text:
\section{Introduction}
Motivated by, for instance, observed correlations between the mass of an AGN's central black
hole and the host galaxy's velocity dispersion \citep[e.g.,][]{2000_Gebhardt_Bender_Bower} and between black
hole mass and bulge mass \citep[e.g.,][]{1995ARA&A..33..581K}, there is an ongoing debate whether,
and if so, how starbursts and AGN are connected to each other.

\citet{2005_Di-Matteo_Springel_Hernquist}, for instance, explain such correlations as due to a thermal AGN feedback
that heats the gas of the galaxy and thus prevents further star formation and AGN activity:
More massive galaxies have a deeper gravitational potential well, thus the black hole has to gain more mass
before its luminosity is capable of expelling the gas from the galaxy and quenching star formation and AGN activity.
This then leads to the velocity dispersion and the bulge mass, resp., to be related to the black hole mass.
In these simulations starburst and AGN activity occur simultaneously, but recent observations show that AGN
activity may be delayed with regard to star formation activity by time-scales of 50--250\,Myr
\citep[e.g.,][]{2007_Davies_Mueller-Sanchez_Genzel, 2009ApJ...692L..19S, 2010MNRAS.405..933W}.

\citet{2012MNRAS.420L...8H} argues that such a time lag can occur for purely dynamical reasons.
His high spatial resolution simulations of galaxy mergers show first an inward motion of gas towards
the dynamical centre giving rise to (a burst of) star formation.
In these models, the gas flowing further inwards can do so only by losing angular momentum by
gravitational instabilities.
This, in turn, gives rise to a time lag between star formation and AGN activity.

We extend this idea by modelling the loss of angular momentum and the ensuing inflow in the
framework of an accretion disc scenario.
Thus the time lag between starburst and AGN activity consists of a dynamical lag given by the time span the gas needs
to reach the accretion disc and a subsequent viscous lag given by the time span the gas needs to flow through
the accretion disc until it reaches the black hole.

In Section \ref{sec:numerics} we explain our numerical methods and the setup of the merger event that is,
in this scenario, responsible for the inflow of gas to the newly forming galactic centre.
In Section \ref{sec:results} we present and discuss the general picture that results from our calculations.
As our model depends on a number of parameters, we perform a parameter study in Section \ref{sec:param} to
show the robustness of our results against parameter changes.
In Section \ref{sec:summary} we summarise our findings.

\section{Numerical Methods}\label{sec:numerics}
We simulate galaxy collisions using the TreeSPH code {\sc gadget-2} \citep{2005MNRAS.364.1105S}.
Radiative cooling of an optically thin primordial gas in ionization equilibrium is taken into
account following \citet{1996ApJS..105...19K}.
Additionally we include star formation, AGN evolution and AGN feedback as described in the following subsections.

\subsection{Star formation}\label{sec:sf}
Following \citet{2005MNRAS.364..552S} a gas particle is considered for star formation if its density
$\rho$ exceeds a critical density $\rho_{\rmn{crit}}$ and it is in a converging flow ($\rmn{div}\,v < 0$).
Then a star particle is created with a probability
\begin{equation}
 p = \frac{m}{m_{*}} \left[ 1 - \exp \left( - \frac{c_{\rmn{eff}} \Delta t}{t_{\rmn{g}}} \right)\right]
 \label{eq:prob}
\end{equation}
\citep[see][]{2003MNRAS.339..289S}
where $m$ is the gas particle's mass, $m_{*} = m_{0}/N_{\rmn{g}}$ the mass of the star to be formed,
$m_{0}$ the initial gas particle mass, $N_{\rmn{g}}$ the number of stars that can be formed from one gas particle,
$c_{\rmn{eff}}$ the star forming efficiency, $\Delta t$ the respective time step of the code and
$t_{\rmn{g}}=\sqrt{3 \rmn{\pi} / 32 G \rho}$ the free-fall time of the gas particle.
If $m < 1.5 \times m_{*}$, condition (\ref{eq:prob}) is dropped and the gas particle is directly converted into a star particle.
Gas particles can only reduce their mass due to star formation.
In our simulations star particles are collisionless particles and interact with other particles only via gravitational forces.
For the star forming efficiency we use a value of $c_{\rmn{eff}}=0.1$ following \citet{1992ApJ...391..502K}.
The parameter $N_{\rmn{g}}$ determines the numerical resolution of the star formation rate,
like \citet{2005MNRAS.364..552S} we use a value of $N_{\rmn{g}} = 2$.
We furthermore set $\rho_{\rmn{crit}} = 4.5 \times 10^{8}~\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}\,\rmn{kpc}^{-3}$.

With these parameters the simulation of an isolated galaxy characterized by the parameters given in
Table~\ref{tab:parameters} gives an average star formation rate of $0.26\,\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}\,\rmn{yr}^{-1}$.
This value fits well with the star formation rate that is expected in such a galaxy:
According to \citet{1998_Kennicutt} the star formation rate of an isolated galaxy can be estimated as
\begin{equation}
 \dot{M}_{\rmn{SFR}} = 0.017 \frac{M_{\rmn{gas}}}{\tau_{\rmn{dyn}}}
 \label{eq:sfr}
\end{equation}
with the total gas mass $M_{\rmn{gas}}$ and the dynamical time-scale at the half gas-mass radius $\tau_{\rmn{dyn}}$.
According to this equation an isolated galaxy characterized by the parameters given in
Table~\ref{tab:parameters} has a star formation rate of $0.3\,\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}\,\rmn{yr}^{-1}$.

In our simulations star formation takes place only in the host galaxy and not in the accretion disc
that surrounds the central black hole.
It is currently highly debated if such accretion discs can be subject to star formation.
On the one hand, the accretion disc's viscosity might heat the gas up to temperatures that
prevent the gravitational collapse of the gas and thus subsequent star formation.
On the other hand gravitational fragmentation of a self-gravitating accretion disc might
favor gravitational collapse and thus trigger star formation.
Star formation in the accretion disc will subsequently lead to stellar feedback processes,
which can potentially clear the central region of gas and thus prevent accretion of material towards the black hole.
However, as this topic is still a subject of intense debate
we will neglect star formation in the accretion disc in our simulations.
Stellar feedback is not included in our simulations, we
leave the study of these effects for later investigations.

\subsection{Modeling the AGN}
The AGN is represented by an \textit{accretion disc particle} (ADP) as introduced by \cite{2011MNRAS.412..269P},
which interacts with its environment only via gravitational forces, accretion of gas particles and AGN feedback.

The black hole growth rate is calculated via a subgrid model: The ADP contains a black hole and an accretion disc,
the mass accreted by the ADP is added to the outer rim of the accretion disc, from where it is accreted
towards the black hole. The details of this accretion process are described in the next subsection.

We use the implementation of \citet{2005A&A...435..611J} to describe the accretion of gas particles, but
as suggested in \cite{2011MNRAS.412..269P} gas particles are accreted only if their distance to the ADP
falls below the ADP's accretion radius $R_{\rmn{acc}}$, which is a free parameter.

\citet{2013MNRAS.431..539W} investigate the impact of various parameters in the ADP model in
simulations of Milky Way-sized galaxy mergers and explore how to set $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ accordingly.
Their simulations produce unphysical results when $R_{\rmn{acc}} \le 0.02\,h_{\rmn{min}}$ or
$R_{\rmn{acc}} \ge 0.2\,h_{\rmn{min}}$, where $h_{\rmn{min}}$ is the minimum smoothing length.
Their definition of physical or unphysical is based on, besides analyzing the structural evolution
of the galaxy merger, how close the merger remnant lies on the $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation.
For very small values of $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ the accretion rate of the black hole is underestimated
which leads to black hole masses that are too small,
whereas very large values of $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ lead to black hole masses that are too large.

In our simulations the minimum smoothing length is $h_{\rmn{min}} = 250\,\rmn{pc}$ and thus
in our reference model $R_{\rmn{acc}} = 0.8\,h_{\rmn{min}}$.
This is much larger than allowed by the analysis of \citet{2013MNRAS.431..539W}.
However, our simulations include AGN feedback in the form of a wind that reduces
the accretion rate of the black hole and thus the final black hole mass.
Therefore our simulations produce black hole masses that are in agreement with the observed $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation,
making an accretion radius of $R_{\rmn{acc}}=200\,\rmn{pc}$ for our reference model a reasonable choice.

\subsection{Evolution of the AGN}\label{sec:AGNevol}
We assume the accretion disc that is hosted by the ADP to be rotationally symmetric and geometrically thin,
furthermore we assume the gravitational potential to change slowly enough so that in the following we can neglect
its explicit time derivative.
This then leads to a single equation that describes the time dependent evolution of the accretion disc's
surface density $\Sigma$ \citep[see, e.g.,][]{1981ARA&A..19..137P}:
\begin{equation}
 \frac{\upartial \Sigma}{\upartial t} + \frac{1}{s} \frac{\upartial}{\upartial s} \left[ \frac{\frac{\upartial}{\upartial s} \left( \nu \Sigma s^3 \frac{\upartial \omega}{\upartial s} \right)}{\frac{\upartial}{\upartial s} \left( s^2 \omega\right)} \right] = 0
 \label{eq:evolution}
\end{equation}
Here $s$ is the distance to the central black hole. $\omega$ is the angular frequency which we calculate
through a balance between gravitational and centrifugal forces.
$\nu$ is the viscosity of the gas, which we parametrize such that the viscous time-scale is related to the dynamical
time-scale via $t_{\rmn{visc}} = \xi t_{\rmn{dyn}}$ with a constant parameter $\xi$ of order $10^2$--$10^3$
\citep{2000_Duschl_Strittmatter_Biermann}\footnote{\citet{2000_Duschl_Strittmatter_Biermann} use the parameter $\beta = \xi^{-1}$,
which is of order $10^{-3}$--$10^{-2}$.}.

We carry out the time integration of equation~(\ref{eq:evolution}) by applying an implicit Crank-Nicolson finite
differences scheme \citep{1947_Crank_Nicolson_Hartree}.
The radial calculation domain extends from an inner radius $s_{\rmn{in}}$ to the
disc's initial outer radius $s_{\rmn{out,0}}$.
We set $s_{\rmn{in}}=10^{-3}\,\rmn{pc}$ for all calculations presented in this paper,
tests showed that moderate variations of this value have almost no effect on the results.
Between the inner and the outer radius 25 grid points are distributed logarithmically.

For solving equation~(\ref{eq:evolution}) with the aim of obtaining the mass supply rate $\dot{M}_{\rmn{d}}$ from
the disc, an initial condition for the surface density is necessary, for simplicity we assume
a constant density distribution $\Sigma_{0} = M_{\rmn{d,0}}/(\rmn{\pi} s_{\rmn{out,0}}^2)$,
with the initial disc mass $M_{\rmn{d,0}}$ and the disc's initial outer radius $s_{\rmn{out,0}}$.
In addition to being a simple initial condition, it guarantees that in the disc viscous processes dominate the time-scales
as initially most of the disc's mass is at larger radii.

Thus for our disc model we have to specify four parameters: the ratio of viscous time-scale to dynamical time-scale $\xi$,
the initial black hole mass $M_{\rmn{BH,0}}$, the initial disc mass $M_{\rmn{d,0}}$ and the disc's
initial outer radius $s_{\rmn{out,0}}$ with the latter corresponding to the ADP's accretion radius $R_{\rmn{acc}}$.
We use $\xi=250$, $M_{\rmn{BH,0}}=5 \times 10^{5}\,\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}$ and
$M_{\rmn{d,0}}=5 \times 10^{5}\,\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}$.
The initial masses of the black hole and the accretion disc have almost no effect on
the results as long as they are not too large.
We furthermore set $R_{\rmn{acc}} = 200\,\rmn{pc}$ where viscous processes start to play a dominant role
for the accretion of material onto the black hole.

\subsection{AGN feedback}
For modeling the AGN feedback we follow \cite{2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma,2012_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma}.
There the AGN's radiation causes a force
\begin{equation}
 \dot{p}_{\rmn{rad}} = \tau \frac{L}{c}
\end{equation}
on the surrounding gas where $L = \eta c^2 \dot{M}_{\rmn{BH}}$ is the AGN's luminosity, $\dot{M}_{\rmn{BH}}$
the black hole accretion rate and $\eta$
the accretion efficiency, which is $\sim\,10^{-1}$ for standard accretion discs \citep{1973A&A....24..337S}.

$\tau$ is the wavelength-averaged optical depth of the gas that surrounds the AGN and a free parameter,
following \cite{2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma} we use a value of $\tau = 25$.

The AGN additionally drives a wind adding a force
\begin{equation}
 \dot{p}_{\rmn{w}} = \tau_{\rmn{w}} \frac{L}{c}
 \label{eq:force_wind}
\end{equation}
to the surrounding gas where $\tau_{\rmn{w}}$ is a further free parameter of the model determining the
total momentum flux in the wind, we choose a value of $\tau_{\rmn{w}} = 3$
to normalize the $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation (see Section \ref{sec:results}).

Assuming the wind to be launched at a speed $v_{\rmn{w}}$, equation~(\ref{eq:force_wind}) yields its mass flow
\begin{equation}
 \dot{M}_{\rmn{w}} = \tau_{\rmn{w}} \frac{L}{c v_{\rmn{w}}} = \tau_{\rmn{w}} \eta \frac{c}{v_{\rmn{w}}} \dot{M}_{\rmn{BH}} \, .
 \label{eq:mflow_wind}
\end{equation}
Here we use $v_{\rmn{w}} = 10^4\,\rmn{km}\,\rmn{s}^{-1}$ following \cite{2012_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma}.

As thus not all of the mass that is made available by the accretion disc enters the black hole,
its accretion rate must be reduced accordingly
\begin{equation}
 \dot{M}_{\rmn{BH}} = \dot{M}_{\rmn{d}} - \dot{M}_{\rmn{w}}
\end{equation}
which yields, considering equation~(\ref{eq:mflow_wind}),
\begin{equation}
 \dot{M}_{\rmn{BH}} = \frac{\dot{M}_{\rmn{d}}}{1 + \tau_{\rmn{w}} \eta c v_{\rmn{w}}^{-1}} \,.
 \label{eq:bhar}
\end{equation}

Following, e.g., \cite{2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma,2012_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma}, \citet{2005_Di-Matteo_Springel_Hernquist}, \citet{2005MNRAS.361..776S}
we furthermore limit the black hole accretion rate to the Eddington limit
\begin{equation}
 \dot{M}_{\rmn{Edd}} = \frac{M_{\rmn{BH}}}{\tau_{\rmn{S}}}
 \label{eq:edd}
\end{equation}
\citep{1921_Eddington}.
Here $M_{\rmn{BH}}$ is the black hole mass and $\tau_{\rmn{S}} = \eta \times 4.5 \times 10^{8}\,\rmn{yr}$
the Salpeter time-scale \citep{1964ApJ...140..796S}.

Each time step the total amount of mass $\dot{M}_{\rmn{w}} \Delta t$ and momentum $(\dot{p}_{\rmn{rad}}+\dot{p}_{\rmn{w}}) \Delta t$
made available by the AGN are calculated and equally distributed among the SPH-particles within a radius $2 R_{\rmn{acc}}$.

\subsection{Initial conditions and parameters}
We model our galaxies as described by \citet{1999MNRAS.307..162S} and \citet{2000MNRAS.312..859S} based on the analytical
model of \citet{1998MNRAS.295..319M}.

\begin{table}
  \caption{Parameters of our reference model, a galaxy with these parameters has a scale radius of 3.8 kpc.}
  \label{tab:parameters}
  \begin{tabular}{lll}
    \hline
      virial velocity                       &   $v_{\rmn{200}}$   &   $160\,\rmn{km}\,\rmn{s}^{-1}$   \\
      mass fraction of the disc             &   $m_{\rmn{d}}$     &   $0.041$                         \\
      mass fraction of the bulge            &   $m_{\rmn{b}}$     &   $0.0137$                        \\
      mass fraction of the gas              &   $f_{\rmn{g}}$     &   $0.3$                           \\
      scale height of the disc$^\rmn{a}$    &   $f_{\rmn{d}}$     &   $0.2$                           \\
      scale radius of the bulge$^\rmn{a}$   &   $f_{\rmn{b}}$     &   $0.1$                           \\
      halo concentration                    &   $c_{\rmn{halo}}$  &   $15$                            \\
      spin parameter of the halo            &   $\lambda$         &   $0.05$                          \\
      angular momentum fraction of the disc &   $j_{\rmn{d}}$     &   $0.041$                         \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  $^\rmn{a}$ in fractions of the disc's scale radius
\end{table}

\begin{figure*}
  \includegraphics[width=177mm]{figures/std_massflows.eps}
  \caption{Star formation rate (SFR), accretion rate of the AGN (AGNAR)
           and black hole accretion rate (BHAR) as functions of time.
           Left: with AGN feedback, right: without AGN feedback.}
  \label{fig:massflows}
\end{figure*}

A galaxy is characterized via a virial velocity $v_{\rmn{200}}$ that corresponds to a virial mass
\begin{equation}
 M_{\rmn{200}} = \frac{v_{\rmn{200}}^3}{10 G H_0}
 \label{eq:init_mass}
\end{equation}
with the gravitational constant $G$ and the Hubble constant\footnote{We
use a value of $H_0 = 70\,\rmn{km}\,\rmn{s}^{-1}\,\rmn{Mpc}^{-1}$ throughout this paper.} $H_0$.

A fraction $m_{\rmn{d}}$ of the virial mass forms a thin (galactic) disc with a profile
\begin{equation}
 \rho_{\rmn{d}}(R,z) = \rho_{0} \exp \left( - \frac{R}{R_{\rmn{d}}} \right) \rmn{sech}^2 \left( \frac{z}{z_{0}} \right) \,.
\end{equation}
The disc's scale height $z_{0}$ is a fraction $f_{\rmn{d}}$ of the disc's scale radius $R_{\rmn{d}}$.
A fraction $f_{\rmn{g}}$ of the disc consists of gas, the rest consists of old stars.
Another fraction $m_{\rmn{b}}$ of the virial mass forms a spherical bulge with a \citet{1993_Hernquist}
profile whose scale radius is again a fraction $f_{\rmn{b}}$ of the disc's scale radius $R_{\rmn{d}}$.

The rest of the total mass forms a dark matter halo with a \citet{1996ApJ...462..563N, 1997ApJ...490..493N} profile
whose scale radius is a fraction $c_{\rmn{halo}}^{-1}$ of the virial radius where $c_{\rmn{halo}}$ is the halo concentration.
The angular momentum of the halo is characterized by a dimensionless spin parameter $\lambda$.
Setting the disc's angular momentum to a fraction $j_{\rmn{d}}$ of the
halo's angular momentum determines the disc's scale radius.
Thus the galaxy model depends on nine parameters,
which we list in Table~\ref{tab:parameters} for our reference model.
The particle's positions are initialized according to the above mentioned mass distributions, the particle's
velocities are initialized according to the solution of the Boltzmann equation. For details on this procedure
we refer to \citet{1999MNRAS.307..162S}.

Each galaxy consists of 30\,000 particles for the halo, 10\,000 for the bulge,
20\,000 for the stellar disc and 20\,000 for the gaseous disc.

According to \citet{2003PhDT.........1K} merging dark matter halos are mostly on parabolic orbits,
we therefore set the galaxies on a parabolic orbit with a periapsis of $r_{\rmn{p}}=5~\rmn{kpc}$ and
an initial distance of $r_{\rmn{0}}=300~\rmn{kpc}$.
In one of the galaxy's centres we place an ADP with mass $10^{6}~\rmn{M}_{\rmn{\astrosun}}$ (sum of initial
black hole mass and initial disc mass).

Test calculations showed that simulations where both galaxies contain an ADP
produce about the same results. We prefer simulations with only one galaxy hosting
an ADP because otherwise we would have to introduce
a number of additional assumptions and parameters
to account for the merging of the two ADP.

The gravitational softening length for the halo particles is 0.8 kpc and 0.5 kpc for all other particles.
The minimum smoothing length is set to half the gravitational softening length.

\section{The general picture}\label{sec:results}
The time evolution of the merger event brings the galaxies to their first passage $\sim 0.7$\,Gyr after
the start of the simulation, they finally merge at 1.8\,Gyr and form a gas-poor elliptical galaxy.
Fig.~\ref{fig:massflows} shows the star formation rate (SFR), the accretion rate of the AGN (AGNAR) and
the black hole accretion rate (BHAR) as functions of time.
We simulated the merger event once with and once without AGN feedback.

The merging event drives huge amounts of gas towards the centre of the new forming merged galaxy
where it causes a starburst with a lifetime of 200--300\,Myr (in accordance with the observations
of \citealt{2010MNRAS.405..933W} and the simulations of \citealt{2005_Di-Matteo_Springel_Hernquist}) and feeds the AGN.

After being devoured by the ADP the gas has to flow through the accretion disc on a viscous time-scale
that corresponds to a time lag of approx. 200\,Myr between the peak of the AGNAR
and the peak of the BHAR, resulting in a time lag between starburst and AGN activity that is in agreement
with observations \citep[e.g.,][]{2010MNRAS.405..933W}.

This time lag does not render AGN feedback ineffective.
Although the BHAR peaks much later than the SFR and the AGNAR, the feedback already starts working well before the BHAR peaks.
This is evident when comparing the simulations with and without feedback in Fig.~\ref{fig:massflows},
where AGN feedback clearly quenches the SFR and the AGNAR.

However, during the time lag until the onset of AGN activity huge amounts of mass are inserted into the accretion disc.
Thus the BHAR is not quenched by the AGN feedback, the AGN continues evolving for some time after the galaxies have merged.
But due to the feedback the BHAR is reduced by approx. one order of magnitude, compared with the simulation without feedback.
Feedback given to the accretions disc's gas is parametrized by the reduction of the black hole accretion rate
according to equation~(\ref{eq:bhar}).

To check the agreement of our model with the observed correlation between black hole mass and stellar velocity
dispersion ($M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation) we repeat the calculations for different virial masses.
The critical density for the onset of star formation is rescaled according to
\begin{equation}
 \rho_{\rmn{crit,*}} = \frac{M_{\rmn{200,*}}}{M_{\rmn{200,ref}}} \rho_{\rmn{crit,ref}}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_{\rmn{crit,*}}$ and $M_{\rmn{200,*}}$ are the critical density and the virial mass of the
respective model and $\rho_{\rmn{crit,ref}}$ and $M_{\rmn{200,ref}}$ are the critical density and the virial mass of the
reference model that we have specified in the previous sections.
The rescaling of the critical density is necessary to compensate for the changing resolution that
arises from a constant particle number and a changing galaxy mass.
Tests that were conducted in the same manner than described in Section \ref{sec:sf}
show that the simulated star formation rate and the star formation rate implied by equation~(\ref{eq:sfr}) differ
by less than a factor of two.
The initial masses of black hole and accretion disc and the acccretion radius are rescaled in the same manner.

\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=84mm]{figures/mbh_sigma.eps}
  \caption{Black hole mass $M_{\rmn{BH}}$ as function of the galaxy's stellar velocity dispersion $\sigma$.
           The dots indicate the black hole mass at the time the black hole accretion rate (BHAR) reaches
           its maximum value. The horizontal bars indicate the error of $\sigma$,
           the vertical bars indicate the range of black hole mass from the time of the end of
           the starburst to the time the BHAR decreases to $0.3\,\%$ of its Eddington rate.
           The solid line indicates the observed $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation
           with intrinsic scatter (dashed lines) according to \citet{2009_Gueltekin_Richstone_Gebhardt}.}
  \label{fig:mbh_sigma}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig:mbh_sigma} shows the mass of the black hole at the time the BHAR reaches its maximum value
as function of the stellar velocity dispersion of the resulting elliptical galaxy,
on how to calculate the latter we refer to \cite{2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma}.
The results are consistent with the observed correlation from \citet{2009_Gueltekin_Richstone_Gebhardt} indicated by the solid line.
As the black hole continues growing after the galaxies have merged we additionally plot the range of black hole mass
from the time of the end of the starburst to the time the BHAR decreases to $0.3\,\%$ of its Eddington rate.
According to \citet{2002_Beckert_Duschl} the radiation efficiency of accretion discs declines steeply below this rate,
making it increasingly unlikely to detect those discs.
Our results suggest that this continuing evolution of the black hole mass may contribute to the large scatter of
the observed $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation that is indicated by the dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{fig:mbh_sigma}.

\section{Parameter study}\label{sec:param}
As our simulations depend on a number of parameters, some of which are not well constrained by observations,
we will perform a parameter study in this chapter to test the robustness of our results against parameter changes.

However, we only use our reference model with $v_{\rmn{200}}=160\,\rmn{km}\,\rmn{s}^{-1}$ for the parameter study and do not investigate the
effects of parameter changes on the $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation.
The latter has been done by several authors, e.g.,
\citet{2012_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma,2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma,2009_Johansson_Naab_Burkert,2005_Di-Matteo_Springel_Hernquist}.

For our study we choose the following parameters:
the accretion radius $R_{\rmn{acc}}$, the viscosity parameter $\xi$ and the
feedback parameters $\tau_{\rmn{r}}$ and $\tau_{\rmn{w}}$.
The chosen values of these parameters are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:parameterstudy}.
We furthermore investigate the effect of varying the resolution of our simulations.

We analyze the SFR, BHAR and AGNAR versus time, which are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:massflows_param_Racc}
for different accretion radii $R_{\rmn{acc}}$, in
Fig.~\ref{fig:massflows_param_xi} for different viscosity parameters $\xi$
and in Figs. \ref{fig:massflows_param_taur} and \ref{fig:massflows_param_tauw}
for different feedback parameters $\tau_{\rmn{r}}$ and $\tau_{\rmn{w}}$, respectively.
All simulations produce a starburst and a peak in AGN activity as shown for our reference model,
and produce a time lag between these two phenomena of order of some 100\,Myr.
Furthermore all simulations are consistent with the $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation
in the sense that the black hole mass at the time the BHAR peaks lies within the intrinsic scatter
of the observed correlation of \citet{2009_Gueltekin_Richstone_Gebhardt}.

\begin{table}
  \caption{Parameters used in our parameter study.}
  \label{tab:parameterstudy}
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \hline
      $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ (pc)   &   100, 150, 250, 300, 350, 400     \\
      $\xi$                  &   100, 125, 400, 500, 800, 1000    \\
      $\tau_{\rmn{r}}$       &   19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31           \\
      $\tau_{\rmn{w}}$       &   1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7                 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

However, the simulations with $R_{\rmn{acc}} = 350\,\rmn{pc}$ and $R_{\rmn{acc}} = 400\,\rmn{pc}$
show only a very weak peak in the BHAR.
In these simulations the first close encounter of both galaxies already drives a huge amount of mass
towards the centre that is accreted by the ADP, as a result there is not much gas left for
accretion when the galaxies finally merge.
According to \citet{2013MNRAS.431..539W} an accretion radius that is too large for the adopted
level of resolution produces a BHAR that is too high, which happens here after the first
encounter of the galaxies.

We also investigate the time lag between starburst and AGN activity.
The time of the starburst we roughly estimate by determining the time the SFR reaches its maximum value,
likewise the time of AGN activity equals the time the BHAR reaches its maximum value.
Both events are represented by vertical lines in Figs.~\ref{fig:massflows_param_Racc}--\ref{fig:massflows_param_tauw}.
The difference of these two times, i.e., the time lag between starburst and AGN activity,
is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:timing} for all parameters of our parameter study.

As this time lag is a viscous time-scale, it is related to the orbital time-scale $t_{\omega}$ via
\begin{equation}
t_{\nu} = \xi t_{\omega} = 2 \rmn{\pi} \xi \sqrt{\frac{R^3}{GM}}
\end{equation}
where $R$ can be approximated by the accretion radius $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ and $M$ by the sum of black hole mass
and the mass of the accretion disc.
Fig.~\ref{fig:timing} confirms that the time lag increases with increasing $R_{\rmn{acc}}$ and with increasing $\xi$,
and does not change significantly with $\tau_{\rmn{r}}$ and $\tau_{\rmn{w}}$.

Observations show time lags of about 50--250\,Myr which are reproduced by most of our simulations,
but a few of our simulations produce time lags that have values of up to 550\,Myr.
Such large time lags have not been directly observed yet. However,
\citet{2010MNRAS.405..933W} only measure the average time lag of a sample of about 400 galaxies with a result of
250\,Myr, thus some of the galaxies involved will have time lags that exceed this average value.

Fig.~\ref{fig:massflows_param_res} shows SFR, BHAR nad AGNAR versus time for different levels of resolution.
We increase the number of particles by a factor of two and a factor of four, respectively.
\include{graphics}
For the former resolution level the gravitational softening length for the halo particles is 0.64 kpc and 0.4 kpc
for all other particles, for the latter resolution level the gravitational softening length for the halo particles
is 0.5 kpc and 0.32 kpc for all other particles.
Both resolution levels show the same features as our reference model:
the simulations produce a starburst and a peak in the BHAR,
and a time lag between these phenomena of about 200\,Myr.
However, there are still small differences between these simulations, to further reduce these
deviations additional adjustments to the respective resolution levels would be necessary.
For instance, \citet{2013_Hopkins_Narayanan_Murray} argue that the critical density for the onset
of star formation $\rho_{\rmn{crit}}$ has to be adjusted for resolution.
But as the above mentioned key features are already reproduced we refrain
from such a fine tuning of our simulation parameters.

\section{Summary}\label{sec:summary}
With only one model setup we were able to reproduce three observational findings that have been identified in galaxies:

(i) The observed time lag between starburst and AGN activity is, in our work, principally caused by a viscous time
lag the gas needs to flow through the AGN's accretion disc until it reaches the central black hole.

(ii) Our results match the observed $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation, but additionally include the aforementioned time lags.
As, e.g., \citet{2005_Di-Matteo_Springel_Hernquist} or \citet{2011_Debuhr_Quataert_Ma} have already shown,
AGN feedback is responsible for this relation.

(iii) The large scatter of the $M_{\rmn{BH}}$-$\sigma$ correlation is, in our work, caused by the continuing evolution
of the black hole mass after the merging event.

The time lag does not only occur between starburst and AGN activity, but also between the peak in the AGNAR and
the peak in the BHAR. Thus it is evident that this time lag is caused by the gas being delayed by the AGN particle,
i.e. by the gas needing some time to move through the accretion disc.
In addition our parameter study shows that the time lag increases with increasing size of the accretion disc,
and decreases with increasing viscosity, indicating that it is indeed a viscous time-scale that delays the gas.
Furthermore the parameter study shows that a time lag between starburst and AGN activity of the order of
some 100\,Myr can be reproduced for a wide range of parameters and for different resolution levels.
Thus our conclusions do not depend on the detailed choice of the parameters, as long as they are taken from
within a physically sensible range.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We thank Drs.\ Ralf Klessen, Volker Springel and Meng Xiang--Gr\"{u}\ss{}
for making available some of the numerical tools that we used for the
calculations presented in this paper.
We furthermore thank the referee for his comments on an earlier
version of this paper, that significantly improved the quality of
the publication.

\bibliographystyle{mn2e}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Asahi Glass (AGC), the global Japanese glass company, recently opened a new showroom in near Ginza, Tokyo. Various events will be regularly held there. For one of these events, AGC held the "Space Design & Glass" project to exhibit photo panels of glass works by architects and designers from around the world. They asked SPA-DE for help in organizing this.
In a span of three months, the exhibition plans to introduce a total of about twenty architects' and designers' projects. Along with the firm's name and photographer's name appearing on the photo panels, a simple biography of the firm and portfolio and project explanation will be shown as well.


Anonymous - What a great name!
Congratulations on the birth of your beautiful son!!! That is such great news. Eugene and I wish you and Megan the best for the new year with your baby boy! Talk to you soon!
Liz Duerksen - Hi Megan & Jer! Becky and I LOVE the photos and we are so happy for all three of you! God bless!
Crystal - he's absolutely beautiful – what a perfect way to start Christmas morning! Congrats to both of you.


text:
Thread: Syrian Conflict
Oct 27th 2015, 01:07 PM
MeMyselfAndI
Re: Syria: America's "King of TOWs" killed by Ru
The engagement in Syria, despite Russia, so far, avoiding actually sending it's men into battle on the ground there, well, regular men.
There is confirmed presence of Russian "volunteers" or "mercenaries" on the ground, like Maksim Vaganov, who fights with the Kurdish forces
His Instagram: https://instagram.com/vaganoff_max/
Boy is a veteran of Donbass, apparently, even has a DPR medal for fighting in Slavyansk. Also is former Russian Airborne, or "former", could be still in the ranks, certainly looks young enough. There is a pic of him meeting the commander of the Airborne, general Vladimir Shamanov (that guy who looks like William Shatner from Star Trek, the current old and fat Shatner, not the young 1960s one lol)
I have also found a certain Ali Aliev, Russian citizen from Dagestan, fighting with the Peshmerga in Iraq
His Facebook: https://m.facebook.com/profile.php?i...urce=typeahead
There is information about three Russian volunteers, so far, who have been martyred in Syria, though they were all fighting with Syrian government forces, not Kurdish militia.
Anyway, despite not having any "official" ground engagement yet, the Russian defense industry is already being tested in ways it hasn't been in many years.
The big missile factory of the "Strategic Rocket Arms Corporation" in Korolyov, near Moscow
has switched to a three shift 24 hour operation, to increase output, and other bomb and missile makers also had to ramp up production, to constantly meet the demand of the Air Force for more and more munitions to drop on whoever they are dropping them on in Syria
The Navy, meanwhile, has purchased 8 transport ships from Turkey, as well as requisitioned civilian cargo ships from Russian companies, to constantly ferry those bombs and missiles and other supplies from Russia to Syria. Even the huge Antonov planes of the Air Force are not enough for it, apparently.
http://www.mk.ru/politics/2015/10/26...zza-sirii.html
This is a first such military adventure for Russia in a very long time. Certainly will be interesting to see if our MIC, as well as the military itself, will be up to the task.
So far, they do seem to be making a nice difference there.
The Syrian Arab Army's 45th Regiment of the 1st Armored Division – in coordination with the National Defense Forces of Joureen and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) – have been immersed in a violent battle with the Islamist rebels of "Jaysh Al-Fateh" (Army of Conquest) at the town of Al-Mansoura inside the Al-Ghaab Plains, where the Syrian Armed Forces are attempting to recapture a large chunk of territory they lost to the aforementioned Islamist group.
On Sunday morning, the Syrian Arab Army and the National Defense Forces were able to repel Harakat Ahrar Al-Sham's (Jaysh Al-Fateh's largest faction) three day long assault on the Al-Mansoura Grain Silos after a series of intense firefights that ended with the Islamist rebels retreating to the southern perimeter of Al-Mansoura.
Following the Syrian Armed Forces' success at the Al-Mansoura Grain Silos, the Syrian Arab Army's 45th Regiment carried out an assault on Harakat Ahrar Al-Sham's defenses at Al-Mansoura's southern perimeter, resulting in a violent exchange between the two parties before the Russian Air Force's MI-24 Helicopter Gunships entered the battle.
The Russian Air Force's choppers and fighter jets pounded Jaysh Al-Fateh's positions at Al-Mansoura, Al-Ziyarah, Al-Sirmaniyah, Al-Ghaniyah, Jisr Al-Shughour, and Al-Frikka, killing scores of enemy combatants and destroying several armored vehicles.
Finally, after the Russian Air Force fractured Jaysh Al-Fateh's frontline defenses at Al-Mansoura, the Syrian Armed Forces were able to clear the aforementioned town and impose full control of it before nightfall on Sunday.
http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/...-ghaab-plains/
Mi-24 "working" in Syria
Back on the base in Latakia, getting loaded up with ammo
I pray for those helicopter crews
They are a lot more vulnerable than the jets...
Russia's intervention is, apparently, pushing all jihadists together, ISIS and "moderates": http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/orig...coalition.html
Today, meanwhile, Russian soldier from an Air Force ground support unit on the Latakia base died under mysterious circumstances, first it was said to be an accident, now - suicide. As always, with Putin's secrecy regarding military casualties, we will likely never know what really happened.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worl...ing-group.html
Pt. Vadim Kostenko
May his soul find peace in the Kingdom of God...
Also, Russia is apparently sending spec ops forces to Syria:
Russia has sent a few dozen special-operations troops to Syria in recent weeks, Russian and Western officials say, redeploying the elite units from Ukraine as the Kremlin shifts its focus to supporting Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Russia in late September launched a campaign of airstrikes in support of Mr. Assad's government, and President Vladimir Putin has said Russian troops won't play a role in ground combat. But Russian military experts and officials say small numbers of special-forces units—whose missions are rarely acknowledged publicly—are also on the ground in Syria.
"The special forces were pulled out of Ukraine and sent to Syria," a Russian Ministry of Defense official said, adding that they had been serving in territories in eastern Ukraine held by pro-Russia rebels. The official described them as "akin to a Delta Force," the U.S. Army's elite counterterrorism unit.
A senior Western official also said a contingent of elite Russian forces was on the ground in Syria from eastern Ukraine. A U.S. defense official said one of their roles is to provide coordination between Syrian troops and Russian aircraft conducting airstrikes in support of the regime's ground offensive.
Russia's Defense Ministry declined to comment on the claims. It has said that some of its military specialists are helping to advise and train Syrian government forces on the Russian-made hardware they are getting.
The Russian ministry official said the assets sent to Syria in recent weeks include the Zaslon unit, trained to protect diplomatic assets and personnel. Nearly two dozen Russian military-intelligence officers are also on site to liaise with Mr. Assad's military intelligence, the official said.
Robert Lee, a visiting scholar at Moscow-based defense industry think tank CAST, said boots on the ground could also improve the accuracy of airstrikes. "The use of forward ground troops to draw fire from enemy positions makes the use of air power much more effective," he said.
Moscow has a long-standing military relationship with Damascus, and some Russian special forces were present in Syria even before the air campaign began Sept. 30. Those were concentrated near Tartus where Russia has a naval installation.
Russia said to redeploy special-ops forces from Ukraine to Syria | Fox News
Members of "Zaslon" (which works, btw, not for the military, but for SVR, Foreign Intelligence Service, Russian CIA) escort Minister of Foreign Affairs Lavrov and the Russian ambassador, in Iraq
This unit is so secretive, this is literally the only photo of them anybody could find. Bloody spooks... Wonder what they will be up to in there...
Last edited by MeMyselfAndI; Oct 27th 2015 at 01:15 PM.
Find all posts by MeMyselfAndI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Fondata nel 970 dal longobardo Gisulfo I, principe di Salerno, la contea di Sarno ebbe come primo conte il cugino di questi, Indolfo. Il feudo è passato di mano in mano a molti reggenti per oltre ottocento anni, seguendo una successione che le fonti storiche a disposizione non consentono sempre di chiarire al meglio. Fra le famiglie che ne hanno disposto nei secoli, le più famose e illustri sono quelle dei d'Aquino, degli Orsini, degli Alagno,, dei Tuttavilla, dei Colonna, dei Barberini e dei Medici di Ottajano, oltre alle case regnanti che l'hanno avuta nei propri domini diretti. Dal 1693 ha assunto la dignità di ducato, mantenuta fino al 1810, anno dell'abolizione del feudalesimo nel Regno delle Due Sicilie. Il titolo ducale è ancora oggi formalmente detenuto da un ramo della famiglia de' Medici di Ottajano.

Conti di Sarno

 Indolfo	                                 970 - ...
 Ratisperto	                                1036 – 1050
 Anfrido, normanno	                                1050 - ...
 Guillelmus Carbonus, de genere Northmannorum ante 1163
 Goffridus Carbonus                             1163-1165
 Johannes Francus sposo di Mabilla Carbone  1165-1176
 Riccardo (I)	                                     ... - 1091
 Gaitelgrima e Riccardo (II) 1091 – ...
.....
 Riccardo (III) d'Altavilla 1189 - ...
.....
 Diopoldo von Hohenburg	                1194 – ...
 Roberto I	                                     ... - ...
 Roberto II	                                     ... - ...
 Valfrido	                                1240 - ...
 Rinaldo d'Aquino ... - ...
 Corrado d'Aquino	                             ... - 1260
 Landolfo d'Aquino                             1260 – 1268
 Margherita Sanseverino                        1268 – 1270
 Carlo I d'Angiò                           1270 – 1285
 Carlo II d'Angiò 	                        1285 – 1294
 Filippo I d'Angiò e Cristina di Valois   1294 - ...
 Filippo II d'Angiò			... – ...
.....
 Antonio di Brunforte detto Villanuzzo			1382 – 1399?
 Antonio di Brunforte dettol'Ungaro di Sant'Angelo		1399 – ...
 Marino Antonio di Sant'Angelo			1401 – 1425
 Raimondo Orsini				1426 – 1459
 Nicola d'Alagno				1443 – 1448
 Lucrezia d'Alagno				1448 – 1458
 Daniele Orsini				1459 – 1462
 Proprietà demaniale regia			1462 – 1480
 Galcerán de Requesens y Joan de Soler		1480 – 1483
 Francesco Coppola 				1483 ca. – 1487
.....
 Girolamo I Tuttavilla			1494 – 1501
 (Georges I d'Amboise)				1501 – 1505
 Girolamo I Tuttavilla			1505 – 1507
 Guglielmo Tuttavilla				1507 – 1515
 Girolamo II Tuttavilla			1515 – 1535
 Vincenzo I Tuttavilla				1535 – 1569
 Muzio Tuttavilla				1569 – 1599
 Vincenzo II Tuttavilla                        1599 - 1614
 Lucrezia Tuttavilla e Pierfrancesco Colonna	1614 - 1633
 Pompeo Colonna 				1633 – 1661
 Maffeo Barberini				1661 – 1690

Duchi di Sarno

Giuseppe I de' Medici di Ottajano 1693 - 1717
Giuseppe II de' Medici di Ottajano 1717 – 1763
Michele de' Medici di Ottajano 1763 – 1770
Giuseppe III de' Medici di Ottajano 1770 – 1793
Michele II de' Medici di Ottajano 1793 – 1832
Giuseppe IV de Medici di Ottajano 1832 – 1874
Michele III de Medici di Ottajano 1874 – 1882
Giuseppe V de' Medici di Ottajano 1882 – 1894
Angelica de' Medici di Ottajano 1894 – 1912
Alberto Marino de' Medici di Ottajano 1912 – 1925
Armando de' Medici di Ottajano 1925 – 1983
Giovanni Battista de' Medici di Ottajano 1983 - 2015
Giuliano de' Medici di Ottajano dal 2015

Nel 1810 re Gioacchino Murat decretò l'abolizione del feudalesimo nel regno. Il titolo si tramanda ancora (insieme a quello di Principe di Ottaiano) solo formalmente.

Note

Bibliografia
 Silvio Ruocco, Storia di Sarno e dintorni, opera in tre volumi, Ed. G. Buonaiuto, Sarno 1999-2001

Voci correlate
Sarno
Storia di Sarno
Ottaviano (Italia)

Sarno
Storia della Campania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Volcanoes: Global Perspectives
Author: Lockwood, John P., Hazlett, Richard W.
Acknowledged authors Lockwood, John P., Hazlett, Richard W. wrote Volcanoes: Global Perspectives comprising 552 pages back in 2010. Textbook and eTextbook are published under ISBN 140516249X and 9781405162494. Since then Volcanoes: Global Perspectives textbook was available to sell back to BooksRun online for the top buyback price or rent at the marketplace.
Volcanoes are essential elements in the delicate global balance of elemental forces that govern both the dynamic evolution of the Earth and the nature of Life itself. Without volcanic activity, life as we know it would not exist on our planet. Although beautiful to behold, volcanoes are also potentially destructive, and understanding their nature is critical to prevent major loss of life in the future.
Richly illustrated with over 300 original color photographs and diagrams the book is written in an informal manner, with minimum use of jargon, and relies heavily on first-person, eye-witness accounts of eruptive activity at both "red" (effusive) and "grey" (explosive) volcanoes to illustrate the full spectrum of volcanic processes and their products. Decades of teaching in university classrooms and fieldwork on active volcanoes throughout the world have provided the authors with unique experiences that they have distilled into a highly readable textbook of lasting value. Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion, Suggestions for Further Reading, and a comprehensive list of source references make this work a major resource for further study of volcanology.
Volcanoes maintains three core foci:
Global perspectives explain volcanoes in terms of their tectonic positions on Earth and their roles in earth history
Environmental perspectives describe the essential role of volcanism in the moderation of terrestrial climate and atmosphere
Humanitarian perspectives discuss the major influences of volcanoes on human societies. This latter is especially important as resource scarcities and environmental issues loom over our world, and as increasing numbers of people are threatened by volcanic hazards
Volcanologists, advanced undergraduate, and graduate students in earth science and related degree courses, and volcano enthusiasts worldwide.
A companion website is also available for this title at www.wiley.com/go/lockwood/volcanoes


In India the national and state governments are jointly responsible for the sustainable management of the forest resource. In a practical sense, the state forest departments act as the custodians of the public forest resource and as the forest authorities, managing the forest resources on the basis of forest management plans that they submit to the central government. Often the state authorities also perform a commercial function, becoming involved in production, processing and trade through forest development corporations responsible for production within the public forest estate.
As the Indian Forest Act of 1927 empowered Indian state governments to enact rules regulating various aspects of forest management, rules differ from state to state. There are several national policies those working in the Indian forestry sector should be familiar with. Although not an exhaustive list, here are some relevant Indian environmental, forestry-related and trade laws and policies, among others.
For additional information, please see the WWF-GFTN and TRAFFIC's Common Framework for Assessing Legality of Forestry Operations, Timber Processing and Trade Annex. This tool sets out India's legal references based on criteria and indicators. It is a very useful reference for those interested in learning more about India's regulations, principles, indicators, criteria of forestry operations, timber processing and trade.
The Indian Forest Act of 1927, the country's guiding forestry legislation, sought to consolidate and preserve areas with forest cover or significant wildlife, to regulate movement and transit of forest produce, and to levy duties on timber and other forest produce. It was largely based on previous Indian Forest Acts implemented under the British and provides the legal framework for the management of forests. It defines the procedure by which a state government can declare an area a Reserved Forest, a Protected Forest or a Village Forest. It also defines what is a forest offence, what are the acts prohibited inside a Reserved Forest, and what penalties occur on violation of the provisions of the Act. In some States, the Act is applicable as it is. Some States have enacted their own laws that are in essence adopted versions of the Indian Forest Act of 1927. In 2012 the Act was amended to include prohibition of fresh clearances in forests and setting fire to a reserved forest.
The Forest Conservation Act states that prior approval of the Central Government is essential for the diversion of forest areas for the non-forestry purposes. Diversion of forest land is mostly allowed in order to meet developmental needs for drinking water and irrigation projects, transmission lines, railways, roads, power projects, defense related projects, and mining. The act stipulates that compensatory afforestation must take place and plans for catchment area treatment, biodiversity and wildlife conservation, rehabilitation etc. must be submitted to the state authority. In 2003 new rules were issued to regulate the rights of tribals on forest lands, and guide the process of establishing productive village forests.
The Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) was established in 2009 as a National Advisory Council under the chairmanship of the Union Minister of Environment & Forests for the monitoring, technical assistance and evaluation of compensatory afforestation activities. It is meant to promote afforestation and regeneration activities as a way of compensating for forest land diverted to non-forest uses. The fund was constituted based on the Supreme Court of India's order in 2006 and was authorized to disburse funds in 2009, endowed with around US$5 billion. State CAMPAs receive receive funds collected from user agencies towards compensatory afforestation, additional compensatory afforestation, penal compensatory afforestation, Net Present Value (NPV) and all other amounts recovered from such agencies under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. They utilize the funds collected for undertaking compensatory afforestation, assisted natural regeneration, conservation and protection of forests, infrastructure development, wildlife conservation and protection.
One of the eight national missions of the government under its National Action Plan on Climate Change, GIM is a 10-year program aimed at improving the quality of five million hectares of degraded forests and bringing another five million hectares of non-forest areas under forest cover through social and farm forestry. In 2014 the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved an expenditure of Rs 13,000 crore (US$2.1 billion) on plantation and forest restoration in the country over the next five years, marking the beginning of the programme.
The NAP Scheme began in 2006 and aims to support the ongoing process of devolving forest protection, management and development functions to decentralized institutions of Joint Forest Management Committee (JFMC) at the village level, and Forest Development Agency (FDA) at the forest division level. The overall objective of the scheme is to develop the forest resources with people's participation, with a focus on improving the livelihood of the forest-fringe communities, especially the poor.
The Wildlife Protection Act states that hunting or collecting wild animals and plants in areas protected by the State requires approval from the Forestry Administration. The 2006 Amendment Act created the National Tiger Conservation Authority and the Tiger and Other Endangered Species Crime Control Bureau (Wildlife Crime Control Bureau). The National Tiger Conservation Authority approves tiger protection and conservation plans by the States, whose plans can define areas of protection for tigers but must take into account the agricultural livelihood interests of people living in and around Tiger Reserves.
The law concerns the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other resources, and stipulates that companies/States should protect the existing rights and concessions of the forest dependent communities.
All private companies must implement a Biodiversity and Wildlife Conservation Plan, approved by the State Forest Department, when forest clearance is involved. Relevant laws include the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. According to the National Working Plan Code, State Forest Departments must implement a Management Plan for Protected areas and a working plan/scheme, also adhering to the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
Different states have different restrictions on felling of wood/timber raised on private land, based upon area, intended use and species. A timber harvesting company or farmer should have permission according to the State's Land Revenue Codes/Act 9, Tenancy Act, Consolidation and Fragmentation Act, Transit Rules issued under Indian Forest Act, 1927 or its Forest Act. If the state forest department harvest wood/timber, this should be approved as per that State's working plan/scheme for the forest, according to Orders in T.N Godavarman vs. Union of India and ors (W.P ( C ) No. 202/1995) passed by Supreme Court of India, the National Working Plan Code issued by Ministry of Environment and Forest, and the State's Forest Manual/Codes.
Any timber processing company i.e saw mill unit must be legally registered according to the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, the Factories Act, 1948, the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965, the Employees Provident funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 , the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the State Land Revenue Act, the State Tenancy Act, and the Town and Country Planning Act. It must also hold a valid license according to Section 41 of the Indian Forest Act and that State's Forest Act and Saw Mill Establishment Rules.
In India international timber trade is regulated by the Export Import policy (EXIM), which is a five-year Policy Directive under the central government's Foreign Trade (Development Regulation) Act 1992 (FTRD). Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) of Government of India made in pursuance of Foreign Trade (Development Regulation) Act 1992 and is enforced through the Customs Act, 1962.
The Authority under the FTRD act is the Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) under the Ministry of Commerce. Specific forest products are classified depending on whether they are restricted, regulated or prohibited. All species exported /imported are authorized by the DGFT as per the EXIM policy. They must must also be CITES compliant and valid under The Destructive Insects and Pests Act of 1914 and The Plant Quarantine Order of 2003.
Importing or exporting entities must have a valid license/permit issued by an export promotion council, commodity board or other registered authority designated by the Government for purposes of export-promotion. Entities must follow all transit rules for timber at international borders as enacted by the central government under section 41A of Indian Forest Act 1927, as well as State Transit Rules.
The States are empowered to enact transit rules regulating the movement of forest produce, including timber within the state and related to international import and export. Laws vary from state to state but most states issue transit passes for timber transporters. More information can be found under Section 41 Indian Forest Act of 1927, the State Forest Acts, and State Transit and Transportation Rules.
Clear evidence of tax returns for timber production, timber processing and timber trade must be filled out properly and taxes should be paid on time as per the Indian Forest Act 1927 and relevant State Forest Laws.
All Taxes linked to import/export of forest products must also submitted and paid according to the Indian Customs Act, 1962 and the Indian Customs Tariff Act, 1975.
CITES is an international agreement among governments whose purpose is to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plant species does not threaten the survival of these species. 180 countries (September 2014) have agreed to be bound by CITES, which is a binding legal agreement. It is up to each Party to CITES to draft its own domestic legislation in order to comply with its CITES obligations. India acceded to the Convention in 1976.
The Government of India has banned the export for commercial purposes of all wild-taken specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III, but permitted the export of cultivated varieties of plant species included in Appendices I and II - Notification 1999 / 039 of CITES (see also this official notification to the parties). This includes all the species mentioned below.
Aquilaria malaccensis can produce agarwood, a fragrant wood extremely valuable for incense, perfume and traditional medicine. Over-exploitation and unsustainable harvesting has led to the listing of Aquilaria species in CITES, and the species is considered critically endangered in India with export prohibited. It is included in Appendix II of CITES. The CITES listing for Aquilaria spp. applies to all parts and derivatives, except seeds and pollen; seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro, in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers; fruits; leaves; exhausted agarwood powder, including compressed powder in all shapes; and finished products packaged and ready for retail trade; this exemption does not apply to beads, prayer beads and carvings.
The primary producer of agarwood is A. malaccensis, but other Aquilaria species can produce agarwood, including A. khasiana, a species which is limited to the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya (Red Listing report on A. malaccensis listed below).
A straw-coloured hardwood, Ramin is of considerable commercial value, often used for furniture, toys, broom handles, blinds, dowels and decorative mouldings as well as flooring, plywood and picture frames.
Taxus chinensis, T. fuana and T. wallichiana all have restrictions on trade for all parts and derivatives except seeds and pollen and finished products packaged and ready for retail trade. Taxus chinensis has undergone a large population reduction (more than 50%) since the 1990s as a result of the discovery of the importance of this species for treating cancer. There are attempts now to propagate this species to meet the demand, however, exploitation of wild plants is likely to continue but probably at a lower rate than before.
T. fuana is identical to T. contorta. As T. contorta is a much earlier name, T.contorta has priority and should therefore be used. According to the IUCN Red List, Taxus contorta has undergone a recent, rangewide population decline of at least 50 % but probably less than 80%, except in NW India (and Nepal), where it is estimated that the population has declined by up to 90% due to harvesting for medicinal use. In northwest India, it was assessed as critically endangered at a regional level (Ved et al. 2003) and harvesting of wild trees has been banned.
T. wallichiana's decline has been similar to T. contorta, with up to 90% reported in its main range areas including India.
A full contact list for official national CITES authorities, including Management Authorities competent to grant permits.
According to Global Forest Watch, in 2012 15.43% of India, or 48.23 million ha was forested. India is one of the twelve mega-biodiverse countries, hosting 7% of the world's biodiversity. Indian forest types include tropical evergreens, tropical deciduous, swamps, mangroves, sub-tropical, montane, scrub, sub-alpine and alpine forests. The most widely distributed genera in tropical wet evergreen forests are Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Callophyllum and Syzgium, and the families Lauraceae and Myrthaceae are also well represented. Tropical moist deciduous forests are characterized by Tectona grandis (teak) and others by Shorea robusta (sal).
The country has experienced a fluctuating rate of deforestation over the past twenty years. In 1988, in response to rapid deforestation and degradation, the Indian government placed major restrictions on legal domestic harvesting. Nevertheless, deforestation rose dramatically from 0.2% between 1990 and 2000 to 0.7% between 2000 and 2005, driven by fuel wood removal and mining clearances. Between 2005 and 2010 the average rate fell again to 0.2%.
41% of forest in India classed as "degraded," due to heavy use pressure on the forest from fuel wood collection and cattle grazing. The 275 million people living in forest areas, including 88 million "tribals," rely heavily on forests for fuel, fodder, grazing, wood, and non-timber forest products (NTFP's). The country's fuel wood harvest totals 300 million m3/year (5 times the sustainable amount) and 100 million cattle graze in forests, also well above the sustainable level of 31 million. Furthermore, domestic illegal logging and smuggling of high-value timber is a major problem in many parts of the country (including in protected areas) - in 2009 the Ministry of Environment and Forests estimated that 2 million m3/year of logs were being illegally felled each year.
In India, 23% percent of forest cover in India is primary, 62% is regenerated, and 15% is planted. 35.65 million ha of forest are public lands administered by the government, 21.55 million ha are public lands reserved for communities and indigenous groups, 9.58 million ha are owned by private companies and individuals, and 1.65 million ha are owned by communities and indigenous groups. Public lands can be classified as protected, production or village forests. In 2010, 29% of India's forests in public lands were protected, but the condition of many protected areas is poor because of fire, grazing and inadequate management.
State forest departments are custodians of the public forest resource and act as the forest authorities, enacting their own State laws in accordance with the Indian Forest Act of 1927. The states have also established state forest corporations, responsible for production within the public forest estate. States must submit working plans to the national government for production forests. Community-based approaches to forest management such as Joint Forest Management are becoming more common, with over 17.3 million hectares under the scheme.
During the past five years, the use of international forest certification systems, particularly Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, has increased 10-fold, partly because of the response towards FLEGT among buyers in the EU. The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests is also in the process of developing a national forest certification system.
According to the Corruption Perception Index 2013 from Transparency International, which measures perceived levels of public sector corruption in countries around the world using a score of 0-100 (where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is completely clean) India is ranked 94th out of 177 countries assessed. It scored a corruption index of 36, meaning it has a perception of relatively high corruption.
The World Bank compiles a set of Worldwide Governance Indicators for all world economies. The country data report on India can be found in the full data set.
The forestry sector contributed USD 31.0 billion to the Indian economy in 2011, which is approximately 1.7% of its GDP. According to 2011 FAO data, 707,000 people are directly employed by the forestry sector. Although India is one of the world's top producers of tropical logs, it is also one of the world's largest consumers of wood products. It has a thriving range of industries for semi-processed and value-added timber products, including wooden handicrafts, pulp and paper, plywood and veneer and wooden furniture. Exports of wooden handicrafts in particular are on the rise.
India is a major producer of wood-based products, including pulp, paper, plywood, furniture, wooden handicrafts, and veneers. Its major exporting hubs are the EU, US and the Middle East.
India cannot meet its own demand for wood products with domestic supply, and as a result is currently the world's 2nd largest importer of tropical logs. Many of these logs come from illegal sources in Indonesia, PNG and Myanmar.
India does not plan to sign a VPA since it has banned the export of unprocessed logs. It is however a priority country for the EU FLEGT Asia Regional Support Programme (FLEGT Asia) because of its importation of illegal logs.
The forestry sector contributed USD 31.0 billion to the Indian economy in 2011, which is approximately 1.7% of its GDP. According to 2011 FAO data, 707,000 people are directly employed by the forestry sector. About 50% of the total revenue from the forestry industry comes from the non-timber forest products category, which provides a significant source of income to over 400 million people, mostly rural.
Although India is one of the world's top producers of tropical logs, it is also one of the world's largest consumers of wood products, for fuel wood, fodder, and industrial use. It has one of the fastest growing paper markets in the world, producing over 10.11 million tonnes of paper and consuming around 11.5 million tonnes in 2012. Consumption is projected to reach 22 million tonnes by 2020. India also has significant semi-processed and value-added timber products industries, including wooden handicrafts, pulp and paper, plywood and veneer and wooden furniture. The wooden handicrafts industry is growing rapidly, and making an important contribution to economic development and the creation of employment opportunities, particularly through SMEs. The value of exports of wooden handicrafts increased from USD 46 million in 1996 to USD 546 million in 2012. Major markets are the UK, Germany, US, Australia, Japan and the UAE. The industry depends mainly on locally available wood species, primarily sheesham, mango, Indian rosewood, teak, babul, sandalwood.
India currently cannot meet its growing demand for wood products with domestic supply. The government has banned the export of timber in the form of unprocessed logs and reduced import tariffs, and as a result timber imports – of primarily unprocessed logs – are growing by 12% a year, often from illegal sources. If the demand continues, by 2020 India will need to import nearly 50% of its requirements.
Because India is a major importer of timber from other Asian countries, it is a priority country for the EU FLEGT Asia Regional Support Programme (FLEGT Asia). About 17% of imports to India are currently estimated to arise from illegal sources. There has been limited recognition of the problem of illegal timber imports to date, either by the Government or the private sector.
As of early 2013, India was not considering entering into a VPA with the EU, largely because it has banned unprocessed log export. However, its timber products industry is likely to be affected by the EUTR, as products listed under the EUTR have an annual export value of around US$1.3 billion.
The use of international forest certification systems, particularly Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, has increased 10-fold during the past five years, partly because of the response towards FLEGT among buyers in the EU. The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests is also in the process of developing a national forest certification system.
Useful for the managers in the area of Forest, Environment and Natural Resources Management and allied sectors.
WWF-India was established as a Charitable Trust in 1969. It was rechristened World Wide Fund for Nature-India in 1987.
CPF works for the rights and livelihoods of forest dependent communities with due regard to conservation.
Involved in working with almost 6,000 village institutions and tree growers' cooperative societies at the village level to rehabilitate degraded village commons across eight states in India.
A research institution in the areas of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Promotes socially-just environmental conservation and sustainable development by generating rigorous interdisciplinary knowledge that engages actively with academia, policy makers, practitioners, activists, students and wider public audiences.
Chipko Andolan is a socio-ecological and non violent movement of conserving forests and trees from illegal destruction where people hugged trees to confront commercial loggers from felling trees. This action raised the support for the movement and it was called Chipko Andolan which literally meant to hug trees.
A non government organization in Rajasthan that started to bring people together on the issues of management of forests and water resources in the 1980s.
Implements policies and programmes relating to conservation of the country's natural resources including its lakes and rivers, its biodiversity, forests and wildlife, ensuring the welfare of animals, and the prevention and abatement of pollution.
Gives support to protected areas.
The Forest Policy Division provides policy support on forestry matters and provides inputs to international forest policy processes.
An Autonomous Body of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Government of India. There are 8 regional institutes under ICFRE.
A premier institution under the Indian Council of Forest Research and Education (ICFRE), FRI focuses, in particular, on the research needs of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh, as well as the U.P. Himalayas.
A national institute formed in April 1988 under the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), acting as an autonomous council under MOEF. Purpose is to identify and evolve varieties of species used in afforestation and social forestry that will contribute to the national goal of achieving a growth of 3 to 4 m3 of biomass per ha per year within the ecological considerations applicable to the area.
IWST is an Institute of ICFRE, having a mandate of conducting research on wood science at the national level and with a focus on studies related to problems in forestry sector at the regional level.
HFRI is an Institute of ICFRE, looking at forestry research, eco-restoration of cold deserts & mined areas and regeneration of coniferous & broad-leaved forests, as well as activities on management practices in temperate forests and alpine areas.
TFRI is an Institute of ICFRE, specialising as a major nucleus for research on forestry and ecology related problems of tropical forests of the central region comprising of the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Orissa.
One of the institutes of ICFRE working under the MOEF. The Objective of the Institute is to carry out scientific research in forestry in order to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semi arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Dadara & Nagar Haveli union territory.
An Institute of ICFRE, RFRI looks at the field of forestry resources and technology to all NE states including Sikkim. Includes conservation, protection, restoration and management of forest resources.
An Institute of ICFRE, IFP looks at forestry research needs in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa.
The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, with an overarching supervisory / coordination role for Project Tiger. Project Tiger provides central assistance to the tiger states for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves.
An all India Service which consists of 25 State Cadres (including three joint cadres, namely the Assam-Meghalaya, the Manipur- Tripura and the Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram Union Territories (AGMUT). Its mandate is the implementation of the National Forest Policy which envisages scientific management of forests and to exploit them on a sustained basis for primary timber products, among other things.


New: cross-country skiing Guide for the Bavarian Forest Regensburg (tvo). The Bavarian Forest is one of the snowiest Central mountainous regions of in Germany. Unique sports and scenic experiences promised about 2,000 kilometers of groomed trails in varied terrain. The new cross-country guide gives an overview of the most beautiful cross-country ski areas with more than 250 different trails Bayerischer Wald. It provides detailed information about the length of the routes, profile and their height, equipment rental and cross-country skiing schools and identifies important details such as ski bus, parking or changing facilities for cross-country skiers. In addition, there is a special tip of the trail for each area.
For more information, the contact address of the local tourist-info is specified. According to what is fracking, who has experience with these questions. A large map for geographic orientation. On her also the national trails are noted such as the Bayer forest trail, by Landon 150 kilometers of the Arber – / Ossergebiet through the National Park region to the Three Chair leads. Our tip for the month: savings tip for families: obtained for 48 euros in the ski centre Mitterdorf in the Bavarian Forest a day ski pass for the whole family (two adults, two and more children). Seven modern ski lifts and a double chair lift bring skiers to the Alpine mountain to 1,139 yards. Children experiencing their winter magic land with beginner ski terrain and carousel, magic carpet, heating room, childcare, ski rental and ski school. the free trail guide is available at the Eastern Bavarian Tourism Association e.V.


Bristol based singer – songwriter and producer, Ruth Royall is set to release a new single on the 9th of February 2018.
'Heart On Fire', the follow up to her recent '4U' debut single, was recorded and self produced by the singer and will be available digitally through all the usual major outlets.
The multi-talented Ruth Royall grew up in a really creative environment and this was the spark that gave her the encouragement and inspiration to sing and write music before she really knew how. After a few years of experimenting and developing her sound she became an established face on the Bristol music scene and has since toured Europe and the UK, play Glastonbury Festival, The Jazz Cafe, and The Roundhouse.
Royall has attracted the attention of the likes of Mo Pleasure (Earth Wind and Fire), Ian Mathews (Kasabian), Jeremy Vine (BBC Radio 2) and Robert Elms (BBC London) while the aforementioned '4U' single saw her lauded by Velvet Sheep, Bristol Live Magazine, Tap The Feed, Found Magazine and BBC Introducing West.


text:
We use cookies to give you the best possible online experience. If you continue, we'll assume you are happy for your web browser to receive all cookies from our website.
See our Cookie Policy for more information on cookies and how to manage them. accept cookies
What would you like to do today?
Make or Track a Claim
Vet Helpline
Pet Advice, Guides, Blogs and News
One in three dog-owning drivers leave their pets loose in car
Where does your dog sit?
How do you travel with your dog? New research from Ford shows that some drivers are risking lives by letting their pets roam free in the car.
The car maker surveyed 5,000 dog-owning drivers in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, revealing that one in three (32%) do not safely restrain their dog in the car.
In the UK it is not a legal requirement to secure your dog, but the Highway Code states: "When in a vehicle make sure dogs or other animals are suitably restrained so they cannot distract you while you are driving or injure you, or themselves, if you stop quickly. A seat belt harness, pet carrier, dog cage or dog guard are ways of restraining animals in cars."
Driving with an unrestrained pet can cause a dangerous distraction, and while there is no direct penalty motorists could face a charge of driving without due care and attention if they get distracted by their animals behind the wheel.
This means that if you drive with your dog loose in the car you could face a fine of up to £5,000 and it could even invalidate your car insurance, leaving your without cover in the event of an accident.
Experts estimate that if a car crashes at a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph), an unrestrained dog can develop projection forces of 40 times its body weight.
"If you have a pet, please think of its safety in the same way you would about any other member of the family," said Graeme Hall, celebrity dog trainer from Channel 4's the Dogfather. "I always carry my dog Lily in the boot in her crate. She can comfortably move around and everyone's safe. I believe that's the best solution."
Among those dog owners who don't always secure their pets, 32% said it was because the animals did not like it, 31% claimed there was no need on short journeys, and 14% said they did not have room for a dog crate.
However, owners also admitted being involved in accidents after being distracted by their pets, and that dogs had turned on indicators, obscured the view ahead and bitten occupants.
According to Ford, its new Focus Estate was designed with dogs in mind. Ford Engineer Rene Berns made sure the boot space can accommodate the biggest possible crate, which means the car can comfortably carry even an Irish Wolfhound, the world's tallest breed of dog.
Policy wording
Insurance Product Information Document
©2019 Paws & Claws is a trading name of Insurance Factory Ltd which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (No. 306164). Registered in England and Wales Number 02982445. Registered office: 45 Westerham Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN13 2QB. You can check this by visiting the Financial Services Register at www.fca.org.uk/register


text:
Lyric Writing Techniques
Runs from Wednesday January 20 2021 to Wednesday February 24 2021
Approximate running time: 2 hours
× Instructor: Murray Foster
Jan. 20- Feb. 24
Wednesdays 2-4PM
In this class, we'll look at everything from song structure to the history of country music to writing from the five senses as ways to expand your lyric writing toolkit. Each class includes free writing, optional writing in pairs, and solo writing based on that week's lesson.
Murray is a Juno-nominated founding member of the band Moxy Früvous, and spent thirteen years as bass player of the Newfoundland band Great Big Sea. He has five gold and platinum records, has sold half a million albums and performed over 2500 live shows. Murray is currently a Professor of Songwriting at Seneca College and is the founder of the Toronto Songwriting School.
More About This Event Directions


text:
Q: Increment ng-repeat index value in Html I want to increment value of $index in ng-repeat. For example:

    {{x}} // if x = 1
        x++; // this is the line i need
    {{x}} // x index should be equal to 2
    x++; // this is the line i need
    {{x}} // x index should be equal to 3

in the second time the loop runs, the x index needs to be '4'

A: You can simply do following:

    {{$index}}
    {{$index + 1}}

A: If I understand your question correctly (which is hard to understand), you want to perform different actions for even and odd indexes in your ng-repeat. You could use the special properties $even and $odd from ng-repeat.

    {{x}}
    {{x}}

If this does not help you, try to give an example of what output you are expecting.

A: You are trying to print index value in diff element for each item in your array,
what i will suggest is to create a custom directive and use it on different element here is "label", that we increment the count of index.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I know, it's been weeks since I last posted. A few weeks ago, I was so excited to be going to the New England Conference for RWA. You're probably wondering how it all went.
It was a great weekend. There were lots of fantastic workshops, which I started off with GMC Your Writing Career. This workshop focused on looking at your writing career the same way one would write Goal, Motivation, and Conflict for characters. The difference is you – your writing career – are the character. It was an interesting topic, and something to think about.
Then I took self-care and Ergonomics. This workshop was full of exercises and stretches for those who sit at the keyboard for many hours. It also featured proper posture for sitting. Many of these exercises, I will be using in the coming weeks, after hysterectomy surgery, my future topic.
You see, during the entire weekend, I had a dilemma. I thought I was suffering from Kidney Stones or something similar. I was dealing with this as best as I could while maintaining my composure, and blowing up like a balloon. I just didn't know how bad I had it.
So, I continued on with my weekend and learned about Expanding Your Audience On Non-Amazon Retailers. This was pretty impressive.
Should you ever see, any of these workshops offered, take the opportunity. They were all superb.
Sprinting: It's Not Just for Runners! By Tracey Lyons was fun and witty. She is a must meet person. I did manage to work out three scenes while in her workshop in under five minutes. Thanks, Tracey.
Our dinner was with Sabrina Jeffries, whom I met and spoke with during the book signing. It was a pleasure to meet her. I had to have a book signed by her for a co-worker of mine who is from Thailand. I did my homework before going to NEC by reading the author website blurbs. If I hadn't, I would never have known that Sabrina had grown up in Thailand.
By Saturday, I was petering out. My stone problem was slowly getting worse and the pain was increasing and by the time the book signing was over, I was pretty much done for.
Sunday and Monday, my agony was growing. Tuesday, I was due back to work. By 6am, I was ready to see a doctor. My DH agreed and took me to the ER.
Apparently, it wasn't a kidney stone after all. A uterus fibroid was blocking off my urine flow. I was in so much agony, which was relieved when a catheter was put in place.
I'm like ugh. How can you be so excited about pictures of my insides?
She smirked and calmed down. It was still funny.
So now I await my upcoming surgery. It's scheduled for this Friday morning. I don't know how long it will be until I will be comfortable to sit and post after the surgery. Only time will tell.
I promise, I will not watch Grey's Anatomy this Thursday. I don't need to freak myself out before going under the knife.
Only a true writer would sit through classes, and enjoy them, while suffering from kidney stones. My hats off to you. Good luck with your surgery.


text:
Home » West Michigan aiming for Amazon's HQ2
Economic Development, Real Estate, and Retail
West Michigan aiming for Amazon's HQ2
| By Jesse O'Brien |
TAGS Amazon / The Right Place
Grand Rapids is out of running for Amazon's HQ2
Political, economic 'to-do list' is offered in Amazon's hunt for HQ2
What lessons can Michigan learn from Amazon HQ2 search?
Employees work on a stairway at Amazon's headquarters in downtown Seattle. Courtesy Amazon
West Michigan is tossing its hat in the ring to land Amazon's next headquarters — a potential $5-billion investment with as many as 50,000 new jobs.
Tim Mroz, VP of marketing and communications at The Right Place in Grand Rapids, said the economic development agency is working on the process to submit an RFP application for the Amazon HQ2 project.
Amazon released its RFP for the project last Thursday.
West Michigan will be competing with a number of markets for the Seattle-based e-commerce giant's second corporate headquarters.
In choosing a location, Amazon says it has a preference for metropolitan areas with more than 1-million residents, a stable and business-friendly environment, urban or suburban locations with the potential to attract and retain strong technical talent and "communities that think big and creatively when considering locations and real estate options."
In searching for sites for its new headquarters, Amazon is looking for greenfield sites, in-fill sites, existing buildings or a combination for its new build.
Core preferences include a proximity of about 30 miles to a population center, being within 45 minutes of an international airport, not more than one or two miles from a major highway or arterial roads and on-site access to mass transit.
The phase-one build, planned for 2019, would be more than 500,000 square feet with a total requirement of up to 8-million square feet for additional builds beyond 2027.
RFP applications for the headquarters are due by Oct. 19, and a final site selection and announcement will be made next year.
Jesse O'Brien
Jesse O'Brien is a former Grand Rapids Business Journal staff reporter who most recently covered startups, economic development, banking and finance, health care, sports business and city government.
Recent Articles by Jesse O'Brien
Inside Track: And he still isn't done
Health information exchange adds nonprofit
Inside Track: Wilson is drawn to the executive side of health


text:
Federal File
Miers on Meyer
Court nominee's silence on 1923 education case is OK, professor says.
White House Counsel Harriet E. Miers has been on an uncomfortable path toward the Nov. 7 start of her confirmation hearings to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.
Sen. Charles E. Schumer, D-N.Y., a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, reportedly was dissatisfied after his 45-minute conversation with Ms. Miers on Oct. 17, in which she was reluctant or unable to discuss a historic education case, Meyer v. Nebraska.
Meyer, which the Supreme Court decided in 1923, is often cited as an important part of the foundation for the "personal liberty interest" the high court has found in the 14th Amendment's due-process clause, which in turn was central to the court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade upholding abortion rights.
Robert T. Meyer, a teacher at a parochial school, was found guilty of teaching a Bible story in German to a 10-year-old child, in violation of a World War I-era Nebraska law that mandated English-only instruction in public and private schools and allowed foreign-language instruction only after 8th grade.
In overturning the conviction, the Supreme Court ruled that "the statute as applied is arbitrary and without reasonable relation to any end within the competency of the state."
Liberty, the majority said in Meyer, "denotes not merely freedom from bodily restraint but also the right of the individual … to acquire knowledge."
The court's Roe decision cited Meyer as one of a line of cases supporting a constitutional right to privacy.
Sen. Schumer told reporters that he asked Ms. Miers about Meyer and other cases that were important to the right to privacy.
"On many, she wouldn't give answers. On many others, she deferred, saying, 'I need to sort of bone up on this a little more, I need to come to conclusions,' " the senator said, according to Newsday.
It is unclear whether Ms. Miers was unfamiliar with the 1923 case or whether she was simply wary of dropping any clues about how she might rule on an abortion case.
"I don't think you hold it against her, that she had little to say about Meyer," said Perry A. Zirkel, a professor of law and education at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pa. "Although it's a fairly historic education case, and [in] some sense a political case, it's not one of the top Supreme Court decisions."
He added, "I wouldn't hold it against a law professor who didn't know about [Meyer]."
By Andrew Trotter
Vol. 25, Issue 09, Page 36
Published in Print: October 26, 2005, as Miers on Meyer


The Derby dates back to 1780, and is still ranked the greatest flat race in the world.
With winnings of £1.25m up for grabs, the Investec Derby has one of the biggest prizes in UK racing, matched only by the prestige that victory brings.
It remains the race that everyone one wants to win, as horses and riders push themselves to the limit around the unique and challenging course.
The Upper Tattenham Enclosure – admission included in price – is an open aired grass area situated next to the Grandstand, great viewing by the rails running the length of the finishing straight up to Tattenham Corner.
It is a pedestrian area with entertainment and a variety of food and drink units. There is access to the rails and bookmakers and sight of the big screen plus a large marquee for cover. You can also bring food and drink for personal consumption into this area.
There is no official dress code but guests are encouraged to dress appropriately.
Island pick-ups will be in the morning ready to catch the 9.00am vehicle ferry over to the mainland, arriving at the racecourse at approximately 11.45am. The coach will then depart at approximately 6.00pm to make its way back to the ferry port for the 8.00pm ferry back to the Island dropping passengers off later that night.


This post is for Paul and the fellowship of the Lemon Cream Cella from South Philadelphia. I think you boys would be proud of my efforts. Just like I thought the first time I tasted yours: This is not a drink that is only suitable as a digestive. Yes, good after a meal but pretty drinkable anytime.
Had to improvise a little. No bellisamo bottles, so used what we have. Liked the Italian Moscato wine bottle the best and beer bottles sealed look OK. Trouble is I do not drink a lot of Italian Moscato yet. May change, good carefree dessert wine and should be good with spicy Indian curry.
Used my coffee label and not too bad although not sure how it will hold up in the freezer.
The alcohol content of mine is much lower. Despite this I am getting a good viscose creamy texture with the cold liquor although granted a higher alcohol content would be better. Need to build a still and condenser for that. Not too hard, just need to import a few pieces.
Color good. This was surprising as my lemons are actually green skinned but the liquid has come out more yellow than green. Later in the season these lemons will be orange so will probably get an orange color and that would be pretty and there is certainly room for improvement mixing with other lemons for color.
This batch needs to go out to some tasters for ideas for how to improve but for first attempt - very happy indeed. Well worth the 5-6 hours simmering that milk on the stove top. and thanks for the wonderful recipe. A recipe that is so good it was exported by the Southern Italians of South Philadelphia and is now traveling the world!
I had actually thought that you might get a still after reading your last post. Moonshine in the mountains!
Hi Emily, Just read your post about your efforts, (with good results), on making the Lemon Cream Cella. Congrats! Sounds like it came out great for you. It was great chatting with you and helping you out as much as I could when you visited our shop. Wishing the best to you, stop in next time you are in the Philadelphia area.


text:
New insight on the formation of East Asian flora
by Science China Press
Wu & Wu (1996) first proposed the former Eastern Asiatic region to be an independent Floristic kingdom. However, there are still some questions that need to be discussed. As many living fossil plants (Cenozoic plant relicts) are only found in East Asia today, many researchers have suggested that the East Asiatic Floristic is an ancient flora and the cradle of North American, European floras, and even the modern Paleo-tropical flora.
In addition, East Asia has also been considered to be the diversification or origin center of angiosperms. Additionally, most paleoendemic taxa of the East Asiatic Floristic are found among the Sino-Japanese flora and neoendemic taxa were concentrated in the Sino-Himalayan flora. Previous studies suggested that the Sino-Japanese flora is older than the Sino-Himalayan flora. Are these hypotheses true or not? These questions were previously challenging due to the limitations of research methods and materials.
On the basis of previous studies, Prof. Sun Hang's Group from Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KIB/CAS), proposes the term Metasequoia Flora to represent the core area of the Sino-Japanese Flora, since the living fossil plant Metasequoia glyptostroboides is one representative of the relicts that are found in this area. Similarly, They propose the term Rhododendron Flora to better represent the core region of the Sino-Himalayan flora, as Rhododendron is the largest genus and forms a diversity center in this region. It is also a representative plant of the flora in this area.
On this basis, the group first analyzed published molecular phylogenetic data as well as fossil information on the seed plants, and tried to trace the temporal and spatial evolution of East Asian flora by integrating these datasets with paleo environmental studies that are related to this area. The results suggest that the East Asiatic might be relatively young, with most of its clades originating in the Miocene, and should be the refugia for ancient relict plants rather than the birthplace. The Rhododendron Flora and the Metasequoia Flora are probably of a similar age.
The formation and development of the Asian monsoon might have been the main factors that drive the evolution of East Asian flora. The unequal distribution of species diversity in Rhododendron and Metasequoia flora may be due to the diverse and heterogeneous topography and climate of this region caused by the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, this phenomenon may be also correlated with the direction of mountains ranges in these regions. The East Asian flora appears to have multiple biogeographical origins, being closely affiliations not only with other floras in the Northern Hemisphere, but also with Gondwanan floras.
South-west diversity still a mystery but comparison lends clues
More information: Yong-Sheng Chen et al, Is the East Asian flora ancient or not?, National Science Review (2017). DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx156
Provided by Science China Press
Citation: New insight on the formation of East Asian flora (2018, March 1) retrieved 16 January 2022 from https://phys.org/news/2018-03-insight-formation-east-asian-flora.html
New research reveals plant wonderland inside China's caves
A glimpse in the flora of Southeast Asia puts a spotlight on its conservation
A Spanish botanist searches for prehistoric flora refuges in China
Why do the different people's bodies react differently to a high-fat diet?
Why our native plants are not so special after all
Strong evidence shows Sixth Mass Extinction of global biodiversity in progress
Lost birds and mammals spell doom for some plants
Tiger shark migrations altered by climate change, new study finds
How deep-sea worms help keep natural gases on ice