text:
/*
 * This code was generated by
 * ___ _ _ _ _ _    _ ____    ____ ____ _    ____ ____ _  _ ____ ____ ____ ___ __   __
 *  |  | | | | |    | |  | __ |  | |__| | __ | __ |___ |\ | |___ |__/ |__|  | |  | |__/
 *  |  |_|_| | |___ | |__|    |__| |  | |    |__] |___ | \| |___ |  \ |  |  | |__| |  \
 *
 * Twilio - Sync
 * This is the public Twilio REST API.
 *
 * NOTE: This class is auto generated by OpenAPI Generator.
 * https://openapi-generator.tech
 * Do not edit the class manually.
 */

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Twilio.Base;
using Twilio.Converters;

namespace Twilio.Rest.Sync.V1.Service
{

    /// <summary> create </summary>
    public class CreateSyncMapOptions : IOptions<SyncMapResource>
    {

        ///<summary> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) to create the Sync Map in. </summary>
        public string PathServiceSid { get; }

        ///<summary> An application-defined string that uniquely identifies the resource. It can be used as an alternative to the `sid` in the URL path to address the resource. </summary>
        public string UniqueName { get; set; }

        ///<summary> An alias for `collection_ttl`. If both parameters are provided, this value is ignored. </summary>
        public int? Ttl { get; set; }

        ///<summary> How long, [in seconds](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/limits#sync-payload-limits), before the Sync Map expires (time-to-live) and is deleted. </summary>
        public int? CollectionTtl { get; set; }

        /// <summary> Construct a new CreateSyncMapOptions </summary>
        /// <param name="pathServiceSid"> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) to create the Sync Map in. </param>
        public CreateSyncMapOptions(string pathServiceSid)
        {
            PathServiceSid = pathServiceSid;
        }

        /// <summary> Generate the necessary parameters </summary>
        public  List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetParams()
        {
            var p = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();

            if (UniqueName != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("UniqueName", UniqueName));
            }
            if (Ttl != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("Ttl", Ttl.ToString()));
            }
            if (CollectionTtl != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("CollectionTtl", CollectionTtl.ToString()));
            }
            return p;
        }

    }
    /// <summary> delete </summary>
    public class DeleteSyncMapOptions : IOptions<SyncMapResource>
    {

        ///<summary> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to delete. </summary>
        public string PathServiceSid { get; }

        ///<summary> The SID of the Sync Map resource to delete. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </summary>
        public string PathSid { get; }

        /// <summary> Construct a new DeleteSyncMapOptions </summary>
        /// <param name="pathServiceSid"> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to delete. </param>
        /// <param name="pathSid"> The SID of the Sync Map resource to delete. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </param>
        public DeleteSyncMapOptions(string pathServiceSid, string pathSid)
        {
            PathServiceSid = pathServiceSid;
            PathSid = pathSid;
        }

        /// <summary> Generate the necessary parameters </summary>
        public  List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetParams()
        {
            var p = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();

            return p;
        }

    }

    /// <summary> fetch </summary>
    public class FetchSyncMapOptions : IOptions<SyncMapResource>
    {

        ///<summary> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to fetch. </summary>
        public string PathServiceSid { get; }

        ///<summary> The SID of the Sync Map resource to fetch. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </summary>
        public string PathSid { get; }

        /// <summary> Construct a new FetchSyncMapOptions </summary>
        /// <param name="pathServiceSid"> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to fetch. </param>
        /// <param name="pathSid"> The SID of the Sync Map resource to fetch. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </param>
        public FetchSyncMapOptions(string pathServiceSid, string pathSid)
        {
            PathServiceSid = pathServiceSid;
            PathSid = pathSid;
        }

        /// <summary> Generate the necessary parameters </summary>
        public  List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetParams()
        {
            var p = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();

            return p;
        }

    }

    /// <summary> read </summary>
    public class ReadSyncMapOptions : ReadOptions<SyncMapResource>
    {

        ///<summary> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resources to read. </summary>
        public string PathServiceSid { get; }

        /// <summary> Construct a new ListSyncMapOptions </summary>
        /// <param name="pathServiceSid"> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resources to read. </param>
        public ReadSyncMapOptions(string pathServiceSid)
        {
            PathServiceSid = pathServiceSid;
        }

        /// <summary> Generate the necessary parameters </summary>
        public  override List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetParams()
        {
            var p = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();

            if (PageSize != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("PageSize", PageSize.ToString()));
            }
            return p;
        }

    }

    /// <summary> update </summary>
    public class UpdateSyncMapOptions : IOptions<SyncMapResource>
    {

        ///<summary> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to update. </summary>
        public string PathServiceSid { get; }

        ///<summary> The SID of the Sync Map resource to update. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </summary>
        public string PathSid { get; }

        ///<summary> An alias for `collection_ttl`. If both parameters are provided, this value is ignored. </summary>
        public int? Ttl { get; set; }

        ///<summary> How long, [in seconds](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/limits#sync-payload-limits), before the Sync Map expires (time-to-live) and is deleted. </summary>
        public int? CollectionTtl { get; set; }

        /// <summary> Construct a new UpdateSyncMapOptions </summary>
        /// <param name="pathServiceSid"> The SID of the [Sync Service](https://www.twilio.com/docs/sync/api/service) with the Sync Map resource to update. </param>
        /// <param name="pathSid"> The SID of the Sync Map resource to update. Can be the Sync Map's `sid` or its `unique_name`. </param>
        public UpdateSyncMapOptions(string pathServiceSid, string pathSid)
        {
            PathServiceSid = pathServiceSid;
            PathSid = pathSid;
        }

        /// <summary> Generate the necessary parameters </summary>
        public  List<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetParams()
        {
            var p = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>();

            if (Ttl != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("Ttl", Ttl.ToString()));
            }
            if (CollectionTtl != null)
            {
                p.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, string>("CollectionTtl", CollectionTtl.ToString()));
            }
            return p;
        }

    }

}


function. But Gotu Kola's impressive list of benefits go much further than that—in every sense, this herb is a veritable panacea of healing; a true adaptogen (a term used to describe herbs that have a balancing and harmonizing effect on the mind, body and spirit). For this reason, it was highly prized in both ancient India and China, with references to the plant showing up in classical Ayurvedic and Daoist medical texts.
The ability of Gotu Kola to improve blood quality and circulation  is likely one of the main components of its rejuvenative effects, as our blood comes into contact with and nourishes nearly every single area of our mind and body, supplying oxygen and other essential nutrients.
Gotu Kola grows widely throughout Central Asia and parts of Africa and is native to China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and various islands in the South Pacific. It's a small green plant similar on a genetic level to carrots that thrives in wet areas and is used in much the same way as one might use cilantro or parsley in the West. Many health conscious locals add Gotu Kola leaves to salads for their positive effects as the plant is a general life-enhancing tonic and preventative. So the story goes, Sri Lankans noticed elephants regularly eating leaves of the plant, and after trying it themselves, discovered the quite noticeable and profound effects it had on memory and lifespan, which gives credence to the fact that the elephant has been mythologically associated with these qualities throughout human history.
Due to Gotu Kola's long history of safe use and the massive amount of research supporting its sizeable list of health benefits, the herb is grown widely and is readily available in most locations worldwide. However, as with any herbal supplement, quality, freshness and potency are of utmost importance. With much of the world's supply originating in Asia, it is important to look for the standard markers of herb quality, such as the organic or wildcrafted label and to only purchase products from reputable suppliers. Indian organic Gotu Kola supplements are usually of good to excellent quality with the wild-growing Himalayan varieties being rare and highly sought after.
If you are purchasing tablets or capsules be sure to look for brands with minimal additives and fillers, although this is less of a concern when purchasing powdered herb. Gotu Kola has a very mild to slightly bitter taste, meaning it can be consumed as a tea or simply in a glass of water enjoyably. The traditional Ayurvedic method of preparation is to mix Gotu Kola powder with a teaspoon or so of ghee (clarified, medicinal butter). Ghee has a penetrating effect and helps the herb move deeper into bodily tissues. Ghee also enhances the digestive healing properties of the herb and for those sensitive to taste, may make it more palatable.
As with any new herbal product it is recommended to start off slowly and work up to higher dosages as you become familiar with its effects on your mind and body. Gotu Kola supplements are safe to take long term, but many Ayurvedic practitioners recommend taking a few days to a week break in between periods of extended use, ranging from two to four weeks at a time.
Although not quite as widely known in the West as more popular herbs like Echinacea and Ginseng, Gotu Kola is one of the planet's true medicinal treasures and is well worth investigating for anyone looking to fine tune their health.
Banyan Botanicals offers high-quality, fair trade, organic Gotu Kola supplement grown and harvested sustainably in India. This is a versatile bulk powder ideal for getting the greatest medicinal, brain and health boosting effects from the plant. It has a very mild taste and can be added to water, smoothies, teas or ghee.
Organic India offers a whole plant extract, wild harvested in remote spring-fed forests in India. They offer Gotu Kola in a convenient vegan/vegetarian capsule form for those on the go or who dislike the taste of herbs, but still wish to experience the benefits.
Eclectic Institute offers a liquid extract of organic Gotu Kola leaf in a base of organic grape alcohol, which is has been used for thousands of years as an ideal medium for extracting the active medicinal compounds in herbs and driving them deep into body and brain tissue for maximum medicinal effects.
Banyan Botanicals' certified organic Brahmi oil is made of sesame oil infused with a decoction of Brahmi (the Sanskrit name for Gotu Kola) and Bacopa (Bacopa monniera). The healing qualities of these remarkable herbs combine with the soothing properties of the oil for deeply rejuvenating and balancing effects.
If you are using capsules or tinctures you can simply take them with food at your convenience. It is recommended to try them for the first time in the morning as some people might find them slightly stimulating and energizing. However, others might find it more relaxing. The plant is a mild adaptogen so it tends to give you more of what you need.
The brahmi gotu kola oil can be applied to any non-sensitive area of your body for a soothing, restorative and rejuvenating effect. Many men and women in India and Asia use the oil for calming, healing and anti-aging effects.
Recommended dosages start at 1/2 gram daily up to 4 grams per day. It is always wise to start slow and work your way up to determine the optimal dose for your body.
Overall, the herb is remarkably safe and has been used without serious side effects for thousands of years. However, some people report that at higher dosages of the plant, they have noticed mild headaches, dizziness and drowsiness. Like any medicinal plant, more is not always better and often lower dosages have just as much, if not more benefit.
There are few precautions and interactions with gotu kola to be worried about, however, if you are concerned about potential interactions with pharmaceutical medications, consult your doctor or naturopath for further guidance.
1. Kashmira J. Gohil, et al. "Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010 Sep-Oct; 72(5): 546–556.
2. Soumyanath A, Zhong YP, Gold SA, Yu X, Koop DR, Bourdette D, Gold BG. Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) accelerates nerve regeneration upon oral administration and contains multiple fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Sept;57(9):1221-9.
3. Ganachari MS, Babu V, Katare S. Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Centella asiatica. Pharm Biol. 2004;42:246–52.
4. Tiwari S, Singh S, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Gambhir IS. Effect of Centella asiatica on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and other common age-related clinical problems. Digest J Nanomat Biostruct. 2008;3:215–20.
5. Kumar A, Dogra S, Prakash A. Neuroprotective effects of Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) against intracerebroventricular colchicine induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;2009:1–8.
6. Jana U, Sur TK, Maity LN, Debnath PK, Bhattacharyya D. A clinical study on the management of generalized anxiety disorder with Centella asiatica. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010 Mar;12(1):8-11.
7. Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, Shlik J. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20(6):680-684.
8. Rao MK, Rao MS, Rao GS. Treatment with Centalla asiatica (Linn) fresh leaf extract enhances learning ability and memory retention power in rats. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2007;12(3):236-41.
9. M.V.R. Appa Rao, et. al, The Effect of Mandookaparni (Centella Asiatica) on the General Mental Ability (Medhya) of Mentally Retarded Children, Journal of Indian Medicine (August 25, 1973), p.9-12.
12. Wattanathorn J., et al. "Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Mar 5;116(2):325-32.


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Learn best ways to greet callers – making each one feel exceptionally valued.
Hone note-taking and listening skills critical to providing excellent customer service.
Manage difficult people and challenging situations with grace and tact. • Discuss current telephone safety and security issues – and today's must-have gatekeeping techniques.
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text:
Haaland scores again, Grealish silences critics, as Man City go top
136dRob Dawson
Erling Haaland scores again, Jack Grealish silences critics as Man City beat 10-man Wolves to go top
Is Erling Haaland simply unstoppable? (2:10)
Janusz Michallik believes Erling Haaland is "making a mockery" of the Premier League. (2:10)
Rob DawsonCorrespondent
Manchester City put in a dominant performance against Wolves away as they won 3-0 to leapfrog Arsenal at the top of the Premier League table.
- Stream on ESPN+: LaLiga, Bundesliga, MLS, more (U.S.)
Jack Grealish took just 55 seconds to open the scoring as he latched on to a Kevin De Bruyne cross to poke home in the box, before striker Erling Haaland netted his 11th Premier League goal in seven games.
Wolves were reduced to 10 men on 33 minutes as Nathan Collins jumped for a loose ball and caught Grealish in the midriff with his studs, receiving a straight red card. After the break, with midfielder Ruben Neves pushed back into the centre of Wolves' defence, the game was tighter, but City strolled their way to all three points after Phil Foden slotted home from another De Bruyne cross.
JUMP TO: Player ratings | Best/worst performers | Highlights and notable moments | Postmatch quotes | Key stats | Upcoming fixtures
Rapid reaction
1. Haaland does it again ...
It was one of those days where City's opponents will be happy to keep the score below 10. Wolves were 2-0 down and a man down after just 33 minutes and at that point the home supporters inside Molineux were fearing the worst. Grealish had already opened the scoring after just 55 seconds before Haaland got his customary goal -- picking the ball up outside the box, running at Max Kilman and shooting low past Jose Sa. It's now 14 goals in 10 games for Haaland, who has found the net in each of his last seven appearances.
UCL talking points: Haaland saves Man City, Juventus struggle
Haaland's stunning strike for Man City ensures reunion with ex-side Dortmund was a memorable one
If Man City's global conglomerate, City Football Group, is the future of soccer, can anyone else compete?
138dBruce Schoenfeld
The Norway international also became the first player in Premier League history to score in their first four away games and his goal-scoring streak shows little sign of stopping. The 22-year-old will probably feel he could have had more, especially after Collins was sent off for an ugly-looking challenge on Grealish, but in the second half Pep Guardiola's side seemed content with knocking the ball around and running down the clock.
Foden added a third midway through the second half but Wolves would be forgiven for feeling they did well to limit the damage on a day that could have ended in a cricket score.
2. Grealish silences his critics with a goal
It was almost as if Guardiola predicted the future at his weekly news conference on Friday. Asked about Grealish and the criticism the £100 million midfielder has received following his performance against Borussia Dortmund in midweek, the City manager told him not to worry.
"It doesn't matter," he said. "In three more days you have another chance to be happy and do what you have to do." And, what do you know, three days after lasting 58 minutes against Dortmund, Grealish was happy again -- taking just 55 seconds to score his first goal of the season to put City 1-0 up.
There were question marks in the build-up to the game about whether Grealish would even start against Wolves, having struggled for form so far this season, but Guardiola chose to keep him in at the expense of Riyad Mahrez and Ilkay Gundogan and it proved the right decision.
Guardiola insisted on Friday that he doesn't pick Grealish -- booed throughout by the home fans because of his links to Midlands rivals Aston Villa -- because he racks up big numbers of goals and assists, but after the debate surrounding his place this week, he will be glad to get off the mark.
Erling Haaland and Jack Grealish were both on the scoresheet. Robbie Jay Barratt - AMA/Getty Images
3. Wolves shoot themselves in the foot
Wolves kicked off the weekend having scored the fewest goals in the Premier League so far this season, but also boasting the best defensive record. However, if your ability to pick up points is based on keeping it tight at the back then you need to make sure you don't concede inside a minute and have one of your centre-backs sent off before half-time. It was always going to be a tough afternoon against Man City and Haaland, but Wolves, who were better early in the second half, didn't help themselves either.
Speaking on Friday, Guardiola said they were "one of the toughest opponents," but in the end it was a comfortable day for the champions and City's fans chanted "Erling Haaland, he's scored more than you." It's Haaland 11-3 Wolves so far.
Bruno Lage did a good job at Molineux last season but he needs to get his team scoring soon if he's to avoid being dragged into the Premier League's sack race. New signing Diego Costa wasn't part of the squad against City, which suggests he's more than a little short of match fitness, and Lage will need to get the 33-year-old up to speed quickly over the international break.
- Report: Wolves 0-3 Man City | Premier League table | Upcoming fixtures
Wolves: Sa 5, Jonny 5, Ait-Nouri 6, Collins 4, Kilman 5, Moutinho 6, Neves 6, Nunes 6, Neto 6, Guedes 6, Podence 5.
Subs: Traore 6, Hwang 6, Semedo 6, Campbell 6.
Man City: Ederson 6, Stones 6, Cancelo 7, Dias 7, Akanji 7, Rodri 7, De Bruyne 8, Silva 7, Grealish 8, Foden 7, Haaland 7.
Subs: Gundogan 6, Alvarez 6, Mahrez 6, Palmer 6, Gomez 6.
Best and worst performers
BEST: Jack Grealish: De Bruyne deserves an honourable mention for his two assists, but Grealish was under pressure at Molineux after criticism this week and the 27-year-old delivered.
WORST: Nathan Collins: Wolves were already up against it at 2-0 down but Collins' decision to spear Grealish at waist height with his studs was ridiculous. A deserved red card followed, and with it, any chance of Wolves' salvaging something from the game disappeared.
Highlights and notable moments
It took just 55 seconds for City to take the lead as Grealish ended his long goal drought.
Jack Grealish gets his first Premier League goal in 125 days 👀
Look what it meant 😤 pic.twitter.com/e8dacLjJwb
— ESPN UK (@ESPNUK) September 17, 2022
One man who hasn't been struggling in front of goal is Haaland. He showed he can run at defenders and score with his right foot, to continue his incredible scoring streak.
If Erling Haaland carries on scoring at this rate, he will finish the Premier League season with 57 goals 🤯 pic.twitter.com/QU9yL1sEpa
— ESPN FC (@ESPNFC) September 17, 2022
And then as if City needed things any easier, Wolves were reduced to 10 men as Collins was sent off for a high challenge on Grealish that brought back memories of Nigel de Jong's kung-fu kick on Xabi Alonso in the 2010 World Cup final between Netherlands and Spain.
Same vibe. pic.twitter.com/kSvvLswdMh
A straight red card to Nathan Collins for this foul on Jack Grealish. Wolves are down to 10 men.
📺: @USA_Network & @NBCUniverso #MyPLMorning | #WOLMCI pic.twitter.com/e4UdknR2Rx
— NBC Sports Soccer (@NBCSportsSoccer) September 17, 2022
Foden's goal made the game safe, and a few minutes later, it was paused briefly on 70 minutes for a minute of applause to honour the 70-year reign of Queen Elizabeth II, who died last week.
After the match: What the managers/players said
Bruno Lage to BT Sport: "[It went wrong] not just in the first half, but the first minute. When a team like City, who played on Wednesday night, score in the first minute it is hard to take. In between the first two goals we were there, but they scored in a transition. ... It is not about Nathan Collins. Sometimes it happens and the same situations, I saw one like that yesterday in the Aston Villa game against Southampton and nothing happened, today it was a red card."
Pep Guardiola to BT Sport: "The game started really well for us with the two goals and the red card and after the Champions League to come here at 12:30 with the quality they have, they can keep the ball and transitions are fast, it was an incredible victory. We struggled a lot after half-time until Phil's [Foden] goal so a lot of credit to Wolves."
Grealish to BT Sport: "It was a long time coming and nice to get off the mark. Rightly so, people have been asking questions, I should be scoring more and getting more assists. I am always going to have people talking about me with the money that was spent on me, but all my career I haven't scored enough goals. I do want to add that to my game. It is nice when Pep defends me. He has been brilliant with me. I probably have to thank him because he gave me the opportunity today after my performance on Wednesday because it probably wasn't the best. I am thankful to him."
Key stats (provided by ESPN Stats & Information)
- Grealish's effort was the ninth Premier League goal ever scored by Man City in the first minute of a match.
- Kevin De Bruyne now has at least one assist in five of City's seven Premier League matches this season. He has been directly involved in more Premier League goals at Molineux in 2022 than any other player (including Wolves' players.)
- De Bruyne's six assists this season are twice as many as any other player in the Premier League. This was also his first multi-assist match since April against Watford.
- Erling Haaland is the first player in history to score in his first four away games in the Premier League. Haaland now has 14 goals in 10 matches in all competitions (11 in the Premier League) and has only failed to hit the net in two matches this season for City.
- Via Opta: Haaland has scored 100 goals in his last 99 games in all competitions since leaving FC Salzburg for Borussia Dortmund in January 2020.
- Haaland (7) is tied with Sergio Aguero, who did it in 2019, for the most consecutive games with a goal for Man City since 1992-93.
- City are now unbeaten in their last 22 away league matches with a record of 16-6-0 (W-D-L). Their last away loss in the league was their first match of last season against Tottenham.
- City put in their 11th shutout win in the Premier League since the start of last season, breaking a tie with Chelsea for most by any team in that span.
Wolves: Bruno Lage's team travel to east London to take on West Ham United on Oct. 1, kicking off at 12:30 p.m. ET, and then face a tough trip to Chelsea. Things won't be getting any easier.
Man City: Amid the international break, Man City will have time to prepare for the derby, with Manchester United visiting the blue half of the city on Oct. 2. The club will play their next three games at home, with FC Copenhagen visiting in the Champions League before facing Southampton on Oct. 8, so expect more goals for Haaland.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Year of Namen Namen
We caught up with Indiana garage punks Namen Namen about their most recent tour across the Midwest, the recording of their recent EP, and how they got in contact with lo-fi punk poster child Erik Nervous for their planned full-length debut.
Photo by Andrea Mourey
After developing a devoted Midwest fanbase through their manic live shows and early singles, Namen Namen released their anticipated self-titled debut EP through Massif Records back in April. Comprised of vocalist Dylan Record, guitarist Kellen Baker, bassist Zara McCord, and drummer Ron Record, the Fort-Wayne, Indiana quartet offer listeners a nuance of energy loaded with unhinged guitar solos, crusty riffage, and impeccably tight and fast rhythms. Their self-titled debut EP is 15 minutes of of unrelenting intensity that drives up your heart rate, giving you that fix until the next record. Later this month, they're planned to record their anticipated debut LP with lo-fi punk poster child Erik Nervous, which should please the Maximum Rocknroll weirdos; expect an Eddie Flowers or John Morton hype sticker.
It's been quite a year already for Namen Namen and we caught up with all four members through email to discuss their most recent tour across the Midwest, the recording of their recent EP, and the expectations for their planned full-length debut.
Paperface Zine: How did you all meet and form Namen Namen? Also, where did the band name come from?
Dylan Record: Ron and I are twin brothers of 22 years. Kellen and Zara have been dating since middle school. So we all have established friendships and relationships. We've all been in various cover bands with each other throughout time. In 2020, Kellen wanted to start a new band with original music. Namen Namen was born! We had a lot of names tossed around. We eventually landed on the name, "Namen Namen" out of sheer desperation. It's just "name" in German twice. It's one of those things you say so many times it loses its meaning.
PZ: Do you maintain any other projects outside Namen Namen?
Zara McCord: We all dabble in other endeavors outside Namen Namen. Ronny has an television animation pitch that he's been working on as well as his solo project Roman New Time and collaborative project Home Phone with Olivia Morris, both with music out on Beet Fat Records, which is Kellen's record label. Dylan just finished up two projects one being a script for his screenplay and the other being a full length album under the name, Titanic. Kellen is always releasing music under different aliases including, Gidget and Johnny Skin, both solo, and in the band Uncle Muscle. I play in the live Home Phone band as Red Streak. I just released an experimental collaboration album under that alias with 14 different artists on Bandcamp.
PZ: Talk to us about your influences. Who are some of your musical heroes? I definitely hear a bit of early Black Lips, GØGGS, Pussy Galore, and The Birthday Party.
Kellen Baker: I like all those! Rowland S. Howard is a massive inspiration. Around the time we started, I got into the whole garage revival Goner thing. We tried calling Eric Friedl at 2:00 a.m. and convincing him to put out our music but I think it was the wrong number.
ZM: Kellen, Dylan, and Ronny. What inspires me most is being around people that push me musically, and I grew up watching Kellen and Ronny play. As much as I love the classics, Tina Weymouth, Kim Gordon, Debbie Harry, the people who inspire me most are the ones I play with.
PZ: What do you admire about this lineup?
KB: I think everyone has a very unique sound. I could easily pick out Ron's drumming in a blindfold test.
ZM: We've never had to divide up roles and responsibilities because we all enjoy different things. We all play to our strengths and nothing feels like a chore. I also think we're all very hot.
PZ: What's the Fort Wayne music scene like and who are some other bands we should check out?
KB: For original bands, playing any "alternative" music is quite small. Spots are very limited, but luckily we have two of the best in the Midwest, The Brass Rail and The Bug House. We also had The Muse on Main until its recent closing. We played our first show there in June 2020, and they always let anybody play no matter what they were doing, which was great. There aren't any two bands doing the same thing which is nice. The Namby Pamby just put out a great record. I believe Necromoon, Swell Time, and Squirrel Cage all have new music on the way, they'd be some to keep an eye on.
PZ: Following a handful of singles since 2020, you finally released your self-titled debut EP through Massif Records back last spring. Talk to us about how the debut EP came together and what the recording sessions were like.
KB: I met our engineer for the EP Tommy Cantin at a Sweetwater Rock Camp a couple years back. I got called to fill in as their guitar player left in the middle of the week. Tommy and I really hit it off, he's a fantastic drummer. I think I gave him a beat up marching snare head, and we lightly stayed in touch. Turns out he was close growing up with another friend of ours, Clayton Beehler who drums in Man of the Flood, and Tommy ended up doing a six month program at Blackbird Studios in Nashville where he had the final project of recording a band. For one reason or another, Clayton had to decline and was gracious enough to hit us up about doing the session. On August 1st, 2021, we packed up and went down to Nashville, got chicken with Tommy, and went over to Blackbird for the session. Between setup and tear down, we had about 4 hours to record, and that's what you hear. We figured we do a lot more than six songs in a 30-minute set so it wouldn't be too hard, we did spend time getting the songs tight the week before. I think Tommy was only expected to get one song done for the program, but we wanted to try and make the most of it. We did the whole thing live and added a handful of vocal and guitar overdubs, plus a mandocaster and some mugs on "Dracula AD." We didn't get to hear much until it was over, and we're stuck with what we got done. We hung around till that following Tuesday night, played a show at The Springwater, and drove straight back to Fort Wayne as I had work at noon the next day.
PZ: We love your guys' cover art especially for previous releases like Jam Crib and "The One I Love Most" single artwork. Very Flying Nun and Dietrich Sieling. Ron, you did the EP's cover art, can you talk to us a bit about it? What was the idea behind it?
Ron Record: Believe it or not, I actually made that piece long before Namen Namen! It's from all the way back to my sophomore year of high school. I really wanted to try out watercolor and that was kind of an introduction for me. I was very flattered when Zara purchased it from me around that same time because I wasn't sure what to make of it! I really do think it fits with the music because of how "in your face" everything is on the picture. As for what it is about, I would say that it has a lot to do with an obsession that I had with a lamppost by my house from around that time and also getting up in the morning.
PZ: We've had "The One I Love Most" on our Selects! playlist since its release back in March '21. How did this track come about and what did you envision when initially composing it?
DR: It was a song I wrote back in high school. I didn't really have lyrics for it until recently, just a melody and chord progression. It was a much slower, ballad type song for a while. I recently dug up the song again and brought it to the band. Some changes were made during practice. The pace of the song grew much faster and the tone much harsher, transforming into the song it is today.
PZ: I hear you're recording your full-length album in January with Erik Nervous. Can you tell us what that might look like and what fans can expect? Also, what led you to work with him?
KB: We're aiming for a full-length, depends on how many songs we can finish before the date! We like Erik's work and have heard good things from Indianapolis and Detroit friends who have recorded with him. Our EP is quite clean sounding, to the total disgust of Max RNR, so we thought we'd try leaning in the other direction. I don't think we sound much like any "egg punk" cassette-speed lovers, so it should be an interesting pairing. We're looking forward to having a fifth person involved, we're bad at making decisions. Very excited though, I think these are our best songs yet. It's going to cover a much broader range than the EP in every way. If anybody got the tour tape we made, it should serve as a big sneak peek.
Photo by Randy Molina
PZ: What's your take on the whole sped-up cassette punk thing? It's pretty hot right now and it's good when bands aren't totally trying to sound like a mix of The Coneheads and Suburban Lawns.
KB: We didn't know The Coneheads or any of this recent Midwest lo-fi punk stuff existed until the end of our first tour when Mark McWhirter (The Cowboys, ABC Gum, Heavy Mother) told us all about it. He's a genius and our biggest fan. I've told people we aren't influenced by any of that stuff and gotten the response, "Oh shit, that makes me like you guys even more," so I guess I'll continue sharing that. The amount of careers being made off of Mark Winter's unique style does bother me. He told me it doesn't bother him which makes me feel a little better. I love that stuff now, we learned a D.L.I.M.C. song to surprise our Indiana friends with at our last Detroit show. We love Suburban Lawns too!
PZ: How did the recent Midwest tour go?
KB: The tour was fantastic, I think we're all still pinching ourselves at all the great turnouts, hospitality, and bands, which actually makes this a very difficult question! We were lucky to play with some bands we love at spots we previously fell in love with, like Werewolf Jones and Milk Bath at Outer Limits, or Willie and the Cigs at MOTR Pub. There really were no duds in the bands or spaces, but to name a handful that were new to us and really stood out include Corker, The Missed, Marty Brass & The Lavender Jets, Thee Elder Gods, and Loser Candy. Cat's Cradle is only of the most tightly ran and hospitable ships we've seen, fantastic DIY basement venue that opened our eyes to the vibrance of the scene in Kalamazoo right now. Dirty Dungarees definitely wins for nastiest bathroom, and also the most fun silly toys in claw machines, very endearing.
PZ: That show at Happy Dog had to be a blast! We're good pals Marty Brass and we love The Missed! You got to tell us now what toppings you ordered there.
KB: Burger with bacon, brie, onions, peppers, some kind of barbecue sauce, and tater tots on the side.
ZM: Vegan dog with lettuce, cheddar cheese, cucumbers, flaming hot Cheetos, and SpaghettiOs.
RR: Cheeseburger with Chupacabra hot sauce.
Namen Namen is out now through Massif Records.
Namen Namen


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Each vehicle can carry one or two people: drivers from the age of 21 with valid driving license and passengers from the age of 7.
Comfortable clothing and shoes (to get dirty), jacket, sun-cream.
The tour requires a security deposit of € 50 per quad bike in cash on the same day.


text:
Ghost Doctor: A Medical Drama TV Show Review
A medical drama that is highly anticipated in the K-drama world with its unique concept, Doctor Stranger has finally made it to our screens. The series revolves around Cha Young Min (Rain), an eccentric yet genius medical examiner who can read minds and find the truth by touching someone. With the help of his 'spirit' friend – a dead body that he can communicate with, Young Min is able to diagnose people based on their behavior, and find their hidden illnesses.
The show is not really a medical drama as much as it is a supernatural-medical drama and that's where the interesting part comes in. It's a unique concept that has never been done before in the South Korean entertainment industry! But does it work?
Why Watch Ghost Doctor?
The show is unique in many ways, with the main theme of the supernatural being an interesting one. It's a genre that I'm not used to seeing so this was refreshing for me. The plot moves quickly without much dragging and there are no boring moments.
You'll get to see a different kind of romance as well, where Young Min has been through two relationships: once with a human and one with a ghost. Five episodes into the series and I can say that Doctor Stranger looks like it will be worth your while!
The Good in Ghost Doctor
The plot of the show is interesting, to say the least. It's refreshing and new for a South Korean drama. Rain does an excellent job as the leading character, Cha Young Min. But it's not just him who shines in this show; everyone from supporting actors to guest stars put on great performances. The cinematography is beautiful and visually appealing, which brings the viewers into the world of Ghost Doctor.
The scriptwriting isn't bad either with some really well-written dialogues that are realistic and humorous at times. Other than Cha Young Min, there's another character named Woo Kyung Ho (played by Park Ji Hyun) who has a mysterious illness and he is cured through a surgery performed by Young Min which was really touching and heartwarming to watch!
And of course, I can't forget about the soundtrack! The songs they use during emotional scenes are perfect for them and they make you feel like crying without even taking your tissues out!
The Bad in Ghost Doctor
It's impossible not to compare this show to the other medical dramas that have come before it. The biggest flaw in this drama is the lack of a strong, memorable story line. The main character has lost his memory and he is trying to find out who he is and about his past. But why? That, I never found out. And because of the lack of a storyline, there was no emotional attachment for me and I just couldn't care about what happened next.
The second bad thing about this show is that the characters are too one-dimensional and quite frankly boring. It's hard to feel any connection with them because they are all so boring!
This series is definitely worth it. For one, the show has a really good cast with veteran actors Rain, Ji Jin Hee, and Yoo In Na. Also, I've heard that the romantic interest between YoungMin and Cha Soo Yeon (played by Lee Honey) is quite a refreshing change to the typical love-rivalry genre of Korean dramas.
The concept of this drama also makes it much more interesting to watch than your typical medical drama. One of my favorite things about this show is how it starts with a bang in every episode. The first 20 minutes are always intriguing as we get to see Young Min solve various cases.
Ghost Doctor is a show that will keep you on the edge of your seat. If you're looking for a doctor drama, this show might be the one you've been waiting for. But Ghost Doctor isn't for you if you're looking for a show that relies on the drama between patients. Still, it's worth a try.
Key tips to consider for full body waxing
Which Phone Plan is Right for Your Family? Discover the Pros and Cons


Nollywood teen actress, Regina Daniels shares her before and after pictures.
The sixteen year old shared a picture where she was younger and probably on a movie set.
She was on low cut, looking very small in contrast to her beautiful looking sixteen year old look where she rocks braid and a perfect smile.
this girl no dey commot for 16?! but the sistah is fine sha.
She is 16. Nobody dey talk sey she be 16 every year.
GET RID OF STRETCH MARKS, CHECK MY SIGNATURE!
This girl no dey every old pass 16yrs?
Where was Nnadi when Garri was saving lives?
where was buhari when Garri was saving lives?
where was Biafra when Garri was saving lives?
where was nigeria when Garri was saving lives?
Bread and beans saved thousands, but garri saved millions.
God bless who ever discovered garri, he deserves to be celebrated, garri is more useful to me than electriciy. garri is the greatest discovery of all time.
Fresh prey for movie producers.
Her true colour is coming out now.
this girl no dey commit for 16?! but the sistah is fine sha.
this girl is too young but we go still make her redda.
Exactly what I wanted to type! She has been 16 since like forever.


text:
Massive hairball removed from British woman's stomach after seven years
Sophie Cox had a hairball removed from her stomach Credit: SWNS
Mark Molloy0
Telegraph Reporters
7 July 2016 • 2:24pm
A mother-of-one was left 'speechless' after doctors removed a foot-long hairball from her stomach that weighed a stone.
Sophie Cox, from Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, was diagnosed with trichotillomania, a condition where a person feels compelled to pull their hair out, six years ago.
She was also suffers from trichophagia, also known as 'Rapunzel syndrome', the compulsive eating of hair.
The 23-year-old explained that doctors initially could not work out what was causing her dramatic weight loss and severe stomach pains.
This hairball was removed Credit: SWNS
"By October 2015 I couldn't eat without vomiting and my stomach would swell up," she told the SWNS news agency.
"I'd lost six stone in two years and dropped six dress sizes, taking me to a size 12.
"Doctors had no idea what was wrong with me, they tested me for gallstones and stomach cancer but found nothing.
"By then I was reliant on my partner Craig and family to look after Alice as I was in constant agony. I thought I was dying."
She had an endoscopy at Cheltenham General Hospital in November 2015 when doctors discovered the giant hairball.
"When they showed me the scan I was speechless. It looked like something from a horror film," she added.
"The specialist hadn't seen anything like it in 30 years. It was too big to break down in my stomach, leaving me malnourished and dehydrated.
"Seven years-worth of my brunette locks were clumped together in my tummy and the hairball was growing by the day - it was killing me.
"It was 30cm long and weighed a stone, a huge mass of my hair clumped together with bile."
She added: "I'm just so thankful the hairball was found before it was too late."
In January, this massive tapeworm was discovered inside a man who complained of stomach ache.
Last month a Welsh woman who complained of an earache was horrified when doctors found a live spider in her ear.


Each week brings new jobs, emails, documents, and task lists. How much of that is totally different from the job you have done? Odds are, not much. A number of our tasks are variants on something we have done hundreds of times before.
Do not reinvent the wheel every single time you start something fresh. Use templates–as starting point for work that is , standardized files with formatting and text. Once you save a variant of the template add, eliminate, or alter any data for that exceptional document, and you'll have the new work.
Templates work everywhere: in word processors, spreadsheets, project management apps, survey platforms, and email. Here's how to use templates and how to automatically generate documents from a template–so it's possible to get your ordinary tasks faster.
Templates take the time to build, and it's easy to wonder whether they are worth the investment. The answer: absolutely. Editing a template requires much less time than formatting something. It is the difference between retyping it, or copying and pasting some text.
That's not the only benefit: Using a template means you're less likely to leave out crucial information, too. By way of instance, if you want to send freelance authors a contributor arrangement, modifying a standard contract template (instead of composing a new contract each time) ensures you won't leave out the crucial clause regarding possessing the content once you've paid for this.
Templates also guarantee consistency. You send investors or clients regular project updates. With a template, you understand the update will constantly have the same formatting, design, and structure.
First, templates should be comprehensive. It is easier to delete info than add it , so err on the side of adding rather than too small.
Imagine you're developing a template of your resume. You'd want to record details about your responsibilities and accomplishments, so you are going to have all the info you want to apply for any job.
You can delete notes on, but when it is not in the template you might forget it in the last version.
Some applications will automatically fill in all these variables for you (more on this in a little ). But should you have to fill in the information by yourself, include some text that's simple and obvious to search for so you can find.


The ecological furnishings of blaze in close Pacific island ecosystems accept accustomed little absorption in best Pacific island groups (Nunn, 1990). Despite the abeyant accent of wildfires for conservation, attainable health, and human-environment interactions, actual few studies of bonfire furnishings on Pacific island frondescence exist, and reliable, quantitative advice on absorption threats is bound (Keppel et al., 2014). Almost annihilation is accepted about how a bonfire affects bulb communities in the Pacific alfresco of Hawai'i (Hughes, Vitousek & Tuniston, 1991; D'Antonio & Vitousek, 1992; Hughes & Vitousek, 1993; Freifelder, Vitousek & D'Antonio, 1998; D'Antonio, Tunison & Loh, 2000; D'Antonio, Hughes & Vitousek, 2001; Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2009, 2010, 2013; Angelo & Daehler, 2013; Ellsworth et al., 2014), with a few studies in New Caledonia (McCoy et al., 1999), western Polynesia (Hjerpe, Hedenås & Elmqvist, 2001; Elmqvist et al., 2002; Franklin, 2007) and Guam (Athens & Ward, 2004). Furthermore, human-caused wildfires are added occurring on Pacific islands in the avant-garde era (Trauernicht et al., 2015), and islands are abnormally affected to anthropogenic disturbances (Keppel et al., 2014). In this paper, we use a atypical dataset to appraise the furnishings of wildfires on low-elevation and already heavily-invaded frondescence communities in the Society Islands, French Polynesia.
Few annal and no academic studies abide for French Polynesia of the ecological furnishings of bonfire in avant-garde times. Indeed, best Pacific island bulb communities, abnormally communities bedeviled by built-in bulb species, are not advised to abutment alive blaze regimes of the blazon apparent in some continental communities of agnate altitude due to differing agitation patterns, bulb structure, winds, and added factors (Cochrane, 2003; but see Hunter-Anderson, 2009). Although accustomed bonfire is anticipation to be acutely attenuate as a agitation in Pacific earthbound built-in bulb communities, botanists alive in the arena accept continued doubtable that anthropogenic blaze (alongside added animal land-use changes) has played an important role in assertive low- and mid-elevation earthbound frondescence communities. The botanical affirmation for a role of anthropogenic blaze are the all-encompassing low-elevation fernlands and grasslands which drew the absorption of aboriginal Western acreage botanists in the Pacific (including French Polynesia). These communities were usually declared as near-monocultures, bedeviled by either the built-in bracken Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) or several breed of grass. In some a cases, these fernlands and grasslands booty the anatomy of "savannas" with broadcast appearing copse in genera such as Metrosideros and Commersonia (Florence, 1997; Russell, Raich & Vitousek, 1998). For example, Dicranopteris fernlands are accepted in the Society, Cook, Austral, Hawaiian, and Wallis and Futuna islands (Florence, 1997; Sykes, 2016; Meyer, 2017). In a abounding assay of Society Islands frondescence arise in French, Papy (1954) arise an affiliation of Dicranopteris and grasses with fire, and appropriate that the aloft can resprout from rhizomes afterward wildfire. He additionally empiric that assertive coarse plants (Metrosideros collina, Melastoma denticulatum, and Dodonaea viscosa) are about associated with areas that accept burned. These observations are constant with added contempo ones from Hawai'i for Dodonaea viscosa and the affiliated Metrosideros polymorpha (following single, low-intensity fires; Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2009; D'Antonio, Tunison & Loh, 2000). Surveying the frondescence of the absolute close Pacific abounding decades later, Mueller-Dombois & Fosberg (1998) came to a agnate conclusion, arguing that Dicranopteris fernlands represent potentially anthropogenic post-disturbance communities because of their acutely low bulb diversity, and because no bulb breed added than Dicranopteris linearis are belted to these communities (i.e., these communities accommodate no abode specialists).
Pacific archaeologists and paleoecologists accept concurred with the abstracts of botanists, invoking charcoal and added pollen annal as added affirmation that blaze is anthropogenic (Kahn et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2017), and that boundless "pyrophytic" acreage and fernland zones resulted from the use of blaze by the aboriginal colonizing bodies in French Polynesia and abroad in the Pacific (Dodson & Intoh, 1999; Kirch, 2000; Athens & Ward, 2004; Mann et al., 2008; but see Hunter-Anderson, 2009). It is important to accent that bounded adeptness that anthropogenic blaze promotes Dicranopteris savanna (e.g., references and informants cited in Meyer, 2017) is constant with these archeological and botanical interpretations, and may accept been the aboriginal catalyst which led Western board to doubtable a role for blaze in Pacific frondescence ecology. These absolute curve of affirmation point to anthropogenic blaze in aggregate with added animal impacts partially transforming the mid- and low-elevation frondescence of amphibian Pacific islands from backwoods to pyrophytic fernlands and grasslands, basic conceivably as anon as the aboriginal animal colonization of these islands (1000 C.E. for French Polynesia) (Mueller-Dombois & Fosberg, 1998; Kirch, 2000; Kahn et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2017).
The abstracts of botanists, archaeologists, and paleoecologists that blaze in the Remote Pacific is primarily of anthropogenic agent and has played an important role ecologically alone in transforming some low- and mid-elevation bulb communities into bracken and grass-dominated savannas are of accurate accent for absorption and animal affluence in French Polynesia, because anecdotal affirmation suggests that bonfire contest may be accepted during the 2000's and 2010's, and possibly accretion in affluence about to actual baselines. Although absolute annal are not publically available, arise account letters in bounded media (La Dépêche de Tahiti, arise circadian in Papeete, Tahiti and the "Polynésie 1ère" account website) announce wildfires contest on the islands of Tahiti in 2013 (two fires), 2015, and 2016, Mo'orea in 2008 and 2011, Huahine in 2016, Raiatea in 2016, and Bora Bora in 2013 (Society archipelago) and Nuku Hiva in 2012 and Ua Pou in 2013 (Marquesas archipelago). A non-peer-reviewed abstraction from a acreage advance accomplished by the University of California, Berkeley articular three wildfires on Moorea which occurred in 1991, 1995, and 1998 (Koehler, 1999), and fractional bonfire annal captivated by the Sapeurs-Pompiers de Moorea (the Moorea blaze department) account 5 wildfires occurring in the aboriginal bisected of 2011 (J.-M. Hokaupoko, 2013, claimed communication). Despite the abeyant accent of bonfire as a botheration for both absorption (J.-Y. Meyer, 2011, claimed communication) and animal affluence (Newman, 2014; J.-M. Hokaupoko, 2013, claimed communication) in French Polynesia, no arise abstraction has advised the ecological furnishings of bonfire in that country.
The absence of studies analytical ecological after-effects of bonfire in French Polynesia are apropos because akin studies from the Hawaiian Islands (which are ecologically agnate and allotment abounding built-in bulb genera) advance that wildfires may absolutely accept actual austere furnishings on avant-garde frondescence communities in means which appulse both biodiversity and the adeptness for approaching wildfires. Studies of bonfire on the island of Hawai'i ("the Big Island") accept apparent that although a ample cardinal of built-in coarse and timberline bracken breed in wet and mesic forests appearance some adeptness to abide afterwards bonfire through resprouting or formation afterward lava-ignited bonfire (Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2009), and some built-in blooming breed arise to sprout alone afterward again wildfires that abort clutter (Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2013), best affirmation suggests that wildfires access affluence of alien blooming and grass species. Wildfires advance aggression of alien blooming breed in forests (Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2010), built-in timberline and timberline bracken afterlife (D'Antonio, Tunison & Loh, 2000; Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2013), and the backup of built-in communities with invasive grasslands (Hughes, Vitousek & Tuniston, 1991; Hughes & Vitousek, 1993; D'Antonio, Tunison & Loh, 2000; Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2013). These alien blooming and grass communities bind built-in bulb application (Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2010) and are alike added affected to approaching fires, assiduity a grass-fire aeon (D'Antonio & Vitousek, 1992; Freifelder, Vitousek & D'Antonio, 1998). It has been apparent that wildfires can arbitrate transitions amid ascendancy by altered invasive grasses (Hughes, Vitousek & Tuniston, 1991; D'Antonio, Hughes & Vitousek, 2001). Finally, fire-adapted grasses are affective upwards in acclivity (Angelo & Daehler, 2013). Taken together, these studies advance that wildfires in French Polynesia may abate abundances of some built-in bulb species, while accompanying accretion abundances of some alien species—particularly alien grasses—which may actualize fuels that access the anticipation of approaching wildfires.
The purpose of this cardboard is to accommodate a baseline for human-caused bonfire furnishings on breed richness, abundance, and affiliation affinity in low-elevation, heavily-invaded bulb communities in French Polynesia in the modern, post-European acquaintance era through assay of commutual acreage sites. In this study, we appraise frondescence changes associated with wildfires at low elevations (<380 m) on the island of Mo'orea in the Society archipelago of French Polynesia (Fig. 1). We investigate how low-elevation bulb communities alter amid austere areas and adjoining allegory areas that accept no accepted contempo bake history, and apprehend bonfire to accept abounding furnishings on the agreement and about abundances of bulb breed in our abstraction sites. Allegory areas in this abstraction do not represent accustomed frondescence communities, but instead are accessory forests bedeviled by alien breed that accept regrown in areas austere or able by bodies afterward animal colonization ∼1000 year BP (Mueller-Dombois & Fosberg, 1998; Kirch, 2000). Built-in forests in French Polynesia, which anchorage best actual ancient bulb and bearcat diversity, are primarily belted to college elevations (Meyer, 2010), and do not artlessly acquaintance ample wildfires.
Given what is accepted from antecedent observations from added islands, we accept that austere areas will accept a decidedly altered frondescence affiliation from not afresh austere or adapted allegory areas. We apprehend that grasses and ferns, abnormally Dicranopteris linearis, will be present at college accommodation in austere areas than in allegory areas. We additionally apprehend that austere areas will accommodate added alien breed and college abundances of alien breed than are present in allegory areas, but that built-in (especially herbaceous) frondescence will abide or recolonize austere sites (Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2009, 2013). We investigate whether armpit or austere cachet (burned or comparison) is added cogent in answer breed assortment and empiric affluence in abstraction areas. We appraise which bulb breed are present through colonization, regrowth, or persistence, in austere areas. One aim of this abstraction is to analyze which of the breed absolute in an already awful adapted bulb affiliation are adequate to become added abounding or invasive afterwards wildfire, with appropriate absorption to avant-garde invasives and plants that are accepted to access blaze hazard. These after-effects may accept implications for absorption efforts in southeastern Polynesia and abroad in Oceania.
We conducted assay on the island of Mo'orea, French Polynesia (17°32′S, 149°50′W) during the austral-spring dry division of October and November 2013 (Fig. 1). The wetter summer division lasts from December–April, and the drier winter division lasts from May–November. Ample condensate contest can action in the mostly dry winter months, and there can be abounding interannual aberration in accumulative rainfall. Weather base abstracts provided by the Moorea Coral Reef Ecosystem LTER for August 2006–October 2010 address account boilerplate temperatures alignment from 24.5 to −27.2° C, and account accumulative condensate amid 0.8 mm and 716.8 mm (Washburn, Brooks & Moorea Coral Reef LTER, 2013). Apprehension are about abiding and bedeviled by southeasterly barter winds, although able wind events, including cyclones, action somewhat consistently (http://mcrlter.msi.ucsb.edu/data/variable/).
We formed at three sites, anniversary absolute two abstraction areas: a post-wildfire ("burned") breadth that was commutual with a nearby, "comparison" breadth (within 0.2–0.5 km) that had no contempo history of blaze or agronomical modification. Post-wildfire sites represented a array of times back blaze disturbance, absolute austere area, aboriginal frondescence communities, elevations, slopes, aspects, and microclimates. We chose to assignment in sites ahead advised by Koehler (1999), breadth austere and allegory areas at a audible armpit had the aforementioned or actual agnate slopes, aspects, boilerplate rainfalls, and clay types (Bonvallot et al., 1993), and an added armpit with agnate description. The seasonality and severity of the burns were not controlled for in analyses, and the post-wildfire acute altitude are not known, anniversary of which can access breed affluence and affluence in post-wildfire communities. We analyze that this accumulating of sites in not meant to represent bulb affiliation assumption for different-aged sites, because we did not admeasurement or ascendancy for site-to-site aberration in temperature, precipitation, and added factors important in alignment bulb communities.
Study sites assorted in location, time back burn, and added characteristics, but were all amid on the wetter ancillary of the island (Table 1). Armpit 1 was amid at the Col des Trois Cocotiers (accessible via the "Three Coconuts trail") on the saddle amid Mount Tohi'e'a and Mount Mou'aroa. This bonfire originated from a baby bivouac at the top of the backbone (J.-Y. Meyer, claimed communication) in 2004 (nine years afore this assay was conducted), afire <1 ha. The armpit receives an boilerplate anniversary condensate of 4,500–5,000 mm, was characterized in 1993 as accepting an boilerplate anniversary temperature of 20–22.7 °C (Bonvallot et al., 1993), and is in absolute sunlight throughout the day. The abruptness at this armpit varies with a best of 30%. The adjoining allegory breadth was agnate to the austere breadth but receives hardly added shade, and was amid to the west of the austere area.
Summary of characteristics for austere and allegory sites, which accept no contempo history of disturbance.
Site 2 is additionally amid on the southwest ancillary of the island, arctic of the boondocks of Ha'apiti. According to Koehler (1999), the blaze occurred in 1995 (18 years afore survey), starting in a noni (Morinda citrifolia, or "nono" in Tahitian) bake-apple acreage and traveling up the abruptness of a west-facing backbone for about 1 km. The amplitude of the austere breadth was ∼300 m, with a absolute breadth of ∼4 ha. The abruptness of this armpit averaged about 25% slope, and the backbone can accept absolute ablaze for the absolute day. The boilerplate anniversary precipitation is 1,720–2,000 mm, with an boilerplate anniversary temperature of >22.7 °C (Bonvallot et al., 1993). The adjoining allegory breadth was amid to the northeast of the austere area.
Site 3 was amid on the southwest ancillary of the island, southeast of Ha'apiti. According to Koehler (1999), the bonfire occurred in 1991 (22 years afore this assay was conducted), and started as a accumulation of afire decay in a cemetery on the outskirts of Ha'apiti. The blaze catholic forth a west-facing backbone for about 1.5 km. The absolute austere breadth was ∼5 ha, boilerplate beyond 250 m in width. The abruptness is ∼25% forth the absolute breadth of the austere armpit (Koehler, 1999). The backbone receives absolute sunlight for the majority of the day, the boilerplate anniversary precipitation at the armpit is 2,000–2,350 mm, and the boilerplate anniversary temperature is >22.7 °C (Bonvallot et al., 1993). The adjoining allegory breadth was amid to the southeast of the burn. Center credibility of all austere and allegory areas, and absolute breadth austere were estimated application Google Earth (Google, 2013).
Each of the commutual abstraction areas at three sites (Sites 1, 2, and 3) comprises a post-wildfire austere breadth and an adjacent, unburned allegory area, for six absolute abstraction areas. Bristles transect curve were placed in anniversary abstraction area, for a absolute of 30 transects. Transect curve were placed about 4 m afar in allegory areas and in bake sites breadth the appearance of the post-fire breadth allowed. For continued burn-scar sites, transects were placed hardly afterpiece to one addition or end-to-end. Frondescence was sampled at 4 m intervals forth the breadth of anniversary transect (starting at the aught point, for a absolute of 13 samples per transect and n = 390 absolute abstracts points) at all sites forth credibility on a 50 m transect tape, application a adjustment adapted from the Line Interception Adjustment (or "line-intercept method," Canfield, 1941).
For anniversary austere and allegory area, all individuals of vascular bulb breed affecting and anon aloft a vertical barometer column placed at 4 m intervals were recorded. Lichens and mosses were not included in this study. Alone plants were counted on transect credibility (as "observed abundance") and articular to the breed akin in the acreage if possible, and photographs were taken for afterwards verification. For plants that could not be field-identified, samples were calm for assay at the University of California, Berkeley Gump Base application online and printed bulb identification keys (Moorea Digital Flora Project, Murdock, 1999; Whistler, 1996). Samples and photographs were absolute through able assessment (of J.-Y. Meyer, R. Taputuarai, and J. Nitta). Voucher specimens calm from anniversary armpit accept been deposited in the University Herbarium (UC) at the University of California, Berkeley. Acreage surveys were conducted beneath the allotment of a University of California Berkeley admittance associated with an undergraduate educational advance (ESPM C107) from the Government of French Polynesia.
Plant breed were categorized by agent as built-in or introduced, and aural the class of alien species, a acumen was fabricated amid "Polynesian introduction" (prior to European contact) and "modern introduction" (post European contact) for assay (Table 2). Actual attendance was adjourned by accord and able opinions including the following: Austin (1991), Butaud, Gérard & Guibal (2008), Butaud (2010), Florence (1997, 2004), Florence et al. (2007), McCormack (2007), Meyer (2004), J.-Y. Meyer (2013, claimed communication), J. Nitta (2013, claimed communication), Prebble (2008), Wagner & Lorence (2002) and Whistler (1996, 2009).
Plant breed recorded at the three abstraction sites, categorized by ample taxonomic groups.
Line-intercept transect abstracts were acclimated to account about frequencies of species' abundances for austere and allegory areas at anniversary of the three abstraction sites. Empiric abundances were affected as absolute cardinal of individuals in anniversary breed affiliated beyond all bristles transects in one abstraction area. Absolute breed affluence was affected as cardinal of breed encountered on all transects in anniversary area. Plants were organized for assay by attendance in austere areas, allegory areas, or both, and graphed by class for added examination. Differences amid breed affluence by class of agent was adjourned with Pearson's Chi-squared tests for proportions, with the absent antecedent that the austere areas accept the aforementioned accommodation of breed affluence by class of agent as the allegory areas. Agnate calculations were fabricated for empiric abundances of plants by class of origin.
To assay the about accent of armpit (SITE) and austere or allegory cachet (STATUS) in free the bulb affiliation in an area, we complete abstracted sets of Poisson-distributed ambiguous beeline models (GLMs) for breed richness, and for empiric abundances at anniversary transect point (Poisson and Gaussian models were run in anniversary case and compared to anniversary added with AIC and log likelihood values). We included an alternation aftereffect of SITE:STATUS in anniversary model. Akaike's Advice Criterion adapted for baby sample sizes (AICc) was activated to anniversary archetypal set for archetypal selection.
For bulb abstracts in anniversary assay area, we performed a two-dimensional non-metric multi-dimensional ascent (NMDS) application a Bray-Curtis adverse cast to appraise community-level differences amid sites and amid austere and allegory areas, application alone transects as abstracts points. Bray––Curtis NMDS analyses appraise affiliation agreement and structure. We active Wisconsin bifold acclimation (using R amalgamation "vegan" "metaMDS" analysis, Oksanen et al., 2018). After-effects of the NMDS were evaluated application a permutational multivariate assay of about-face ("adonis" in R software amalgamation "vegan") clay the NMDS adjoin austere or allegory cachet of abstraction areas. A statistically cogent amount of the "adonis" F-test would announce that the austere areas are altered from the allegory areas in agreement of affiliation composition, abstinent in boxlike aberration from the centroid of anniversary accumulation in allotment space.
All analyses were conducted in "R" adaptation 3.1.3 (R Core Team, 2015), with added bales "vegan" adaptation 2.5-2 (Oksanen et al., 2018), "MASS" adaptation 7.3-34 (Venables & Ripley, 2002), and "AICcmodavg" adaptation 2.1-1 (Mazerolle, 2017).
Wildfire at all surveyed sites had ample furnishings on the breed agreement of the constant communities, in adverse to allegory areas. Breed that were alone present in allegory areas (23 species), outnumbered those that were alone present in austere areas (11 species), but showed commensurable affluence to breed that were present in both austere and allegory areas (23 species) (Fig. 2). Some of the best accepted breed present alone in allegory areas included the built-in bracken Angiopteris evecta, the Polynesian-introduced amber Zingiber zerumbet, the avant-garde addition Miconia calvescens, and the attic Cocos nucifera. In austere areas, some of the best accepted breed were the built-in bracken Dicranopteris linearis and the built-in timberline Metrosideros collina. Breed begin in all sites included the built-in timberline Hibiscus tiliaceus and the avant-garde addition Paraserianthes falcataria.
Burned and allegory sites independent a absolute of 57 vascular bulb breed (one club moss, 13 ferns, 14 monocots, and 29 eudicots; Table 2). Of the vascular plants, 54 were articular to the breed level, and three alien breed were accustomed altered identifiers for analysis. At allegory sites, 46 breed were begin in total, with 34.8% built-in species, 17.4% Polynesian alien species, and 41.3% avant-garde alien breed (with three anonymous breed of alien origin). By comparison, 34 breed were begin in austere sites, 38.2% of which were natives, 5.9% Polynesian, and 50.0% avant-garde introductions (Figs. 3 and 4; raw abstracts visualized in Supplementary Material). Empiric abundances assorted on a site-to-site basis, with bonfire accretion empiric abundances at two of three sites, and acutely abbreviating empiric abundances at Armpit 2.
A Poisson archetypal of breed affluence ∼ SITE STATUS had the best allegorical ability (evidence arrangement compared to aing best archetypal = 16.42) (Table 3A). We begin that allegory areas had greater breed affluence than austere areas (P < 0.001); Armpit 1 had the greatest breed affluence (Table 4). GLM assay of empiric abundances (Table 3B) produced one archetypal with allegorical ability (abundance = SITE STATUS SITE:STATUS). Fixed aftereffect constant estimates (Table 5) appearance that "comparison" cachet had college affluence about than austere areas (P = 0.079), admitting the aftereffect admeasurement was almost baby (0.152). As was the case for the breed affluence GLM, the aerial point appraisal and statistical acceptation of the ambush in anniversary case indicates that added nuanced models with college allegorical ability could be developed.
Model alternative for breed affluence and for empiric abundance.
Fixed aftereffect constant estimates from GLM assay of absolute breed richness, from the top AIC c-selected model.
Fixed aftereffect constant estimates from GLM assay of empiric abundance, from the top AIC c-selected model.
Species affluence was compared amid abstraction areas by class of agent (Fig. 3). Pearson's Chi-squared tests for accommodation appearance no differences amid accommodation of breed in the native, Polynesian introduction, and avant-garde addition categories for austere and allegory areas at anniversary armpit (χ2 = 1.43, df = 2, P = 0.434 at Armpit 1; χ2 = 3.65, df = 2, P = 0.161 at Armpit 2; and χ2 = 3.58, df = 2, P = 0.167 at Armpit 3). Back avant-garde and Polynesian introductions are aggregate into one "introduced species" category, this aftereffect does not change, that is, there are no statistically cogent differences amid accommodation of built-in and alien breed by built-in against alien categories (P-values on χ2 tests are all >0.2).
Proportional abundances of all individuals were additionally compared beyond austere and allegory areas in three sites by class of agent (Fig. 3). Pearson's Chi-squared tests appearance statistically cogent differences amid accommodation of abundances of individuals in the native, Polynesian introduction, and avant-garde addition categories for austere and allegory areas at anniversary armpit (χ2 = 7.523, df = 2, P = 0.023 for Armpit 1; χ2 = 10.697, df = 2, P = 0.005 for Armpit 2; and χ2 = 76.705, df = 2, P < 10–5 for Armpit 3). Back avant-garde and Polynesian introductions are aggregate into one "introduced species" category, after-effects are still statistically cogent (P = 0.09 for Armpit 1; P = 0.005 for Armpit 2; and P = 0.01 for Armpit 3). Bonfire decidedly added the proportional affluence of individuals in the "introduced species" class at Sites 1 and 3, but decreased the proportional affluence of alien breed at Armpit 2.
Plant breed agreement and abundances by transect were analyzed application two-dimensional NMDS, which converged in 20 iterations, for a affected accent = 0.160 (considered an adequate fit), Procrustes basis beggarly boxlike absurdity = 1.64e-05, and best residuals = 2.98e-05. NMDS after-effects were advised with alone credibility apery breed affluence and empiric abundances of a audible transect (Fig. 5). There was no overlap in the credibility amid the austere and allegory areas, visually advertence ample differences amid austere and allegory communities in allotment space. Credibility for anniversary of the allegory areas were awful amassed and did not overlap with credibility from added sites, advertence abounding differences in communities amid altered (not afresh burned) allegory areas. In contrast, credibility for the austere areas are awful alloyed and about ambiguous from anniversary other, and within-site advance of credibility in NMDS-ordination amplitude is beyond for the austere areas than for the allegory areas. The "adonis" permutational multivariate assay of about-face agitated out on the NMDS produced assay accomplishment ethics of F1,28 = 14.734 and R2 = 0.345, with P < 0.001, acceptation that compositional differences amid groups (in this case austere and allegory areas) are awful statistically significant.
Even in an already heavily impacted bulb community, bonfire in low-elevation Pacific island frondescence creates communities that are actual agnate amid sites, admitting allegory sites with no contempo history of agitation abide almost audible from one another. Bonfire does not arise to change the admeasurement of breed in a affiliation by their class of agent (i.e., native, Polynesian introduction, or avant-garde introduction). Counter to our aboriginal hypothesis, we did not acquisition added alien breed in austere areas than allegory areas. Empiric abundances were about college in allegory areas than austere areas, but the aftereffect of bonfire was awful capricious amid sites, and bonfire abundantly bargain empiric affluence at one of three sites (Site 2), possibly due to post-wildfire altitude for about-face or added abysmal variables. Our NMDS after-effects (followed by multivariate about-face analysis) additionally appearance cogent differences in breed agreement of austere and allegory areas.
These after-effects taken calm accommodate affirmation that bonfire impacts on the built-in affiliation of plants alter from armpit to site, and may be accompanying to microclimate or added anatomy drivers affecting the aboriginal frondescence affiliation (Thaxton & Platt, 2006; Hoffmann et al., 2012), or backdrop of the blaze contest themselves (such as temperatures, intensity, calefaction flux, abode time; Frost & Robertson, 1985; Thaxton & Platt, 2006), and post-fire acute altitude (Frost & Robertson, 1985) that were not abstinent in this study.
Our after-effects advance that there is a cogent basic of the low-elevation bulb affiliation that is anon benefitting from bonfire action and are present alone in austere areas. We found, as antecedent studies have, that the built-in bracken Dicranopteris linearis (Gleicheniaceae) colonized austere areas, constant with observations of the pyrophytic Dicranopteris savanna acclaimed by added board (Papy, 1954; Mueller-Dombois & Fosberg, 1998; Meyer, 2017). We did not acquisition college attendance of grasses in general, as has been acclaimed in Hawai'i (Hughes, Vitousek & Tuniston, 1991; Hughes & Vitousek, 1993; D'Antonio, Tunison & Loh, 2000; Ainsworth & Kauffman, 2013), although we begin that the non-native invasive grass Melinis repens (natalgrass, Poaceae) was present alone in the austere sites. This breed is advised invasive in both French Polynesia and Hawai'i, and the aforementioned pattern—presence in austere areas only— was arise by D'Antonio, Hughes & Tunison (2011). It should be acclaimed that all our abstraction sites were amid on the wet ancillary of the island, and that non-native grasses are present in affluence alone on the dry ancillary of Mo'orea. A abstraction advised to sample the dry ancillary of Mo'orea ability ascertain added invasives that may be overextension through alternation with wildfire.
Among added breed begin alone in austere areas are the built-in copse Metrosideros collina (Myrtaceae) and Commersonia bartramia (Malvaceae). This is constant with observations of Metrosideros collina in affiliation with either blaze or Dicranopteris savanna (Papy, 1954) and of C. bartramia in Dicranopteris savanna (Florence, 2004; Meyer, 2017). One ascertainment of the built-in timberline Phyllanthus manono (syn. Glochidion manono, Phyllanthaceae) in a austere breadth is absorbing to the accustomed history of this breed accustomed that this brand has about been arise from abashed contexts in Remote Oceania (Hembry, 2017), but it was not acclaimed at the time of the assay if this was an alone that had resprouted or developed from seed. Of added breed begin in affiliation with fire, pineapple (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) is a bake-apple crop that may accept been buried afterward the fires, and accordingly adequate does not represent a "naturalized" breed benefitting from fire. Papaya (Carica papaya, Caricaceae), on the added hand, does assume to account from blaze in western Polynesia (Franklin, 2007) although we are not acquainted of affirmation that it is aborigine in southeastern Polynesia breadth this abstraction took abode (Sykes, 2016).
Of the breed present in both austere and allegory areas, the built-in timberline Hibiscus tiliaceus (Malvaceae) is the best abundant, followed by a ambiguous avant-garde invasive, Paraserianthes falcataria (Fabaceae). This breed (syn. Falcataria molluccana, Albizia falcataria), back compared to added invasives, has been articular as accepting asymmetric furnishings on breed accident in close systems it invades (Pyšek et al., 2012). Several built-in and alien overstory copse are present in both austere and allegory sites, but are added accepted in the latter. These accommodate the built-in Neonauclea forsteri (Rubiaceae), the Polynesian-introduced Inocarpus fagifer (Fabaceae), and the avant-garde introductions Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) and Mangifera indica (mango; Anacardiaceae). We advance that these accept alone persisted through low-intensity blaze in baby numbers. Alternation of overstory copse in or at the margins of low-intensity burns may be added common, and such observations should be acclaimed in approaching studies on this topic.
Of the comparison-area alone plants, notable are attic (Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae), which may accept been planted, a host of built-in breed which may be awful fire-intolerant, including Ixora mooreensis (Rubiaceae) and Xylosma suaveolens (Flacourtiaceae), a ample cardinal of built-in bracken species, and an invasive breed of appropriate affair in French Polynesia, Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), which densely invades contrarily undisturbed areas (Meyer & Florence, 1996).
Our after-effects highlight four alien and/or invasive breed which may be facilitated by blaze and which are of affair to acreage administration in French Polynesia and the Pacific region. Natalgrass (Melinis repens), a avant-garde addition begin alone in austere sites in this study, is discussed above. Miscanthus floridulus (Poaceae) is abounding added abounding in austere than allegory sites in our study, as are Paraserianthes falcataria and Lantana camara. Miscanthus floridulus is a Polynesian-introduced grass which is advised a baneful edger in Hawai'i, although not in French Polynesia, and is advised built-in on Guam and the arctic Mariana Islands, breadth it is a ascendant basic of fire-prone anthropogenic savannas (Minton, 2006). Although ranked alone sixth in affluence in austere sites, L. camara is a avant-garde addition that is apparently of college affair than some of the added abounding species. Fire-Lantana interactions, including the achievability of a "fire cycle" or absolute acknowledgment amid the two, are of appropriate affair and accept been arise from continental close areas (Fensham, Fairfax & Cannell, 1994; Duggin & Gentle, 1998; Hiremath & Sundaram, 2005; Berry, Wevill & Curran, 2011). The flammability and added blaze adaptations of this breed compared to added frondescence in this arrangement are not known. L. camara is bird-dispersed in French Polynesia (Spotswood, Meyer & Bartolome, 2012), and so has the abeyant to access its ambit rapidly through berry dispersal. L. camara is appointed by the French Polynesian government as one of the best austere invasive plants in the country (Meyer & Butaud, 2007).
The allegory sites, like best low-elevation bulb communities on Mo'orea and abroad in French Polynesia, are accessory backwoods or brier communities heavily invaded by, and in abounding cases bedeviled by, non-native breed of angiosperms. These heavily invaded bulb communities accept developed over a acreage use history that includes animal allowance of acreage for agronomics and timber, the agronomics of agroforests by Polynesians afore European contact, the afterlife of built-in birds as berry dispersers, the aishment of seabird colonies and their comestible inputs, and the addition of ungulates (especially pigs; Sus scrofa) (Kirch, 2000; Meyer, 2004; Steadman, 2006; Dotte-Sarout & Kahn, 2017). There is no affirmation to advance that these heavily adapted frondescence communities at low elevations on Mo'orea accept a accustomed blaze administration of the array which occurs in continental regions. Blaze in this ambience should be anticipation of as an anthropogenic agitation that has abstruse furnishings on these primarily non-native frondescence communities. We begin that in this context, blaze facilitates a subset of the built-in flora (such as Dicranopteris linearis and Metrosideros collina) but additionally facilitates several of the best annihilative invasive plants in French Polynesia (Paraserianthes falcataria, and L. camara), and two alien grasses advised invasive in Hawai'i (Melinis repens, Miscanthus floridulus), one of which is listed as a baneful edger by the accompaniment of Hawai'i (Miscanthus floridulus).
Our after-effects authenticate that bonfire on Mo'orea causes cogent changes in bulb communities, accretion affinity of communities amid sites, accretion abundances of alien breed in austere areas, and alteration affiliation agreement by facilitating colonization by Dicranopteris linearis as able-bodied as non-native breed that accept accepted absolute blaze acknowledgment interactions. These changes are present in all post-wildfire sites (including the oldest armpit of 22 years). Long-term changes to the frondescence affiliation that advance non-native and fire-prone breed could be abnormally adverse on baby close islands because they are added affected to invasion, and the bulb assortment is already almost low (Elton, 1958; Vitousek et al., 1996).
Pacific islands invasives are analogously understudied (Pyšek et al., 2008, 2012), and agitation anatomy has not been advised in abounding Pacific island groups. Our after-effects may be generalizable to added islands both aural the Society Islands alternation and abroad in French Polynesia and southeastern Polynesia, breadth the aboriginal frondescence communities are agnate to those on Mo'orea, and the invasive breed attainable to arrive post-wildfire sites appear from the aforementioned basin of attainable species. These after-effects are important in ablaze of accepted contempo letters of bonfire contest in bounded account media from assorted islands in French Polynesia, and because both bonfire affluence and absolute austere breadth per year may access in approaching years with altitude change, attendance of invasive species, accretion populations that await on blaze for agronomical and decay management, and added changes in animal acreage use.


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Local Regional News
Chattanooga area protesters support Palestine
July 27th, 2014 | by Kendi A. Rainwater
Chattanooga residents gather at Miller Park on Saturday to support Palestine in the current conflict between Hamas and Israel.
A young boy stood in Miller Park on Saturday afternoon holding a sign that read "Stop the Israeli Terrorism."
He did not stand alone.
More than 200 people crowded the park in downtown Chattanooga chanting, "Free! Free, Palestine!" The event was a part of a series of statewide protests sponsored by Concerned Citizens for Justice.
"We recognize that there is total intersection between what is happening to the Palestinian community overseas and what has happened with apartheid and Jim Crow to people who identify as African-American," said Ash-Lee Henderson, an organizer with Concerned Citizens for Justice.
"As a black liberation organization we stand in solidarity with the Palestinian people. Also, as Tennesseans we stand in solidarity with folks across the states that are also saying, 'We deserve a free Palestine,'" Henderson said.
The protesters listened as Palestinian Dr. Fouad Moughrabi, former head of the Department of Political Science at UTC, spoke on what is occurring in Gaza.
"It is the failure of the world community not to put a stop to this," he said. "People are outraged and not just here, but throughout the world."
"My heart is glowing by the fact that there are so many people here to protest. This is a measure of how horrible things are, how outraged people are, and this is a message to the U.S. government, our senators and congressman."
Israel retaliated with air and ground attacks after Hamas militants attacked it with rocket barrages from the Gaza Strip. More than 1,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians, and 42 Israelis have been killed since Israel launched the Gaza offensive, The Associated Press reported.
Contact staff writer Kendi Anderson at kendi.anderson@timesfreepress.com or at 423-757-6592.
'Augmented reality' sandbox set up at library (with video)
Patients, doctors seek remedy for confusion over BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee's Network E


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Arianna Meschia
The Art of Freestyling
From professional freestyle footballer to designer & business owner, Nayib shares his inspiring journey in creating 28th Store
The fact we are on opposite sides of the world doesn't seem to deter Nayib de la Rosa's contagious energy, as I catch up with him over a Zoom call following his joining The Nopo with his leather goods brand 28th Store. After two minutes of a screen chat with him it's clear Nayib is firmly on his way to bringing his brand and creations from being the new kid on the block to an international design powerhouse, celebrating Mexican craftsmanship and elevating it to a worldwide stage.
Shop 28th Store
"A proud college drop-out" as he defines himself, Nayib was born in Acapulco, northern Mexico, in a family of artists and entertainers. With a DJ for a father and a dancer for a mother, his childhood and teenage years were a whirlwind of people, nightclubs, music, and his mother's wonderful and exuberant wardrobe. "My parents were often quite busy, so I tended to stick to myself a lot as I was growing up. It was the early 90s, Madonna was exploding, metal and rock were happening, that edgy time in design, in life itself, between the 80s and the 90s would become a pivotal influence for my work and aesthetics later on."
His parents' glamorous life exerted a strong fascination on young Nayib, who, even while growing up, never let go of an almost childlike creative hunch to play around with things that already exist to create new realities and objects. The designer's eye was already at work from an early age, but, after a short time at college studying Communication Sciences, Nayib's family ran into financial difficulties and he felt compelled to be responsible for himself.
A few years before, a Nike advert featuring a freestyle soccer player had legitimized his passion for the sport, which he had been practicing for a couple of years. "Seeing that advert made me realize this could actually be a job, it wasn't just something to do with friends for fun. I had started practicing at 16 with a friend and soon we began traveling a lot in Mexico and internationally to attend tournaments and gatherings."
As the go-to sport for generations of young kids, soccer has played an important role in Latin America over the decades. "Everyone's childhood dream was to be a soccer player when I was growing up," Nayib remembers with a smile. In freestyle soccer, Nayib found a way to express that childhood dream in his own independent and original way. The practice of freestyling gave him the opportunity to break the fixed rules of a sport that already existed, to create something new and different, a way of reconfiguring reality that he found inspirational. It was this very concept of creation and re-creation that he brought into his design work ten years later when he decided to start his own brand of leather accessories.
28th Store, named after Nayib's age when he decided to put his head down to realize this long-term dream of his, was born out of necessity when, traveling around for tournaments, Nayib noticed he didn't have a way of carrying his ball that would be practical and stylish at the same time. "I really wanted a backpack that would fit my ball not only functionally but also beautifully, I wanted the backpack to showcase the ball and in that sense become part of my identity." Inspired by freestyling soccer and improvisation as a means of creation, and fuelled by his strong imagination, Nayib was able to conceptualize and sketch what would become his first product, La Liga Backpack.
After a leather apprenticeship in San Cristobal, Chiapas, Nayib found his ideal partners in a local family of artisans with a multi-generational tradition of leatherwork, and La Liga Backpack became a beautiful reality, having undergone a seamless journey from imagination, to the sketchbook, to real life. Ever since, a host of other accessories followed, ranging from handbags, duffle bags, and totes to laptop sleeves and passport holders. "Reality as we know it is not an unchangeable monolith, there's always room to improve, change, reinterpret, and re-appropriate, and design is a part of that," Nayib explains. "If I can translate my feelings into an idea, then a craftsman can take that and turn it into something slightly different and better, then I think we are contributing to shaping the Universe itself."
From its somewhat accidental beginnings, 28th Store is now growing to become part of a worldwide movement of sustainable and ethical fashion design, which aims at shaking the industry to its core. "So often the fashion industry has segregated designers from other backgrounds to the margins, preferring to expose those in its upper echelons, but things are changing. Mexico City is fast becoming one of the most prolific places for contemporary local design, and 28th Store is definitely part of this inspirational shift."
As big lovers of uncovering local raw talent, we were delighted to welcome Nayib and his team to The Nopo. Besides the beautiful designs and exquisite craftsmanship, 28th Store is also working hard to level the playing field when it comes to business practices. Everyone involved in the project - from the founder to the craftsmen - is a business partner, and profits are equally shared amongst all. Designs for new products are often co-imagined between designers and makers, in a virtuous circle that preserves historical crafts, sustains local communities, and helps publicize Mexican excellence abroad.
Today, Nayib is focused solely on 28th Store and sees freestyle soccer as a beautiful chapter that served as a stepping stone for his work and business. "Success can be interpreted and deconstructed in many ways," he closes wisely. "In Mexico, we're still focussed on what I call "American Syndrome," putting your efforts into making money to get all the latest gadgets. But to me and everyone involved in 28th Store, success is working on something that gets you up in the morning and inspires you to be better every day."
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To our fellow team mates, to the gods and goddesses, the warriors, the players, sports heroes and their adoring fans. To the torch bearers, the judges and all who step into the arena!
YOU are invited to The Games – our 2018 Annual Ball.


text:
Donald Duck Mini Pocket 5 is het vijfde deel van de serie Donald Duck Mini Pocket en is een uitgave van Sanoma Uitgevers. Het bevat 302 pagina's met 12 stripverhalen van gemiddeld 25 pagina's en werd in mei 2007 uitgebracht. Het scenario is geschreven door de Walt Disney Company, evenals de tekeningen.

Lijst van stripverhalen

Donald Duck Mini Pocket

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Delia coarctoides este o specie de muște din genul Delia, familia Anthomyiidae, descrisă de Verner Michelsen în anul 2007.

Este endemică în Denmark. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Delia coarctoides nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Delia (insecte)


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