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The British Journal of Psychiatry
Physical health and depressive ...
Core reader
Physical health and depressive symptoms in older Europeans: Results from EURODEP
Outcome variable
Demographic variables
Cognitive functioning
European 'building blocs'
Statistical procedures
Centre comparisons: inclusive approach
Centre comparisons: selective approach
Functional disability and chronic conditions in one model (inclusive)
Pooled data-set: effect modification by building blocs
'Modern maturity' confined to Britain?
Depression on syndrome level
Methodological concerns
Fatalism or simultaneous treatment
Clinical Implications and Limitations
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
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British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 187, Issue 1
July 2005 , pp. 35-42
A. W. Braam (a1), M. J. Prince (a2), A. T. F. Beekman (a1), P. Delespaul (a3), M. E. Dewey (a2), S. W. Geerlings (a1), S.-L. Kivelä (a4), B. A. Lawlor (a5), H. Magnússon (a6), I. Meller (a7), K. Pérès (a8), F. M. Reischies (a9), M. Roelands (a10), R. A. Schoevers (a1), P. Saz (a11), I. Skoog (a12), C. Turrina (a13), A. Versporten (a10) and J. R. M. Copelan (a14)
Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Research of Extramural Medicine (EMGO), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, King's College, University of London, UK
Department of Psychiatry/Neuropsychology, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
Unit of General Practice, Turku University Hospital and Satakunta Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
Department of Psychiatry, Jonathan Swift Clinic, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Heilsugæslustö, Grundarfiri, Iceland
Department of Psychiatry Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
INSERM U593, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
(a10)
Scientific Institute of Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium
Universidad de Zaragoza, Servicio de Psicomática, Zaragoza, Spain
Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Sweden
Dipartimento Materno Infanile, Facoltà di Medicina, Università degli studi di Brescia, Italy
Section of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Liverpool, UK
Copyright: © 2005 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.1.35
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018
Physical health and depressive symptoms in older Europeans
Volume 187, Issue 1
Associations between physical health and depression are consistent across cultures among adults up to 65 years of age. In later life, the impact of physical health on depression is much more substantial and may depend on sociocultural factors.
To examine cross-national differences in the association between physical health and depressive symptoms in elderly people across western Europe.
Fourteen community-based studies on depression in later life in nine western European countries contributed to a total study sample of 22 570 respondents aged 65 years and older. Measures were harmonised for depressive symptoms (EURO-D scale), functional limitations and chronic physical conditions.
In the majority of the participating samples, the association of depressive symptoms with functional disability was stronger than with chronic physical conditions. Associations were slightly more pronounced in the UK and Ireland.
The association between physical health and depressive symptoms in later life is consistent across western Europe.
None. Funding detailed in Acknowledgements.
Poor physical health is an important risk factor for depression in later life (Lenze et al, 2001). Together with bereavement and cognitive decline, it is one of the risk factors that demarcate depression in later life from early-onset depression (Cole & Dendukuri, 2003). In a worldwide study of adults up to age of 65 years (Ormel et al, 1994), the association between disability and depression was shown to be fairly consistent across cultures. More heterogeneity across cultures for this association may be found among older adults because of substantial variation in the availability of healthcare (Bramesfeld, 2003) and variation in attitudes to old age, with traditional values being more widespread in southern than north-western European countries (Inglehart & Baker, 2000). In this study we investigated whether the impact of physical impairment on depressive symptoms (Ormel et al, 1993) varies across western Europe.
The EURODEP Concerted Action is a consortium of 14 research groups from 11 European countries all engaged in population-based research into the epidemiology of late-life depression (Copeland et al, 1999). Three countries have two participating centres: England (Liverpool and London), Germany (Berlin and Munich) and The Netherlands (Amsterdam and the nationwide sample of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), denoted here as 'Netherlands'). Basic demographic characteristics of the 14 study samples with data available for the present study are summarised in Table 1. The overall sample size of the pooled EURODEP data-set amounts to 22 570 individuals. More detailed information on sampling-frame, interview procedures and non-response has been given by Copeland et al (1999) and Braam et al (2004), including key references. For Liverpool, the first follow-up measurement 2 years after baseline (Wilson et al, 1999) has been used, because this observation cycle included measures of physical functioning and chronic conditions. In the Spanish sample used in the current study, more health characteristics were assessed than in the sample that was used in the first series of EURODEP studies.
Table 1 The EURODEP consortium - studies, assessment of depression and basic demographics
Instrument of depression assessment
Age, mean (range)
Female (%)
Married (%)
Education at higher levels (%)
EURO-D mean score
AMS Amsterdam The Netherlands GMS 74 (65-84) 62 49 26 2.0 3987
BER Berlin Germany GMS 84 (70-103) 49 30 27 2.5 488
EIR Dublin Ireland GMS 74 (64-98) 64 49 30 1.7 1012
ICE Reykjavik Iceland GMS 86 (83-89) 60 28 22 2.0 772
LIV Liverpool England GMS 79 (69-104) 52 37 22 2.2 3366
LON London England SHORT-CARE 75 (65-99) 60 37 19 2.5 637
MUN Munich Germany GMS 88 (85-99) 78 18 30 3.2 346
ITA Verona Italy GMS 74 (65-100) 62 53 23 1.8 202
ESP Zaragoza Spain GMS 77 (65-102) 59 53 14 1.5 3598
NED LASA The Netherlands CES-D 75 (65-86) 51 57 23 2.1 1944
FRA Aquitaine 1 France CES-D 75 (65-101) 58 58 19 2.2 3604
BEL Antwerp Belgium CES-D 77 (65-99) 47 58 23 1.9 1130
SVE Gothenburg Sweden CPRS 85 (85) 70 23 25 2.2 449
FIN Ä htäri Finland DSM-III 73 (65-95) 61 49 7 1.6 1035
Total 77 58 48 24 2.0 22570
LASA, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (The Netherlands, nationwide).
GMS, Geriatric Mental State Examination; SHORT-CARE, short version of the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CPRS, Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale.
1. Including the city of Bordeaux.
The depressive symptom measure in the current study was the EURO-D scale (Prince et al, 1999). This harmonised depressive symptom scale has been developed to enhance analyses of the pooled EURODEP data-set, because not all centres used the same depression assessment procedure (Table 1). Eight centres used the Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS; Copeland et al, 1986), three other centres used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), one the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS; Asberg et al, 1978), one the short version of the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (SHORT-CARE; Gurland et al, 1984), and one a DSM-III interview (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) with identical items to those used in the GMS. To obtain a pooled EURODEP data-set, these five instruments were harmonised according to a procedure developed and validated by Prince et al (1999). This resulted in the EURO-D scale, which comprises 12 items: depressive affect, pessimism, wishing death, guilt, sleep, interest, irritability, appetite, fatigue, concentration, enjoyment and tearfulness (0='not present'; 1='present', range 0-12). For each centre, the EURO-D has been internally consistent, with Cronbach α=0.72 for the current pooled sample, with α ranging between 0.65 (in Dublin) and 0.83 (in Finland). The EURO-D scale was applied with standardised standard deviations (s.d.=1), as recommended by Prince et al (1999).
These include gender, age, marital status and education. Marital status was categorised as 'married' v. 'non-married', the latter comprising those who were never married, the divorced or separated, and the widowed. Education was assessed in several ways: years of education, level of education, or non-specified classifications into 'lower', 'intermediate' and 'higher'. To maintain maximal variability, a range of index scores was computed with values between 0 and 1.
Two measures of physical health were available for most samples: functional disability and presence of chronic physical conditions.
For functional disability, several versions of 'activities of daily living' scales were employed (Table 2). To obtain comparable measures, total scores of each scale were trichotomised into 'no', 'intermediate' or 'high' levels of disability. The category of 'high' level of disability was defined as the scores that fell in the highest tertile of the range of the scale.
Table 2 Assessment of functional disability in the participating EURODEP centres; measurement details and prevalences and means on the three-point harmonised scale
Reference for scale applied
Prevalence on threepoint harmonised scale
Scale (0-2), mean (s.d.)
None (%)
Some (%)
Many (%)
AMS Int Katz et al, 1970 5 0-10 94 5 2 0.1 (0.3)
BER Int Katz et al, 1970 5 0-5 78 12 10 0.3 (0.7)
EIR Int - 1 0-5 62 27 11 0.5 (0.7)
ICE Int Katz et al, 1970 5 0-10 72 20 8 0.4 (0.6)
LIV Int Katz et al, 1970; Prince et al, 1997 12 0-24 52 30 18 0.7 (0.8)
LON Int Katz et al, 1970; Prince et al, 1997 12 0-24 43 34 23 0.8 (0.8)
MUN Obs Oswald & Fleischmann, 1985 5 0-12 22 33 45 1.2 (0.8)
ITA Obs Belloc et al, 1971 5 0-2 1 81 5 14 0.3 (0.7)
ESP Int Katz et al, 1970 (1 item added) 6 0-12 90 6 4 0.1 (0.4)
NED Int Van Sonsbeek, 1988 3 0-9 49 21 30 0.8 (0.9)
FRA Int Katz et al, 1970 5 0-10 92 5 3 0.1 (0.4)
BEL Int Katz et al, 1970; McWhinnie, 1981 8 0-24 62 18 20 0.6 (0.8)
SVE Prox Ö stling & Skoog, 2002 10 0-20 32 45 24 1.0 (0.8)
FIN S-r Pulska et al, 1997 14 14-56 30 37 33 1.0 (0.7)
Pooled 72 16 12 0.4 (0.7)
Int, interview; Obs, observer; Prox, proxy interview; S-r, self-report.
1. Answers from five items are categorised into three levels.
A similar procedure was used for the variable 'number of chronic conditions', resulting in the categories 'no', 'one' and 'two or more'. The types and numbers of chronic conditions showed considerable variation (Table 3). Furthermore, the types of questions also varied; this mostly concerned the self-reporting of specific chronic conditions, but sometimes was limited to the self-reporting of essential symptoms of conditions such as congestive heart failure or Parkinson's disease. From the Irish centre, no data were available on the type or number of chronic conditions. The physical health instrument used in Verona permitted categorisation of both disability and number of chronic conditions, but not the type of chronic condition.
Table 3 Assessment of chronic conditions in the participating EURODEP centres; prevalences on three-point harmonised measure of number of chronic conditions
Joint pathology
Number of chronic conditions three-point scale (0-2)
Mean (s.d.)
AMS + + + + + + + 49 35 16 0.7(0.7)
BER + + + 29 61 10 0.8(0.6)
ICE + + + + + + 61 33 6 0.5(0.6)
LIV2 1 + + + + + 30 40 29 1.0(0.8)
LON + + + + + 38 39 23 0.8(0.8)
MUN + + + + + + 45 38 17 0.7(0.7)
ITA 2 37 23 40 1.0(0.9)
ESP + + + + 71 24 5 0.3(0.6)
NED + + + + + + 34 36 30 1.0(0.8)
FRA + + + + 68 27 5 0.4(0.6)
BEL + + + + + + 83 15 2 0.2(0.5)
SVE + + + + + + 30 39 31 1.0(0.8)
FIN + + + + + + 36 41 23 0.9(0.8)
Pooled 54 32 14 0.6(0.7)
CVD, cardiovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
1. Liverpool, wave 2, year 2 only, n=1635.
2. In Italy, only presence of any chronic condition was assessed, not type of chronic condition.
The procedure of harmonisation employed in the present study has the advantage that the variability of the estimates is largely maintained. This 'inclusive approach', however, has the disadvantage that the comparability may be reduced. Therefore, for both variables, a 'selective approach' was explored, in which only items were included that explicitly cover the same types of functional disability (ability to wash, dress, use toilet, move out of bed, and eat, which correspond to the five items of the Katz index) and chronic conditions (namely, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke), in a majority of study centres.
In 11 centres, cognitive functioning was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein et al, 1975). In London, the Dementia Diagnostic Scale score was derived from the SHORT-CARE interview (Livingston et al, 1990). In Finland, the Wilson Mental Capacity scale (Wilson, & Brass, 1973) was used (ten items on memory and orientation, ranging from 0, 'no cognitive impairment' to 10, 'severe cognitive impairment'). Cognitive functioning was not assessed in Iceland.
The European countries can be categorised into interlocking and overlapping regions according to sociological and historical factors, which are denoted as 'European building blocs' (Davie, 1992). The following blocs are distinguished: 'Western Isles' (England and Ireland), 'Nordic' (Iceland, Sweden and Finland), 'Western continent' (Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands) and 'Southern/Mediterranean' (south of France, Italy and Spain). France is normally ranked within the 'Western continent' category. The classification has been adapted, because the 'Western continent' category would include more than half of the pooled EURODEP sample. As the French sample is drawn from the Aquitaine region in the south-west of France, the French study is classified as Southern European.
Associations between physical health measures and depressive symptoms (EURO-D scores) were analysed separately for each centre using linear regression analysis, computing regression coefficients, adjusted for effects by demographics. The physical health measures were divided into three categories, to check for non-linear associations. The reference category was 'no disability' or 'no chronic conditions'. Two alternative models were also examined, in which the 'selective approach' was followed, including only centres in which all questions on functional disability were identical, or in which the same chronic conditions were assessed. The next series of models focused on the relative contributions of both physical health variables to depressive symptoms when entered in one model.
Finally, the data from the different centres were pooled into one EURODEP sample. Associations between the estimates of physical health and EURO-D score were examined using multilevel analysis (Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992). Multilevel random regression modelling (MLRM) is ideally suited for conglomerate data-sets of nested subsets for which each data point cannot be considered as equally independent. In fact, individuals from the same country are more similar to each other than those from different countries. Although sampling characteristics, sample sizes, the assessment instruments used, and research design and context can differ among the centres included in the study, the target relation under study can be considered as fixed. These differential levels of independence are corrected for by MLRM, which also allows the control of known characteristics of the different subsets as well as the differential weighting of unknown dependencies within the data. Moreover, MLRM allows the analysis of associations between higher-level characteristics and lower-level characteristics, while controlling for covariates on either level, and allows the assessment of interactions between variables on the higher and lower level.
In the present study, the unit of measurement on the lower level was that of the individual respondent. Characteristics on this level include EURO-D score, physical health variables and demographics. The unit of measurement on the higher level was that of the contributing centres. For the pooled analysis, two types of multilevel models were employed. First, the associations between the physical health variables and EURO-D score were examined in one model based on the pooled data-set. The analyses were adjusted for effects by demographics, as well as the relevant interactions between gender and age with each other, and with marital status and education. Second, we examined whether the strength of the association between physical health and depressive symptoms is modified by living in one of the four European 'building blocs'. In these analyses, the building bloc of the 'Western Isles' was used as the reference category.
Table 1 summarises the basic demographics for each of the 14 samples. The mean age was 77 years. Three samples were recruited among octogenarians: Iceland, Munich and Gothenburg. In Berlin the mean age was also above 80 years. In the other centres, the mean age was around 75 years. In several centres, an even distribution of male and female respondents was achieved by over-sampling of male respondents. The percentage of those still married more or less parallels the distribution of age, with older samples showing a lower percentage of married respondents. The mean EURO-D scores are also included in Table 1. The highest scores were found in Munich, London and Berlin, and the lowest in Ireland, Finland and Spain. The distributions of levels of functional disability (Table 2) and chronic conditions (Table 3) varied across the samples. The disability assessment procedure according to Katz et al (1970), as used in Spain, France and Amsterdam, but also among octogenarians in Iceland and Berlin, yields low rates of those with high levels of disability and may be regarded as the most stringent.
There was substantial congruence between centres in the association between functional disability and depressive symptoms (Table 4). The variance was higher in most centres where instruments were used with a higher number of items on disability (London, Liverpool, Finland), although the variance was also high in Ireland, where a one-item estimate was used.
Table 4 Depressive symptoms (EURO-D scores) and categories of functional disability: mean EURO-D scores and regression coefficients (adjusted for effects by demographic variables); values printed in bold type are significant at the P<0.01 level
Mean EURO-D scores (adjusted)
Regression coefficients (adjusted)
Some B (s.e.)
High B (s.e.)
R2 added (%)
AMS 1.9 2.6 3.1 0.63 (0.07) 1.20 (0.11) 4.3
BER 2.4 3.1 2.9 0.60 (0.14) 0.40 (0.15) 3.9
EIR 1.5 1.9 2.6 0.37 (0.06) 1.13 (0.08) 15.8
ICE 1.8 2.5 2.9 0.67 (0.09) 1.04 (0.12) 12.9
LIV 1.9 2.2 2.9 0.32 (0.04) 0.99 (0.05) 11.0
LON 2.2 2.6 3.2 0.44 (0.08) 1.03 (0.10) 13.0
MUN 2.8 3.2 3.2 0.40 (0.18) * 0.51 (0.18) 3.3
ITA 1.7 1.9 2.4 0.22 (0.32) 0.52 (0.19) 2.3
ESP 1.4 1.8 2.3 0.53 (0.07) 1.06 (0.09) 4.4
NED 1.8 2.2 2.4 0.38 (0.06) 0.61 (0.05) 5.9
FRA 2.2 2.7 3.0 0.54 (0.72) 0.83 (0.09) 3.2
BEL 1.6 2.2 2.6 0.56 (0.08) 1.03 (0.08) 13.5
SVE 2.0 2.3 2.4 0.44 (0.11) 0.54 (0.13) 4.3 I
FIN 2.7 3.1 3.7 0.26 (0.07) 0.73 (0.08) 6.6
* P between 0.050 and 0.010.
I. No adjustment for age (all of same age, 85 years).
The associations for chronic conditions were less pronounced than those for disability (Table 5). Furthermore, the findings are less prominent or even non-significant in the older samples of Iceland, Munich and Gothenburg. The combined physical health assessment in Verona may have been less sensitive than those used in the other centres.
Table 5 Depressive symptoms (EURO-D scores) and categories of chronic conditions: mean EURO-D scores and regression coefficients (adjusted for effects by demographic variables); values printed in bold type are significant on the P <0.01 level.
1 B (s.e.)
≥ 2 B (s.e.)
ICE 1.9 2.1 2.2 0.30 (0.08) 0.33 (0.15) * 1.9
LIV 1 1.8 2.1 2.6 0.24 (0.06) 0.74 (0.06) 8.2
LON 2.3 2.6 3.1 0.33 (0.09) 0.81 (0.10) 8.7
MUN 2.8 3.1 3.2 0.26 (0.12) * 0.38 (0.15) * 1.8
BEL 1.8 2.3 2.8 0.51 (0.08) 0.98 (0.19) 4.9
SVE 2.0 2.1 2.4 0.14 (0.12) 0.41 (0.13) 2.0 2
FIN 2.9 3.2 3.6 0.15 (0.07) * 0.42 (0.08) 2.2
* between 0.050 and 0.010.
1 Sub-sample, n=1706.
2 No adjustment for age (all of same age, 85 years).
In ten centres, a strict ('selective') approach was possible with respect to functional disability, using five items on the same activities of daily living (Table 6). The pattern of associations across the centres did not change dramatically. The percentage of variance for EURO-D scores in Iceland and Belgium remained high. In London and Liverpool, the amount of variance increased because of the reduction in the number of items in the functional disability measure.
Table 6 Depressive symptoms (EURO-D scores) and selection of five activities of daily living according to the Katz index (range 0-10), available in a majority of centres: means and regression coefficients (adjusted for effects by demographic variables)
Functional disability 5-item measure (0-10) 1
EURO-D regressed on five selected functional limitations (adjusted for gender, age, marital state, education)
B (s.e.) 2
AMS 0.2 (0.7) 7 0.30 (0.02) 4.1
BER 1.0 (2.3) 22 0.04 (0.02) 0.6
ICE 0.6 (1.3) 28 0.26 (0.03) 11.1
LIV 0.3 (1.2) 11 0.20 (0.01) 5.7
LON 0.7 (1.9) 15 0.15 (0.02) 7.3
ESP 0.4 (1.7) 7 0.17 (0.01) 3.6
FRA 0.2 (0.9) 8 0.18 (0.02) 2.9
BEL 0.8 (1.5) 29 0.25 (0.02) 11.3
SVE 2.0 (2.9) 49 0.08 (0.02) 2.9
FIN 0.9 (1.7) 32 0.19 (0.02) 9.2
1 Ability to wash, dress, use toilet, move out of bed and eat.
2 Printed in bold type: all coefficients are significant at the P=0.001 level.
The 'selective' approach of harmonisation of chronic conditions, which covers three diseases only (cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke), is shown in Table 7. In the octogenarian samples, the prevalence of these diseases was notably higher. The association between the diseases and EURO-D score was very similar in most samples, except for the British centres, where stronger associations were found.
Table 7 Depressive symptoms (EURO-D scores) and selection of three chronic conditions (cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke): means and regression coefficients (adjusted for effects by demographic variables); values printed in bold type are significant at the P <0.01 level
Prevalence of conditions
EURO-D regressed on three selected chronic conditions (adjusted for gender, age, marital state, education)
Cardiovascular diabetes, stroke: % with at least one
B (s.e.)
AMS 22 0.26 (0.03) 1.6
ICE 32 0.22 (0.07) 1.1
LIV 1 29 0.40 (0.04) 4.9
LON 33 0.45 (0.08) 4.7
MUN 47 0.22 (0.08) 1.9
ESP 26 0.25 (0.03) 1.8
NED 33 0.20 (0.04) 1.4
FRA 30 0.21 (0.03) 1.4
SVE 54 0.14 (0.08) 0.5
FIN 50 0.22 (0.02) 2.0
1. Sub-sample, n=1706.
Table 8 shows the multivariate analyses of both physical health variables in one model. For both physical health variables, the trichotomised scores were used as a brief scale, because of the linear relationship found in the previous analyses. Expressed as standardised coefficients, the strength of the association between functional disability and depressive symptoms ranged between 0.16 and 0.37. The strength of the association between chronic diseases and depressive symptoms in these models was smaller, ranging between 0.08 and 0.20. There is some more variation in the amount of variance explained (see final column, Table 8), mostly ranging between 4% and 9%, but higher in Belgium, and the English samples (up to 15%). When cognitive functioning was included as a control variable, no substantial differences were found (results not shown).
Table 8 EURO-D scores regressed on both physical health variables
Regression EURO-D (adjusted for gender, age, marital state, education)
Functional limitations 1 B (s.e.)
Chronic conditions 1 B (s.e.)
AMS 0.54 (0.05) 0.24 (0.02) 7.2
BER 0.24 (0.07) 0.21 (0.07) 3.6
EIR 0.51 (0.04) - 15.1
ICE 0.54 (0.05) 0.13 (0.06) * 13.3
LIV 2 0.40 (0.03) 0.26 (0.03) 14.9
LON 0.40 (0.06) 0.23 (0.05) 15.1
MUN 0.21 (0.09) * 0.18 (0.09) * 4.7
ITA 0.26 (0.10) 3 2.8
ESP 0.50 (0.04) 0.23 (0.03) 6.1
NED 0.25 (0.03) 0.16 (0.03) 7.0
FRA 0.40 (0.04) 0.19 (0.03) 4.2
BEL 0.47 (0.04) 0.32 (0.06) 15.4
SVE 0.28 (0.07) 0.15 (0.06) 5.9
FIN 0.33 (0.04) 0.12 (0.04) 7.0
Pooled 4 0.37 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 7.1
1. Trichotomised scores are used as a brief ordinal scale (range 0-2).
3. Codes for functional disability and chronic conditions are mutually exclusive; the B for chronic conditions amounts to 0.25 (s.e.=0.08), P=0.002, and adjusted variance explained is 3.8%.
4. n=18 989, multilevel analysis, degrees of freedom=10, χ2=2840.
The associations between functional disability, chronic diseases and EURO-D score in the pooled data-set are shown in Table 8. When the three dummy variables for European building blocs were introduced in the regression analysis, no direct effects were found between the building blocs and depressive symptoms (results not shown). However, the building blocs modified the associations under study. Compared with the 'Western Isles' building bloc, significant interaction terms with functional disability and depressive symptoms were found for the Western continent (B=-0.12, s.e.=0.02, P<0.001) and for the Nordic building bloc (B=-0.18, s.e.=0.03, P<0.001). This indicates that in the Western Isles, the association between functional disability and depressive symptoms is more pronounced than in the Western continent and in the Nordic region. For chronic diseases, very similar interaction terms were found, again with the Western Isles as comparison group (Western continent: =-0.08, s.e.=0.03, P=0.012; Nordic: B=-0.15, s.e.=0.04, P<0.001; Southern/Mediterranean: =-0.10, s.e.=0.03).
This 14-centre cross-national study showed that the pattern of associations between physical health variables and depressive symptoms in later life is very similar in 11 western European countries. In the majority of centres, there was a linear association between depressive symptoms and disability as well as with chronic diseases, indicating a 'dose-response' relationship. Furthermore, the relative contribution of these aspects of physical health showed the same pattern in all centres involved: disability had a stronger association with depressive symptoms than chronic diseases. The findings, therefore, are compatible with previous studies without a cross-national approach (Cole & Dendukuri, 2003).
In their worldwide study of adults between 15 and 65 years of age, Ormel et al (1994) described a fairly consistent association between disability and depression across five continents. The present study provides evidence of a similar consistency in the older population, at least, in western Europe. It may be inferred that the mutual relationship between physical decline and depression is fairly universal. Therefore, sociological and cultural factors seem to give way to life-cycle perspectives and biological mechanisms that pertain to all people, irrespective of cultural traditions.
Within the framework of associations between physical health and depressive symptoms, some significant differences between the main regions in Europe were observed. In contrast to what was expected, the association between physical health and depressive symptoms was somewhat more pronounced in the UK and Ireland, but not in western Europe or in the Scandinavian countries. Moreover, no support was found for the hypothesis that in southern European countries traditional views of ageing would attenuate the association between physical health and depressive symptoms. The conclusion that expectancies about successful ageing and 'modern maturity' are only more pronounced in the British Isles is uncertain. Issues of assessment procedures and translation of instruments are likely to be more relevant than the sociocultural climate on ageing in Britain.
An alternative explanation is that health services were more accessible in other European regions under study than in Britain. Indeed, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development data show that the national health expenditure per capita in Britain in 1990 was clearly below that of most other western European countries (Braam et al, 2004), in spite of at least equally high standards in the British healthcare system. Nevertheless, further study into healthcare facilities seems to be warranted, to determine which aspects of healthcare may be relevant, such as distance of travel to the general practitioner or availability of formal home nursing and other ancillary services.
Because of the attempt to follow a congruent harmonisation procedure across the 11 countries, the current approach focused on depressive symptoms only. Provisional analyses (data not shown), however, did show completely similar patterns of associations between functional disability and depression on the syndrome level, defined by the GMS in most centres, and by DSM diagnosis or high CES-D scores in the remaining centres. The associations with chronic conditions were somewhat less pronounced. One may conclude that the mental consequences of physical decline are not restricted to limited levels of depressive symptoms, but also reach the level of depressive disorder.
An unavoidable limitation of the present study is the varying response rate across the participating studies. Generally, the oldest and the more disabled elderly people are under-represented in community studies. This may have led to less pronounced findings and possibly the risk of overlooking cross-national differences. The exact pattern of effects of non-response, however, is difficult to reconstruct.
A second limitation is that the measurement of the aspects of physical health and the depression instruments showed considerable variation across the centres. Although the harmonisation procedures followed are straightforward and easy to reproduce, some categorisations may include a bias. For example, functional disability instruments with more items may be more reliable than those with few items. The 'selective approach', however, made clear that using scales with equal numbers of items affected the pattern of associations only to a modest degree. Another example is that in London and Liverpool, the chronic disease data differ slightly from diagnostic information and are closer to disability as a concept. Possibly for that reason, the associations in the English samples between chronic disease and depressive symptoms are stronger than in most other centres. Moreover, the very low prevalence of chronic conditions in Spain and Belgium suggests measurement errors, in spite of the regular interview procedure used in these centres.
A third limitation is that the current cross-cultural study was confined to a range of countries in the Western world, and comparison with aged populations in eastern European countries and other continents still needs to be addressed. It is, however, promising that a straightforward harmonisation of assessment procedures seems to be feasible and may be employed for further cross-cultural comparisons, even when restricted to secondary analyses.
Finally, the current study design did not include several possible relevant factors, such as family support and loneliness, income and living accommodation, duration of disease, pain or acute illness, and treatment.
For those who suffer both depressive symptoms and physical decline, a mutual and unfortunate pathway has been demonstrated by longitudinal studies (Ormel & Von Korff, 2000; Geerlings et al, 2001). However, epidemiological studies of disability and depressive symptoms may be criticised because of the possibility of overlap: those who do not feel well, obviously do not function well, and vice versa. Lenze et al (2001), on the other hand, suggested that the depressed state itself is disabling. Therefore, ignoring depressive symptoms among those with physical decline should be regarded as fatalistic. When both processes affect each other, simultaneous treatment may be rational and is probably essential for management. The rate of recognition of depression is likely to increase because of a greater awareness both in research (Cole & Dendukuri, 2003) and in training programmes (Bramesfeld, 2003). Nevertheless, there should be close cooperation between those offering practical help to adapt domestic surroundings because of functional limitations and the mental healthcare team.
▪ As functional disability is closely linked to depressive symptoms in later life, assessment and management of disability is needed in the treatment of depression in the older population.
▪ Patients from more traditionally oriented cultures within the Western world are equally prone to depressive symptoms in times of physical decline, and depressive symptoms need to be addressed actively.
▪ Application of brief, harmonised procedures to identfy determinants of depressive symptoms are feasible across cultures.
▪ With respect to cross-cultural variability, the study is limited to relatively prosperous western European countries.
▪ The sampling procedures and patterns of non-response show considerable variation between the participating centres.
▪ The methods of assessment of functional disability and the types of chronic diseases were diverse across the participating study centres.
The authors thank Professor R. Fuhrer from the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, for her constructive advice in the design of the current collaborative project. The EURODEP collaboration was supported by the European Commission BIOMED 1 initiative; the study on the role of cultural factors in declining physical health was supported by a grant from the Universitair Stimuleringsfonds of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
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Asberg, M., Periis, C., Schalling, D., et al (1978) Development and applications of a psychiatric rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppplementum, 271, 1–69.
Belloc, N. B., Breslow, L. & Hochstim, J. R. (1971) Measurement of physical health in a general population survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 93, 328–336.
Braam, A. W., Delespaul, P., Beekman, A. T. F., et al (2004) National context of healthcare, economy and religion and the association between disability and depressive symptoms in older Europeans: results from the EURODEP concerted action. European Journal of Ageing, 1, 26–36.
Bramesfeld, A. (2003) Service provision for elderly depressed persons and political and professional awareness for this subject: a comparison of six European countries. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 392–401.
Bryk, A. S. & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992) Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Cole, M. G. & Dendukuri, N. (2003) Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1147–1156.
Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E. & Griffiths-Jones, H. M. (1986) Computerised psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GNS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine, 16, 89–99.
Copeland, J. R. M., Beekman, A. T. F., Dewey, M. E., et al (1999) Depression in Europe: geographical distribution among older people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 312–321.
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They're genuinely very good. Then I attempt to discover some a much more songs. I identified??Just a kiss??. The 3 people truly are excellent. "'Downtown' has blown our minds without the pain . response so far," Haywood gushes. Singular most important currently rests at None of. 2 on the Mediabase radio airplay tally and Number. 3 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs. NASHVILLE, Tenn. , April 9, 2013 - Grammy Award-winning trio Lady Antebellum is riding high located on the success on their current Country single "Downtown," a trendy romp poking fun at lead vocalist Hillary Scott's (lack of) social life. More information about Lady Antebellum Concert Ticketcity Deals June.
Many of those dates are outside of country's stronghold in the South, however Strait's loyal fans in those cities jump in the chance to get George Strait tickets, showing his universal appeal. E!'s camera showed a lot of seat assignments, but only a few were in clear display. It's easier to see where your favorite nominee or star is seated in the 2011 Grammy Awards target audience an owner's manual for help you. After all, live coverage only allows mere seconds to view where the celebs sit as Grammy winners walk past the accept their awards. Additional Performers Announced For The 45Th Annual Cma Awards On May. 9 it was revealed on Yahoo Music that Cher, Ed Sheeran, Miguel, and OneRepublic's singer Ryan Tedder will be joining "The Voice" season 5 as guest gurus. During the season several guest singers will be assigned the specific team a person advise through the battle rounds of rivalry was announced. The fifth season of the NBC reality competition show "The Voice" will premiere on October. 23. "Chris & I are excited to announce our Christmas gift has arrived a little early this season! We are having a Baby! We feel so blessed!!!" tweeted Hillary Scott from her official Twitter levels. The message was retweeted by Lady Antebellum song to permit all followers know of the baby news.
If you are looking for Lady Antebellum Ticketnetwork Promo Code 2018, sports tickets and theater seats at the best prices click here.
" It is really a very sweet song about how precisely precisely that special person feels like home a person.


Watching where someone else is going can make us stray from our own path.
Our path is solely our own and is never the same as someone elses' path. When we go for a walk in the woods we can pay too much attention to another person's footsteps. It's easy to stumble, or even find ourselves on the wrong trail.
It's the same with our spiritual path. Pay attention to where you are going. Watch for the obstacles on your way and stay on the true path that is yours.
You can listen to this spiritual reflection in the episode Native American Folklore of Shiprock / Voice of the Elohim Pamela Aaralyn / Attention to Your Path on on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, Google Play Music, or on the Spiritual Fizz website.


text:
Promotion hopes appear to be dashed for Hemel
From Hemel's fateful point of view, it was always going to happen.
Needing to win the last two games of the league season to ensure promotion back into the Championship, they went and lost the first one to leave their chances in tatters.
Relegation-threatened Stevenage won the toss on Saturday and batted, scoring 206-9 with Dave Carr opening and top-scoring on 62.
Matt Dale secured figures of 3-26 from his ten overs while Jack Doodson snagged 3-23 from just five in the Hemel bowling attack.
Unfortunately, the Hemel side were not up to the run chase and they were all out for 124 to lose by 82 runs.
Dale top scored with the bat on 25, Will Langley at number eight scored 18 and opener Richard Morton added another 12. There was not much else in support.
Hemel dropped down to fourth in the table after this defeat.
Their final league game of season is this Saturday when they host Old Albanian and try to restore some standing in the Division 1 table.
Elsewhere in that league, Leverstock Green are at home to Kings Langley and a win for Levy would mean they are promoted. Kings are still in danger of relegation and Stevenage need to win at Broxbourne to be in with a chance of staying up.
Hemel just have to win –and then hope.
The 2nd XI took advantage of their security in Division 3B and their last home game of the 2017 season with a crunching victory over midtable rivals Potters Bar II, who they had also beaten at their place earlier in the season.
Charlie Hoskins was the star this time around, picking up 6-20 from his 7.4 overs.
Adam Moulster (3-17) had removed the top batting order and Charlie finished it off.
Ryan Bell (42) and Taq Hussain (26 not out) then put on 77 for the first Hemel wicket in 18 overs as Hemel saw off the runs in style.
Their 2017 season swan song is at Sawbridgeworth II this Saturday.
The last home league fixture of the season for already-relegated Hemel III resulted in another loss against Clifton. Hemel have just one victory all season. Bank holiday calls seemed to have taken their toil on the side as a few new (old) faces made an appearance.
Top scorer for Hemel was Matt Petchell (48), Andy Turbutt contributed 33 and Graham Clark 21 before they were bowled out for 189. Midtable Clifton then hit off the runs for the loss of just three wickets.
The spin of Alfie Bordoley took two of them for figures of 2-47 in his 10 overs.
Hemel IV conceded at Reed III due to a lack of players.
n Abbots Langley:
Abbots hosted Bishop's Stortford in the penultimate league game of the season at the weekend, won the toss and electing to bat.
They started badly with opener Dhiran Solanki becoming the first of three wickets for Austin Sewell. Solanki was caught in the first over for a duck, followed by two other quick wickets – Jack Read (6) and Tiaan Joubert (first ball)with the score on just 11.
Simon Hamilton and captain Barry Warner then put on 78 before Hamilton went leg-before for 33, very quickly followed by George Agius for zero. Will Graves was next, and he was run out for 29.
With Matt Dunstone (15) and Warner (65), both not out, they took the score to 194-7.
After tea Stortford batted steadily before Mel Hussain was bowled by Anish Khiroya for 38. Dunstone then had young Adam Bassingthwaighte stumped by Read on 20. Captain Stuart Felstead and Pedro Venus put on 62 before Warner (3-18) bowled Felstead LBW for 32, and had Venus caught by Hamilton for 40.
With the two Stortford big hitters out, wickets fell regularly and Lawrence Watson took 4-16 off four overs as Stortford were all out 175.
The win was better late than never.
n Little Gaddesden:
The third-placed side in the Mid-Bucks Cricket League set two new club records last Saturday.
They hit their highest score, 291-4, and their youngest team member Jamie Jordache scored a remarkable 165. The 18-year-old Jamie plays under his captain-father Andre. Adding to the score was Steve Jones with 76. Opponents Ballinger hit 175-4 in reply.
At the end of one match towards the season's tail end, the side do a silly dressing-up activity for japes. This time it was Ballinger that were left surprised by the get-ups.
The team had hired a coach and the players stopped to support charity shops en route to get outfits. It was reported that many emerged better-dressed than when they went in!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The high usage of Al and its alloys in both the automotive and aerospace industries is attributed to its excellent specific strength and corrosion resistance. High demand of Al usage has led to the improvement of both the casting techniques and joining processes, in order to improve on the quality of the final product. The selection of the manufacturing process for Al and its alloys is based on the capabilities of the specified requirements for components and the alloy used. High pressure die casting (HPDC) is the most widely used casting process in the automotive industry due to its high production rate, and ability to produce complex shaped components. However, HPDC is prone to porosity making it difficult to heat treat and weld. Semi solid metal (SSM) forming has the potential to produce near-net-shape components with high integrity. Due to laminar filling characteristics of SSM HPDC, low porosity or porosity free castings can be produced. This offers the opportunity to apply heat treatment as well as weld the SSM HPDC components. A high continuous wave Nd: YAG laser has been used to investigate the weldability of SSM cast A356 alloy. The CSIR rheo-process was used to prepare the aluminium A356 SSM slurries and thereafter plates (4X80X100 mm3) were cast using a 50 Ton Edgewick HPDC machine. Plates in the as cast, T4 and T6 heat treatment conditions which had passed radiography inspection were then laser welded. Some of the initial as-cast plates that were welded were subjected to pre or post weld T4 or T6 heat treatment and are referred to as pre-weld T4 or pre-weld T6 and post-weld T4 or post-weld T6 specimens.
Kunene, G. 2008. Mechanical properties of laser welded semi-solid metal cast A356 alloy. University of Cape Town.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-103).


Cirby Ranch is a single-family housing development in Roseville, CA. Roseville (formerly, Roseville Junction, Junction, and Grider's) is the largest city in Placer County, California. Several streams flow through Roseville, including Dry Creek, Linda Creek, Secret Ravine and Cirby Creek.


Vanishing Acts is a series of collages comprising interventions upon the scanned pages of an 1897 Victorian book on magic, which sets out to explain the secrets of magic tricks, stage illusions and "scientific diversions including trick photography" that were a form of popular entertainment of the time.
The work focuses on the captions appearing underneath the illustrations and diagrams in the book, saying things such as, "The Disappearance Explained" or "The Illusion Explained", and making an explicit attempt to expose how a particular magic trick is performed. My series approaches these descriptions almost as instructions for the kinds of interventions to be enacted upon the images. Using gestures of cutting out, excavating and removing large areas of the image, and sometimes text, the book's pages are left with large gaps and holes, which become a playful and humorous realization of what the captions say – as if the act of cutting out the images demonstrates in a very literal way these elusive processes of disappearance, vanishing and escape featured in the book.


Thanks for the help! I think the combination of --minimal and iostat will suffice.
Yup --minimal. You can get onscreen updates by using the iostat program (available in most linux distributions). It will give you updates per disk, not per fio job, so its usability in your case may or may not be limited.
I'd like on-screen updates every few seconds, and logged-to-file stats at the end of each job. I like to be able to tell at a glance what and how each machine is running. Part of my job is writing firmware for array controllers, and although *my* code certainly never has bugs ( ;-) ), sometimes the test builds can cause the controller to lock up. So visual feeback is important. On the other hand, the stats also need to be saved for uploading into a database so the tabular data is impotant, too.
I looked for "minimal" in the HOWTO but I cannot find that option. After digging around I found a section "7.0 Terse output" at the end of the file that says, "For scripted usage where you typically want to generate tables or graphs of the results, fio can output the results in a semicolon separated format." It shows an example of the output, but it doesn't say how to cause it to be generated. Does --minimal do this?
Are you saying you want updates every few seconds or just at the end of the run? If you just want it at the end of the run the --minimal command line flag gives you tabular output. Check the HOWTO for the format.
job name,iodepth,iops,read iops,write iops,bw,read bw,write bw,avg lat,avg read lat,avg write lat,max lat,max read lat,max write lat, ...etc.
Yes, I know this can be done by applying a filter to stdout -- I have actaully already written a perl filter that does just that. However, when stdout is redirected there is no on-screen notification of test progress or current stats. On-screen display is quite handy when you want to spot-check bw rates on job-batches that take several hours to complete. This is the real essence of this proposal: simultaneous on-screen and log-file recording of statistics. I used tee, but there is still no real-time indication of the data rate, or even which job is running.
Also, I'd like to request that all the stats be displayed as floating-point real numbers. Some are currently integers (iops, max latency, etc.), which is fine when there are several digits but not for single-digit values.
Next message: Carovski Combest: "Players forced to take lie detector tests"
In reply to: Shawn Lewis: "Re: Stats log"


text:
The Review/ Feature/
Truth and Power
A provocative new series spotlights injustice, resistance, and reconciliation in Canada's fractious history with its First Nations
by Jesse Wente
"So much history can be lost if no one tells the story — so that's what I do. I tell the stories. This is my way of fighting for social change." —Alanis Obomsawin
Like all the arts, filmmaking is a social act, which means that — emerging as it does from the particular historical context of its time, and persisting beyond that time in ways that cannot always be predicted or controlled — it can't help but be political. Whether implicit or overt, unexamined or fully cognizant, the political convictions, beliefs or assumptions of a film's makers are embedded in its sounds and images. And for those artists whose art is bound up with their political consciousness, the utility and value of film as a political tool remains constant.
Cinematheques have a history of engaging in the cultural politics of their time and place, as destinations for discussion and debate and as centres for learning and truth. (Let's not forget that the French government's attempted removal of head curator Henri Langlois from the Cinémathèque française in 1968 led to riots in the streets — a precursor to the enormous student and worker uprising in May of that year.) In an age when "content" is available virtually everywhere, cultural spaces such as cinemas provide much-needed venues for meetings of minds and art — places of consideration and engagement away from 140-character limits, emojis, and the often hyperbolic positions of media discourse.
We Were Children
In that spirit, our year-long programme Aabiziingwashi — named after an Ojibwe word meaning "wide awake" or "unable to sleep" — aims to marry the political potential of cinema with the conversations it can create. Pairing film screenings with accompanying talks by subject-matter experts, this series will be a forum for ideas, discussion and debate, with the goal of building empathy and empowering social change. For Canada's sesquicentennial year 2017, Aabiziingwashi will be devoted to perhaps the most pressing issue facing this nation: the process of official governmental reconciliation with First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, as embodied in the report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the ongoing work of the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. Presented in collaboration with the National Film Board, this year's programme will present films curated entirely from the NFB's collection, showcasing the Board's long history with Indigenous artists and communities.
Cinema's relationship with Indigenous peoples on Turtle Island is fraught with both historical challenges and relatively recent rewards. The NFB and TIFF are not separate from either of these, and neither is this series. Reconciliation requires that uncomfortable conversations, which have been avoided in this country for far too long, begin in earnest — and cinema, as with all art, can act as a conduit for those conversations. Many of the films that will be presented here are stories that are too unfamiliar to a vast number of Canadians — stories that highlight the divisions between Canada's First Peoples and newcomers, the lack of understanding and empathy fuelled by lack of knowledge. For what might be the first time in its history, Canada as a nation is attempting to know its First Nations, Inuit and Métis people, and much can be learned from the art produced by Indigenous people. In the films presented here, there is much truth to be heard, if we are ready to listen.
Aabiziingwashi (Wide Awake/Unable to Sleep): Films and Conversations begins Saturday, January 28.


text:
Wesleyan Breaks Ground on New Art Gallery
By Matt Jones
On the campus of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., officials broke ground this week on a new art gallery. The Davison Art Gallery will be the campus' first new art building since the mid-1970s. The university is partnering with design firm Peterson Rich Office (PRO) and Newman Architects on the project, which is projected for completion in summer 2023 and to open its doors to students for the spring 2024 semester.
The university found itself outgrowing its existing art gallery, the Davison Art Center, which houses a collection of more than 25,000 works of art. The collection was already relocated to the Olin Memorial Library in 2019. The new facility will measure in at 5,550 square feet and was designed as a long, narrow space to fit between the library and the Public Affairs Center.
"The new gallery presents an opportunity to expand the visual arts from the iconic Kevin Roche-designed Center for the Arts to the very heart of the campus," said PRO founders Nathan Rich and Miriam Peterson. "The building is deliberately designed for interdisciplinary learning and to expose a range of students to this renowned collection."
The facility will feature an open, glass-walled lobby space and an exterior of red brick and limestone to blend into the surrounding area. An outdoor teaching courtyard and exterior gathering space will serve as active learning environments for a variety of courses. Sustainability initiatives include a green roof, solar panels, in-flooring heating and cooling, motion-sensor lighting, displacement ventilation and a landscape of native plants. The gallery represents PRO's first full, ground-up project in the education vertical.
The Davison Art Gallery is being constructed simultaneously with renovations to the adjacent Public Affairs Center (PAC). The gallery will be accessible through the PAC as well as via walkways in front of and behind the library.
Matt Jones is senior editor of Spaces4Learning. He can be reached at [email protected].
Butler to Remodel Residence Hall Community


A couple of years ago, I co-led a writing workshop at the Trappistine Monastery in New Brunswick with the wonderful poet and novelist Anne Simpson. There were five women writers who attended, all at different stages of their careers and all writing in different genres. One was a poet, named Anne Koval, who had a very specific style of poetry that I had never heard of, but that I instantly found fascinating.
It's called Ekphrastic Poetry. These are poems based on a specific piece of art, often a painting. One of the most famous is W.H. Auden's 'Musée des Beaux Arts,' inspired after many visits to the museum when he was living in Brussels. Other examples are Rainer Marie Rilke's 'Torso of Apollo' and Don McLean's 'Starry, Starry Night' (a poem in a song).
The etymology of the word is "ek" meaning "out" and "phrastic" meaning "to speak," so ekphrasis is "to speak out" for the visual work that inspired the poem. The term has been around since the ancient Greeks when Homer described the bronze shield of Achilles in the Iliad.
When Anne first started writing this type of poetry, she would go to galleries and sit in front of the works themselves. At some point she realized that she could write on any work of art using good images from the internet. The poem below is based on a painting she had long loved (The Goldfinch by Carel Fabritius – pictured above), but had yet to visit in person. It was published in Queen's Quarterly in 2016.
The painting by Fabritius has inspired other people as well. Donna Tartt's Pulitzer prize-winning novel The Goldfinch features the painting in its title and its pages!
One of the advantages of writing an ekphrastic poem is that you have starting point. This is a little less daunting than coming up with an idea out of thin air. There's also a valuable feeling of companionship. You are allowing someone else's work of art to inspire you. This sense of camaraderie can fuel so much good work, even if the artist is long dead.
If you feel like you'd like to try this out yourself, simply choose a piece of art, perhaps a favourite painting. It doesn't have to be famous. It could be something you found at a garage sale or something your favourite five-year-old drew. If you want to opt for something totally new, head to your local art gallery, or go online, and find a painting (or another piece of art) that speaks to you.
Consider these questions to get you started: What do you see in this piece of art? What do you think the artist is trying to convey? What do you feel when you look at it? Is there a narrative that is surfacing for you? What would this art piece say if it had words? Does your own story show up in some way as you respond to this piece?
An additional challenge, should you choose: Pay attention to other forms of art you feel inspired by. Open your mind to ways that your own writing could be influenced by someone else's creations.


The Adafruit Circuit Playground arrive a few days ago. I remember seeing it for the first time at PyCon 2016 when Tony D. had a demo board and I was really impressed by it. Imagine a board not much bigger than a regular US quarter PACKED with sensors.
No soldering required, just plug it in, setup and off you go with your prototype!
1. Get the latest Arduino software.
2. Here is the Adafruit Getting Started with Circuit Playground instructions.
I am really looking forward to tinker with it more, the idea really is to integrate this with Raspberry Pi and Python to make some interesting project!


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Hard Disk Interfaces Reviews
Posted by Sebean Hsiung in D.R. Salon Express, Most Popular Articles on November 11, 2009 3:17 AM
You are here: Eric Nagel > D.R. Salon Express > Hard Disk Interfaces Reviews
The following info is about major types of computer interfaces that are used today and that have been used in the past. In addition to a brief explanation, it also contains technical specifications about each of the interfaces.
ATA, EIDE, AND IDE INFORMATION
Today, the ATA interfaces are the most commonly used interface on IBM compatible computers to connect to computer hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, and other types of disk drives. Each of the below standards are compatible with each other, which means a new ATA drive can be used in a computer using an older ATA specification. Finally, when a new feature was introduced in an ATA standard, that feature is also found in future releases. In other words, a ATA-4 is going to have support for PIO modes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, even though these were introduced in ATA-1 and ATA-2.
Below is a listing of each of the ATA, IDE, and EIDE standards to help give user a better understanding of the history behind this interface as well as an understanding of each interface's capabilities.
ATA / ATA-1 / IDE
ATA is short for AT Attachment interface and also more commonly known as IDE or ATA-1. ATA was approved as a standard on May 12, 1994 under the ANSI document number X3.221-1994. ATA was first developed by Control Data Corporation, Western Digital, and Compaq. ATA-1 utilizes a 8-bit or 16-bit interface, has a transfer rates of up to 8.3MBps, and has support for PIO modes 0, 1, and 2. Today, ATA / ATA-1 is now considered obsolete.
ATA-2 / EIDE / Fast ATA / Fast IDE / Ultra ATA
ATA-2, more commonly known as EIDE, and sometimes known as Fast ATA or Fast IDE, is a standard approved by ANSI in 1996 under document number X3.279-1996. ATA-2 introduces new PIO modes of 3 and 4, has a transfer rate of up to 16.6MBps, DMA modes 1 and 2, LBA support, and supports drives up to 8.4GB. Today, ATA-2 is now considered obsolete.
ATA-3 / EIDE
ATA-3 is a standard approved by ANSI in 1997 under document number X3.298-1997. ATA-3 added additional security features and the new S.M.A.R.T feature.
ATA-4 / ATAPI-4 / ATA/ATAPI-4
ATA-4 is a standard approved by ANSI in 1998 under document NCITS 317-1998. ATA-4 includes the ATAPI packet command feature, introduces UDMA/33, also known as ultra-DMA/33 or ultra-ATA/33, which is capable of supporting data transfer rates of up to 33MBps.
ATA-5 / ATA/ATAPI-5
ATA-5 is a standard approved by ANSI in 2000 under document NCITS 340-2000. ATA-5 adds support for Ultra-DMA/66, which is capable of supporting data transfer rates of up to 66MBps, and has the capability of detecting between 40 or 80-wire cables.
ATA-6 is a standard approved by ANSI in 2001 under document NCITS 347-2001. ATA-6 added support for Ultra-DMA/100, and had a transfer rate of up to 100MBps.
ATA layout
Each of the above ATA interfaces that are used with the 3.5-inch disk drives have a 40-pin connector and are capable of supporting up to two drives per interface. However, 2.5-inch hard disk drives utilize a 50-pin connector and PCMCIA utilizes a 68-pin connector Below is an illustration of the ATA interface
ATAPI
Short for AT Attachment Packet Interface, ATAPI is an extension to ATA which allows support for devices such as CD-ROM drives, Tape drives and other computer peripherals and not just hard disk drives. Before the release of ATA-4 or ATA/ATAPI-4, ATAPI was a separate standard from ATA.
SERIAL ATA (SATA)
Short for SerialATA, SATA 1.0 was first released in August 2001 and is a replacement for the Parallel ATA interface used in IBM compatible computers. SerialATA is capable of delivering 1.5 Gbps (150 MBps) of performance to each drive within a disk array, offers backwards compatibility for existing ATA and ATAPI devices, and offers a thin small cable solution as seen in the below picture. This cable helps make a much easier cable routing and offers better airflow in the computer when compared to the earlier ribbon cables used with ATA drives.
External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or eSATA is an external interface for SATA technologies. It competes with FireWire 400 and universal serial bus (USB) 2.0 to provide fast data transfer speeds for external storage devices.
SATA replaced ATA legacy technology as the next generation internal bus interface for hard drives. The SATA interface is more streamlined than ATA and provides serial architecture for greater speed than the older parallel technology. SATA cables are narrow and can be up to three feet (1 meter) in length, whereas parallel cables are much wider and limited to a length of 18 inches (45.7 cm). With eSATA, the speed of SATA expands to encompass exterior storage solutions.
While eSATA reaches transfer rates triple those of USB 2.0 and FireWire 400, it does have one drawback. eSATA requires its own power connector, unlike the aforementioned interfaces. However, it is an excellent choice for external disk storage. Unlike USB and FireWire interfaces, eSATA does not have to translate data between the interface and the computer. This enhances data transfer speeds, while saving computer processor resources and eliminating the need for an extra off-load chip.
For desktop motherboards that don't have an eSATA connector, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) card can be purchased and installed in an available PCI slot that will provide an eSATA interface. Notebooks can use an external eSATA device made for the PCMCIA, PC Card or ExpressCard slot, depending on the laptop model. eSATA enables use of fast SATA drives for external disk arrays, not only expanding valuable storage real estate, but also enabling truly fast portable storage. eSATA's hot-swappable feature makes taking disks from work to home, or from one computer to another, a snap. Administrators, IT techs, advertising and marketing executives, and even gamers will find this beneficial.
SATA has differing standards, with older hardware supporting the original standard exclusively. With each new SATA iteration, speed increases. Original SATA, or SATA/150, has a data transfer speed of 150 megabytes per second (MB/s). SATA II or SATA/3Gbs doubled the speed to 300 MB/s or about 3 GB/s. This is also sometimes referred to as SATA/300. Some sources report SATA/600 will be available by 2007.
When purchasing an eSATA controller or bus card, be sure it supports the SATA standard required by your SATA hard drive(s). Hardware that supports newer standards is usually backwards compatible with older devices, but the reverse does not hold. An eSATA controller made for SATA/150, for example, will not be able to support the faster transfer speeds of a SATA/300 hard drive.
SCSI vs. IDE or EIDE
The SCSI vs. IDE or EIDE debate is a topic commonly debated between computer users. Below we have created a list of advantages when comparing the two standards to help users decide what standard is best for them.
IDE / EIDE
* Overall, SCSI is a more expensive solution when compared to IDE or EIDE.
* IDE is commonly a much easier product to setup than SCSI.
* If a user does not have SCSI ports, requires additional card and additional resources to be taken.
* SCSI has greater expandability when compared to IDE and EIDE. SCSI is capable of supporting up to 7 or 15 devices. IDE / EIDE allows 2 two devices per channel. Most computers have 2 channels.
* The latest SCSI solution is a slightly faster solution when compared to IDE and EIDE.
* SCSI tends to have more available products for the interface.
* Larger capacity drives are sometimes released for SCSI before IDE.
Tags: ATA layout, eSATA, Hard Disk Interfaces, PATA, SCSI vs. IDE or EIDE


If you want to use ShareBuilder (my ShareBuilder review) to open a custodial or educational savings account, you can get 3 free real time trades when using promotion code 3FREETRADES. This offer is only good for educational savings account and can't be used in regular brokerage account as well. Currently, ShareBuilder charges $9.95 per real-time trade, so the promotion doesn't seem to be a big deal (for example, you can get $60 if you are a Costco Executive member or $55 for Goldstar member). Furthermore, since I'd like to put a college savings account, like a 529 account, in the "set and forget" mode instead of trading actively, I will be more comfortable using low-cost, diversified mutual funds in such an account. That's why I chose Ohio ColledgeAdvantage plan to reduce costs. Sure, ShareBuilder doesn't charge commission for mutual fund trades, but you are limited to only ING funds. Therefore, you may not find the fund you need.
Anyway, I don't think ShareBuilder is a good choice for college savings accounts. But if you think differently, then use the promo code to get three free real-time trades. This offer expires April 2009.


If you have a project that you'd like to discuss, I'd like to hear from you. Please use the contact form below.
I normally reply the same day, however if you don't hear from me within a few days, please check your spam folder.


One of the most common questions I get asked is "How did you get into acupuncture" or something along those lines.
I've been studying and practicing acupuncture and Chinese medicine for 10 years now, but the roots of my interest go back much further.
Many people decide to study acupuncture because they or someone close to them experiences such a profound effect from receiving the treatment, they feel inspired to go and practice themselves.
My journey to becoming an acupuncturist began with me at three years old, going missing in the garden, only for my Grandad Sam to find me in my wellies eating raspberries straight from the bushes. Then we'd sit at the kitchen table drinking a cuppa soup, from a bowl with a spoon and the croutons picked out, dunking slices of white bread in to mop it up. Then I'd go out with him into the garden, where he showed me how to mix cement or collect coal from the bunker. I'm told I was really close to him as a kid, the memories have all but faded to the stories my family told me. He was a gentle man, who played the accordion and smoked tobacco in a pipe. I still remember his chuckle at the dinner table as he's make jokes with his false teeth. My mum tells be about him going to collect cumphrey from the garden to ease injuries when someone fell over or him building DIY scaffolding out of ladders, bins and planks of wood. My last memory of him was him waving bye to each other as he stood at the the gate to our house, whist I played football in the field by our house with my friends. He was smartly dressed wearing his medels he'd got for serving in the war, so I think he must've been going to a Remembrance Day service. He would've been 19 or 20 when the war began I think, he didn't want to fire a gun and kill people, so he went off to war as a medic.
Another memory which had a big impact on me was when I was 5 or 6, I remember lying on the bed listening to my dad read Lord of the Rings. The character that captivated me the most was Strider, a nomdic type, who wandered Middle Earth battling orcs and learning how to heal the wounds of his injured companions, like where Frodo is stabbed with the Morgal Blade at Weathertop, and Sam is sent to collect Kingsfoil to treat the wound. Like my Grandad Sam picking cumphrey in the garden, the idea of healing injured people was fascinating to me.
Later, in high school I grew interested in martial arts and started watching Bruce Lee films and learning from a good friend of mine. He had a medicinal liniment called Dit Da Jow, which would be applied to training injuries to speed up the healing process. This new interest opened my mind to Buddhsit and Daoist philosophy and mythology, like the tai ji (yin yang), qi and learning to be adaptive, like water.
Having finished school with little direction of what to do next, I traveled, bartended and began working as a chef whilst deciding what I really wanted to focus my energy on. I began reading books around meditation, politics, philosophy and adventure to find inspiration for my life. I wanted to do something which would have a positive impact on the people around me and give me a focus. My mum always told me that One day while reading I had surge of energy and lay down to meditate. The flash of thoughts brought back the memories I had so fondly remembered from my childhood, my interests, hobbies and deeper sense of myself. How could I combine all of these things to give me a purpose and sense of meaning in my life? This was followed by the word 'Acupuncture'. I jumped online, searched degree courses and found one at the University of Salford and applied the same day. I'd studied biology, sports science, history and business at A level and my interest in daoism already gave me some understanding of the philosophy, so the application was straight forward.
A month or so later I was sitting in my first lecture on the the Foundations of Chinese Medicine at the University of Salford.
Lumbar disc herniation (a slipped disc or "my back's gone") is a significant cause of lower back pain and pain referring to the legs for people in the UK. Surgery is indicated for those who fail to respond to nonoperative measure such as physiotherapy or pharmaceutical pain management. Often a lumbar discectomy in the affected area is carried out, where the herniated disk is removed and often an artificial spacer put in place. It is not always the case that the sufferer will experience pain relief despite the procedure. It is necessary for a multifaceted approach to managing pain. This can occur in the form of exercises, mindfulness practice and often pharmaceutical intervention on a continued basis.
Acupuncture has long been recognized as being an optimal way of treating none specific lower back pain, which until recently was available within the NHS. Acupuncture has been shown to be the most effective way to alleviate lower back pain whilst keeping side effects to a minimum in comparison to other interventions.
If you're reading this article you or someone close to you is likely to be experiencing some form of back pain which is having a significant impact upon your life and preventing you from living it to the fullest. Acupuncture is an effective and safe way to manage and alleviate your lower back pain.
If you're suffering with lower back pain, call now on 07970693827 for a free 15 minute consultation. I'd be happy to help you get relief from your discomfort.
A recent study by the British Medical Journal found that acupuncture showed a more favourable effect in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation than lumbar traction, ibuprofen, diclofenac and other treatments indicating that it should be among the front line of treatments for lower back pain. For an overview of the ongoing debate around the use of acupuncture in pain management in the UK click here.
If you live in Manchester or Salford and are looking for a way to get relief from lower back pain give acupuncture a go. It's a relaxing, uplifting and effective and can give an all round boost to your health and wellbeing.
You can make an appointment for acupuncture and Chinese medicine at my clinic along Chapel Street in Salford, Manchester now, by calling or texting 07970693827 or emailing info@philiptrubshaw.com.
To understand food in Chinese Medicine, we first have to understand a little bit about how the ancient Chinese viewed the world they lived in.
An important concept is the idea of xiang sheng or mutual arising, where all things are seen to be related and connected to each other. This brought about the notion of Yin Yang, a commonly known symbol reflecting this idea which we see frequently now. This influenced the way in which foods are categorised according to their temperature. Yin foods are likely to be more cool in nature, such as bananas or fresh mint. Yang foods are likely to be more hot in nature such as black pepper or chilli.
Another way of classifying information was in the form of the wu xing or five phases. This observed common occurrences in the world and in a persons experience and was used to categorise those of a similar nature. The seasons, emotions, stages of life, colours, tastes, smells, personalities and so on were all seen to be reflections of each other. Foods were classified as sour such as lemon, bitter such as celery, sweet such as carrots, pungent such as mustard and salty such as seaweed. Each flavour is seen to have a different action upon the body. If consumed excessively or insufficiently then it can lead to disease. To understand this we can think about what happens if we eat too much sweet or salty food for a long period of time.
The theory of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine helped to develop an understanding of how foods we eat can have an effect on the systems of the body. One way we can experience this is the difference between some spicy foods, mustard for example can give a warm sensation in the nose, chilli we may feel in the throat or tongue, ginger we can feel deeper in the digestive system.


Saturday night I had my 2nd "Annual" but probably last Ugly Sweater Party.
Why last? Because my friends are duds and get so hung up on the "I can't wear an ugly sweater" that they don't even come to the party. Seriously? WTH? It amazes me how uncomfortable people are with themselves that they can't just be silly and have fun.
So next year I'll have a "Christmas Party" and no one will have an excuse of "I couldn't find a sweater".
The people that DID come, mostly my family and a few awesome friends ROCK!
I have to say my family is the best! My brother Joe played along and was rocking the turtleneck, vest, Christmas tie and side part.
He is so much fun, makes me laugh all the time! Here he is giving some love to our brother Louie.
Thursday night I began my prep for Friday's Party. I have never been so unorganized for a party! I practically had to beg to get Friday off so I would have time to clean and get ready and I literally spent ALL DAY cleaning and had about an hour to decorate before it was time. I hung these cool snowflakes I picked up at the dollar store from the ceiling. Sadly they don't photograph well! I might try a few more pics before I take them down. I was thinking they might be cool spray painted a glittery blue too.
Do you like my Ugly Sweater? It's long and has shoulder pads (bonus points for shoulder pads!) Gotta love the thrift store. The key to finding a good Ugly Sweater at the thrift store is to look year round!
Scott wore his Grinch t shirt from last year but then covered it up with a sweatshirt. LAME.
My friend Allen cracks me up!
The only kids that came were mine (minus Jess who has finals this week :tear:) and my nieces and nephew. They had fun playing in Trevor's room though. I cleaned his room before the party and can I just say BOYS ARE DISGUSTING. He is no longer allowed to have food and drink in his room.
Oh and when I picked him up from the bus stop 3 hours or so before the party I noticed he cut his own hair. AWESOME.
I bought Melissa a Christmas turtleneck. Yep. She's not wearing it.
Isn't my niece Ava getting big? She is so freaking cute, love her boots. My sister in law is wearing a vest I picked up to add to my collection. Our friend and neighbor Craig came by too.
Mom came dressed in a cute gingerbread outfit.
My sister in law Maegen getting adorned by my snowflake hanging from the ceiling.
And my friends Carolyn and Allen got the prizes because they are the only ones that put in some effort!
The last of the people left around midnight so I'd say it was a good party!
Love it! That looks like fun! I wish it was closer and I would be there for sure. LOVE Allen's sweater. Did they make it or was it actually like that?? What is sad is that those sweaters were pretty popular years ago.
Gotta Love Those Naughty Elves!


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You may remember our previous review of GRAYL's Legend bottle with travel filter and tap filter. We were wowed by all those products, so naturally, we jumped at the opportunity to test out their newest product, the Ultralight water bottle.
In a country as romantic as Italy, it is often easy to overlook Sicily; but this little island is a treasure trove of pleasures and hidden gems. Giulia Grazzini took a trip in December and fell instantly in love!
Teeling Whiskey is bringing back the good stuff to the Irish capital. Join Georgina Wilson-Powell as she learns more about this revolutionary craft distillery.
Join our guest photographer Ricardo Del Toro as he explores Iceland with his trusty camera as his sidekick.
The Grand Canyon is a place that everyone should experience at least once. However, with nearly 4.6 million people visiting the Grand Canyon annually, Arizona's favorite destination can get to be overwhelming if you don't have a plan. Greg Stevenson, owner of The Hike House in Sedona, is an expert on the subject of getting the most out of the Canyon and avoiding crowds and has shared a few words of wisdom with us.


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Q: Single line of file as a Flume event I have configured my Flume source to be spooldir. I have a lot of CSV files and I want my Flume agent to count / process each line of CSV to be a single event. How will I configure Flume agent to do this?
Thanks.

A: The spooldir source has a parameter called deserializer; the documentation says about it:

Specify the deserializer used to parse the file into events. Defaults to parsing each line as an event. The class specified must implement EventDeserializer.Builder.

So it should be working.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Note: This is just a quick blog so I don't fall behind. Next week will be a better post.
Sorry for not blogging on Monday but I had to have a sick day. I woke at four with a blinding headache which I quickly recognised as a migraine. I couldn't turn my head without the world spinning and there were definite squiggly things in my vision.
I proceeded to get ready for school (because I'm me and I'm bloody stubborn) but decided, at 6.15am, that it might not be the best idea for me to go to school. Instead, I went in, briefly, to set up relief.
Relief is something that I hate doing. I hate having days off sick because it is often more of a hassle to set up relief than it is to actually teach a class when sick. I know that I'm not the only teacher who thinks like that, either.
Anyway, I went home and slept most of the day a way. I couldn't even attempt to look at my computer for longer than a couple of minutes.
The benefit of the sick day is that I got extra sleep and, as someone who doesn't get sufficient sleep anyway, this is always good. It also allowed me to come back into school in a better frame of mind.
I'm not going to lie. I have days were I question why I became a teacher. Not because I think I'm a terrible teacher (though I have those days as well)- but because I feel like I can never do enough. I plan lessons, spend hours researching ideas and theories and even more hours reading about ways to make myself a more efficient teacher – a more effective teacher. Still, I always feel as if there is more that I could be doing.
5.30-6.30am – Drink said coffee, check emails, mark some essays, eat breakfast.
3.15-4.30 – Still at school most days – sometimes I have a meeting sometimes I'm just trying to get work done.
5pm – Hopefully home and sometimes still doing work.
Writing down what I do helps me remember that I also need to acknowledge what I do as a teacher and as a person. It also reminds me that I like smiling and I like helping students and fellow teachers. Teachers have a difficult job and, although most people realise it, we don't always acknowledge it.
You are wonderful, brilliant, amazing, powerful, educated and strong.


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Ursula von der Leyen calls on UK to 'restore the trust' on Brexit
Commission president calls effort to breach Brexit withdrawal deal an 'unpleasant surprise.'
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen says a trade agreement with the U.K. is still possible | Getty Images for Greentech Festival
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen insisted Thursday that London "restore the trust" in the U.K.'s relationship with the EU, saying efforts by the British government to breach the Brexit withdrawal treaty were an "unpleasant surprise."
Speaking to journalists a day after her first State of the European Union speech, von der Leyen reiterated that Brussels still hoped to reach a deal on a future trade agreement with the U.K and said she believed that was possible. But she said that Johnson's push for legislation that would unpick key provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement was an unhelpful disruption of the talks, even as time to reach a deal is running short.
"Where the U.K. is concerned, we want an agreement, and I think the attempt to violate the Withdrawal Agreement distracted very strongly from the ongoing negotiations," von der Leyen said in a reply to a question from POLITICO. "This was an unpleasant surprise."
"And therefore it is time now that our British friends restore the trust in the validity of a signature under treaty, and that we keep on going, focused to negotiate because time is running out," she said.
In other comments to reporters Thursday, von der Leyen said she believed it was still possible to reach an accord with London. "I am still convinced it can be done," she said.
In her speech on Wednesday, von der Leyen had also stressed the need for Britain to respect the withdrawal treaty, quoting former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
"This agreement has been ratified by this House and the House of Commons," she said. "It cannot be unilaterally changed, disregarded or dis-applied. This a matter of law, trust and good faith. And that is not just me saying it — I remind you of the words of Margaret Thatcher: 'Britain does not break Treaties.'"
In the speech, von der Leyen voiced a need to build new relationships with old friends, including Britain and the United States. And she expanded on that point in her remarks to reporters on Thursday.
"Where our British friends [are] concerned, and that goes for the Americans too, there is a deep emotional bond to our American friends and of course to our British friends," she said.
She cited climate change, trade, and technology as part of a long list of crucial issues on which Brussels, London and Washington should work together.
But when pressed on how the EU could negotiate with partners who break international agreements — U.S. President Donald Trump on the Paris climate accords and the Iran nuclear deal, or Johnson on the Withdrawal Agreement — von der Leyen quoted another favorite Britishism.
"In those topics, I think just keep calm and carry on," she said, chuckling at her own line. "You need strategic patience."
Von der Leyen to UK: Thatcher would not break her word on Brexit
By Hans von der Burchard
Boris Johnson: UK wants to rewrite Brexit Withdrawal Agreement to stop EU being 'abusive'
By Zoya Sheftalovich
More from ... David M. Herszenhorn
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3 Roberta Metsola cements rise to European Parliament presidency
4 Russian test for Scholz: Ukraine crisis exposes divisions in Berlin
5 Roberta Metsola elected European Parliament president
What Emmanuel Macron won't tell the European Parliament
POLITICO presents an alternative preview of the French president's big speech.
Boris Johnson bashes the BBC amid party scandal
Allies insist funding freeze for state broadcaster is long-planned, but it could play well with some of his MPs and press supporters.
Slovenia to bolster trade ties with Taiwan, wading into row with China
Prime Minister Janez Janša says Beijing's 'ridiculous' response to Lithuania won't deter his own country.
Vestager: Metaverse poses new competition challenges
The EU's digital czar says, 'We should start thinking about it now' when it comes to regulating new digital spaces.
By Stuart Lau
By Samuel Stolton
Brexit	British politics	Negotiations	Trade	Trade Agreements
EU27	Ireland	Northern Ireland	United Kingdom
Boris Johnson	Margaret Thatcher	Ursula von der Leyen