text:
Our News page contains updates and news we feel
could be valuable to your Non-Profit organization.
How the New Tax Law Affects Nonprofits
The recently enacted tax law has both direct and indirect effect…
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How the New Federal Tax Law and the New York State Budget Affect Affordable Housing: Heveron & Company CPAs
The new tax law was not a direct hit on affordable housing, affordable…
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New Rules for Raffles; Solving a Problem You Didn't Know You Had
nonprofits can only accept cash for lottery ticket purchases in New York State but that may change thanks to propose legislation
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Nonprofit Multistate Filing
this document contains information about registration requirements for nonprofits in states where they solicit contributions
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Measuring and Reporting Nonprofit Outcomes
this document contains information about how to measure and report nonprofit outcomes
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Internal Controls over Federal Awards
Uniform Guidance (guidelines for organizations receiving federal…
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New York State Charities Bureau Registration and Annual Filing Requirements
this document highlights registration and filing requirements information including some special rules for charities that operate or solicit funds in New York State
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Getting your nonprofit listed on GuideStar
This document contains an explanation of how charities get listed on GuideStar and how to contact GuideStar about your listing
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Gaming by Charities in New York State
This document contains information about nonprofit gaming by charities in New York State
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Federal Internal Control Standards – the Green Book Is Released
the document called Federal internal control standards has been released and can be used by organizations subject to Uniform Guidance
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Volunteers' out-of-pocket expenses for charity
this document contains information about deducting and documenting expenses you pay for a charity
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Dashboard Reporting for Nonprofits
this document contains recommendations for developing a nonprofit financial dashboard
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Acknowledging Contributions -What to Say When You Get a Donation
this document contains information about when and how to acknowledge contributions including contributions for which something is given in return
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NYS Workers Compensation and Unemployment Guidance for Charities
NYS Workers Compensation and Unemployment Guidance for Chari…
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Reducing the Possibility of Fraud in Your Organization
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Gaming Rules for Charities
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Overtime Regulations and Will They Affect Your Charity?
Overtime Regulations-Will They Affect Your Charity
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Acknowledging Contributions and What to Say
Acknowledging Contributions-What to Say When You Get a Donat…
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Lobbying in an Election Year
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Changes at the IRS
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Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Massachusetts was the nations armory for over 174 years. Starting in 1777 during the Revolution War when the armory was established. The armory was created to manufacture ammunition, repair and store weapons along with maintaining artillery.
After the US won its independence in the revolutionary war President George Washington ordered the Springfield Armory to manufacture flintlock muskets so the new nation wouldn't be dependent on anyone else.
For over 174 years the Springfield Armory was open until 1968. The armory developed and manufactured America's military weapons including many famous guns/weapons that can be seen at the Armory.
A few of the most famous arms that are on display at the Springfield Armory NHS include the muzzle-loading Springfield rifle of the Civil War, the bolt-action Springfield Model 1903 from WW1, and the Springfield M-1 Garand rifle of WW2.
The Springfield Armory houses the largest collection of American military shoulder arms in the world.
The visitor center is the heart of the armory. You can't really miss it unless you are there when the park is closed. The visitor center has all of the displays of guns and information on the park.
The junior ranger program can be completed within the Springfield Armory. Depending on the age of the participants they may need adult help. Many of the questions are based on specific gun cases and the guns that are found in them. I would suggest 45 minutes to 90 minutes to complete the program.
There is a page of word searches and a couple of other easier pages to be completed. When I turned my program in the ranger checked each answer and helped me know which guns I had switched by mistake in the booklet.
The Junior Ranger program is a great way to learn more about the work that was done at Springfield Armory.
The museum at Springfield Armory NHS is in the main Arsenal Building from around 1848. The tour takes you through the production area and into a museum of gun cases. The cases of guns show the evolution of guns from the early production to when the Springfield Armory shut down. It is a great way to see how guns evolved during war and from heavy use.
The 20-minute documentary is a great way to learn about the history of the Armory. I found it fascinating and learned a lot about the work that was done at the armory and how it came to be.
For GPS directions – 1 Armory St., Springfield, MA. 01105.
When you drive onto the community college campus be prepared for students to be everywhere! This is definitely a parking lot to drive slow in and be aware of all the people. There is designated parking spots for the Armory right in front of the building.
Memorial Day through October 31, Springfield Armory National Historic site is open seven days a week from 9 am to 5 pm.
November 1 until Memorial Day Weekend, Springfield Armory NHS is open Wednesday through Sunday, 9 am to 5 pm.
Closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's Day.
Check out all of the great Massachusetts National Parks you can visit!


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Q: Symfony2 ManyToMany or OneToMany or what? I'm trying since about 2 weeks to get my code running.
Database structure (simplified):
Table User
| ID | Username |
Table Tasks
| ID | Task Title | Task Type |User
Table Task Type
| ID | Task Type Title |
Table Task Done
| ID | Task ID | User ID
What I want:
add a Task, select if task is global ( visible for every user) or if task is visible for just one user ( global or User-ID is put into table field "User" in Table "Tasks".
If I marked a task as "done", I want to make an entry into the table "Task Done" with the task ID and user ID ( user ID's value comes from the page, where the entry is done, normally its the same value as in table "Tasks" field "USER" , but when the task is a "global" task, the value for "USER ID" in table "Task Done" can't be "global" but the ID of the User, who is working this task.
I tried many ways with many to many, one to many and so on. But I always get errors, can someone help me? I have read, that there could be some problems with the table field names for the "ID" field.
Maybe someone can tell me how to setup the database structure / entites.
It would help me a lot!
Kind regards,
Marvin
EDIT 1
Error while doing doctrine:schema:update --force in console.
[Doctrine\DBALDBALException]
An exception occurred while executing 'ALTER TABLE tasks ADD CONSTRAINT
FK_50586597BF396750 FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES task_done (id)':

SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1452 Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`seotool`.`#sql-382_38`, CONSTRAINT `FK_50586597BF396750` FOREIGN KEY (`id`) REFERENCES `task_done` (`id`))

[PDOException]
SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1452 Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`seotool`.`#sql-382_38`, CONSTRAINT `FK_50586597BF396750` FOREIGN KEY (`id`) REFERENCES `task_done` (`id`))

Code Task.php
<?php

 namespace Seotool\MainBundle\Entity;
 use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
 use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;
 use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;

 /**
  * @ORM\Entity
  * @ORM\Table(name="tasks")
  */
 class Task {

/**
 * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
 * @ORM\Id
 * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
 */
protected $id;

/**
 * @ORM\Column(type="string")
 */
protected $task_title;

/**
 * @ORM\Column(type="text")
 */
protected $task_description;

/**
 * @ORM\Column(type="string")
 */
protected $task_priority;

/**
 * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="TaskTypes", inversedBy="task")
 * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="tasktype", referencedColumnName="id")
 */
protected $TaskTypes;

/**
 * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="User", inversedBy="task")
 * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="user", referencedColumnName="id")
 */
protected $User;

/**
 * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="TaskDone", inversedBy="task")
 * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="id", referencedColumnName="id")
 */
protected $TaskDone;

....

Code TaskDone.php
<?php

 namespace Seotool\MainBundle\Entity;

 use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
 use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;

 /**
  * @ORM\Entity
  * @ORM\Table(name="task_done")
  */
 class TaskDone
 {

/**
 * @ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity="Task", mappedBy="TaskDone")
 */
protected $task;

/**
 * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
 * @ORM\Id
 * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
 */
private $id;

.....

A: I couldn´t recreate your exact error but looking at your disired table structure I got an example running by changing the name of the join column... your were asking doctrine to create a column used as a foreing key but the table already contains a column named id. Use something like name="task_ id" instead.
you have this:
/**
 * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="TaskDone", inversedBy="task")
 * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="id", referencedColumnName="id")
 */
protected $TaskDone;

change it to this:
/**
 * @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="TaskDone", inversedBy="task")
 * @ORM\JoinColumn(name="task_id", referencedColumnName="id")
 */
protected $TaskDone;

You also have the relation backwards. This will create a filed task_id in your "Task" table and you wanted to create it in the "Task Done" table. To fix this you should place the OnetoMany on the Task Entity and the ManyToOne in the TaskDone.
Doctrine documentation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Search for help not working in Rstudio (?? Command) Rstudio search function is not working.
I tried ??tidyverse and it returns "No Results Found" in the Help Windows.

It should bring the help file describing the package or function asked.
My sessionInfo:


Do you recall when you got your first car? The feeling of freedom was unparalleled. You could go where you wanted, when you wanted, with anyone you wanted. For many people, getting their first hearing aids is a similar experience.
How can getting your first pair of hearing aids compare to getting your first car? There are some less obvious reasons why having hearing aids can help you keep your independence. As it turns out, your hearing has a significant effect on your brain's functionality.
Your brain's capacity to respond to changes can be illustrated with the following example: Following the same way as you always do, you set off for work. You soon find that there is an accident blocking your way. What is your reaction to this blockage? Is giving up and going home an option? Unless of course you're searching for a reason not to go to work, probably not. You would probably quickly seek an alternate way to go. As long as your primary route was closed this new route would become your new routine. If the new route turned out to be more efficient, you would replace the old one with it.
In your brain, when normal functions are not working the same thing occurs. The brain sends its processing along with alternative paths, and this re-routing process is called neuroplasticity.
Neuroplasticity can help you master a new language, or in learning new skills such as martial arts or forming healthy habits. Gradually, the physical changes to the brain adapt to match the new pathways and once-challenging tasks become automatic. Neuroplasticity can be equally as good at causing you to forget things you already know as it can be at assisting you in learning new skills.
Hearing loss is the perfect example of how neuroplasticity has a negative impact on your day-to-day life. As explained in The Hearing Review, researchers from the University of Colorado discovered that even in the early phases of loss of hearing, when your brain stops working on processing sounds, it will be re-purposed for other tasks. And it may not be ideal for them to alter in that way. The link between loss of hearing and cognitive decline can be explained by this.
When you have hearing loss, the parts of your brain in charge of functions, like vision or touch, can take over the under-utilized areas of the brain responsible for hearing. This diminishes the brain's available resources for processing sound, and it impairs our capability of understanding speech.
So, if you find yourself asking "what was that?" regularly, you already have hearing loss. And even more important is the reality that your brain may already be beginning to restructure.
As with most things, you get both a negative and positive side to this awesome ability. Neuroplasticity enhances the performance of your hearing aids even though it might make your hearing loss worse. Thanks to your brain's talent of regenerating tissue and to reroute neural pathways, you can get the most from the technology inside your ear. Hearing aids encourage mental growth by stimulating the parts of your brain associated with loss of hearing.
In fact, a long-term study was published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. It found that wearing a set of hearing aids decreased cognitive decline in people with hearing loss. The study, titled Self-Reported Hearing Loss: Hearing Aids and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Adults: A 25-year Study, followed over three thousand adults over the age of 65. The study showed that people with hearing loss had a higher rate of cognitive decline. However, people that used hearing aids to correct their hearing loss displayed no difference in the rate of cognitive decline as compared to those with normal hearing.
It doesn't matter how old you are, the versatility of the brain means that it can modify itself at any point in time. You should also take into consideration that hearing loss can accelerate mental deterioration and that this decline can be decreased or even prevented by wearing hearing aids.
Don't dismiss your hearing aids as simple over-the-counter sound amplification devices. According to leading brain plasticity expert Dr. Michael Merzenich, by challenging yourself to engage in new activities, being active socially, and maybe even practicing mindfulness you can increase your brain's performance regardless of your age is.
To ensure your quality of life, hearing aids are a must have. Becoming isolated and withdrawn is a common problem for those with hearing loss. If you want to remain active and independent, get a pair of hearing aids. Keep in mind that if you want your brain to stay as young as you feel it needs to continue processing sound and receiving stimulation.


French Door Local Experts will be available for all your goals regarding French Doors in Lake Arthur, NM. You're looking for the most advanced technologies in the market, and our team of highly trained contractors can offer just that. We are going to work with premium supplies and budget friendly solutions to make sure that you have the highest quality products and services for the best rate. Call by dialing 888-669-5583 to learn more.
French Door Local Experts targets customer satisfaction to ensure that you are ultimately very happy with our business. We understand your expectations and standards, and we will work hard to guarantee that you approve of our work. We appreciate all your concerns and questions, and we're there to help you. We prepare for all of your questions and concerns, and we can resolve them whenever you give us a call. We have got the practical experience and information to help you come up with the most effective choices about your project.
Lowering costs is an integral part of any work. On top of that, you're looking for the best and finest standard of services regarding French Doors in Lake Arthur, NM. Our company offers the highest quality even while helping you save money. We utilize the best supplies and techniques to ensure that your project is going to stand up to the test of time, and we conserve your funds in ways which don't alter the superior quality of your project. We'll do this by giving you the best bargains around and steering clear of costly errors. To be able to reduce costs, French Door Local Experts is the company to connect with. Contact 888-669-5583 to speak with our customer service agents, right now.
French Doors are available in Lake Arthur, NM.
On the subject of French Doors in Lake Arthur, NM, you need to be well informed to make the very best choices. We ensure you know what can be expected. You won't confront any kind of unexpected surprises whenever you use French Door Local Experts. Step one will be to call by dialing 888-669-5583 to begin your task. We will review your questions and concerns as soon as you call and help you get organized with an appointment. We always get there at the scheduled time, all set to work together with you.
Plenty of reasons can be found to choose French Door Local Experts when it comes to French Doors in Lake Arthur, NM. Our company is the best choice when you want the most beneficial money saving options, the highest quality materials, and the best rate of customer satisfaction. We appreciate your expectations and objectives, and we're ready to help you using our expertise. When you require French Doors in Lake Arthur, choose French Door Local Experts by dialing 888-669-5583, and we are going to be glad to help you.


(EMAILWIRE.COM, February 06, 2019 ) Worldwide Aircraft Obstruction Beacon Market Analysis to 2027 is a specialized and in-depth study of the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon Industry with a focus on the global market trend. The report aims to provide an overview of global Aircraft Obstruction Beacon Market with detailed market segmentation by product/application and geography. The global Aircraft Obstruction Beacon Market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the Market status of the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.
The "Global Aircraft Obstruction Beacon Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon industry with a focus on the global market trend. The report aims to provide an overview of global Aircraft Obstruction Beacon market with detailed market segmentation on the basis of type, application, and geography. The global aircraft obstruction beacon market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.
The report provides a detailed overview of the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides overview and forecast of the global aircraft obstruction beacon market based on type and application. It also provides market size and forecast till 2027 for overall aircraft obstruction beacon market with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America (SAM). The market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers analysis and forecast of 16 countries globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.
Also, key Aircraft Obstruction Beacon market players influencing the market are profiled in the study along with their porter's five forces and market strategies. The report also focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, products and services offered, financial information of last 3 years, key development in past five years.
A detailed market estimation approach was followed to estimate and validate the size of the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon market and other dependent submarkets.
The key players in the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon market were identified through secondary research, and their global market shares were determined through primary and secondary research.
The research methodology includes the study of the annual and quarterly financial reports of the top market players as well as interviews with industry experts for key insights on the Aircraft Obstruction Beacon market.
All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns were determined by using secondary sources and verified through primary sources.
All the possible parameters that affect the market segments covered in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analyzed to get the final quantitative and qualitative data.


text:
Khwarizm
by The Editorial Team	Published on: 2nd February 2005
Al-Biruni - Al-Khwarizmi - Central Asia - Ibn Fadlan - Kazakhstan - Mathematics - People - Places - The Editorial Team - Turkmenistan - Uzbekistan -
Khwarizm is the city of the birth of algebra, where Al-Biruni corrected and refined the sciences of the past and thought of the earth spinning on its axis many centuries before Copernicus.
The Muslims entered Khwarizm in 712 CE, led by Kutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili, the lieutenant in Khorasan of the great governor Al-Hadjadj b.Yusuf.[1] Islam gradually spread throughout the region in Khwarizm, just as it did in Khorasan and Transoxenia. Khwarizm in the earlier Middle Ages had two capitals, one on the Persian side of the Oxus called Jurjaniyah, or Urganj, the other on the eastern Turkish side called Kath, which in the tenth century was held to be the capital in chief of the province.[2] Geographers of the 10th century give detailed accounts of the topography and climate of Khwarizm, with much emphasis on the very cold winters and on the flourishing economy and commerce.[3] The great prosperity of the region is attested by the fact, that Ibn Fadlan on his mission to the King of the Bulghars left Gurgandj in a caravan of 3000 camels and 5000 people.[4] Khwarizm was celebrated for its fruit, carpets, brocades of mixed cotton, silk and numerous canals. [5]
Besides the economic prosperity, Khwarizm witnessed a sharp rise in the numbers of traditionalists (i.e Hadith scholars) , lawyers and theologians at an early stage.[6] Khwarizm was to produce one amongst the great scholars Al-Khwarizmi (d.847); then in the following century, we have such outstanding figures as the poet and prose stylist Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Al-Abbas al-Khwarizmi (d. 993); and the Samanid secretary and official,Abu Abd Allah Muhammad B.Ahmad al-Khwarizmi, author of the pioneering encyclopaedia of the sciences, the mafatih al-ulum (The Keys to Sciences). The Islamic literary and philological sciences flourished there as is shown by the section on the fudala khwarizm in Tha'alibi's anthology, the Yatimat al-Dhar;[7] and by the figure of al-Biruni.[8]
The focus here is on two of the greatest figures of all: Al-Khwarizmi, and Al-Biruni.
Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad ibn Musa Khwarizmi (780-850 CE), from Khwarizm (now Khiva), south of the 'Arab Lake,' was the greatest scientist of his time, working in mathematics, geography, and astronomy.[9] Al-Khwarizmi wrote in about 825 CE a treatise on Algebra entitled 'Kitab al Mukhtassar fi'l hisab al jabr wa'l muqabalah' (Compendious Book of Calculation by Completion and Balancing). Translated in Latin simply as 'algebra'. In addition to writing the first arithmetic using numerals, this work became'the prototype' for all Islamic and medieval Latin works on Algebra.[10] Al-Khwarizmi's work is undoubtedly the beginning of algebraic calculus and decimal arithmetic; the first work in which that word appears in the mathematical sense, 'Algebra' meaning in Arabic 'restoration', that is the transposing of negative terms of an equation.[11] It set forth solution paradigms for six types of problems expressed in modern symbolism by the equations (1) ax2 = bx, (2) ax2 = b, (3) ax = b (4) ax2 + bx = c (5) ax2 + c = bx and (6) bx + c = ax2 , where a, b and c are all positive rational numbers.[12]
Al-Khwarizmi may be regarded as the inaugurator, or at any rate the populariser, of algebra as a subject independent of geometry.[13] It was not exactly algebra in the modern sense of the term, but more of an introduction to applied calculus, based on numerous detailed examples. Khwarizmi gave the value of pi thus: 'If a circle has a diametre of 7, it has a circumference of: 22'[14] This is an approximation accurate to about 1 in a thousand.
Al-Khwarizmi's Kitab al-mukhtasar (Compendious book on calculation by completion and balancing) translated in Latin simply as Liber algebre. The term "algebra" was first applied only to the first part translated by Robert of Chester in 1145.[15] Al-Khwarizmi's work was studied until the sixteenth century as the principal textbook of European universities, introducing into the West the science of algebra.[16] But Robert was not alone. Muslim Algebra was also transmitted to the West through the Latin translations of Adelard of Bath, John of Seville and indirectly through Fibonacci's writings. It was also transmitted through the Hebrew treatise of Abraham Bar Hiyya, itself translated into Latin by Plato of Tivoli.[17] Plato's translation appeared in the same year, 1145, as Robert of Chester's translation of Al-Khwarizmi's Algebra. The year 1145 might well be counted as the birth year of European Algebra; but if we mean to reserve that title for the publication of the first original treatise (as opposed to translations), then the birth year was 1202 when the Liber Abaci appeared.[18] By the middle of the twelfth century thanks to Plato of Tivoli and Robert of Chester, Latin mathematicians could become acquainted, if they were sufficiently eager to do so, with the main results of the Arabic algebra of the ninth and tenth centuries. [19] It amounts to this: that they could find the positive roots of quadratics and could solve imperfectly special cubics. Some sixty and eighty years-that is, two and three generations-later the first Christian algebraist added a few contributions of his own, first in the Liber Abaci (1202), then in the Flos (1225).[20]
L. C. Karpinski's: edition of the Algebra (1915) contains a general summary of al-Khwarizmi's life and works.[21] Of its original three parts, only two were transmitted to Europe, and those two arrived separately. Hence, it took Latin scholars some time to realise that the two parts compliment each other.[22] Algebra, however, made little progress in Europe. It only appeared in university curriculum when it was taught at Leipzig in the late fifteenth century.
From a variant of the name of the author "Al-Khwarizimi", we obtain the word "algorism," and logarithm.[23] The word 'algorithm' for a long time signified arithmetic, or at any rate any process involving repeated calculation.[24] His book on arithmetic, the Arabic text of which has been lost but which survives in a Latin version, was instrumental in introducing the numerical system.[25] With this system also spread the use of the zero, which derives from the Arabic sifr, 'void'; the earliest use of the Arabic zero was in a number indicating the year 260 AH (CE 873) in a deed written on parchment, less than twenty-five years after Khwarizmi's death. [26] But there is no doubt that, as far as the West was concerned, the zero was a direct importation from Arabic. [27] A Latin translation of an arithmetic text was discovered in 1857 at the University of Cambridge Library. Entitled Algoritimi de Numero Indorum, the work opens with the words: "Spoken has Algoritimi. Let us give deserved praise to God, our Leader and Defender."[28] It is believed that this is a copy of Al-Khwarizmi's arithmetic text which was translated into Latin in the twelfth century by Adelard of Bath.[29] This work deals with arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy; it is possibly a summary of al-Khwarizmi's teachings rather than an original work.[30]
Al-Khwarizmi's astronomical and trigonometric tables, which were revised by Maslama al-Majriti (q. v., second half of tenth century), were translated into Latin as early as 1126 by Adelard of Bath. They were the first Muslim tables and contained not simply the sine function but also the tangent (Maslama's interpolation?).[31] On top of Al Khwarizmi's achievements referred to already, and amongst other things, he introduced a method similar to long division to extract the square root (jithr) of a number. He was the first to introduce the concept of mal (power) for the squared unknown variable. He also gives geometrical solutions of quadratic equations, for e.g., x2 + 10x = 39, an equation often repeated by later writers.[32] He also perfected the geometric representations of quadratic equations having two variables, e.g. the circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola (conic sections) etc.
With regard to al-Khwarizmi's geographical work, his maps which were made at the command of the caliph Ma'mun and seen by Masudi in the tenth century, have not survived.[33] It consists of a representation of Ptolemy's material in tabular form, with the interpolation of further data which was available in the Muslim period, these tables were arranged on the system of seven climates, six climates grouped around a central one.[34]
In gratitude to God, for his scholarly achievements, Al-Khwarizmi, in the preface of his book Kitab al-Jabr wal muqabala, says:
'I have been guided by good intentions, and I hope this work will meet amongst people of good letters, who have been gifted by God's higher skills, a favourable welcome. May God guide me in the right path, either in this enterprise or in others; I trust in God, Master of the Highest Realm; May God's blessings be on his Prophets and Messengers.'[35]
Al-Biruni
Al-Biruni, Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Abu'l- Rayhan (973-1050 CE). Al-Biruni studied mathematics, history, and medicine.[36] His interest extended to nearly all the sciences.[37] His production exceeds 146 titles in more than twenty different disciplines, such as mathematics, mathematical geography, chronology, mechanics, pharmacology, mineralogy, history, literature, religion, and philosophy. He composed an encyclopaedia of astronomy, a treatise on geography, and an epitome of astronomy.[38] But the bulk of his work lies in mathematics and related disciplines (ninety-six titles).[39] He contributed to geometry the solution of theorems that thereafter bore his name.[40] He wrote histories of Mahmud's reign, of Subukrigin, and of Khwarizm. He explained the workings of natural springs and artesian wells by the hydrostatic principle of communicating vessels.[41] Only twenty-two works of his have survived the ravages of time and only thirteen of these works have been published. His work on the demarcation of the coordinates of cities (Tahdid) was written so as to determine the direction to Mecca (Qibla); Al-Biruni determined the local meridian and the coordinates of any locality.[42] In one of his works, he even outlines a psychological theory of error, listing six causes liable to cause men to lie.[43] The fruit of his endeavours was an excellent and original book on the chronology of the nations, which he dedicated to prince Kabus, a work, which brought him into contact with Ibn Sina, with whom he engaged in unremitting polemics.[44] In his work Biruni surveys the calendars of the various peoples: Persians, Greeks, Egyptians, Jews, Melkite and Nestorian Christians, Sabaeans, and the ancient Arabs.[45] He was one of a group of scholars compulsorily assembled by the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud, and went then to India, the outcome of the journey was the publication of his masterly work on India. He initiates his readers into the science of the Indians, and leads them on to an understanding of their thought, as well as propounding views on the geology of the Indus valley which were well in advance of his time.[46] He speculated on the possibility that the Indus valley had been once the bottom of a sea.[47]
In astronomy, Al-Biruni wrote treatises on the astrolabe, the planisphere, the armillary sphere; and formulated astronomical tables for Sultan Mas'ud. Indeed, Al-Biruni's astronomical findings are well elaborated in his al-Qanun al-Mas'udi (dedicated to the ruler Mas'ud), a work which is a most extensive astronomical encyclopaedia, slightly short of 1,500 pages, in which he determines the motion of the solar apogee, corrects Ptolemy's findings and is able to state for the first time that the motion is not identical to that of precession, but comes very close to it.[48] Al-Biruni had his doubts about Ptolemy's view that distance of the sun from the earth is 286 times the latter's circumference, al-Biruni's argument being that Ptolemy based his claim on total eclipses but disregarded annular eclipses which implied larger distances.[49] Al-Biruni was unable to observe a total eclipse. Therefore, he could not verify the findings of Ptolemy, a fact which he frankly admits, that measurement of the moon's distance from the earth was possible, but he found the sun's distance immeasurable by the instruments of that age and its distance remained an object for conjecture.[50] Al-Biruni employs mathematical techniques unknown to his predecessors that involve analysis of instantaneous motion and acceleration, described in terminology that can best be understood if we assume that he had "mathematical functions" in mind.[51] In the eighth maqalah of the Qanun, al-Biruni presented a masterly exposition of both the solar as well as the lunar eclipses, especially the section dealing with al-kusufin (the images of the eclipses) which pass on the faces of the sun and the moon without affecting their body; he referred in his letter to a book on the two united and equal axes.[52] Six hundred years before Galileo, Al-Biruni discussed the theory of the earth rotating about is own axis. The following in relation to this subject is worthy of record as an indication of Al-Biruni's independence of mind:
He took it for granted that the earth is round, and noted "the attraction of all things towards the centre of the earth," and remarked that astronomic data can be explained as well by supposing that the earth turns daily on its axis and annually around the sun, as by the reverse hypothesis[53]:
'Rotation of the earth would in no way invalidate astronomical calculations, for all the astronomical data are as explicable in terms of the one theory as of the other. The problem is thus difficult of solution.'[54]
Al-Biruni wrote about the astrolabe, the planisphere and the armillary sphere, besides inventing an astrolabe which he called cylindrical, but which is now referred to as orthographical.[55] Using the astrolabe and the presence of a mountain near a sea or flat plain, he calculated the earth's circumference by solving a highly complex geodesic equation. With the aid of mathematics, he also enabled the direction of the Qibla to be determined from anywhere in the world. Max Meyerhof observed earlier this century that most of al-Biruni's mathematical works and many other writings have not been published yet.[56]
Al-Biruni was also very active in physics. He composed an extensive lapidary, describing a great number of stones and metals from the natural, commercial, and medical points of view.[57] He determined the specific gravity of eighteen precious stones, and laid down the principle that the specific gravity of an object corresponds to the volume of water it displaces.[58] To determine specific gravity, he used a 'conical vessel' (which al-Khazini calls the conical instrument of abu'l-Rayhan (al-Biruni), to find the ratio of the weight of water displaced to the weight of a substance in air.[59] Al-Khazini in his Kitab Mizan al-hikma (the Book of the balance of Wisdom) makes a detailed description of such an instrument and its uses (including by himself).[60] In his work on precious stones, he gave an account of the correspondence to be found between these and the metals, and determined their specific weights.[61] Mieli explains how Al-Biruni weighted meticulously the substance he wanted to study, then dipped it into his conical instrument that was filled with water. He weighed the water which had been displaced by the immersed substance and which was escaping the instrument through a hole conveniently placed. The ratio between the weight of the body and that of the same water volume, gave the specific weight sought.[62] Many of the specific aspects of such an instrument owe to the fact that al-Biruni was extremely careful in ensuring his results were as accurate as possible. Al-Biruni carried out a series of measurements of specific weights, and summarised his findings in a number of tables. His results are very close to modern data, some of the deviations are explained by the impurity of the specimen and by temperature differences in his experiments.[63] He also determined the specific weight of some liquids, and established the differences in the specific weights of hot and cold water along with fresh and salt water. He was the first in history to introduce checking tests in the practice of experiments.[64]
Al-Biruni also wrote on descriptions of several different forms of chess, and elaborates on the moves of the different pieces. The most popular form of chess was played with dice, which allowed chance to predominate over the skill of the player.[65] It should be mentioned, too, that Biruni initiated and studied the problem of grains of corn placed on squares of the chess-board, repeatedly doubling the number of grains on each square, a procedure related to geometric progression.[66] He found, indeed, a method of calculating, without laborious additions, the result of the repeated doubling of a number, as in the Hindu story of the chessboard squares and the grains of sand.[67]
But the best conclusion on this genius is left to Sarton:
'Oriental historians call him "the Sheik"—as if to mean "the master of those who know." His multifarious production in the same generation with Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Haytham, and Firdausi, marks the turn of the tenth century into the eleventh as the zenith of Islamic culture, and the climax of medieval thought'[68]
In 1221, like in many other places, the Mongols inflicted great damage on Khwarizm. Yaqut was at Jurjaniyah, or Gurganj as he calls it, shortly before the place was devastated by the Mongols under Genkhis Khan; and he writes that he had never seen a mightier city, nor one more wealthy or more beautiful.[69] In 1220 all this was changed to ruin. The great canal dykes having been broken down, the waters of the Oxus flowed off by a new course, and the whole city was laid under water.[70] The Mongol hordes when they marched away left nothing, according to Yaqut, but corpses and the ruined walls of houses to mark the place of the great city.[71]
However, a century afterwards it began to recover and Ibn Battuta could find and praise the madrassa, the hospitals, the charitable institutions, the fine markets. It recovered up until in 1388 when Timur fell on Khwarizm. Timur razed the capital of Khwarizm Urgene to the ground, and inflicted so massive a devastation, that Khwarizm never recovered and lost its cultural and economic splendour forever.[72]
Before such onslaughts, Khwarizm like the eastern most parts of Islam produced a great number of scholars. Setting aside those considered at great length already, such as al-Razi, Al-Farghani, Al-Tabari, Al-Khazini, etc, also can be cited lesser known ones such as Umar al-Nasafi who came from the vicinity of Samarkand; the grammarian al-Zamarkashshari, from Khwarizm; the mathematician al-Kharaqi who lived in Merv; the grammarian al-Maidani who came from Nishapur; the mathematician Muzaffar al-Asfusari, and the historian of religions al-Shahrastani, from other parts of Khorasan. A fine group of men, says Sarton.[73] Khwarizm, however, produced two of the greatest scholars of Islam: Al-Khwarizmi and al-Biruni. They gave civilisation and science some of its best, on Al-Khwarizmi, Arndt reflecting, 'works of a learned man, from a nation that has ceased to exist and in a time that passed away more than a millennium ago, are still benefiting us today.'[74]
-A. Arndt: Al-Khwarizmi: in From Five Fingers to Infinity; Edited by F.J. Swetz; Open Court; Chicago; 1994; pp. 289-92.
-C.E. Bosworth: Khwarizm; Encyclopaedia of Islam; New series; Vol 4; pp. 1060-5. .
-W. Durant: The Age of faith, Simon and Shuster, New York; 6th printing; 1950.
-R.E. Hall: Al-Khazini; Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Editor Charles C. Gillispie; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973, Vol VII, pp 335-51.
-P.K.Hitti: History of the Arabs, MacMillan, London, 1970.
-Louis Charles Karpinski: Robert of Chester's Latin translation of the Algebra of al- Khowarizmi. With an introduction, critical notes, and an English version, New York, 1915.
-Al-Khwarizmi; preface of Kitab al-Jabr wal muqabala; 1939 edition, Cairo.
-G. Le Strange: The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate; Cambridge University Press; 1930.
-M. S. Mahoney: Mathematics in David C. Lindberg ed: Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1978;pp 145-178.
-Max Meyerhof: Science and Medicine, in Sir Thomas Arnold and A. Guillaume edition: The Legacy of Islam, first edition; Oxford University Press; 1931; pp 311-55.
-A.Mieli: La Science Arabe et son role dans l'Evolution Mondiale; Leiden, E, J. Brill, 1966.
-Ibn al-Nadim: Fihrist, Edition Flugel; 1857.
-M. Rozhanskaya (in collaboration with I.S. Levinova) Statics, in The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science; R. Rashed Ed; Routledge; London; 1996; pp 614-42.
-G. Saliba: Al-Biruni; Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Ed Joseph Strayer; Vol 2. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York; 1980 ff.
-G. Sarton: Introduction to the History of Science; in 3 vols; The Carnegie Institution; Washington; 1927 ff.
-C.Singer: Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900, Oxford University Press, 1959.
-M. Souissi: En parcourant les prefaces des ouvrages scientifiques en langue arabe; Cahiers de Tunisie, vol 22; 1974; pp. 147-62.
-H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber, 1900.
– G.Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations; Translated from the French; George Allen &Unwin Ltd; UNESCO; 1975.
[1] C.E. Bosworth: Khwarizm; Encyclopaedia of Islam; New series; Vol 4; pp. 1060-5. p. 1062.
[2] G. Le Strange: The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate; Cambridge University Press; 1930; p. 446.
[3] C.E. Bosworth: Khwarizm; op cit; p. 1063.
[4] C.E. Bosworth: Khwarizm; p. 1063.
[5] G. Le Strange: The Lands; op cit; p. 459.
[7] Edited in Cairo; iv; pp. pp. 94-255.
[8] C.E.Bosworth: Kwarizm; op cit; p. 1063.
[9] G.Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations; Translated from the French; George Allen &Unwin Ltd; UNESCO; 1975; p. 645.
[10]M. S. Mahoney: Mathematics in David C. Lindberg ed: Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1978;pp 145-178.;p. 157.
[11] C.Singer: Short History of Scientific Ideas to 1900, Oxford University Press, 1959. P. 148
[12] M.Mahoney: Mathematics; in Dictionary of the Middle Ages; Vol 8; pp 212-3.
[13] G.Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; op cit;; p. 645.
[14] G.Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; p. 645.
[15] M.Mahoney: Mathematics; pp 212-3.
[16]P.K.Hitti: History of the Arabs, MacMillan, London, 1970;p. 379.
[17] G. Sarton: Introduction to the History of Science; in 3 vols; The Carnegie Institution; Washington; 1927 ff. Vol II, p.8.
[18] G. Sarton: Introduction; Vol II, op cit; p.8.
[21] Louis Charles Karpinski: Robert of Chester's Latin translation of the Algebra of al- Khowarizmi. With an introduction, critical notes, and an English version (164 p., New York, 1915; Isis, IV, 504).
[22] M. S. Mahoney: Mathematics in David C. Lindberg ed: Science in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1978;pp 145-178;p. 157.
[23] H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (10, 1900); Nachtrage (158-160, 1902).
[24] G. Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; op cit; p. 645.
[25] G. Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; p. 645.
[28] The Arithmetic has been published by Baldassare Boncompagni: Trattati d'aritmetica; Roma, 1857.
[29] The Liber ysagogarum Alchorismi in artem astronomicam a magistro A. [Adelard of Bath?] compositus." In G. Sarton: Introduction; op cit; vol I; p. 563.
[30] G. Sarton: Introduction; vol I; p. 563:
[31] Sarton I 563:
[35] Al-Khwarizmi; preface of Kitab al-Jabr wal muqabala; 1939 edition, Cairo; pp 15-6: in M. Souissi: En parcourant les prefaces des ouvrages scientifiques en langue arabe; Cahiers de Tunisie, vol 22; 1974; pp. 147-62. at p. 149.
[37] W. Durant: The Age of faith, Simon and Shuster, New York; 6th printing; 1950. p. 244.
[38] W. Durant: The Age; p. 244.
[39] G. Saliba: Al-Biruni; Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Ed Joseph Strayer; Vol 2. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York; 1980 ff. p.248.
[40] In W. Durant: The Age; p. 244.
[41] G. Sarton: Introduction; op cit; I; p. 707.
[42] G. Saliba: Al-Biruni; op cit; 248.
[45] G. Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind; p. 648-9.
[47] Al-Biruni: India; I; p. 198; in W. Durant: The Age; op cit; p. 244..
[48] G. Saliba: Al-Biruni; op cit; p.249.
[52] Qanun, Maqalah, VIII, see also Ibn al-Nadim: Fihrist, Edition Flugel; 1857. p. 31.
[53]C. De Vaux: Les Penseurs de l'Islam; Vol 2; Geuthner; Paris; p. 217.
[54] G. Wiet; V. Elisseeff; P. Wolff; and J. Naudu: History of Mankind;op cit; ; p. 649.
[56] Max Meyerhof: Science and Medicine, in Sir Thomas Arnold and A. Guillaume edition: The Legacy of Islam, first edition; Oxford University Press; 1931; pp 311-55, at p. 332.
[57] W. Durant: The Age; op cit; p. 244.
[58] K. Bukhsh: 181; in W. Durant: The Age; op cit; p. 244.
[59] Most of the instruments designed by Muslim scientists whether in chemistry, surgery, physics or astronomy seem to be taken for granted, the fact, though, is that the design, and use of instruments by Muslim science is of absolutely crucial significance. Indeed, some of these instruments seem rather obsolete by today's standards of technical advance (some are still used, though,) yet, they had a crucial influence on the whole of modern science, and for various reasons. Moreover, the use of instruments for scientific experimentation, however ordinary it may seem, was a revolution in science, making experimental science the norm as against the usual Greek speculative approach. These were also the first steps on which science and scientists and designer built the modern equipments, techniques, and laboratories we have today.
-The second point is the constant search for the perfect instrument for the sake of extreme accuracy which became the rule with Muslim science, and is the principal rule of modern science today.
[60]See Al-Khazini by R.E. Hall: Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Editor Charles C. Gillispie; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973, Vol VII, pp 335-51.
[62] A. Mieli: La Science Arabe et son role dans l'Evolution Mondiale; Leiden, E, J. Brill, 1966. p. 101.
[63]M. Rozhanskaya (in collaboration with I.S. Levinova) Statics, in The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science; R. Rashed Ed; Routledge; London; 1996; pp 614-42. pp. 638-9.
[64] Rozhanskaya; p. 639.
[68] G. Sarton: Introduction; op cit vol I. P. 693.
[69] G. Le Strange: The Lands; op cit; p. 448.
[70] G. Le Strange: The Lands; p. 448.
[72] C.E. Bosworth: Khwarizm; op cit; p. 1064.
[73] G. Sarton: Introduction; op cit; vol II p.147.
[74] A. Arndt: Al-Khwarizmi: in From Five Fingers to Infinity; Edited by F.J. Swetz; Open Court; Chicago; 1994; pp. 289-92; p. 291.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The ownership of an insolvent person's property debts transfers to what is called the Official Assignee in Bankruptcy to be sold by him for the benefit of those to whom the individual owes debts (creditors).
Are my debts gone when I declare bankruptcy?
Any debts included in bankruptcy are written off. The Official Assignee will deal with your creditors for you, so this will put an end to any demands for unpaid debt – no more calls, letters or visits.
There may be reasons to keep a debt outside of bankruptcy (such as continuing to pay reasonable mortgage payments on a family home to prevent its transfer to the Official Assignee) and advice from an experienced solicitor is essential in navigating this. Some debt cannot be included in bankruptcy, such as court fines in respect of criminal offences, or any new debts you accumulate after the date you are made bankrupt.
Can I keep my family home?
It is possible to keep a family home through the bankruptcy procedure but each case will depend on its facts.
Of note is the inclusion in the new Act of the section which provides that the family home will automatically revert to the bankrupt after three years if the Official Assignee has failed to sell it.
Bankruptcy proceedings are brought in the High Court.
The application for a Bankruptcy Order is filed in the Office of the Examiner of the High Court.
We can guide you through this entire process, step by step.
What does the Official Assignee do with the property?
The Official Assignee will attempt to sell the property and then make sure that the proceeds are shared out fairly among creditors.
Any outstanding debt will be written off after a three year period.
Bankruptcy normally lasts for 1 year but you will usually have a duty to contribute surplus income (income less reasonable living expenses) towards your debts for up to 3 years.
What 'Reasonable Living Standards' am I entitled to while undergoing bankruptcy?
Yes, you are entitled to have a reasonable standard of living. This includes food, clothing, education, healthcare and a modest allowance for savings.
Under the ISI model, this means a higher standard than merely living at a subsistence level, which people often exist on when in debt.
Bankruptcy is not suitable for some situations and at Lynch Solicitors we have a proven track record of guiding clients through the various alternative avenues open to them when struggling with debts.
The Personal Insolvency Act 2012 offers a way out for people with unmanageable personal or mortgage debt by offering Arrangements administered by PIPs.
A Debt Settlement Arrangement (DSA) will cover loans of €20,000 or more, with no limit. The debtor will have to pay off a certain amount for up to 5 years and the balance may then be written off.
A Personal Insolvency Arrangement (PIA) will apply specifically to mortgage holders for secured and unsecured debts of €20,000 to €3million. 65% of the lenders must be in agreement for some of the debt to be written down. A borrower could have the option of handing back their property and paying part of the balance in monthly instalments over 6 years and the remainder would then be written off. Those who avail of a Personal Insolvency Arrangement can only do so once. Careful consideration needs to be given by those who wish to seek debt relief in this manner.
John M. Lynch is authorised by the Insolvency Service of Ireland to carry on practice as a personal insolvency practitioner. As the first Solicitor PIP licensed under the Act he will make the proposal on behalf of the debtors provided they satisfy a number of criteria i.e. must be living in the State for a year before the date of application or domiciled here, the property which the loan was taken out for must be within the State, the borrower must be unable to pay their debts as they fall due and not have been declared bankrupt etc. The PIP will also verify and certify a financial statement prepared by the debtor confirming their financial position.
The old adage of the "once in a lifetime opportunity applies" and it is important to be aware that those who avail of a Personal Insolvency Arrangement can only do so once.
For those people in debt for mortgages on their homes it is very important to be aware that this arrangement will only be available if they have been engaging with their lender for at least six months prior to their application.
Co-operation and negotiation are therefore key to the success of any such application and those who ignore their arrears will not be able to avail of the new arrangement.
It is vital therefore for those who may wish to avail of the new arrangements to be seen to be actively corresponding with their lenders if not doing so already.
As a team, we have continued to improve our expertise and John M. Lynch completed a Diploma in Insolvency and Corporate Restructuring and is the first registered Solicitor PIP in Ireland.


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023 THE GREATEST AMERICAN WOMAN SWIMMER YOU'VE NEVER HEARD OF!
She's not in the International Swimming Hall of Fame. Until recently, the Hall didn't even have a file on her. Yet for most of the decade of the 1940s, Nancy Merki was the most famous female competitive swimmer in America.
Before last summer's World Championships in Budapest, 15-year-old Regan Smith had doubted her place on U.S. team trips, questioning if she really deserved to be there. After her quick transition from wide-eyed rookie to composed and confident World Championship finalist, she knows now that she definitely belongs.
Canada's Kylie Masse is a world record holder in the 100 meter backstroke and the first Canadian female swimmer ever to win a world title, and she realizes the importance—and privilege—of motivating young Canadian swimmers who now aspire to be like Kylie.
Raw, stragegic, consistent—words that describe Nathan Adrian…and his diet! To have power, a swimmer needs premium fuel in their tank. Adrian recently shared a few typical post-practice meals with Swimming World.
In the third of a multi-part series, Swimming World looks at early commitments and the way social media is altering (for better or for worse) how prospects are navigating the college recruiting process.
According to conventional wisdom, performance—not science—is the ultimate criterion measure. Unfortunately, this approach guarantees staying in the past and requires being satisfied with relatively small improvements. Applying science, on the other hand, may seem risky, but offers the potential for much bigger improvements much sooner.


Ross definitely needs to take a break.
The last time I saw Drew was yesterday around lunchtime.
Magnus begged me to let him go home early.
Hopefully, Marek will wait for me.
Ravindran relaxed on the couch.
For a moment there, you sounded just like Grace.
Ritalynne doesn't know who we are.
Mickey called me the other day.
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Dustin is working on it now.
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Frederic's house is made out of concrete.
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Randolph gave Hal a handmade potholder.
You just don't get it, Trey.
Trevor never wrote Nigel back.
Donald left a message, but Monty didn't call back.


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Two record brand acquisitions mark 2015 as a...
Two record brand acquisitions mark 2015 as a turning point in brand valuation
BY Tate Papworth ON 13 January 2016 4 min read
A long period of stagnation and declining importance of brand values may have come to an end after Kraft Foods was valued at a massive US$41.3 billion, following its acquisition by the newly formed Kraft Heinz.
The historic valuation shatters the previous record set by Gillette in 2005, which was US$25.5 billion.
Valuation and accounting of brands has been common practice in Australia since the eighties and since 2004, all acquired brands are required to be valued and reported separately as part of new accounting standards.
One of the earliest notable brand valuations came in 1988, when Grand Met acquired Pillsbury for the vale of US$4.8 million. Values have steadily risen since then and by the year 2000 the record figure stood at US$11.7 billion after Phillip Morris acquired Nabisco.
That record stood until 2005, when Procter & Gamble acquired Gillette at a value of US$25.6 billion. Since then the acquisition of Anheuser-Busch in 2008 by InBev (US$24.2 billion) is the only number to come close to matching the figure set by Gillette.
The acquisition of Kraft by Berkshire Hathaway-backed Heinz smashed all previous brand value records by almost 60%, according to data released by Switzerland-based brand value database Markables.
This was consistent with the steady decline in the total deal value of acquired brands, which fell from 17% to 12% between 2004 and 2014. In this time customer relations rose from 8% of deal value to 18%.
However, 2015 proved to be a turning point in the trend. In addition to the record high set by the acquisition of Kraft Foods, the acquisition of Lorillard (Newport cigarettes) by American Reynolds, also in 2015, marked an all-time number two at US$27.2 billion.
The surge is likely to add fuel to the enduring debate among marketers, accountants and investors on the reliability of brand valuation methods and the firms evaluating them.
BY Tate Papworth ON 13 January 2016
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« Nominations sought for 2012 South Glos sports awards
Have your say on further changes to South Glos planning blueprint »
Science park celebrates first anniversary with "open innovation" debate
Posted on Wednesday 26th September 2012 at 9:47 pm by SH (Editor)
Open innovation is key to identifying the industries of the future on which UK prosperity will depend, and the Bristol & Bath Science Park offers an exciting place to accelerate this in the South West.
That was the message delivered by Will Hutton, who was speaking at the Bristol & Bath Science Park's first anniversary event today (26 September).
Just one year after opening, space at The Park has been snapped up twice as fast as anticipated with over three quarters of the first phase already let.
New deals revealed today will see three international science and technology-based companies move or expand into the Grow On Centre at the Park. These include Japanese power electronics firm TDK-Lambda, a group company of the TDK Corporation, Marine Current Turbines, a Siemens company, and advanced numerical simulation research body, CFMS.
Speaking at the Science Park's inaugural anniversary event today, co-hosted by Science City Bristol, Will Hutton, Chair of the Big Innovation Centre at the Work Foundation said:
"For Britain to compete effectively in a global economy, a strong culture of open innovation is vital to building the high value industries of the future. The South West has the ingredients in place to develop a vibrant open innovation ecosystem – international research-led Universities, major blue chip corporates, a potentially strong SME sector which embraces disruptive technologies and a developing skills base. It still falls short of a proper innovation eco-system. However the Science Park offers the potential to provide a new hub to accelerate open innovation in the region."
Mr Hutton went on to participate in a panel discussion with business and university leaders about how best to encourage open innovation and collaboration between the South West's leading academics and key sectors to build the industries of the future. These sectors include creative and digital, wireless, advanced materials and clean technology companies.
Bonnie Dean, chief executive of the Bristol & Bath Science Park, said:
"We are delighted to welcome Will Hutton to the Bristol & Bath Science Park to champion the role of open innovation in accelerating the transfer of research from universities and research centres into industry. The UK invests over £4 billion a year in research and the new ideas generated from this investment represent a significant opportunity to reshape and rebuild our economy. We are grateful to Will for offering inspiration to the region and for encouraging business and academia to embrace the power of open innovation."
Lorelei Hunt, Science City Bristol director added:
"The Bristol and Bath region is a major centre for research-led industries such as aerospace, electronics, life sciences and green technology. Their future competitiveness depends on working in a broader way – across organisational boundaries, between large and small businesses and universities in an effective and vibrant ecosystem. We are thrilled to welcome Will Hutton to our inaugural event here today, as a leading advocate of open innovation and its capacity to transform the UK economy."
Marine Current Turbines, a tidal energy company and wholly-owned subsidiary of Siemens company, has moved from the Science Park's Innovation Centre into the Grow On Centre, providing office and research space for up to 72 members of staff. TDK-Lambda has taken space for its advanced power electronics research engineers who will work closely with research laboratories in North Devon UK, Israel and Japan. Since announcing the move the firm has already seen a five-fold increase in the level of applicants from candidates with traditionally hard-to-find skills. Lastly, CFMS Ltd, an independent, not-for-profit engineering design simulation organisation formed as a joint venture between leading engineering firms, will move to the Science Park from Bristol Business Park in January 2013.
Today's event also saw the unveiling of the world's largest solar chandelier – a major new work illustrating the link between science and art, creativity and innovation. Created by the internationally acclaimed and Bristol-based artist Luke Jerram (Play Me I'm Yours – street pianos placed in public spaces around the world and Aeolus Canary Wharf, London) whose three glass sculptures of viruses will be permanently on display at the Science Park, the five metre high chandelier is suspended from the ceiling of the Science Park's stunning three storey-high, glass-fronted Forum building. It is made up of 700 glass Crookes radiometers, individual glass bulbs containing metal paddles that spin when powered by sunlight, causing the chandelier to shimmer and flicker.
Artist Luke Jerram said:
"Scientists and artists often start by asking similar questions about the natural world but end up with completely different answers. Both have to take a leap from what can be observed into what is unknown. It's important to explore these boundaries and limitations. After the invention of the radiometer, a fierce debate raged about how they worked and it was many years before this was fully explained. They are still beautiful, inspiring and thought provoking. In a way, the chandelier couldn't really be anywhere else but Bristol & Bath Science Park, a place built to solve scientific riddles and to lead to innovation."
Bristol and Bath were made a joint Science City in 2005 in recognition of the region's strengths in research-led industries such as aerospace, electronics, life sciences and green technology. The region is second-only in the world to Silicon Valley for semi-conductor development and has a highly skilled workforce with the highest concentration of PhD graduates in the UK. The universities of Bath, Bristol and the West of England, which are all key stakeholders in the Bristol & Bath Science Park, offer access to world-class research and expertise.
Science Park named South West's "best commercial workplace" - May 14th, 2012
Tags: Bristol and Bath Science Park, Emersons Green, science park, South Gloucestershire, South Gloucestershire Council, SPark
This entry was posted on Wednesday 26th September 2012 at 9:47 pm	and is filed under Business. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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Schmidt Brewery Redevelopment?
October 22, 2012 /in News, Uncategorized /by bwadmin
The owners of the historic Schmidt Brewery complex in St. Paul have submitted plans to the city to redevelop part of the property into a functional brewery, restaurant and museum.
The brewery has been a dream of Minnetonka-based BHGDN, the investment group that owns the site, since the last beer rolled off the bottling line more than a decade ago, said BHGDN President Dave Kreitzer
The plan is separate from a redevelopment of the rest of the 1930s-era Schmidt complex, at 900 W. Seventh St., by Plymouth-based Dominium. Dominium, which will close on a $6 million purchase for its portion of the site soon, wants to build a $115 million apartment complex. Read more
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Corn Belt Edges Northward
Joe Waldman is saying goodbye to corn after yet another hot and dry summer convinced the Kansas farmer that rainfall won't be there when he needs it anymore.
"I finally just said 'uncle,' " said Waldman, 52, surveying his stunted crop about 100 miles north of Dodge City. Instead, he will expand sorghum, which requires less rain, let some fields remain fallow and restrict corn to irrigated fields. Read more
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New Housing Boom Helps Stir Economy
Low mortgage rates, high demand for apartments make for the best month for home construction in half a decade. boosting the economy.
September was the best month for home construction in nearly half a decade, bolstering the belief that the housing market is in the midst of the kind of sustained recovery that could help lift the broader economy. Read more
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New Brewery Coming to Minneapolis???
October 4, 2012 /in News, Uncategorized /by bwadmin
Surly Brewing Co. announced Friday that a site near Highway 280 and University Avenue in Minneapolis has "risen to the top" of its short list of prospective sites for a new $20 million destination brewery it wants to build.
In a statement, Brooklyn Center-based Surly said it likes the "Malcolm Midway site" because it straddles Minneapolis and St. Paul; is near bike trails and public transportation, including a new Central Corridor light-rail transit station; and is zoned and sized properly for the project. The site, about a half-mile east of TCF Bank Stadium, is unused industrial land that has been marketed as a redevelopment site. Read more
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New Apartment Near Target Field
Hines Interests will break ground Wednesday on the 185-unit Dock Street Apartments near Target Field.
The Houston-based developer has been planning the complex for more than a year. It got municipal approvals for the project in May. Read more
http://landmnwi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CW_Logo_Color_340x156.png 0 0 bwadmin http://landmnwi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CW_Logo_Color_340x156.png bwadmin2012-10-02 20:47:382016-11-29 00:32:45New Apartment Near Target Field
Twin Cities Home Prices Continue to Rise
Twin Cities-area home prices took another big jump in July, the second-consecutive month the metro area was among the nation's leaders in price increases.
Prices in the Twin Cities rose 6.4 percent in July when compared to the same month a year earlier, according to the Case-Shiller Home Price Index of 20 metro markets by Standard & Poors. Read more
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Autospec Flying Lead Kit includes unterminated harness (1.2m/4ft). No Relays, Fuse blocks, or Fuses included.
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