text:
layout: page
title: "JavaScript fgetc function"
comments: true
sharing: true
footer: true
alias:
- /functions/view/fgetc:773
- /functions/view/fgetc
- /functions/view/773
- /functions/fgetc:773
- /functions/773
---
<!-- Generated by Rakefile:build -->
A JavaScript equivalent of PHP's fgetc

{% codeblock filesystem/fgetc.js lang:js https://raw.github.com/kvz/phpjs/master/functions/filesystem/fgetc.js raw on github %}
function fgetc (handle) {
  // http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net
  // +   original by: Brett Zamir (http://brett-zamir.me)
  // *     example 1: fopen('http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net/pj_test_supportfile_1.htm', 'r');
  // *     example 1: fgetc(handle);
  // *     returns 1: '1'

  if (!this.php_js || !this.php_js.resourceData || !this.php_js.resourceDataPointer) {
    return false;
  }

  var start = this.php_js.resourceDataPointer[handle.id];

  if (start === undefined || !this.php_js.resourceData[handle.id][start]) {
    return false; // Resource was already closed or already reached the end of the file
  }

  var length = 1; // 2 byte-character (or surrogate)
  this.php_js.resourceDataPointer[handle.id] += length;
  var chr = this.php_js.resourceData[handle.id].substr(start, length);

  // If don't want to treat surrogate pairs as single characters, can delete from here until the last line (return chr;)
  var nextChr = this.php_js.resourceData[handle.id].substr(start + 1, 1);
  var prevChr = start === 0 ? false : this.php_js.resourceData[handle.id].substr(start - 1, 1);
  var code = chr.charCodeAt(0);
  if (0xD800 <= code && code <= 0xDBFF) { // High surrogate (could change last hex to 0xDB7F to treat high private surrogates as single characters)
    if (!nextChr) {
      throw 'High surrogate without following low surrogate (fgetc)';
    }
    var next = nextChr.charCodeAt(0);
    if (0xDC00 > next || next > 0xDFFF) {
      throw 'High surrogate without following low surrogate (fgetc)';
    }
    this.php_js.resourceDataPointer[handle.id] += length; // Need to increment counter again since grabbing next item
    return chr + nextChr;
  } else if (0xDC00 <= code && code <= 0xDFFF) { // Low surrogate
    if (prevChr === false) {
      throw 'Low surrogate without preceding high surrogate (fgetc)';
    }
    var prev = prevChr.charCodeAt(0);
    if (0xD800 > prev || prev > 0xDBFF) { //(could change last hex to 0xDB7F to treat high private surrogates as single characters)
      throw 'Low surrogate without preceding high surrogate (fgetc)';
    }
    return prevChr + chr; // Probably shouldn't have reached here, at least if traversing by fgetc()
  }

  return chr;
}
{% endcodeblock %}

 - [view on github](https://github.com/kvz/phpjs/blob/master/functions/filesystem/fgetc.js)
 - [edit on github](https://github.com/kvz/phpjs/edit/master/functions/filesystem/fgetc.js)

### Example 1
This code
{% codeblock lang:js example %}
fopen('http://kevin.vanzonneveld.net/pj_test_supportfile_1.htm', 'r');
fgetc(handle);
{% endcodeblock %}

Should return
{% codeblock lang:js returns %}
'1'
{% endcodeblock %}

### Other PHP functions in the filesystem extension
{% render_partial _includes/custom/filesystem.html %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Bring all fields in a table using NHibernate QueryOver<> I am using Nhibernate's QueryOver<> to read from an existing database.  I know there are records in the table, but it is only displaying the field names when it generates the view.
public ActionResult Index()
    {
        myConfiguration = new Configuration();
        myConfiguration.Configure();
        mySessionFactory = myConfiguration.BuildSessionFactory();

        IList<DriverHeader> drivers;
        using (ISession session = mySessionFactory.OpenSession())
        {
            drivers = session.QueryOver<DriverHeader>().List();
        }

        return View(drivers);
    }

A: Try to add Select (for the projection), one for each field that you want:
public ActionResult Index()
    {
    myConfiguration = new Configuration();
    myConfiguration.Configure();
    mySessionFactory = myConfiguration.BuildSessionFactory();

    IList<DriverHeader> drivers;
    using (ISession session = mySessionFactory.OpenSession())
    {
        drivers = session.QueryOver<DriverHeader>()
                         .SelectList(list => list
                         .Select(x => x.field).WithAlias(() => dtoDriverHeader.field)
                  .List();
    }

    return View(drivers);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


China's Spider to Apple's Fly: Will You Walk into My Parlour?
Even so, there are more problems than usual afoot in the world, and not without reason. While some would take the relatively ignorant view that all things are relative, nothing changes, and the world is as it always has been, I don't see things that way. I believe that actions have consequences, and we are currently paying the piper.
This is not bad news, as different actions, or actions remedied, can also often turn threats into positive outcomes. But for this to happen, we must first recognize what these threats – and their causes – are.
The markets, and the media, are full of fear these days. The best way to overcome fears is to face them, understand them, and then deal with them.
Here, then, are what I consider to be the gravest threats facing the world today, and what it would take to turn them around.


text:
A Guide to Atlanta's Interactive Attractions
Discover how Atlanta's attractions and museums redefine themselves by offering high-tech, interactive and multisensory experiences.
Michelle Khouri
"Museum" is no longer synonymous with static objects in glass cases. An endless sea of technology is creating new ways to engage visitors and pushing attractions to reinvent themselves. Using technology, interaction and emotional response, Atlanta's attractions are doing just that. Using technology, low-tech interactivity and synesthesia (engaging multiple senses at once), Atlanta's attractions are transforming traditional sightseeing into personal experiences.
Multisensory
Center for Civil and Human Rights. Tony Award-winning director George C. Wolfe designed the civil rights exhibit at the stunning new Center for Civil and Human Rights. It's no wonder, then, that visitors feel transported after exploring the gallery, which examines the civil rights Movement from the creation of Jim Crow laws through to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination. Probably most jarring in this consistently multisensorial exhibit is the counter sit-in re-creation. At this 1950s-style counter, up to five visitors can sit with palms flat on the surface, headphones on and eyes closed. A timer keeps count as voices yell threats in surround sound. Suddenly, your stool shakes. A breathy, male voice whispers through gritted teeth in your ear—you feel his breath on your neck. Reading about counter sit-ins could never impact you in the way this minute-and-a-half simulation does.
The 1950s counter sit-in simulator at the Center for Civil and Human Rights engages multiple senses to create a jarring experience. (©Studio Fitz)
World of Coca-Cola. Leave it to the world's best-known soda brand to tell its incredible story in such a dynamic way. You'll find multisensory experiences, like a 4-D theater, around each corner of this high-tech attraction but the Vault of the Secret Formula is the showstopper. This ode to the secret recipe combines sights of a shadowy man with whispering voices and interactive games to make visitors feel like they're part of the mystery.
A shadowy man lurks as hushed voices whisper myths about the soda brand at the World of Coca-Cola's Vault of the Secret Formula gallery. (Courtesy World of Coca-Cola)
College Football Hall of Fame. The new attraction sprawls unabashedly on almost 100,000 prime square feet in Atlanta's downtown tourism district. Approach the museum's entrance and you'll see an ingress tunnel lined with LED panels on which football players are actively playing the game. Step inside and you'll receive a lanyard-strung pass with a high-tech secret. Chips inside these passes collect information about you and your college team, transforming the hall into your own college football shrine. The lanyard beams this information to each exhibit you pass, tailoring school colors, fight songs, stats and more to align with your alma mater. Even the College Hall of Fame is a high-tech dream with rotating LED screens that display inductee photos, background, interviews and more. Sorry traditionalists, no busts and plaques here.
Nearly every inch of the new College Football Hall of Fame is loaded with hands-on technology. (Courtesy College Football Hall of Fame)
Low-tech Interactive
Atlanta Movie Tours. "This is where the car hit me," she says to a busload of wide-eyed tourists. The resemblance between this Atlanta Movie Tours docent and "Gone With the Wind" author Margaret Mitchell is striking (no pun intended). "Impersonating" doesn't adequately capture what "Margaret" does—it's as if she becomes Mitchell, capturing the former journalist's notorious chutzpah and wit with every retort. And it works. You speak to her as if she were Mitchell, asking about her life, searching for insight, hoping to get a further glimpse into her mind. Without missing a beat, "Margaret" provides accurate and detailed answers to any Mitchell question imaginable.
Margaret Mitchell comes back to life as a talented tour guide impersonates her flawlessly in Atlanta Movie Tours' "Gone With the Wind" tour. (©Michelle Khouri)
Atlanta History Center. Walk through the large building that houses Atlanta History Center's permanent and temporary exhibits to get to the center's expansive, wooded backyard. Down another winding pass and over a bridge, you'll encounter two historic homes, one from the 1840s and the other from 1928. This is where Atlanta History Center sets itself apart. As you walk through the Smith Family Farm or Swan House, you'll encounter what the center calls its living history interpreters. These history center employees are actors who embody historically-accurate characters. For instance, walking through the Swan House you might encounter the maid sitting in the kitchen thumbing through a Sears catalogue printed in 1931.
36 Hours in Atlanta
Touring Atlanta's Civil Rights Landmarks
William Pate Q&A: Put Atlanta on Your Travel Bucket List

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
tristinpulicci Creating the World of Eis September 26, 2021 October 26, 2021 21 Minutes
An Introduction to Eis
As a companion to my On Worldbuilding series, I will also be working through my process step by step and building a world. I want to do this to help illustrate how the topics I'm writing about can be applied to actual worldbuilding. Once in a while I'll also be throwing in some short fiction set in this world to show you how I take what I've developed and apply it to a final product.
I have three goals for this world I'm going to be building. First I want to be able to include just about anything I need to help tie into the On Worldbuilding articles. Secondly, I want to be able to write these short companion stories. My tertiary goal will be to develop this into a setting for a Pathfinder campaign for me and my friends. I feel like between catering to writers and DMs, I will be covering the use-cases of most worldbuilders. Having goals is an important part of the process, because building your world to fit your final product is much easier than building a world and then trying to make it work in a specific medium. This isn't to say you can't create trans-media settings, adapt between mediums, or just build a world for yourself to enjoy; but, if you do have to make adaptations you may find that your vision for the final product and your vision for the world are at odds with each other. Think about how few successful video game adaptations there are, or how many book-to-movie adaptations fail to even tell the same story. This is because some worlds just work better in certain mediums. So make goals for your setting and keep them in mind as you develop your worlds.
To fulfill all of my goals for the setting I'll be building, I will be making a high magic world with inspirations from fairytales and myths. I will maintain a mostly Euro-centric design, at least for my initial planning stages, to give everything a cohesive aesthetic and familiar vibe. However, I think the principles I will discuss can still be applicable to other settings, even if you plan to aim for something more constrained or more outlandish. I've also chosen to start with my scope constrained to a single continent. We can give some thought to the wider world, like other continents and alternate realms, but we'll do so at a later date when the core of the setting is more firmly established.
In order to give my project a name, I've decided to call the world Eis. Your world doesn't have to have a name from the beginning, but I like to have one even if I might change it later. As I will discuss later in the series, naming things is highly arbitrary and subject to preference for how you want your world to be perceived. Eis is short, which I find subjectively very fitting for world names; and it's suitably "neutral" in the sense that I can imagine this word being from all sorts of different cultures.
Before I begin I'd like to say that this is my second crack at this. After figuring out a few thousand words of this article and all of my cultures, I decided that I'd deviated too far from my original plan and had to scrap most of what I'd done to that point. This is an ordinary part of worldbuilding. Some days you'll be tired or hungry or just drained and wont bring 100% of your creative energies. Don't be afraid to set things aside when you feel frustrated or unhappy with what you've made. You can always keep your notes and reintroduce parts of those scrapped ideas later. That's exactly what I plan to do with my first attempt at my cultures, I've got them all saved in a document where I can go look at them again later if I'm lacking inspiration.
Developing My First Cultures
I would like to have at least one culture practicing each of the subsistence strategies I covered in Part 1: Subsistence. In a full sized continent like mine it makes sense that you would have each of these strategies present in some form, assuming the technologies have actually developed in that world, and that agriculture hasn't asserted dominance everywhere yet. Keeping this in mind I'm going to invent six proto-cultures that I will then develop into my "present day" Eisian cultures. I'm going to start with two Hunter-Gatherer cultures, two Pastoralist nomad cultures, one proto-culture dedicated to Horticulture, and one civilization that has recently developed Agriculture. Much later on, in a future part of the series I'll add one culture on the verge of Industrialism to round out the list.
Because I want the tone of this setting to be very familiar to those used to fantasy, I'm going to stick to fairly conventional choices for what fantasy races to include in my "core" set of common species. I'm also going to keep the cultural inspirations for these proto-cultures very straightforward. No mixing and matching of real world cultures just yet.
To give a rough idea of how these cultures will be arranged on my continent, I can just look at the requirements their subsistence strategies impose on them. The hunter-gatherer communities will be most widespread in the temperate regions of the world, occupying small villages of between 70-150 people. The shepherds will live in places like mountains, steppes and tundras where no one else can sustain themselves, but where herd animals can graze all or part of the year. The horticulturalists will live in a fertile, isolated place like a jungle where they can maintain their practices without harsh competition over land-rights. And the agricultural society will (at first) be restricted to highly fertile river valleys and floodplains.
Temperate Hunter-Gatherers
First, I want a group of human hunter-gatherers. As discussed before, humans are an important part of building a sense of familiarity with a setting. In my setting I want humans to be widespread so that anywhere I take my stories humans can be present if I, or my eventual players want them to be. This group of humans will be based on the continental Celtic peoples, like the Gauls, the Galatians and the Belgae. These people, related to the Irish and Scottish Gaels, had a beautiful style of complex metal and stonework involving spirals and organic shapes. Unfortunately, their languages died out in Europe following the numerous Roman conquests of their people. Using these people as the basis for this proto-culture will give it an antiquated but distinctly European feel. Because these are hunter-gatherers, they likely aren't doing much metal work and they aren't building monoliths yet, but we can still represent their style in other ways.
These people live in small semi-permanent communities of thatched mud huts, or in gatherings of tents pitched in favorable areas. They gather what they can from the surrounding forest and move when things become too scarce. In established villages there will be numerous wood carvings and smaller stone steles commemorating good events, lost loved ones, acts of worship and so on. Perhaps some of these tribes practice ritual tattooing in the same organic style; a practice based on the woad face-painting of the Celts. Copper and silver jewelry are marks of high status, as none but the best warriors, hunters or chieftains can afford them. Life is fairly simple for these people, and they are mostly peaceful. But bad years can easily push tribes into conflict over small stretches of fertile land. Over time, their tribal bonds will completely eclipse the wider shared culture and these people will begin to fracture into many smaller sub-cultures.
An example of Continental Celtic decorative metalwork.
BastienM, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
This particular group comes from an area of mostly flat, vast woodlands, broken by river valleys of even denser forests that come down from the mountains. In the lowlands, as it gets hotter, the woodlands give way to open meadows and smaller forests that follow the winding of the rivers. Living in an environment like this, they will be familiar with all kinds of common animals like wolves, hawks, deer, rabbits, etc. But, they likely aren't so familiar with aquatic creatures other than whatever lives in the rivers, or any of the colder weather beasts like moose or grizzly bears. All sorts of fruits and berries will likely grow around the rivers and in the woods, and the meadows will likely be home to all sorts of herbs and edible flowers and grasses. These may seem like incidental details, but these will all be important factors later when we are making choices about the language, religion, culture and food of these people's descendants.
These people will be characterized by lightly tanned skin, thick and coarse brown to straw-blonde hair, and darkly colored eyes. I will call them the Nyktii. This is a compound of the Greek word nyx and the Latin genitive plural ending with double "i"s; as in filii "of the sons". Most of our knowledge of the Celts comes to us from Latin and Greek sources, so most of the names we have for them come to us through these lenses. Nyx means night, but I've chosen it here entirely for the purpose of aesthetics. The word is immediately non-English without being overly difficult to pronounce, and it will stick out in blocks of text. As we further develop the world, the Nyktii will be replaced by numerous daughter cultures. But all of them will have a foundation that starts here.
Sub-Arctic Hunter-Gatherers
My second proto-culture of hunter-gatherers will be made up of elves. Elves are, for lack of a better term, a very generic option. Which is good for my purposes as it establishes expectations for the rest of the world very well. But we can still do some work to make them a little more interesting while also fulfilling the goals of my world. I'm going to borrow these elves' cultural cues from Scandinavian and Old Norse sources. This will hearken back to their mythological roots, and is well within the wheelhouse of expected elven cultures. However, I'm also going to bring in elements traditional of the English faerie-lore much like Tolkien did for his elves, but to different effect. Elves of this culture almost always live with a powerful local forest spirit who watches over them in exchange for offerings. These spirits make the land more bountiful, allowing these elven communities to be much larger than human communities in similar climates. Depending on the spirit the elves have made their King or Queen, their diet may vary, as will what resources are available to them. But the basics of the culture will remain roughly the same, for now.
Thanks to their divine benefactors these elves can inhabit less temperate environments that are not favorable to human habitation. The result is that they have a wider range, but are generally less mobile, and tend to inhabit a single spot without moving for centuries at a time. Elves therefore do build permanent dwellings, often of wood, but just as often out of stone, or dug into the earth. These elves may have elaborate paintings and carvings decorating their homes that depict scenes of nature and animals, or venerations to their Lord. However, the specifics of their living situation will depend on what types of magic their Lord has at their disposal.
These people will live in the colder parts of the continent, and in some places, share the same temperate zones as the humans. Sharing the same range may put them in direct conflict for resources if the humans have a rough season, and so there may be frequent conflicts where the two cultures overlap. The elves prefer to inhabit temperate and boreal forests, or seasonally frozen glacial rivers and lakes. These fresh-water lakes would be surrounded by heath which eventually gives way to open tundra. They will be more familiar with sub-arctic plants and animals like bears, elk, botcats, ermines and salmon, than their human counterparts, but may not have the same generalist knowledge of plants and animals, as their Lords discourage unfavorable growth in their lands.
Visually these elves are by the books; pale skinned with white, blonde or red hair, and tall with pointed ears. Their eyes will be blue, gray or violet. I'm going to call these people the Hulvre, which is a mash-up of the Scandinavian word huldra and the word elves. I love the -lvr- cluster there in the middle, it's very fun to say. And, also importantly, it isn't too similar to the other culture name I've already chosen. At each step where I add a new name, especially this early, I want to make them look distinct when read and when said aloud, because this will help people keep them separate in their heads as they learn about my setting later. I can already see that both of my cultures have six letter names, and I'll make sure to switch it up to something longer or shorter next time to keep the profile of the words distinct enough as well.
Arid Pastoral Nomads
My first pastoral culture is going to be another set of humans. But, why add more humans when we already have a human proto-culture? It's because I don't want my races to be mono-cultures. I want them to be diverse to help sell the authenticity of my world. So I want to make sure that there are different proto-cultures to represent different human ancestries when I get to the point of developing my modern cultures.
As pastoralists these people will live a nomadic lifestyle in the arid parts of my world, herding their flock from place to place, settling only when the dry summer forces them to shelter at a water source like a large lake or a pre-dug well. Numerous real world peoples lived just like this for thousands of years prior to the spread of agriculture, but the majority of them that are well recorded lived in the dry parts of north Africa and east Asia. This proto-culture will be based on the Semitic peoples, a group that included speakers of Hebrew, Aramaic and pre-Islamic Arabic. Even though this doesn't conform entirely to my stated goal of making a European inspired setting, Christianity's roots in Judaism mean that Semitic cultures are still visually recognizable to most Westerners due to their familiarity with Biblical stories set in these communities.
I want these pastoralists to live in the hot and dry parts of my world: in savannas, low deserts, and rocky hills and mountain-sides around their homeland. Given these restrictions, I think these people will primarily herd goats, with oxen being kept as pack animals and as a secondary source of meat and milk. Every few weeks these people will load up their oxen and drive their flock of goats to a new pasture. Once a year, in the summer, they will hunker down in a settlement near a well or lake where some part of the tribe stays year round with the children and elderly. This cycle defines the life of these people, and everyone works toward the shared goal of maintaining the flock by doing their part.
Priit Kallas, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Goats and oxen will be a core part of these people's cultural practices and beliefs. If they have gods, it's likely that some of them will be in-part or entirely animal-like. It's also likely that they view these animals as different from others, as more intelligent or spiritually similar to humans. This is similar to how modern people place pet animals "above" the general animal kingdom when it comes to assigning empathy. Seasons and time will also be vitally important to these people, and they may develop some sort of calendar long before anyone else, simply to track the coming and going of the dry seasons. If their women remain at the homestead year round, and the men are always on the trail, then it is likely they will have a marriage or courtship season when dozens of weddings happen in the span of a few weeks leading up to the men's departure. Some of these tribes will form matriarchal societies. In these situations the eldest woman from the family that "owns" the land will hold cultural authority over the whole settlement. These groups are usually small enough that "town halls" or similar gatherings of all the adults to talk through a difficult issue faced by the community are common, but the matriarch may still wield the right to overrule the community for their own benefit. Some of the descendant cultures will certainly have these features, but none of them will preserve all of these features exactly like this, since each tribe will have its own specific practices and policies.
Living in such a dry environment means that the biodiversity around these people is limited. They likely have very few large predators to contend with (perhaps one or two species), and very little in the way of wild fruits or vegetables. For this reason, animals like their own goats and oxen, but also lions, hawks, lizards, snakes, hawks and buzzards, are part of a very small group of animals these people would be familiar with. These types of dryland animals will crop up very frequently in their mythology because there just isn't much else going on in the desert than the endless playing-out of this very small food-web.
These people will be identifiable by their dark brown to almost reddish-black skin, to help them stay unburnt while wandering around the desert all the time. Older people will have leathery, sun-cracked skin regardless of their melanin levels, just from spending so much time in the sun. They will have curly black or brown hair and dark eyes, similar to the other human group, the Nyktii, but their facial features will be wider and more pronounced, especially around the mouth, nose and jawline. Let's call them the Orochites, or simply the Oroch. I've derived this term by corrupting the word auroch, the feral ancestor to the modern cow, and giving it the -ite ending that appears appended to the various biblical tribes, like the Semites, the Canaanites, the Israelites and the Hamites. The ch in Oroch should be pronounced like in Hebrew words like challah and chanukah, that is to say as the uvular fricative [χ], an h formed higher in the throat so that your uvula vibrates. This will help give the word the proper non-English feel.
Boreal Pastoral Nomads
My second pastoralist proto-culture will be my dwarves. Dwarves will round out my generic fantasy fare and firmly plant my setting in the conventional high-fantasy aesthetic. Just like with the elves, my choice to include dwarves in the setting gives my audience a clear sign of my intentions for the general and tone of my world. Like my other pastoral cultures, the dwarves will necessarily be nomads, bringing their flock here and there to keep them fed. To make them different, the dwarves will instead inhabit my sub-arctic and boreal climates, where resources are scarce due to the snow and the cold choking out most of the growth. Dwarves will be perennial nomads, constantly moving, and never settling for longer than a few days or weeks at most. My dwarven proto-culture will be based on the Cossacks, a group of independent and semi-democratic people who lived along the banks of the Ural and Don rivers in what is now Russia beginning sometime in the 1400's. The Cossacks were known as fierce warriors who stood toe to toe with several Empires despite lacking the same resources and manpower. Even when finally brought under the control of the Russian empire, they led rebellions for independence and tried to abolish slavery. Cossacks traditionally had a highly identifiable manner of dress; a long sturdy wool coat that falls to the shins and a tall cylindrical sheepskin hat they call a papakha or papaha.
The tall black hat on the man to the left-of-center is a type of papakha.
Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Ilya Repin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
These dwarves will keep a special breed of giant wooly sheep that is uniquely adapted to their cold-weather climate. These sheep need a lot of nutrition to keep their enormous size, and so they can quickly strip the land to the roots if not grazed properly. The dwarves will maintain a meritocratic and semi-democratic society which values freedom and self-reliance. They will likely be resistant to ideas like conquest and expansionism, meaning that the dwarven clans are more likely to attempt diplomacy over warfare when solving conflicts. Of course armed disputes will still occur, but dwarves likely have the most developed systems for raising and resolving political disputes out of all of the proto-cultures. However, in keeping with the common fantasy trope, young dwarves within the group experience harsh treatment by elders and an incredible pressure to both conform and provide for the clan according to ancient and often inscrutable cultural laws.
Dwarves living in the boreal regions may frequently come into contact with the elves who live there as well. The Hulvre and these dwarves likely strive to keep their distance from one another, as the Hulvre's Lords keep their lands very well protected, and don't take kindly to the dwarves' ravenous flocks destroying the carefully balanced ecosystem. When the dwarves are forced by bad weather or luck to delve into the Hulvre's lands, this is likely cause for war. The resulting conflicts have embittered dwarves and elves to one another, especially in border communities where such interactions are more common.
My dwarves will have fair complexions, and brown, black or red hair. They will be short and stocky just as we expect, having more muscle mass than humans and a different bone structure as well. As for their beards, perhaps there is a pervasive cultural taboo against shaving, as there has been in many real world cultures. I will call these dwarves the Dverrack, a portmanteau of dvergr, one of the old Norse words for dwarf, and Cossack. This word has all of the "harshness" I want from a dwarven word, with few vowels and many clustered consonants. I especially like the dv from the Norse borrow-word, which is also sort of evocative of the word dwarf, as they ultimately share the same root.
Tropical Horticulturalists
For my sole proto-culture that practices slash-and-burn horticulture, I've chosen elves again. Elves' natural affinity for nature makes them perfect for this style of subsistence which is so reliant on the rejuvenation of the land to provide for them. As a horticultural society, these elves will live in small static villages surrounded by a rotation of land plots in various degrees of growth and burn. Because I've already established that my other elves have a deep symbiotic relationship with a local spirit, I'd like to do the same here. But, instead of a land spirit, these elves organize themselves around a spirit of fire, who fulfills much the same role as the Lords of the Hulvre, but who does so by scouring the land with fire instead of magically nourishing it. The aesthetics of this culture will be inspired by Carthage and other Phoenician city-states like Tyre. This means they will wear light thin clothing and live in permanent stone and mud-brick dwellings along the shores of whatever sea or ocean they can find. Because they have such ready access to the sea, this race will do a lot of fishing to supplement their harvests. They will be the earliest ship-builders and sailors, and the first to begin to inhabit the distant islands of the world.
A proposed reconstruction of Punic Carthage.
damian entwistle, CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
Without a nurturing Lord spirit, these elves will be forced to live in naturally fertile environments; namely, jungles and tropical islands. In the real world the tropics lie between 23.4°S and 23.4°N of the equator, but slight differences in the orbit of your planet, or major differences in what even constitutes a "planet" in your setting could mean that this band is larger, smaller, or not a consideration at all. In this world I haven't decided exactly what I want yet, but I know I probably don't want a very earth-like cosmology, so I will assume that these people live in the hottest and most humid part of the world, whatever that looks like in the end.
Living in a jungle environment and near the water means that these people will be very familiar with both the aquatic life and jungle flora of the region. They may however be less familiar with the fauna, as their reliance on fishing will lessen their need to hunt. They will still be intimately familiar with the large predators of their environments; tigers, panthers, lions, snakes, and in the water sharks, and whatever other fantasy beasts we mix in with them will all be significant threats to these people in their day to day lives within the jungle. They may learn to fear these creatures, or they may learn to venerate them.
These elves will have brick-red to pink skin, a slightly different sort of pigment than human skin gives them a little fantasy twist that is also a nod to their fire-y survival strategy. They will keep the same hair and eye colors as the Hulvre; white, blonde or red hair, and blue, gray or violet eyes. This will help keep the two races cohesive while allowing them to be visually distinct. As for the name: the word Carthage comes to us through Latin Carthago, which was borrowed from Punic quart khadash, which simply meant "new town". I can take these old roots and crunch them down into Qardagh. Q has a pedigree in English as a very "foreign" seeming letter, especially when it appears without u, which is obligate in English words that do use this letter. This name will give these elves an exotic feeling in this otherwise very familiar setting. So, these will be the Qardaghi.
Agricultural Empire
For my final proto-culture I'm reaching just outside of Tolkienian fantasy and into the nearby realm of European mythology. The culture that discovers agriculture first in this world will be a race of giants. In this case I don't mean dumb hill-dwelling monsters, but something more akin to the giants of Welsh and Irish mythology. In these traditions, giants were often very wise and somewhat godlike creatures. They were often truly enormous, Bendigeidfran was a giant King of Britain in the Mabinogion who was mistaken for a walking mountain as he waded across the sea to Ireland. My giants won't be that large, in fact they'll be only a few feet taller than humans, and very human-like in appearance. But, giants will be a very contentious and imperialistic force that views the world as full of lesser creatures, fit only for eating, slaying or domestication. The giants' will for domination will set the scene for the wars and conflict that carry my world's cultures into their modern forms. To keep in line with these inspirations, I'm going to base giantish culture on their depictions as kings, knights and courtiers in Welsh and other British mythologies. This will paint them in the light of an Arthurian fantasy, which matches the regal air I want my giants to have on the surface.
King Arthur, Charles Ernest Butler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
These giants will have to live in a fertile river valley at first, as all agricultural societies generally did at first on earth. They will likely be on the cusp of the tropical regions near an inland sea, where the weather and seasons are stabilized by the large body of water, and fertility is maintained by the yearly flooding of the riverbanks. When exactly they plant a crop will be determined by either the rainy season, or the flood season depending on whether they actually see a rainy season in their climate. I will say that the annual snowmelt of distant glaciers many thousands of miles away leads to spring-time flooding of the riverbanks. In early summer, when the floods are over, the planting season begins, and harvest then occurs sometime in autumn. There may be another attempt to replant and harvest before the floods come, but this will depend on how tightly they can fit the two growing seasons together. They may even have staggered summer and autumn fields, so that the winter harvest can be in the ground before the harvest of the summer crop.
These guys will be growing barley, wheat and oats at first in large mono-cultured fields. If they do manage to take in two crops in a year, the more nutritionally demanding wheat will probably be the first harvest, and the less demanding barley can be sown as an autumn crop if proper fertilizer is provided. The need for fertilizer may suggest that the giants have domesticated animals as well. I'll say the giants have domesticated draft horses. Though they aren't really rideable yet, especially for such large people, they will provide a source of much needed labor in the fields, dragging heavy plows to turn the earth. I will also say that giants are the first to domesticate cats, to keep their grainstores free of mice and rats.
The giants will be light gray skinned, like stone statues, or like the depictions of Norse giants with gray or ice-pale skin. Their hair will range from black to white, but won't bear any coloring otherwise, and their eyes may be blue, black or gray. I will call these the Llergeidan, a mixture of the Welsh names Llyr and Bendigeidfran. The initial double ll isn't common in most Latin script languages, so it stands out and gives a distinct appearance to the word without making it harder to pronounce.
In the next part, I will take these proto-cultures and turn them into the modern cultures of this continent. This will involve working out the major conflicts and technological developments that these people will be subject to for the next few millennia. But, we'll do so by working out how we want our final races to look, and then cutting in our history to fit whatever narrative we need. Once I've finished that work, I'll show you the first piece of fiction I've written for this world, and you'll be able to see how I take these ideas established here and follow through to implement them in a narrative.
Previous: Fantasy Races and Ethnicities
Next: The World of Eis: Modern Cultures
Published by tristinpulicci
View all posts by tristinpulicci
Published September 26, 2021 October 26, 2021
Previous Post Cultures Part 2: Fantasy Races and Ethnicities
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In my previous blog I explained that, in the claims and specification for Japanese Patent No. 5584706, the mistranslated word "phosphoric acid" was not approved to be corrected to "phosphonic acid" because the correction would have substantially altered and/or expanded the scope of the patent claims.
On the other hand, the word "water-soluble" was approved to be corrected into "aqueous".
Anyone would likely have rendered the same judgment.
Even non-professionals can understand that "phosphoric acid" and "phosphonic acid" are different, while "water-soluble" and "aqueous" are substantially the same.
The word used in the original German text was "wässerigen". In the trial decision, the JPO rendered that because "wässerigen" translates to "aqueous" in Japanese, the request served the purpose of correcting the mistranslation.
The word "aqueous" is defined as "having the property of being able to be dissolved in water", but is also defined as "having properties like those of water". Thus, the words "aqueous" and "water-soluble" are not completely equal.
However, the JPO approved this correction because any treatment solution, be it defined as "water-soluble" or "aqueous", can fulfill the intended purpose of the patent – namely "detatching an oxide layer that has formed on the component as a result of corrosion of the component's material" (Trial No. 2014-390211).
In this way, a correction that is close enough in meaning to the original mistranslation shall be approved.


Gel Toe Spreaders align and straighten toes with gentle, constant pressure. Silipos® gel releases a medical grade mineral oil that lubricates the skin as it separates troubled toes. Gel will not flatten or lose its shape like foam.
This product is washable and reusable.


Beautifully folded towels always cause a storm of positive emotions and exclamations in others. Folding it takes very little time. There are several ways to obtain this Terry products.
The simplest thing you can make out of towels, so this Swan. To do this, lay a towel in front and two top edge fold in the middle to make a triangle. Twist the outer edges to the center. The top point of this triangle will be the head of a Swan, and hide his tail under the other towel, which should be spread by the waves in a circle. A composition you can decorate a variety of decorative leaves and flowers. At the sight of such "Terry statue your guests will be impressed.
Square towel can be folded into the shape of a hare. Take the pre-prepared towel, and twist it into a tight bundle. Next, fold it in half and fold the one edge. Ribbon tie it at the base. Thus you get the head and ears of a hare. Attach the eyes. They can use a variety of decorative buttons and Velcro.
You can also fold the rabbit in another way. Twist towel in double harness. Then fold one end and tie the same ribbon as in the previous method. Tie the rabbit cute bow and attach the eyes. Face can be embroidered with colored thread. A figure can be done as a gift for their loved ones.
You can also fold and elephant. On a flat surface roll out the towel and fold the edges on top and bottom, pre-measured out from them 15 centimeters. Then again wrap the edges to the same length. Start to twist the towel on the left, gradually moving to the middle, then turn exactly the same "roll" on the right. Holding the towel smooth side up, fold in half. You got the legs and the body of the elephant. Now, put them aside and grab another towel.
Lay it horizontally with the long side, the top towels in the middle of something to press it at the wrong time did not move. Roll the towel tube on both sides so that his appearance was similar to the airplane, which we all used to do out of paper. "Tube" should be as tight as you can. Tighten the edge to the center as long as possible. The towel with the flat side turn up. Wrap the lower edge so that the side pieces were like the ears. Pointy part, retract, and bend a bit so it resembled a trunk. And the last one. Earlier the body will set the head of your elephant. That's all, the elephant is ready. You can also to decorate it with eyes, bows, etc.
Positive emotions and the cheers of others is what is called a nicely folded the towel. Folding of such figures requires very little time. There are a variety of ways. To get started, buy high quality Terry towels. You can then proceed to the most simple shape of a Swan. Put the product in front of you, then turn it so that the top two edges were in the middle and make a triangle.
How beautifully folded napkins. Interestingly it turns out - whatever book on etiquette you take, will not find anywhere else how to lick a plate. Napkin - an indispensable attribute of the table. Rule 4: In polite society at the table is not made to do sharp sweeping movements. Should not to aggressively shake the cloth to expand it. Do not wipe with a cloth, like this towel for morning exercise. Just lightly blot your mouth.


You can download the Wine Trail Map (6 MB pdf) by clicking on the brochure picture. If you need to order a large quantity of physical brochures, simply fill out the form below and let us know how many you need. Thank you for visiting the Piney Woods Wine Trail!
We'll get those brochures mailed to you shortly. Thank you for your interest in the Piney Woods Wine Trail!


If you are trying to locate a missing person in the areas where Hurricane Katrina hit, or if you want to report a person as safe, please use the resources below.
And please remember that you are in our thoughts and prayers.
There are numerous Hurricane Katrina Missing People resources. And you want to visit ALL of the Hurricane Katrina Missing People sites. You never know where you may find your loved ones...or where they may find you.
MSNBC -- "Looking for Lists" and "Safe Lists"
CNN -- "Reported Safe List"
Red Cross Hurricane Katrina Assistance -- "Locate Your Relatives"


Home Colorado Plateau Archives Pinon Trading Post, ca. 1924 [Navajo group with Anheuser-Busch Budweiser cartons].
Pinon Trading Post, ca. 1924 [Navajo group with Anheuser-Busch Budweiser cartons].
Title Pinon Trading Post, ca. 1924 [Navajo group with Anheuser-Busch Budweiser cartons].
Post a Comment for Pinon Trading Post, ca. 1924 [Navajo group with Anheuser-Busch Budweiser cartons].


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If there has been a breach of data protection legislation, the person affected may file a complaint with the competent regulatory authorities. In Austria, this is the data protection authority whose website can be found at https://www.dsb.gv.at/.
As permitted by law, you have the right to be provided at any time with information free of charge about any of your personal data that is stored as well as its origin, the recipient and the purpose for which it has been processed. You also have the right to have this data corrected, blocked or deleted. You can contact me at any time using the address given in this legal notice if you have further questions on the topic of personal data.


Quorum sensing inhibitors as anti-biofilm agents.
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology (LPM), Universiteit Gent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. Gilles.brackman@ugent.be.
Biofilms are microbial sessile communities characterized by cells that are attached to a substratum or interface or to each other, are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances and exhibit an altered phenotype compared to planktonic cells. Biofilms are estimated to be associated with 80% of microbial infections and it is currently common knowledge that growth of micro-organisms in biofilms can enhance their resistance to antimicrobial agents. As a consequence antimicrobial therapy often fails to eradicate biofilms from the site of infection. For this reason, innovative anti-biofilm agents with novel targets and modes of action are needed. One alternative approach is targeting the bacterial communication system (quorum sensing, QS). QS is a process by which bacteria produce and detect signal molecules and thereby coordinate their behavior in a cell-density dependent manner. Three main QS systems can be distinguished: the acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) QS system in Gram-negative bacteria, the autoinducing peptide (AIP) QS system in Gram-positive bacteria and the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) QS system in both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. Although much remains to be learned about the involvement of QS in biofilm formation, maintenance, and dispersal, QS inhibitors (QSI) have been proposed as promising antibiofilm agents. In this article we will give an overview of QS inhibitors which have been shown to play a role in biofilm formation and/or maturation.


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text:
EarthGang Mirrorland
Impressive as elaborate lyricism can often be, there's also something to be said for simplicity. No MC in recent memory has made that case more effectively than Johnny Venus, one half of the hotly touted, flagrantly eccentric rising Atlanta hip-hop duo EarthGang.
On "This Side," a key track from the pair's major label debut Mirrorland (freshly released on beloved rapper J. Cole's imprint, Dreamville) Venus will stop listeners in their tracks with his pared-down and precise set of rhymes, the kind that's so directly on point you'll wonder why you didn't think of them yourself. "Let's go to the lake / Let's jump in it naked," he spits wistfully over a shimmering synth riff straight out of the afterlife, before creatively bending the pronunciation of two more words into that rhyme scheme: "We can escape / We can leave this place." The directness of those lines drives home the young rapper's desire for a reprieve, before he bemoans the recent deaths of contemporaries like Nipsey Hussle (which is valid) and XXXTentacion (not so much).
Doctur Dot, Venus's partner in rhyme, holds his own on that psychedelically melancholy track with lines about insomnia and cracking "a joke to hide the pain," a refreshingly candid take on mental health that he one-ups on the equally impressive "Top Down." That summery, catchy song's surface is juxtaposed with Dot's deep lines about workaholism, before he spits with touching sincerity: "How's your mental? How do you cope with what you been through?" Over the minimalist instrumental on "Avenue," Venus laudably touches on the too-often overlooked ubiquity of junk food in impoverished and marginalized communities: "I been eatin' diabetes and Cheetos for dinner."
These strong elements — along with the visceral, rattling drum fills on "Stuck," and the palpable paranoia on "Swivel" — make Mirrorland a must-listen, despite its myriad flaws. Prime examples: the dull and plodding T-Pain assisted "Tequila," the grating, Young Thug-assisted "Proud of You," and the eye-roll inducing potty humour on "LaLa Challenge." These missteps mar an otherwise strong major label debut.
Listeners should also ignore the plethora of comparisons between EarthGang and iconic elder Atlanta duo OutKast. While these rising MCs were clearly influenced by the ATLiens — from their Andre 3000-esque attire, to their ambitious introspection and occasional odes to the Georgia metropolis they call home — EarthGang instead have a distinctive sound all their own, one that never comes close to the high-water mark of 'Kast's indelibly funky heyday.
That said, if they can trim flab like "LaLa Challenge" on their next LP, EarthGang's otherwise lean and careening style has the potential to reach the acclaim earned by their label head J. Cole — even if the stratospheric success of Stankonia remains out of reach for now. (Dreamville Records/Interscope)
More EarthGang
Bon Iver and EarthGang Remix Brittany Howard's 'Jaime' Tracks
A year out from the release of Brittany Howard's solo debut, Jaime, two songs from the record have been treated to new remixes by Bon Iver a...
EarthGang / Guapdad 4000 / Benji. Venue Nightclub, Vancouver BC, November 16
The vibes were perfect at the sold-out Venue Nightclub on Saturday, from openers Benji. and Guapdad 4000 to headliners EarthGang. Pittsb...
Lauryn Hill, Vince Staples, Megan Thee Stallion Contribute New Songs to 'Queen & Slim' Soundtrack
The highly anticipated Melina Matsoukas-directed film Queen & Slim is due to hit theatres next month. But while we wait for its release, new...
J. Cole Delivers 'Revenge of the Dreamers III'
J. Cole's Revenge of the Dreamers III is officially here, and you can stream the entire Dreamville Records compilation now. Following the...
J. Cole Unveils Release Date for 'Revenge of the Dreamers III'
After teasing Revenge of the Dreamers III early this year, J. Cole has at last set the release date for the new Dreamville Records compilati...


text:
Why are Kentucky cave shrimp endangered?
The Kentucky cave shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri) is an endangered species, and its population is in critical decline. The shrimp are endemic to certain portions of caves in Kentucky and Tennessee, and their declining numbers are due to a variety of human impacts to their environment.
The Kentucky cave shrimp is highly sensitive to changes in water quality and flow, as well as disruption of their cave habitat. These changes are often caused by human activities such as agricultural runoff, stormwater discharge from traffic, construction, and industry, and water siphoning from wells.
All of these can degrade the quality of the water in the caves and the environment, and alter the flow of the water. This makes it difficult for the shrimp to live and survive.
In addition, human recreational activities like cave spelunking, caving, and gold/gemstone panning, as well as the introduction of exotic species, are a major threat to the shrimp. The more people who explore the caves, the more likely the shrimp are to become disturbed and upset, and the introduction of nonnative species causes competition with the shrimp.
This, combined with their naturally restricted range, has caused a severe decrease in the shrimp's population, leaving them in critical need of protection.
The Kentucky cave shrimp is currently listed on both the Federal Endangered Species List and the State of Kentucky's Species of Greatest Conservation Need list. Conservation and management efforts include protecting and restoring the water quality and flow within their native habitats, controlling pollution and nutrient runoff, and banning or controlling access to areas in the caves that are home to the shrimp.
With these initiatives in place, hopefully this unique species will make a comeback and their populations can start to recover.
What are the endangered species in Mammoth Cave National Park?
What are two major problems with shrimp farming?
Does shrimp feel pain?
Is shrimp being overfished?
Is there a shortage of shrimp?
Are shrimp populations declining?
Is it environmentally friendly to eat shrimp?
How big is a cave shrimp?
What is the biggest shrimp breed?
How deep down do shrimp live?
What do cave shrimp eat?
Is the Florida fairy shrimp extinct?
How many mantis shrimp exist?
Mammoth Cave National Park is home to several endangered species, including the Gray bat, the Kentucky cave shrimp, and the Northern long-eared bat. The Gray bat is only found in the southeastern United States, primarily in the park's limestone caves.
It is most active during the late spring and summer, when it relies on cave temperatures to stay cool. The Kentucky cave shrimp is a small, colorless creature found only in the underground rivers and waterways of the park.
It is believed to have evolved with few predators in this isolated environment. The Northern long-eared bat is a small bat with a characteristic long ears and dark brown fur. It was once found in many areas of the United States, but its range has since declined dramatically due to habitat destruction and destruction of roosting sites.
Its last remaining populations are dependent on the preservation of its primary roosting sites, which include some within Mammoth Cave National Park.
Two major problems with shrimp farming are environmental issues and disease risks. First, shrimp farming can lead to serious environmental issues. Farming shrimp can cause coastal erosion, water pollution, and destruction of local ecosystems due to the removal of coastal mangroves.
Runoff from shrimp farms can also increase salinity in nearby rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas, which can disrupt local aquatic life. Furthermore, large-scale shrimp aquaculture can require massive amounts of feed and fertilizer, which often leads to excess nutrient inputs into the water and can result in algal blooms that are toxic to marine and bird life.
Second, shrimp farming can pose serious disease risks. As shrimp are farmed in often overcrowded and poor water quality conditions, diseases can spread quickly and easily, which can result in large losses.
Furthermore, most farmed shrimp have no resistance to native diseases, and the use of antibiotics to prevent or control disease outbreaks can lead to adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
To try and prevent the spread of disease through shrimp farming, good biosecurity and proper management practices are necessary.
It is widely accepted by researchers and scientists that shrimp, like other animals, have the capacity to experience pain. Although shrimp are invertebrates, they share similar physiological and neurological structures with other animals.
For example, they have nociceptors, which are the neurons that detect pain. Therefore, when shrimp are exposed to harmful or unpleasant stimuli, they exhibit behaviors such as curling up or withdrawing, indicating that they are experiencing some form of pain or discomfort.
Research has also shown that shrimp produce cortisol and other hormones related to stress when exposed to stressful stimuli. Further, research has demonstrated that shrimp respond differently to different forms of pain stimuli, suggesting that they are able to distinguish between different levels of pain.
While the exact degree to which shrimp experience pain is still debated, the evidence indicates that shrimp do feel a form of pain, and should be taken into consideration when deciding how to best handle them.
Yes, shrimp is being overfished due to increasing global demand, poor fishing regulations and environmental damage. The main culprits of overfishing shrimp include trawl fisheries, which typically take huge amounts of fish and other marine life, often resulting in the destruction of coral reefs and other ecosystems.
Many other fisheries such as driftnets, purse seines and bottom trawls are fishing for shrimp with little to no regulation, thus vastly depleting the shrimp population. There is growing evidence of the over exploitation of shrimp and its impacts on the marine environment.
In some parts of the world, overfishing has caused drastic declines in the number of shrimp, leading to increasing prices for consumers and the destruction of local fisheries, making the problem worse.
In many countries, regulations that protect local shrimp populations are either nonexistent, under-enforced, or lend themselves to unsustainable fishing practices. Finally, climate change and ocean acidification are also causing further destruction to shrimp populations, leading to decreased catches and decreased spawning potential.
Yes, there is currently a shortage of shrimp. This shortage is mainly due to rising global demand for shrimp, with prices for farmed shrimp rising significantly in 2020. Additionally, the global seafood industry is facing supply chain issues due to the pandemic.
Fisherman have seen their labor reduced due to limited access to ports and travel restrictions in some countries. Additionally, there has been an increase in domestic demand due to the restrictions, leading to an overall decrease in the availability of shrimp in certain areas.
The shortage is particularly felt in the United States, which imports over 70 percent of its seafood. Most of the imported seafood is supplied by aquaculture or fish farms. The reduced supply of shrimp impacting U.
S. imports is mainly attributed to problems in Asian aquaculture, where most of these farm-raised shrimp come from. This includes disease outbreaks, increased ocean acidification, and decreased water quality.
It is expected that the global market for shrimp will continue to feel the effects of the shortage for the foreseeable future. In an effort to reduce the impact of the shortage, some countries have implemented import restrictions which limit the amount of shrimp from certain countries.
Furthermore, supermarkets and other food retailers are looking for sustainable and ethical suppliers to help sustain the industry.
Yes, shrimp populations are declining in many areas around the world due to a variety of factors. In some regions, overfishing is a major cause of the decline, as more and more shrimp are being fished from the wild.
Pollution from cities and industries has also been found to contribute, as there are more chemicals entering the water that can negatively impact the health of shrimp. Climate change is another factor, as it can contribute to shifts in water temperature and other environmental conditions that can make it harder for shrimp to survive.
In some areas, habitat destruction has been a major factor, as mangroves and other coastal habitats have been cleared away for various uses. It is estimated that the global population of shrimp has declined by over 50% in the last 50 years.
Eating shrimp can be environmentally friendly depending on how and where they are sourced. Farmed shrimp can be an environmentally sound option as they can be raised with sustainable practices in place.
This includes using recirculating systems to reuse water, reducing the risk of pollution entering waterways. Additionally, it is important to choose responsibly sourced wild-caught shrimp, as this will help to ensure they are harvested with minimal impact to their habitats.
Finally, avoiding shrimp that has been frozen, preserved, or processed with chemicals can help to reduce your environmental impact. Taking all of these steps into consideration can help make shrimp an environmentally friendly option.
Cave shrimp, also known as stygobitic shrimp, are typically quite small, typically reaching a size of only 1/3 of an inch in length. They vary in color, usually ranging from white to shades of brown and gray, and can sometimes be transparent.
The antennae of cave shrimp are longer than those of other species, sometimes reaching up to twice the body length. Cave shrimp lack pigment, eyes, and claws, and they use their long antennae to navigate their underground habitats.
They also have a longer life span than other species, living up to 10 years or more. They inhabit a variety of freshwater and coastal caves throughout the world, and feed off of small organisms in their environment.
The biggest shrimp breed is the majestically impressive giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. This large species of prawn can reach an impressive 10 inches in length and can weigh up to 1. 1 pounds. It is natively found in the waters of the Indo-Pacific region, though it has been widely distributed to tropical waters around the world.
In some parts of the world, such as Australia, this prawn is harvested for its flavor and is commonly consumed as a delicacy. It is also a popular choice for aquaculture due to its large body size, rapid growth, and total production of eggs.
This breed of prawn is also invaluable to the local ecosystems in which it is found, as it is an important food source for thousands of species of fish and other marine predators.
Shrimp live at a variety of depths, typically ranging from near the surface to over 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The majority of shrimp species live in shallow waters, but some species can be found living at much greater depths.
For example, the Pacific spiny lobster lives in waters up to 600 meters (1,968 feet) deep. Other species such as shrimp from the genus Sergestes can be found at depths up to 17,000 feet (5,200 m). Therefore, it is difficult to give an exact estimate of how deep down shrimp live, as there is significant variation both within and between species.
Cave shrimp, or stygofauna, are among the most fascinating aquatic creatures due to their adaptations for living in underground environments. Given that their habitats are dark, oxygen-limited and nutrient-poor, the diet of cave shrimp consists mainly of organic matter that has fallen from the surface.
Specifically, some of the food sources for cave shrimp are detritus, fungi, various microbial organisms, and microbial biofilm. Detritus is a broad term used to refer to any nonliving organic material that is found in an environment, and in the case of caves, can be found as fragments of material that a cave shrimp can easily scavenge.
Fungi are a particular type of decomposing microorganism that can provide significant amounts of organic material for cave shrimp to consume. Lastly, microbial biofilm is made up of groups of microbes that form chains or clusters and can act as a food source for the cave shrimp.
The Florida Fairy Shrimp is not currently considered extinct, however they are considered endangered. It is a type of crustacean found in temporary freshwater pools, particularly in Florida. They have a very short lifespan and no adult has ever been observed in the wild.
The species has experienced a massive decline in populations due to the destruction of their natural habitats, the introduction of non-native species which compete for food or predators of the species, and other human-caused environmental changes.
However, the species is still present in some parts of its range and is not considered to be completely disappeared from the area. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has listed the species on its endangered species list, meaning that its conservation is protected under federal law.
Efforts to protect and restore the remaining populations of the Florida Fairy Shrimp are underway and its prognosis is hopeful.
It is difficult to estimate exact numbers for the amount of mantis shrimp that exist in the world because there are nearly 400 known species and most live in the ocean. As such, very few have been studied in the wild and it is challenging for scientists to accurately estimate the global population.
Generally, it is accepted that mantis shrimp can be found in tropical and subtropical waters all around the world. Some species have been seen as far north as Japan and as far south as Australia, indicating that their numbers could be quite high.
In addition, mantis shrimp are very durable, resilient creatures and are known to live up to 20 years in the wild. This could mean that the population is relatively stable over long periods of time. Furthermore, they reproduce quite often and can lay up to 10,000 eggs during a single breeding season, all of which helps to maintain their population.
Although it is impossible to determine exact numbers, it is likely that millions of mantis shrimp are living in the ocean around the world.
Who is the highest paid college strength and conditioning coach?
What does Yzma say?


from a derivative of Celi. (northern Italian) habitational name for someone from Celona, Italian name of Châlons-sur-Marne in France, which was named as the seat of a Gaulish tribe recorded in Latin sources as Catalauni. (southern Italian) nickname from Greek khelone 'turtle'.
Where is the Celona family from?
You can see how Celona families moved over time by selecting different census years. The Celona family name was found in the USA in 1920. In 1920 there were 7 Celona families living in Massachusetts. This was about 21% of all the recorded Celona's in the USA. Massachusetts and 1 other state had the highest population of Celona families in 1920.
Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Celona surname lived. Within census records, you can often find information like name of household members, ages, birthplaces, residences, and occupations.
What did your Celona ancestors do for a living?
Census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your Celona ancestors, such as occupation. Occupation can tell you about your ancestor's social and economic status.
What Celona family records will you find?
There are 3,000 census records available for the last name Celona. Like a window into their day-to-day life, Celona census records can tell you where and how your ancestors worked, their level of education, veteran status, and more.
There are 642 immigration records available for the last name Celona. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the UK, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure.
There are 1,000 military records available for the last name Celona. For the veterans among your Celona ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions.
You've only scratched the surface of Celona family history.
What is the average Celona lifespan?
Between 1959 and 2004, in the United States, Celona life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1962, and highest in 1998. The average life expectancy for Celona in 1959 was 63, and 78 in 2004.
An unusually short lifespan might indicate that your Celona ancestors lived in harsh conditions. A short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. You can find birthdates, death dates, addresses and more.


The two-day virtual and in-person PD conference will include stories and strategies from keynote speakers, along with new Edmodo features to be unveiled.
(San Mateo, CA) Aug. 1, 2018 --Edmodo, a global education network connecting educators with resources and leaders to reach their full potential, today announced its 8th Annual EdmodoCon taking place on Aug. 7 and 8. The leading virtual professional development (PD) conference will feature two days of inspirational stories and strategies from four keynote speakers that will focus on best practices for improving and strengthening technology use in the classroom.
Inspiring educators from 10 countries.
A revamped communication tool that gives teachers, students and parents the safest and simplest messaging service for education.
While celebrating the 8th annual EdmodoCon, the company is also commemorating their 10-year anniversary, celebrating the over 92 million teachers, students and parents across the world who have used Edmodo to give students a voice into their own learning, to increase equity and access to students in every community, to bring school communities closer together, to connect teachers to a powerful professional learning network, and to positively impact learning.
For more information on how to hear about the latest innovations and resources and how to be involved in EdmodoCon, visit Edmodo.com.


We are having Christmas lunch at my brother and his wife's house this year. We all pitch in and bring food so no one has to work too hard. I was quick to bags dessert because a wonderful recipe sprang to mind courtesy of the lovely Jan. I also volunteered a couple of salads because I love how festive you can make a salad for Christmas. Of course a couple turned into four because there were just too many great salads to choose from.
I also made a jug on sangria because I felt like it and took a jar of Sheep's Yoghurt Cheese and crackers for nibbles for pretty much the same reason.
I didn't get any food photos because the camera was too busy today.
Preheat oven to 180˚C and line a baking tray with baking paper. Beat the egg whites until satiny peaks form, and then beat in the sugar a spoonful at a time until the meringue is stiff and shiny. Sprinkle over the cocoa and vinegar, and the chopped chocolate. Then gently fold everything until the cocoa is thoroughly mixed in. Mound on to the baking tray in a fat circle about 23cm in diameter, smoothing down the sides and top. Place in the oven, then immediately turn the temperature down to 150˚C and cook for about 1-1 ½ hours.
When its ready it should look crisp around the edges and on the side and be dry on top, but when you prod the centre you should feel the promise of squidginess beneath your fingers. Turn off the oven and open the door slightly, and let the chocolate meringue disc cool completely.
Invert onto a big flat plate. Beat the cream till thick but still soft and pile it on the meringue, then scatter over the raspberries. Coarsely grate the chocolate in curls over the top.
Grill zucchini and eggplant on grill plate, brushing each side with oil.
Place cherry and roma tomatoes on baking tray, drizzle with oil and bake in a low oven until they collapse.
Combine all ingredients and mix lemon juice through.
Layer onion and tomato in a bowl. Season each layer of tomato to taste. Mix olive oil and vinegar and dress salad just before serving.
Spray pita with olive oil and sprinkle with half the sumac. Bake at 200 degrees for about 5 minutes per side or until golden and crispy. Break into small pieces. If you want to do this a day in advance, store in an airtight container.
Combine chickpeas, tomatoes, cucumbers, parsley and mint. Add remaining sumac and season to taste. Mix well.
Combine olive oil, lemon juice and garlic. Dress salad, toss well and then mix through pita bread.
This is my Christmas staple, no idea where it originally came from. I've been doing it for years and the recipe is on a scrap of paper I keep in a folder.
Stir 1/2 berries into vinegar. Stand 1/2 hour. Puree with honey and season to taste.
Just before serving, combine all salad ingredients and dress.
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ELI5 why did grandmothers use this as a sewing kit?


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Tag: Nine Inch Nails
An Open Letter To Trent Reznor
Dear Mr. Reznor,
Burns!
Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. Photo by Burns!
More after the jump. Continue reading "An Open Letter To Trent Reznor"
Nine Inch Nails Cancels Music Box Show
Nine Inch Nails' final show? Photo by Burns!
BREAKING: Nine Inch Nails cancels tonight's show at the Music Box at the Fonda Theater.
Were you one of the lucky ones that saw Nine Inch Nails' show at the Palladum last night? Are you, like me, one of the incredibly disappointed fans holding tickets for tonight's (canceled) show at the Fonda?
By most accounts, last night's show at the Palladium was a spectacular beginning to what were to be the final four shows (ever) for Nine Inch Nails. Among other highlights, the band played "The Downward Spiral" album its entirety and electronic music pioneer Gary Numan joined the band to play his hit, "Cars."
Front-man Trent Reznor complained during the show of having a cold, though, and immediately following the show the band's official website, nin.com, released this statement:
"We're very sorry to announce that Trent is ill, and on his doctor's orders we will not be able to perform tonight's show at the Henry Fonda Theater. This is the only information we have at this time, we're posting this early announcement as a convenience for those of you who had plans to attend. Reimbursement details will be posted as soon as we figure them out; likely within the next 24 hours. We wish this wasn't necessary and we're very sorry for the inconvenience. Thank you for your understanding."
"…sorry for the inconvenience?" More like colossal disappointment.
As the statement says, no further information at this time. The announcement made no mention of the status of Saturday and Sunday's shows at the Wiltern and EchoPlex. An eternal optimist, I'll hope for a rescheduled Fonda show on Monday, but that doesn't sound too likely.
Update: An update as of 5:00pm Thursday. Follow me past the jump for news.
Continue reading "Nine Inch Nails Cancels Music Box Show"


Great location! This lot is presently a residential lot. Per Owner a water tap and Septic System are in place. This Lot also has Commercial Possibilities. It does border Wells Hwy with no access to Wells Hwy at this time. The Mobile Home does not go with the lot, it will be moved at a later date.