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Commonwealth v. Gentile (Lawyers Weekly No. 10-011-14)
NOTICE: All slip opinions and orders are subject to formal revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound volumes of the Official Reports. If you find a typographical error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1 Pemberton Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA 02108-1750; (617) 557-1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us
SJC‑11372
COMMONWEALTH vs. CONAN GENTILE.
Worcester. November 7, 2013. ‑ January 14, 2014.
Present: Ireland, C.J., Spina, Cordy, Botsford, Gants, Duffly, & Lenk, JJ.
Search and Seizure, Arrest, Warrant, Reasonable suspicion, Consensual entry by police, Fruits of illegal search. Constitutional Law, Search and seizure, Arrest, Reasonable suspicion. Evidence, Result of illegal search. Practice, Criminal, Motion to suppress. Receiving Stolen Goods.
Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court Department on August 13, 2010.
A pretrial motion to suppress evidence was heard by James R. Lemire, J., and the cases were tried before Janet Kenton-Walker, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court on its own initiative transferred the case from the Appeals Court.
Cathryn A. Neaves for the defendant.
Jane A. Sullivan, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
GANTS, J. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and art. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights require that police who enter an individual's residence to execute an arrest warrant "have a reasonable belief that the location to be searched is the arrestee's residence, and a reasonable belief that the arrestee is in his residence at the time the arrest warrant is executed." Commonwealth v. Silva, 440 Mass. 772, 778 (2004). See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 603 (1980) ("an arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect lives where there is reason to believe the suspect is within"). In Silva, supra at 776-777, we stated that the "reasonable belief" standard is "less exacting than probable cause." The issue presented in this case is how much less exacting. We conclude that a "reasonable belief" requires more than was known here at the time of entry. Therefore, the entry was unconstitutional under both the Fourth Amendment and art. 14, and the observation and subsequent seizure of the stolen property allegedly received by the defendant in this case should have been suppressed as a fruit of the illegal entry. Because both of the defendant's convictions for receipt of stolen property, in violation of G. L. c. 266, § 60, rest entirely on this illegally seized property, we vacate the convictions and remand the case to the Superior Court for entry of an order of dismissal.
Background. We summarize the relevant evidence in the Commonwealth's case-in-chief at trial, and reserve the evidence presented at the motion to suppress hearing for our discussion of that motion.
Approximately one week before the defendant's arrest, State Trooper David Napolitano spoke to the defendant in an unrelated incident and viewed his Massachusetts identification card, which identified his address as an apartment in Leominster. On June 24, 2010, Trooper Napolitano, assisted by Leominster Detective Scott Wolferseder and two police officers, went to this address to execute two outstanding arrest warrants.
After the trooper knocked on the back door several times, a teenage girl, Daisy Stanley, answered the door and her mother, Maura Stanley, came out of a bedroom and approached the door.[1] After speaking briefly with Maura, the trooper entered the apartment, pushed open the door of the bedroom that faced the back door, and found the defendant. After the trooper noticed the "butt end" of what appeared to be a rifle (but was actually an antique musket) sticking out from under the bed, the trooper handcuffed the defendant and asked him if there were any weapons in the apartment. The defendant replied that there were no firearms, but that a knife was on the dresser. The trooper then removed the musket from beneath the bed, at which point he observed three firearm cases. He opened two of the cases and found a shotgun in each; the third, labeled "Beretta," which the trooper knew was a type of firearm, was empty. The trooper asked the defendant about the firearms, and the defendant said they were not his and he did not know where they had come from. The defendant then began "yelling that [the officers] were illegally searching his bedroom." The trooper noticed a large sword and scabbard in the corner of the bedroom, but the officers seized only the musket, firearms, and firearm cases.
The officers transported the defendant to the State police barracks, where he was advised of and waived his Miranda rights, and agreed to speak to the police. A Sterling police officer arrived with a police report about a breaking and entering that had occurred on June 15, 2010, in which the musket and firearms seized from the defendant's bedroom, among other items, had been stolen. The trooper "relayed" the list of stolen items, which also included a sword and three BB guns, to the defendant. The defendant told the officers that the musket and the firearms seized from the bedroom had been taken in that burglary, and that the sword and one of the BB guns were still in the apartment. The defendant denied having stolen the items, but said he knew who had committed the crime and did not want to tell the police who it was. The trooper asked for the defendant's consent to search the apartment for the sword and BB gun. The defendant agreed to the search and signed a "consent to search" form. The officers then returned to the apartment and found the sword behind the door of the bedroom where the defendant had been arrested and the BB gun near the closet on the other side of the room.
The defendant was charged in five indictments alleging receipt of stolen property, with each indictment charging receipt of one of the five items of property found in the bedroom.[2] A Superior Court jury convicted the defendant only of the two indictments alleging receipt of the stolen sword and of the BB gun.[3]
The defendant appealed, and we transferred the case here on our own motion. On appeal, the defendant argues that the judge erred in denying his motion to suppress because the arrest warrants did not authorize the police to enter the apartment where they did not have a "reasonable belief" that he was present in the apartment, and that the subsequent seizure of the sword and BB gun was the "fruit" of this unconstitutional entry.[4]
Discussion. "In reviewing a motion to suppress, 'we accept the judge's subsidiary findings of fact absent clear error.'" Commonwealth v. Pacheco, 464 Mass. 768, 769 (2013), quoting Commonwealth v. Scott, 440 Mass. 642, 646 (2004). But we "independently determine the correctness of the judge's application of constitutional principles to the facts as found." Commonwealth v. DePeiza, 449 Mass. 367, 369 (2007), quoting Commonwealth v. Catanzaro, 441 Mass. 46, 50 (2004). We summarize the judge's rather spare findings of fact regarding the entry into the home, made orally following an evidentiary hearing where Trooper Napolitano was called to testify by the Commonwealth, and Detective Wolferseder and Daisy were called to testify by the defendant. We supplement the judge's findings with additional details from the testimony of Trooper Napolitano because the judge found his testimony to be "credible in its entirety." See Commonwealth v. Isaiah I., 448 Mass. 334, 337 (2007), S.C., 450 Mass. 818 (2008), and cases cited.[5]
Trooper Napolitano was "an experienced [seventeen-year] veteran of the State Police." His duties for the two years prior to the motion hearing included executing outstanding arrest warrants, during which he had arrested more than 200 people on warrants, including more than one hundred people in their homes. According to the motion judge, "[t]he trooper has developed a sense of sincerity or credibility when he's executing these warrants, because he's often found that people will misrepresent . . . a person's presence in the dwelling."
At some time during the week before the arrest, the trooper encountered the defendant and saw the defendant's Massachusetts identification card that indicated that his address was an apartment in Leominster. The trooper subsequently learned that two valid arrest warrants had been issued against the defendant.[6] On June 24, 2010, after confirming that the address on the defendant's identification card matched the address listed on the defendant's driver's license, the trooper, assisted by Leominster police officers, went to the apartment at approximately 9:30 A.M., and spoke with Maura. The judge found that the trooper's "observations of her, based on his experience and training, led to a reason to believe the defendant was present in the house."
The trooper testified that, before he knocked on the door, he had no information to indicate that the defendant was home. When Maura came to the door, he told her that he was looking for the defendant and had a warrant for his arrest. There was a young girl standing with her, whom he later learned was her daughter. Maura appeared nervous. She said, "No, he's not here," and looked towards a bedroom that was straight across from where the trooper stood, the door to which was "probably half to three-quarters open." She stated that the defendant was not there "a couple times." He heard other "movement," indicating to him that somebody else was in the apartment, but he could not see anyone else in the apartment and "didn't know who was there."[7] He told Maura that he believed the defendant was there, walked past her into the apartment, and entered the bedroom straight across from him, where he found the defendant.
The defendant correctly does not challenge the judge's finding that the officers had a reasonable belief that the defendant resided at the apartment. Therefore, we limit our analysis to whether the evidence at the suppression hearing was sufficient to support a "reasonable belief that the arrestee [was] in his residence at the time the arrest warrant [was] executed." Commonwealth v. Silva, 440 Mass. at 778. Reasonable belief is an objective standard. Commonwealth v. Webster, 75 Mass. App. Ct. 247, 251 (2009), citing Silva, 440 Mass. at 779 n.8. Trooper Napolitano's good faith subjective belief that the defendant was in the house was not enough, by itself, to satisfy the standard. See Webster, supra, quoting Commonwealth v. Grandison, 433 Mass. 135, 139 (2001). Rather, a law enforcement official's belief must be supported by "specific articulable facts" that, based on the totality of circumstances, permit a reasonable inference that, at the time of entry, the defendant is in the premises. Webster, supra, quoting Grandison, supra. See United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000), quoting United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 869 (1995) (reasonable belief depends on "facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the law enforcement agents . . . viewed in the totality"). The entering officer's experience or expertise may bear on the strength of that inference, but only to the extent the officer can articulate what he has learned from his experience or expertise that reasonably would permit an inference from information that otherwise would not suffice. Grandison, supra ("inferences that follow from the officer's experience"). Commonwealth v. King, 389 Mass. 233, 243 (1983) ("A trained law enforcement officer may draw inferences and make deductions that would elude a lay person"). The inference need not meet the standard of probable cause, see Silva, supra at 777-778, but it must be sufficiently strong to justify invading the sanctity of the home to attempt to execute an arrest warrant within the home.
Here, before the trooper knocked on the door of the residence, he had learned that the defendant identified the residence as his home on his Massachusetts identification card and driver's license, but he admittedly had no information to indicate that the defendant was inside the residence at that particular time. See United States v. Werra, 638 F.3d 326, 339 (1st Cir. 2011) ("officers must point to at least some evidence suggesting that the individual named in the arrest warrant is present"). No physical surveillance was conducted of the address earlier that morning, nor did any third party inform the trooper that the defendant was present. Contrast Silva, 440 Mass. at 774 (police officer saw person consistent with description of subject of arrest warrant through hole in plywood used to cover up apartment window); United States v. Pruitt, 458 F.3d 477, 479, 483 (6th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1283 (2007) (police observed man enter and then exit defendant's suspected residence, and, after being stopped by police, man told officers he had been attempting to purchase drugs from defendant inside residence); United States v. Gay, 240 F.3d 1222, 1227-1228 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 939 (2001) (confidential informant told officers that defendant was currently inside residence). Nor was there any evidence that the defendant had been linked to any motor vehicle parked outside the residence. See United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1538 ("The presence of a vehicle connected to a suspect is sufficient to create the inference that the suspect is at home"). See also United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 61-62, 63 (5th Cir. 1997) (reasonable belief where two subjects of arrest warrant lived together, one was arrested while backing his vehicle out of driveway, officers could hear television inside residence, and second vehicle remained in driveway); United States v. Edmonds, 52 F.3d 1236, 1248 (3d Cir. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 80 F.3d 810 (1996) (reasonable belief where agents arrived outside apartment at 6:45 A.M. and observed vehicle used by defendant parked in front, and at 9:30 A.M. observed that all vehicles but defendant's had left complex and no one had left defendant's apartment).[8]
Even with no information regarding the defendant's presence, if the trooper had entered the residence earlier in the morning, the early morning hour alone would have sufficed to warrant a reasonable belief that the defendant was home. See United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1535 ("officers may presume that a person is at home at certain times of the day — a presumption which can be rebutted by contrary evidence regarding the suspect's known schedule"). See also Commonwealth v. DiBenedetto, 427 Mass. 414, 417-418 (1998) ("early morning entry" [between 5 A.M. and 6 A.M.] provided "reason to believe" defendant was home); United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 284, 286 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (where entry was between 6 A.M. and 6:30 A.M., "early morning hour was reason enough" to support reasonable belief that defendant was home); United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d at 1267 ("reasonable to believe, in the absence of contrary evidence, that [suspect] would be at his residence at 6:00 in the morning"). Cf. Commonwealth v. Tatum, 466 Mass. 45, 53 (2013), cert. denied, No. 13-6997 (U.S. Dec. 16, 2013) (probable cause standard for search warrant met where officer observed defendant inside third party's residence in afternoon and warrant executed next day at 5:30 A.M.). But the trooper did not arrive at the residence until approximately 9:30 A.M. on a weekday, well after the start of the normal work day. See United States v. Werra, 638 F.3d 326, 340 (1st Cir. 2011) ("Entering a home at 10:00 A.M. is significantly different from entering at 5:00 or 6:00 A.M., when even working individuals can reasonably be presumed to be at home"). And there was no evidence as to whether the defendant was or was not employed, or had any daily routine, that would permit an inference that the defendant was likely to be home at that time. See id. (where there was no evidence as to whether defendant was employed or "about her nighttime and daytime routines," "there [was] no evidence to suggest that [defendant] ordinarily would be home at 10:00 A.M. on a weekday"). Contrast United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir. 1995) (reliable confidential informant, whose father was landlord of relevant apartment, told law enforcement agents that defendant was "unemployed and typically slept late, thus supporting a reasonable belief that [the defendant] was present").
Because the trooper arrived at the residence after the commencement of the normal work day and had obtained no information that the defendant was there, any information supporting a reasonable belief that the defendant was inside the residence only could have been obtained after the trooper knocked on the door and before he entered the residence. The information that the Commonwealth contends supported a reasonable belief was (1) after seeing the trooper and Detective Wolferseder at the door and learning that they had a warrant for the defendant's arrest, Maura appeared nervous and occasionally avoided making eye contact with the trooper, (2) Maura said "he's not here" a couple of times and looked back in the direction of a bedroom, and (3) the trooper heard "movement" inside the house. If there were a reasonable belief that the defendant was present in the residence, it must rest on this information alone.
We recognize that a preexisting reasonable belief that a defendant is present in a residence is not "dissipated" by a relative's or friend's insistence that the defendant is not there, "for the statement may well 'have been an effort to divert the search and facilitate escape and concealment.'" 3 W.R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 6.1(a), at 269 (4th ed. 2004), quoting Hawkins v. United States, 319 A.2d 328, 329 (D.C.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 969 (1974). But we have found no case where a statement by a person answering the door that the defendant is not at home has been given affirmative weight, and treated as if it were akin to a statement acknowledging the defendant's presence because the officer had determined she was lying.[9] See People v. Jacobs, 43 Cal. 3d 472, 479 (1987) (where child told law enforcement officer that defendant would be back in an hour, officer's "experience with fibbing children, . . . absent any indication that [child] was a member of that class, cannot supply the objective reasonable belief required").
The evidence that Maura was lying is not so compelling that this should be the first case where "no, he is not here" should be interpreted to indicate that the defendant was in the residence. We know now that Maura was, in fact, lying because the defendant was indeed in the bedroom, but our analysis of reasonable belief must not be influenced by what was learned after entry. Commonwealth v. Silva, 440 Mass. at 781 n.11, citing Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1227 (10th Cir. 1999) ("the test to determine the propriety of the entry considers only the circumstances known to the police at the time of the entry into the residence"). A hunch is still a hunch, even if it turns out to be correct. And if the belief were reasonable, it would remain so even if the defendant was not in the residence.
The trooper stated that Maura's "nervousness and her looking back would lead [him] to believe . . . that [the defendant] was there." That someone appears nervous when police officers show up at her door with an arrest warrant does not, without more, give rise to an inference that the subject of the warrant is home.[10] Her looking back in the direction of the bedroom potentially may suggest that she was checking to see whether the defendant was visible to the police officers. But, stripped of the benefit of hindsight, there are so many other plausible reasons why she may have looked back that any inference from this conduct is too weak to be reasonably relied on as a justification to enter a person's home. Cf. Commonwealth v. Cruz, 459 Mass. 459, 462, 468 (2011) (defendant's lack of eye contact and "nervous demeanor" could not be "grounding factor" on which reasonable suspicion could be based where "a myriad number of innocent reasons other than hiding criminal contraband may more readily explain why a nineteen year old man would appear nervous while being addressed by a police officer").
Nor are we persuaded that the trooper's training and experience allowed him reasonably to infer from Maura's conduct that the defendant was home. When asked how his training and experience influenced his "thinking in regards to what [Maura] was telling [him] outside of [the] apartment," the trooper replied:
"Just the sincerity dealing with people. I have good judgment of people whether they're telling the truth or lying, and the nervousness when someone's talking to you and they're not making eye contact. You're asking them questions and they're looking around, almost looking like someone's hiding as you're talking to them-type thing. Catch them in some lies."
Many studies have determined that law enforcement officers are more confident in their ability to ascertain whether someone is lying than is warranted by the empirical evidence.[11] Our experience with cross-examination in the court room teaches us that "catch[ing a person] in some lies" may permit a reasonable inference that a witness is lying, but this requires that the questioning reveal that the witness has contradicted proven facts or has offered information so implausible that it cannot be true. The trooper understood this well enough to offer an example of the type of questioning at someone's front door that might permit him to determine whether that person was lying.[12] Here, however, the trooper conducted no comparable "cross-examination" of Maura. He simply explained his reason for being there, told her that he believed the defendant was present despite her insistence that he was not, and entered. He identified no statement she made that contradicted a known fact, and the only statement he found implausible was her assertion that he was not in the residence.[13]
Hearing the sound of "movement" in the apartment, which the trooper understood to mean that someone other than Maura and Daisy was in the apartment, potentially could have been enough to support a reasonable belief that the movement came from the defendant if the trooper had previously ascertained that only three persons resided in the apartment or if Maura had denied that anyone else was in the apartment. But the trooper had no information as to how many persons resided there and never asked Maura whether anyone other than she and her daughter were at home. See United States v. Hill, 649 F.3d 258, 264 (4th Cir. 2011) ("noise coming from inside of a house is not enough to give the police a reason to believe that a defendant is present"). Nor did he testify that the sound of movement came from the bedroom where he thought Maura had been looking. In fact, the trooper admitted he did not know who made the noise.[14] It is perhaps for this reason that, when asked the basis for what he characterized as his "reasonable suspicion," the trooper mentioned only Maura's nervousness, her looking back toward the bedroom, and his experience in executing arrest warrants, not the "movement" he heard in the apartment.
Where the police have a reasonable belief that the subject of an arrest warrant resides in the home and is present in the home, the arrest warrant alone is enough to justify the search of the subject's home for the purpose of arresting him. Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. at 602-603 ("If there is sufficient evidence of a citizen's participation in a felony to persuade a judicial officer that his arrest is justified, it is constitutionally reasonable to require him to open his doors to the officers of the law"). But where there is not such a reasonable belief, the entry into the home is unreasonable and in violation of the Fourth Amendment and art. 14 because the only constitutional justification for the entry is the arrest of the subject of the warrant. The requirement of reasonable belief, therefore, protects not only the subject of the warrant but all residents of the home from the needless invasion of the sanctity of their home. See Payton v. New York, supra at 588-589, quoting United States v. Reed, 572 F.2d 412, 423 (2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Goldsmith v. United States, 439 U.S. 913 (1978) ("To be arrested in the home involves not only the invasion attendant to all arrests but also an invasion of the sanctity of the home"). The "physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which the wording of the Fourth Amendment is directed" (emphasis in original). Commonwealth v. Lopez, 458 Mass. 383, 389-390 (2010), quoting United States v. United States Dist. Court for the E. Dist. of Mich., 407 U.S. 297, 313 (1972). "In the home, . . . all details are intimate details, because the entire area is held safe from prying government eyes" (emphasis in original). Lopez, supra at 390, quoting Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 37 (2001). If evidence as meager as is present here were sufficient to support a finding of reasonable belief that the subject of the warrant was inside the home, the standard would be so debased that it would provide only illusory protection of "the sanctity of the home." Any law enforcement officer could justify entry into a home with an arrest warrant, without having done even the most perfunctory investigative "homework," by contending that he was able without significant questioning to discern that the person who insisted that the subject was not there was lying and that he heard unspecified "movement" inside. The reasonable belief standard is not very demanding, and certainly less demanding than probable cause, but it demands more than what was relied upon here to justify "an invasion of the sanctity of the home."[15]
Having concluded that the entry into the home was not supported by a reasonable belief and therefore was unconstitutional, we must now consider whether that unlawful entry so tainted the defendant's subsequent consent to reenter the premises to retrieve the sword and BB gun as to justify suppression of those items. "In determining whether evidence obtained after [a constitutional] violation must be suppressed, the issue is not whether 'but for' the prior illegality the evidence would not have been obtained, but 'whether . . . the evidence . . . has been come at by exploitation of [that] illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint." Commonwealth v. Damiano, 444 Mass. 444, 453 (2005), quoting Commonwealth v. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. 244, 258 (1982). "[I]nfection will be held to have occurred when the illegality of the police behavior is sufficiently grave and the connection between the illegality and the making of the statements is sufficiently intimate." Damiano, supra at 453-454, quoting Commonwealth v. Sylvia, 380 Mass. 180, 183 (1980). "It is the Commonwealth's burden to establish that the evidence it has obtained and intends to use is sufficiently attenuated from the underlying illegality so as to be purged from its taint." Damiano, supra at 454, citing Commonwealth v. Fredette, 396 Mass. 455, 459 (1985).
The Commonwealth has not met that burden here. The defendant's consent to enter was sought only after the police learned that the firearms and musket they seized during the first entry had been stolen during a burglary in Sterling, and that other items, including the sword and BB gun, had not been recovered. The seizure of the firearms and musket were fruits of the illegal entry, and the connection between the illegality and the granting of consent was "sufficiently intimate" that the consent cannot be found to have been so attenuated from the illegal entry as to be purged from its taint. Therefore, we conclude that the judge erred in denying the motion to suppress, and that evidence of the sword and the BB gun should have been suppressed. Because these were the only stolen items that the jury found the defendant to have illegally received, the convictions of receipt of stolen property must be vacated. Because the Commonwealth cannot retry the defendant on these indictments without such evidence, we remand the case to the Superior Court for entry of an order of dismissal as to both indictments.
Conclusion. For the reasons stated, the judge's denial of the motion to suppress is reversed, the convictions of receipt of stolen property are vacated, and the case is remanded to the Superior Court for entry of an order of dismissal of these indictments.
[1] We shall refer to Daisy and Maura Stanley by their first names to avoid confusion.
[2] The grand jury also returned two indictments charging the defendant with unlawful possession of a firearm, in violation of G. L. c. 269, § 10 (h), and with being an armed career criminal, as defined in G. L. c. 269, § 10G (c).
[3] The jury found the defendant not guilty of the indictments alleging unlawful possession of a firearm. Because of these acquittals, the defendant also was found not guilty of being an armed career criminal.
[4] The defendant also argues that (1) the evidence at trial of his constructive possession of the sword and BB gun was insufficient as a matter of law to support his convictions for receiving stolen property; (2) the absence of a jury instruction regarding constructive possession with respect to the receipt of stolen property charges created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice; and (3) the convictions were duplicative, in violation of double jeopardy, where there was no evidence that the defendant separately received the sword and BB gun. Because we conclude that the defendant's motion to suppress should have been allowed, and that the convictions must be vacated and an order of dismissal entered because of the suppression of evidence of the stolen property, we do not reach the other three grounds of appeal.
[5] In Commonwealth v. Isaiah I., 448 Mass. 334, 337 (2007), S.C., 450 Mass. 818 (2008), and cases cited, we stated, "[a]ppellate courts may supplement a judge's finding of facts if the evidence is uncontroverted and undisputed and where the judge explicitly or implicitly credited the witness's testimony." Here, Trooper Napolitano's testimony was controverted and disputed, but we nonetheless include his testimony because we conclude that, even if the judge had explicitly made findings adopting every factual assertion in his testimony, the findings would still fall short of establishing a reasonable belief that the defendant was in the home at the time of entry. We do not supplement the judge's findings with the testimony of Daisy or Detective Wolferseder because the judge expressly did not credit Daisy's testimony and said nothing about the credibility of Detective Wolferseder's testimony.
[6] Trooper Napolitano described the warrants as "two open motor vehicle warrants."
[7] After Trooper Napolitano arrested the defendant, he learned that there was a fourth person in the apartment, who was the defendant's daughter.
[8] Here, the trooper testified that he did not believe the defendant had a car but he did not indicate the factual basis for his belief or reveal how or when he learned this.
[9] We have found two Federal cases where the court attributed reasonable meaning to the nonverbal conduct of another person in a residence. In United States v. Jackson, 576 F.3d 465, 467 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1062 (2009), the court noted that the primary tenant, when shown a photograph of the defendant, "professed not to recognize [the defendant] but the officers judged from her body language that she was lying." The officers, however, in contrast with Trooper Napolitano, did not rely on
their evaluation of her credibility to enter the premises to search for the defendant. That occurred only after they showed the photograph to another woman who was sitting nearby and asked her if he was in the apartment. She "nodded yes and started crying," and they then followed her to the room where the defendant was sleeping. Id. at 467, 469. In United States v. Stinson, 857 F. Supp. 1026, 1027 (D. Conn. 1994), the officers twice asked the woman who answered the door to the apartment where the defendant was, and she "looked over her shoulder, turned toward the back of the apartment, and then turned back to face [the officer], indicating to [the officer] that [the defendant] was in the back of the apartment." In contrast with the instant case, the woman did not deny that he was there, and the officer did not conclude that she was lying; rather, the judge understood her to be communicating to the officer that the defendant was in the apartment. Moreover, the entry in that case occurred at approximately 7 A.M., and the judge concluded that the early hour was sufficient by itself to justify a reasonable belief that he would be at home at that time. Id. at 1031. The nonverbal conduct in these cases was not accompanied by a verbal denial that the defendant was in the apartment; rather, they were reasonably understood to indicate affirmatively that the subject of the warrant was there. Accordingly, neither of these cases suggests that Trooper Napolitano's subjective belief that Maura was lying because she appeared nervous and turned around to look toward the bedroom would support a finding of a reasonable belief.
[10] The trooper admitted that there "could be" many reasons why Maura had appeared nervous.
[11] See Hartwig, Granhag, Stromwall, & Vrij, Police Officers' Lie Detection Accuracy: Interrogating Freely Versus Observing Video, 7 Police Q. 429, 452 (2004) (where officers conducted interrogations of college students acting as suspects in mock crime, "the lie detection accuracy level obtained by the police officers was mediocre"); Kassin & Fong, "I'm Innocent!": Effects of Training on Judgments of Truth and Deception in the Interrogation Room, 23 Law and Hum. Behav. 499, 499 (1999) (finding that observers were generally unable to distinguish between truthful and deceptive suspects); Kassin, Meissner, & Norwick, "I'd Know a False Confession if I Saw One": A Comparative Study of College Students and Police Investigators, 29 Law and Hum. Behav. 211, 221 (2005) ("police were less accurate than lay people at judging whether confessions were true or false"); Minzner, Detecting Lies Using Demeanor, Bias, and Context, 29 Cardozo L. Rev. 2557, 2561-2563 (2008) (review of social science research reveals that "legal commentators have generally accepted the view that 'psychological studies strongly indicate that observers do no better than pure chance in evaluating live witnesses,'" and noting that, "[w]hile some studies show that law enforcement officers outperform civilians, the results are mixed at best"); Porter, Woodworth, & Birt,
Truth, Lies, and Videotape: An Investigation of the Ability of Federal Parole Officers to Detect Deception, 24 Law and Hum. Behav. 643, 647, 655 (2000) (baseline ability of Canadian Federal parole officers to detect deception "was significantly below level of chance").
[12] The trooper, after he said, "Catch them in some lies," offered this example: "I've caught people saying, 'He went to work.' 'Well, his vehicle's still here. How did he get to work?' 'Well, a friend picked him up.' 'What's his friend's name?' 'I don't know his friend's name.' 'Can you call him on the cell phone?' 'He doesn't have the phone.' Things of that nature that just lead us to believe that the woman or person isn't telling the truth."
[13] We do not decide here whether, after "cross-examination" of the person who answers the door, a police officer's determination that someone had lied about the absence from the home of the subject of the arrest warrant would be sufficient alone to constitute reasonable cause justifying entry into the home.
[14] Detective Wolferseder testified that Trooper Napolitano "made mention of a sound coming from the room where the female had just stepped out from," but the judge did not indicate that he credited his testimony and we therefore do not consider it. If we were to consider it, we would also need to consider the detective's testimony that the trooper and he stood outside the door for "seconds" before they entered the apartment (without consent), and that they were already in the kitchen of the residence when the trooper said that he heard the sound in the bedroom. Even if we were to consider the detective's testimony, it would not support the reasonableness of the entry because, according to him, the entry had already occurred, and he and the trooper were in the kitchen when the trooper said that he heard the sound coming from the bedroom.
[15] From our review of our appellate case law and the Federal appellate case law, we have found only one case (and the prosecution has cited none) where a court found a reasonable belief on a factual basis as slender as the one here. In United States v. May, 68 F.3d 515, 516 (D.C. Cir. 1995), the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the police had a reasonable belief that the subject of the arrest warrant was home based solely on the following reasoning:
"The murder occurred on a Saturday afternoon, the warrant issued on Monday, and the police entered the premises on Tuesday morning. [The defendant] slept somewhere on Sunday and Monday. The police reasonably could suppose that the somewhere was the address on the affidavit and that [the
defendant] would still be inside at 11:20 a.m. when they arrived."
A law review article argued that the application of the facts in this decision "eviscerates the Payton [v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980)] rule." Edwards, Posner's Pragmatism and Payton Home Arrests, 77 Wash. L. Rev. 299, 350 (2002). We note that, in the instant case, the Commonwealth correctly did not contend that the time of the entry (approximately 9:30 A.M. on a weekday) supported a finding of reasonable belief.
Posted by Massachusetts Legal Resources - January 14, 2014 at 8:03 pm
Categories: News Tags: 1001114, Commonwealth, Gentile, Lawyers, Weekly


text:
Home › News › Media
Google changes trademark ad policy in Europe
PARIS, Aug 4 (Reuters) - Google (GOOG.O) is set to allow advertisers in Europe to use rivals' trademarks when bidding for online ads in a move that will prevent big brand owners from controlling which ads appear during users' searches.
The change, announced at a news conference in Paris on Wednesday, will take effect on Sept. 14 in most European nations. It brings Europe into line with how Google works in the United States, Britain and about 200 other countries.
Google made the change in response to a European Court of Justice decision in March that ruled that it did not infringe trademark law by selling keywords to trigger ads.
Luxury goods group Louis Vuitton (LVMH.PA) and others had said the practice undermined their brands.
The court said brand owners could appeal to Google on a case-by-case basis to change ad results if they felt the results confused users.
The ruling validated the AdWords paid-search business at the core of Google's $23 billion advertising operations as well as the way competitors like Yahoo! Inc (YHOO.O) sell ads, while also giving brand owners a way to protect their trademarks.
Under Google's existing system for AdWords in Europe, brand owners could petition Google to remove ads that appeared next to and as part of the search results on their trademark.
For example, Renault (RENA.PA) could ask Google to remove ads for car re-sellers or rival Peugeot (PEUP.PA) that appear when an Internet surfer searches for Renault.
Under the new system, Google will only remove the ads if it finds that the ad text confuses users as to the origin of the advertised goods and services.
So an Internet surfer who searches Google for the term "Air France" (AIRF.PA) could see ads next to the results for low-cost airlines and other travel options.
"Our focus is first and foremost the user. We believe that showing more ads relevant to a search will benefit users," said Ben Novick, who heads advertising public relations for Google in Europe.
"These changes are consistent with European law and will bring the region in line with what we already do elsewhere."
Novick declined to predict how big brands would react to the move or what impact it may have on Google's business in Europe.
He said Google's sales teams were briefing big advertisers in person or via phone about the changes on Wednesday.
Nate Elliott, interactive marketing analyst at research firm Forrester, big brand marketers would not be pleased with the changes, although they would be a boon for retailers who could more easily find shoppers looking for their products.
"LVMH won't be happy when a search for 'Louis Vuitton handbags' in German is met with ads for discount Prada handbags instead," he explained. "For retailers, though, this is very good news--they can now find and advertise to the Europeans who are looking for the things they sell."
Elliott added that Google's revenues from auctioning off ad space were likely to increase with the changes as more advertisers bid for the same space.
"I expect this will have a positive impact on their European revenue, he said.
(Additional Georgina Prodhan; Editing by Michael Shields and Jon Loades-Carter)
U.S. accuses Google of corrupting competition in digital advertising
CFDA film chronicles American fashion history
Sustainable influencers take on fast fashion
Condé Nast UK to leave Vogue House after 65 years
Podcast: Lucien Pagès of Lucien Pagès Communication analyses the evolution of the French fashion ecosystem
'Emily in Paris' Season 3 signals major marketing trend
Podcast: Pierre Mahéo (Officine Générale) explains the daily challenges and strategies for developing a fashion brand
FashionNetwork.com launches its first fashion show livestream

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Have you been wondering if the Google reviews your business has received will impact your ranking? This is a common question and one that you should learn about to know what may (or may not) be helping or breaking your business.
The answer to the above question is "yes," Google rankings do impact you in the local search results. The way customers are finding and choosing businesses is something that is changing and evolving all the time.
In the past, customers would rely on the advertising put out by a business, the previous experience a customer had or recommendations from people they knew. However, that all changed with the Internet's search engines and when online reviews became more mainstream. As a result, the question that's still out there is – do or will Google reviews really help with a site's ranking?
Google makes it easier than ever before to locate businesses in a local area.
Online reviews help to make an informed purchase decision (more so than recommendations from friends).
Since the introduction of the Map Pack from Google, Google Reviews and the Map Pack will go hand-in-hand. However, ever since this "merger" occurred, many businesses are wondering how much influence their reviews are going to have on their overall rank. The simple answer is – quite a bit.
In fact, according to a recent study, online reviews are considered the fifth most important factor that determines where a business is ranked online. However, the important thing businesses need to look at is where their online reviews have started to trend. The actual influence that is carried by online reviews in the local search ranking has increased by more than 20 percent each year.
There are several factors that impact where a business will rank in the local search on Google. Some of these factors are ones that your business can control, while others you can not. In many cases, the businesses that rank higher usually have taken the time to optimize their Google listing. This gives them a leg up on their competition and helps to increase the company's visibility to online searchers who are actively looking to make a purchase. Here you will find some of the primary factors that Google is looking at when figuring out a business's local search ranking.
The primary goal of Google is to serve searchers with the most relevant content, or the most relevant business based on the search terms used by consumer. To make sure the business is served up for relevant searchers, business owners need to ensure that each of their listings are accurate and up-to-date and that the descriptions included have all of the keywords that are trending in the industry.
The location someone searches for plays a significant role in local search engines and this is something that you are not able to control. The goal of Google is to provide searchers with relevant businesses that are nearby to them, especially searchers on mobile devices looking for something now. This goes hand-in-hand with the importance of having a mobile-friendly website, but that is worthy of its own conversation entirely.
The last factor is somewhat confusing. What Google actually means by "prominence" is whether or not the business in question is "well-known," especially in the offline world. A well-known store brand is much more likely to rank higher than the brands that are not as well-known.
Prominence is ultimately determined by what Google knows about a certain business from its presence on the internet, which includes online reviews, directory listings, articles, and links. When trying to evaluate online reviews, Google will take a look at the quantity, quality, frequency and recency of the online reviews. What this actually means is that businesses will have a higher star rating if they have a large number of reviews that come in regularly, than businesses that do not.
There are several reasons that Google Reviews have such a high impact on a site's actual ranking. Some of the top reasons are found here.
It was discussed earlier how an online review can help a business be found by making it more visible to online searchers. However, it isn't just about being noticed and remaining on top. Online reviews are also where a consumer will go to learn about new services or products offered by a business.
After an online searcher has found a business, their star rating and the number of reviews they have will impact whether or not a searcher clicks on the listing to find out more. Businesses that have a higher rating are (obviously) going to be more appealing. It is really that simple. According to research that was conducted by Podium, the lowest star rating a business can have to be considered by a searcher is 3.3. If a business really wants to stand out among the crowd (and competition) it's a good idea to get the star rating to at least 4.5.
Believe it or not, the online reviews a business has will play a significant role in whether or not a consumer opts to use that business. Approximately 93 percent of consumers have stated than online reviews can impact their decision to purchase something, and 82 percent of consumers have stated that the content contained in the review has helped to convince them to purchase something or not.
After a purchase that has been made and a review has been left, the reviews will provide the business with invaluable insight into its operation. A smart business will use the content in reviews to help make decisions to improve the overall customer experience.
If you need to improve your Google ranking, use the tips and information here.
When a customer reviews the invitation will matter. The longer you wait to send it, the less likely a customer is to provide a review.
Once the sale is in process, you should send the invitation to leave a review. You need to set expectations with the customer for the invitation. Before leaving a customer, let them know when they will get the invite, how they will receive it and why they need to respond.
Over 70 percent of consumers are willing to leave a review if they are asked to do so. Many don't because the business makes it too difficult to leave reviews. Making this process easy will ensure that customers actually leave a review.
One of the ways that a business can eliminate barriers is by sending invitations through text message. Texting is becoming the preferred option for communication and it may give you a better chance of getting the reviews you need.
One of the best ways to increase Google reviews is to implement an online review management tool. Once you know what's coming in, you will be able to obtain invaluable insights to help move your business forward.


Dr. Agnès Rocamora is a Reader in Social and Cultural Studies at the London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London. She is the author of Fashioning the City: Paris, Fashion and the Media. She has published widely on the field of fashion and on the fashion media and is a co-editor of Thinking Through Fashion: A Guide to Key Theorists, of The Handbook of Fashion Studies and of Fashion Media: Past and Present. She is also a founder and co-editor of the International Journal of Fashion Studies and is on the editorial board of Cultural Sociology.


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Jubileusz – ważna, okrągła rocznica jakiegoś wydarzenia i uroczystość organizowana dla jej uczczenia.

Największymi jubileuszami są rocznice mające cyfrę 1 z następującymi po niej zerami, czyli wartości 10, 100, 1000, mniejszymi ich połowy, a potem pierwsze ćwiartki; jeszcze mniejszymi jubileuszami są inne liczby kończące się zerami lub piątką, i tak np. huczniejszymi jubileuszami są wartości 25 czy 250 niż 20 czy 200.

Osobą obchodzącą jubileusz jest jubilat. Może on obchodzić np. rocznicę urodzin, działalności zawodowej, małżeństwa, posługi kapłańskiej itp. Jubileusz mogą jednak obchodzić także inne podmioty (np. szkoła, miasto itp.), jednak w tych wypadkach określenia jubilat używa się znacznie rzadziej, rezerwując je zazwyczaj tylko dla osób.

Ponieważ jubileusz jest z definicji rocznicą wydarzającą się rzadziej niż co roku, jest więc okazją także do innych niecodziennych wydarzeń, jak np. finalizowania długoplanowych zamierzeń, składania lub odnawiania deklaracji, czy nawet zaciągania nowych zobowiązań mających podtrzymać tradycję minionego okresu. Bywa nawet, że przygotowania do jubileuszu trwają kilka lat. Przykładem wydarzeń towarzyszących jubileuszowi może być: odnowienie święceń kapłańskich przez osobę duchowną w 50-lecie jej posługi duszpasterskiej czy też ukończenie znaczących inwestycji w mieście z okazji 750-lecia uzyskania przez to miasto praw miejskich.

Jubileusze małżeńskie
Rocznice zawarcia ślubu zwykło się nazywać specyficznymi nazwami. Przykładowo, piąta rocznica jest drewniana, dziesiąta — cynowa, dwudziesta piąta — srebrna, a pięćdziesiąta — złota.

Przypisy

Święta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As a Health Educator serving at Respiratory Health Association, my position is unique because I get to learn about the different schools and communities I travel to in Chicago while providing asthma management education programs to school staff, parents, and students. Each asthma management program is tailored to the specific audience, but is ultimately focused on providing more in depth information about asthma such as trigger avoidance (triggers are irritants and allergens that are present in the environment and can potentially cause an asthma flare up), how to properly use a metered dose inhaler with a spacer and how to respond during an asthma episode.
Depending on the audience, I may only be presenting for one hour or providing information to students during a three- day time period. As my time is limited for health education, I must maximize my service. As an example, during a parent and caregiver asthma management presentation, I often learn that some individuals have a personal connection to asthma while others may not be as aware about the disease. Regardless of familiarity, parents and caregivers in the audience are engaged about the content by asking questions, providing suggestions to one another about how to reduce asthma triggers in the home, and taking notes on the presentation. By the end of the presentation some parents may approach me with questions about asthma or describe their own experiences with the disease.
At the end of the presentation, I also pass out Asthma Action Plans and the Parent Request for Self Administration of Medication Form. Both of these documents are important for students with asthma to have on file at school. Sometimes parents share that they were unaware of the documents or will share with someone they know who has a child with asthma. Although time to provide asthma health education is limited, with these presentations I am helping create spaces within schools to connect with parents and share the information on asthma with the greater community because it is a collaborative effort.


Joe is living up to a new kind of green.
The developer behind Joseph Arnold Lofts was the first to bring LEED™ certification to a residential tower in Seattle, and they're at it again. The Joe will be Seattle's first residential high-rise to attain Green Globes® certification. Green Globes, an international green building certification system, sets The Joe apart and brings a new standard of green to Seattle.
It's a healthier way to live, and the right thing to do. Just like Joe would want.


Neoadjuvant long-course chemoradiation remains strongly favored over short-course radiotherapy by radiation oncologists in the United States.
Short-course radiotherapy (SC-RT) and long-course chemoradiotherapy (LC-CRT) are accepted neoadjuvant treatments of rectal cancer. In the current study, the authors surveyed US radiation oncologists to assess practice patterns and attitudes regarding SC-RT and LC-CRT for patients with rectal cancer.The authors distributed a survey to 1701 radiation oncologists regarding treatment of neoadjuvant rectal cancer. Respondents were asked questions regarding the number of patients with rectal cancer treated, preference for SC-RT versus LC-CRT, and factors influencing regimen choice.Of 1659 contactable physicians, 182 responses (11%) were received. Approximately 83% treated at least 5 patients with rectal cancer annually. The majority of responding radiation oncologists (96%) preferred neoadjuvant LC-CRT for the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and 44% never used SC-RT. Among radiation oncologists using SC-RT, respondents indicated they would not recommend this regimen for patients with low (74%) or bulky tumors (70%) and/or concern for a positive circumferential surgical resection margin (69%). The most frequent reasons for not offering SC-RT were insufficient downstaging for sphincter preservation (53%) and a desire for longer follow-up (45%). Many radiation oncologists indicated they would prescribe SC-RT for patients not receiving chemotherapy (62%) or patients with a geographic barrier to receiving LC-CRT (82%). Patient comorbidities appeared to influence regimen preferences for 79% of respondents. Approximately 20% of respondents indicated that altered oncology care reimbursement using capitated payment by diagnosis would impact their consideration of SC-RT.US radiation oncologists rarely use neoadjuvant SC-RT despite 3 randomized controlled trials demonstrating no significant differences in outcome compared with LC-CRT. Further research is necessary to determine whether longer follow-up coupled with the benefits of lower cost, increased patient convenience, and lower acute toxicity will increase the adoption of SC-RT by radiation oncologists in the United States. Cancer 2017;123:1434-1441. © 2016 American Cancer Society.


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Q: Python subprocess capture output of bash code in parentheses I have a shell script that I run in a subprocess.popen() and would like to capture the output of that script and send it line by line into a logger object. The issue is that the output from the subprocess is captured by the parentheses (), and I never see the output. Has anyone here ever seen this happen, and would you be able to guide me on how to best do this?
The code takes a backup on a remote server and stores it locally. The parentheses are needed to encapsulate the ssh-agent in case more than one are open at the same time.
The bash code
( \
  eval $(ssh-agent) > /dev/null; \
  ssh-add -q /home/borgs/.ssh/borg-client_key; \
  echo $borgPassword | \
    ssh -p ${port} -A -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no ${user}@${ipAddress} \
    "BORG_PASSPHRASE=\$(cat) \
    borg \
    --rsh 'ssh -p 9270 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no' \
    create \
    --verbose \
    --filter AME \
    --list \
    --stats \
    --show-rc \
    --compression lz4 \
    --exclude-caches \
    ssh://borgs@${ip_address}/~/${hostname}::$hostname-$backupTime $locations";
  kill "${SSH_AGENT_PID}"; \
) >&1

The python code
def takeBackup(server, lg):
    print(f"Taking backup of {server['hostname']}")
    locationString = " ".join(server['locations'])
    print(
        "Running create-backup.sh command: create-backup.sh",
        f"{server['hostname']} {server['ip-address']} '{locationString}'"
    )
    process = subprocess.Popen(
        [
            "./create-backup.sh",
            server['hostname'],
            server['ip-address'],
            server['borgPassword'],
            locationString
        ],
        stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE
    )
    for line in process.stdout:
        line = line.decode().rstrip('\n')
        lg.print_info(line)
    process.wait()
    print(process.returncode)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Platinum Grout Float. Solid Polyproxylene™ float contains a combination of soft material and a sharp edge leaves less grout behind, making clean-up faster and easier. Ergonomic offset handle for hard-to-reach areas.


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Agreed value GAP Insurance protects the value of your used vehicles in the event of a total loss. Find out how. Cars purchased from a dealer where time restrictions mean you can't have standard Back to Invoice Plus or Vehicle. QUOTE ME.
Agreed Value. J.C. Taylor knows the collector car insurance industry and we know the cars. Need a quote on one of your vehicles? We're here to help.
Apr 9, 2010. Car insurance quotes for a bling machine are obviously higher — if you. Hagerty Insurance will sell you an agreed-value policy insuring your.
Free Classic Car Insurance Quote. First Name*. Agreed value policies insure a vehicle for up to a particular value that's agreed on by both parties in advance.
Need a quote? Call 1 (866). Agreed Value Car Insurance. value? If you wait until the time of a loss to find out how much your car is insured for, its too late.
Feb 19, 2011. AOL Autos explains auto insurance, in particular the difference between standard policies and agreed value policies.


Indeed, the main event of Sunset Magazine's Savor The Central Coast will be held right here in Santa Margarita at our historic Santa Margarita Ranch on September 27-28.
The main event will feature a Marketplace with offerings from more than 100 local wineries and restaurants. Other attractions include a Farm to Table Stage and Travel & Adventure Stage (more on that below), as well as a Central Coast Pavilion and educational seminars from leading chefs and winemakers. Trust us, your palate will not be disappointed, and your eyes will be opened!
In addition to pouring our wine at the main event, we are also leading an Ancient Peaks Adventure Tour on Thursday, September 25—and tickets are still available. During this tour, you will be invited to walk on the wild side by creating your own unique blend (see action shot below) of Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Zinfandel and Malbec.
Under the guidance of our Director of Winemakeing Mike Sinor, your personal blend will be bottled, custom labeled, and finished with a wax dip. The festive blending session concludes with a gourmet lunch hosted by Sunset's Wine Editor Sara Schneider in the heart of Margarita Vineyard against the backdrop of the majestic Santa Lucia Mountains.
Also, our affiliated Margarita Adventures zipline canopy tours will take over the Adventure Stage at the main event on Saturday from 1:45 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. and Sunday from 2:45 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. During these free sessions, Margarita Adventures will showcase its entire tour experience spanning ziplines, history, nature and wildlife. We won't spill all of the beans yet, but be on the lookout for decked-out guides, four-legged friends and much more.
We look forward to seeing you at Savor the Central Coast!


text:
Home » About NIDA » Organization » Offices » Office of the NIDA Director (OD) » Special Populations Office (SPO) » American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) Coordinating Committee
The American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) Coordinating Committee at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a group of NIDA and NIH staff dedicated to improving AI/AN addiction sciences. The objectives of the committee are to promote AI/AN research and research infrastructure, work with the community to identify research gaps, provide support for developing AI/AN investigators, provide technical assistance and funding to AI/AN researchers, and work to increase the trust and accessibly of NIDA for AI/AN researchers and the AI/AN community at large. The Committee, comprised of NIDA and NIAAA staff, organizes and coordinates efforts to recruit, retain and assist AI/AN addiction science focused investigators.
Major Highlights and Accomplishments
The AIANCC provides support to AI/AN focused researchers through staff outreach and by supporting participation in conferences, symposium presentations, mentoring and networking activities, and technical assistance grant development workshops. Support has been provided in the past for programs at the American Psychological Association, the Society for Prevention Research, the Native Research Network, the Johns Hopkins Center for AI Health Winter Institute, the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board Summer Institute, the NARCH Director's Meeting, the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science, the Behavior Health Center of Excellence: First Annual Behavioral Health Conference, and the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention: AI/AN Task Force. In addition, the committee has supported a webinar program.
The AIANCC also develops or participates in major meetings. Recent examples include:
Building Bridges: Advancing American Indian and Alaska Native Substance Abuse Research - State of the Science and Grant Development Workshop— The purpose of this meeting was to showcase and assess the state of the science of AI/AN substance abuse research, to network investigators working in this area, and to provide intensive technical assistance to early career investigators focused on AI/AN research. Research community partners were invited to participate in this meeting with research scientists. (October 5-7, 2010). Co funded by NIAAA, NCI and OBSSR.
http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/meetings-events/2010/10/building-bridges-advancing-american-indianalaska-native-substance-abuse-research-state-sc
Making Culture Count— This workshop convened Native Investigators to address questions related to the roles of Indigenous knowledge and Western scientific knowledge in furthering the state of the knowledge related to substance abuse interventions for AI/AN populations (May, 2011). Co-funded by NIAAA
The Native Children's Research Exchange—A meeting grant that facilitates the interaction and exchange of information among scholars studying child development in Native communities, fosters collaborative relationships to advance our understanding of substance use and Native children's development, and provides mentorship to researchers new to developmental research in Native communities, with a particular emphasis on increasing the number of scholars prepared to conduct high quality research on substance use disparities and children's development in Native communities (yearly meeting through September 2013).
http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/PublicHealth/research/centers/CAIANH/ncre/Pages/ncre.aspx
Small Sample Methodologies—This two-day conference, supported through a meeting grant (R13), focused on 1) developing applied, problem-oriented solutions to concrete design and analytic issues in small sample research using actual data from CANHR and other investigators, 2) encouraging broader application of these methodological innovations to more general problems in multivariate and multilevel statistical techniques, and 3) evaluating the potential role of these innovative methods in describing phenomena, testing theory, and evaluating interventions (August, 2011).
From May 29 to June 1, 2012, the AI/AN Coordinating Committee will be supporting 11 AI/AN focused researchers by providing funding to attend and participate in special events at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Prevention Research.
Special Issue of the American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/hrac/
PAR-11-346: Interventions for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in Native American Populations (R01)
Technical Assistance is available for the FOA. Please see http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/nativeamericanintervention/webinar.html
Native American Research Centers for Health (NARCH)
NIDA has been collaborating with the NIGMS, other NIH Institutes and the Indian Health Service on the NARCH program since it's inception 12 years ago. NIDA is an active supporter of the NARCH program.
Workgroup Roster (both extramural staff and NIDA staff)
Kathy Etz
6001 Executive Blvd
Aria Crump
Augie Diana
Carmen Rosa
Dionne Jones
Flair Lindsey
Jeffrey Schulden
Judith Arroyo
5635 Fishers Ln
Lynn Morin
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Marcia Scott
Sheri Grabus
Shoshana Kahana
This page was last updated April 2012


With our potato crop not doing well this year, we did not get enough potatoes to last us until next year, first time in ten years, I bought instant potatoes and the dried sliced potatoes in boxes. First lesson, when trying something new with your family, only buy 1 box, (I bought 10). The sliced potatoes(with cheese, seasonings, etc.) I fixed twice, the dogs would not even eat them. And I even doctored them up, adding more seasonings. They tasted awful to us. I know some of you really like these kinds of potatoes, but after you have lived on real potatoes for years, these are really awful, and that's being nice. As for the instant mash potatoes, well we can eat them if I add enough butter and cream to them. I know you are supports to add milk, but I have a lot of cream, and the cream helps them taste better. Store bought food is not looking good, we may not eat our usual amount of potatoes this winter. Tommy says it's my fault they will not eat these things as I have spoiled them with fresh home grown foods. Now it's my fault, what am I to do?
Having to stay in the house to watch and listen for Tommy, I have knitted 2 pairs of house socks and working on my third. I cut a set of queen flannel sheets into 10″ squares to use as tissues and napkins. Second lesson, that's a lot of hemming to do. And don't think you can get it done in one day at the kitchen table. This is not possible, the sack is very tall, and took me a whole day just to cut them out.
Third lesson , the harder you try to be quiet, the more noise you make. This goes for old and young alike.
Fourth lesson, don't try and feed your family store bought cakes or cookies, even if they are given to you. They make funny faces and weird sounds and want to know what they did wrong.
Last lesson, don't spoil your family as this makes it really hard on you. An easy night in the kitchen is 1 hour instead of 3 hours. So much for store bought. Please don't get me wrong, I love my family and love cooking for them, and will keep doing so. And at times I think twice about making something new from scratch as I know I will then always have to make it from scratch. But I keep doing it, just to see the smiles on their faces, and their big belly's.
I really enjoy the way we live. To me it's the best for all, a little work, a little good food, a little fresh air, a little fun, a lot of smile, a few tears, lots and lots of prayer, a little rain, a little sun, a lot of great friends. Boy, life is good, and God has blessed us all.
Well I better get this day started and see what I have to get into.
P.S. As an award to my family for having to eat store bought goods, I have to make a pineapple upside down cake today. Oh what a hard life I have.
This is a knitted oven door towel. "Shake , Rattle and Roll" Pattern can be found HERE .
A knitted placemat, and pattern found HERE .
Rachel's Knitting Corner Blog has a lot of patterns for sale and free patterns, too. A great site.
Knitted dish clothes. These were really fun to knit. The patterns were free on line.
Here are a few of my home made pads. I used flannel baby blankets from the thrift store, 25 cents a blanket and each one made two pads.
This was a flannel king size fitted sheet for $1 , and is now going to be napkins.
This is a knitted clothes pin holder.
This is the 8 foot bench that Tommy made for the kitchen table, to hold all of our family. They all signed it before they left. It's heavy and takes two big men to move it.


text:
Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature
L. G. Meggs, Richard W Katzberg, P. W. Deleeuw, N. K. Hollenberg
Bradykinin
Meggs, L. G., Katzberg, R. W., Deleeuw, P. W., & Hollenberg, N. K. (1982). Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature. Kidney International, 21(1), 262.
Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature. / Meggs, L. G.; Katzberg, Richard W; Deleeuw, P. W.; Hollenberg, N. K.
In: Kidney International, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1982, p. 262.
Meggs, LG, Katzberg, RW, Deleeuw, PW & Hollenberg, NK 1982, 'Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature', Kidney International, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 262.
Meggs LG, Katzberg RW, Deleeuw PW, Hollenberg NK. Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature. Kidney International. 1982;21(1):262.
Meggs, L. G. ; Katzberg, Richard W ; Deleeuw, P. W. ; Hollenberg, N. K. / Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature. In: Kidney International. 1982 ; Vol. 21, No. 1. pp. 262.
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title = "Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature",
author = "Meggs, {L. G.} and Katzberg, {Richard W} and Deleeuw, {P. W.} and Hollenberg, {N. K.}",
journal = "Kidney International",
T1 - Evidence for bradykinin (BK) as an independent modulator of angiotensin II (AII) in the renal vasculature
AU - Meggs, L. G.
AU - Katzberg, Richard W
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AU - Hollenberg, N. K.
JO - Kidney International
JF - Kidney International


One of our favourite shapes the Salsa dress with her floaty flounce is an absolute delight, featured here in our captivating Koko print. With her a striking placement of a geometric borders, she is a kaleidoscope of colour creating a visual feast. She is the epitome of Summer perfection. With her shirred bodice that accentuates all the right features, the skirt cascades into our signature tiered skirt with micro ruffle detail. Be prepared to float like a goddess from day to night in this beauty.


Click on play button to listen high quality(320 Kbps) mp3 of "Bread - The Best of Bread (1973)". This audio song duration is 1:00:54 minutes. This song is sing by Bread. You can download Bread - The Best of Bread (1973) high quality audio by clicking on "Download Mp3" button.


Ah, Lazybones dresses. If you're unfamiliar with this line, we suggest you run (not walk!) to the nearest computer and get to browsing! Lazybones is one of our favorite designers here @ Minx for obvious reasons. They are designed in Australia and use the most beautiful and soft fabrics for their dresses, slips, blouses, and textiles. The dresses we featured here marry illustrative fabrics with beautifully draped silhouettes that would suit any occasion + mood. Wearing a piece from Lazybones instantly transports you to a dreamy land far, far away – so come along for the ride!
Thanks to Breigh + Chase for modeling, Paola Nazati Photography for the beautiful images, and East West Vintage Rentals for the picture-perfect backdrop.
This entry was posted in Get the Look at Minx, Party Clothes, Street Style, Vintage Style and tagged Alexandra Scarlett, Alexandra Scarlett Jewelry, Alice Maxi Dress, East West Vintage, Ella Dress, floral, lazybones, maxi dress, Minx, Minx Asheville, Minx Boutique, Minx boutique Asheville, seychelles, seychelles heels, seychelles sandals, seychelles shoes on June 7, 2017 by minxboutique.


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Home/Culture/8 Functions of Nigerian Constitution
8 Functions of Nigerian Constitution
Functions of Nigerian Constitution
In this post, we will look at the functions of the Nigerian Constitution. The Nigerian Constitution is Nigeria's legal document, and this legal document is what validates every action of an individual, as well as that of the institution.
No individual or institution can take action without such action being bound by the Nigerian Constitution, everything is connected to the constitution.
Read Also: Constitutional Development in Nigeria; Historical Timeline, Problems, Prospects
Functions of Nigerian Constitution – Photo Source: https://infoguidenigeria.com
For instance, if somebody owns an organization, I mean private organization, that is, business outfit, what you will find out is that, though this business organization is a private organization, owned by someone, it is connected to the constitution.
Why must a private company, that is engaging in its private business connect to the constitution, you may ask? The answer is simple.
That company, for instance was registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission, and do not forget that, it is the Companies Allied Matters Act that established corporate affairs commission, this Act is a law made by the National Assembly, and once you registered with the corporate affairs commission, you are issued with a certificate of incorporation.
By this transaction, the company is connected to the Nigerian Constitution. Therefore, the Nigerian Constitution becomes important because everything is connected to it.
Read Also: The Process of Amending The Nigerian Constitution
What Is The Constitution
The Constitution is a legal document, a law, considered to be supreme in the land. In Nigeria context_the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is Nigeria's legal document that contains all the laws observed in Nigeria. In the Nigerian Constitution, the fundamental right of every Nigerian is contained therein.
Functions Of To Nigerian Constitution
The Nigerian Constitution serves many purposes, and functions. In this article, we are going to look at the functions of the Nigerian Constitution together.
1. The Nigerian Constitution Watches Over Men And Institutions Actions
The Nigerian Constitution remains the supreme law of the federal republic of Nigeria_and so, it is above every other law.
Every action is null and void when it is not in line with the Nigerian Constitution, once an action is not consistent with what the constitution says, such an action is of no effect.
Therefore, the function of the Nigerian Constitution is that, it watches over the actions of men and institutions to ensure that they are compatible with the provision of the Nigerian Constitution otherwise, such action would be declared null and void and of no effect.
Read Also: 9 Functions of the Nigerian Bar Association
2. Nigerian Constitution Detects The Powers Of Three Arms Of Government
The actions and the activities of the three arms of government, that is, the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary are well defined in the Nigerian Constitution, as well as their powers. The constitution considered the legislature as the most powerful arm of government with the powers to make the laws of the land, whereas, the Judiciary only interpret these laws. The powers of the Executive are to execute these laws. Therefore, the function of the Nigerian Constitution is to checkmate the powers of these three arms of government.
3. Nigerian Constitution States Procedures Of Of State Creation
There are procedures set out by the Nigerian Constitution should a state is to be created., and it is expected that such procedures be followed, whenever there is a need for state creation.
More so, there are procedures set out by the Nigerian Constitution in an event where there are boundary issues, that is, boundary adjustment of a state and or a local government has already existed.
Therefore, such procedures could be followed to create either a new state or adjust the boundary of the exited state.
4. Nigerian Constitution Empowers National Assembly To Enact International Treaty Into Law
The international treaty could be of immense benefit to Nigeria, depending on which of the area the Nigerian government is going into an international treaty for, nevertheless, the Nigerian Constitution has made provision, demanding that, until the National Assembly enact such international treaty into law, such treaty cannot be effective.
Therefore, any international treaty considered to be of benefit to Nigeria, the function of the Nigerian Constitution is that it has empowered the National Assembly to enact such a treaty into law.
Read Also: Court affirms sack of law school staff over gross misconduct
5. Nigerian Constitution Provides For Federal Character Reflection In Government's Composition
The Nigerian Constitution has made provisions for federal character reflections in every composition of the Nigerian government.
In other words, any time the government is constituted, for instance, when the Executive council is constituted by the, say, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, that executive council must reflect the federal character of Nigeria.
The same is applicable when it comes to the constitution of board members, as well as government agencies.
Therefore_the Nigerian constitution has helped, through its provision, in ensuring that, every state, region, and zone within the Nigerian federation is represented in government.
6. Nigerian Construction Provides Procedures For Citizenship
There is a provision in the Nigerian constitution that states the procedure upon which an individual can become Nigerian citizens.
Apart from becoming Nigerian citizen either by birth or nationality, there is a provision in the Nigerian constitution that states the number of years a foreigner can spend in Nigeria before he can be conferred the status of a citizen of Nigeria.
Accordingly, the Nigerian constitution has functioned in this aspect such that, people are accorded with their constitutional rights.
7. Nigerian Constitution Provides Provision For Renouncement Of Citizenship
Besides the Nigerian constitution's provision of procedure for an individual to become a Nigerian citizen, it has also made provision, should individual wants to renounce his citizenship as a Nigerian.
In such a provision, the Nigerian constitution has states the procedure to follow, if someone wants to renounce his citizenship.
Any person has the freedom to say I do not want to be a Nigerian again, yes, he has that right, but such claim could only be authenticated by the approval of the Nigerian government.
Going by this, the Nigerian constitution has functioned with regard to allowing persons of freedom of choice.
8. Nigerian Constitution Provides For Fundamental Rights Of Nigerian Citizens
Every Nigerian citizen is accorded with the constitutional rights, the fundamental rights of Nigerians are enshrined in the Nigerian constitution.
In other words, the Nigerian constitution is serving as the protector of the rights of the Nigerian citizens hence, every Nigerian citizen stands a chance of enjoying the following rights, rights such as, right to life, and right to dignity, and right to personal liberty, and right to fair hearing, and right to privacy, and right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and right to freedom of expression, and right to freedom of assembly, and right to freedom of movement within Nigeria, and right to freedom from discrimination, and right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria.
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Joseph Athanasius is a Content Developer at InfoGuideNIgeria.com. InfoGuide Nigeria is a team of Resource Persons and Consultants led by Ifiokobong Ibanga. Page maintained by Ifiokobong Ibanga. If you need a personal assistance on this topic, kindly contact us.
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The Carolina Center for Neurostimulation is pleased to present two public lectures in association with the conference. Dr. Flavio Frohlich, Director of the Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, will present Speaking the Language of the Brain, and Ama Marston of Marston Consulting will present Type R Mindset - Transforming Challenges & Creating Conditions for Transformative Resilience. Registration for both lectures is free, but seats are limited so reserve yours now! See below for more information about each of these exciting talks.
*Conference attendees are automatically registered for the public lectures and do not need to register separately.
Flavio's goal is to revolutionize how we treat psychiatric illnesses. His vision is that understanding cortical state dynamics will enable the development of novel non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms that directly target pathological network dynamics. Flavio is convinced that such rational design of neurotherapeutics will open the door for individualized, highly effective brain stimulation in psychiatry. Flavio is passionate about combining different methodological approaches to scientific problems and hopes to establish the field of network neuroscience. When Flavio is not busy in the lab (ever?), he enjoys being with his wife Anita and his children (and future lab members) Sophia, Galileo, Amalia, and Leonardo.
Change and failure as well as an increasing number of global challenges from a growing stress epidemic to climate change are increasingly a part of our day to day. What are the mindsets and skills that allow us as individuals, scientists, business leaders, organizations or communities to turn these challenges into opportunity, innovation, and positive impacts? In the talk award winning author Ama Marston looks at those learning to thrive in today's turbulent world and shares research across neuroscience, psychology, business, and current affairs from her recent book Type R: Transformative Resilience for Thriving in a Turbulent World.
Ama Marston is an internationally recognized leadership and business with purpose expert and is the the author of the Type R: Transformative Resilience for Thriving in a Turbulent World. She has worked on five continents with global leaders like Mary Robinson, first female President of Ireland, and Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Laureate economist, FTSE Index and Fortune 500 companies, the United Nations, Oxford University, and NGOs.


Got this Segway for my daughters 10th birthday and she loves it !!! Charges in 2 hours and last for hours of fun. The Bluetooth is brilliant, excellent sound quality would definantly recommend.
Very pleased with the hoverboard I purchased for my 10 year old daughter. She is very happy with it. Delivery was quick highly recommended and would definitely use again.


Since the hospital began operating in September, it has been using CenTrak real-time location system technology and Intelligent InSites software to find assets, prevent the spread of infections and locate patients for their families.
Approximately six months ago, when the newly constructed Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Alliance (Texas Health Alliance), in Fort Worth, Texas, opened its doors for the first time, it already had a real-time location system (RTLS) up and running. Its goal was to improve efficiency, regulatory compliance, and patient satisfaction and care.
The RTLS solution employs CenTrak's Gen2IR tags and readers to identify the locations of assets, patients and personnel, as well as Intelligent InSites software for managing the collected location data. To date, the RTLS has ensured that no asset has ended up missing. What's more, says Winjie Tang Miao, Texas Health Alliance's president, patient satisfaction is high—due, in part, to the RTLS solution freeing up employees' time.
Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (Texas Health Dallas)—one of Texas Health Alliance's sister hospitals—had already been using Intelligent InSites' software and CenTrak's RTLS hardware, Miao says. As such, Texas Health Alliance's parent company, Texas Health Resources, opted to install a similar RTLS solution at the Fort Worth site, while the hospital was still under construction.
The solution includes tags attached to mobile high-value assets, tags attached to patient wristbands, and badges that staff members wear while moving about the facility. The system also utilizes CenTrak's Gen2IR infrared emitters to identify room-level location data.
The Texas Health Alliance hospital has 58 inpatient beds and 15 more in the ER, which treats approximately 70 to 80 patients daily. The solution's greatest benefit, Miao reports, is that is helps workers locate assets quickly, thereby enabling them to spend more time serving patients. In addition, the patient-tracking function makes it possible to automate the discharge process, as well as find patients for friends and family, while the personnel-tracking capability enables the system to identify which staff members have been within the vicinity of an infectious patient.


Kellen Communications partners with its clients to clarify their communications objectives, to develop an effective plan and to execute the program across multiple platforms. With the fragmentation of today's audiences, a communications program must use a variety of new media and traditional media tactics to reach targeted demographic audiences with clear, customized messages. The program must be engaging, ongoing and consistent. And it must be of value to the audience or it will be ignored quickly.
Whether your organization needs a thought leadership campaign rooted in traditional media, a social media program targeting online influencers or a mobile app, we have the resources to deliver results that move the needle.
Kellen Communications is comprised of a mix of new media specialists and traditional media professionals. Our talent runs the gamut from seasoned public relations strategists, former journalists and experienced brand marketers through to interactive development specialists, graphic designers and governmental affairs pros. Our offices are located in New York City, the media capital of the world; Washington DC, the public affairs capital of America; and in Atlanta, Chicago, Brussels and Beijing. Our global reach is enhanced by a network of partners in every major market in North America, Europe and the Pacific.


Language can be a barrier sometimes when you visit a new place. To solve that problem you can access the language apps. There is no need to carry a book in your hand to translate the language as there are mobile apps to translate the languages you need. You can access destination guides through online from your mobile. This guide is helpful not only when you are about to travel but also during the traveling. You can make the best trip when you look at the information in the guide.
You can work out exactly and keep on top of the exchange rates on what you get for your money. The mobile technology also provides great entertainment when you are traveling. You can listen to the music, watch movies and browse the internet. After reaching the destination they used to inform that they reached the destination. You do not require a computer for booking because you can do that from your mobile to get your trip booked. But by using the currency apps on your mobile you can exchange the currency.
You can book your tickets without going to the reservation counter with your Smartphone. You can also browse for the best hotels, best flight fares with the help of mobile technology. You can organize and plan your accordingly when you are on the way. When you look outside if you cannot recognize your location then you can know that by tracking your location in the mobile. This will save a lot of time, money and also make your work easy. You can create itinerary via your mobile device when you are traveling.
If you have knowledge of how to use applications on your smart homes then you can make best trips by using smartphones. You can also maintain a good communication through Smartphone if you have signal strength in your network. You can do with the various apps available depending upon your interest. This makes you use most of your time while traveling. With the help of the mobile technology, you can make your traveling in a convenient way.


In his memoir, "Defying Limits: Lessons From the Edge of the Universe," he writes about what it took to become a Canadian astronaut. The autobiography tracks how a curious childhood translated... I wrote a version of this essay for the 2016 Canadian astronaut recruitment campaign. I made it through the first round, but I don't know if the CSA ever read this ode to some of the most talented living Canadians in the universe. Here is a reworked version (I left out the part about me being a fangirl) on what motivates me to want to become an astronaut…even if it is only on the Earth.
The search for Canada's two newest astronauts has ended after a yearlong selection process. Jennifer Sidey and Josh Kutryk were announced as the newest members of the Canadian astronaut corps on... The Canadian Astronaut Corps is a unit of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and Russian space missions. The Canadian Space Agency was established in 1989.
The Canadian Space Agency is accepting applications for two astronaut positions, but the deadline is tonight. (NASA) Canadian astronaut job postings don't come up very often.


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Q: Javascript Firebase Authentication and Firestore: Page Redirects Before Saving User Data So I am currently working on a game and I'm developing the signup page.
As I'm using firebase authentication, I am required to use Firestore in order to store extra data on the users.
The code I'm using to sign up a user is as follows:
firebase.auth().createUserWithEmailAndPassword(app.email.trim(), app.password).then(function(result){
    firebase.firestore().collection("userData").doc(result.user.uid).set({
        score: 0,
        gamesPlayed: 0,
        wins: 0
    }).catch(function(error){
        app.errorMessage = error.message;
    })
}).catch(function(error) {
    // Handle Errors here.
    app.errorCode = error.code;
    app.errorMessage = error.message;
    // ...
});

This code works fine on its own (I also have similar methods for signing in with other providers). However, on the same page I am also checking if the user is already signed in so they can be redirected.
firebase.auth().onAuthStateChanged(function(user){
    if (user) {
        window.location.href = '/index.html'
    }
});

This also works fine.
The issue that I'm having is that when the user creates an account the user is redirected to the  index page before the Firestore document is set. I assume this is the issue as if I comment out the redirect it seems to work just fine.
So my question is how can I ensure that the Firestore document is created before the user is redirected to the index page?
Thanks!

A: You can check if user is a newly signed up user in this way. firebase.auth().currentUser.metadata.creationTime === firebase.auth().currentUser.metadata.lastSignInTime
You can disable routing here, and define your own routing when user signs up.
firebase.auth().onAuthStateChanged(function(user){
    if (user) {
        if (firebase.auth().currentUser.metadata.creationTime !==
          firebase.auth().currentUser.metadata.lastSignInTime) {
           window.location.href = '/index.html'
        }
    }
});


text:
Home > Places > Falmouth
Framed Print of Group of mute swans in Swanpool, Falmouth, Cornwall. Around 1925
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Group of mute swans in Swanpool, Falmouth, Cornwall. Around 1925
Originally the swannery of the Killigrews. Glass lantern slide from a lecture, entitled Some Historic Cornish Beauty Spots, given by Cornishman and amateur photographer, Major Arthur William Gill, in around 1925. He was well known in Cornwall and elsewhere during the 1920s and 1930s for his presentations of stills and cine film to many groups including The Royal Institution of Cornwall, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and the London Cornish Society.
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Originally the swannery of the Killigrews. Glass lantern slide from a lecture, entitled Some Historic Cornish Beauty Spots, given by Cornishman and amateur photographer, Major Arthur William Gill, in around 1925. He was well known in Cornwall and elsewhere during the 1920s and 1930s for his presentations of stills and cine film to many groups including The Royal Institution of Cornwall, Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and the London Cornish Society. The quarter plate slides which he took prolifically with his ordinary camera are, in many cases, colour. These were painted by his own hand to great effect
Birds Cornish Lake
Photographic Print, Poster Print, Framed Print, Greetings Cards, Photo Mug, Jigsaw Puzzle, Canvas Print, Pillow, Metal Print, Fine Art Print, Mouse Mat,
TRURI : 1990.2.12.78


text:
Acupuncture & IVF: Increase IVF Success By 40-60%
LIANG Lifang [Other titles by this author]
Blue Poppy Press 2003 1st Edition
Currently Out of Stock Please Inquire for Due Date
LIANG Lifang
Improve the results of In Vitro Fertilisation patients by up to 60% with the protocols in this book! The information in this book can increase your success rate with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and other assisted reproductive technologies (ART) by as much as 60%. Research has shown that acupuncture alone can increase the success rate of IVF by 35%. By also adding Chinese herbal medicine, it is Dr. Lifang Liang's experience that you can almost double that increase. In this book, Dr. Liang describes her extremely successful step-by-step protocols for combining acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine with IVF. Whether you are a Western doctor specialising in infertility, a Chinese medical practitioner, or a couple experiencing difficulties in conceiving, this book is sure to give you new hope and a new approach to dealing with this all too common and difficult condition. Features: >Step-by-step acupuncture & Chinese medicinal protocols for each stage of the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) process >Protocols for preventing miscarriages >Detailed discussion of commonly used IVF drugs >Numerous case histories Contents: >Testimonials & Endorsements >Acknowledgements >Preface >Introduction >1. Overview of Chinese Medicine >2. The Pathology of Infertility >3. Procedures of In Vitro Fertilisation >4. Chinese Medical Preparation Before In Vitro Fertilisation: Females >5. Chinese Medical Preparation Before In Vitro Fertilisation: Males >6. Chinese Medical Protocols During In Vitro Fertilisation >7. Prevention of Miscarriage >8. Case Histories >Appendix 1: Recent Research on Acupuncture & IVF >Appendix 2: Western Fertility Drugs >Appendix 3: Chinese Medicinals >General Index >Formula Index Dr. Lifang Liang, O.M.D, Ph.D., L.Ac., received her medical qualifications from the Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, where she studied both Western and Chinese Medicine. After graduating, she spent six years receiving specialised training in gynaecology. She then practiced and taught at the medical school for fourteen years. In 1989, Dr. Liang moved to the United States to conduct research on in vitro fertilisation at the University of Texas Medical School. Following that, she moved to San Francisco to teach gynaecology at the American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Dr. Liang has recently earned her Ph.D. from the American Global University Program for Oriental Medical Research in the treatment of infertility using a combination of Chinese and Western medicines. Dr. Liang is a member of RESOLVE, a national resource organisation for those battling infertility. She is currently pursuing her dream of combining Chinese and Western medicine for the benefit of her patients and the development of medicine in San Francisco, where she teaches gynaecology at ACTCM, and has her own clinic.
Acupuncture Obstetrics/Gynaeco TCM Specialities