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Orthorexia nervosa and self-attitudinal aspects of body image in female and male university students
Anna Brytek-Matera1,
Lorenzo Maria Donini2,
Magdalena Krupa3,
Eleonora Poggiogalle2 &
Phillipa Hay4
The Erratum to this article has been published in Journal of Eating Disorders 2016 4:16
The present study was designed to investigate orthorexia nervosa, or the phenomenon of being preoccupied with consuming healthy food. Specific aims were to explore relationships between orthorexia features and attitudes towards body image, fitness and health in normal weight female and male university students with high levels of healthy food preoccupation, i.e. orthorexia nervosa.
Participants were 327 female (N = 283) and male (N = 44) students aged 18 to 25 years. All participants completed the Polish adaptation of the 15-item questionnaire assessing orthorexia eating behaviours (the ORTHO-15) and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (the MBSRQ). Relationships between scores on the ORTHO-15 and MBSRQ were explored in the 213 students who had high levels of preoccupation with a healthy food intake (68.55% women and 43.18% men, respectively).
There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of orthorexia behaviours between females and males. In female students with orthorexia nervosa, preoccupation with consuming healthy food was significantly correlated with the MBSRQ subscale scores for overweight preoccupation, appearance orientation, fitness orientation, health orientation, body areas satisfaction and appearance evaluation. Conversely, in male students with orthorexia nervosa there were no correlations between orthorexic behaviours and the MBSRQ subscales.
In female students with orthorexia nervosa multivariable linear regression analysis found high body areas (parts) satisfaction, low fitness orientation, low overweight preoccupation and low appearance orientation were independent predictors of greater fixation on eating healthy food. In male students, we found that aspects of body image were not associated with preoccupation with healthy eating.
A strong preoccupation with healthy and proper food was not associated with an unhealthy body-self relationship among Polish female student with orthorexia nervosa.
Orthorexia nervosa is characterized by a "fixation on eating healthy food" and an obsession for "proper" nutrition [1]. According to Bratman and Knight [1], this eating style can be considered a psychological disorder because of physical (e.g. strict regimen of diet), psychological and social consequences (e.g. social isolation). The authors [1] proposed the following criteria for orthorexia nervosa: (a) spending an excessive amount of time (more than 3 hours per day) on thinking about looking for and preparing healthy food; (b) feeling superior to those with different eating habits; (c) following a particular health-food diet rigidly and engaging in compensatory restriction to make up for any dietary indiscretions; (d) associating self-esteem with adherence to the diet (feeling guilt when straying and self-satisfaction when complying), and (e) turning eating "properly" into the central focus of life, at the expense of other personal values, relationships, previously enjoyed activities, and sometimes physical health. Thus people with orthorexia tendencies may not be as concerned with overweight as they are self-maintaining an acceptable or low weight and they have little time or interest in other health pursuits. For Gleaves, Graham and Ambwani [2] criteria described by Bratman and Knight [1] "appear to be largely derived from the experiences of those authors; they have not been identified empirically and it has not been established that they represent a co-occurring pattern of behaviors (i. e. a syndrome)" (page 2).
There is limited information on the categorization of orthorexia nervosa among mental disorders. An unanswered question is should be orthorexia nervosa considered as an eating disorder (at all), a variant of a currently recognized eating disorder or a separate disorder [3]? Orthorexia nervosa and anorexia nervosa share many similarities but orthorexia nervosa also differs from anorexia (Figure 1). Orthorexia might also be considered to be a particular form of "healthism" because there is an overlap between these two phenomena. Healthism is characterized by (a) health-aware and enthusiastic in seeking information about health and illness via books, magazines, Internet; (b) consumes food supplements and alternative medicines all of which are attributed 'natural' and 'holistic' qualities, and also frequently 'detoxes' by diet, food supplementation or other methods; and (c) makes positive lifestyle choices, e.g. takes regular exercise, has a diet that aligns with official recommendations [4]. These characteristics are also found in people with a preoccupation with consuming healthy food. The dominant research about orthorexia nervosa has taken place in Europe. Donini et al. [5] developed the ORTO-15 test based on a brief 10-item Bratman's Orthorexia Test. A total score below 40 points implies presence of an obsessive pathological behaviour characterized by a strong preoccupation with healthy eating. The score however does not imply having a mental health disorder. To our knowledge, only four studies have been performed using the ORTO-15 test to evaluate the prevalence of a preoccupation with healthy food. A Turkish study [6] found that 43.6% of medical students showed a preoccupation with healthy food. A large Hungarian study [7] of 810 university students (89.4% female) reported over 70% having orthorexic tendencies, and American studies have reported a prevalence of orthorexic behaviours ranging from 69% [8] to 82.8% [9] among undergraduate students.
Differences and similarities between orthorexia nervosa and anorexia nervosa [ 3 ].
To date there is a paucity of further research on orthorexia nervosa. In contrast to the predominance of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa in females [10, 11] findings with regard to the sex-related prevalence of preoccupation with healthy eating are inconsistent: some studies finding that males were more likely to have a higher score on the ORTO-15 test than females [5,6,12], while other papers reported that the criteria for strong preoccupation with healthy eating were met predominantly by female individuals [13,14] or no gender differences [7,9]. There might be gender differences in healthy eating resulting from food selection, food preferences and eating styles. There is a relationship between gender and specific food intake. In general, men are more likely to report eating meat (especially red meat) and hearty portion sizes and women are more likely to report consuming fruits, vegetables, fish and dairy products and smaller portion sizes [15]. In addition, women generally show a tendency to have healthier food choices than men as well as a greater awareness about diet and health-diet relationship implications [15].
Even less is known regarding the potential associations of a healthy eating preoccupation with features of other feeding and eating disorders, such as the body image concerns found in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. To our knowledge, just one study [9] has demonstrated a correlation between orthorexia nervosa and disordered eating patterns (including restraint, eating concern, weight concern, and shape concern). A study of 163 mostly female American undergraduate students [9] found no relationships between demographic features and general psychiatric symptoms and orthorexic symptoms, however higher levels of orthorexic symptoms were associated with lower levels of eating disorder symptomatology. In addition, no significant relationship was found between orthorexic symptoms and weight loss attempts [9].
Empirical studies focused on orthorexia nervosa are still very limited. In the literature links between gender and preoccupation with healthy eating are not clear and furthermore there are no studies to provide data on prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in present day Poland Therefore, our first objective was to assess and compare the rate of fixation on eating healthy food across men and women in a Polish university student population.
To our knowledge, only one empirical study [16] has shown the correlation between orthorexia nervosa features and eating and body image disturbance (i.e., if orthorexia features are present, the eating and body image disturbances are more intensive). No empirical research has investigated the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and body image, hence, the second purpose our study which was to compare levels of self-attitudinal aspects of body image in normal weight people with orthorexia nervosa.
Furthermore, to our knowledge, at present, there is only one American study [9] investigating the main features of orthorexia nervosa and their relationships with other eating and lifestyle features. These results showed that a higher level of disordered eating patterns was related to fewer orthorexia features in a sample of undergraduate students. Therefore, our third objective was to explore attitudes towards body image, fitness and health in normal weight men and women with a strong preoccupation with healthy eating.
University students of Human Sciences (Psychology and Pedagogy) and Nutrition Sciences (Dietetics) from the Silesia, Lower Silesia, Mazovia and Lublin Provinces in Poland were invited to participate in the present study after being provided with written and oral information about our project. In the first phase, 396 participants were randomly selected from the four Polish universities sampling frame and of these 51 female students with eating disorders and 18 female and male students with BMI > 25 kg/m2 were excluded. Eating disorders were assessed on the basis of the answers to questions concerning the individual's disordered eating pattern and negative attitudes towards body image (particularly concerning body dissatisfaction). Participants with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2 (in the overweight range according to the World Health Organization's classification [17]) were excluded in accordance with the aim to investigate orthorexia nervosa in normal weight people.
A total of 327 university students were thus recruited: 283 females and 44 males aged 18–25 years old. Oral and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Approval for this study was obtained from the University of Social Sciences and Humanities Human Research Ethics Committee.
The demographic characteristics of female and male students are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Demographic and clinical features of the study sample ( N = 327)
The Polish version of the ORTHO-15 test
The original ORTHO-15 test [12] is a questionnaire developed for the diagnosis of orthorexia nervosa, defined by the authors as an intense obsession for healthy food [12]. It is composed of 15 items with a four-point Likert scale with categories "always", "often", "sometimes", and "never". Items investigate the obsessive attitude of the individuals in choosing, buying, preparing and consuming food they consider to be healthy (e.g. "When you go in a food shop do you feel confused?", "Are you willing to spend more money to have healthier food?", "Do you think your mood affects your eating behaviour?"). A score equal to 1 corresponds to an orthorexic tendency in the eating behaviour, while a score equal to 4 points indicates normal eating habits. The authors [5] identified the threshold value below which the diagnosis of orthorexia could be given. A cut-off of 40 points indicates symptoms consistent with orthorexia nervosa [5].
In a recent study we examined the factor structure of the Polish version of the ORTHO-15 test using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on two split-half study groups (N = 200 in each group) randomly selected from the larger series of 400 females and males [14]. We found that only nine items (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 14) out of 15, determined the structure of the Polish version of the ORTHO-15 test [14]. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the Polish version of the ORTHO-15 was .644 [14]. Adapting the Donini et al. [4] cutoff of a score of 40 out of a maximum score of 60 we calculated that in our Polish population a score of < 24 indicated a strong preoccupation with consuming healthy food (in our study the maximum score was 36).
The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire
The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) [18] is a 69-item self-report inventory for evaluating attitudes related to body image. The MBSRQ consists of 10 subscales.
The Appearance evaluation subscale measures feelings of physical (un)attractiveness, (dis)satisfaction with one's looks (e.g. "Most people would consider me good-looking"). High scorers feel most of the time positive and satisfied with their appearance. The Appearance orientation subscale assesses the extent of investment in one's appearance (e.g. "I check my appearance in a mirror whenever I can"). High scorers place more importance on how they look and engage in extensive grooming behaviour.
The Fitness evaluation subscale evaluates feelings of being physically (un)fit (e.g. "I do poorly in physical sports or games"). High scorers regard themselves as physically fit regularly incorporate exercise activities into their lifestyle. The Fitness orientation subscale measures the extent of investment in being physically fit or athletically competent (e.g. "I try to be physically active"). High scorers value fitness and are actively involved in activities to enhance or maintain their fitness.
The Health evaluation subscale which assesses feelings of physical health and/or the freedom from physical illness (e.g. "I am seldom physically ill"). High scorers feel their bodies are in good health. The Health orientation subscale reflects the extent of investment in a physically healthy lifestyle (e.g. "I know a lot about physical fitness"). High scorers are try to lead a healthy lifestyle. The illness orientation subscale which evaluates extent of reactivity to being or becoming ill (e.g. "I pay close attention to my body for any signs of illness"). High scorers are apt to seek medical attention.
The Body areas satisfaction subscale assesses satisfaction with discrete parts of one's appearance (e.g. face, upper torso). High composite scorers are generally content with most areas of their body.
The Overweight preoccupation subscale measures a construct reflecting fat anxiety, weight vigilance, dieting, and eating restraint (e.g. "I constantly worry about being or becoming fat"). The Self-classified weight subscale reflects how one perceives and labels one's weight, from very underweight to very overweight. (e.g. "From looking at me, most other people would think I am …") [18].
Internal consistency alpha for the subscales of the MBSRQ ranged from .70 to .91 for males and from .73 to .90 for females [14]. The MBSRQ was used in this study with permission from the author. The Polish version of the MBSRQ was translated by Schier [19].
Data were entered into a database and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 19.0 for Windows). Data were inspected for normality. The results for each study group were compared using the t-test for unpaired data. The relationships between different variables were evaluated by Pearson's correlation coefficient (r p ). Multiple regression analysis (stepwise multiple regression) was performed to identify determinants of orthorexia nervosa in female and male students. A significance level (p) of 0.05 was assumed.
Participant selection
The study sample was 327 female and male students aged from 18 to 25 years. The mean age was 21.98 years (SD = 1.74) and 22.27 years (SD = 2.22) for female and male students, respectively. Two hundred and thirteen participants were preoccupied with consuming healthy food based on score below cut-off of 24 points on the Polish adaptation of the ORTO-15 test (68.6% women and 43.2% men, respectively) (Figure 2). These participants comprised the sample for the studies of normal weight people with orthorexia nervosa. The average age of the two groups presenting a strong preoccupation with healthy eating was 21.98 years (SD = 1.77) and 22.63 years (SD = 2.85) for female and male students, respectively.
Participant recruitment flow chart.
In the comparative analysis we only included female and male students showing a preoccupation with healthy food. Means and standard deviations for the Polish adaptation of the ORTO-15 test and the MBSRQ among female and male students with orthorexia nervosa are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Orthorexia questionnaire (ORTHO-15) and multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire (MBSRQ) subscale scores of the 213 students with a strong preoccupation with healthy eating
The total score of the Polish adaptation of the ORTO-15 test was not significantly different between female and male participants (p = 0.719).
The orthorexia group of female students reported significantly lower appearance evaluation scores (p = 0.007), fitness evaluation scores (p < 0.001) and health orientation scores (p = 0.01), than male students. They also had lower ratings on fitness orientation (p < 0.001), lower scores on health evaluation (p < 0.001) and lower ratings on body areas satisfaction (p = 0.004) than male students. Female students with a strong preoccupation with healthy eating reported higher scores on appearance orientation (p < 0.001), overweight preoccupation (p < 0.001), and higher self-classified weight (p = 0.008) in comparison with male students with a strong preoccupation with healthy eating. There was no sex difference for scores on illness orientation (p = 0.15).
Correlation study
The correlations between the Polish adaptation of ORTO-15 test and the MBSRQ in students with fixation on eating healthy food are presented in Table 3.
Table 3 Pearson correlations (r p ) between othorexia nervosa symptom scores as measured on the ortho-15 and the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire (MBSRQ) subscale scores among the 213 students with a strong preoccupation with healthy eating
In female students a strong preoccupation with healthy eating was negatively related to overweight preoccupation, appearance orientation, fitness orientation, health orientation, body areas satisfaction and appearance evaluation. However, in male students we did not find any significant correlation between orthorexia nervosa and the scores at MBSRQ subscales.
Regression analysis for orthorexia nervosa
Because we aimed to investigate which factors were related with orthorexia nervosa symptomatology in female and male students, the regression study used only participants within the cut-off range. The results of the stepwise regression analysis (Table 4) indicated that body areas satisfaction (β = 0.169), fitness orientation (β = −0.327), overweight preoccupation (β = −0.210) and appearance orientation (β = −0.186) were predictors of a strong preoccupation with healthy eating among female students. Results of the regression analysis were statistically significant, F (1,192) = 19.78, p < 0.001. Taken together, these variables predicted 29% of the variance (R 2 = 0.295).
Table 4 Stepwise regression analyses for predicting a strong preoccupation with healthy eating in female students
Attitudes related to body image did not influence a strong preoccupation with healthy eating in males (F (10,8) = 0.860, p = 0.597).
In this study a majority (68.55%) of female students and large minority (43.18%) of male counterparts reported met criteria for high levels of orthorexic (healthy eating) behaviours. This may have been because the study selected students who were mostly studying psychology or dietetics and thus already were knowledgeable and interested in nutrition, health and well-being. Our findings are consistent with Baĝci Bosi et al. [20], who found people with more education about healthy nutrition were more likely to be concerned with healthy and proper nutrition and to be fixated on eating healthy food. Fidan et al. [6] also found that the prevalence of fixation on eating healthy food was higher among medical male students than medical female students, and a high prevalence of orthorexic behaviours (43.6%) was observed globally among medical students. Nutrition students in particular may thus be a high risk group to become preoccupied with consuming healthy food [6,21].
As in other studies [7,9] we found no differences in the levels of healthy eating preoccupation between males and females. However, caution must be applied to the findings as there were an unequal number of female and male participants, likely due to the female predominance in the disciplines of psychology and dietetics at the university. Our findings do not support Donini et al. [5,11] who reported a higher prevalence of healthy eating preoccupation in Italian men. Conversely they also differ from Arusoğlu et al. [13], who found a female predominance of healthy eating in a more representation general population sample in Turkey. Differences in gender distribution may be because of different methods of sample recruitment and selection. For example, Donini and colleagues [5,11] recruited from both students and employees of diverse institutions and parents of students at a high school.
In the present study we found that women with orthorexia nervosa were less likely to: (1) regularly incorporate exercise activities into their lifestyle (fitness orientation subscale), (2) concentrate on dieting, eating restraint and weight vigilance (overweight preoccupation subscale), (3) pay attention to their appearance (appearance orientation subscale) and (4) lead a physically healthy lifestyle (health orientation subscale). At first sight, these results seem to be counterintuitive. They question (along with its high prevalence) the nature of orthorexia nervosa and that it may be a particular health preoccupation that takes precedence over other aspects of health. At this stage interpretations can only however be speculative and more research is needed.
Despite the fact that orthorexia nervosa is characterized by a strong preoccupation with healthy eating, the literature is not clear about whether this phenomenon is an eating disorder at all, a variant of a currently recognized eating disorder, a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder, a separate disorder or a disorder precursor. Our results indicated that in female students, a strong preoccupation with healthy eating was positively correlated with appearance evaluation and body areas satisfaction. This relationship could indicate that as female students' satisfaction with the size and physical attractiveness increases, their preoccupation with healthy food increases. These findings may be explained by the fact that similar to people with anorexia nervosa, people with orthorexia nervosa experience their symptoms about body image as ego-syntonic (relating to aspects of a people's thoughts, behaviour, attitudes, feelings viewed as acceptable and consistent with the self-conception) [2].
MacEvilly [22] suggested that orthorexia nervosa should be considered as a risk factor or early phase in the development of an eating disorder rather than classifying it as an eating disorder. Moreover, it does not include the most characteristic symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (i.e., preoccupation with weight loss, immense fear of becoming fat, and/or overestimation of body size) [23] and it does not start with low self-esteem [22]. In contrast to eating disorders which involve obsessions about the quantity of food intake, orthorexia nervosa results from an obsession about the quality of food intake [1,5]. Furthermore, (and consistent with our findings) orthorexia nervosa is related to the consumption of healthy and pure foods with the aim of being healthy (and not losing weight like in the case of eating disorders). In some respects orthorexia nervosa is more similar to the newly introduced Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder or ARFID where there is also an absence of body image concern [24]. However in ARFID the dietary restriction may often be driven by a food anxiety or fear rather than health preoccupation.
The present study was among the first to investigate the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and body image in both males and females. Limitations include: (1) we used only self-report measures; (2) we applied a small number of questionnaires; (3) the study was cross-sectional and could not assess causality of relationships; (4) females were more represented numerically than males in the university student population considered which was a sample of students was not representative of the general population; and (5) we only recruited university students of Human and Nutrition Sciences (leading to a sampling bias of psychology and dietetics students).
Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between body image and a strong preoccupation with healthy eating in different populations, including samples that include people who are overweight and/or have an eating disorder, and to investigate relationships more broadly between orthorexia tendencies and other factors such as perfectionism, self-esteem and self-control (which are frequently cited in the literature as the personality traits associated with orthorexia nervosa [23,25,26]). Research is needed to characterize the features and the determinants of orthorexia nervosa and test the hypothesis that orthorexia as a dimensional construct may be a phenomena with positive, neutral or negative impact on adaptive function and quality of life.
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Campus in Katowice, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
Anna Brytek-Matera
Experimental Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Lorenzo Maria Donini
& Eleonora Poggiogalle
Polish National Center for Eating Disorders, Wroclaw, Poland
Magdalena Krupa
Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney and School of Medicine James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Correspondence to Phillipa Hay.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
AB-M participated in the conception and design of the study, supervision of data collection, data analysis, interpretation of the findings of the study, drafted the manuscript and manuscript revision, undertook the research and lead the research team of co-authors. MK undertook the research and participated in the data collection. LMN and EP RZ participated in interpretation of the findings and manuscript writing. PH contributed to development of the manuscript, presentation of new material, and its intellectual content and the final draft for submission. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Orthorexia nervosa


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UN climate talks ran deep into extra time in Warsaw on Saturday as rich and poor nations butted heads over their respective contributions to staving off dangerous planet warming.
Exhausted negotiators and ministers shuttled to and fro in the early morning hours to try and lay some groundwork for an ambitious climate pact which must be signed in Paris by December 2015.
Nations remain deeply divided, delegates said.
They argued over apportioning carbon emissions curbs seeking to limit average global warming to 2.0 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit), and over funding for climate-vulnerable poor countries.
Negotiators are also at odds over a roadmap that must detail steps to arrive at the new deal in two years' time.
The talks were scheduled to have closed at 17:00 on Friday, but there was still no sign of resolution nine hours later.
Gathering delegates from more than 190 nations, the notoriously fractious annual negotiations are working towards a deal that will for the first time bind all the world's nations to curbing Earth-warming greenhouse gas emissions.
On current emissions trends, scientists warn the Earth could face warming of 4.0 C or higher over pre-industrial levels – a recipe for catastrophic storms, droughts, floods and land-gobbling sea-level rise that would hit poor countries disproportionally hard.
"If we don't succeed in Paris, the chances of us meeting the goal of limiting global warming to two degrees will be limited, or none," French Development Minister Pascal Canfin warned on Friday.
A major sticking point was the insistence of some developing nations like China and India, their growth fuelled by fossil fuel combustion, on guarantees of less onerous emissions curbs compared to wealthy nations.
In hotly disputed language, some want the new deal to impose "commitments" on developed countries and seek only "efforts" from emerging economies.
The issue led to Europe and a group of developing economies trading barbs on Friday evening.
European climate commissioner Connie Hedegaard accused a group of "like-minded" countries of opposing a "push" towards the 2015 deal by insisting on the rich-poor country firewall.
"It is not acceptable to the European Union, but I also think to really many others," she told journalists.
A group calling itself the Like-Minded Developing Countries, which includes China and India as well as Pakistan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, took issue with what they called the "brazen attack".
"The EU chief is responsible for damaging seriously the atmosphere of confidence and trust in this process," said Venezuelan climate envoy Claudia Salerno, who claimed to speak on the group's behalf.
As emissions continue to grow year after year, developing nations say their developed counterparts must have more responsibility for curbs given their long history of fossil-fuel combustion.
The West, though, insists emerging economies must do their fair share, considering that China is now the world's biggest emitter of CO2, with India in fourth place after the United States and Europe.
Another point of disagreement is finance.
Developing nations insist that wealthy nations must show how they intend to keep a promise to ramp up climate aid to $100-billion by 2020, up from $10-billion a year from 2010-12.
Still struggling with an economic crisis, however, the developed world is wary of unveiling a detailed long-term funding plan at this stage.
The funding crunch lies at the heart of another issue bedevilling the talks: demands by developing countries for a "loss and damage" mechanism to help them deal with future harm from climate impacts they say are too late to avoid.
Rich nations fear this would amount to signing a blank cheque for never-ending liability.
As for a roadmap to 2015 that the United States, Europe and some others had expected to emerge from Warsaw, US envoy Todd Stern said Friday that countries should ideally submit initial emissions-cutting offers by about the first quarter of 2015.
But a draft negotiating text made only vague references to a timeframe.
On Thursday, environment and developmental observer groups stormed out of the conference, saying the talks had produced little more than hot air since opening on November 11, and were "on track to deliver virtually nothing".
But there were some positives.
The UN's Adaptation Fund, which helps poor countries deal with the effects of climate change, had received pledges of $100-million.


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This afternoon, we were talking about money, which is not my favorite topic, since I hate to have to confront evidence of my own foolishness, and I was saying that, back in college, we sat around one evening talking about how much money we think we'd have to pull in annually to feel secure–not necessarily wealthy, but that we could provide for all our needs, not be in debt (except maybe a car payment and a house payment), and life a life not extravagant but pleasant. What would it take for you to feel like you could be set for life?
When I was 21, I said $100,000 a year.
I think it's obvious that I have an English degree, because twelve years later, I still think $100,000 would do me.
If I made $100,000 a year, I would feel financially comfortable and secure.
6 thoughts on "How Much?"
Nomen Nescio says:
i'd feel secure with a hundred grand, too, and i've got a computer degree.
heck, with a hundred grand a year, my mortgage could likely be cut in half. i could have it paid off before i need to find a retirement home for myself…
I agree. That is not a shameful aspiration. Almost 5 years out of college, I'd do many unspeakable things for 100K.
Conde Senshun says:
NOT FAIR. You know what I'm on about here….
dolphin says:
It's been my experience that expenses magically expand to match income.
When The Boyfriend™ and my collective income was oh about $35,000 a year, we felt a little tight at times but pretty happy with where we were. Now that our income is closer to the $65,000 a year mark, we feel… …a little tight at times but pretty happy with where we are.
Mr. Mack says:
I shouldn't even comment on this, in that B totally stole my thread. (can I copyright in advance?)
Sure, Dolphin, that is most people's experience. But I worry that young people (thats under 40) don't seem to grasp that there will indeed come a time when your energy level decreases and therefore so does your capacity to earn. It's tough to know how much savings is necessary to retire in any kind of comfort, and I find myself preparing for a reduction in lifestyle, and part of me embraces that. I long ago decided to exit the income highway and learn to make do on what I already had. Anyway, 100k for a young single person is very good money, but careless stewardship could mean actually having less for retirement than someone who earned half as much, but was wise about managing money.
And here I thought I had champagne tastes. I'd feel comfortable for current expenses with $60,000 or $65,000 a year (household), and fancy with $75,000. And, I guess, happy for another $10,000 to sock into IRAs. But thanks to having made more money in the past than we do now, we're in pretty good shape for retirement, between Social Security, investments, and whatnot. $100,000 seems like a lot.
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The ethnic families of San Pedro live in enclaves, or maybe compounds, and this will continue through the 1960s. Bachelors and newly-wedded couples live in one- or two-room bungalows, on the southern side of town, and once they save enough money inside their mattresses, pay cash for one of the newly built bigger houses up the street a block or two. But they all reside in the same general area. They live next door to one another, across the street, all within short walking distance, just above the reek of the canneries at the end of 22nd Street. Slav women are very careful that their homes don't smell of fish. They boil their husbands' clothes when they return from fishing, outside, in the backyard. They have access to cleaning potions that erase any evidence of filth or stench. In many ways, these women are like witches, and with their husbands gone, they raise their children in an obsessive-compulsive, anally-retentive coven.
Posted on May 15, 2015 by Dini Karasik and tagged San Pedro California Croatia Slavs culture WWII.


You've probably heard of Dr. Sagie's Bedwetting Clinics. Now, you don't have to go to these clinics to address your child's nocturnal enuresis problems. Dr. Sagie's TheraPee Bedwetting Solution can now be bought for home use.
As advertised in TheraPee's promotional video, Dr. Sagie has treated "tens of thousands of bedwetting cases since 1984." According to the video, Dr. Sagie found that bedwetting is not a medical or psychological problem. Instead, it "stems from deep sleep." In Dr. Sagie's Bedwetting Clinics, patients are treated through a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, exercises, feedback, and other techniques.
Should you get one of Dr. Sagie's TheraPee Bedwetting Solution? Here, we'll help you answer this question by giving you a summarized report of how this alarm fared among previous buyers.
When you unbox your Therapee kit, you should get the following. First, you'll get an interactive and personalized software. It also comes with a user-friendly device similar to what you see in Dr. Sagie's bedwetting clinics.
Unlike other brands of bedwetting alarms such as Malem and Chummie, Therapee's device is NOT attached to the child's body. It doesn't have a transmitter, so there's no radiation involved.
The software is interactive. Your child receives various learning techniques for the prevention of bedwetting. Aside from that, your child receives personal treatment according to his needs. As if that's not enough, treatment meetings are led by a professional therapist that gives full support until your child outgrows bedwetting completely.
Aside from the software, the kit also comes with a bed-pad, which according to a user is 24″ x 20″ in product dimensions.
As advertised, Therapee is made in Israel.
Here's what the promo video tells us about Dr. Sadie's TheraPee Bedwetting Solution kit.
– The treatment is suitable for children over the age of 4.
– Treatment takes 3 to 5 months.
– The treatment's success rates are over 90%.
See more of Dr. Sadie's Therapee kit in the video below.
We've gone through a popular online retailer's consumer feedback section. Here's a summary of what we found about Dr. Sagie's TheraPee Bedwetting Solution.
Easy to set up and use. Most customers did not find the set up process a struggle. However for those who did, they agree that customer support was more than willing to help them resolve any issues they were experiencing and they did so promptly.
The program can be tailored to suit any age. Many Therapee customers appreciated how the program can be tailored to suit the patient. The therapist considers the age, gender and bed wetting frequency in order to come up with the most ideal treatment plan. There have been success stories from children and young adults of different ages. This substantiates Therapee's claim that it can be used on persons of age 4 through to 18 ,with significant results.
It works quickly. Customers agree that you can expect results after 4 to 6 months. Some have even noticed results as early as 1 month.
Interactive. The interactive nature of Therapee is appreciated across the board. Children enjoy and are motivated by the star chart system that involves them logging in their wet and dry days and the graduations that follow. The exercises involved are also found to be of great help. The online portion is rightfully dubbed 'very exciting and engaging'. Even though they are pre-recorded, many parents have said that their children feel as though Dr.Sagie is speaking directly to them,coaching them through the process. The feedback sessions are an amazing reinforcement method.
Great online support. Many customers find that the online support comes in handy as they go through Dr. Sagie's program . They appreciate the reassurance they get especially during times that they feel they are experiencing a set back and their progress is not as they expected at that moment .
The alarm is of good quality, sensitive and comes with a variety of alarms to choose from. Despite sensitivity of the alarm being optimal and even capable of detecting wetness before it gets to the mat, there have been instances of the alarm going off because of sweat or humidity. Many customers have, however ,figured how to deal with this by simply decreasing sensitivity.
The mat is comfortable. It is made from high quality PVC and many customers attest to its comfort when slept on and feel that it is sizeable enough to deal with roll-off.
Cleaning the mat is not that challenging. Thanks again to its high sensitivity, in many cases the alarm goes off even before the wetness has a chance of sip through to the mat.
A little pricey but worth every penny. Even though the price point may be considered a bit high, it is a much better and proven alternative appointments at a hospital to combat enuresis with a slim chance of getting results especially if the reason behind the bed wetting is not a health issue or condition.
It is a safe way to deal with bed wetting. Customers appreciate the safety that comes with the use of Therapee. No wires are connected to your child's body, no medication is involved and the alarm is actually away from the body.


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Hoow is everyone today? Well, sorry I haven't updated sooner but Japan is not a wifi society so I have limited access to the internet, plus I have been very busy busy busy.
I hardly slept the nigh before because I was so anxious. And after a total of 16 hours of travel I made it! I couldn't believe I arrived! Even walking thru the airport It didn't seem real. I couldn't believe that the dream has come tru! I am so very grateful for this opportunity. It's wonderful. After arriving in Narita, Japan, I had to head to immagration then once they stamped my Passport I picked up my bagage and went to customs. The guy knew hardly any English so didn't ask me much. He didn't even check my baggage. After that, I met up with CIEE program coordinators and I gave them my contact info and exchaged my money then shipped my luggage to my hotel and off on the bus to the Narita hotel I went.
They gave us our room keys and packets of info with further information. After situating myself in the room, a couple of us desided to go to the mall. We took the bus and were just marvelling at everything we saw. It was exciting!! After an hour bus ride, we arrived at Aeon Mall. Oh my goodness is that place huge!! All the stores look small on the outside but then it keeps extending and extending. It was shocking! We found an arcade that just kept getting bigger and bigger. We played a couple of games then we went to a 100 yen store which is equivalent to a dollar store but with nicer stuff. We got ice cream from vending machines and then got extremely tired so we went back to the hotel.
I got back home and took a shower, but uploaded my pictures I took then headed to bed. It was an extremely long long LONG day.
The next morning we had breakfast buffet which was more like a lunch buffet. Japanese ppl don't typically eat breakfast so there isn't really breakfast food here. We checked out of the hotel then got on a bus and headed for Takayama which means tall mountain. It's one of the tallest mountains in Japan. We left at 900 and did not arrive until 6pm. So that gives you an idea of how far away this place is.
We made 4 stops along the way. The first stop was just outside of Tokyo. It was a food stop and just like the mall, it was huge inside. They had any and every japanese dish you could think of. I had 2 onigiri. One with salmon and one with umeboshi (pickled plum). After that, bought some macha ice cream (green tea ice cream). The next stop was just a quick rest stop to use the bathroom. Then we stopped at Suwa lake. It is a sacred lake in Japan and there are many shrines and temples built along the river side. Then we took off and headed up Takayama. The mountain was very windy and the roads extremely narrow. The tunnels were so small that when the buses were passing each other they nearly colided.
The scenery is just astounding. I am amazed at how tall these mountains are. THey are really steep and just covered with really really tall skinny trees. The trees just kept amazing me and they are all so green!! It's such a wonderful masterpiece that God has created! I kept staring in awe at the beauty I was witnessing. I took pictures it wasn't enough. Even if I took a thousands pictures with the worlds best camera, the photo will still never do it justise. I just wish I was able to transmit what I was seeing to someone else so they could witness it themselves.
The forth stop was near the top of the mountain. They had lots of little shops, and this place did not have any English at all. Most places I have been too have English everywhere under everysine except the food, but this place had no english. You had to use Japanese to read everything. I told my self I was just walking around to stretch my legs and help with translating for those that knew no Japanese but I found these adorable owls and just had to get one. So i did. While we were driving away all the employees stood on the road and waved goodbye until we could not see them anymore. It was very nice!
Ok, I will have to continure this another day as I am really tired.


Jerry Chenkin retired from Honda in March 2017.
"In England at the time, if you didn't know what to do, you became an accountant," says retired Honda Canada CEO Jerry Chenkin.
By the summer of 1975, Chenkin finished his accounting studies, got married and arrived in Canada.
In August of that year, he was flipping through a local newspaper in the newlyweds' Toronto apartment, sitting on the floor because they couldn't afford furniture, when he saw an ad from Canadian Honda Motor Limited.
He went to the interview and began the next day, remaining until March 31 this year. Since 2013 he had been CEO of Honda Canada, the first executive not from Japan to hold the position.
Chenkin soon realized he was working for a motorcycle company, not a car company.
A few years later, Chenkin seemed to be the one his Japanese bosses turned to when they needed to sort out problem areas. "When there was trouble, like in the credit department, I was told to support them. I didn't know credit, but it's still about numbers, so I ran the credit department." He was sent into similar "fix-it" roles in finance, treasury and administration.
At the 10-year mark, in 1985, Chenkin made the pivotal move to sales, when he was asked to run the Ontario Zone Office.
He quickly immersed himself in all aspects of that side of the business, especially dealer issues.
Three years later he was back at the head office, taking on roles with increasing responsibly in the rapidly expanding company, including stints running Acura (1994-2001) and the motorcycle, ATV and power-equipment division (2001-2004).
In 2007, he was named executive vice-president of Honda Canada, the second in-command position.
When Sekiguchi was reassigned, Chenkin was named as his successor, becoming the first Canadian to hold the top position, and the first "local" president in any of Honda's major markets.
No one explained to Chenkin why the pattern was broken, but he has a theory.
One career highlight is being a part of Honda's expanding and award-winning production facilities in Canada. During his tenure as president, Chenkin oversaw $1.3 billion of investment in the two plants in Alliston, Ont. Unlike the presidents of most Canadian automaker operations, Honda Canada presidents also have overall responsibilities for the company's manufacturing operations in Canada.
But Chenkin notes the manufacturing side had, and continues to have, "a very strong team taking care of the factory," which allowed him to spend "90 per cent" of his time on sales and marketing.
He recalls the town-hall meeting at Honda Canada HQ when he announced his retirement. When he announced that his successor would be then second in command, and another Canadian, David Gardiner, the groans turned to cheers and a standing ovation.
Chenkin believes upper management stability is key in the Canadian marketplace, to leverage the best of both staff and dealer networks. He says that dealers usually go into a "holding pattern," until they get a sense of the new president's priorities.
Considering his appetite to learn and keep busy, it should be no surprise to learn that Chenkin didn't stay fully retired for very long. In May, he joined the Dilawri Group of automotive dealerships in an advisory role. The nature of the part-time position also allows him some work-life flexibility, and to stay of out of the group's day-to-day operations, especially accounting.


The menu includes boiled shrimp, fried shrimp, whole catfish, catfish fillets, baked beer battered cod fillets, French fries, boiled potatoes, coleslaw, hush puppies and cornbread. Drinks are included with dinner. Dinner prices range from $9.50 to $11.50. A fish sandwich with fries is $5. A la carte items may be purchased separately. Desserts are available and sold separately by the Altar Society. Call 816-252-1160 for more information.


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Address: Kilredmond Borris Co. Carlow, Carlow. See full address and map.


Talend has everything we need to meet our business requirements. The Single Source of Truth for Customer Data enables precision marketing through better segmentation and identification of cross-sales opportunities.
Sales and marketing teams at Ellie Mae—which automates mortgages for banks, credit unions and mortgage companies—had a problem working with siloed databases, from which they drew leads and launched campaigns that had more than 100,000 contacts. Duplication of contact information through acquisition of other companies, combined with outdated or bad information, hampered decision-making due to inconsistent Excel-based reports from different divisions.
Ellie Mae implemented Talend MDM to bring data together into an enterprise data warehouse, integrate the applications Ellie Mae uses for insights into lifecycle and segmentation marketing, and create a single source of truth. The implemented data platform combines a master data management platform for customer data, together with a data warehouse and a business intelligence environment. In addition, quality data now delivers trusted insights to BI users, while sales, product and financial analytics enable precision marketing through better segmentation and identification of cross-sales opportunities.


in JAMB 2017 UTME Examination.
JAMB for change of institution.
is not allowed once the application form is submitted.
NABTEB) and NCE results where applicable.
6. Cross-check your entries properly.
7. Submit your application form.
Aptitude Test in the College.
and time of the Aptitude Test.
wrong/ non- functional phone numbers.
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This article reviews the biblical doctrine of common grace and evaluates the consistency of competitive free markets with that doctrine. Common grace helps explain much of the good found in a fallen world, while also providing an explanation for why fallen men do not act worse than they do. Competition is seen as a form of Gods common grace because it provides the institutional incentives to constrain market participants from predation and exploitation, while encouraging social cooperation and mutually beneficial exchange.


What kind of message is Green Bay sending Aaron Rodgers? First they take, who many considered the most-ready to start QB in the draft, Brian Brohm, in the second round. Then they take ANOTHER QB , the national championship QB. Gotta love the faith the show their former no. 1 draft pick.
Brandon Albert....is fat. If you saw him chilling on his couch waiting to be picked. I hear he's very athletic, so maybe it's a "John Belushi, can't believe he's that athletic for a fat man" kinda thing.
By the way, kudos to DeSean Jackson for best suit of the day. Not only a three-piece, not only wearing it IN HIS HOUSE, while his family members are wearing t-shirts, but for wearing SUNGLASSES IN HIS HOUSE. Just well done, DeSean, well done.
Surprised that the Giants took Kenny Phillips with their pick in the first round. The general consensus among scouts was that there wasn't any safeties worth taking in the first round, but I guess they felt a real need.
The buzz was that the Jets moved up to pick 30 to take Dustin Keller because the Giants were targeting the quick TE. Were the Giants serious about Shockey at that point? Are they still looking to deal him?
If Me-Shawn Johnson said the phrase "copycat league" one more time I was gonna head down to Radio City and assassinate him.
Parcells had a nice first draft. No-nonsense, setting up the team he wants. Long is a Parcells type player. Merling is a run-stopping DE in his mold. Langford and Dotson were other guys that were targeted for the D-line and can contribute.
Told you Jerry Jones was taking Felix Jones no matter what.
Man, was that Under Armor ad with guy screaming about "the future" in some post-apocolyptic setting the stupidest thing ever? Lighten up guys, it's frickin t-shirts.
Duane Brown? Reach of the day.
And last, you gotta love Weird Al of Oakland. He drafted Michael Bush in the second last year. He gave Dominic Rhodes a wheelbarrow of cash. He has Justin Fargas and former signing Lamont Jordan. But screw them all. He wants his speedy guy, McFadden. He gets his speedy guy. End of story.
Let me go guys what you think. Did your team do well? Who overestimated and who got bargins? Sound off on the boards.
Green Bay is looking for options at QB. Rodgers looked good in limited action against the Cowboys, but I can't say I blame GB for not pinning all their hopes on a largely untested QB.
Kenny Philips has been on the Giants radar since day one. Gibril Wilson leaving forced their hand, and they're not deep at CB (Madison and McQuarters are old). Then they went for a WR and and LB. These are all need areas, no surprises. If Manningham can stay on the straight and narrow he was a steal.
The Chiefs did well if Albert can get up off that couch. Dorsey, if healthy, looks like another Warren Sapp. They picked a solid RB if Larry Johnson cannot come back to form and picked a couple of receivers who were productive in college. DaJuan Morgan from NC State is raw, but Herm can coach DB's. Many people compare Morgan to Adrian Wilson, who is an animal.
Gholston could be the next Kearse. Dustin Keller looks awesome. Ainge looks like a winner, too. I think the Jets did very well. Unfortunately, so did the Dolphins and Bills. Top to bottom, that division could be the best in football 2 years from now.
Oakland screwed up. Nuff said.


The Kilted Kitchen is available to hire for private functions.We seat 24 people and our open kitchen is ideal for guests to see their personal chefs preparing fresh food just for them.
The Kilted Kitchen is a boutique bistro offering a fantastic selection of modern Scottish dishes cooked to order. All the produce we use is genuinely Scottish, the majority of which is sourced from suppliers local to the restaurant for the freshest possible ingredients. Our friendly waiting staff are dressed in kilts ... and are eager to welcome you to enjoy a relaxed, casual dining experience.
We are fully licensed and child friendly.
Delicious soup with sourdough bread and yummy melt in your mouth cake. Recommend. Lovely staff too.
It would be nice if the menu got varied a bit. I was there in December and it looked like pretty much the same as 3 months ago. I love locally and would love to visit more often - but not if it's always the same food.
Great night celebrating my birthday at the Kilted Kitchen. Staff were friendly and the food was tasty. Ordered the chicken burger and wasn't disappointed. Deserts also good. Not a huge selection on the menu but good enough choice, especially if you like burgers and steaks. Cosy atmosphere.
Great service, delicious food. Warm and cosy. Very pleased to have a seat by the window.
Had a great experience at the Kilted Kitchen! Their eggs benedict were incredible. The restaurant is small and cozy, and located in an adorable area of Edinburgh.
Really enjoyed my lunch , looking forward to visiting again .
Tried other places in Stockbridge for a Saturday night dinner reservation, but they were fully booked. It all worked out in our favour though as this place is a nice little gem. The staff never rushed us and we felt like valued customers. We both got burgers and pinot gris wine which is a rare find! This bistro is not very big, but has a nice homely feel. Maybe not as much of a mover and shaker as other restaurants in Stockbridge, but really I couldnt fault it and all for a more reasonable price than other restaurants in the area.
The food at The Kilted Kitchen is of an excellent standard for a small cafe style restaurant. Have had lunch there twice but breakfast menu looks great !
I booked this for two people on Saturday evening. It's a beautiful cosy little restaurant with a warm welcoming atmosphere. The serving staff were pleasant, friendly and attentive without being intrusive. The food was fantastic, well thought combinations and beautifully presented. I will definitely return when I'm next in Edinburgh. Would highly recommend a visit.
Great food, with some different & interesting ingredients - all really tasty - it was difficult to choose what to order as we were tempted by many things. Really nice welcoming decor. Lovely friendly service and a chef who was interested in checking if the chocolate mousse was ok after we'd asked about it when ordering- it was delicious!
Last minute booking for sizeable group. Cosy restaurant but ideal for what we wanted. Great menu choices. Friendly staff. Comfortable.
it was a Monday evening and most restaurants were closed but I found the Kilted Kitchen in the afternoon and we returned to eat there around 8.30pm and had a delicious meal. We were entertaining a French friend so were a little worried about the menu but were not disappointed. What a lovely little venue. We will certainly recommend it.
We booked online and received confirmation by email. When members of our group arrived we were turned away and told there was no booking. It did look lovely inside, but we were very disappointed and couldn't find anywhere else to serve us brunch at late notice. Have rated the restaurant as 'good' as didn't want to sway the overall reviews, but the booking experience was poor!
What a great place to eat, loved it. Characterful and charming.
Lovely petit restaurant with very friendly efficient staff.
Like here. Atmosphere lacks a bit.
A fabulous little restaurant with great atmosphere and delicious food. Will definitely go back!
Generally a good eating experience let down by lack of staff and strange staff decisions on seating. On arrival having booked a table for 4 the reserved table was set for 5, I noted there would be 3 of us and I was asked if I was happy with an alternate table in the corner that was less spacious. I was so we moved, only for a table of 3 to then be subsequently sat at the table I was originally reserved.
Food was good, its a tight menu with 3 starters, a few mains and then a choice of burgers, and there was one special main course available. Drinks, no draught beers and no spirits listed on menu. When ordering a Gin and tonic there was no offer of range of gin or tonics.
For the 3 of us we had 2 haggis bonbons (tasty but having been titled award winning they seems overbilled) for mains we had a beef burger, chicken burger and a special. There were no complaints on the food and everything was tasty, good ingredients and well presented.
Service - Having ordered I found the starters arrived promptly, we were then finished for a good few minutes before the waiter cleared the plates but almost instantly delivered the mains. So expect clearing was delayed until mains ready. However, having finished the mains our plates then sat for the duration of the time we were in the restaurant, some 30+ mins (as we were happily chatting). We were not offered a refill of tap water nor did they notice we'd finished our drinks in this time. We then had to ask 3 times for the bill, and then for the card machine. Having waited a few mins for the card machine we decided to pay cash and left it on the table and left. Looking back in the window this was the quickest either of the two waiter had got to our table :) The staff were friendly and I think they were just a man short for when they got busy (as it did get to the point all tables were occupied, albeit probably only c25 covers), so it wouldn't stop me going back for another try.
A hidden gem and worth a visit. Stylish without being pretentious like some its neighbours!
It was ok. Limited dinner menu. My chicken burger was a bit dry. Based on reviews, I had pretty higher expectations.
Second time in three weeks probably says if all. Holloumi fries lovely.
Great food and friendly service. Definitely going again.
Lovely lunch - gorgeous homemade soup and bread. Friendly staff. Would recommend you try it.
Excellent, tasty food! Service very efficient and friendly.


Bermuda-based chemical tanker owner and operator Team Tankers International has fully executed its previously announced exit from the deep sea stainless steel vessel class during the second quarter of 2016.
Namely, during the quarter, the company completed the sale of the Sichem Contester, a 19,822 dwt stainless steel ship and agreed to sell the Sichem Edinburgh, a 13,153 dwt coated ship, with expected delivery in the third quarter. A net loss USD 0.9 million was recognized from ship transactions in the quarter.
Additionally, Team Tankers took delivery of the North Contender, a 19,925 dwt stainless steel ship, which was previously on bareboat charter to the company. Subsequent to the quarter, the company entered into an agreement to sell the vessel.
"With an orderbook approaching 30% of the existing fleet, large stainless steel vessels may face the greatest supply-driven pressure in the chemical tanker fleet. Team was a subscale participant in this market and we are pleased to have executed on our announced exit," Team CEO, Hans Feringa, said.
Team Tankers International saw a net loss of USD 4.4 million in the second quarter of 2016, compared with net profit of USD 4.5 million in the previous quarter.
The average time charter equivalent rate for the fleet was USD 13,242 per day in the quarter, compared with USD 14,000 in the first quarter of 2016.
Furthermore, Team Tankers completed the transition of the finance, accounting and corporate functions from Oslo to Westport, CT, during the quarter and expects to close its Oslo office as of the end of August.
The company said that the weaker market conditions that prevailed in the latter half of the second quarter are expected to continue in the third quarter of 2016.
In a board meeting held on 16 August 2016, the Board of Directors of Team Tankers International authorized the company to commence a USD 10 million share repurchase program with the objective to reduce the capital of Team Tankers.
Posted on August 18, 2016 with tags earnings, Sichem Edinburgh, Stainless Steel, Team Tankers International.


TCVM stands for Traditional Veternarian Chinese Medicine. In a nutshell, it works on the cause of the disease rather than treating the consequences of the disease using acupuncture, food therapy, tunia massage and herbal medicine.
We have treated so may animals but our primary focus are cats and dogs but we have treated lizards, chickens, ducks and goats.
Feel free to make a booking on our website booking form or call directly. Dr. KK maybe in consult so please allow time for a response.
The initial consultation lasts approx 60 – 90 minutes to allow for a more in more depth look to get to the core pattern of disease.
How much are appointments after the initial consultation?
This would depend on the diagnosis and communicated after the initial consultation.
Please bring their favourite blanket or toy that helps calms their mind. Additionally, any current medication, a summary of their diet and any other significant history.
Yes, we even have a fluffy garden so you can let your fluffies out for a run on arrival.
How will my cat/dog react to acupuncture?
Our clinic is based in calm and relaxed environment putting our fluffy patients at ease immediately. Using the finest Japanese needles our fluffies don't feel a thing and within five minutes they will either be super relaxed or just sleeping.
What types of disease can TCVM treat?
Good news! As long as we can find the pattern of the disease we can treat any type of disease. Please check out our testimonials for various disease stories. Not to mention, TCVM is also a great preventative and maybe something you want to consider.
Does herbal medicine and food therapy work immediately?
There is no time limit as we are treating the pattern of disease. For example, if our fluffy has had a skin disease for five years it will not be solved in a week. We need to focus on food therapy and herbal medicine for an extended period of time to see the full outcome of the treatment.
Got a question or an enquiry? Contact us today. Give us a call on 0401 373 603 or fill out our enquiry form.


id's Rage Blazes at 60 fps On iPhone, but What About Android?
The iPhone isn't just powerful, it's actually capable of crashing through id's upcoming graphics showcase Rage with silky smooth aplomb. That's the takeaway from id Software technical director John Carmack's tech demo at this year's Quake Con 2010, a giant annual LAN party occurring now in Dallas, Texas.
It's hard to tell just how much geometry's being churned watching videos of the demonstration--never mind the texturing, the game rooms look boxy and simplistic--but one thing's inarguable: The view pans fluidly. According to Carmack, you're looking at a working demo of Rage, using id's Tech 5 visual engine, as it chews on megatextures while managing to deliver a steady 60 frames per second.
Apparently the game will be out sometime this year for the iPhone, and consume a couple hundred megabytes of storage space.
Assuming Apple's not using some beamed-in-from-the-future iPhone, that means we're probably looking at the 45 nanometer PowerVR SGX535, the graphical subset of the Apple A4 system-on-a-chip employed in the iPhone 4. The SGX535 is reportedly capable of handling 28 million triangles per second.
Now wouldn't it be something if Apple slipped a PowerVR SGX540 into the next iteration of the iPhone. If they did, you'd be looking at a device capable of rendering a whopping 90 million triangles per second. And guess what uses that processor: Samsung's forthcoming Galaxy S smartphone, launching at the end of this month for $249.99.
For comparison purposes, the PS3 can do around 250 million triangles per second, while the Xbox 360 can push through 500 million (obviously that's only one of several important performance indices, but still).
Will id support the Android platform? Unquestionably--it's just a matter of time--meaning the mobile market game wars are about to get an order of magnitude more interesting.


The Estimated Cost of Attendance (COA) reflects average educational costs and is used to predict what it could cost to attend UWM. It is used to determine financial aid eligibility, and a student may not receive financial aid in an amount that exceeds the COA.
The COA includes estimates of direct charges and indirect costs.
Direct charges are posted to your PAWS account. Examples: Tuition and Fees, and Room and Meals if you live on campus.
Indirect costs are educational expenses that are not posted to your PAWS account. Examples: Books, Transportation, Personal/Miscellaneous as well as Rent and Meals if you live off campus.
To better budget your total actual charges, try using our Estimated Cost Calculator. Find more details about individual charges on the Housing website, and other One Stop pages.
Note: An average amount for loan fees may also be added to your budget based on the type of loans you receive.
Complete the grid above using the estimated tuition rates listed below. These estimates are based on full-time enrollment. For current actual tuition charges, view the One Stop Tuition page.
You may qualify for an adjustment to your COA. This is called a Budget Adjustment and is available for the documented rental or purchase of a personal computer, the costs expected to be incurred for dependent care, and when documented expenses are significantly different than those used in our estimates.
A Budget Adjustment may or may not increase the amount of financial aid awarded. If you have already received aid up to your annual limits, consider borrowing additional aid through a Parent Plus or Private Educational Loan.
Example: Joe is a resident undergraduate student living on campus.
Joe's COA is $23,588. Joe has been awarded $10,000 in financial aid based on the FAFSA.
If Joe needs extra financial aid, Joe could borrow a maximum of $13,588 in a private loan without having to complete a request for a budget increase.
To find out what your cost of attendance is, you can follow the steps outlined on page 4 of this tutorial.
If you believe you qualify for a budget adjustment, complete a Budget Adjustment Request with this form.
The Estimated Family Contribution (EFC) is calculated from information provided on the FAFSA. It is used to determine your eligibility for need-based aid, like grants, work study, and subsidized loans.
Use the College Board EFC Calculator to estimate.
Your actual expenses can be direct or indirect. Use the Estimated Cost Calculator to estimate your charges. Compare this to the financial aid you have been offered or use the Net Price Calculator to get an estimate of your financial aid eligibility.
If you receive more financial aid than you are charged by the university, you will receive an excess cash check.
The Cashier's Office begins mailing excess checks approximately two business days after your refund is posted on PAWS, but no earlier than five days before the start of a semester.


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Puerto Rico's Inalienable Right to Self-Determination
Posted by MLToday | Jun 27, 2018 | Puerto Rico | 0
By Granma International Staff
The UN Special Committee on Decolonization reiterated Monday, June 18, Puerto Rico's inalienable right to self-determination and independence, in accordance with General Assembly Resolution 1514, on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples.
In a draft resolution adopted by consensus, the Special Committee once again urged the United States to assume the responsibility of promoting a process that allows Puerto Rico to take sovereign decisions to address its urgent economic and social needs.
Promoted by Cuba, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Ecuador, Russia and Syria, the text was added to the 36 resolutions and decisions on Puerto Rico adopted by the Committee since 1972.
A press release on the UN news site highlights that this year's document refers to the devastation caused by Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, which exacerbated unemployment, marginalization and poverty, in addition to aggravating problems related to education and health.
The resolution calls on the General Assembly to comprehensively examine the question of Puerto Rico and decide on the issue as soon as possible.
It also urges the United States to guarantee the protection of the human rights of the Puerto Rican people, and to return the territory occupied by its military bases, in particular the Vieques and Ceiba islands, and to assume the costs of cleaning and decontamination of these areas.
The text also expresses concern about actions carried out against pro-independence activists and calls for rigorous investigations.
The first speaker was former political prisoner Oscar López Rivera, who highlighted the accelerated depopulation of Puerto Rico, to the point that there are just over three million people on the island and over five million have migrated to the United States.
He highlighted the high number of professionals and young people who have left the island in search of employment and a better future. He reiterated his criticism of the Fiscal Control Board, which manages the finances of the government of Puerto Rico and orders the austerity measures to be implemented.
López Rivera expressed his hope that the General Assembly take up the case of Puerto Rico, as the only body with the power to end colonialism.
http://en.granma.cu/mundo/2018-06-19/puerto-ricos-inalienable-right-to-self-determination-and-independence-reiterated-in-the-un
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Puerto Rico Tribunal: Summary of Indictment of US Colonialism
Puerto Ricans are Colonial Subjects.
Justice Served After 35 Years
Protests against Debt Plan Rock Puerto Rico


Enjoy this beautifully remodeled ranch with views of Waters Edge Golf Course from your front porch. Features Hardwood floors thru-out, New kitchen, bath, floors, windows and siding. New electric and copper plumbing. Newer furnace/ac and roofs. Huge fenced yard. Spacious living room and big eat-in kitchen were designed with an open concept. Nice sized bedrooms. Separate laundry/utility room. Close to metra, shopping, hospital and schools.


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Le Superstars Series 2012 sono la nona edizione del Campionato Italiano Superstars, la sesta dell'International Superstars Series e la terza della International GT Sprint Series, che da quest'anno assegna anche un premio separato dalla classifica assoluta per i piloti della classe GTCup. Nella Superstars entrambi i titoli sono stati vinti da Johan Kristoffersson sull'Audi, il titolo assoluto della GT è stato vinto da Andrea Palma su Ferrari e quello della GTCup da Steven Goldstein, alternatosi tra Lamborghini e Porsche.

Piloti e team Superstars Series

Piloti e team International GT Sprint Series

Calendario

Risultati

Risultati Superstars Series

Risultati International GT Sprint Series

Classifiche Superstars Series

Campionato Italiano Superstars

International Superstars Series

Rookies Trophy

Stars Drivers Trophy

Classifiche GT Sprint

International GT Sprint Series

International GTCup Trophy

GTOpen Trophy

Classe GT2

Classe GT3

Note

Collegamenti esterni

2012
Superstars Series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Bittacus maculatus är en näbbsländeart som beskrevs av Syuti Issiki 1927. Bittacus maculatus ingår i släktet Bittacus och familjen styltsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Styltsländor
maculatus


This entry was posted on September 25, 2008 at 5:11 am	and is filed under Hiburan. Tagged: Hiburan, humor, lucu, modul tag. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Falmouth is located on the coast north of Portland. The town of Cumberland is to the north, and the town of Windham is to the west. On the south are Westbrook and Portland. The Maine Turnpike, Interstate 295, U.S. Route 1, and U.S. Route 100-26 are the north-south transportation corridors. The area of the town is approximately 32 square miles. It has a population of just over 11,000 persons. Two rail lines run through Falmouth, but there is no passenger service.
Falmouth has no heavy industries or manufacturing plants. Health care facilities, retail stores, automobile sales and service, small business firms, and professional offices are the major employers of the community. In addition, the town government, the school system, and the senior residential facilities employ many people. Many Falmouth residents are employed throughout the greater Portland area.


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AGSM 2022
Juanicipio
Deer Trail
Larder Project
Financial Matrix
MAG Silver Reports First Quarter Production From Juanicipio
View PDF (202 kB)
MAG's (44%) Attributable: 1,056,000 ounces silver and 2,568 ounces gold
Vancouver, B.C. MAG Silver Corp. (TSX / NYSE American: MAG) ("MAG" or "MAG Silver") is pleased to report first quarter production of underground development and stope material from the Juanicipio Project (56% / 44% Fresnillo plc ("Fresnillo") and MAG Silver, respectively). As reported to MAG by the project operator Fresnillo, on a 100% basis, 145,484 tonnes of mineralized material were processed during the three months ended March 31, 2022 (three months March 31, 2021: 36,395 tonnes) at an average head grade of 597 silver grams per tonne ("g/t") or 17.4 silver ounces/ton (March 31, 2021: 458 g/t or 13.4 silver ounces/ton). Total Juanicipio production for the quarter based on provisional estimates before offtake agreement adjustments totaled 2,400,000 silver ounces and 5,837 gold ounces (March 31, 2021: 462,321 silver ounces and 697 gold ounces). MAG's attributable 44% production interest for the quarter based on provisional estimates before offtake agreement adjustments totaled 1,056,000 silver ounces and 2,568 gold ounces (March 31, 2021: 203,421 silver ounces and 307 gold ounces). The associated lead and zinc production will be reported with MAG's first quarter filings.
Until the Juanicipio processing plant is commissioned, mineralized material from the Juanicipio mine is being campaign processed through the nearby Fresnillo and Saucito beneficiation plants (both 100% owned by Fresnillo), with the lead (silver rich) and zinc concentrates treated at market terms under off-take agreements with Met-Mex Peñoles, S.A. de C.V. in Torreón, Mexico. Just over half (54%) of the tonnes in first quarter were processed at the Saucito plant (March 31, 2021: nil), where the flowsheet more closely resembles that of the Juanicipio plant. It is expected these results will provide further valuable metallurgical benefits when production commences at Juanicipio. The net revenue from the current production, net of processing and treatment charges, is being applied by the Juanicipio shareholders to offset initial project and sustaining capital cash requirements.
Construction of the Juanicipio plant was delivered by Fresnillo on schedule during the fourth quarter of 2021. However, as previously disclosed, the mill commissioning timeline was extended until tie-in approval to the national power grid is obtained from the Federal power authorities (see Press Release December 27, 2021). According to Fresnillo, the power tie-in remains on track for mid-2022, with the expectation to ramp up the Juanicipio processing plant to 85-90% of capacity by year end.
"We are very pleased that Fresnillo reports good progress to get regulatory approval for the power grid connection by mid-year," said George Paspalas, MAG Silver's President and CEO. "It is very heartening to see the grade and tonnes the mine is delivering, particularly given that the majority of the mill feed is still coming from development headings. This augurs well for the geological model and full stope production in the future. Given the tonnage and good grades, the project has been self-funding this year with no additional capital injections required."
Qualified Person: Dr. Peter Megaw, Ph.D., C.P.G., has acted as the Qualified Person as defined in National Instrument 43-101 for this disclosure and supervised the preparation of the technical information in this release. Dr. Megaw has a Ph.D. in geology and more than 40 years of relevant experience focused on ore deposit exploration worldwide. He is a Certified Professional Geologist (CPG 10227) by the American Institute of Professional Geologists and an Arizona Registered Geologist (ARG 21613). Dr. Megaw is not independent as he is Chief Exploration Officer and a Shareholder of MAG.
About MAG Silver Corp. (www.magsilver.com )
MAG Silver Corp. is a Canadian development and exploration company focused on becoming a top-tier primary silver mining company by exploring and advancing high-grade, district scale, silver-dominant projects in the Americas. Its principal focus and asset is the Juanicipio Project (44%), being developed with Fresnillo Plc (56%), the operator. The Project is located in the Fresnillo Silver Trend in Mexico, the world's premier silver mining camp, where the operator is currently developing an underground mine and constructing a 4,000 tonnes per day processing plant. Underground mine production of mineralized development material commenced in Q3 2020, and an expanded exploration program is in place targeting multiple highly prospective targets at Juanicipio. MAG is also executing a multi-phase exploration program at the Deer Trail 100% earn-in project in Utah.
For further information on behalf of MAG Silver Corp.
Contact Michael J. Curlook, VP Investor Relations and Communications
Website: www.magsilver.com
Email: info@magsilver.com
Neither the Toronto Stock Exchange nor the NYSE American has reviewed or accepted responsibility for the accuracy or adequacy of this press release, which has been prepared by management.
This release includes certain statements that may be deemed to be "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the US Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements in this release, other than statements of historical facts are forward looking statements, including statements that address our expectations with respect to the timing and success of plant pre-commissioning and commissioning activities, processing rates of development materials, future mineral production, and events or developments. Forward-looking statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as "seek", "anticipate", "plan", "continue", "estimate", "expect", "may", "will", "project", "predict", "potential", "targeting", "intend", "could", "might", "should", "believe" and similar expressions. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. Although MAG believes the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, such statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results or developments may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, impacts (both direct and indirect) of COVID-19, timing of receipt of required permits, changes in applicable laws, changes in commodities prices, changes in mineral production performance, exploitation and exploration successes, continued availability of capital and financing, and general economic, market or business conditions, political risk, currency risk and capital cost inflation. In addition, forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, including that data is incomplete and considerable additional work will be required to complete further evaluation, including but not limited to drilling, engineering and socio-economic studies and investment. The reader is referred to the MAG Silver's filings with the SEC and Canadian securities regulators for disclosure regarding these and other risk factors. There is no certainty that any forward-looking statement will come to pass, and investors should not place undue reliance upon forward-looking statements.
Please Note: Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosures in MAG's annual and quarterly reports and other public filings, accessible through the Internet at www.sedar.com and www.sec.gov.
LEI: 254900LGL904N7F3EL14
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At THE PROTEIN WORKS™ we aim to help you in every area of your nutrition and training.Basically we're committed to not only providing the very best protein shakes in sports nutrition. But we also aim to provide gym clothing, capsule containers and of course the most durable, stylish protein shakers in the fitness industry.
That's why here you'll find a range of THE PROTEIN WORKS™ branded training accessories and training aids, all designed to make your nutrition and training more convenient. Each and every accessory from our protein shakers to water bottles is made to our high standards using both premium quality materials and only the very best manufacturing processes.
This particular TPW™ range of training accessories will be ever-growing as we work with a range of athletes and strength and conditioning coaches to find and develop the latest accessories and training aids.
But if you have an idea that you think would make your training or nutrition easier we'd love to hear from you so do feel free to get in touch or speak to us on Twitter or Facebook. Essentially at TPW™ we believe innovation shouldn't be confined to your creatine or casein. This is why this range is particularly important. Since we believe it represents the next frontier for sports nutrition. Best-selling, revolutionary whey protein was just the beginning.
Diet Meal Replacement is a high protein, nutrient dense, meal replacement shake specifically designed to contribute to weight loss. It is formulated with a multi-protein source blend comprising of whey protein concentrate, milk protein and Prolibra®. Diet Meal Replacement shake has been enriched with vitamins and Konjac Glucomannan, a form of fibre that has been found in studies to contribute to weight loss. We've also included premium grade Matcha Green Tea, Acetyl L Carnitine and CLA to help promote fat loss. Available in a range of insane flavours, meal replacement shakes and weight loss shakes don't get much better than this.
Post Workout Recovery Protein Shake from THE PROTEIN WORKS™ has been designed to be the most complete recovery shake on the market today. It's been scientifically engineered to enhance the entire recovery process and does this through a variety of different mechanisms due to both its impressive macronutrient profile and content of proven active ingredients. THE PROTEIN WORKS™ Post Workout Recovery Shake also includes Digezyme® - Helping the absorption & uptake of the key active ingredients while also helping to break down protein, carbs & fat in the body. Click on the Product to see full information for your absolute peace of mind.


This is a lovely long scarf featuring a hand-printed repeat pattern of seashells in blue & aqua on beautiful crepe-de-chine silk. Raw-edged ends keeps the style relaxed.
As with all our silks it comes in a fabulous presentation box.