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For disclosures related to the work reported in Cell Systems, see the original paper. "Using Big data to diagnose problems and predict successes is one thing. For example, using the Booleans AND, OR, or NOT, tumor cells might be differentiated from normal tissue using markers "A" OR "B," but NOT "C," where "C" is an antigen found only in normal tissue. ucsf.edu | Facebook.com/ucsf | YouTube.com/ucsf. For funding sources of the work reported in Cell Systems, see the original paper. Data sources. Static files produced by applications, such as we… You're trying to use all the data," Lim said. Janks may be in the minority at his firm, but he's among a growing number of data analysis and software programming experts to make their way into the AEC field in recent years. Learn more at ucsf.edu, or see our Fact Sheet. In the Science paper, using complex synNotch configurations like this, Lim and colleagues show they can selectively kill cells carrying different combinatorial markers of melanoma and breast cancer. Big data can be categorized as unstructured or structured. Although CD70 is also found in healthy immune cells, and AXL in healthy lung cells, T cells with an engineered synNotch AND logic gate killed only the cancer cells and spared the healthy cells. Cells in these solid cancers often share antigens with normal cells found in other tissues, which poses the risk that CAR T cells could have off-target effects by targeting healthy organs. "We need to comb through all of the available cancer data to find unambiguous combinatorial signatures of cancer. In another example, if the T cell encounters an antigen present in normal tissues but not in the cancer, a synNotch receptor with a NOT function could be programmed to cause the T cell carrying it to die, sparing the normal cells from attack and possible toxic effects. is a service of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In another paper, published in Science on Nov. 27, 2020, Lim and colleagues then showed how this computationally derived protein data could be put to use to drive the design of effective and highly selective cell therapies for cancer. Finding medicines that can kill cancer cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed is a Holy Grail of oncology research. Big data powers design of 'smart' cell therapies for cancer Combining machine learning with cell engineering, scientists can design living medicines that precisely target tumors Combining machine learning with cell engineering, scientists can design living medicines that precisely target tumors. big data (infographic): Big data is a term for the voluminous and ever-increasing amount of structured, unstructured and semi-structured data being created -- data that would take too much time and cost too much money to load into relational databases for analysis. offers eligible public information officers paid access to a reliable news release distribution service. Today, data continues to affect the design of products in new and innovative ways. "The computing capabilities of therapeutic cells combined with machine learning approaches enable actionable use of the increasingly available rich genomic and proteomic data on cancers.". You're trying to use all the data," Lim said. A relational database cannot handle big data, and that's why special tools and methods are used to perform operations on a vast collection of data. Over the past decade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been in the spotlight as a powerful way to treat cancer. Learn about UCSF's response to the coronavirus outbreak, important updates on campus safety precautions, and the latest policies and guidance on our COVID-19 resource website. In the Science paper, using complex synNotch configurations like this, Lim and colleagues show they can selectively kill cells carrying different combinatorial markers of melanoma and breast cancer. Roybal is a co-founder of Arsenal Biosciences, and Williams is currently an Arsenal employee. Biological aspects of this general approach have been explored for several years in the laboratory of Wendell Lim, PhD, and colleagues in the UCSF Cell Design Initiative and National Cancer Institute- sponsored Center for Synthetic Immunology. The researchers used machine learning techniques to come up with the possible hits, and to see which antigens clustered together. Artificial Intelligence. Finding medicines that can kill cancer cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed is a Holy Grail of oncology research. Roybal is a co-founder of Arsenal Biosciences, and Williams is currently an Arsenal employee. They then combed through millions of possible protein combinations to assemble a catalog of combinations that could be used to precisely target only cancer cells while leaving normal ones alone. Focus on data that is core to your business. Developed in the Lim lab in 2016, synNotch is a receptor that can be engineered to recognize a myriad of target antigens. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF's primary academic medical center, includes top-ranked specialty hospitals and other clinical programs, and has affiliations throughout the Bay Area. Based on this gene expression analysis, Lim, Troyanskaya, and colleagues applied Boolean logic to antigen combinations to determine if they could significantly improve how T cells recognize tumors while ignoring normal tissue. Big data philosophy encompasses unstructured, semi-structured and structured data, however the main focus is on unstructured data. Big data usually includes data sets with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage, and process data within a tolerable elapsed time. "The field of big data analysis of cancer and the field of cell engineering have both exploded in the last few years, but these advances have not been brought together," said Troyanskaya. A single Jet engine can generate … As a result, it is important for organizations to educate their staff on how to use big data as a team to achieve the set objective. The recent focus on Big Data in the data management community brings with it a paradigm shift—from the more traditional top-down, "design then build" approach to data warehousing and business intelligence, to the more bottom up, "discover and analyze" approach to analytics with Big Data. "You're not just looking for one magic-bullet target. To demonstrate the potential power of the data they had amassed, the team used synNotch to program T cells to kill kidney cancer cells that express a unique combination of antigens called CD70 and AXL. But the new work adds a powerful new dimension to this work by combining cutting-edge therapeutic cell engineering with advanced computational methods. For authors of the Cell Systems study, see the original paper. For example, a synNotch receptor can be engineered so that when it recognizes antigen A, the cell makes a second synNotch that recognizes B, which in turn can induce the expression of a CAR that recognizes antigen C. The result is a T cell that requires the presence of all three antigens to trigger killing. Heat map tools allow you to track the areas where the site visitors click, engage … Moreover, when synNotch-equipped T cells were injected into mice carrying two similar tumors with different antigen combinations, the T cells efficiently and precisely located the tumor they had been engineered to detect, and reliably executed the cellular program the scientists had designed. About UCSF: The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. What does the Internet of Things mean for self-knowledge, privacy and inclusion? Using a machine learning approach, the team analyzed massive databases of thousands of proteins found in both cancer and normal cells. Funding: The work reported in Science was primarily funded by the National Institutes of Health (P50GM081879, R01 CA196277) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 2. For Lim, cells are akin to molecular computers that can sense their environment and then integrate that information to make decisions. "We want to increase the nuance and sophistication of the decisions that a therapeutic cell makes.". Finding medicines that can kill cancer cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed is a Holy Grail of oncology research. This is because it necessitates greater access by the end users in order to give real time. For one paper, published September 23, 2020 in Cell Systems, members of Lim's lab joined forces with the research group of computer scientist Olga G. Troyanskaya, PhD, of Princeton's Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and the Simons Foundation's Flatiron Institute. Since synNotch can activate the expression of selected genes in a "plug and play" manner, these components can be linked in different ways to create circuits with diverse Boolean functions, allowing for precise recognition of diseased cells and a range of responses when those cells are identified. Since synNotch can activate the expression of selected genes in a "plug and play" manner, these components can be linked in different ways to create circuits with diverse Boolean functions, allowing for precise recognition of diseased cells and a range of responses when those cells are identified. Biological aspects of this general approach have been explored for several years in … Answer: Big Data is a term associated with complex and large datasets. "This work is essentially a cell engineering manual that provides us with blueprints for how to build different classes of therapeutic T cells that could recognize almost any possible type of combinatorial antigen pattern that could exist on a cancer cell," said Lim. In CAR T cell therapy, immune system cells are taken from a patient's blood, and manipulated in the laboratory to express a specific receptor that will recognize a very particular marker, or antigen, on cancer cells. Big Data and design can come together to present an analytics template and a visualization experience that effectively manages to show correlations among diverse sets of data. This concept faces challenges in capturing data, data storage, data analysis, search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, updating, information privacy, and data source. They were joined by Christina Puig-Saus, Jennifer Tsoi, and Antoni Ribas of UCLA. The output response of synNotch can also be programmed, so that the cell executes any of a range of responses once an antigen is recognized. "This work is essentially a cell engineering manual that provides us with blueprints for how to build different classes of therapeutic T cells that could recognize almost any possible type of combinatorial antigen pattern that could exist on a cancer cell," said Lim. "Currently, most cancer treatments, including cell therapies, are told 'block this,' or 'kill this,'" said Lim, also professor and chair of cellular and molecular pharmacology and a member of the UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. The work described in the new Science paper, led by former UCSF graduate student Jasper Williams, shows how multiple synNotch receptors can be daisy-chained to create a host of complex cancer recognition circuits. Designing big data processes and systems with good performance is a challenging task. The following diagram depicts a snapshot of the most common workload patterns and their associated architectural constructs: Workload design patterns help to simplify and decompose the busi… The researchers used machine learning techniques to come up with the possible hits, and to see which antigens clustered together. by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. Big Data helps facilitate information visibility and process automation in design and manufacturing engineering. Pete Farley Big data web design will change how things work. Finding medicines that can kill cancer cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed is a Holy Grail of oncology research. For Lim, cells are akin to molecular computers that can sense their environment and then integrate that information to make decisions. "Currently, most cancer treatments, including CAR T cells, are told 'block this,' or 'kill this,'" said Lim, also professor and chair of cellular and molecular pharmacology and a member of the UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. An artificial intelligenceuses billions of public images from social media to … The following diagram shows the logical components that fit into a big data architecture. While scientists have shown that CAR T cells can be quite effective, and sometimes curative, in blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma, so far the method hasn't worked well in solid tumors, such as cancers of the breast, lung, or liver. Combining Machine Learning with Cell Engineering, Scientists Can Design 'Living Medicines' that Precisely Target Tumors. By Wudan Yan. It's an ongoing process Lim's group is now exploring how these circuits could be used in CAR T cells to treat glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer that is nearly always fatal with conventional therapies. In the Cell Systems study – led by Ruth Dannenfelser, PhD, a former graduate student in Troyanskaya's team at Princeton, and Gregory Allen, MD, PhD, a clinical fellow in the Lim lab – the researchers explored public databases to examine the gene expression profile of more than 2,300 genes in normal and tumor cells to see what antigens could help discriminate one from the other. Disclosures: Lim, Roybal, Williams, Allen, and Shah are inventors on patents related to the work reported in Science. While scientists have shown that CAR T cells can be quite effective, and sometimes curative, in blood cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma, so far the method hasn't worked well in solid tumors, such as cancers of the breast, lung, or liver. Big data is best analyzed using parallel computer processing — the same approach to computing used for advanced graphics. "You're not just looking for one magic-bullet target. Individual solutions may not contain every item in this diagram.Most big data architectures include some or all of the following components: 1. Big data powers design of 'smart' cell therapies for cancer. They then combed through millions of possible protein combinations to assemble a catalog of combinations that could be used to precisely target only cancer cells while leaving normal ones alone. If we can do this, then it could launch the use of these smarter cells that really harness the computational sophistication of biology and have real impact on fighting cancer.". Following are some the examples of Big Data- The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day. Developed in the Lim lab in 2016, synNotch is a receptor that can be engineered to recognize a myriad of target antigens. In CAR T cell therapy, immune system cells are taken from a patient's blood, and manipulated in the laboratory to express a specific receptor that will recognize a very particular marker, or antigen, on cancer cells. If we can do this, then it could launch the use of these smarter cells that really harness the computational sophistication of biology and have real impact on fighting cancer.". For funding sources of the work reported in Cell Systems, see the original paper. For many in the instructional design space, the term big data is something that is probably neither interesting nor relevant to the craft of design. The work described in the new Science paper, led by former UCSF graduate student Jasper Williams, shows how multiple synNotch receptors can be daisy-chained to create a host of complex cancer recognition circuits. Since solid tumors are more complex than blood cancers, "you have to make a more complex product" to fight them, he said. Cells in these solid cancers often share antigens with normal cells found in other tissues, which poses the risk that CAR T cells could have off-target effects by targeting healthy organs. Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! Machine learning algorithms help to increase efficiency and insightfulness of the data that is gathered (but more on that a bit later.) To demonstrate the potential power of the data they had amassed, the team used synNotch to program T cells to kill kidney cancer cells that express a unique combination of antigens called CD70 and AXL. In the Cell Systems study--led by Ruth Dannenfelser, PhD, a former graduate student in Troyanskaya's team at Princeton, and Gregory Allen, MD, PhD, a clinical fellow in the Lim lab--the researchers explored public databases to examine the gene expression profile of more than 2,300 genes in normal and tumor cells to see what antigens could help discriminate one from the other. For one paper, published Sept. 23, 2020, in Cell Systems, members of Lim's lab joined forces with the research group of computer scientist Olga G. Troyanskaya, PhD, of Princeton's Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and the Simons Foundation's Flatiron Institute. Lim, Roybal, and Williams receive licensing fees for patents that were licensed by Cell Design Labs, now part of Gilead Sciences. Since solid tumors are more complex than blood cancers, "you have to make a more complex product" to fight them, he said. EurekAlert! Lim, Roybal, and Williams receive licensing fees for patents that were licensed by Cell Design Labs, now part of Gilead Sciences. What is even more exciting is that we can use big data to design organizations, cities and governments that work better than the ones we have today" Alex Pentland, 2013 "We want to increase the nuance and sophistication of the decisions that a therapeutic cell makes.". For authors of the Cell Systems study, see the original paper. The big data design pattern manifests itself in the solution construct, and so the workload challenges can be mapped with the right architectural constructs and thus service the workload. "We need to comb through all of the available cancer data to find unambiguous combinatorial signatures of cancer. In two new papers, scientists at UC San Francisco and Princeton University present complementary strategies to crack this problem with "smart" cell therapies – living medicines that remain inert unless triggered by combinations of proteins that only ever appear together in cancer cells. Firms like CASE Design Inc. (http://case-inc.com) and Terabuild (www.terabuild.com) are making their living at the intersection where dat… Big data, little data, thick data, thin data. The 4 basic principles illustrated in this article will give you a guideline to think both proactively and creatively when working with big data and other databases or systems. Lim is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Allogene Therapeutics. Although CD70 is also found in healthy immune cells, and AXL in healthy lung cells, T cells with an engineered synNotch AND logic gate killed only the cancer cells and spared the healthy cells. To program these instructions into T cells, they used a system known as synNotch, a customizable molecular sensor that allows synthetic biologists to fine-tune the programming of cells. are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! "The computing capabilities of therapeutic cells combined with machine learning approaches enable actionable use of the increasingly available rich genomic and proteomic data on cancers.". Authors: In addition to Lim, authors of the Science paper at UCSF included Jasper Z. Williams, Greg M. Allen, Devan Shah, Igal S. Sterin, Ki H. Kim, Vivian P. Garcia, Gavin E. Shavey, Wei Yu, and Kole T. Roybal. In the coursework leading to a master's in educational technology, any discussion about using data to inform the design process is generally tied to creating courses that improve test scores. Four Vs of Big Data describe the components: provides eligible reporters with free access to embargoed and breaking news releases. Lim is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Allogene Therapeutics. They were joined by Christina Puig-Saus, Jennifer Tsoi, and Antoni Ribas of UCLA. Today, the term Big Data pertains to the study and applications of data sets too complex for traditional data processing software to handle. Big data powers design of 'smart' cell therapies for cancer. "Design patterns, as proposed by Gang of Four [Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides, authors of Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software], relates to templates and guidance frameworks for solving recurrently occurring problems," said Derick Jose, director of Big Data Solutions at Flutura Decision Sciences and Analytics. All big data solutions start with one or more data sources. "The field of big data analysis of cancer and the field of cell engineering have both exploded in the last few years, but these advances have not been brought together," said Troyanskaya. Examples include: 1. Big Data is extra large amounts of information that require specialized solutions to gather, process, analyze, and store it to use in business operations. In two new papers, scientists at UC San Francisco and Princeton University present complementary strategies to crack this problem with "smart" cell therapies--living medicines that remain inert unless triggered by combinations of proteins that only ever appear together in cancer cells. Learn more, Combining Machine Learning with Cell Engineering, Scientists Can Design 'Living Medicines' that Precisely Target Tumors. Data, big and small is changing experience design, and heuristics alone are no longer the end goal, they are the stepping-off point. Using a machine learning approach, the team analyzed massive databases of thousands of proteins found in both cancer and normal cells. Structured data consists of information already managed by the organization in databases and … In another example, if the T cell encounters an antigen present in normal tissues but not in the cancer, a synNotch receptor with a NOT function could be programmed to cause the T cell carrying it to die, sparing the normal cells from attack and possible toxic effects. Application data stores, such as relational databases. To program these instructions into T cells, they used a system known as synNotch, a customizable molecular sensor that allows synthetic biologists to fine-tune the programming of cells. Graphics processing unit manufacturers are reporting increased use of their GPUs for data-intensive tasks such as big data analytics. You can also access information from the CDC. Heat Map Analysis. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF's primary academic medical center, includes top-ranked specialty hospitals and other clinical programs, and has affiliations throughout the Bay Area. It happens often that the initial design does not lead to the best performance, primarily because of limited hardware and data volume … peter.farley@ucsf.edu Based on this gene expression analysis, Lim, Troyanskaya, and colleagues applied Boolean logic to antigen combinations to determine if they could significantly improve how T cells recognize tumors while ignoring normal tissue. Mountains of big data pour into enterprises every day, … But the new work adds a powerful new dimension to this work by combining cutting-edge therapeutic cell engineering with advanced computational methods. 415-502-6397 Workload patterns help to address data workload challenges associated with different domains and business cases efficiently. EurekAlert! For example, using the Booleans AND, OR, or NOT, tumor cells might be differentiated from normal tissue using markers "A" OR "B," but NOT "C," where "C" is an antigen found only in normal tissue. Disclosures: Lim, Roybal, Williams, Allen, and Shah are inventors on patents related to the work reported in Science. Big Data Powers Design of 'Smart' Cell Therapies for Cancer Details Research 27 November 2020 Finding medicines that can kill cancer cells while leaving normal tissue unscathed is a Holy Grail of oncology research. Authors: In addition to Lim, authors of the Science paper at UCSF included Jasper Z. Williams, Greg M. Allen, Devan Shah, Igal S. Sterin, Ki H. Kim, Vivian P. Garcia, Gavin E. Shavey, Wei Yu, and Kole T. Roybal. The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. Social Media The statistic shows that 500+terabytes of new data get ingested into the databases of social media site Facebook, every day. This data is mainly generated in terms of photo and video uploads, message exchanges, putting comments etc. @ucsf, Copyright © 2020 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences, BIOMEDICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL/CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. "The field of big data analysis of cancer and the field of cell engineering have both exploded in the last few years, ... Big data powers design of 'smart' cell therapies for cancer. Also, solid tumors also often create suppressive microenvironments that limit the efficacy of CAR T cells. We now have many, many tools to analyze how our experiences succeed or fail in meeting our user's needs. In another paper, published in Science on November 27, 2020, Lim and colleagues then showed how this computationally derived protein data could be put to use to drive the design of effective and highly selective cell therapies for cancer. A number of BIM and technology consultancies have popped up, as well, to meet the growing demand for data expertise. Also, solid tumors also often create suppressive microenvironments that limit the efficacy of CAR T cells. Moreover, when synNotch-equipped T cells were injected into mice carrying two similar tumors with different antigen combinations, the T cells efficiently and precisely located the tumor they had been engineered to detect, and reliably executed the cellular program the scientists had designed. For disclosures related to the work reported in Cell Systems, see the original paper. Biological aspects of this general approach have been explored for several years in the laboratory of Wendell Lim, PhD, and colleagues in the UCSF Cell Design Initiative and National Cancer Institute-sponsored Center for Synthetic Immunology. Funding: The work reported in Science was primarily funded by the National Institutes of Health (P50GM081879, R01 CA196277) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Lim's group is now exploring how these circuits could be used in CAR T cells to treat glioblastoma, an aggressive form of brain cancer that is nearly always fatal with conventional therapies. by University of California, San Francisco. The output response of synNotch can also be programmed, so that the cell executes any of a range of responses once an antigen is recognized. EurekAlert! © 2020 The Regents of The University of California, University Development & Alumni Relations, Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital and Clinics, Big Data Powers Design of 'Smart' Cell Therapies for Cancer, Drug Reverses Age-Related Mental Decline Within Days, UCSF, UCLA Gain FDA Approval for Prostate Cancer Imaging Technique, Breast Cancer Study Hits 30K Milestone in Demystifying Risk, Precision Medicine and Personalized Medicine. Big Data Powers Design of 'Smart' Cell Therapies for Cancer. For example, a synNotch receptor can be engineered so that when it recognizes antigen A, the cell makes a second synNotch that recognizes B, which in turn can induce the expression of a CAR that recognizes antigen C. The result is a T cell that requires the presence of all three antigens to trigger killing. Over the past decade, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been in the spotlight as a powerful way to treat cancer.
big data design
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big data design 2020


Localization tips and techniques that will help you adapt your applications to foreign markets and prep new products for international release.
- Hi, I'm Dennis Meyer and welcome to Localization for Developers. In this course I'm going to be talking about the most common challenges that developers face as they're preparing their products for international release. To begin with, we'll go over the process of internationalization and all of the preparations that must be made in an application before any work can be done to adapt it for a new foreign market. We'll dive into the biggest concerns that arise when adapting text, media, and application interfaces, and talk about some general strategies you can employ to work around any problems that arise.
We'll also discuss why localization entails so much more than just simple translation and what you need to look at when considering working with translators and localization specialists. Along the way, we'll be looking at how systems like machine translation, translation memory, and even crowdsourced translation can help you deliver a better product. So if you're ready to explore how you can start preparing your applications for the rest of the world, let's get started.


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June 16, 2009 Lehigh Valley, Pa.
Location: 9th Floor of City Hall, please report to reception upon arrival.
Additional photos will be available upon request from 3pm.
Please confirm attendance with Andie Allan, on +44 7956 549 526.
HydroJen will make her first UK appearance at the final of the 2009 London Schools Hydrogen Challenge, www.LSHC.co.uk, sponsored by Air Products. The character is coming to the UK to educate children and teenagers on renewable green energy sources. She will be visiting schools and taking part in challenges across the UK.
The Hydrogen mini-grid project at the Environmental Energy Technology Centre (EETC) in Rotherham where hydrogen is generated onsite and includes an Air Products fuelling station.


I am a producer and a culture geek – The New Yorker Khairi Mdnor builds an interesting combination of design and sports as he incorporates them in his business as well as in his private life. Having been a field hockey player in Singapore and still being part of Chinatown Soccer Club to this day, he founded the sport and culture platform RECESS in order to pursue his enthusiasm for these interests and translate the idea of sportsmanship to the creative community. Besides all this, he is married to a Belgian architect and is now a proud father of a 2-year-old, who seems to savour and suffer under the consequences of growing up in an exhausting home of languages that consists of English, Mandarin, Flemish, and Malay.
After sipping the essential double espresso in the morning, Khairi gets through the day with rather well-balanced tunes, which is certainly not meant in the dull way. In addition to some cheerful electronic beats as a Moodyman Remix from José James' Desire and smooth contemporary sounds such as the ones of Frank Ocean, one can definitely sense a blues influence. The reason why he had chosen for example a classic tune from Ewa Bem from the early seventies could have derived from his personal passion for this particular line of music, as he used to play the French horn for about 4 years. Khairi secretly falls for infinity pools – that sort of pool one would probably want to jump into with this very mixtape in the background.


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Drugs & Diseases > Neurology
Benign Skull Tumors
Author: Draga Jichici, MD, FRCP, FAHA; Chief Editor: Tarakad S Ramachandran, MBBS, MBA, MPH, FAAN, FACP, FAHA, FRCP, FRCPC, FRS, LRCP, MRCP, MRCS more...
Sections Benign Skull Tumors
Further Outpatient Care
Further Inpatient Care
Tumors of the skull are uncommon lesions that are not reported systematically in the medical literature. Therefore, assessing their true incidence and consequences to the health of the general population is difficult. Recent diagnostic advances have made such lesions easier to recognize, and new endonasal approaches to the skull base have significantly advaced our abilities to treat tumors located there. Skull tumors are estimated to account for approximately 1% of bone tumors.
Treatment for most tumors is not controversial. However, the differentiation and identification of the tumor type is the greatest clinical challenge. The usual presentation is an enlarging skull mass, with or without pain, or cranial nerve deficits if the tumor involves the base of the skull.
Plain skull radiography with special projections used to be an important diagnostic tool. Head CT scanning, with and without contrast, is the most useful investigation in determining the nature and extent of skull base tumors. The initial classification of a lesion into radiolucent (osteolytic) or radiopaque (osteoblastic) based on plain radiographs or CT scan is of considerable significance. The presence of sharply defined or irregular margins, presence or absence of sclerotic borders, and calcifications in the lesion are also vital to establish a tentative diagnosis.
Most skull tumors share certain MRI characteristics, such as hypointensity on T1-weighted images, hyperintensity on T2-weighted images, and some degree of contrast enhancement. The capability of imaging in multiple planes and enhanced soft tissue discrimination has made MRI an important diagnostic tool. The classification of benign and malignant brain tumors is based on that by Wilkins and Rengachary [1] (which is a modified version of the system outlined by Huvos [2] ).
The tumor type and behavior determine radiographic appearance (eg, radiolucent, radiopaque). Depending on the primary proliferating cell, benign skull tumors can be any of the following:
Bone forming
Cartilage forming
Tumors of connective tissue
Histiocytic tumors
Tumors of blood or blood vessel origin
Other types, including fibrous dysplasia, Paget disease, or epidermoid, dermoid, or aneurysmal bone cysts [3, 4, 5]
One of the most comprehensive series of bone tumors with classification originated from the Mayo Clinic. Of the 7975 patients in the series, 4% had tumors involving the skull (excluding the mandible, maxilla, and nasal cavity). Of these tumors, 19% were benign and 81% were malignant. Because the Mayo Clinic is a tertiary referral center, this series probably reflects some degree of selection bias. Other studies estimate that skull tumors comprise 1% of bone tumors.
Bone-forming tumors: Osteomas are the most common primary brain tumors of the calvaria, affecting 0.4% of the general population. Osteoid osteomas are very common, but ossifying fibromas are rare. Osteoblastomas account for approximately 1% of bone tumors.
Cartilage-forming tumors: Chondromas and chondromyxoid fibromas are rare. Chondroblastoma, although rare in some studies, accounted for 10% of the benign skull tumors in the Mayo series.
Connective tissue tumors: Desmoplastic fibroma is very rare in the skull (in the literature, only case reports exist).
Histiocytic tumors: Giant cell granuloma, nonossifying fibroma, and xanthoma are very rare in the skull.
Tumors of blood or blood vessel origin: Eosinophilic granuloma commonly affects the skull. Hemangiomas account for 10% of benign skull tumors (70% in the Mayo series).
Lymphangiomas: These tumors are rare.
Miscellaneous conditions: Aneurysmal bone cysts, epidermoid and dermoid tumors, intraosseous meningiomas, and fibrous dysplasia are relatively rare conditions. The prevalence of Paget disease is believed to be 1-5% in those older than 40 years, with involvement of any bone in the body, but most individuals remain asymptomatic and the condition is undiagnosed.
Mortality/Morbidity
Morbidity is due to recurrent sinusitis (tumors affecting sinuses or skull base), recurrence of tumor after excision, and cranial nerve compression at the skull base.
Malignant transformation to osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, or chondrosarcoma is observed in 2% of patients with Paget disease and 0.5% of patients with fibrous dysplasia.
Most tumors demonstrate no sex predilection.
Osteomas, ossifying fibromas, chondromas, and giant cell granulomas are observed more often in females than in males.
Osteoid osteomas, osteoblastomas, eosinophilic granuloma, and Paget disease affect males more often than females.
The female-to-male ratio of hemangiomas is 1:2.
Bone-forming tumors, connective tissue tumors, giant cell granulomas, and fibrous dysplasias usually manifest in young adults. Cartilage-forming tumors affect those aged 20-50 years.
Eosinophilic granuloma, nonossifying fibroma, and xanthoma usually manifest in those younger than 20 years. Epidermoids, dermoids, and lymphangiomas are usually observed in children.
The usual age of presentation for hemangiomas is in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Intraosseous meningioma and Paget disease affect those older than 50 years.
Prognosis varies very considerably based on the nature, location (basal vs calvarial) and size of the tumor, among other factors.
Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS. 2nd ed. Neurosurgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1996. 1503-1528.
Huvos AG. Bone Tumors: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1979.
Yuca K, Kiris M, Avcu S, Bayram I, Cankaya H, Kiroglu AF. A giant paediatric mandibular aneurysmal bone cyst and reconstruction with bilateral iliac bone graft. B-ENT. 2009. 5(1):39-42. [Medline].
Nasser MJ. Psammomatoid ossifying fibroma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst of frontal sinus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009 May 30. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Docquier PL, Delloye C, Galant C. Histology can be predictive of the clinical course of a primary aneurysmal bone cyst. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 May 9. [Medline].
Konishi E, Okubo T, Itoi M, Katsumi Y, Murata H, Yanagisawa A. Chondroblastoma of trapezium with metacarpal involvement. Orthopedics. 2008 Apr. 31(4):395. [Medline].
Schmitz-Feuerhake I, Pflugbeil S, Pflugbeil C. Radiation Risks from Diagnostic Radiology: Meningiomas and other Late Effects after Exposure of the Skull. Gesundheitswesen. 2009 Jun 23. [Medline].
Wootton-Gorges SL. MR imaging of primary bone tumors and tumor-like conditions in children. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2009 Aug. 17(3):469-87, vi. [Medline].
Yucel E, Akkaya H, Gürkanlar D, Ergun T. Congenital cavernous hemangioma of the skull. Turk Neurosurg. 2011. 21(4):645-7. [Medline].
Bloch O, Kaur G, Jian BJ, Parsa AT, Barani IJ. Stereotactic radiosurgery for benign meningiomas. J Neurooncol. 2011 Oct 18. [Medline].
Dassoulas K, Schlesinger D, Yen CP, Sheehan J. The role of Gamma Knife surgery in the treatment of skull base chordomas. J Neurooncol. 2009 Mar 11. [Medline].
Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, Vogel FS. 4th ed. Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and its Coverings. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. 1-66.
Keyserling H, Peterson K, Camacho D, Castillo M. Giant cell angiofibroma of the orbit. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Aug. 25(7):1266-8. [Medline].
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Composite CT scan, MRI, and angiogram of a symptomatic ossifying fibroma with extensive involvement of the skull base in a 12-year-old girl whose primary symptom was exophthalmos and loss of vision bilaterally.
Lateral skull radiograph of a 73-year-old patient with a slow-growing, nontender skull lesion. Note the typical honeycomb appearance.
Head CT scan of a 73-year-old patient with a slow-growing, nontender skull lesion shows a well-defined nonenhancing lytic lesion with calcification and honeycomb appearance.
Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) section of the brain of a 73-year-old patient with a slow-growing, nontender skull lesion showing a nonenhancing soft tissue mass. This lesion proved to be a hemangioma.
Lateral skull radiograph of a 17-year-old adolescent male with a painless slow-growing mass. The single round lytic lesion was found to be an epidermoid.
Fibrous dysplasia involving the sphenoid sinus and pterygoid plates as well as the sella. This is an asymptomatic lesion; observation was recommended.
Head CT scan of a 78-year-old woman with Paget disease. Note the cotton wool appearance of the lesion, with varying degrees of bone formation and no clear edges. Observation was recommended.
A well-preserved 90-year-old female patient with a mass in the occiput with an inability to sleep and rapid atrial fibrillation related to hyperthyroidism due to a solitary thyroid metastasis. This sagittal CT scan demonstrates a lytic lesion.
Same patient as above with mixed attenuation calvarial and epidural mass on MRI; lesion was resected.
A 49-year-old male patient with occipital headache and no deficits. A CT scan demonstrates an expansile lesion involving the diploe. This was demonstrated to be a dermoid tumor at histopathology.
Same patient as above with an expansile lesion involving the diploe on MRI.
A 56-year-old female patient with a small bump on her forehead which slowly increased in size over a 5-year period. A CT scan revealed a lesion which was resected with endoscopic assistance so the incision would be in the hairline. Histopathological examination confirmed an osteoid osteoma.
Axial and coronal CT scan images of a 40-year-old female patient with progressive visual decline in the left eye for >2 years. Patient was blind at presentation. A cranial resection was done with resulting return of light perception. Histopathological examination confirmed an intraosseous meningioma.
Coronal T1 and axial T2 images for same patient as above.
MRI images of a 40-year-old patient with a visual field defect in the left temporal (Ollier disease). Both lesions were resected and shown to be osteochondromas on histopathological examination.
CT scan images for same patient as above.
Axial and coronal T1 MRI images of a 65-year-old patient with a chronically large jaw who presented with h/a and left visual worsening due to fibrous dysplasia. Transnasal surgery combined with an eyelid approach was completed to open up the frontal sinus ostium and decompress the orbit.
Coronal and sagittal CT bone window images of same patient as above.
Draga Jichici, MD, FRCP, FAHA Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology and Critical Care Medicine, McMaster University School of Medicine, Canada
Draga Jichici, MD, FRCP, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Canadian Medical Protective Association, Neurocritical Care Society, Canadian Critical Care Society, Canadian Critical Care Society, Canadian Neurocritical Care Society, Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation
Kesava KV Reddy, MBBS Head of Service-Neurosurgery, St Joseph's Hospital; Chief of Surgery, Hamilton General Site, Hamilton Health Sciences; Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, McMaster University School of Medicine, Canada
Kesava KV Reddy, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, Canadian Consortium on Adult Hydrocephalus, Canadian Neurosurgical Society, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Hamilton Academy of Medicine, North American Skull Base Society, Ontario Medical Association
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Jorge C Kattah, MD Head, Associate Program Director, Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria
Jorge C Kattah, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, New York Academy of Sciences
Tarakad S Ramachandran, MBBS, MBA, MPH, FAAN, FACP, FAHA, FRCP, FRCPC, FRS, LRCP, MRCP, MRCS Professor Emeritus of Neurology and Psychiatry, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Family Medicine, Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University; Neuroscience Director, Department of Neurology, Crouse Irving Memorial Hospital
Tarakad S Ramachandran, MBBS, MBA, MPH, FAAN, FACP, FAHA, FRCP, FRCPC, FRS, LRCP, MRCP, MRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of International Physicians, American Heart Association, American Stroke Association, American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pain Medicine, American College of Forensic Examiners Institute, National Association of Managed Care Physicians, American College of Physicians, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal Society of Medicine
Spiros Manolidis, MD Associate Professor of Otolaryngology and Neurological Surgery, Columbia University
Spiros Manolidis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Auditory Society, American Head and Neck Society, American Medical Association, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons, Texas Medical Association
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Efstathios Papavassiliou, MD to the development and writing of this article.
encoded search term (Benign Skull Tumors) and Benign Skull Tumors
Benign Tumors of the Skull Base
Primary Malignant Skull Tumors
Skull Base Tumors
Pediatric Gardner Syndrome
Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses
Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma
Stereotactic Radiosurgery Versus Stereotactic Radiotherapy in the Management of Intracranial Meningiomas
Comparison of Radiographic Approaches to Assess Treatment Response in Pituitary Adenomas
Determining the Role of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in the Management of Meningioma
According to Neurologists
FDA Warns of 'Serious' Respiratory Problems With Gabapentin
Bedtime Dosing of Hypertension Meds Reduces CV Events
Novel Over-the-Counter Device May Offer Long-Lasting Pain Relief
'Low Value' Care? More Controversy for Statins in Primary Prevention
Aspirin Key to Expanding Access to Effective Migraine Treatment?
Diseases & Conditions Benign Skull Tumors
2002 882751-overview Procedures
Procedures Benign Tumors of the Skull Base
Diseases & Conditions Primary Malignant Skull Tumors
Procedures Skull Base Tumors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As often happens when a technology sits quietly for years until adopted by Apple, suddenly, it's grabbing headlines. Almost three years ago, we wrote about the first smart watch that supported so-called eSIM technology, but only now is it becoming widely known — because the iPhone XR, XS, and XS Max support the technology, allowing a virtual SIM to be added to a regular SIM card.
How does it work and what are the advantages? Let's take a look.
The first mobile phones had no SIM cards. Instead, they were programmed by a carrier, with the "user account" for network identification stored in the device's memory. SIM cards appeared in the GSM standard in 1991, allowing subscribers to use their phone on any network and their carrier account (that is, mobile number) with any phone, simply by inserting a piece of plastic with a microchip.
For as long as phones and modems were the only devices connected to the network, everyone was satisfied with this arrangement. The only thing that happened to SIM-cards as the years rolled by is that they became increasingly Lilliputian: the mini-SIM (the one we remember as "normal") was replaced by the micro-SIM, and then the nano-SIM. But the limit has been reached; the nano-SIM is just a microchip with bond pads, without a single millimeter of excess plastic.
Now that the Internet of Things is here, with its sensors, smart watches, and other, even tinier devices, even a nano-SIM slot is an inadmissible luxury. Enter the eSIM, a built-in SIM card.
At first glance, it seems to mark a return to programmable phones. However, this evolutionary microchip (approximately 5×6 mm, a fraction of the size of a nano-SIM) not only stores subscription data, but also can be downloaded over the air, remotely. Practically speaking, that means no need to manually insert SIM cards into tens of thousands of parking sensors or street-light control modules, or reorder a whole batch of cards when changing operators.
Turns out, eSIM technology is great not only for smart gadgets, but also for selling SIM cards for phones remotely. Carriers save money on start packages, renting retail space, dealers' fees, and so on, and the paying public saves time and effort by not having to go to a store or wait for a start package to arrive.
It is also perfect for travelers looking to avoid roaming charges. Purchasing the right plan online and downloading it straight to your phone is a lot simpler than getting one abroad in a store, especially if you don't speak the language.
Actually, eSIM technology has both advantages and disadvantages, at least for operators.
Sure, it simplifies the sale of services, but it also makes it easier for customers to move to competitors. At present, there is some lag between ordering a new SIM card and receiving it. With an eSIM, you can get an activation code much quicker. That makes the transition easier. Operators certainly don't want you to leave them with such ease.
Second, in most Western countries, smartphones are contract-based, which means that they are tied to the operator that sold them and work only with SIM-cards issued by that operator. Apple is now disrupting the entire ecosystem by handing the initiative to device manufacturers and prodding operators to develop online sales.
Residents of mainland China, one of the biggest markets for Apple, too, will not have a chance to try out eSIM technology for the time being. According to information on the Apple website, instead of an iPhone with a built-in eSIM, in China models will be sold with two nano-SIM slots. Likewise, new devices in Hong Kong and Macau will feature two removable SIM cards. Actually, the eSIM will also be available there, but only on iPhone XS smartphones.
Currently, eSIM for iPhone is provided by mobile carriers in most of the European countries, as well as Canada, Qatar, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, UAE, India, Kuwait, and the US.
"Tourist" SIM cards can also be purchased from the international operators Truphone and GigSky. For many, travel SIMs are in fact the only way to try out eSIM for the foreseeable future. In the handful of countries where operators support eSIM functionality, such services are available only to local residents, and not on locked phones (that is, ones tied to a particular carrier).
Connecting a virtual SIM card is not complicated. All the subscriber needs to do is scan a QR code generated by the operator, or manually enter the following parameters: SM-DP+ (Subscription Manager Data Preparation) server address and activation code. The operator will supply them.
The SM-DP+ server is the place where the subscriber profiles are generated, and the LPA (Local Profile Assistant) program on the device requests the relevant profile and loads it into the eUICC (embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card) — the microchip in which this profile is subsequently stored in encrypted form. The eUICC is also used for network authorization.
What's more, it can host several SIM profiles simultaneously, with a memory capacity of 512KB versus 64 or 128KB in traditional SIMs. This allows users to switch between virtual SIM cards. In the new iPhone, this is done by tapping Settings -> Cellular -> Cellular Plans.
As you can see, despite all the abbreviations, there is nothing difficult about connecting an eSIM. We think owners of the new iPhone should give it a try — and if the technology is not yet supported in your country, you can still purchase a virtual SIM card when abroad.


text:
We need a vote
Letchworth Garden City Street campaigning and Letter Writing
Join our group St Albans for Europe to campaign for a People's Vote on the Brexit deal!
Following a very successful first foray into Letchworth last Saturday - where people were queueing to give their views on the Brexitometer - we will be speaking to the public about the People's Vote and handing out leaflets encouraging them to write to their MP to ask them to vote against the deal - Britain deserves better! We need to tell our MPs we're #NotBuyingIt.
If you can help, please RSVP, including your name and email and tel no. We will be meeting for a briefing in the cafe at 10 for a 10:30 start, but after that volunteers will be mobile, so we need to be able to contact you to say where we are.
Alongside this, we will be running a 'letter writing event' with materials and inspiration for what to write to your MP in Esquire's Café between 10.30am and 1pm
December 01, 2018 at 10am - 1pm
Esquire's Cafe
27 Leys Ave
Letchworth Garden City SG6 3ED
Helen Campbell ·
By signing up to this event you are agreeing to be contacted by the event organiser who will be an individual or group connected to the People's Vote campaign. You will only be contacted in relation to this specific event, and your data will not be retained by the event organiser after the event has taken place.
This website uses cookies to improve your site experience. You can read our cookie policy here. Please click 'accept' to accept cookies from this website.
Promoted by Stuart Hand on behalf of the People's Vote campaign (Open Britain Ltd), Millbank Tower, 21-24 Millbank, London, England, SW1P 4QP.
Registered address: Open Britain, Millbank Tower, 21-24 Millbank, London, England, SW1P 4QP.


A series of articles exploring historical events that provide an important lesson for ensuring a more sustainable and healthy environment. Originally published as a bulletin feature for the newsletter of CHE-WA (Collaborative on Health and the Environment, Washington State chapter); produced by Steven G. Gilbert.
Gerhard Schrader: "Father of the Nerve Agents"
Tobacco: "Doubt Is Their Product"
We welcome your comments; please see the comment form on our Contact page.


Corticotomy facilitated orthodontics has been practising for longer periods, but a novel approach of a periapical incision to make horizontal cuts 5 mm above the apex of the maxillary anteriors along with vertical cuts requires a detailed investigation. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of skeletal cases with spacing in the anteriors using a novel method of modified surgical approach utilizing the corticotomy facilitated orthodontics. Patients for this study were randomly selected from a very intensive screening in the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, out of which seven patients were selected for this procedure. The patients were subjected for corticotomy procedure under local anesthesia after the leveling and aligning stage (0.019" × 0.025" stainless steel wire), and the retraction was continued still the space was closed. AutoCAD and palatal rugae assessment programs were used to assess the orthodontic tooth movement. The results of the study demonstrated that when compared to conventional orthodontics alone, the corticotomy facilitated approach produced faster tooth movements in all the seven patients reducing the overall treatment time by 60%. The use of this modified technique of labial, palatal and apical cuts could be beneficial for adult patients with difficult surgical access from the lingual side.
Objective: The study was conducted to find out the correlation if any between the duration of wearing orthodontic appliances and the intensity of transient bacteremia. Materials and methods: Study has been carried out on 50 subjects (21 males and 29 females), age ranging from 11 to 21 years, categorized in the separate groups with 25 subjects in each group of fixed (E1) and active removable appliances (E2). Both groups have been further divided into two subgroups separately, according to treatment duration; subgroup A, where treatment duration was less than 1 year and subgroup B, where treatment duration was more than 1 year. To find out transient bacteremia, blood samples from median cubital vein were collected before and after 5 minutes of brushing in all groups. Blood was cultured to observe growth of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains. Results: Study indicates no association between treatment duration and transient bacteremia in Group E1 but there was significant association between treatment duration and aerobic bacterial growth in Group E2. Findings reveal that the transient bacteremia was found more in orthodontic patients wearing appliances less than 1 year than those wearing appliances more than 1 year. Conclusion: There is significant association between treatment duration and transient bacteremia in case of active removable appliances. Further the duration of fixed orthodontic appliances in patients following proper oral hygiene instructions has no effect on transient bacteremia.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties (force deflection) of five different types of archwires used in initial stage of orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: A modified three-point bending test was performed on the sample of 75 wires of conventional stainless steel, multistranded stainless steel, superelastic NiTi, thermal NiTi and multistranded coaxial NiTi (15 each). The load exerted by each of the wire was measured at the deflections of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mm during loading and subsequent unloading process at 37°C temperature. Results: Force-deflection diagrams were determined from the passive position to an activation of 2 mm and then during deactivation forces on deactivation (unloading) at a deflection of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mm were compared by post hoc Tukey's analysis of variance. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in deactivation forces were observed among wires. The multistranded stainless steel wire had the lowest mean deactivation force (0.82 N), while the conventional stainless steel group had the highest mean value (3.56 N). Conclusion: The multistranded coaxial NiTi wires exhibited lighter and more continuous forces hence should be the first choice of wire during the initial stages of treatment followed by thermal NiTi and superelastic NiTi. Multistranded stainless steel wires can also be considered as an economical alternative to more expensive NiTi wires.
Objective: This study was designed to compare the relative efficiency of GC, Tooth Mousse, which contains 10% ACP-CPP and GC Tooth Mousse Plus which contains amorphous calcium phosphate casein phosphopeptide (ACP-CPP) with sodium fluoride 0.2% w/w (900 ppm) to inhibit enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets in vitro. Materials and methods: Forty-five non-carious, human maxillary premolars with no visible enamel defects were collected and bonded with stainless pre-adjusted stainless steel premolar brackets with light-cure composite resin. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups of 15 teeth and each group coded with unique colored nail varnish leaving a rectangular window extending occlusally. The teeth in each group were immersed separately in an artificial saliva solution for 11 hours and an acid solution for 1 hour maintained at room temperature. Group I, control group did not receive any application, as Groups II and III received GC Tooth Mousse and GC Tooth Mousse Plus respectively. The teeth were immersed alternately in the saliva and acid solution for 31 days. Two sections, each approximately 0.5 mm thick were obtained from each specimen. The sections were photographed with a polarized light microscope at 4× magnification. The depths of demineralized enamel in each section were measured at three sites. Results: The results of this study showed that GC Tooth Mousse Plus on daily application will provide maximum protection against the enamel demineralization in orthodontic patients, by reducing the lesion formation and simultaneously remineralizing the demineralized area by providing calcium phosphate ions and fluoride ions constantly. Conclusion: GC Tooth Mousse Plus (ACP-CPPF) showed better efficiency in reducing the demineralization and enhancing the remineralization around the orthodontic brackets and have maximum benefit compared to GC Tooth Mousse with good patient compliance.
To compare the various ossification stages of middle phalanges of third finger (MP3) and developmental stages of 2nd mandibular molar during the entire process of pubertal growth spurt. Evaluate the feasibility of recording MP3 stages using standard dental X-ray film. The mandibular 2nd molar exhibited highly significant correlation for both the males and females. This study showed a good correlation between the MP3 and dental maturity indicators. Therefore, 2nd molar tooth could be used as maturity indicator for the entire period of pubertal growth spurt. It can be used as an adjunct to the hand and wrist radiograph.
Orthodontic treatment aims to improve esthetics, function and structural balance. In some rare circumstances, the clinician may not be able to achieve the ideal treatment goals because of complex multiple orthodontic problems, which may include significant mutilation of the dentition. Brodie bite, a complete buccal posterior crossbite is a problem, which confronts clinicians with often complex variable etiology. The following case report demonstrates treatment of bilateral buccal nonocclusion that is mainly due to a maxillary dental arch issue rather than mandibular retrognathism.
The paradigm of orthodontics in the past century has been limited to the dentoalveolar segment and to some extent the jaws. The shift from hard tissue paradigm to soft-tissue has widened our focus on how we look at the face as a whole. Bringing about changes in soft-tissue contours, once thought to be beyond the scope of orthodontics are now being addressed to. Once such example of atypical soft-tissue morphology is the 'gull-wing' lip pattern. This pattern is identified by an obvious increase in incisal exposure at rest and smile and an excessive difference between the philtrum and commissural length. The lip morphology is known to be dependent on the vestibular sulcular depth which in turn depends on the vertical anterior teeth root positioning. The vertical incisal show is merely a manifestation of improper sulcular morphology seen in the gull-wing lip pattern. The true intrusion of maxillary incisors and simultaneous torque controlled retraction tends to alter the sulcular morphology and in turn the gull-wing pattern.
This article is regarding a case report presenting a true unilateral posterior crossbite in an adolescent patient, a challenging malocclusion to treat. Conventional expansion methods are expected to have some of its shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to introduce a technique for treating unilateral posterior crossbite in an adolescent or adult patient, advocating Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO)′ as a part of adjunctive protocol in the orthodontic realm. The procedure promises to radically shorten the treatment time. Methods: PAOO as an adjunctive procedure in orthodontics for treatment of unilateral posterior scissor bite. Results: Effective unilateral expansion was achieved using PAOO, and functional occlusion was established as well. Conclusion: Unilateral PAOO presents an effective and reliable technique to treat true unilateral crossbite.
Malpositioned teeth are responsible for esthetic and occlusal aberrations in many adults. Patient often skips orthodontic treatment because of longer treatment time. Increased orthodontic force does not increase root movement, because the periodontal tissue cannot overcome the resistance of alveolar bone without any damage to periodontal ligament. 'When are you taking off my braces?' This is probably the question most often addressed to orthodontists. The search for this efficiency, to shorten treatment time without forgoing optimal results is corticotomy. The process of bone metabolism takes time due to which the orthodontic treatment is prolonged. The purpose of corticotomy is to increase the rate of retraction by generation of local osteopenia in bone, which reduces the bone resistance to the tooth movement, thereby reducing the treatment time. My article describes the case reports of two patients that were treated with corticotomy.
Mesioangular impaction of molars often leads to their extraction to avoid potential damage to the mesial tooth's root. A brass wire technique is devised with simple biomechanical principles to upright impacted molars into the desired location in a fairly short-time.
Esthetics and bond strengths for composite buttons are high when compared to metal buttons. A new design of composite button fabrication is presented which does not require any special armamentarium and can be fabricated chair side.
The use of ceramic brackets offer esthetic value but can be frustrating to the clinician due to loss or breakage of an individual bracket. Replacing the lost bracket is expensive and often poses a problem to the orthodontist. In order to overcome this problem we propose an instant technique to fabricate a composite bracket to replace a lost bracket.
Clefts of the lip, alveolus and/or palate are often associated with several dental anomalies, the most common of which are severely rotated maxillary incisors. Patients with such congenital deformities seek orthodontic treatment as early as possible, for an esthetic as well as psychosocial benefit. Here, a new clinical technique is demonstrated for correction of a severely rotated maxillary central incisor which can be carried out in the mixed dentition phase itself, by modifying a commonly used palatal expansion appliance: the quad helix.


Dynamic Purchasing Systems Building Works below 1 000 000 GBP, 1 000 000 GBP to 2 500 000 GBP and 2 500 000 GBP and above.
The DPS is to supply construction works primarily for the Choice Housing Ireland Limited, Social Housing Development Programme.
It is envisaged the works will primarily range from new build social housing to new build social/affordable housing mix. The works may also include property refurbishment. Contractors may be expected to provide design elements to the project which may include limited instructed design to be detailed within the tender.
The Contracting Authority reserves the right to pick multiple winners from each competition. Tenders may include but not limited to fixed price submissions shared risk elements and traditional price list/bill of quantities.
3. Lot 3 — Building Works above 2 500 000 GBP.
Please note that if applicants are applying to all 3 Lots the Contracting Authority may at their sole discretion, limited the number of Lots to a maximum of 2 per applicant.
The Contracting Authority reserves the right to pick multiple winners from each competition.
Tenders may include but not limited to fixed price submissions shared risk elements and traditional price list/bill of quantities.
Please note that if applicants are applying to all 3 Lots, the Contracting Authority may at their sole discretion limited the number of Lots to a maximum of 2 per applicant.
The DPS will be open for 4 years. Applicants may apply at any time and subject to satisfactory performance will be permitted to remain within the DPS.
In the vent of poor performance Contractors may be removed from the DPS until such times as sufficient evidence can be prodced that the applicant has 'cleansed' the poor performance issues.
The Contracting Authority may Novate the DPD to any company within the wider Choice Housing Ireland Limited group of companies, this may include Choice Affordable Housing, Choice Development and Choice Housing.
Applicants should complete a self declaration form to be admitted onto the DPS, in the event the applicant is successful the information contained within the declaration must be presented within 7 days. Failure to do so may result in a project not being awarded.


House Speaker Paul Ryan actually expects us to believe he hasn't heard about the scandals that are consuming the EPA.
Paul Ryan might be speaker of the House and second in line to the presidency, but that doesn't mean he pays any attention to anything.
Scandals that lead the news and consume all the oxygen in Washington, D.C. — and beyond — just aren't on his radar. He hasn't heard about it, doesn't know about it, and therefore can't comment on it.
That's his usual dodge for anything related to Trump, and now he's invoking his "Gee, I just don't know" excuse to get out of opining on EPA administrator Scott Pruitt, who is facing more than investigations.
"Frankly, I haven't paid that close attention to it," Ryan told reporters Thursday. "I don't know enough about what Pruitt has or has not done to give you a good comment."
Reporter: Are you confident in EPA Admin. Pruitt?
The real question, at this point, is what hasn't Pruitt done? He's the subject of at least 11 federal investigations for all kinds of abuse of his office and misuse of taxpayer funds, including for his unprecedented round-the-clock security detail because people have said mean things to and about him.
Pruitt has categorized criticism of him and his policies as "threats" and even used those supposed "threats" to justify flying first class — again, on the taxpayers' dime. That's a practice for which he was outright ridiculed during a recent Senate hearing.
The number of Pruitt scandals are growing at such an exponential rate, they're almost too many to count.
They're so bad that even Sen. James Inhofe, a Republican senator from Pruitt's state of Oklahoma and a long-time mentor and supporter, has suggested maybe it's time for Pruitt to leave.
But Paul Ryan hasn't heard about any of this, apparently. He hasn't seen the dozens of reports in the papers or on TV. He hasn't heard his Republican colleagues comment about it.
Nope, Ryan just doesn't know enough to have an opinion on Pruitt and whether this shameful swamp creature should leave. How very convenient for Ryan.


Do you own El Rodeo? Contact us to connect with your diners.
The decor is fun. Employees were very nice. There's lots of menu items to choose from. I wasn't thrilled with the food, though.
Posted by Jeanie M. on March 11, 2014. Brought to you by yahoolocal.
Posted by Brad P. on February 28, 2014. Brought to you by yahoolocal.
Posted on August 03, 2016. Brought to you by menuism.
El Rodeo can be found at Monroe Hwy 6005. The following is offered: Restaurants. The entry is present with us since Sep 8, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Pineville there are 17 other Restaurants. An overview can be found here.


Please support legislation that would allow the states with medical marijuana laws in place to carry out their programs without federal interference.
This article was written by an honorably discharged Army veteran suffering from severe service connected illness Multiple Sclerosis. Submitted by Ask Jan.
"I feel safe here in NY; I am a born New Yorker; Disabled Veterans Who benefit from Medical Marijuana cant in the states they served to protect. Despite the work of patients and advocates, seriously ill patients such as myself are sadly still awaiting for all states to have medical marijuana laws along with regulated dispensary systems, so patients have safe and reliable access to the doctor-recommended medicine. Just as many Americans have access to Oxycodone, Lortab, Tylenol, and other doctor-recommended medicines. Why continue to criminalize the ill? Many Multiple sclerosis, cancer, & AIDS patients are choosing not to waste away. An estimated 350,000 people in the United States are living with multiple sclerosis (MS), a painful, debilitating and sometimes fatal disorder of the central nervous system. MS is the most common debilitating neurological disease of young people, appearing between the ages of 20 and 40, and affecting more women than men. Symptoms vary considerably from person to person; however, one frequently noted is spasticity, which causes pain, spasms and loss of function. Anecdotal reports cannabis has demonstrated effects on immune function that shows potential of reducing the autoimmune attack that is thought to be the underlying pathogenic process in MS. Many MS patients like me report that cannabis has a profound effect on muscle spasms, tremors, balance, bladder control, speech and eyesight. Lastly I was a wheelchair – bound patient, and am able to walk unaided when I have smoked cannabis. There are hundreds of thousands of medical marijuana patients like me in this country whom would benefit when they are able to purchase their medicine from safe, reliable and regulated establishments. In a New York study, marijuana was shown to help more than three-quarters of nauseated chemotherapy patients who did not respond to other medicines. It has also been associated with tripling the chances that AIDS and hepatitis C patients will be able to stay on their life-saving medicines. Last but most important to me, the needles to administer MS medications hurt, I don't like needles, nor do I like using them to administer my medication. I no longer use them.
Unlike Oxycodone, Lortab, Tylenol, Hydrocodone and even water, marijuana has never caused an overdose or death. Seriously ill patients should not be arrested for using medical marijuana according to their doctors' recommendations. Currently, 16 states and the District of Columbia have passed laws allowing for the medical use of marijuana by individuals with qualifying conditions. These laws are protecting sick and dying patients like me to continue to evolve and improve. The newest laws are successfully regulating access to marijuana medicine through state-licensed dispensaries, though not legal federally, why not? Severely Disabled Veterans need The Controlled Substances Act to recognize the difference between medical and recreational use of marijuana! These laws are generally applied only against persons who possess, cultivate, or distribute large quantities of marijuana. Under federal law, marijuana is treated like every other controlled substance, such as cocaine and heroin; classified as a Schedule I drug, which means that the federal government views marijuana as highly addictive and having no medical value. I am living proof, and The American public Health Association and American Nurses Association have noted its extremely wide margin of safety, there is zero evidence stating or supporting overdoes or death cause by Cannabis (Marijuana). On May 25, three bills related to protecting medical marijuana patients and providers were introduced in the U.S. House. The first, H.R. 1983, would change federal law so that individuals acting in clear compliance with state medical marijuana laws would be protected from federal arrest and prosecution. In states with regulated dispensary systems, patients have safe and reliable access to the doctor-recommended medicine that works best for them. Why should the federal government or this state force responsible medical marijuana users to suffer without their medicine or to retreat back to the criminal market where regulation and oversight is impossible? This would also bring in money to the states along with many job opportunities.
NYS Senate Bill S2774 has been introduced to allow the doctor-advised use of marijuana by the very ill. Patients like me have suffered for too long. I am begging, asking for you to stand up for ill patients and this legislation so that 2011 will finally be the year in which we protect all of our veterans, no matter what medicine they need to use. Lastly according to a February 2010 Quinnipiac poll, 71% of New Yorkers support allowing medical marijuana, as does the vast majority of the state's medical community. This is a case where evidence and compassion are on the same side.
Doctors may not "prescribe" marijuana for medical use under federal law, though they can "recommend" its use under the First Amendment. The Drug Enforcement administration (DEA), charged with enforcing federal drug laws, has taken a substantial interest in medical marijuana patients and caregivers in general and large cultivation and distribution operations more specifically. Over the past few years, dozens of people have been targets of federal enforcement actions. Many of them have either been arrested or had property seized. More than a hundred are currently in prison or are facing charges or ongoing criminal or civil investigations for their cultivation or distribution of medical marijuana. The DEA, like local enforcement agencies, can choose how to make the best use of its time. Ideally, the DEA will leave medical marijuana patients and their caregivers alone so they say???... But federal law does not yet recognize medical marijuana and should!!!!
Again why continue to criminalize the ill? Medical Marijuana is not available in all states for the severely disabled veterans like me, but should being I served and was honorably discharged due to server service connected disability. I urge you to support legislation that would allow the state with medical marijuana laws to carry out their programs without federal interference. Also please work on making federal laws allowing Marijuana to be used medically, since again there is zero evidence stating or supporting overdoes or death cause by Cannabis (Marijuana). Freedom, Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness to for all right? I am one of many asking and begging for you to please be a voice, for now, you can show your recognition of the difference between medical and recreational use of marijuana. Medical Marijuana is needed in NYS. Your support is needed and will be greatly appreciated. Also I am very interested in your responsive views on this issue, Thank you for your time."
You wrote some beatiful, truthful and powerful words!
Good info! Today, more and more doctors admit that marijuana treatment is effective in a number of diseases. Some studies as well confirmed marijuana to have benefits for a vast range of medical conditions, from disseminate sclerosis to depression and similar conditions.
Hear hear! My VA doctor who cannot prescribe MMJ would gladly do so, without Fed restraints. USN, Ret.


Too much intake of Xanax could lead to symptoms such as drowsiness, difficulty of breathing, and dull reflexes. Fatal overdose symptoms are more likely to happen if Xanax is mixed with alcohol or other drugs. The cure for an overdose of Xanax may include "pumping the stomach," prescribing certain medicines (such as Romazicon), or rendering supportive care.
Xanax® (alprazolam) is a drug that is used to soothe panic disorder and anxiety. As with all medicines, it is a possiblity for a person to become overdosed on Xanax. The specific effects of an overdose will vary depending on a number of factors, including the amount of Xanax taken and whether it was taken with any other medicines, alcohol, or street drugs.
Life-threatening overdose symptoms are more likely to occur if Xanax is combined with alcohol or other medications, especially other medications that has effects on the brain.
The treatment for a Xanax overdose varies.
* Other treatments depend on complications that occur.
It is important that you consult a physician immediately if you certain that you may have taken too much Xanax.


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Home Social Science What Citation Should I Use For Social Science?
What Citation Should I Use For Social Science?
The APA (American Psychological Association) Style is commonly used for referencing in social sciences such as psychology, sociology, and education as described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA). APA is an "author-date" based style.
1 What citation is used for social science?
2 Do you use MLA or APA for social sciences?
3 Is APA used for social sciences?
4 Do social sciences use MLA?
5 What are the 3 citation styles?
6 What are the commonly used citation styles used today?
7 Which is better MLA or APA?
8 Why is APA format used in social sciences?
9 Who uses MLA and who uses APA?
10 What style does social sciences use?
11 What subjects is APA used for?
12 How do you do APA format?
13 Who should use MLA format?
14 Is APA format for science?
What citation is used for social science?
APA. APA citation style is most frequently used in the social and behavioral sciences (psychology, education, anthropology, social work, etc).
Do you use MLA or APA for social sciences?
APA is most often used in the disciplines of: Social Sciences (including Psychology, Education, Sociology, Economics, Criminal Justice, etc.)
Is APA used for social sciences?
APA (American Psychological Association) Style is widely used in the social sciences, business, and some of the life sciences. APA Style uses brief in-text citations in the text that refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing at the end of the work.
Do social sciences use MLA?
MLA (Modern Language Association) is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature, but it is also used in the social sciences. MLA style uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that refer to an alphabetical list of works cited appearing at the end of the work.
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What are the 3 citation styles?
How to do I choose a citation style?
APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities.
Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
What are the commonly used citation styles used today?
There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:
Modern Language Association (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Chicago, which supports two styles: Notes and Bibliography. Author-Date.
Which is better MLA or APA?
MLA is more commonly used than APA at the high school level. MLA (Modern Language Association) format is used for humanities and literature works. APA (American Psychological Association) is used for technical and scientific works. Each writing style is formatted to make citations for that specific field easier.
Why is APA format used in social sciences?
So why is APA format so important in psychology and other social sciences? By using APA style, researchers and students writing about psychology are able to communicate information about their ideas and experiments in a consistent format.
Who uses MLA and who uses APA?
APA and MLA are two of the most commonly used citation styles. The APA manual (published by the American Psychological Association) is mostly used in social science and education fields. The MLA Handbook (published by the Modern Language Association) is mostly used in humanities fields.
What style does social sciences use?
American Psychological Association or APA style is widely accepted in the Social Sciences. One minute video on APA citation format. APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.
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What subjects is APA used for?
APA format is preferred by the American Psychological Association and is typically used in behavioral and social sciences such as psychology, sociology, history, and communication. It's also used in business courses.
How do you do APA format?
APA Paper Formatting Basics
All text should be double-spaced.
Use one-inch margins on all sides.
All paragraphs in the body are indented.
Make sure that the title is centered on the page with your name and school/institution underneath.
Use 12-point font throughout.
All pages should be numbered in the upper right hand corner.
Who should use MLA format?
MLA Style is typically reserved for writers and students preparing manuscripts in various humanities disciplines such as:
English Studies – Language and Literature.
Foreign Languages and Literatures.
Literary Criticism.
Comparative Literature.
Cultural Studies.
Is APA format for science?
The most frequently used citation style used in science is APA (American Psychological Association) style, a citation format used primarily in the social sciences, education and engineering. Yes, you have to add a bibliography or reference list citing all sources mentioned in your scientific paper.
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I notice the ATO is responding to Right To Know FOI requests by attaching a PDF with further instructions to obtain other information from the ATO FOI Order website rather than simply attaching all relevant information to your email response.
This has the effect of making it more difficult for the public to access the contained information and I question the justification to send correspondence in this manner.
This is an FOI request for all documents that explain the reasons for the ATO decision to process FOI requests in this manner.
There is a cost associated with retrieving material from your website and this cost can exceed that required by an individual to retrieve an email from their own email service. While the cost may be minimal for some, it may be too much for others, particularly those who are disadvantage or have high costs for downloads in regional areas or where the NBN has hopeless covered. For these reasons I urge the ATO to send all correspondence directly to the email address from which Right To Know FOI requests are sent.