the final edition published after his death.
You *could* argue that Luther removed 1 & 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh from the Luther bible - but, first, you would have to argue that these were considered to be a standard part of the. Protestant. The Protestant Bibles have 66 books, 7 less than the Catholic Bibles. This discrepancy is due to the fact that the Protestant Bibles do not include the following seven books: Tobias, Judith, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Ecclesiastics and Baruch.
Jul 10, · The books missing from Protestant Bibles are: Tobit, Judith, Baruch, Wisdom, Sirach, 1 and 2 Maccabees, and parts of Esther and Daniel. Martin Luther, without any. This list does not include the many words and phrases that were completely deleted from the NIV--it deletes over 64, words including words like mercyseat, Jehovah, and Godhead. It removes meaningful, well-known Bible words like Calvary, Lucifer, new testament, regeneration, etc.
Mar 07, · The deuterocanonical books were accepted as Sacred Scripture until luther removed them as he removed the letter of James for James II "See how a person is justified by works and not by faith alone."(the only place in the bible outside, of Luther's personal version, that .
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Could somebody please post a map or directions on how to get there? I'm a little under the weather (internet lazy) because I just got back from Wilkesboro, NC and it has been raining since I got back. Heavy depression is setting in, so I got to get out on the bike and ride MF ride. Thanks in adavnce!
twright wrote: vodoo, where did you park, what side did you ride? did you get to hyrdo,,, rays revenge??
We parked at the Buck Trail lot.
We rode Buck, Allie, Grippis, Ridge, Berry Patch, Sidewinder, Osprey, Hydro, and Fawn.
I wanted to do more, including Ray's Revenge, but my riding partner was a tad under the weather. Next time we'll hit every trail in the joint.
certainly worth the ride, I will want to get back down there later in season, when my legs and lungs are a bit more up to the task..
it was my first time down there, certainly won't be my last, conditions great, the atmosphere with other riders,,, we chatted with one of the guys who helped get the trails started... gave NAMBA folk some things to keep in mind as we go towards our Jakes Rocks Project.
vodoo, where did you park, what side did you ride? did you get to hyrdo,,, rays revenge??
You can tell by my tire how perfect the trail conditions were. It was just traction city.
Yeah, we must have. We only saw about ten other riders. We're going back next weekend I think.


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