text:
Timeline of History of Medicine
2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.[1]ancient Egyptian medicine
2500 BC - Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as [eye-doctor of the palace,] [palace physician of the belly,] [guardian of the royal bowels,] and [he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.][2]
1900 BC - 1600 BC Akkadian clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh.[3]
1800 BC - Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice[2]
1800 BC - Kahun Gynecological Papyrus
1600 BC - Hearst papyrus Coprotherapy and magic[4]
1551 BC - Ebers Papyrus Coprotherapy and magic[5]
1500 BC – Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
1500 BC - Edwin Smith Papyrus an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic[2]
1300 BC - Brugsch Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus
1250 BC - Asklepios[2]
9th century- Hesiod reports an ontological conception of disease via the Pandora myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.[4]
8th century - Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon had fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment.[2]
700 BC - Cnidos medical school also one at Cos
500 BC - Darius I orders the restoration of the House of Life (First record of a (much older) medical school)[2]:47
500 BC – Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis
500 BC – the Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurvedic medicine
c 490 - c 430 Empedocles four elements[5]
510-430 BC - Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.[2] Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself.[6] There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.[5][7]
fl. 425 BC Diogenes of Apollonia[5]
c.484 – 425 BC Herodotus tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines,and some those which are not local.[2]
496-405 BC - Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."[8]
420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine.
Medicine after Hippocrates
c. 400 BC - 1 BC – The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine) is published, laying the framework for traditional Chinese medicine
4th century BC - Philistion of Locri[5] Praxagoras distinguishes veins and arteries and determines only arteries pulse[9]
375-295 BC Diocles of Carystus[1][5][10]
354 BC - Critobulus, extracts an arrow from Phillip II's eye, treating the loss of the eyeball without causing facial disfigurement
3rd century BC - Philinus of Cos founder of the Empiricist school. Herophilos and Erasistratus practice androtomy. (Dissecting live and dead human beings)
280 BC – Herophilus Dissection[7] studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves and the brain. also the anatomy of the eye and medical terminology such as (in Latin translation "net like" becomes retiform/retina.[5]
270 – Huangfu Mi writes the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture
250 BC – Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum physiology of the brain, heart and eyes, and in the vascular, nervous, respiratory and reproductive systems.
219 – Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage).
200 BC – the Charaka Samhita uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination
124- 44 BC - Asclepiades of Bithynia[7]
116–27 B.C - Marcus Terentius Varro Germ theory of disease No one paid any attention to it.[11]
1st century AD - Rufus of Ephesus; Marcellinus a physician of the first century AD;[5] Numisianus[6]
23 AD – 79 AD Pliny the Elder writes Natural History
ca 25 BC - ca 50 AD Aulus Cornelius Celsus Medical encyclopedia[12]
50-70 AD – Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica – a precursor of modern pharmacopoeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
2nd century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia[7]
98-138 AD - Soranus of Ephesus[13]
129 - 216 AD – Galen Clinical medicine based on observation and experience.[10] The resulting tightly integrated and comprehensive system, offering a complete medical philosophy dominated medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the modern era.[14]
After Galen 200 AD
d.260 - Gargilius Martialis, short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits[10]
4th century Magnus of Nisibis, Alexandrian doctor and professor book on urine[15]
325-400 - Oribasius 70 volume encyclopedia[3]
362 - Julian orders xenones built, imitating Christian charity (proto hospitals)[15]
369 Basil of Caesarea founded at Caesarea in Cappadocia an institution (hospital) called Basilias, with several buildings for patients, nurses, physicians, workshops, and schools[13]
375 - Ephrem the Syrian opened a hospital at Edessa[13] They spread out ans specialized nosocomia for the sick, brephotrophia for foundlings, orphanotrophia for orphans, ptochia for the poor, xenodochia for poor or infirm pilgrims, and gerontochia for the old.[13]
400 - The first hospital in Latin Christendom was founded by Fabiola at Rome[13]
420 - Caelius Aurelianus a doctor from Sicca Veneria (El-Kef, Tunisia) handbook On Acute and Chronic Diseases in Latin.[10]
447 - Cassius Felix of Cirta (Constantine, Ksantina, Algeria), medical handbook drew on Greek sources, Methodist and Galenist in Latin[10]
480 -547 Benedict of Nursia founder of "monastic medicine"[16]
fl. 511–534 Anthimus Greek: Ἄνθιμος[17]
536 Sergius of Reshaina (died 536) A Christian theologian-physician who translated thirty-two of Galen's works into Syriac and wrote medical treatises of his own[18]
525-605 - Alexander of Tralles[15] Alexander Trallianus
500-550 - Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections[3][3][15]
second half of 6th century building of xenodocheions/bimārestāns by the Nestorians under the Sasanians, would evolve into the complex secular "Islamic hospital," which combined lay practice and Galenic teaching[18]
550-630 Stephanus of Athens[10][19]
560 – 636 Isidore of Seville
c. 620 Aaron of Alexandria Syriac . He wrote 30 books on medicine, the "Pandects". He was the first author in antiquity who mentioned the diseases of smallpox and measles[20] translated by Māsarjawaih a Syrian Jew and Physician, into Arabic about A. D. 683
c. 630 - Paul of Aegina Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed surgery used by Albucasis[10][15][21]
790-869 Leo Itrosophist also Mathematician or Philosopher wrote "Epitome of Medicine"
c. 800–873 – Al-Kindi (Alkindus) De Gradibus
820 - Benedictine hospital founded, School of Salerno would grow around it[3]
857d - Mesue the elder (Yūḥannā ibn Māsawayh) Syriac Christian[14]
c. 830–870 – Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knew Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts.[14]
c. 838–870 – Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, writes an encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic.[22]
c.910d - Ishaq ibn Hunayn
9th century Yahya ibn Sarafyun a Syriac physician Johannes Serapion,[14] Serapion the Elder
c. 865–925 – Rhazes pediatrics,[3][23] and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi.
d.955 - Isaac Judaeus Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician[14]
913-982 - Shabbethai Donnolo alleged founding father of School of Salerno wrote in Hebrew[24]
d. 982-994 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Haly Abbas[3]
1000 – Albucasis (936-1018) surgery Kitab al-Tasrif, surgical instruments.[14]
d.1075 - Ibn Butlan Christian physician of Baghdad Tacuinum sanitatis the Arabic original and most of the Latin copies, are in tabular format[14]
1018-1087 Michael Psellos or Psellus a Byzantine monk, writer, philosopher, politician and historian. several books on medicine[15]
c. 1030 – Avicenna The Canon of Medicine The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century.
c.1071-1078 Simeon Seth or Symeon Seth an 11th-century Jewish Byzantine translated Arabic works into Greek[15]
1084 - First documented hospital in England Canterbury[13]
1087d - Constantine the African[14]
1083-1153 Anna Komnene, Latinized as Comnena
1095 - Congregation of the Antonines, was founded to treat victims of "St. Anthony's fire" a skin disease.[13]
late 11th early 12th century Trotula[25]
1123 - St Bartholomew's Hospital founded by the court jester Rahere Augustine nuns originally cared for the patients. Mental patients were accepted along with others[26]
1127 - Stephen of Antioch translated the work of Haly Abbas
1100–1161 – Avenzoar Teacher of Averroes[27]
1170 Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia also known as The Surgery of Roger
1126-1198 - Averroes[3]
c.1161d - Matthaeus Platearius
1204 - Innocent III organized the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome inspiring others all over Europe
c.1210-1277 - William of Saliceto also known as Guilielmus de Saliceto
1210 - 1295 Taddeo Alderotti Scholastic medicine[28]
1240 Bartholomeus Anglicus[4]
1242 – Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation[14]
c. 1248 – Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy,[14] studied animal anatomy and medicine veterinary medicine.
1249 – Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness
1257 - 1316 Pietro d'Abano also known as Petrus De Apono or Aponensis[28]
1260 - Louis IX established, Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris[13]
c. 1260 – 1316 Henri de Mondeville
1284 - Mansur hospital of Cairo[3]
c. 1275 – c. 1328 Joannes Zacharias Actuarius a Byzantine physician wrote the last great compendium of Byzantine medicine[15]
1275-1326 Mondino de Luzzi "Mundinus" carried out the first systematic human dissections since Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos 1500 years earlier.[29][30]
1288 The hospital of Santa Maria Nuova founded in Florence, it was strictly medical.[4]
1300 – concave lens spectacles to treat myopia developed in Italy.[31]
1310 Pietro d'Abano's Conciliator (c.1310)[4]
d1348 Gentile da Foligno[28]
1292-1350 - Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziya[3]
1306-1390 John of Arderne[29][32][33]
d.1368 Guy de Chauliac[29][34]
f.1460 Heinrich von Pfolspeundt[29][30][35][36][37]
1443-1502 Antonio Benivieni[29][38] Pathological anatomy[39]
1493-1541 Paracelsus[29] On the relationship between medicine and surgery[40] surgery book[41]
early 16th century:
Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Burns the books of Avicenna, Galen and Hippocrates.[42]
Hieronymus Fabricius[29] His "Surgery" is mostly that of Celsus, Paul of Aegina, and Abulcasis citeing them by name.[43]
Caspar Stromayr or Stromayer Sixteenth Century[29][44]
1500?-1561 Pierre Franco[29][37][45][46]
Ambroise Pare 1510-1590 pioneered the treatment of gunshot wounds.[29][47][48]
Bartholomeo Maggi at Bologna, Felix Wurtz of Zurich, Léonard Botal in Paris, and the Englishman Thomas Gale (surgeon), (the diversity of their geographical origins attests to the widespread interest of surgeons in the problem), all published works urging similar treatment to Paré's. But it was Paré's writings which were the most influential.[49]
1518 - College of Physicians founded now known as Royal College of Physicians of London is a British professional body of doctors of general medicine and its subspecialties. It received the royal charter in 1518[50]
1510-1590 Ambroise Paré surgeon[50]
1540-1604 William Clowes (surgeon)[29][36][51] Surgical chest for military surgeons[51][52]
1543 – Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine[53][54]
1546 – Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
1550-1612 Peter Lowe [29][52][55]
1553 – Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through the lungs. He is accused of heresy and burned at the stake
1556 – Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
1559 – Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
1563 – Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
1570 1643 John Woodall Ships Surgeon used lemon juice to treat scurvy[52] wrote "The Surgions Mate"[56]
1596 – Li Shizhen publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or Compendium of Materia Medica
1603 – Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
1621-1676 Richard Wiseman[29][36][52][57][58]
1628 – William Harvey explains the circulatory system in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus
1683-1758 Lorenz Heister[29][52][59]
1688-1752 William Cheselden[29][52][60][61][62]
1701 – Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then.
1714-1789 Percivall Pott[29][63][64][65][66]
1720 - Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
1728-1793 John Hunter (surgeon)[29][47][67][68]
1736 – Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
1744-1795 Pierre-Joseph Desault[29][52][69] First surgical periodical[70]
1747 – James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
1749-1806 Benjamin Bell Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty[29] system of surgery[71]
1752-1832 Antonio Scarpa[29][52][72][73]
1763-1820John Bell (surgeon)[29][36][74][75]
1766-1842 Dominique Jean Larrey Surgeon to Napoleon[29][36][52][76][77][78][79]
1768-1843 Astley Cooper sergeon[29][52][72] lectures[80] principles and practice[81]
1774-1842 Charles Bell, surgeon[29][36][74][82]
1774 – Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride and oxygen
1777-1835 - Baron Guillaume Dupuytren[29] Head surgeon at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris,[83] The age Dupuytren[84][85]
1785 – William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy
1790 – Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
1796 – Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method
1799 – Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
1800 – Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
1813-1883 James Marion Sims Vesico-vaganial surgery[29][86][87] Father of surgical genocology[36] Biography[88]
1816 – Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
1827-1912 Joseph Lister Anti-septic surgery[29][52][89] Father of modern surgery[90]
1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human blood transfusion
1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether
1846 – First painless surgery with general anesthetic
1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever
1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree
1858 - Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine
1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work
1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease
1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah
1879 – First vaccine for cholera
1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging
1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
1903 - Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
1909 – First Intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.[91]
1910 - Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans
1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes
1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia
1923 – First vaccine for Diphtheria
1926 – First vaccine for Pertussis
1927 – First vaccine for Tuberculosis
1927 – First vaccine for Tetanus
1928 – Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1929 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
1935 – First vaccine for Yellow Fever
1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor
1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
1943 – Willem J Kolff build the first dialysis machine
1944 - Disposable Catheter - David S. Sheridan
1946 - Chemotherapy - Alfred G. Gilman and Louis S.Goodman
1947 - Defibrillator - Claude Beck
1948 - Acetaminophen - Julius Axelrod, Bernard Brodie
1949 – First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
1949 - mechanical assistor for anesthesia - John Emerson
1952 – Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine (available in 1955)
1952 - Cloning - Robert Briggs & Thomas King
1953 - Heart-Lung Machine - Dr John Heysham Gibbon
1953 - Medical Ultrasonography - Inge Edler
1954 - Joseph Murray performs the first human kidney transplant (on identical twins)
1954 - Ventouse - Tage Malmstrom
1955 - Tetracycline - Lloyd Conover
1956 - Metered Dose Inhaler - 3M
1957 – William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)
1958 - Pacemaker - Rune Elmqvist
1959 - In Vitro Fertilization - Min Chueh Chang
1960 – Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
1960 – First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA[91]
1962 - Hip Replacement - John Charnley
1962 - Beta Blocker James W. Black
1962 – First Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin)
1963 - Artificial Heart - Paul Winchell
1963 - Thomas Starzl performs the first human liver transplant
1963 - James Hardy performs the first human lung transplant
1963 - Valium (diazepam) - Leo H Sternbach
1964 – First vaccine for Measles
1965 – Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator
1965 – First commercial ultrasound
1966 - C. Walton Lillehei performs the first human pancreas transplant
1966 - Rubella Vaccine - Harry Martin Meyer and Paul D. Parkman[92]
1967 – First vaccine for Mumps
1967 – Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant
1968 - Powered Prothesis - Samuel Alderson
1968 - Controlled Drug Delivery - Alejandro Zaffaron
1969 - Internet - Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)
1969 - Balloon Catheter - Thomas Fogarty
1969 - Cochlear Implant - William House
1970 - Cyclosporine, the first effective immunosuppressive drug is introduced in organ transplant practice
1971 - Genetically Modified Organisms - Ananda Chakrabart
1971 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Raymond Vahan Damadian
1971 - Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) - Godfrey Hounsfield
1971 - Transdermal Patches - Alejandro Zaffaroni
1971 – Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner
1972 - Insulin Pump - Dean Kamen
1973 - Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK) - Mani Lal Bhaumik
1974 - Liposuction - Giorgio Fischer
1976 – First commercial PET scanner
1978 – Last fatal case of smallpox[93]
1979 Antiviral Drugs - George Hitchings & Gertrude Elion
1980 – Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner
1980 - Lithotripter - Dornier Research Group
1980 – First vaccine for Hepatitis B - Dr Baruch Samuel Blumberg
1981 - Artificial Skin - John F. Burke & Ioannis V Yannas
1981 - Bruce Reitz performs the first human heart-lung combined transplant
1982 - Humulin insulin - Eli Lilly
Interferon Cloning - Sidney Pestka
1985 - Automated DNA Sequencer - Leroy Hood & Lloyd Smith
1985 - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Kaery Mullis
1985 - Surgical Robot - Dr Yik San Kwoh
1985 - DNA Fingerprinting - Alec Jeffreys
1985 - Capsule Endoscopy - Tarun Mullick
1986 - Fluoxetine HCl - Eli Lilly and Co
1987 – Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.
1987 - commercially available Statins - Merck & Co.
1987 - Tissue Engineering - Joseph Vacanti & Robert Langer
1988 - Intravascular Stent - Julio Palmaz
1988 - Laser Cataract Surgery - Dr Patricia Bath
1989 - Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) - Alan Handyside
1989 - DNA Microarray - Stephen Fodor
1990 - Gamow Bag ® - Dr Igor Gamow
1992 – First vaccine for Hepatitis A available[94]
1992 - Electroactive polymers (Artificial Muscle) - SRI International
1992 - Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - Andre van Steirteghem
1996 - Dolly the Sheep cloned
1998 - Stem Cell Therapy - James Thomson
26 June 2000 - Human Genome draft completed
2001 Telesurgery - Jacques Marescaux
2003 – Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.
2005 – Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant
2006 – First HPV vaccine approved
2006 – Second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn)
2007 - Visual prosthetic (bionic eye) Argus II
2008 – Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant
2013 - First kidney grown in vitro in the U.S.
2013 - First human liver grown from stem cells in Japan
2014 - Great Ebola Outbreak - First cases and deaths in Europe and America
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the heart (1890) by Enrique Simonet.
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Medical Imaginery in Ex-Votos
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text:
By Dianne Loyet
Why Can't I Haz Grammar?
As a future crazy cat lady, I can't get enough of the felines of the Internet. Cat memes, cat videos, cat comic strips—you post a link to it, I click on it.
Although I enjoy Internet kitties, I've long had one question: Why do the posters of cat memes think that cats cannot communicate in grammatical English?
Well, it turns out that the cats in the memes may not be speaking ungrammatical English, per se; they may be speaking a new dialect.
The language often used in cat memes is sometimes referred to as 'Lolcat'. Apparently, Lolcat originated on MeowChat Village (not to be mistaken for the MeowChat app!) in the 90s. On MeowChat Village, users could role-play as cats, among other activities. Some users insisted that cats would speak in dignified English, as shown in this quote from Christa Keith's 2007 article on SFGate:
"We are highly intelligent. Some of us have difficulty spelling because our paws don't fit the human keyboard or because we telepathically send our posts to our humans, who type them for us, and something gets lost in the translation."
Other users, however, delighted in voicing their little kitty avatars much differently. This language is referred to as "MeowChat." Keith provides this quote from the MeowChat historian's story of the First Thanksgiving:
"we know dat da pillbugs camed here frum da old comfy, but we not know why and how, aftpurr dey landed at plywood rock, did dey get to meowchatvillage?"
MeowChat also appeared as the text of cat memes posted on 4Chan in in the early 2000s. As Lev Grossman recounted in a 2008 Time article, "there used to be a tradition on 4chan that every Saturday people would post pictures of cats. It was called Caturday. People added captions representing what the cat would say if cats could talk. One day somebody posted a shot of a fat gray cat looking at the camera and saying, "I CAN HAS CHEEZBURGER?" It seems that this viral explosion of cat memes spread the language far and wide, and it has since been referred to as Lolcat.
As Anil Dash described in a 2007 post on his blog, one way you can recognize that Lolcat is in fact a dialect is that you can tell incorrect utterances when you see them. As an example, Dash provided the following examples of unsuccessful attempts to write about Dune in lolcat: "The spice must flow," and "I are dunecat I controls the spice I controls the universe." "The spice must flow," is wrong because it has no differences from standard English in morphology, syntax, or spelling. "I are Dunecat," and, "I controls the spice," differ morphologically from standard English but are not consistent; in lolcat, the first person singular of the copula appears to be "is," so in lolcat, the text of the meme should read, "I is Dunecat."
Dash goes on to speculate about whether Lolcat is a pidgin or a creole. My own conclusion is that it is neither. Pidgins arise when two groups of people who have no common languages create a rudimentary language with some elements from two or more of their native languages; creoles are spoken by the descendants of pidgin speakers and are linguistically distinct (although similar) to the pidgin spoken by their parents and the native languages of both their parents and the other group. Lolcat doesn't involve two actual groups, considering that the cats aren't really talking, so it is not a pidgin or creole.
I concur with Mark Liebermann's 2007 Language Log post that Lolcat is, or at least began as, a form of pet caretaker talk or kitty baby talk. As such it has any number of simplifications, such as fewer person-number distinctions in verb forms. As the MeowChat excerpt shows, it has mispronunciations, for example, 'pilbugs' for 'pilgrims'. One distinct feature of Lolcat is that it is written more than it is spoken. The fact that it's written makes a whole other set of features possible. Many words, for example, are standard text abbreviations, such as "Y" for "why". Others, such as "cheezeburger" for "cheeseburger," mimic common spelling errors among beginning writers of English.
Lauren Gawne and Jill Vaughan conclude in their 2011 presentation at the Australian Linguistic Society conference, "I can haz language play?" that Lolcat is language play—an activity rather than a discreet entity. They propose other sources for some of the features mentioned above, such as the mistakes that appear to mimic the writing of language learners. Gawne and Vaughan also provide impressively detailed explanations of the likely sources of many Lolcat features, such as misspellings. One drawback of their research is that it is limited to one Lolcat text, The LOLcat Bible. This Bible was written by multiple authors, and final drafts were decided upon by consensus. However, this one text and the number of authors involved can't possibly compare to the number of extant Lolcat texts and individual Lolcat text producers. Gawne and Vaughan based their research on this Bible because of their own constraints. Analysis of Lolcat based on a larger more representative corpus of authentic Lolcats might result in different conclusions.
The impossibility of severing language from interaction is fundamental to post-modern linguistics. Nevertheless, Gawne and Vaughan's focus on Lolcat as activity is too narrow. Although Lolcat users are clearly engaged in linguistic interaction, the aggregate of their interactions is a rule-based system which includes aspects of discourse, syntax, morphology, phonology and orthography. To a certain extent the system is consistent with the intuition of a typical native speaker of English. To focus on Lolcat as play would be the same as focusing on writing to the exclusion of text.
If you would like to try out Lolcat for yourself, several websites purport to translate English into Lolcat. I preferred https://speaklolcat.com/ which provided me with the following translation:
GUD BAI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This blog post was written by Foster student and YEOC Mentor Khatsini Simani. Photography by Mentor Mike Guevarra.
YEOC kicked off the new year with a high-level introduction to Information Systems and Information Technology. This month's session, which included a career fair, self-care panel, and a product design competition, touched on several areas of personal development— from networking and presentation skills to practicing self-care in college.
The day began with the 4th Annual YEOC Career Fair during which representatives from over fifteen organizations shared opportunities available to mentees.
During the mentor lecture, organizers Abiel Zewolday and Fethawit Musye relayed an important message to students: they can absolutely excel within tech companies, with or without a technical degree. After learning the difference between Information Systems and Information Technology, the Cloud, wearable technology and more, mentees combined their creative talents and newly acquired knowledge to design an IOT (Internet of Thing) product that would improve the lives of high school students.
Following the design competition and team presentations Microsoft's Assistant General Counsel Jason Barnwell shared his story about finding his voice, his person, and his passion on the way a career as an attorney. Throughout his talk, he offered lessons to all of us about overcoming hardship, learning from mistakes and finding success.
In the last few hours of the day, mentor in training Miracle Okoli led a workshop for sophomores called Finding Your Future Major. Juniors and seniors attended a panel on self and community care facilitated by Jordan Faralan, Communications and Community Engagement Coordinator at Powerful Voices.
As we approach the middle of the school year, our YEOC community is already transforming into a space of holistic support, where we aim to empower students not just as students, but as individuals. This was evident not only in the activities organized by Abeil and Fethi in this month's session, but in the smaller conversations throughout the day, where we shared stories, offered support and encouragement to one another, and reminded each other that we are in the business of success together.


Premier 350 Heater pdf manual download. The schematic is pretty straightforward om your web page, RC4558 , NE5532, TL072, it uses standard dual opamps such as TL082, TL062 you seem to have a huge database of TV service manuals. When I tried to use it but there would be no motion, after a while, the motors would spin for a while, it would beep 3 times then stop.
Iphone 6 plus circuit diagram service manual schematic. The inputs are buffered by the JFETs ( green). Presented here is a Laboratory Power Supply with 0- 30V voltage and 0- 3A current regulation. I have a Panasonic EP1004 massage chair that' s about 14.
The current source ( red) generates a tiny. The differential pair ( blue) amplifies the input, directing current down one side of the pair the other. SE5000H- US Inverter pdf manual download.
View and Download L. For the past several years, it has had problems getting going. 6 This circuit is fairly simple as op amps go, with about half the components of the classic 741 op amp. Also for: Ts350 Premier 350 df Ts350df.
View and Download SolarEdge SE5000H- US installation manual online. Iphone 6 plus circuit diagram service manual schematic. Mar 03 imei Repair, phone unbrick, boot repair, solution, upgrade, frp reset, · A Free Discussion Forum About simlock, firmware all other gsm related problems. Ductable Heaters.
I reverse engineered the circuitry of the op amp module and generated the schematic below. Do you have either a service manual circuit diagram for a 39″ 4k TV – Seiki SE39UY04 which is being used as a computer monitor.
Best gallery images for wiring diagram, wiring harness, electrical diagram, engine diagram, parts diagram. There are 2777 circuit schematics available. The Last circuit was added on Sunday, November 5,. Please note some adblockers will suppress the schematics as well as the advertisement so please disable if the schematic list is ply johnc January 6, at 5: 54 pm. i need the stereo wiring diagram for a dodge ram truck.


text:
Q: convert hover to click toggle i want to convert from hover to mouse click, here's some of the code
HTML

    Click Me

Web Design

eCommerce

Linux

API

and here's the script but still in mouseover/mouseleave
var dropdown = function() {

    $('.has-dropdown').mouseenter(function(){

        var $this = $(this);
        $this
            .find('.dropdown')
            .css('display', 'block')
            .addClass('animated-fast fadeInUpMenu');

    }).mouseleave(function(){
        var $this = $(this);

        $this
            .find('.dropdown')
            .css('display', 'none')
            .removeClass('animated-fast fadeInUpMenu');
    });

};

dropdown()

How can I change this from hover to click?

A: You can use the onclick="YourFunction()" and it will execute the function only when you click it.
Not sure if this is what you want, but see this example
HTML
<input type="button"  value="Click me" onclick="showlist()" />

Web Design

eCommerce

Linux

API

JS
function showlist() {
  var x = document.getElementById("list");
  if (x.style.display === "none") {
    x.style.display = "block";
  } else {
    x.style.display = "none";
  }
}

http://jsfiddle.net/5an2mo0g/4/

A: You could use .click with .toggleClass

$('#toggle').click(function() {
  $('.has-dropdown')
    .find('.dropdown')
    .css({
      display: function(_, value) {
        return value === 'none' ? 'block' : 'none'
      }
    })
    .toggleClass('animated-fast fadeInUpMenu')
})

  Click Me

Web Design

eCommerce

Linux

API

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Jihad against the Armenian and Georgian Christians (1071–1920)
Posted by Netcon on October 19, 2009 at 18:52 in Kuffarphobia in Turkey
Back to Kuffarphobia in Turkey Discussions
Among the various genocides carried out by the Muslims, that against the Armenian Christians is the most unreported and neglected. The Turks slaughtered millions of Armenians in Cold Blood in the ten centuries that they tyrannized Armenia from the year 1071 till 1920.
While the Ottoman Empire was in existence from 1300 (up to 1923), the Armenians had come under the Turkish yoke three centuries before that in 1071. In that year the Seljuk Turks had defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Manzikert and overrun the Armenian provinces of the Byzantine Empire. All through this period it in spurts the Turks carried out the Armenian Genocide.
Armenia was ruled by Muslim Turks headed by the sultanate of the Osmanli/Ottoman dynasty. Following the prescriptions of the Quran, the Ottoman state, variously called Turkey or the Turkish Empire, was governed according to Islamic law which relegated non-Muslims to second class status as Dhimmis (or Zimmis) by denying them basic civil rights and requiring them to pay penal taxes. This discriminatory system was institutionalized through the so-called millat (community) system which deprived them from all forms of political participation and basic human rights.
The Tower of skulls - An artist's impression of the signature image of the Armenian Genocide at Turkish hands.
As part of their Jihad against the Christians, the Ottomans encouraged the unlawful transfer of property, the dispossession of the rural Armenian population and compelled their emigration from their homeland. In this the Turks (as do other Muslims) took inspiration and justification from the Quran.
The major portion of the Armenian population of the Middle East came under Ottoman rule after the conquest of Cilicia by the Seljuk Turks in 1071 that was a consequence of the Battle of Manzikert. This battle was followed by the occupation of the rest of Armenia by the successors to the Seljuk Turks ? the Ottoman Turks. This process of occupation went on up to the thirteenth century.
As part of their Jihad against the Christians, the Ottomans encouraged the unlawful transfer of property, the dispossession of the rural Armenian population and compelled their emigration from their homeland. In this the Turks (as do other Muslims) took inspiration and justification from the Quran and what Muslim theologians had to say on the methods of tyrannizing non-Muslims (Dhimmis) under Muslim tyranny.
Under repeated massacres and unrelenting Ottoman tyranny, many Armenians were compelled to embrace Islam at the pain of death, hence the former southern provinces of Armenia that include Van, Bitlis, Erzerum, Kharpert, Sivas, Trebizond, Konya, Kayseri, Adana, Izmir, Bursa, Edirne became Muslim majority provinces, that were eventually absorbed by Turkey.
Muslim theologians on tyrannizing Dhimmis (non-Muslim subjects) under Muslim occupation
Al-Ghazali (d. 1111), the famous theologian, philosopher, and paragon of mystical Sufism wrote the following about jihad: "one must go on jihad (i.e., warlike razzias or raids) at least once a year...one may use a catapult against them [non-Muslims] when they are in a fortress, even if among them are women and children. One may set fire to them and/or drown them...If a person of the Ahl al-Kitab [People of The Book ? Jews and Christians, typically] is enslaved, his marriage is [automatically] revoked? and his wife becomes the rightful property of a Muslim. One may cut down their trees...One must destroy their useless books. Jihadis may take as booty whatever they decide... the Jihadis may steal as much food as they need..."
Frustrated in their designs by the European powers, the Turks tried to regain through wanton cruelty what they had lost on the battlefield and the negotiating table. The Armenians were easy meat for the Turks and they began a genocide of the civilian Armenian population.
Under repeated massacres and unrelenting tyranny many Armenians were compelled to embrace Islam at the pain of death, hence the former southern provinces of Armenia like Van, Bitlis, Erzerum, Kharpert, Sivas, Trebizond, Konya, Kayseri, Adana, Izmir, Bursa, Edirne became Muslim majority provinces, that were eventually absorbed by Turkey.
European attempts to provide relief leads from Tyranny to Genocide
After successive defeats of the Ottomans by the Russians in the Russo-Turkish wars, succor came to the Armenians through the European Christian powers. Misrule in Armenia prompted the European Powers to obligate Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdul Hamit) II to reform provincial administration according to the terms of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. This was supposed to bring eight centuries of Muslim tyranny, to an end. But the reverse happened.
These photos starkly capture on celluloid the crimes against humanity committed by the Muslim Turks (and all other Muslims against the non-Muslims). In 19th century Turkey there were two forces that opposed one another ? the Ottoman Sultan and the Young Turks. But they had one thing in common ? both the Young Turks and the Ottoman Sultan had an equal measure of hatred towards the Armenians. Like the Sultans, the Young Turks also massacred the Armenians with equal brutality, and with no less cruelty and savagery as did the Sultans.
Photo Courtesy : Armeniapedia
Frustrated in their designs by the European powers, the Turks tried to regain through wanton cruelty what they had lost on the battlefield and the negotiating table. As the Armenians were easy meat for the Turks they began a genocide of the civilian Armenian population.
The ensuing repression prompted Armenian revolutionary activity as the Ottomans reneged on their treaty obligations and resisted international pressure to introduce meaningful reform.
To firmly secure and perpetuate Turkish rule in the remaining territories of the Ottoman state, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid initiated a pogrom of ethnic cleansing through the mass slaughter of vast numbers of Armenians beginning in 1894.
These photos appear raw and disturbing. But imagine how disturbing would have been the actual atrocities that these photos mutely depict. These photos caution us the about oppression that can repeat itself if the Muslims get the upper hand ever again.
Hamidian autocracy also fostered the clandestine Young Turk movement dedicated to the cause of overthrowing the despotic sultan. But nevertheless even the Young Turks though opponents of the Ottoman Sultan, had an equal measure of hatred towards the Armenian. Like the Sultans, the Young Turks massacred the Armenians with equal brutality, and with no less cruelty and savagery as did the Sultans.
Ethnic Cleansing of Armenians by the Ottomans
The decline of Ottoman Turkish power and the steady territorial losses in the face of Balkan revolts and Russian military advances isolated the Armenian Christians in a precarious situation. To firmly secure and perpetuate Turkish rule in the remaining territories of the Ottoman state, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid initiated a program of ethnic cleansing through the mass slaughter of vast numbers of Armenians beginning in 1894.
Turkish officers pose with beheaded Armenians. These photos are heart-wrenching and the webmasters of this site were in a dilemma whether to include them. But we decided to do so to educate our generation about the raw savagery of the Muslims. The Muslim mentality is not a thing of the past. They still behead their victims, as they did to Daniel Pearl. Muslims today are as savage as they were all through the 1400 years of their existence. So we need to realize the mentality of the enemy we are facing in the War on Terror and fight the Muslims to their extinction if we are not to face such atrocities in the future.
In spite of international condemnation, and despite changes in government, these obnoxious policies started by Sultan Abdul-Hamid were applied with regularity over the course of the next thirty years. In a series of genocidal massacres repeated in 1895-1896, 1909, 1915-1918, and 1920-1922, the Armenian population of Turkey was mercilessly annihilated.
These massacres of the Armenians, also called Hamidian massacres of 1894-1896 affected all of historic Armenia and Constantinople. The 1909 or Adana massacre devastated Cilicia. The combined deportations and massacres during World War I acquired the dimensions of a total genocide and was implemented by the Young Turks who had removed Abdul-Hamid from the throne in 1909. So irrespective of who the rulers of the Ottomans was, the genocide of the non-Muslim Armenians continued relentlessly.
These images are too graphic, and although grainy, they vividly capture the extent of Muslim brutality towards their non-Muslim subjects. The Armenians were the worst sufferers in recent times. And in the case of Armenia, photography was around to capture for posterity the crimes committed by the Muslims against humanity. The atrocities against the earlier victims of the Jihad were as brutal and blood-chilling, but we do not have them on celluloid, only the memory of the sufferings have been passed down to us through the descendants of those victims who survived this inhumane Muslim brutality.
The atrocities between 1920-1922 were committed by the Nationalist Turks who seized power in the Anatolian hinterland in the final years of the Ottoman Empire and created the Turkish Republic.
Turkey's defeat in WW1 led to the exposure of the atrocities on Armenians
Most of these massacres were carried out with impunity and the majority of these Turkish criminal offenders escaped prosecution. Only in the aftermath of Turkey's defeat in World War I, through a series of military tribunals and parliamentarian investigations convened between 1919 and 1921 in Constantinople, the covert planning, secret organization, and brutal implementation of policies designed to destroy the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire were uncovered.
The evidence was presented in court-martials and guilty verdicts were handed down by the thousands, confirming the mass scale state-sponsored policy of extermination of the Armenians.
The net effect of the Ottoman era is summed up in the violent transformation of historic Armenia into Turkey. Thus what was once the homeland of Armenians from antiquity ruled by Armenian kings and chieftains from the sixth century B.C.E. till 1071, was finally purged of almost the entire Armenian population and was merged into Turkey. What is today Armenia is only one fourth of the north eastern part of historic Armenia. Till today, Armenians consider the Eastern provinces of today's Turkey to be Armenian's lost provinces. Provinces that have to be someday re-claimed by Armenians and reintegrated into Armenia..
The post-war Turkish government, however, balked at carrying out the sentences and the tribunals were closed under pressure from the Turkish Nationalists. Ironically, in spite of the secularization under Mustapha Kemal Pasha, the Turkish policy as regards the Armenians remained unchanged as it was under the Ottoman Turks.
In 1915 Armenians lived in all the major cities of the Ottoman Empire, Van, Bitlis, Erzerum, Kharpert, Sivas, Trebizond, Konya, Kayseri, Adana, Izmir, Bursa, Edirne, and many others. But after systematic genocides, by 1923 the Armenian population of Turkey had been reduced only to those living in Constantinople. Armenians had participated in all aspects of Ottoman life and had made major contributions to Turkish commerce, industry, architecture, and even music. Yet, in the final analysis, the centuries of Turkish rule resulted in the utter ruin of historic Armenia, the expulsion of the Armenians from Asiatic Turkey and the permanent exile of surviving Armenians only in mountainous regions of the Kavkaz (Caucasus).
The net effect of the Ottoman era is summed up in the violent transformation of historic Armenia into Turkey. Thus what was once the homeland of Armenians from antiquity ruled by Armenian kings and chieftains from the sixth century B.C.E. till 1071, was finally purged of almost the entire Armenian population and was merged into Turkey. What is today Armenia is only one fourth of the north eastern part of historic Armenia.
1915-1916, skulls, in various stages of decomposition, of Armenian deportees, some of whom may have been burned to death. Location: Ottoman empire, region Syria.
We are sorry to have to reproduce these gruesome images. We need to remind our shocked viewers, that these images only depict the shocking tale of Muslim Turkish brutality against the Armenian Christians. A brutality which all non-Muslims have suffered ? be they Christian, Buddhist, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Hindu, Copt, Maronite, Bahai, Druze or any other.
Photo Courtesy : Armenian-genocide
Till today, Armenians rightfully consider the Eastern provinces of today's Turkey to be Armenian's lost provinces. Provinces that have to be someday re-claimed by Armenians and reintegrated into Armenia.
The Armenian experience under the Muslim Turks is one of the savagely bloodiest chapters in the bloodied history of Islam
Armenian suffering is as yet unrecorded in a large way and as yet unknown and unreported in the global media. But it survives in the hearts of many Armenians, who bide their time for justice which they will hopefully get after the War against Terror launched after 9/11, works its way through in the next two decades.
Abducted Armenian women play the role of concubines of the Turkish Pasha's Harem
In the course of the ten centuries of Turkish tyranny, the Armenians like all non-Muslims under Muslim tyranny had to suffer from repeated waves of abductions of their womenfolk, the most beautiful among them who were made into concubines of the Turkish sultan and Turkish Beys and their camp followers. It is for this reason that the best of Armenia's beautiful women were forced to co-habit with the Turks till their descendants completely forgot, who they originally were.
1915-1916, murdered Armenian male adult lying in a ditch as children watch the corpse. Location: Ottoman empire, region Syria.
The only legacy the Armenian converts to Islam preserved were the aquiline Caucasoid features of the Armenians that are today common among many Turkish womenfolk (and menfolk who descend from these abducted Armenian women). This is one feature which is common to the womenfolk of all lands overrun by the Muslim Jihadis. And this explains one following important fact overlooked by historians.
Why are many Muslim ladies of higher class extraordinarily beautiful?
A frivolous question, some would say. But if one looks at history, then we could see that with every Muslim invasion, the most beautiful ladies (and the most handsome boys) were taken as captives to be kept in harems. It is the genetic descendants of these captives who over the centuries have led to the phenomenon of many of the Muslim ladies of the higher class being beautiful.
Why do the upper crust of Muslims behave like thorough gentlemen with thoroughbred finesse?
Again another frivolous question, some would say. But the fact is that many of the Muslims are very rude and quarrelsome. This is the general image of the Muslims among the non-Muslims . So to live down this image, the upper crust of the Muslims who interact with non-Muslims, deliberately cultivate a genial image of themselves. This is similar to the psyche of the celluloid villains and bad guys, who create and off-screen image as thorough gentlemen.
How do many Muslim musicians create soulful music
Music is banned in Muslim societies. Hence this talent and urge is bottled up. And whenever this urge gets a small chink to express itself, it forces itself with a spurt. A Muslim musician whenever he gets a chance to express his latent talent, does the best and brings out his/her suppressed urge in the most articulate and poignant manner.
So the Muslim Qaqwaals and Shayars (singers, bards and poets) are at their best whenever they get a chance to express their sonorous urges. In those Muslim societies where music is banned, as in Saudi Arabia, this talent never sees the light of the day. But in countries like Egypt, Syria, Tunisia where the ban on music is not strictly enforced, we have the best Muslim singers and belly dancers.
Armenians hanged in the street in Constantinople before the deportation of the Armenians to the desert had begun. Frightened Armenian prisoners are looking on awaiting their turn, while the Ottoman Turkish soldiers look on as if it were a performance.
Why did we not try to divide the Moderate Communists from the Extremist Communists to win the Cold War?
Till recently Armenia was under the Soviet Communist dictatorship of the USSR. When we were engaged in an eyeball to eyeball confrontation before the USSR blinked and fell apart, we had a clear cut view that the enemy of the free world was the Evil Empire of Communism.
Some Turks are embarrassed today and say that the Armenians are lying about the Armenian genocide. Fine let us give the Turks their point. The Armenians are liars. But then why are disparate people like the Egyptian Copts, Russians, Hindus, Berbers, Nubians, Zoroastrians, Croats, Buddhists (remember Bamiyan), Serbs, Indonesian Christians, Austrians, Nigerian Christians, Southern Sudanese (along with the people of Darfur) and many others also saying what the Armenians are saying? Are all these communities liars, while the Muslims are a paragon of honesty and virtue! Looking at the headlines of our daily newspapers and the footage on CNN, Foxnews, ABC, NBC, BBC and even Al Jazeera, does not make us think that the Armenians are lying about their genocide at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.
History will deliver its verdict soon for the crimes that the Muslims have committed against humanity for 14 centuries. Our wait has been long, but it will soon be over.
In those days of the Cold War, we never tried to whitewash communism nor did we try to split the ranks of the communists (or delude ourselves) by saying there were moderate communists and extremist communists. We looked upon any one professing to be a communist, to be an enemy. The fact that we had a clear view of who the enemy was, had contempt for his outlook, and a fierce determination to destroy communism, is why we succeeded in defeating communism and making it a thing of the past. The same clarity is lacking when we look upon the enemy of today - the Muslims. It is futile for us to distinguish between the moderates and extremists among the Muslims. All of them follow the Quran ? which calls for death or forcible conversion of the non-Muslims (Kafirs). So where is a rationale in considering some Muslims to be moderates.
Moderate Muslims and Extremist Muslims
Some Muslims may appear to be moderate by the language they use, and their etiquette, but that is deception on their part. In fact such Muslims are more dangerous than those who openly declare their murderous intentions towards us. So we need to give up our delusion that there could be a moderate Muslim. We have to have a clear view that a Muslim is an enemy. He can become a friend only if he renounces Islam. If not, he remains a mortal enemy, and so is a legitimate target of destruction.
Tags: 1071, 1920, Armenian, Christians, Georgian, History, Jihad
Permalink Reply by Alan Lake on December 17, 2019 at 19:28
https://trends.gab.com/item/5df8fa259d78d445de226076
The State Department on Tuesday rebuked the Senate's latest move to recognize the mass killing and deportation of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during the first half of the 20th century as genocide, releasing a statement that the administration continues to view the events as "one of the worst mass atrocities."
"The position of the Administration has not changed," State Department spokeswoman Morgan Ortagus said in a statement. "Our views are reflected in the President's definitive statement on this issue from last April."
The global Armenian Remembrance Day is marked on April 24 each year and was commemorated by President Trump with a statement recognizing that beginning in 1915, more than 1.5 million Armenians were "deported, massacred or marched to their deaths" under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
The president did not describe the events as a genocide.
Turkey has spoken out against the U.S. government's defining of these events as genocide. It claims that the events of the early 20th century are disputed and lack academic consensus.
Last week, the Senate passed by unanimous vote a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide as official U.S. policy.
"I'm thankful that this resolution has passed at a time in which there are still survivors of the genocide who will be able to see that the Senate acknowledges what they went through," Sen. Bob Melendez (D-N.J.) said on the Senate floor.
The House passed their own version of the resolution in a vote of 405 to 11.
The passage of the resolution was meant as a rebuke of Turkey in response to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's October decision to launch an offensive into northeastern Syria against Syrian Kurdish forces that the U.S. is allied with in the fight against ISIS.
The resolution is nonbinding, expresses the sense of the Senate and does not need to be signed by the president. The White House had lobbied senators to block the resolution at least three times before it succeeded in coming to the floor.
"This is the third week in a row we have come to the Senate floor seeking to pass this resolution, and I'm grateful that today we have succeeded," Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) said during passage. "This is a moment of truth that was far too long coming."
The Senate last week advanced a sanctions bill against Turkey for its actions in northeastern Syria and its purchase of the Russian S-400 missile defense system. The U.S. had earlier removed Turkey from the F-35 program over the Russian arms purchases, further straining relations between the NATO allies.
The White House has held off implementing sanctions on Turkey for purchasing Russian defense weapons.
Lawmakers say the sanctions package will deter a further arms trade relationship between Turkey and Russia and help to stabilize the Syria-Turkey border.
"This legislation will put in place a number of incentives that we hope will result in President Erdoğan making the choice to walk away from the S-400," Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Jim Risch (R-Idaho) said in a statement, adding that the sanctions bill is a warning to the Turkish president.
"Additionally, Erdogan's incursion into northeast Syria is destabilizing, and this bill will help curb any future actions that endanger our friends and partners, the Syrian Kurds, and any actions which jeopardize the U.S. strategy to defeat ISIS in Syria. I am hopeful this critical legislation will be voted on by the full Senate soon."


Thank you for your cool blog over all this year and this overview on viewers!
maybe one note to the newest viewer generation. After the long reason full hold in the dev-queue we got one of the best x-mas presents imho this year.
LL spoiled out now DaveP's wonderful fix for http://jira.phoenixviewer.com/browse/FIRE-4725 ( https://jira.secondlife.com/browse/MAINT-628 ). Yes it limit us atm to 4k(width or high), but it is the right answer for a collection of some really annoying bugs.
i tested the 3 LL- and Niran's-Viewer as fixed!
Yup, I covered the arrival of the tiling fix for a while, and reported when it hit the beta viewer. :).
Thanks for your support in reading this blog & Happy New Year, Dil! :).


text:
OTR Interviews
Inquest Into Daniel Smith's Death
This is a partial transcript from "On the Record," March 28, 2007, that has been edited for clarity.
GRETA VAN SUSTEREN, HOST: But now to another huge curveball. It happened just today in the inquest into Daniel's death. What's up? Godfrey "Pro" Pinder is a Bahamian lawyer. He represents four summoned witnesses to the inquest. He was inside the court. He joins us with the details.
Pro, the inquest was supposed to begin yesterday with witnesses. Howard K. Stern's lawyer said we don't want a jury, we just want essentially a bench trial on the cause of death, the manner of death of Daniel. Today, the jurors weren't allowed to sit. What happened in court?
GODFREY "PRO" PINDER, ATTORNEY FOR FOUR INQUEST WITNESSES: Well, what happened in court is they — what we had today were really the (INAUDIBLE) in which Howard K. Stern's attorney was indicating that they wanted a fair trial (INAUDIBLE) impartial jurors. I don't understand (INAUDIBLE) this stage, since no one is charged, no one is indicted and no one is really before the court for any particular crime. But that's what his attorneys wanted. They argued for it, and all the other attorneys argued against it. (INAUDIBLE)
VAN SUSTEREN: You know, Pro — Pro, it's interesting because this is — nobody's been charged. No one even said there's a crime. And yet Howard K. Stern is worried about six or seven citizens making a determination as to what happened to Daniel. If they made a determination that they recommended that a crime had occurred, it would go to the attorney general, who would make another independent decision. And then a decision would be made to whether to charge. So I'm a little bit perplexed with you. Which is — why does — what are Howard K. Stern's lawyers think is so unfair about seven citizens listening to what happened in that hospital room?
PINDER: Well, Greta, I really don't know. I don't know whether he has something to hide or not, but it's only an investigative procedure right now. They're looking into it, and all the citizens and all the witnesses are on the same footing. They're in there, and anyone could be said to be suspected or could be said not to be suspected. So I really don't know what his lawyers are talking about. It seems to me just a waste of time and (INAUDIBLE) But tomorrow morning, the judge will make a decision at 10:00 AM, and I believe we'll get on with it.
VAN SUSTEREN: Have you ever — you've been a lawyer for a number of years. Have you ever heard in an inquest in the Bahamas where the jury was basically told, You're not going to make the decision, that we're going to have this simply, for lack of better words, a bench trial?
PINDER: No. Never heard of doing that, and never heard of anybody putting questions as to the jury. Never heard of anybody ever questioning a jury with respect to a coroner's trial. Never heard of it.
VAN SUSTEREN: Did Wayne Munroe, Howard K. Stern, say what was the unfairness that he anticipated? Was it described?
PINDER: Well, they were describing all the media coverage, and they cited the Princess Diana case and one of the other cases. But the judge — despite the media trial, the judge can give a warning to the jury, Look, avoid the (INAUDIBLE) Do not take that into consideration. And be concerned only with doing the right and proper thing. He can give them a warning, and that's what they usually do.
VAN SUSTEREN: Is the theory of Wayne Munroe, of Howard K. Stern — I'm trying to understand his theory. Is his theory that the seven members of the jury, in listening to what caused the death of Daniel and what was the manner of death, that they would somehow dislike Howard K. Stern because of the media and find that a crime occurred and even that committed it? Is that the thinking of them, why the — why the jury should be tossed? Is he afraid of that?
PINDER: Well, he might well be, but he didn't say that. All he said was, in the first instance, he wanted an impartial jury — right out of the blue, right out of the clear blue sky. The jury is presumed to be impartial. So he might be thinking along those lines. I really don't know. He never said it outright, but it seems as if he might be thinking that way.
VAN SUSTEREN: And does it mean — we still don't know. This could be a suicide. This could be an accident. This could be — I mean, it's, like — you know, it's a curious — it's a curious objection, at least from this point, that Howard K. Stern is making at this stage of the proceedings. I could understand maybe later, if it ever got to that.
Now, the judge makes the decision tomorrow. Who do you — assuming the judge — it's either going to be a jury or it's going to be the chief magistrate. We're expecting just the — that there will be a jury. Who do you expect will be the first witness at the inquest?
PINDER: The photographer will be the first witness at the inquest. There's a list, a 40-page list, and the first person on the list will be the photographer.
VAN SUSTEREN: What is he expected it testify to? Is this the — by photographer, do you mean somebody at the hospital?
PINDER: Somebody took pictures of the dead body and all of the other things, the crime scene and all that situation or the scene, whether it's a crime or not. Everything associated with the death of Daniel will be talked about by the photographer, whatever he was asked to photograph.
VAN SUSTEREN: All right. Now, we have heard — and I underline heard because it's a lot difference in evidence and proof. But we've heard that there was methadone in the system of Daniel at the time he died. Is there any evidence that he brought methadone, or do you know of any information that he brought methadone from the state of California when he flew that night from California to the Bahamas, got picked up at the airport and went right to the hospital? Is there any suggestion he brought the methadone himself?
PINDER: None whatsoever. None whatsoever.
VAN SUSTEREN: Is there — is there any evidence that he was acting under the influence in any — in the route from California to Miami to the Bahamas, did anyone seem him act lethargic or under the influence of anything?
PINDER: No evidence of that, either, to the best of my knowledge, Greta.
VAN SUSTEREN: All right, Pro. Thank you, and we'll talk to you tomorrow night after the first day of testimony. Thank you, Pro.
Content and Programming Copyright 2007 FOX News Network, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Transcription Copyright 2007 Voxant, Inc. (www.voxant.com), which takes sole responsibility for the accuracy of the transcription. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No license is granted to the user of this material except for the user's personal or internal use and, in such case, only one copy may be printed, nor shall user use any material for commercial purposes or in any fashion that may infringe upon FOX News Network, LLC'S and Voxant, Inc.'s copyrights or other proprietary rights or interests in the material. This is not a legal transcript for purposes of litigation.


text:
Jason Crawford is Founder and CEO of The Roots of Progress, a nonprofit dedicated to establishing a new philosophy of progress for the 21st century. In this episode, Jason and Daniel discuss habits, routines, and inspirations.
Jason Crawford is currently writing his first book, The Story of Industrial Civilization.
"I would say the single most powerful technique that I have found is when you start your day, rather than checking email or or anything, start by pulling out a blank sheet of paper, whether that's literal paper or whether, like me, you use an electronic note-taking system, and just think on paper about your day. How's it going? What's up? What am I going to do today? What are my priorities and so forth?" – Jason Crawford
Jason Crawford (@jasoncrawford) is Founder and CEO of The Roots of Progress, a nonprofit dedicated to establishing a new philosophy of progress for the 21st century. He created Progress Studies for Young Scholars and is a technical consultant and adviser to Our World in Data. He previously co-founded Fieldbook and Kima Labs, and was an engineering manager at Flexport, Amazon and Groupon.
To hear Jason Crawford's full interview on progress studies, click here.
Research on the Gutenberg press
Learning, planning the day, and improving sleep
Recommended apps, including Bear, Readwise, and Anki
On success and gratitude
Paul Graham - Maker's Schedule, Manager's Schedule
Jean Moroney - Thinking Directions
Bear App
Readwise
Scott Alexander - Astral Codex Ten
Books Recommended by Jason Crawford
The Diamond Age: Or, a Young Lady's Illustrated Primer by Neal Stephenson
Ready Player One by Ernest Cline
Jason Crawford
20 Minute Playbook: Lopa van der Mersch of Rasa
Lopa van der Mersch is Founder and CEO of Rasa, a brand of adaptogenic tonics often used as coffee replacements. In this bonus episode, Rasa and Daniel discuss Lopa's Kalari practice, the CEO retreat, and secondary attention.
20 Minute Playbook: Rishi Garg of Mayfield
Rishi Garg is co-head of the Consumer Investing Practice at the Mayfield Fund, a seed and Series A focused venture capital firm. In this episode, Rishi and Daniel discuss daily habits and tools that contribute to Rishi's success.
Dylan Taylor of Voyager Space Holdings on Building the Berkshire Hathaway of Outer Space
In this episode of Outliers, I sit down with Dylan Taylor, CEO of Voyager Space Holdings and one of Pitchbook's Top 10 Investors in Space Technology, to discuss the past, present, and future of outer space.


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"Informative, thought-provoking, collegial, inviting, and well run and organized."
"This is the best CLE event available for in-house litigation managers, bringing together sophisticated in-house people, cutting-edge vendors, and skilled outside counsel."
"Good opportunity to level set my company's practices and methods based on other companies; with a healthy side of networking."
"The substantive content and speakers at this event were the most interesting and helpful I've encountered."
"Fantastic opportunity to meet other in-house counsel and discuss solutions to the same challenges we all face, in a safe environment."
"An informative CLE led by experienced professional panelists supported by an active audience."


text:
namespace {

class MockSearchMetrics : public GoogleSearchMetrics {
 public:
  MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(RecordGoogleSearch,
      void(GoogleSearchMetrics::AccessPoint ap));
};

}  // namespace

class GoogleSearchCounterTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
  GoogleSearchCounterTest();
  virtual ~GoogleSearchCounterTest();

  // testing::Test
  virtual void SetUp();
  virtual void TearDown();

  void TestOmniboxSearch(const std::string& url, bool expect_metrics);

 private:
  void ExpectMetricsLogged(GoogleSearchMetrics::AccessPoint ap);

  // Weak ptr. Actual instance owned by GoogleSearchCounter.
  ::testing::StrictMock<MockSearchMetrics>* mock_search_metrics_;
};

GoogleSearchCounterTest::GoogleSearchCounterTest()
    : mock_search_metrics_(NULL) {
}

GoogleSearchCounterTest::~GoogleSearchCounterTest() {
}

void GoogleSearchCounterTest::SetUp() {
  // Keep a weak ptr to MockSearchMetrics so we can run expectations. The
  // GoogleSearchCounter singleton will own and clean up MockSearchMetrics.
  mock_search_metrics_ = new ::testing::StrictMock<MockSearchMetrics>;
  GoogleSearchCounter::GetInstance()->SetSearchMetricsForTesting(
      mock_search_metrics_);
}

void GoogleSearchCounterTest::TearDown() {
  mock_search_metrics_ = NULL;
}

void GoogleSearchCounterTest::TestOmniboxSearch(const std::string& url,
                                                bool expect_metrics) {
  content::LoadCommittedDetails details;
  scoped_ptr<content::NavigationEntry> entry(
      content::NavigationEntry::Create());
  entry->SetTransitionType(content::PAGE_TRANSITION_GENERATED);
  entry->SetURL(GURL(url));
  details.entry = entry.get();

  // Since the internal mocked metrics object is strict, if |expect_metrics| is
  // false, the absence of this call to ExpectMetricsLogged will be noticed and
  // cause the test to complain, as expected. We use this behaviour to test
  // negative test cases (such as bad searches).
  if (expect_metrics)
    ExpectMetricsLogged(GoogleSearchMetrics::AP_OMNIBOX);

  // For now we don't care about the notification source, but when we start
  // listening for additional access points, we will have to pass in a valid
  // controller.
  GoogleSearchCounter::GetInstance()->Observe(
      content::NOTIFICATION_NAV_ENTRY_COMMITTED,
      content::Source<content::NavigationController>(NULL),
      content::Details<content::LoadCommittedDetails>(&details));
}

void GoogleSearchCounterTest::ExpectMetricsLogged(
    GoogleSearchMetrics::AccessPoint ap) {
  EXPECT_CALL(*mock_search_metrics_, RecordGoogleSearch(ap)).Times(1);
}

TEST_F(GoogleSearchCounterTest, GoodOmniboxSearch) {
  TestOmniboxSearch("http://www.google.com/search?q=something", true);
}

TEST_F(GoogleSearchCounterTest, BadOmniboxSearch) {
  TestOmniboxSearch("http://www.google.com/search?other=something", false);
}

TEST_F(GoogleSearchCounterTest, EmptyOmniboxSearch) {
  TestOmniboxSearch(std::string(), false);
}

// TODO(stevet): Add a regression test to protect against the participar
// bad-flags handling case that asvitkine pointed out.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Blue Shield of California Foundation Names Debbie I. Chang as President and CEO
Blue Shield of California Foundation announced today the appointment of Debbie I. Chang as president and chief executive officer, overseeing its programs of more than $30 million in annual grantmaking to meet the diverse health needs of all Californians and to address the root causes of poor health and violence.
Chang, currently senior vice president and chief policy and prevention officer at Nemours Children's Health System, which is headquartered in Jacksonville, FL with operations in five states and Washington, DC, has an extensive history of developing innovative national programs, leading ambitious health partnerships, and advocating policies to promote the health of children and families.
Debbie Chang
"Debbie is a dynamic, positive, and motivating leader with deep experience at the federal, state, and community levels," said Raymond Baxter, PhD, the Foundation's president and chief executive officer. "She embraces our strategy to create a healthy California by improving the lives of those who face the greatest challenges, and we expect a smooth, energizing transition." Baxter, a Foundation trustee who has been a global voice for public health over 40 years, temporarily stepped in when long-time leader Peter Long, PhD, became senior vice president at Blue Shield of California.
With more than 30 years' experience, Chang has held key positions including Deputy Secretary of Health Care Financing for the state of Maryland, overseeing its Medicaid program, and was the first national director of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. She was also Principal Investigator of a $20 million, five-year project with the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention to improve healthy eating and physical activity for children.
Chang, who holds a master's degree in Public Health Policy and Administration from the University of Michigan, has served on numerous national boards and steering committees, including at the National Academies of Science. She has an extensive record of developing innovative national partnerships that promote good health by spreading and encouraging on- the-ground adoption of evidence-based solutions.
Most notably, she spearheaded a national partnership to combat childhood obesity and promote public health with Michelle Obama's Let's Move initiative, and worked with other foundations to establish the Convergence Partnership and Partnership for a Healthier America, national collaboratives that brought together funders and private sector leaders, respectively, to address the obesity epidemic. At Nemours, she helped lead its transformation to focus on value-based care and health outcomes, and the expansion of its clinical model to work with communities to improve the social determinants of health.
"Debbie has a deeply ingrained sense of commitment to creating equity and inclusion in the healthcare system that stems from her own upbringing," said Paul Markovich, president and chief executive officer of Blue Shield of California. "She comes by that passion honestly, brings tremendous experience, and will undoubtedly advance the Foundation's mission of building lasting and equitable solutions to make California the healthiest state."
To read the full foundation release, click here.
Walgreens Health Corner — Enlightened Lady Events Marketplace
David Bond Discusses Holiday Mental Health with ABC7
Walgreens Health Corner -- San Mateo on Ice
If you would like to invite Blue Shield to participate in a speaking engagement, please fill out our submission form.


text:
Finding Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 May Take Years, Says U.S. Navy Official
By Sarah Hedgecock
The ongoing search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 may take years due to confusion over where to look, a U.S. Navy official said Sunday. The comments came two days after the search area for the jet was shifted about 700 miles to the northeast based on "a credible lead." But time is running out if searchers want to pinpoint the plane's black box any time soon: the box is designed to emit a beacon for searchers, but that battery dies after about 30 days. The jet has been missing for 22.
Navy Captain Mark Matthews, who is in charge of the U.S. Towed Pinger Locator, compared Flight 370 to Air France Flight 447, which went down in 2009. The officer pointed out that even with good information on where that plane crashed, searchers still took two years to find its black box. For the Malaysian plane, he said, "Right now the search area is basically the size of the Indian Ocean, which would take an untenable amount of time to search." Ten ships and ten aircraft were searching for debris from the jet on Sunday, with a ship fitted with a specialized black box locater and underwater drone set to join in later in the day.
That locater is designed to be especially sensitive to the low-frequency acoustic ping emitted by airline black boxes. The deepest measured region of that part of the ocean reaches about 19,000 feet, but the beacon only has a range of about 12,000 feet. But all is not lost: according to CBS News, the locater has the "capability to do search and recovery operations down to a depth of 20,000 feet." Even if the beacon dies off, the search for the black box is expected to continue in order to find out what happened to the flight.
Even with specialty equipment and satellite technology, no debris has yet been found – and relatives of the plane's passengers are angry. Over two dozen relatives arrived in Kuala Lumpur on Sunday to protest the government's handling of the disaster and demand an apology. The protesters, holding signs that read things like "Hand us the murderer. Tell us the truth. Give us our relatives back," chanted in Chinese, "We want evidence! We want the truth! We want our relatives!" An official gave hope on Saturday by implying that there might yet be survivors of the plane crash, although families were told previously that no one could have made it.


Weird Science: Why are we scared of spiders?
Ever wonder where our fear of snakes and spiders comes from?
Most of us in New Zealand and many other industrialised nations have never come across a poisonous spider in the wild - we only have two venomous species here and bites are extremely rare.
Yet the thought of any spider crawling up our arm is enough to send a shiver up our spines.
For some, this fear can even develop into anxiety which limits a person's daily life - and in developed countries, one to five per cent of the population are affected by a real phobia of creepy-crawlies.
Now, researchers think they've put their finger on where this inherent aversion stems from - evolution.
German and Swedish scientists recently made a crucial observation: even in infants, a stress reaction was evoked when they see a spider or a snake.
And this was already at the age of six months, when they were still very immobile and have had little opportunity to learn that these animals can be dangerous.
"When we showed pictures of a snake or a spider to the babies instead of a flower or a fish of the same size and colour, they reacted with significantly bigger pupils," said study leader Stefanie Hoehl, of Germany's Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.
"In constant light conditions this change in size of the pupils is an important signal for the activation of the noradrenergic system in the brain, which is responsible for stress reactions.
"Accordingly, even the youngest babies seem to be stressed by these groups of animals."
"We conclude that fear of snakes and spiders is of evolutionary origin.
Weird Science: Is 'Planet Nine' out there?
Weird Science: Could AI help winegrowers?
"Similar to primates, mechanisms in our brains enable us to identify objects as 'spider' or 'snake' and to react to them very fast."
This obviously inherited stress reaction in turn predisposes us to learn these animals as dangerous or disgusting - something that could lead to a phobia if combined with other factors.
"A strong panicky aversion exhibited by the parents or a genetic predisposition for a hyperactive amygdala, which is important for estimating hazards, can mean that increased attention towards these creatures becomes an anxiety disorder."
Interestingly, it was known from other studies that babies do not associate pictures of rhinos, bears or other theoretically dangerous animals with fear.
"We assume that the reason for this particular reaction upon seeing spiders and snakes is due to the coexistence of these potentially dangerous animals with humans and their ancestors for more than 40 to 60 million years - and therefore much longer than with today's dangerous mammals.
"The reaction which is induced by animal groups feared from birth could have been embedded in the brain for an evolutionarily long time."
For modern risks such as knives, syringes or sockets, presumably the same is true.
From an evolutionary perspective they have only existed for a short time, and there had been no time to establish reaction mechanisms in the brain from birth.
"Parents know just how difficult it is to teach their children about everyday risks such as not poking their fingers into a socket."
We've seen tiny robots that can fly, stick to walls, and dive into water.
Now, get ready for a hybrid "RoboBee" that can fly, dive into water, swim, propel itself back out of water, and safely land.
New floating devices allow this multipurpose air-water microrobot to stabilise on the water's surface before an internal combustion system ignites to propel it back into the air.
This latest-generation RoboBee, which is 1000 times lighter than any previous aerial-to-aquatic robot, could be used for numerous applications, from search-and-rescue operations to environmental monitoring and biological studies.
"This is the first microrobot capable of repeatedly moving in and through complex environments," said Yufeng Chen, a graduate student from Harvard University's John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
"We designed new mechanisms that allow the vehicle to directly transition from water to air, something that is beyond what nature can achieve in the insect world."
Designing a millimetre-sized robot that moved in and out of water had numerous challenges.
As water was 1000 times denser than air, its wing flapping speed had to vary widely between the two mediums.
But if the flapping frequency was too low, it couldn't fly, and if too high, its wings would snap off in the water.
By combining theoretical modelling and experimental data, the researchers found the magic balance of wing size and flapping rate, scaling the design to allow the bee to operate repeatedly in both air and water.
Using this strategy, the robot was able to flap its wings at 220 to 300Hz in air and nine to 13Hz in water.
"The RoboBee represents a platform where forces are different than what we - at human scale - are used to experiencing," Harvard's Professor Robert Wood said.
"While flying the robot feels as if it is treading water; while swimming it feels like it is surrounded by molasses.
"The force from surface tension feels like an impenetrable wall. These small robots give us the opportunity to explore these non-intuitive phenomena in a very rich way."
An international team of scientists has discovered the first evidence of a huge carnivorous dinosaur that roamed southern Africa 200 million year ago.
The researchers have found several three-toed footprints measuring 57cm long and 50cm wide in an ancient land surface in Lesotho, a small country in southern Africa.
This meant the dinosaur would have an estimated body length of around nine metres and be a little less than three metres tall at the hip.
That was four times the size of a lion, currently the largest carnivore in southern Africa.
The footprints belong to a new species, named Kayentapus ambrokholohali, which was part of the group of dinosaurs called megatheropod, which include the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex.
"The latest discovery is very exciting and sheds new light on the kind of carnivore that roamed what is now southern Africa," said Dr Fabien Knoll, of the University of Manchester.
"That's because it is the first evidence of an extremely large meat-eating animal roaming a landscape otherwise dominated by a variety of herbivorous, omnivorous and much smaller carnivorous dinosaurs.
"It really would have been top of the food chain."
What made the discovery yet more important was that the footprints dated back to the Early Jurassic epoch, when it was thought the size of most theropod dinosaurs was considerably smaller.
On average they were previously thought to be around three to five metres in body length, with some records showing they may have reached seven metres at the very most.
It was only much later in the Jurassic and during the Cretaceous, which started 145 million years ago, that truly large forms of theropods, such as T. rex, appeared in body and trace fossil records.
'This discovery marks the first occurrence of very large carnivorous dinosaurs in the Early Jurassic of southern Gondwana - the prehistoric continent which would later break up and become Africa and other landmasses," said Dr Lara Sciscio, a postdoctoral research fellow at South Africa's University of Cape Town.
"This makes it a significant find. Globally, these large tracks are very rare.
"There is only one other known site similar in age and sized tracks, which is in Poland."


text:
Good Morning.. News For Tuesday February 25th, 2020
Posted About Two Years Ago by Dave Graichen
News for Tuesday February 25th, 2020
Compiled by Dave Graichen
Cenla Broadcasting
Today is fat Tuesday and with that the final day of parades and wild partying before Ash Wednesday and the start of lent. Most of today's activities will be in the southern part of the state. Parades roll throughout the day In Lafayette and all day in New Orleans. In Mamou, Iowa and several other communities it's the Courir De Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday Run. An amazing experience to observe and take part in.. Eat, drink and be merry. But, please designate a driver to get you home.
Law enforcement warns revelers to be aware of their surroundings in an effort to keep from becoming a victim of pickpocketing. Over the course of the past weekend, troopers have made numerous arrests and recovered thousands of dollars in stolen items nabbed by pickpocket suspects.
In the face of criticism from teachers, the governor's office has signaled they could back a 500-dollar raise on top of the one-thousand dollar salary boost teachers got this year. Last year, we were told Louisiana teachers were paid about 22-hundred dollars below the southern regional average. The session deciding the pay bump starts in two weeks.
The federal government has approved the state's plan to spend one-point-two billion dollars in grant money that will be used to reduce the flood risk for several communities. Director of the Louisiana Office of Community Development, Pat Forbes, says they'll implement the plan as fast as possible. Forbes says he expects the money will become available in the spring and they'll start using the dollars to improve rain and river gauges and models for every watershed in the state.
A bill will be presented by Baton Rouge Senator Franklin Foil in the upcoming legislative session to add surveillance cameras in the classrooms to protect special needs students. If enacted parents can request school systems install cameras in the classrooms to monitor interactions. Foil believes cameras will clear up any questions parents have of what's really going on in the classroom.
55-year-old Gary James Goulas of Breaux Bridge faces animal cruelty charges accused of tossing a bag full of lab puppies from a bridge in Henderson last week. St. Martin Parish Sheriff's Office Major Ginny Higgins says the puppies are in the care of Every Paw Animal Rescue in Evangeline Parish and they appear to be doing well.
A Baton Rouge woman expecting twins died along with her 7-year-old son Monday in a two-vehicle crash in Interstate 10 eastbound in St. John the Baptist Parish. State Police say the woman was traveling eastbound on I-10 shortly before noon when, for reasons still under investigation, she stopped in the left lane of travel and was struck from behind. The driver of that vehicle and his 3 year old son received non-life-threatening injuries.
The Pelicans are getting closer to catching Memphis for the final spot in the Western Conference. New Orleans won for the fifth time in its last six games Sunday night as they defeated Golden State 115 to 101. The Pels are now 3.5 games back of the eighth-seeded Grizzlies. The Pels take on the Lakers in Los Angeles tonight.. Airtime 8:30 on 94.7 ESPN


Fasig-Tipton has catalogued 1,499 yearlings for The October Sale, to be held on October 22-25 in Lexington, Kentucky. The four continuous sessions, conducted on Monday-Thursday, will begin each day at 10 am.
The sale continues to produce horses that compete the world over.
"October graduates have globally notched an impressive 175 stakes wins or placings to date in 2018," noted Browning.
The catalogue may now be viewed online and via the equineline sales catalogue app. Print catalogues will be available by October 5.


Nigerian singer Niniola returns with a brand new track titled "Designer" featuring Sarz. Niniola, latest single was also produced by Sarz. This is the kind of song(s) you wouldn't want to miss on your playlist.


Lille is the fifth-largest city in France, filled with a little over one million residents. All of those hard-working locals, as well as visiting tourists, need a place to wind down after a long day, or a fun place to go on an evening out. Read our list to discover the 10 best bars in Lille, France.
Le Dandy has all of the classic elements of an old-school bar, with touches of modern day hipster chic. The multiple floors feature decor such as crates as tables, empty frames hung on the wall, oversized leather couches, barrels, and more. The cocktails are beautifully presented and come in a variety of unique flavors; two popular ones are the cookie dough cocktail and the straciatella cocktail. Try the bloody Mary, mojito, margarita, and passion fruit breeze. Compliment your drink with a few cured meats, cheeses, nuts, breads, and olives from the appetizer plates. Le Dandy is one of the most popular bars in all of Lille. You won't be disappointed!
Bartown is a modern cocktail lounge with a hip, sophisticated atmosphere. The decor is chic and eclectic, creating a warm and welcoming environment. Grab a group of friends and enjoy one of their large signature cocktails; they come in all shapes, sizes, and flavors. The service at Bartown is fantastic, but the popular watering hole gets busy very quickly, so your drinks may take a while to stir up. While you're waiting, snack on the charcuterie plate, cheese plate, or one that's a mix of both. Sit back, enjoy your sweet drink, listen to the music, and chat with your friends at Bartown.
Located in the city center of Lille, Le Windsor is a favorite haunt of locals in the area. The contemporary interior is chic and modern, with black leather chairs and sofas, bright red tables, intimate lighting, and rich, green plants. It's quite comfortable, however if you prefer to enjoy the sun, there is a terrace in front of the entrance. The accommodating staff will seat you wherever you like, and will then present you with choices of artisan cocktails, draft bears, sodas, and snacks. The drinks come in a variety of sizes, and some are even served in square glasses and every drink is topped with a skewer of fresh fruit and marshmallows! Being in such a bustling area, the lounge fills up quickly, so get there early to guarantee you get a seat.
Wine connoisseur or not, Le Bar Braz has something to offer everyone. The youthful atmosphere is elegant and classy, while remaining trendy and not too expensive. Bigger than it looks, the wine bar is a whopping three floors with many different seating areas. The staff is extremely friendly and pleasant; they're also very knowledgeable about wine and are happy to recommend something that suites your palate or pairs well with your meal. Speaking of food, the plates made to share are their most popular item. They include various cold meats, cheeses, olives, nuts, and other yummy snacks. For something more substantial, dine on a salad, wraps, salmon, sausage, and more. The fun decor includes a keyboard, so if you're brave, you can play a little tune!
Alluding to Led Zeppelin's classic hit Stairway to Heaven, this Lille bar is a music lover's dream (rock music that is). Listen to all of your favorite hits, while enjoy a delicious drink. The full-service bar serves draft beers and popular cocktails. However, their specialty cocktails are where they really shine. Not only do they taste amazing, but they're named after famous rock stars. Try the 'Pink Floyd,' 'ZZ Top,' and 'Jimi.' Another great thing about Stairway is that it transforms into a dance club on certain nights during the week. Shake your groove thing to a local band performing the best tracks of classic rock. Stairway is definitely the place to visit if you want to rock out and have a killer time!
La Pirogue's menu includes a very diverse list of drinks, most of which happen to be made with rum. Try their mojitos, piña coladas, daiquiris, mai tais, and more. They have a full-service bar and the bartenders are very friendly, creative, and always happy to suggest something new. One gulp of their refreshingly delicious tiki cocktails will whisk you away to a beautiful island; or, you can enjoy their backyard terrace, which is very similar. It has brightly colored chairs that surround wooden plank tables, and there's rich green grass and lots of space to enjoy the open air. Just make sure you call ahead and ask if it's open; it's closed during the winter months.
Le Bar Paralléle is the perfect place to catch up with old friends, or grab a drink with coworkers. The local dive bar is three stories tall, each complete with comfortable lounges to post up and enjoy your beverage. Not only is there ample space, but it's one of the few bars in the area that stays open into the wee hours of the morning, even on weeknights, so you have plenty of time to enjoy your nightcap. The interior of the bar has eclectic, makeshift decor, including lighting, art, and color palette. Sip on an ice-cold beer or enjoy a fruity cocktail, while snacking on miniature pickles, cheeses, and peanuts. A DJ usually spins your favorite tunes on the weekends; so, don't be surprised if you see a dance floor emerge or people busting a move.
A compact corner bistro, Chez Paulette serves delicious premium wines, creative cocktails, and scrumptious bites to pair them with. Whether you prefer red, white, pink, or sparkling, Chez Paulette's wine menu will have just the thing you're craving. If not, the friendly servers will whip up a personalized cocktail for you at the bar. Once you've got your drink in hand, feel free to dive into the large platters of food. Order a plate of oysters for the table, or perhaps a charcuterie and cheese plate. The interior is made up of long, high tables ideal for big groups; but it's more likely that you will be sharing the table with strangers. It creates the perfect atmosphere to hang out with old friends and become acquainted with new ones!
This funky bar is a little slice of American heaven. Enjoy all your favorite American pub grub, including hot dogs, nachos, milkshakes, and burgers. The gourmet burgers are served on bagels, rather than regular hamburger buns, and come with a variety of fresh, tasty toppings. Instead of French fries on the side, you'll find a hot baked potato, which can be stuffed with butter, sour cream, cheese, and more. The burgers go perfectly with a cool, refreshing bottle of beer, or creative cocktail made at the bar. The bar is full-service and makes delicious margaritas, mojitos, piña coladas, and other great drinks. There is also beer on tap, and milkshakes can be made with alcoholic liqueurs. Be sure to notice the awesome decor, including movie posters, and shadow-box scenes.
A quaint, modern day pub, La Boulangerie Bar is a popular neighborhood watering hole for the residents of Lille. It's so popular, in fact, that if you drive by during happy hour times, you will see a crowd of people outside the bar, enjoying their drink while standing on the sidewalk. The bar is small, but large enough to have about a dozen tables with chairs; you just have to arrive early enough to grab a seat! The menu is succinct and to the point, featuring a few different sodas, wines, and beers, including lager, ale, and more. Servers will bring you sausages, along with a few other appetizers, to munch on while you enjoy your drink, and the pleasantly lively atmosphere. La Boulangerie Bar is so welcoming that if you visit once, you'll most likely become a regular.


The Air Safety, Health, & Security Committee (ASHSC) works with the company on matters related to cabin and Flight Attendant safety and health.
Reviews material, handles correspondence, and keeps the local members well informed of current safety developments. Provides information to the Communications Committee for inclusion in Local Council communications.
The Air Quality Subcommittee specializes in aircraft-related air quality issues and concerns.
For assistance, contact any member of your Local ASHSC Committee. You can find a list of Committee Members on your Local Council Committees page. For your convenience, a list of Committee Chairs and links to the Local Committee lists are below.