text:
Ryan Anderson explains how gay marriage is already infringing on religious liberty
Dr. Ryan Anderson writes about the threat to religious liberty in National Review.
Thomas Messner, a visiting fellow at the Heritage Foundation, has documented multiple instances in which laws forbidding discrimination based on sexual orientation, as well as laws redefining marriage, have already eroded religious liberty and the rights of conscience.
After Massachusetts redefined marriage to include same-sex relationships, Catholic Charities of Boston faced a mandate to place children with same-sex couples. Rather than go against its principles, Catholic Charities decided to get out of the adoption business — a move that helps neither the orphans nor society. When Massachusetts public schools began teaching grade-school students about same-sex marriage, the town of Lexington's school superintendent, Paul Ash, defended the decision to the Boston Globe with this statement: "Lexington is committed to teaching children about the world they live in, and in Massachusetts same-sex marriage is legal." A Massachusetts appellate court ruled that parents have no right to exempt their children from these classes.
The New Mexico Human Rights Commission prosecuted a photographer for declining to photograph a same-sex "commitment ceremony." Doctors in California were successfully sued for declining to perform an artificial insemination on a woman in a same-sex relationship. Owners of a bed-and-breakfast in Illinois who declined to rent their facility for a same-sex civil-union ceremony and reception were sued for violating the state nondiscrimination law. A Georgia wellness counselor was fired after she referred someone in a same-sex relationship to another counselor.
In fact, the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty reports that "over 350 separate state anti-discrimination provisions would likely be triggered by recognition of same-sex marriage."
In a letter sent to priests, deacons, and pastoral facilitators in 131 parishes, the Catholic bishop of Springfield, Ill., explains that a same-sex-marriage bill state lawmakers are considering this year does not include meaningful protections for religious liberty:
[It] would not stop the state from obligating the Knights of Columbus to make their halls available for same-sex "weddings." It would not stop the state from requiring Catholic grade schools to hire teachers who are legally "married" to someone of the same sex. This bill would not protect Catholic hospitals, charities, or colleges, which exclude those so "married" from senior leadership positions. . . . This "religious freedom" law does nothing at all to protect the consciences of people in business, or who work for the government. We saw the harmful consequences of deceptive titles all too painfully last year when the so-called "Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act" forced Catholic Charities out of foster care and adoption services in Illinois. . . . There is no possible way– none whatsoever — for those who believe that marriage is exclusively the union of husband and wife to avoid legal penalties and harsh discriminatory treatment if the bill becomes law. Why should we expect it be otherwise? After all, we would be people who, according to the thinking behind the bill, hold onto an "unfair" view of marriage. The state would have equated our view with bigotry — which it uses the law to marginalize in every way short of criminal punishment.
Georgetown University law professor Chai Feldblum, an appointee to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, argues that the push to redefine marriage trumps religious-liberty concerns:
For all my sympathy for the evangelical Christian couple who may wish to run a bed-and-breakfast from which they can exclude unmarried, straight couples and all gay couples, this is a point where I believe the "zero-sum" nature of the game inevitably comes into play. And, in making that decision in this zero-sum game, I am convinced society should come down on the side of protecting the liberty of LGBT people.
Indeed, for many supporters of redefining marriage, such infringements on religious liberty are not flaws but virtues of the movement.
Now, I have previously written that a good case can be made against same-sex marriage on secular grounds alone, but make no mistake – the more gay rights advance, the more religious liberty declines. This issue is not about equality, it's about trampling on the rights of anyone who voices any disagreement with the gay lifestyle.
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text:
The 2005 Hawaii Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaii at Manoa in the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season. Hawaii finished the 2005 season with a 5–7 record, going 4–4 in WAC play. The losing record was the first for Hawaii since 2000 and the team did not play in a bowl game for the first time since 2002.

The 2005 season saw the addition of former Atlanta Falcons and Houston Oilers head coach Jerry Glanville as the team's defensive coordinator. The season began with a blowout road loss at Michigan State and a blowout home loss to Southern California.  The season also included heartbreaking defeats at home to Boise State, Fresno State and Wisconsin, but concluded with a win against San Diego State.

Schedule

Roster

Statistics
 QB Colt Brennan: 350/515 (68.0%) for 4,301 yards and 35 TD vs. 13 INT. 99 carries for 154 yards and 2 TD.
 RB Nate Ilaoa: 85 carries for 643 yards and 6 TD. 36 catches for 274 yards and 1 TD.
 WR Ryan Grice-Mullen: 85 catches for 1,228 yards and 12 TD.
 WR Davone Bess: 89 catches for 1,124 yards and 14 TD.
 WR Ross Dickerson: 51 catches for 725 yards and 4 TD.
 WR Chad Mock: 42 catches for 502 yards and 1 TD.
 WR Ian Sample: 12 catches for 172 yards and 1 TD.
 K Dan Kelly: 10/14 on field goals and 42/42 on extra points.

References

Hawaii
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football seasons
Hawaii Warriors football

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


American Idol Forum ~ Which is your most favorite song of Michael Jackson?
< Everything Else ~ Which is your most favorite song of Michael Jackson?
The famous pop singer Michael Jackson died on June 25th of this year.His death is a big loss to the pop music field.He composes several songs.He began his musical career in 1971.In the early 1980's he became a strong figure in popular music and the first African American entertainer.Thriller, Smooth Criminal, The Way You Make Me Feel, Beat It etc are some of his famous works.Which is your favorite song of Michael Jackson?Please share your replies.


text:
// Copyright (c) 2009-2021 The Regents of the University of Michigan
// This file is part of the HOOMD-blue project, released under the BSD 3-Clause License.

// inclusion guard
#ifndef _EXTERNAL_FIELD_COMPOSITE_H_
#define _EXTERNAL_FIELD_COMPOSITE_H_

/*! \file ExternalField.h
    \brief Declaration of ExternalField base class
*/

#include "hoomd/Compute.h"
#include "hoomd/VectorMath.h"

#include "ExternalField.h"

#ifndef __HIPCC__
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#endif

namespace hpmc
    {
template<class Shape> class ExternalFieldMonoComposite : public ExternalFieldMono<Shape>
    {
    public:
    ExternalFieldMonoComposite(std::shared_ptr<SystemDefinition> sysdef)
        : ExternalFieldMono<Shape>(sysdef)
        {
        }

    ~ExternalFieldMonoComposite() { }

    Scalar calculateBoltzmannWeight(uint64_t timestep)
        {
        return 0.0;
        }

    double calculateDeltaE(const Scalar4* const position_old,
                           const Scalar4* const orientation_old,
                           const BoxDim* const box_old)
        {
        throw(std::runtime_error("ExternalFieldMonoComposite::calculateDeltaE is not implemented"));
        return double(0.0);
        }

    double energydiff(const unsigned int& index,
                      const vec3<Scalar>& position_old,
                      const Shape& shape_old,
                      const vec3<Scalar>& position_new,
                      const Shape& shape_new)
        {
        double Energy = 0.0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_externals.size(); i++)
            {
            Energy += m_externals[i]->energydiff(index,
                                                 position_old,
                                                 shape_old,
                                                 position_new,
                                                 shape_new);
            }
        return Energy;
        }

    void addExternal(std::shared_ptr<ExternalFieldMono<Shape>> ext)
        {
        m_externals.push_back(ext);
        }

    void reset(uint64_t timestep)
        {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_externals.size(); i++)
            {
            m_externals[i]->reset(timestep);
            }
        }

    private:
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ExternalFieldMono<Shape>>> m_externals;
    };

template<class Shape> void export_ExternalFieldComposite(pybind11::module& m, std::string name)
    {
    pybind11::class_<ExternalFieldMonoComposite<Shape>,
                     ExternalFieldMono<Shape>,
                     std::shared_ptr<ExternalFieldMonoComposite<Shape>>>(m, name.c_str())
        .def(pybind11::init<std::shared_ptr<SystemDefinition>>())
        .def("addExternal", &ExternalFieldMonoComposite<Shape>::addExternal);
    }

    }      // namespace hpmc
#endif // inclusion guard

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Carl Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Flügge, född 9 december 1847 i Hannover, död 12 oktober 1923 i Berlin, var en tysk läkare.

Flügge blev 1870 medicine doktor i Göttingen, 1878 privatdocent i hygien i Berlin, 1883 extra ordinarie professor i hygien i Göttingen, 1885 ordinarie professor där. År 1887 blev professor i hygien i Breslau och 1909 i Berlin, en befattning som han lämnade 1921.

Utöver nedanstående skrifter publicerade han en mängd uppsatser i sin vetenskap, främst i den av honom tillsammans med Robert Koch 1885 uppsatta tidskriften "Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten".

Bibliografi (i urval)
Handbuch der hygienischen Untersuchungsmethoden (1881)
Die Mikroorganismen (1886; tredje upplagan 1896)
Grundriss der Hygiene (1889; femte upplagan 1902)

Källor

Tyska hygieniker
Tyska professorer i medicin
Personer verksamma vid Göttingens universitet
Personer verksamma vid universitetet i Wrocław
Personer verksamma vid Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Tyska läkare under 1800-talet
Personer från Hannover
Födda 1847
Avlidna 1923
Män
Ugglan


I'm quite sure that kids will like those adorable and soft to the touch dinosaur toys. Below I have listed some toys in my son's collection that he likes most.
I hope these recommendations will help you choose best gifts for your child.
5. Wild Republic Triceratops Plush, Dinosaur Stuffed Animal, Plush Toy, Gifts For Kids, Cuddlekins 12"
6. GUND Rexie T-Rex Dinosaur Stuffed Animal Plush, Blue, 13.5"
My son likes playing with dinosaur toys very much. I have bought a lot of dinosaur toys for him since he started to bite his gum up to now.
Honestly, the collection brings back so many unforgettable happy memories when I see it.


If you are interested in Christianity and want to know more about it, this section of our website has a quiz on every book of the Bible - that's 66 in all! Maybe you want to brush up your knowledge, or simply see how much you remember from Sunday School. Whatever the reason, we are sure you'll enjoy the challenge.
We have endeavoured to cover all the main stories from each book. In addition, we have added the Biblical reference in each helpful comment, in case you wish to do more research.
If you enjoy these quizzes, you might want to play our KS1 KS2 and KS3 RE quizzes too! Why not challenge the family and see who gets the highest score.


Truck Body Builder, Operator of Agricultural Machinery, Crane Operator, Fleet Manager, Or user of hydraulic products?
2B HYDRAULICS offer a wide range of hydraulic, pneumatic and associated product solutions for vehicle, agricultural, off shore, off highway and industrial use.
They are the sole authorised UK distributors of ABER products and can also supply products from 3 ELITE and AIR ENGINEERING.


text:
Il  fu un potente clan di samurai del Giappone medievale durante l'epoca Sengoku, discendente dall'imperatore Uda (868–897) dal clan Sasaki (Uda Genji).

Storia

Nel XIV secolo, Sasaki Takahisa, dopo aver perso i suoi genitori all'età di tre anni, fu allevato da una suora (ama in giapponese). Fu il primo a prendere il nome di Amago (figlio di suora) in sua memoria, e da quel nome nacque il clan che gli sarebbe stato discendente. Tale clan combatté contro il clan Ōuchi e il clan Mōri (che era stato tra i loro vassalli), durante il periodo Sengoku in Giappone.

Amago Tsunehisa (1458-1541), pronipote di Takahisa, ereditò da suo padre Kiyosada e suo nonno Mochihisa il titolo di shugo della provincia di Izumo risiedendo al castello di Gassantoda. Sotto la sua guida il clan raggiunse l'apice della potenza.

Per gran parte dei successivi cento anni, il clan lottò con gli Ōuchi e i Mōri, che controllavano le province limitrofe, e cadde in declino quando il castello di Gassantoda cadde contro i Mōri nel 1566. Amago Katsuhisa, altro membro maggiore del clan, cercò di ridare prestigio al clan unendosi alle forze di Oda Nobunaga; tra l'altro, egli era a corto di generali esperti capaci di fungere da signori per controllare il suo dominio, ora molto esteso, e lo richiamò da Kyoto. Favorito dalla nuova alleanza, Katsuhisa invase le province di Tajima e Inaba (allora possedute dal clan Yamana), ma gli fu fatale l'inesperienza in battaglia, e perse la vita nell'assedio di Kōzuki contro il clan Mōri nel 1578, a soli vent'anni. I discendenti del clan rimasti, eredi di Amago Kunihisa, divennero servitori del clan Mōri del dominio di Chōshū.

Genealogia

Capi clan
 Amago Takahisa (尼子高久, 1363–1391)
 Amago Mochihisa (尼子持久, 1381–1437)
 Amago Kiyosada (尼子清定, 1410–1488)
 Amago Tsunehisa (尼子経久, 1458–1541)
 Amago Haruhisa (尼子晴久, 1514–1561)
 Amago Yoshihisa (尼子義久, 1540–1610)
 Amago Motosato (尼子元知, 1572 o 1598–1622)
 Amago Nariyasu (尼子就易, ?–1659)
 Amago Ujihisa (尼子氏久, 1646–1710)
 Amago Motouji (尼子元氏, ?–1730)
 Amago Tokihisa (尼子時久, 1690–1752)
 Amago Narikiyo (尼子就清, 1721–1788)
 Amago Fusataka (尼子房高, 1754–1827)
 Amago Motohisa (尼子元久)
 Amago Chikanobu (尼子親辰)
 Amago Michisuke (尼子道介)
 Amago Shigehisa (尼子薫久)
 Amago Torasuke (尼子寅介)

Membri noti

 Amago Kiyosada (?-1487)
 Amago Tsunehisa (1458–1541)
 Amago Hisayuki (?-1541)
 Amago Masahisa (1488–1513)
 Amago Okihisa (1497–1534)
 Amago Haruhisa (1514–1562)
 Amago Kunihisa (?-1554)
 Amago Sanehisa (1492-1554)
 Amago Katsuhisa (1553–1578)
 Amago Yoshihisa (1540–1610)

Servitori e vassalli

I capi generali del clan Amago erano chiamati Amago 10 Yushi (尼子十勇士).
 Yamanaka Yukimori (1544–1578)
 Akiage Iorinosuke
 Yokoji Hyogonosuke (?-1570)
 Ueda Saenosuke
 Teramoto Seishinosuke
 Motomo Dorinosuke
 Kogura Nezuminosuke
 Fukada Doronosuke
 Hayakawa Ayunosuke
 Yabunaka Ibaranosuke

Altri vassalli:
 Uyama Hisakane

Opere letterarie
Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Note

Voci correlate
 Battaglia di Arita-Nakaide
 Assedio di Kagamiyama
 Assedio di Kōriyama
 Assedio di Gassan-Toda (1543)
 Assedio di Shiraga
 Assedio di Gassan-Toda (1565-1567)
 Assedio di Gassan-Toda (1569)
 Battaglia di Fubeyama

Altri progetti

Amako


David Tredinnick MP is running for chairmanship of parliament's health select committee. But he believes in the power of astrology, and homeopathy for cows.
This mole doesn't often sniff around Westminster's committee corridor, but it can't help making a mountain out of this one. As health select committee chair, Stephen Dorrell, respected on both sides of the house for his impartial scrutiny, stands down from his position, there are a few candidates up to replace him. They include Dr Philip Lee, and current health select committee members Charlotte Leslie, Dr Sarah Wollaston (former GP), and David Tredinnick, Tory MP for Bosworth.
In 2001 I raised in the House the influence of the moon, on the basis of the evidence then that at certain phases of the moon there are more accidents. Surgeons will not operate because blood clotting is not effective and the police have to put more people on the street. I am arguing for more research.
During the expenses scandal, Tredinnick was done for charging the taxpayer over £755 on special astrology software about linking astrology to therapies.
During the Foot and Mouth epidemic, Tredinnick asked Defra to consider "homeopathic remedies, including borax, in relation to the current outbreak of foot and mouth disease". Among other things, Borax solution is an ingredient in Silly Putty.
The letter states that the homeopathic treatments have achieved success rates of close to 100 per cent.
That is a very important issue for developing countries. Homeopathy is so inexpensive that it is available to everyone. When homeopathic services are introduced, they tend to increase in size very quickly... I hope that the Minister can reassure me on guidelines for primary care trusts so that we have more effective commissioning. I hope that he will refute those statements made in the name of his Department and that he will commission NICE to look at the cost-effectiveness of homeopathy in line with the request of the Smallwood report.
Our science columnist Michael Brooks ran against Tredinnick in 2010 to "highlight the scientific literacy of the UK's elected representatives" via a hustings debate. During the debate, the MP made no excuses or denials of his outlandish views.
› What is going to happen in Iraq?


text:
All hail the peacemakers 19
..thank you cmot for your dedication to palestinian issues.
CMOT Dibbler
WHEN I first entered the Knesset, I was shocked by the low standard of its debates. Speeches were full of clichés, platitudes and party slogans, the intellectual content was almost nil.
That was 52 years ago. Among the members were David Ben-Gurion, Menachem Begin, Levi Eshkol and several others of their kind.
Today, looking back, that Knesset looks like an Olympus, compared to the present composition of that non-august body.
AN INTELLIGENT debate in today's Knesset would be as out of place as a Pater Noster in a Synagogue.
Let's face it, the present Knesset is full of what I would call parliamentary riffraff. Men and women I would not drink a cup of coffee with. Some of them look and behave like walking jokes. One is suspected of owning a bordello in Eastern Europe. Several would be rejected out of hand by any self-respecting private employer.
http://zope.gush-shalom.org/home/en/channels/avnery/1495203281/
Trump holds talks with Israeli and Palestinian officials
https://youtu.be/DT3h143gx1E
Russia controversy plagues Trump's first foreign trip
https://youtu.be/1DbUJGrCu8E
Scepticism overshadows Trump's Israel-Palestine peace promise
https://youtu.be/uLxRxyO6A7I
THANK GOD for Oren Hazan.
Without him, this would have been an exceedingly dull visit.
Israel's cabinet ministers were lined up in the blazing sun at the foot of the airplane stairs for the official reception of President Donald Trump.
It was very hot, there was no shade, dark suits for men were obligatory. Just awful.
Many cabinet ministers did not want to attend. The Prime Minister had to compel them with dire threats.
But lo and behold, when Trump descended from the presidential plane, there was an endless line of receivers. Not only all the cabinet ministers were lined up, but also a large number of infiltrators. It was too late to remove them.
Let's assume the occupation is justified. Let's also say that Israel has no choice. Let's not even call it an occupation. Let's say it was recognized by international law and that the world has applauded it. Let's assume that the Palestinians are grateful for its presence. Nevertheless, a small problem still hovers over it: the whole thing is based entirely on lies.
read more: http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/six-day-war-50-years/.premium-1.793000
Palestine and Israel: One state, or two? - UpFront
https://youtu.be/7aXWCCy2Vic
A FEW days ago, a not so well-known Palestinian woman received an unusual honor. An article of hers was published on top of the first page of the most respected newspaper on earth: New York Times.
The editors defined the writer, Diana Buttu, as: "a lawyer and a former adviser to the negotiating team of the Palestine Liberation Organization".
I knew Diana Buttu when she first appeared on the Palestinian scene, in 2000, at the beginning of the second intifada. She was born in Canada, the daughter of Palestinian immigrants who tried hard to assimilate in their new homeland, and received a good Canadian education.
Two weeks ago on Saturday, a few dozen Israelis attended the opening of a new exhibition at the Ben Ami Gallery in south Tel Aviv. The artist, whose work was on show for the first time, sat on a chair. She is unable to stand, nor can she breathe unaided. In fact, she can't move any part of her body, other than her face. She paints with her mouth.
CMOT Dibbler wrote:
">https://youtu.be/7aXWCCy2Vic
..interesting debate. caught me up on what people are thinking. i have leaned to the one state for a few years now.
Sarit Michaeli: Queeruption
https://youtu.be/K6GjMzk3kGk
Sarit Michaeli: Black Laundry
https://youtu.be/NECaAUSnvOQ
Fight for Jerusalem continues 50 years after the war
https://youtu.be/G-uk324oJAk
IN THE tumult of the last few days, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the "unification" of Jerusalem, one of the articles stated that "even peace-activist Uri Avnery" voted in the Knesset for the unification of the city.
That is true. I have tried to set out the circumstances in my autobiography, "Optimistic". But not everyone has read the book and it has so far appeared only in Hebrew.
Therefore I shall try to explain again that curious vote. Explain, not justify.
MegB
Continued here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Janaki Lenin's Doodle Spot
This is a collection of my published articles on travel, wildlife, and conservation.
Dogs and Us
Photo credit: Nikhil Devasar
A pack of stray dogs attacking a nilgai in Sultanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, near New Delhi.
An earlier draft was published as Stray Scare in Sunday Express
Four-year old Nina bent down to pat the little stray puppy that was curled up asleep on the pavement. Before anyone could prevent it, the puppy had ripped her lip. The traumatized girl was quickly whisked away to the doctor for stitches and anti-rabies shots. In this incident, both the dog and the little girl are victims of our poor management of stray dogs. The puppy was an insecure, poorly fed, abused animal at the mercy of passing humans. Like millions of others, it had to fight a daily battle to stay alive, dodging traffic, finding shelter against the harsh summer sun and rain. No wonder he had misinterpreted Nina's approach with suspicion and had launched into an offensive. This is not an isolated incident but typifies a growing problem that we have to resolve now for the sake of dogs and people.
Rabies:
The first point we simply cannot ignore when we are talking about stray dogs is that India tops the world in rabies deaths. Rabies is 100% fatal, just like AIDS and stray dogs are the Number One transmitters of the disease in India. It is hard to get any figures on human rabies cases as the Ministry of Health does not require hospitals to report cases. The best estimate available is the WHO's National Multi-centric Rabies Survey of 2003, which puts the figure at 20,000 rabies deaths a year in India (tragically, half of them are small children). Doctors candidly state that the infected person is treated as an outpatient, given a heavy course of tranquilizers for a week and sent home to die as peacefully as can be hoped. According to the WHO's 2003 report, there are an estimated 22 million dogs in India of which 14 million are strays.
Population Control:
In India Animal Birth Control (ABC) is presently the sole legal method of stray dog control in India. Ironically, Rule 7.9 states, "Female dogs found to be pregnant shall not undergo abortion (irrespective of stage of pregnancy) and sterilization and should be released till they have litter (sic)." The very rules that are meant to control the stray dog population mandate that stray pregnant female dogs should be allowed to give birth on the streets! Hardly ethical and humane!
Pet ownership:
The abundance of garbage coupled with the dogs' innate fecundity are not the only reasons for the burgeoning stray dog population (as it is made out to be). Irresponsible dog owners are largely to blame – they abandon unwanted puppies and dogs on the streets. Even well to do families may dump their pets when they move to another city, or to an apartment complex with a no-pet policy. When there is no protocol or effective law in place to check this practice, we can continue to sterilize strays for the next 50 years and still not reach the intended target. It's like trying to mop water from the floor while the tap remains open. Besides, ABC does not prevent dogs from attacking people nor is a sustainable rabies control protocol in place for the sterilized animals.
Feeding strays:
To further complicate matters there are numerous voluntary organizations which actively feed stray dogs. For instance, in 2001 the Ministry of Culture disbursed Rs. 10 crores to such organizations on Mahavir Jayanthi for the purpose of feeding stray animals. So even if we clean up our streets and make garbage inaccessible to stray animals, there is enough food given by sympathetic souls to sustain a huge population of strays. All the organizations working towards reducing the stray dog population should work out an integrated policy for the problem.
Ineffective population control:
The WHO recommends that for ABC to be effective, at least 70% of the total population has to be targeted within 6 months. However, the reality falls far short of these recommendations.
According to the estimates released by animal welfare organizations, New Delhi alone has about 200,000 stray dogs. Contrary to WHO recommendations, 20,000 dogs is the admitted annual capacity of the 6 to 8 animal welfare organizations responsible for the implementation of Animal Birth Control in Delhi. That means only 5% of the total stray dog population is sterilized over a period of 6 months, 65% less than recommended. Although 20,000 dogs are sterilized a year, it still leaves the rest of the population (180,000) free to breed. Let's assume that only half of this remaining population (90,000) is female and that only half this number (45,000) is able to breed successfully (not juvenile, too old, or unhealthy) and only two pups survive per litter. That results in 90,000 dogs added again to the population. Although dogs reproduce twice a year, we'll keep the estimate conservative. Sterilizing 20,000 dogs still results in the population growing by nearly four times in one year! This estimate does not include the thousands of abandoned un-neutered pets that are added to the stray dog population each year. (According to the International Fund for Animal Welfare one female dog and her offspring can produce 67,000 puppies in 6 years!).
Charity or essential service:
Although the ABC programme is funded by taxpayers it is largely performed on a voluntary basis by NGOs with limited (urban) reach. Unless the infrastructure to deal with tens of millions of dogs at one go is in place, the good intentions of the many dedicated NGOs will remain futile. Dogs are capable of breeding faster than any organization can sterilize them and the bottom line is, they are the biggest reservoirs of the rabies virus.
Where is the Plan?
Currently, there is no strategic Action Plan that clearly evaluates how many years it will take at the rate of how many sterilizations per year to reach a target of zero stray dogs. The stray dog population control functions on an ad hoc basis and any claims of its effectiveness is challenged by the lack of planning, infrastructure, funds and a scientific policy.
Street Dogs:
India is disturbingly the only country in the world to follow a policy of returning sterilized stray animals to their respective localities. In a scene reminiscent of the Roman gladiator days, we are daily witnesses to these strays dodging traffic, getting run over by vehicles, fighting with each other, and suffering from diseases like parvo, enteritis, distemper, cancer and mange. According to the WHO's 2003 data, an average of 17 million people get bitten by dogs every year in India of which 76% (about 12 million) are caused by strays. The Government of India's annual medical cost for treating these bites runs close to Rs. 1.5 billion, while poor people form nearly 88% of the rabies mortality figure says the same report.
Is it surprising then that in many areas, the public view stray dogs as a nuisance and vans returning the strays after sterilization are stoned and chased away. Such stray dogs are released in the outskirts of towns and villages, and sometimes in forests to fend for themselves.
Are Sanctuaries for Wildlife?:
Dogs (like cats) are natural born predators and it is very difficult to teach them otherwise. Stray dogs are incredibly damaging to wildlife killing untold numbers of monitor lizards, birds, snakes, and other wild creatures. No discerning environmentalist would want to trade our dwindling wildlife for a world of free-ranging feral domestic animals. On the remote beaches of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 90% of the highly endangered leatherback sea turtle nests are destroyed by stray dogs; they are actually helping to push this largest of all sea turtles to the brink of extinction. Closer to home, packs of stray dogs regularly bring down black buck and deer inside Guindy National Park in Chennai and at the Vandalur Zoo. In Mumbai, the leopards of Sanjay Gandhi National Park proliferate on an unnatural diet of stray dogs, resulting in dozens of human and leopard deaths. Stalking and hunting stray dogs means the big cat is also watching human behaviour at close quarters. In several recently documented cases in Junnar, Maharashtra, leopards killed humans while chasing dogs.
Dogs regularly kill spotted deer in Lal Bagh Park, Bangalore and in Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh. According to the Forest Department, dogs kill blackbuck, especially females in the act of giving birth, in the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Nannaj, Maharashtra. In late 2004, thousands of stray dogs caught in the Hubli/Dharwad area of Karnataka were released in Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka. In March 2005, ten deer were killed by stray dogs in Van Vihar National Park in Bhopal.
In parts of India stray dogs transmit rabies to wolves and jackals, creating a wildlife conflict situation that results in scores of wild wolves and jackals being killed by panicky humans. In Aurangabad district, a rabid wolf bit 12 people in a single day of whom 3 died despite receiving anti-rabies treatment. It is irresponsible to leave unmanaged populations of potentially dangerous predators such as domestic dogs to run wild in our streets and forests. India needs a large-scale publicity campaign to educate people on the necessity of sterilizing their pets and the State has to provide the infrastructure for cheaply affordable sterilizations. Unless this is done as a government initiative, stray dog population control has little chance of being successful. Rabies control cannot be effective if run as a voluntary charity as it is right now. It needs an effective campaign similar to the drive that eliminated that other scourge, small pox, in this country and requires the same kind of publicity and mobilization that goes into eradicating polio.
Is feeding enough?
When responsibly cared for, dogs are truly man's best friends, but the issue of stray dogs has mushroomed into India's worst public health problem involving animals. What we need is a meeting of minds to hammer out a solution to a problem that is rampant in both urban and village areas. Animal welfare doesn't stop with feeding animals; it includes taking care of them and ensuring the animals don't suffer from preventable diseases such as rabies. We have created a problem that has gotten out of control and now we need pragmatic, effective, humane solutions based on the best scientific advice, to prevent incidents such as the 1200 dogs poisoned in Kashmir recently (reported on 28th November 2006) or the 6 year old girl who was killed by 15 stray dogs at 7.30 am on 5th January 2007 in Bangalore or the 55 year old man who was killed and eaten by strays late evening on the 4th January 2007 in Chandigarh.
Co-author: Meghna Uniyal Rabies Prevention and Dog Population Control Download
Posted by Janaki Lenin at 1:06 PM 8 comments:
Janaki Lenin


text:
Q: WearableCalendarContract query doesn't return recurring events I'm creating a watchface for Android Wear which will display calendar events. Based on this page (and the WatchFace sample provided in the SDK), I managed to query the next events for the day, and display them on my watchface (below is the code I use to query the events).
The problem is that recurring events are not returned in the cursor, and thus are not displayed on the watch face. Is there any parameter to add in the query to get recurring events ?
private static final String[] PROJECTION = {
        CalendarContract.Calendars._ID, // 0
        CalendarContract.Events.DTSTART, // 1
        CalendarContract.Events.DTEND, // 2
        CalendarContract.Events.DISPLAY_COLOR, // 3
};

protected List<SpiralEvent> queryEvents() {
    // event is a custom POJO object
    List<Event> events = new ArrayList<>();

    long begin = System.currentTimeMillis();

    Uri.Builder builder = WearableCalendarContract.Instances.CONTENT_URI.buildUpon();
    ContentUris.appendId(builder, begin);
    ContentUris.appendId(builder, begin + DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS);

    final Cursor cursor = mService.getContentResolver()
            .query(builder.build(),
                    PROJECTION,
                    null, // selection (all)
                    null, // selection args
                    null); // order

    // get the start and end time, and the color
    while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
        long start = cursor.getLong(1);
        long end = cursor.getLong(2);
        int color = cursor.getInt(3);
        events.add(new Event(start, end, color));
    }

    cursor.close();

    return events;
}

A: You have to use CalendarContract.Instances.BEGIN instead of CalendarContract.Events.DTSTART; thus, you can change the PROJECTION to:
private static final String[] PROJECTION = {
        CalendarContract.Calendars._ID, // 0
        CalendarContract.Events.BEGIN, // 1
        CalendarContract.Events.END, // 2
        CalendarContract.Events.DISPLAY_COLOR, // 3
};

The reason is that:

*

*Events.DTSTART returns start time of the original created event. Note that this event is often in the past; thus, it's filtered out.

*Events.BEGIN returns start time of each instance of the event.

Check out source in CalendarEvent.java from my github sample project https://github.com/mtrung/android-WatchFace.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Would Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter or some other form of Social Media be that place?
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text: require 'heroku_san/railtie.rb' if defined?(Rails) && Rails::VERSION::MAJOR == 3


text:
Visit Apply Request Info MENU SEARCH
Physics & Astronomy REU
2016 REU Projects
REU Students Presentations
REU Students Publications
Program Flyer
Dept Physics & Astronomy
Nuclear Astrophysics
Nuclear Theory
Materials Science and Surface Physics
Physics Education Research
Examples of Research Projects
Astronomy & Astrophysics – Prof. Kurtis A. Williams
Email: Kurtis.Williams@tamuc.edu
Web site: astro.tamuc.edu/kurtis
Research Overview:
Prof. Williams studies white dwarfs, the slowly fading embers of stars that have exhausted their nuclear fuel. His research involves optical and ultraviolet observations of white dwarf stars. This research is currently funded by a Research Corporation Cottrell College Science Grant. Over the past five years, Dr. Williams has mentored seven REU students. Two of these students' work has already been published in leading astrophysical research journals, and two more papers involving other REU students are underway.
Projects for REU students:
Students, in conjunction with Dr. Williams, will select one of the following projects that suits their interest and abilities:
1. Looking for star spots on white dwarfs. Some white dwarfs have strong magnetic fields that could generate star spots (similar to sunspots) on their surfaces. White dwarfs can rotate, and as spots come into view and go out of view, the white dwarfs vary in brightness. We will be looking for evidence of star spots and rotation in a selection of peculiar white dwarfs. If we find spots, we will measure the rotation period of these white dwarfs with the long term goal of determining how quickly these stars' rotation slows as the star's magnetic field interacts with interstellar magnetic fields.
2. Characterization of suspected cataclysmic variables. Cataclysmic variables are a type of binary star where the white dwarf remnant of a now-deceased star is able to accrete material from a close companion star. Ongoing searches for supernovae and other variable stars continually discover many cataclysmic variables, but most of these are not studied in any further detail. We will select some of these newly discovered objects for follow-up observations and determine how their light output changes with time. This will allow us to classify each cataclysmic variable and determine if any systems need further observations.
3. Timing of exoplanet transits. From our viewpoint on the Earth, a small fraction of planets around other stars will pass in front of their parent star each orbit. The planet blocks a tiny amount of the star's light, causing the star to dim slightly; this is called a transit. If there is a second planet in the planetary system, its gravity can change the exact times of the first planet's transit. By studying the times of transits, astronomers can potentially detect planets that we otherwise would not know about. We will select a small sample of exoplanets that are observable over the program and look for evidence of transit timing variations with a goal of determining the mass and orbit of other planets in an exoplanetary system
What Students Will Do:
Students will read journal articles from astronomical literature to understand the science behind each project, the analysis techniques we will use, and the goals of their projects. Students will learn how to take high-quality data with telescopes, including the SARA telescopes and A&M-Commerce telescopes. Students will learn the basics of data reduction, or how raw images and calibrations are turned into scientifically useful information. From the data the students collect along with some previously taken data, each student will produce a light curve for the object of interest. We will then model the light curves to determine the desired properties of each target. Students will write a journal-quality paper on their findings, and we will submit these papers to an appropriate venue for publication (the exact venue depends on the findings of the project). Over the course of this project, students will learn how to use multiple pieces of software installed on computers with differing operating systems to analyze astronomical data. Students will also gain some basic understanding of statistics and research ethics. All students will practice the conveying of scientific information in both verbal and written contexts.
Astronomy and Astrophysics - Prof. Kent Montgomery
Email: Kent.Montgomery@tamuc.edu
Web site: tamuc.edu/physics
Prof. Kent Montgomery studies asteroid light-curves. Over twelve undergraduates have participated in research in his lab in the past six years and during this time 6 journal papers have been published.
Project for REU student:
The main objective of the proposed project is to analyze specific asteroids to determine how their brightness varies with time. This variation in brightness can then be used to determine the asteroid's rotation period and shape.
What the Student Will Do:
The student will read some background papers to understand the techniques, and ramifications of the proposed research. The student will then learn how to take astronomical data using both the telescopes of the SARA consortium and the A&M-Commerce telescopes. The students will learn how to run the telescopes, collect and analyze data and how to collect the necessary calibration images required each night. The students will then spend numerous nights collecting astronomical images as they watch the asteroid all night long. After the data has been collected the student will reduce the raw images to create images which can then be analyzed. The students will then extract the brightness of the asteroid from each of these images. Plotting the brightness versus time will produce a light-curve for the asteroid. The light-curve is then analyzed to determine the rotation period of the asteroid and the shape of the light-curve is used to determine the shape of the asteroid. By the end of the study the student will have studied 3 to 5 asteroids and will write a paper on the research findings to be published in the Minor Planet Bulletin.
Astronomy and Astrophysics - Prof. Matt Wood
Email: Matt.Wood@tamuc.edu
Web site: http://faculty.tamuc.edu/mwood/
Prof. Wood and his group study the close interacting binary systems known as cataclysmic variables. Containing a main-sequence star losing mass to a white dwarf star, these systems are observed to display a wide variety of variability from classical nova outbursts, to disk oscillations known as superhumps, to smaller dwarf nova outbursts and flickering behavior. Wood's group studies cataclysmic variables through both observational and numerical means.
The REU student may either analyze existing large multi-site data sets either from the professional-amateur collaboration Center for Backyard Astrophysics or the NASA Kepler Mission. The student will also be taking and analyzing data using our campus telescope and/or one or more of the three 1-m class SARA telescopes (saraobservatory.org) located at premier observing sites around the globe. Alternatively, the student who is interested in numerical astrophysics may choose to model accretion disk dynamics using our smoothed particle hydrodynamics code.
The student will read the literature provided to learn the field of cataclysmic variables and astrophysical motivation for the proposed research. The student pursuing an observational project will learn how to obtain time series data using our telescopes, including the required calibration images. The student will learn how to reduce the data to obtain a time series file ("light curve") containing times and measured brightnesses, and then how to analyze these data to obtain the Fourier transforms (indicating periods present), average pulse shapes, O-C phase diagrams, etc. The student will write a paper and present his or her results orally by the end of the program. A theoretical student will spend his or her time learning the methods of numerical simulation and then developing and running codes to simulate the dynamics of accretion disks or related phenomena.
Physics Education Research – Professor Robynne Lock
Email: robynne.lock@tamuc.edu
Webs site: tamuc.edu/physics
Prof. Lock's research focuses on identifying and understanding methods to improve all students' attitudes about physics and to encourage more students to pursue physics careers. In particular, we seek to find ways to reduce the gender gap. Only about 7,000 physics bachelor's degrees are earned in the U.S. each year, and, currently, only about 1/5 of those bachelor's degrees in physics are earned by women. We use a physics identity framework in our work to understand how students make their initial career decisions at the end of high school and the beginning of college. We use quantitative methods to find what is broadly applicable and qualitative methods to understand the mechanisms of how successful strategies work.
The main objective of the proposed project is to determine the impact of studio physics on physics identity and physics career choice. Studio physics is a student-centered learning environment in which the majority of class time is spent on group activities rather than lecture. While studio physics has been demonstrated to improve conceptual understanding and problem-solving abilities, its impact on physics identity has not yet been explored.
The student will be involved in analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data collected in introductory physics classes during the previous two academic years. The student will conduct t-tests (using R) to examine changes in physics identity and conceptual understanding over the course of each semester. Additionally, the student will analyze video recordings of studio classes and student interviews (MaxQDA or Transana). Whether the emphasis is on quantitative or qualitative analysis will depend on the students' interests and skills. The student will read relevant research literature over the course of the summer and work closely with Prof. Lock. The student will write a final report and give an oral presentation.
Nuclear Theory and Astrophysics - Prof. Bao-An Li
Email: Bao-An.Li@tamuc.edu
Web site: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-0gnvt4AAAAJ&hl=en
Prof. Li's group works in the multi-disciplinary area of nuclear physics, computational physics and astrophysics. The current focus of the group is to investigate the Equation of State (EOS) of dense neutron-rich nuclear matter formed in nuclear reactions and which may also exist naturally in compact stars. The explosion mechanism of supernovae, structure and evolution of neutron stars, the emission of gravitational waves from several possible sources, and the dynamics of terrestrial nuclear reactions all depend on the EOS. However, our current knowledge about the EOS of dense neutron-rich matter is still very poor. Its determination has been a common thrust of several operating and/or planned x-ray satellites as well as advanced new radioactive beam facilities being built around the world. Currently funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DOE), the group has been developing tools for investigating several critical issues about the EOS of dense neutron-rich matter. The group has productive collaborations with several experimental groups both in the USA and abroad. During the last few years, 6 REU students have collaborated with Prof. Li and his colleagues in addressing some of the most interesting problems in this field leading to 5 publications with REU students as co-authors in top physics and astronomy journals.
Effects of nucleon effective-mass on nuclear reactions in neutron-rich matter
We have several projects appropriate for the REU students to work on during the 10-weeks program each summer. For example, one student can investigate effects of the nucleon effective mass on nuclear reactions induced by radioactive beams using a newly developed transport model. Due to the Pauli blocking in nuclear medium and the finite-range of nuclear interactions, the effective masses of neutrons and protons in dense medium are expected to be different from their values in free space. Moreover, how they may depend on the neutron-richness of the medium is currently a hotly debated question and the answer affects significantly the extraction of nuclear EOS from nuclear reactions.
Using a transport simulation code developed by Prof. Li and his collaborators, the REU student will study effects of different nucleon effective masses on the temperature and density reached during nuclear reactions as well as the final experimental observables. Comparison with experimental data may allow us to put a constraint on the in-medium nucleon effective mass, its dependence on the neutron-richness of the medium and its effects on the extraction of the nuclear Equation of State. The student will first learn the basic physics of the Boltzmann transport equation in an undergraduate textbook on statistical physics and learn how to use a user-friendly transport model on a Linux computer. Then, the student will learn how to use several mathematical and graphical tools to analyze results of transport model simulations. After reproducing several previous results, the students will learn how to modify a subroutine where the nucleon effective mass is used and the associated physics. Using several values of the nucleon effective mass spanning the current uncertainty range of theoretical model predictions, the REU student will investigate how the variation of the input nucleon effective mass may affect the dynamics and experimental observables of nuclear reactions. By comparing the results of transport model simulations with available experimental data, we expect to put on a constraint on the nucleon effective mass in neutron-rich matter. Using the last 2 weeks of the REU program, the student will sum up his/her studies in a research report which may be turned into a publication in a physics journal.
Nuclear Theory and Astrophysics - Prof. Carlos Bertulani
Email: Carlos.Bertulani@tamuc.edu
Web site: http://faculty.tamuc.edu/cbertulani/
Carlos Bertulani works on nuclear physics and nuclear astrophysics. He has mentored several PhD and MS students, written several textbooks for undergraduate and graduate students, published numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals and frequently organizes national and international conferences. He is currently the chair of the Committee on Education of the American Physical Society.
The goal of the project will be to improve our knowledge of radiative capture reactions in stars. In radiative capture reactions, a neutron, a proton, or an alpha-particle (helium) is captured by a nucleus and a photon is emitted. There are thousands of such reactions occurring in different stellar sites. They are responsible for the energy generation in stars and the formation of elements in the universe.
The student will start by reading the basics of the quantum mechanics used in describing reactions in stars and their use in reaction networks. The student will learn how to run and obtain results with a computer code for the purpose of calculating cross sections for radiative capture. Then the student will learn how to collect pertinent experimental data from the literature. Several nuclear potentials and fine-tuning of the nuclear bound and continuum states enter in the calculation strategies which will be used to try to explain the experimental data collected. It is expected that the work will lead to a publication at the end of the project. Depending on the quality of the work, the article might be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Nuclear Theory and Astrophysics - Prof. William G. Newton
Email: William.Newton@tamuc.edu
Web site: https://williamnewton.wordpress.com/
Prof. William Newton's research focuses on the nuclear physics of neutron stars, the densest
known objects in the universe, with gravitational fields only exceeded by black holes. His research focuses on using observations of neutron stars to constrain the exotic properties of super-dense matter and the interaction between neutrons and protons (still relatively poorly known). He is also interested in using nuclear experiments to constrain the behavior of neutron
stars in a variety of astrophysical scenarios, including magnetars (neutron stars with colossal
magnetic fields) and X-ray binaries (neutron stars accreting material off of an ordinary companion star).
There is growing observational evidence that one of the most famous neutron stars, the Crab pulsar that lies at the heart of the beautiful Crab nebula, was formed in a relatively unusual type of supernova, that results from the collapse of a star with a core made of Oxygen, Neon and Magnesium. Such a supernova results in a neutron star with a specific mass, between 1.2 and 1.3 times the mass of our Sun. Given that mass, we can predict other observational properties of the Crab pulsar, including how fast it is cooling and how it's spin period is changing. The project will be to obtain predictions for these properties and compare with the observed properties of the Crab pulsar.
During the first week the students will familiarize themselves with the context: the different stellar evolution scenarios that lead to the production of a neutron star, the properties of neutron stars and the variety of physics we can learn from them. The student will use a number of different codes written in FORTRAN to compute the cooling rate and spin evolution of the crab pulsar. These results will be analyzed and plotted using Python codes developed by the REU student. The student will explore the literature on the Crab pulsar to obtain the latest measured properties and compare them with the outcome of our simulations. The student will assess whether these calculations are consistent with the currently favored stellar evolution scenario.
The student will also explore the literature to find other properties of the Crab pulsar that we might be able to estimate in the time available, and begin to develop codes to calculate them. In the final 2 weeks, the student will spend 50% of the time to prepare a final report of the research.
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A Bao A Qu is a small Catalan organisation, founded in 2004 by friends passionate about sharing their love of cinema, art and contemporary thinking. They created 'Cinema in Curs' (Cinema in Class), a programme for primary and secondary school students and their teachers, that takes place during school hours. The year-long course involves creative workshops, learning about film culture and teacher training, all led by professional filmmakers. The students make their own films, on themes such as friendship, moving home, the city or family relations. Their work is screened at specially curated festivals in a Barcelona cinema, so that young people's vision is in the mainstream of the city's cultural life.
A Bao A Qu is now working in other parts of Spain, in Germany, Chile and Argentina. It has created a parallel photography project and a European programme for teenagers outside school to sustain their engagement with cinema. Despite its local and international achievements though, the organisation is not financially secure. Although filmmaking involves the acquisition of skills and knowledge, A Bao A Qu wants to engage young people emotionally, not technically. They see cinema as poetics, 'a way of knowledge, of thought, emotion, amazement, interrogation of ourselves, the others and the world'.* The quality of the young filmmakers' commitment and of the work they create is a testament to the seriousness of that vision. This is participatory art in which everyone is expected to fulfil their greatest potential.
The A Bao A Qu is a mythical creature described in Jorge Luis Borges' Book of Imaginary Beings (1967).
This text is one of 46 project descriptions included in 'A Restless Art', with thanks to Nuria Aidelman and everyone at A bao a qu.


text:
Die Maipo-Insel (, im Vereinigten Königreich Buls Island) ist eine niedrige und verschneite Insel im Palmer-Archipel vor der Westküste der Antarktischen Halbinsel. Sie liegt in der Einfahrt zur Buls-Bucht im Osten der Brabant-Insel.

Teilnehmer der Belgica-Expedition (1897–1899) unter der Leitung des belgischen Polarforschers Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery nahmen eine erste grobe Kartierung vor. Teilnehmer der 2. Chilenischen Antarktisexpedition (1947–1948) benannten sie nach dem Tanker Maipo, einem der Schiffe chilenischer Forschungsfahrten in die Antarktis in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren. Namensgeber der britischen Benennung ist die gleichnamige Bucht. Deren Namensgeber ist Karel Buls (1837–1914), Bürgermeister von Brüssel und Unterstützer der Forschungsreise de Gerlaches.

Weblinks
  (englisch)
 Maipo Island auf geographic.org (englisch)

Insel (Südlicher Ozean)
Insel (Antarktika)
Insel im Palmer-Archipel


text:
Posts Tagged 'un'
Canada: Conservatives defy UN gun controls
Original Story Via: cnews.canoe.ca
By Mark Dunn, Senior National Reporter
Rifle enthusiasts celebrating the destruction of most long-gun registry files last week have more to cheer about after the government again deferred a plan gun-control advocates say would combat illegal arms trafficking.
Opponents argue the United Nations protocol signed by a previous Liberal government would drive up the cost of guns by as much as $200 apiece, killing jobs and creating more red tape in an already overregulated industry.
Proponents argue ignoring the framework is a step backwards to trace traffickers of guns to civil wars and Third World conflicts – some of which end up in the hands of local criminals.
The protocol – on hold until December 2013 – would require all imported guns to be marked with the name of the country and year of import. It's at least the fourth time the government has punted the regulation since taking office in 2006.
QMI Agency learned of the latest postponement after obtaining a briefing note to Conservative MPs from Public Safety Minister Vic Toews dated Nov. 2.
Toews said he is listening to sports-gun owners, retailers, distributors and importers who say the cost to engrave importation markings on new firearms would come after the manufacturing process and be passed down to buyers.
"We have heard the concerns and will not be moving forward until consultations have occurred," caucus was told.
The Canadian National Firearms Association (NFA) welcomed the delay.
"There was significant concern in from both firearms businesses and members of the firearms community as well as many MPs about the need to go forward with a regulatory scheme brought in by a previous government when that scheme would add significant cost to products and damage the economy of an already over-regulated business," said NFA president Sheldon Clare.
A spokesperson for the Coalition For Gun Control wouldn't comment, but on its website the anti-gun lobby suggests the government has no intention of ever complying.
"After eliminating registration and records of sales, Canada has now eliminated yet another tracing mechanism for firearms and appears to have given up completely complying with the UN Firearms Protocol and with providing police with effective ways to trace guns found in crime and fight illegal gun trafficking."
Tags: canada, NFA, un, UN Gun Control
BREAKING NEWS: UN Arms Trade Treaty – Full Proposed Document
The States Parties to this Treaty.
Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Recalling that the charter of the UN promotes the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources;
Reaffirming the obligation of all State Parties to settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered, in accordance with the Charter of the UN;
Underlining the need to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade of conventional arms and to prevent their diversion to illegal and unauthorized end use, such as terrorism and organized crime;
Reaffirming the sovereign right and responsibility of any State to regulate and control transfers of conventional arms that take place exclusively within its territory pursuant to its own legal or constitutional systems;
Recognizing that development, human rights and peace and security, which are three pillars of the United Nations, are interlinked and mutually reinforcing.
Recalling the United Nations Disarmament Commission guidelines on international arms transfers adopted by the General Assembly;
Noting the contribution made by the 2001 UN Programme of Action to preventing combating and eradicating the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, as well as the 2001 Protocol against the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in Firearms, their parts and components and ammunition, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;
Recognizing the challenges faced by victims of armed conflict and their need for adequate care, rehabilitation and social and economic inclusion;
Bearing in mind that the women and children are particularly affected in situations of conflict and armed violence;
Emphasizing that nothing in this treaty prevents States from exercising their right to adopt additional more rigorous measures consistent with the purpose of this Treaty;
Recognizing the legitimate international trade and lawful private ownership and use of conventional arms exclusively for, inter alia, recreational, cultural, historical and sporting activities for States where such ownership and use are permitted or protected by law;
Recognizing the active role that non-governmental organizations and civil society can play in furthering the goals and objectives of this Treaty; and
16. Emphasizing that regulation of the international trade in conventional arms should not
hamper international cooperation and legitimate trade in material, equipment and technology
for peaceful purposes;
Guided by the Purposes and Principles of the Charter of the United Nations, States Parties, In promoting the goals and objectives of this Treaty and implementing its provisions, shall act in accordance with the following principles:
The inherent rights of all States to individual or collective self-defense;
2. Settlement of individual disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered;
3. The rights and obligations of States under applicable international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law;
4. The responsibility of all States, in accordance with their respective international obligations, to effectively regulate and control international transfer of conventional arms as well as the primary responsibility of all States to in establishing and implementing their respective national export control systems; and
5. The necessity to implement this Treaty consistently and effectively and in a universal, objective and non-discriminatory manner.
Cognizant of the need to prevent and combat the diversion of conventional arms into the illicit market r to unauthorized end users through the improvement of regulation on the international trade in conventional arms,
The goals and objectives of this Treaty are:
– For States Parties to establish the highest possible common standards for regulating or improving regulation of the international trade in conventional arms;
– To prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in conventional arms and their diversion to illegal and unauthorized end use;
– Contribute to international and regional peace, security and stability;
– Avoid that the international trade in conventional arms contributes to human suffering;
– Promote cooperation, transparency and responsibility of States Parties in the trade in conventional arms, thus building confidence among States Parties,
– A. Covered Items
– 1. This Treaty shall apply to all conventional arms within the following categories:
– a. Battle Tanks
– b. Armored combat vehicles
– c. Large-caliber Artillery systems
– d. Combat aircraft
– e. Attack helicopters
– f. Warships
– g. Missiles and missile launchers
– h. Small Arms and Light Weapons
– 2. Each State Party Shall establish and Maintain a national control system to regulate the export of munitions to the extent necessary to ensure that national controls on the export of the conventional arms covered by Paragraph a1 (a)-(h) are not circumvented by the export of munitions for those conventional arms.
– 3. Each State Party shall establish and maintain a national control system to regulate the export of parts and components to the extent necessary to ensure that national controls on the export of the conventional arms covered by Paragraph A1 are not circumvented by the export of parts and components of those items.
– 4. Each State Party shall establish or update, as appropriate, and maintain a national control list that shall include the items that fall within Paragraph 1 above, as defined on a national basis, based on relevant UN instruments at a minimum. Each State Party shall publish its control list to the extent permitted by national law.
– B. Covered Activities
– 1. This Treaty shall apply to those activities of the international trade in conventional arms covered in paragraph a1 above, and set out in Articles 6-10, hereafter referred to as "transfer."
– 2. This Treaty shall not apply to the international movement of conventional arms by a State Party or its agents for its armed forces or law enforcement authorities operating outside its national territories, provided they remain under the State Party's ownership.
A State Party shall not authorize any transfer of conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty if the transfer would violate any obligation under any measure adopted by the United Nations Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in particular arms embargoes.
A State Party shall not authorize any transfer of conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty if the transfer would violate its relevant international obligations, under international agreements, to which it is a Party, in particular those relating to the international transfer of, or illicit trafficking in, conventional arms.
A State Party shall not authorize a transfer of conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty for the purpose of facilitating the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes constituting grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, or serious violations of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention of 1949.
Each State Party, in considering whether to authorize an export of conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty, shall, prior to authorization and through national control systems, make an assessment specific to the circumstances of the transfer based on the following criteria:
Whether the proposed export of conventional arms would:
Be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international humanitarian law;
Be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international human rights law;
Contribute to peace and security;
Be used to commit or facilitate an act constituting an offense under international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism or transnational organized crime, to which the transferring State is a Party;
In making the assessment, the transferring State Party shall apply the criteria set out in Paragraph 2 consistently and in an objective and non-discriminatory manner and in accordance with the principles set out in this Treaty, taking into account relevant factors, including information provided by the importing State.
4. In assessing the risk pursuant to Paragraph 2, the transferring State Party may also take into consideration the establishment of risk mitigation measures including confidence-building measures and jointly developed programs by the exporting and importing State.
5. If in the view of the authorizing State Party, this assessment, which would include any actions that may be taken in accordance with Paragraph 4, constitutes a substantial risk, the State Party shall not authorize the transfer.
Additional Obligations
Each State Party, when authorizing an export, shall consider taking feasible measures, including joint actions with other States involved in the transfer, to avoid the transferred arms:
being diverted to the illicit market;
be used to commit or facilitate gender-based violence or violence against children;
become subject to corrupt practices; or
adversely impact the development of the recipient State.
Each State Party shall implement this Treaty in a consistent, objective and non-discriminatory manner in accordance with the goals and objectives of this Treaty;
The implementation of this Treaty shall not prejudice previous or future obligations undertaken with regards to international instruments, provided that those obligations are consistent with the goals and objectives of this Treaty. This Treaty shall not be cited as grounds for voiding contractual obligations under defense cooperation agreements concluded by States Parties to this Treaty.
Each State Party shall take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures necessary to implement the provisions of this Treaty and designate competent national authorities in order to have an effective, transparent and predictable national control system regulating the transfer of conventional arms;
Each State Party shall establish one or more national contact points to exchange information on matters related to the implementation of this Treaty. A State Party shall notify the Implementation Support Unit (See Article 13) of its national contact point(s) and keep the information updated.
State Parties involved in a transfer of conventional arms shall, in a manner consistent with the principles of this Treaty, take appropriate measures to prevent diversion to the illicit market or to unauthorized end-users. All State Parties shall cooperate, as appropriate, with the exporting State to that end.
. If a diversion is detected the State or States Parties that made the decision shall verify the State or States Parties that could be affected by such diversion, in particulate those State Parties that are involved in the transfer, without delay.
Each State Party shall take the appropriate measures, within national laws and regulations, to regulate transfers of conventional arms within the scope of the Treaty.
Each State Party shall conduct risk assessments, as detailed in Articles 4 and 5, whether to grant authorizations for the transfer of conventional arms under the scope of this Treaty. State Parties shall apply Articles 3-5 consistently, taking into account all relevant information, including the nature and potential use of the items to be transferred and the verified end-user in the country of final destination.
Each State Party shall take measures to ensure all authorizations for the export of conventional arms under the scope of the Treaty are detailed and issued prior to the export. Appropriate and relevant details of the authorization shall be made available to the importing, transit and transshipment State Parties, upon request.
Importing State Parties shall take measures to ensure that appropriate and relevant information is provided, upon request, to the exporting State Party to assist the exporting State in its criteria assessment and to assist in verifying end users.
State Parties shall put in place adequate measures that will allow them, where necessary, to monitor and control imports of items covered by the scope of the Treaty. State Parties shall also adopt appropriate measures to prevent the diversion of imported items to unauthorized end users or to the illicit market.
Importing State Parties may request, where necessary, information from the exporting State Party concerning potential authorizations.
Each State Party shall take the appropriate measures, within national laws and regulations, to control brokering taking place under its jurisdiction for conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty.
Each State Party shall adopt appropriate legislative, administrative or other measures to monitor and control, where necessary and feasible, conventional arms covered by this Treaty that transit or transship through territory under its jurisdiction, consistent with international law with due regard for innocent passage and transit passage;
Importing and exporting States Parties shall cooperate and exchange information, where feasible and upon request, to transit and transshipment States Parties, in order to mitigate the risk of discretion;
Reporting, Record Keeping and Transparency
Each State Party shall maintain records in accordance with its national laws and regardless of the items referred to in Article 2, Paragraph A, with regards to conventional arms authorization or exports, and where feasible of those items transferred to their territory as the final destination, or that are authorized to transit or transship their territory, respectively.
Such records may contain: quantity, value, model/type, authorized arms transfers, arms actually transferred, details of exporting State(s), recipient State(s), and end users as appropriate. Records shall be kept for a minimum of ten years, or consistent with other international commitments applicable to the State Party.
States Parties may report to the Implementation Support Unit on an annual basis any actions taken to address the diversion of conventional arms to the illicit market.
Each State Party shall, within the first year after entry into force of this Treaty for that State Party, provide an initial report to States Parties of relevant activities undertaken in order to implement this Treaty; including inter alia, domestic laws, regulations and administrative measures. States Parties shall report any new activities undertaken in order to implement this Treaty, when appropriate. Reports shall be distributed and made public by the Implementation Support Unit.
Each State Party shall submit annually to the Implementation Support Unit by 31 May a report for the preceding calendar year concerning the authorization or actual transfer of items included in Article 2, Paragraph A1. Reports shall be distributed and made public by the Implementation Support Unit. The report submitted to the Implementation Support Unit may contain the same type of information submitted by the State Party to other relevant UN bodies, including the UN Register of Conventional Arms. Reports will be consistent with national security sensitivities or be commercially sensitive.
Each State Party shall adopt national legislation or other appropriate national measures regulations and policies as may be necessary to implement the obligations of this Treaty.
IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT UNIT
This Treaty hereby establishes an Implementation Support Unit to assist States Parties in its implementation.
The ISU shall consist of adequate staff, with necessary expertise to ensure the mandate entrusted to it can be effectively undertaken, with the core costs funded by States Parties.
The implementation Support Unit, within a minimized structure and responsible to States Parties, shall undertake the responsibilities assigned to it in this Treaty, inter alia:
Receive distribute reports, on behalf of the Depository, and make them publicly available;
Maintain and Distribute regularly to States Parties the up-to-date list of national contact points;
Facilitate the matching of offers and requests of assistance for Treaty implementation and promote international cooperation as requested;
Facilitate the work of the Conference of States Parties, including making arrangements and providing the necessary service es for meetings under this Treaty; and
Perform other duties as mandated by the Conference of States Parties.
States Parties shall designate national points of contact to act as a liaison on matters relating to the implementation of this Treaty.
States Parties shall cooperate closely with one another, as appropriate, to enhance the implementation of this Treaty consistent with their respective security interests and legal and administrative systems.
States Parties are encouraged to facilitate international cooperation, including the exchange of information on matters of mutual interest regarding the implementation and application of this Treaty in accordance with their national legal system. Such voluntary exchange of information may include, inter alia, information on national implementation measures as well as information on specific exporters, importers and brokers and on any prosecutions brought domestically, consistent with commercial and proprietary protections and domestic laws, regulations and respective legal and administrative systems.
4. Each State Party is encouraged to maintain consultations and to share information, as appropriate, to support the implementation of this Treaty, including through their national contact points.
5. States Parties shall cooperate to enforce the provisions of this Treaty and combat breaches of this Treaty, including sharing information regarding illicit activities and actors to assist national enforcement and to counter and prevent diversion. States Parties may also exchange information on lessons learned in relation to any aspect of this Treaty, to develop best practices to assist national implementation.
In fulfilling the obligation of this Treaty, States Parties may seek, inter alia, legal assistance, legislative assistance, technical assistance, institutional capacity building, material assistance or financial assistance. States, in a position to do so, shall provide such assistance. States Parties may contribute resources to a voluntary trust fund to assist requesting States Parties requiring such assistance to implement the Treaty.
States Parties shall afford one another the widest measure of assistance, consistent with their respective legal and administrative systems, in investigations, prosecutions and judicial proceedings in relation to the violations of the national measures implemented to comply with obligations under of the provisions of this Treaty.
Each State Party may offer or receive assistance, inter alia, through the United Nations international, regional, subregional or national organizations, non-governmental organizations or on a bi-lateral basis. Such assistance may include technical, financial, material and other forms of assistance as needed, upon request.
This Treaty shall be open for signature on [date] at the United Nations Headquarters in New York by all States and regional integration organizations.
This Treaty is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval of the Signatories.
This Treaty shall be open for accession by any state and regional integration organization that has not signed the Treaty.
5. The Depositary shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States and regional integration organizations of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession and the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and of the receipt of notices.
6. "Regional integration organization" shall mean an organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its Member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Treaty and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it.
7. At the time of its ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, a regional integration organization shall declare the extent of its competence with respect to matters governed by this Treaty. Such organizations shall also inform the Depositary of any relevant modifications in the extent of it competence.
8. References to "State Parties" in the present Treaty shall apply to such organizations within the limits of their competence.
This Treaty shall enter into force thirty days following the date of the deposit of the sixty-fifth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval with the Depositary.
For any State or regional integration organization that deposits its instruments of accession subsequent to the entry into force of the Treaty, the Treaty shall enter into force thirty days following the date of deposit of its instruments of accession.
For the purpose of Paragraph 1 and 2 above, any instrument deposited by a regional integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by Member States of that organization.
Withdrawal and Duration
This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration.
Each State Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Convention. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other States Parties from this Convention. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other States Parties and to the Depositary. The instrument of withdrawal shall include a full explanation of the reasons motivating this withdrawal.
A state shall not be discharged, by reason of its withdrawal, from the obligations arising from this treaty while it was a party to the Treaty, including any financial obligations, which may have accrued.
Each State party, in exercising its national sovereignty, may formulate reservations unless the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of this Treaty.
At any time after the Treaty's entry into force, a State Party may propose an amendment to this Treaty.
Any proposed amendment shall be submitted in writing to the Depository, which will then circulate the proposal to all States Parties, not less than 180 days before next meeting of the Conference of States Parties. The amendment shall be considered at the next Conference of States Parties if a majority of States Parties notify the Implementation Support Unit that they support further consideration of the proposal no later than 180 days after its circulation by the Depositary.
Any amendment to this Treaty shall be adopted by consensus, or if consensus is not achieved, by two-thirds of the States Parties present and voting at the Conference of States Parties. The Depositary shall communicate any amendment to all States Parties.
A proposed amendment adopted in accordance with Paragraph 3 of this Article shall enter into force for all States Parties to the Treaty that have accepted it, upon deposit with the Depositary. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any remaining State Party on the date of deposit of its instrument of accession.
The Conference of States Parties shall be convened not later than once a year following the entry into force of this Treaty. The Conference of States Parties shall adopt rules of procedure and rules governing its activities, including the frequency of meetings and rules concerning payment of expenses incurred in carrying out those activities.
The Conference of States Parties shall:
a. Consider and adopt recommendations regarding the implementation of this Treaty, in particular the promotion of its universality; TR
c. Consider and decide the work and budget of the Implementation Support Unit;
d. Consider the establishment of any subsidiary bodies as may be necessary to improve the functioning of the Treaty;
3. If circumstances merit, an exceptional meeting of the State Parties may be convened if required and resources allow.
States Parties shall consult and cooperate with each other to settle any dispute that may arise with regard to the interpretation or application of this Treaty.
States Parties shall settle any dispute between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Treat though negotiations or other peaceful means of the Parties mutual choice.
States Parties may pursue, by mutual consent, third party arbitration to settle any dispute between them, regarding issues concerning the implementation of this Treaty.
States Parties shall apply Articles 3-5 to all transfers of conventional arms within the scope of this Treaty to those not party to this Treaty.
States Parties shall have the right to enter into agreements on the trade in conventional arms with regards to the international trade in conventional arms, provided that those agreements are compatible with their obligations under this Treaty and do not undermine the objects and purposes of this Treaty.
Depositary and Authentic Texts
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the Depositary of this Treaty.
The original text of this Treaty, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.
Tags: IAPCAR, Programme of Action, Small Arms Treaty, un, UN Arms Trade Treaty, United Nations Arms Trade Treaty


text:
Act 1 Act 2 Act 3
All Themes The Theater Community The Everyday and the Ordinary Marriage and the Family Time, Change, and Continuity
All Characters Stage Manager Dr. Gibbs Joe Crowell Mrs. Gibbs Mrs. Webb George Gibbs Emily Webb Mrs. Soames
All Symbols The Grover's Corners Sentinel "Blessed Be the Tie That Binds" The Time Capsule
Instant downloads of all 1202 LitChart PDFs (including Our Town).
The Theater
The Everyday and the Ordinary
Time, Change, and Continuity
Dr. Gibbs
Joe Crowell
Mrs. Gibbs
Mrs. Webb
George Gibbs
Mrs. Soames
The Grover's Corners Sentinel
"Blessed Be the Tie That Binds"
The Time Capsule
Mrs. Gibbs Character Analysis
Mrs. Gibbs is a loving wife and mother, who works tirelessly to raise her two children, keep the house clean, prepare meals, do laundry, and carry out other household tasks. She seems happy in her life, but there are hints that she desires something more out of life. She tells Mrs. Webb that she dreams of going to Paris and traveling somewhere where people don't speak English, but she never gets to go on this kind of trip. Nonetheless, Mrs. Gibbs lives a happy life in Grover's Corners with her family and community. At the end of the play, when she is dead, she helps Emily adjust to her new existence after death.
Mrs. Gibbs Quotes in Our Town
The Our Town quotes below are all either spoken by Mrs. Gibbs or refer to Mrs. Gibbs. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
). Note: all page numbers and citation info for the quotes below refer to the Perennial edition of Our Town published in 2003.
Act 1 Quotes
Only it seems to me that once in your life before you die you ought to see a country where they don't talk in English and don't even want to.
Related Characters: Mrs. Gibbs (speaker)
Unlock explanations and citation info for this and every other Our Town quote.
And how do you think I felt!—Frank, weddings are perfectly awful things. Farces,—that's what they are!
Related Characters: Mrs. Gibbs (speaker), Dr. Gibbs
Yes... people are meant to go through life two by two. 'Tain't natural to be lonesome.
Ma, I don't want to grow old. Why's everybody pushing me so?
Related Characters: George Gibbs (speaker), Mrs. Gibbs
No!—At least, choose an unimportant day. Choose the least important day in your life. It will be important enough.
Related Characters: Mrs. Gibbs (speaker), Emily Webb
Get the entire Our Town LitChart as a printable PDF.
Mrs. Gibbs Character Timeline in Our Town
The timeline below shows where the character Mrs. Gibbs appears in Our Town. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
...in one building), schools, grocery store, and drugstore. He points out Dr. Gibbs' house and Mrs. Gibbs ' garden, as well as the house of Mr. Webb, the editor of Grover's Corners'... (full context)
...house after helping a mother in the Polish neighborhood of town give birth to twins. Mrs. Gibbs walks into her kitchen and begins preparing breakfast. The stage manager tells the audience that... (full context)
...milk to various houses. He talks to Dr. Gibbs and then delivers some milk to Mrs. Gibbs . Mrs. Gibbs calls for her kids to get up and come to breakfast, as... (full context)
In their separate houses, Mrs. Gibbs and Mrs. Webb continue to call for their children to come to breakfast. Mrs. Gibbs... (full context)
...in the two households, Mrs. Webb tells her children not to eat too quickly, while Mrs. Gibbs tells George she'll speak to Dr. Gibbs about possibly raising his allowance. The kids finish... (full context)
Mrs. Gibbs tells Mrs. Webb that a secondhand furniture dealer from Boston came to her house and... (full context)
...travels to Civil War battlefields and thinks "that's enough treat for anybody." Mrs. Webb encourages Mrs. Gibbs to keep dropping hints about Paris. Mrs. Gibbs comments that she thinks, "once in your... (full context)
...the farm, since he has not been doing chores at home. He tells him that Mrs. Gibbs had to chop wood because he hadn't done it, even though she already spends so... (full context)
George goes back upstairs as Mrs. Gibbs , Mrs. Webb, and Mrs. Soames come on-stage, returning from choir practice. Mrs. Soames gossips... (full context)
Dr. Gibbs is upset that Mrs. Gibbs is arriving home so late (though she tells him it isn't any later than usual)... (full context)
Mrs. Gibbs says that she is worried about her husband and wants him to make plans to... (full context)
Once they are inside, Mrs. Gibbs mentions that people in Grover's Corners have begun to lock their doors at night. Dr.... (full context)
...Marriage." It is the morning of July 7, just after the local high school graduation. Mrs. Gibbs and Mrs. Webb enter their respective kitchens to make breakfast. The stage manager emphasizes that... (full context)
Howie delivers some milk to Mrs. Gibbs and offers his best wishes for George's wedding. He delivers milk to the Webb household... (full context)
Dr. Gibbs recalls Mrs. Gibbs ' and his wedding, saying that he was scared and nervous. Mrs. Gibbs says she... (full context)
...play the minister at the wedding. He speaks about the importance of marriage, agreeing with Mrs. Gibbs that "people were made to live two-by-two." The wedding ceremony begins and Mrs. Webb speaks... (full context)
...group of baseball players from his team whistles and teases him, calling him "old geezer." Mrs. Gibbs notices that George looks troubled up at the altar and goes to talk to him.... (full context)
...intermission between acts, stagehands set up rows of chairs to represent graves in a cemetery. Mrs. Gibbs , Simon Stimson, Mrs. Soames, and Wally Webb, all dead, go on-stage before the act... (full context)
The dead Mrs. Gibbs points out Sam, her nephew, to Simon Stimson. Sam sees Simon's grave and recalls his... (full context)
...have remembered that "Blessed Be the Tie That Binds" was her favorite hymn. She tells Mrs. Gibbs about her home with George. (full context)
Emily comments that "live people don't understand," and Mrs. Gibbs agrees. Emily describes living people as "shut up in little boxes." The funeral ends and... (full context)
Emily asks if she can go back and relive her life. Mrs. Gibbs says she can, but advises her not to. The stage manager tells her that it... (full context)
But Emily is determined relive some of her earlier life. Mrs. Gibbs tells her to at least choose an ordinary, unimportant day. Emily chooses her twelfth birthday... (full context)
...the disapproval of some of the dead. Emily comments that the living don't understand, and Mrs. Gibbs agrees. (full context)
Fredericksen, Erik. "Our Town Characters: Mrs. Gibbs." LitCharts. LitCharts LLC, 25 Nov 2013. Web. 19 Jan 2020.
Fredericksen, Erik. "Our Town Characters: Mrs. Gibbs." LitCharts LLC, November 25, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2020. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/our-town/characters/mrs-gibbs.