text:
Volume 14 Supplement 2
Selected articles from ISCB-Asia 2012
miRNA-target prediction based on transcriptional regulation
Toyofumi Fujiwara1 &
Tetsushi Yada2
BMC Genomics volume 14, Article number: S3 (2013) Cite this article
microRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny endogenous RNAs that have been discovered in animals and plants, and direct the post-transcriptional regulation of target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression via binding to the 3'UTRs and the coding exons. To gain insight into the biological role of miRNAs, it is essential to identify the full repertoire of mRNA targets (target genes). A number of computer programs have been developed for miRNA-target prediction. These programs essentially focus on potential binding sites in 3'UTRs, which are recognized by miRNAs according to specific base-pairing rules.
Here, we introduce a novel method for miRNA-target prediction that is entirely independent of existing approaches. The method is based on the hypothesis that transcription of a miRNA and its target genes tend to be co-regulated by common transcription factors. This hypothesis predicts the frequent occurrence of common cis-elements between promoters of a miRNA and its target genes. That is, our proposed method first identifies putative cis-elements in a promoter of a given miRNA, and then identifies genes that contain common putative cis-elements in their promoters. In this paper, we show that a significant number of common cis-elements occur in ~28% of experimentally supported human miRNA-target data. Moreover, we show that the prediction of human miRNA-targets based on our method is statistically significant. Further, we discuss the random incidence of common cis-elements, their consensus sequences, and the advantages and disadvantages of our method.
This is the first report indicating prevalence of transcriptional regulation of a miRNA and its target genes by common transcription factors and the predictive ability of miRNA-targets based on this property.
microRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny endogenous RNAs which occur in animals and plants and that direct the post-transcriptional regulation of target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression via binding to the 3'UTRs and the coding exons [1–4]. More than 1,500 miRNA genes have been identified in the human genome [5]. Computational predictions have shown that miRNAs may directly regulate 20-30% of protein-coding genes [6, 7], and, on average, each miRNA can regulate the expression of several hundred genes [8]. Therefore, miRNAs are regarded as important regulators for cell differentiation, proliferation/growth, mobility, and apoptosis [9–11].
To gain insight into the biological role of miRNAs, it is essential to identify the full repertoire of mRNA targets (target genes). A number of computer programs have been developed for miRNA-target prediction [12]. These programs essentially perform two steps. First, they identify potential binding sites in 3'UTRs, which are recognized by the seed region of a given miRNA according to specific base-pairing rules. The seed region is defined as the consecutive stretch of 7 nucleotides starting from either the first or the second nucleotide at the 5' end of a miRNA. Note that they do not take potential binding sites in coding exons into consideration. Second, they evaluate cross-species conservation of the potential binding sites, and regard mRNAs with high conservation as putative target genes. This step successfully reduces many false positive predictions. However, it is increasingly evident that many non-conserved binding sites are also functional [13].
Accordingly, several programs that do not rely on cross-species conservation have been developed. These programs employ novel features in addition to base-pairing rules in seed regions. Kim et al. [14] and Yousef et al. [15] introduced various types of features observed in downstream seed regions (out-seed regions), e.g. structural, thermodynamic and positional features. Robins et al. [16] and Kertesz et al. [17] incorporated mRNA secondary structure as a measure of accessibility to miRNA-target binding sites in their prediction programs. Wang & Naqa [18] and Gennarino et al. [19] proposed integration of gene expression data into their prediction programs. Nonetheless, almost all the programs had region-limited view of miRNA activity, that is, they focused on potential binding sites in 3'UTRs of mRNAs only.
We introduce here a novel method for miRNA-target prediction that is completely different from existing approaches. The method is based on the hypothesis that transcription of a miRNA and its target genes tends to be co-regulated by common transcription factors (Figure 1). This hypothesis is supported by several lines of evidence, such as the observation that the miRNA miR-17-5p and its target gene E2F1 are both transcriptionally activated by c-Myc in human cells [20]. Marco et al. [21] reported that pairs of genes with shared cis-element showed, on average, a higher degree of co-expression than those with no common cis-element (however, the reverse did not hold true). Therefore, this hypothesis predicts that common cis-elements may occur occasionally between promoters of a miRNA and its target genes. That is, the proposed method first identifies putative cis-elements in the promoter of a given miRNA, and then identifies genes that have similar putative cis-elements in their promoters. We adopted human as a model organism because human has the most comprehensive miRNA-target data and genome annotations [22–24].
Schematic diagram of our hypothesis. Filled rectangles indicate cis-elements in promoters. Circles indicate transcription factors, and transcription factor x' binds to cis-element x. Cis-element 2 is common in both miRNA and target gene promoters, while cis-elements 1 and 3 are specific in target and miRNA genes, respectively. In this figure, all transcription factors are regarded as activators. (A) In a case that transcription factor 1' binds to cis-element 1, only the target gene is transcribed. (B) In a case that transcription factor 2' binds to cis-element 2, both the miRNA and the target genes are transcribed. The miRNA subsequently downregulates the expression of the target gene after several transportation and processing steps. In a case that transcription factor 3' binds to cis-element 3, the expression of genes whose promoters contain cis-element 3 will be downregulated by the miRNA.
In terms of genomic organization, miRNAs can be categorized into two classes, namely, intragenic and intergenic miRNAs [25]. Intragenic miRNAs are located within other transcriptional units (host genes). Rodriguez et al. [26] proposed that such miRNAs are transcribed in parallel with their host genes, suggesting that they share promoters with their host genes. In contrast, intergenic miRNAs are located between other transcriptional units and therefore have their own transcriptional units and promoters. Lee et al. [27] verified that they are first transcribed as long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) by RNA polymerase II. These long pri-miRNAs are then processed into pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs. Intergenic miRNAs occasionally form a cluster, and these can be simultaneously transcribed as a single polycistronic transcript [28]. Short distances between consecutive intergenic miRNA loci are hallmarks of polycistronic transcription.
We discuss here two questions. (1) Are there common cis-elements between promoters of a miRNA and its target genes? (2) Is it possible to predict miRNA-target genes based on common cis-elements? First, we found that a significant number of common cis-elements were observed in ~28% of experimentally supported miRNA-target data. Second, we demonstrate the statistical significance of the predictive ability of our method. Finally, we discuss the random background resulting from common cis-elements, consensus sequences of these elements, and the advantages and disadvantages of our method. This is the first report indicating prevalent transcriptional regulation of a miRNA and its target genes by common transcription factors and the potential to predict miRNA targets based on this property.
Finding common cis-elements
For each set of miRNA-target data, we detected a set of common cis-elements between promoters of the miRNA and its target gene, and evaluated its statistical significance. As a result, we observed at least one common cis-element in 73 (73/97) of the intragenic miRNA-target data and 62 (62/110) of the intergenic miRNA-target data. Among these, 32 (32/97) of the intragenic miRNA-target data and 25 (25/110) of the intergenic miRNA-target data were found to be statistically significant. That is, we observed a statistically significant number of common cis-elements in 57 (57/207) of the miRNA-target data. This corresponds to 27.5% of the data, and clearly shows the prevalence of transcriptional regulation of a miRNA and its target gene by common transcription factors. Although pairs of genes with common cis-elements show, on average, a higher degree of co-expression than those without, gene pairs with higher degrees of expression correlation do not have significantly greater numbers of common cis-elements [21]. Thus, there is a possibility that a greater fraction of the miRNA-target data is actually co-expressed.
Why were common cis-elements so frequently observed?
We found that promoters of miRNAs and target genes were well conserved (Figure 2). On average, 641 and 581 columns were conserved in multiple sequence alignments of miRNA and target gene promoters, respectively. In contrast, only an average of 357 columns were conserved in multiple sequence alignments of promoters of human protein coding genes from DBTSS. This reflects an enrichment of functional sites in promoters of miRNAs and target genes, and may suggest more complex regulation of these promoters at the transcription level.
Distribution of number of conserved columns between the five mammals (human, chimp, mouse, rat and dog) in multiple sequence alignments of respective promoters. The multiple sequence alignments, which were 2,200 bp long, were obtained from the UCSC Genome Browser.
Are there consensus sequences between common cis-elements?
We assigned common cis-elements in the miRNAtarget data to matrix models of transcription factor binding sites in JASPAR CORE database Ver.3 [29]. We also assigned cis-elements in promoters of human protein coding genes of DBTSS to JASPAR matrix models. Here, we used the jaspscan program (with 'matrix score' threshold set to ≥ 80) provided by EMBOSS-6.1.0 [30] for these assignments. Figure 3 shows two frequency distributions of the JASPAR matrix models to which we assigned the common cis-elements and cis-elements of DBTSS protein-coding gene promoters. The Kendall rank correlation test [31] revealed that the two distributions in Figure 3 were significantly correlated (z-score: +4.3), which indicates that there are no consensus sequences that are specific to common cis-elements.
Two frequency distributions of JASPAR matrix models to which we assigned the common cis -elements and cis -elements from DBTSS protein-coding gene promoters. JASPAR matrix models are ranked by the latter frequencies, and are sorted in ascending rank order along the x axis.
Predicting miRNA-target
We applied our method to 155 mature miRNAs in the prepared miRNA-target data. For comparative purposes, we also applied two existing methods, mi-Randa (Sep. 2008 Rel.) [32] and RNAhybrid Ver.2.1 [33], to the same data. These two methods search for potential binding sites in 3'UTRs of mRNAs using the seed region of a given mature miRNA according to specific base-pairing rules. Note that they do not rely on cross-species conservation of potential binding sites as in our method. However, they still have region-limited view of miRNA activity, that is, they do not take potential binding sites in coding exons into consideration. We applied the programs with default parameter sets. A threshold of RNAhybrid, 'minimum free energy', was ≤ −25.0. To test the programs, we applied the collection of 3'UTR sequences used in the miRNA-target prediction program, TargetScan Rel.4.0 [6]. To allow fair comparison with our method, we used only the 3'UTR sequences corresponding to all human protein coding genes of DBTSS (14,728 genes).
Figure 4 shows the prediction accuracy of the respective methods. Our method successfully predicted miRNA-targets in 50 of the data with an average of 2,204 predictions for each miRNA. These numbers will increase if we allow mismatches and gaps to find putative and common cis-elements in promoters (see 'Identifying putative cis-elements' and 'Detecting common cis-elements' in 'Methods' for detailed information). In contrast, miRanda predicted miRNA-targets in 68 of the data with an average of 3,332 predictions for each miRNA. RNAhybrid predicted miRNA-targets in 63 of the data with an average of 3,303 predictions for each miRNA. These numbers will increase if they focus on potential binding sites in coding exons of mRNAs as well as 3'UTRs.
Prediction accuracy of respective methods for the 155 miRNAs examined. 'method A + method B' indicates a combination of method A and B. Combination results were calculated by intersecting the target genes predicted by A and B.
It is possible to predict miRNA-targets based on common cis-elements
Although the predictive ability of our method is not particularly high, its prediction accuracy is comparable to that of miRanda or RNAhybrid (Figure 4). We evaluated statistical significances of their prediction abilities by using the binominal test [34], and found that p -value of our method was 5.69 × 10−8 while those of miRanda and RNAhybrid were 1.09 × 10−10 and 2.00 × 10−8, respectively. Those clearly show potential to predict miRNA-targets based on common cis-elements.
Advantages of our method
The main advantage of our method is that its prediction basis is significantly different from those of existing approaches. Combining existing methods results in only a minor decrease in both numbers of predictions and true positives, while a combination of existing methods and our method can drastically reduce both of these metrics (Figure 4). This is due to the different theoretical basis of the miRNA-target prediction; that is, our method focuses on promoter elements shared between miRNA and its target gene, while existing methods focus on miRNA-target binding sites. Our method provides a novel basis for miRNA-target prediction, which is entirely independent of cross-species conservation of miRNA-target binding sites. The data prepared contains 15 pairs of miRNA and its target gene the binding sites of which were known not to be conserved between related species [12]. Table 1 shows the prediction accuracy of our method for the 15 pairs. Our method correctly predicted 5 pairs, and its true positive rate (5/15) is comparable to that observed in Figure 4 (50/155). Moreover, while the existing methods focus on potential binding sites in 3'UTRs, not in coding exons, our method is entirely independent of their locations. Another advantage of our method is that it does not include learning steps. Thus, it does not require training data, and it is easy to apply it to other species. Although our method requires frequency distributions of the background incidence of common cis-elements, the same distributions should be applicable to other mammals whose genome compositions (e.g. GC contents) are similar to that of human.
Table 1 Prediction accuracy of our method for miRNA-target data whose binding sites are not conserved between related species.
Disadvantages of our method
The main disadvantage of our method is that it includes promoter determination steps. This disadvantage is particularly an issue in cases of intergenic miRNAs that have their own promoters. Since currently available data of intergenic miRNAs are premiRNAs, not primiRNAs, TSSs cannot be exactly defined to determine their promoters. Thus, we simply designated their promoters as the genomic regions upstream from the 5' ends of the intergenic pre-miRNAs. This procedure occasionally fails to capture promoters, especially in cases of miRNAs containing introns. The reduced proportion of statistically significant common cis-elements in intergenic miRNA-target data (25/110) compared to intragenic miRNA-target data (32/97) may be a result of this issue. Thus, we examined the cross-species conservation of our intergenic miRNA promoter designations (Figure 5). Figure 5 shows the widespread moderate conservation over the [−1400, −1] region, where +1 is the 5' end of the intergenic pre-miRNAs. This indicates that our procedure captured the promoter in many cases. Nevertheless, it will be essential to accumulate intergenic pri-miRNA data to improve the accuracy of our method.
Cross-species conservation of intergenic miRNA promoters. Conservation was evaluated by using % identity in multiple sequence alignments between human, chimp, mouse, rat and dog. Multiple sequence alignments were obtained from the UCSC Genome Browser. For comparison, cross-species conservations of intragenic miRNA promoters and protein coding gene promoters are shown.
For which functional categories of target genes is our method effective/ineffective?
We checked Gene Ontology (GO) terms [35] of target genes by using Uniprot [36], and calculated the success rate of miRNA-target prediction by our method for every GO term. Since GO terms have hierarchical relationships with each other, we also checked all the parent terms, which are indirectly associated with GO terms of target genes. Table 2 summarizes lists of GO terms ranked according to the success rate of miRNA-target prediction by our method. That is, target genes which have these terms tend (not) to be co-regulated with corresponding miRNAs at the transcriptional level. A list of GO terms with high success rates (Table 2 upper) contained a high frequency of terms associated with regulation, response and development. These terms are consistent with the typical biological function of miRNAs. On the other hand, a list of GO terms with low success rates (Table 2 lower) contained a high frequency of terms associated with system process and cell cycle. System process represents a steady process. Cell cycle is a periodic biological process and also represents a steady process. Table 2 also provides information on the reliability of miRNA-target prediction by our method. If the predicted target genes have GO terms associated with regulation, response and development, then the prediction is considered reliable, whereas if the predicted target genes have GO terms associated with system process and cell cycle, then the prediction is considered unreliable.
Table 2 Lists of GO terms ranked according to success rate of miRNA-target prediction by our method.
All of the data described in this paper are available from the author on request. We applied our method to all human miRNAs in miRBase rel.12.0, and the results are also available.
We collected experimentally supported human miRNA-target data, and determined the associated promoter regions. Next, we identified potential cis-elements in each promoter based on cross-species conservation, and selected those that were common between the promoters of a particular miRNA and its target genes.
Collecting miRNA-target data
We collected a set of experimentally supported human miRNA-target data from TarBase ver.5.0 [22]. TarBase contains ~1,100 entries of human miRNA-target data, which comprise a collection of pairs of mature miRNAs and their target genes. From this data set, we selected 166 entries that had direct experimental support, e.g. reporter gene assay. By using miRBase rel.12.0 [5] and the UCSC Genome Browser [24], we identified genomic loci of the miRNAs and the target genes in the human genome (hg18). Since miRBase consists of pre-miRNA data, we assigned mature miRNAs in TarBase to pre-miRNAs of miRBase based on their names and sequences. In some cases, a mature miRNA was assigned to multiple pre-miRNAs. We discarded mature miRNAs that were not assigned to any premiRNAs. In summary, our filtered miRNA-target data set consisted of 71 mature miRNAs, 84 premiRNAs and 117 target genes. The data contained 155 pairs of mature miRNAs and their target genes, and 207 pairs of pre-miRNAs and their target genes.
Determining promoter regions
We classified miRNAs from the miRNA-target data into intragenic and intergenic subsets to identify their promoter regions. We searched for host genes whose genomic loci overlapped with those of the miRNAs on the same strands. Genomic loci of host genes were examined by using five human (hg18) gene annotation tracks (UCSC Genes, RefSeq Genes, human mRNA from GenBank, H-Invitational, and Ensembl Genes) from the UCSC Genome Browser. In cases where host genes were found, the corresponding miRNAs were classified as intragenic miR-NAs. The remaining miRNAs were classified as intergenic miRNAs. Six miRNAs (hsa-let-7a-3, hsalet-7b, has-mir-21, hsa-mir-24-2, hsa-mir-34a, hsamir-129-1) were classified as intergenic miRNAs despite their intersection with host genes, because the fractions of their overlap were relatively small. As a result, from the 207 pairs of pre-miRNAs and their target genes, 97 were classified as intragenic and 110 were classified as intergenic.
Intragenic miRNA promoters were defined as the genomic region −2000/+ 200 bp from the transcription start site (TSS) of the host gene (where +1 is TSS). Genomic locations of TSSs were obtained from DBTSS Ver.6.0 [23]. In cases where alternative TSSs were reported, we selected the TSS for which the 'Number of confident cDNAs' was maximal. If this number was small (≤ 3), we adopted the most upstream TSS provided either by RefSeq [37] or UCSC Genes.
Intergenic miRNA promoters were defined as the 2,200 bp genomic region upstream from the 5' end of the intergenic pre-miRNAs. In cases where the intergenic miRNAs form a cluster, we identified the most upstream miRNA within the cluster to assign a promoter of a polycistronic transcript. We regarded intergenic miRNAs as clustered, when distances to neighboring miRNAs were ≤ 5,000 bp
We defined the promoters of miRNA target genes using the same approach as that described for host genes above. We discarded coding regions from all promoters according to annotations of UCSC Genes.
Identifying putative cis-elements
We identified putative cis-elements in promoters of miRNA and target genes based on cross-species conservation. We first extracted the promoter regions from multiple sequence alignments of 28 vertebrate genomes as provided by the UCSC Genome Browser. Next, we identified ≥ 6 nt regions that were completely conserved between human, chimp, mouse, rat and dog, and defined these as putative cis-elements.
Detecting common cis-elements
By comparing putative cis-elements between promoters of a miRNA and its target gene, we searched for ≥ 6 nt identical subsequences, and defined these as common cis-elements. To evaluate the statistical significance of the subsequences, we determined the frequency distribution of common cis-elements that occur by chance alone by applying the following procedure. First, we prepared two sets of TSSs from DBTSS. The former consisted of TSSs whose promoters shows a cross-species conservation distribution similar to that of the miRNA promoters, while the latter consisted of TSSs whose promoters shows a cross-species conservation distribution similar to that of the target gene promoters. Next, we randomly selected a pair of TSSs: one from the former and the other from the latter. Then, we repeated this application 100,000 times. For each pair of TSSs, we determined promoter regions [−2000, +200], and detected common cis-elements according to the above procedure. Then, we recorded the frequency of their incidence for every sequence length. Finally, we summarized these for all pairs of TSSs, and obtained frequency distributions of common cis-elements that occurred by chance for every sequence length. The Bonferroni method was applied to correct for multiple testing [38]. A set of common cis-elements between promoters of a miRNA and its target gene was considered statistically significant where its occurrence distribution by chance was 5% or less.
We developed a method for miRNA-target prediction as described below. Note that the method does not rely on any features of binding sites in 3'UTRs and coding exons. (1) The method assigned a given mature miRNA to a pre-miRNA, and identified its genomic locus. Then, the method determined a promoter region of the pre-miRNA, and identified putative cis-elements. See 'Collecting miRNA-target data' ~ 'Identifying putative cis-elements' for detailed information. (2) For all protein coding genes of an organism from which the miRNA originates, the method determined their promoter regions, and identified putative cis-elements. Since we adopted human as a model organism, the method identified putative cis-elements in 14,728 promoters of all human protein coding genes from DBTSS. See 'Determining promoter regions' 'Identifying putative cis-elements' for detailed information. (3) For each of the protein coding genes, the method compared its putative cis-elements with those of the miRNA, and detected common cis-elements. Then, the method evaluated statistical significance of an occurrence distribution of the common cis-elements, and regarded a protein coding gene whose occurrence distribution was significant as a target. See 'Detecting common cis-elements' for detailed information. In step (1), a mature miRNA was sometimes assigned to multiple pre-miRNAs. In such cases, we applied the method to each of the pre-miRNAs, and took the union of all predicted target genes.
This work was supported by KAKENHI (Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research) No.221S0002 and No.22240032 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
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The publication costs for this article were funded by the above grants.
This article has been published as part of BMC Genomics Volume 14 Supplement 2, 2013: Selected articles from ISCB-Asia 2012. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomics/supplements/14/S2.
INTEC Inc, 1-3-3 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 136-8637, Japan
Toyofumi Fujiwara
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
Tetsushi Yada
Correspondence to Tetsushi Yada.
The study was originally conceived and was designed by TY. TF prepared the data, implemented the method, and carried out the experiments. TF interpreted the results of the experiments, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final manuscript.
Fujiwara, T., Yada, T. miRNA-target prediction based on transcriptional regulation. BMC Genomics 14, S3 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-S2-S3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-S2-S3
Host Gene
Mature miRNAs
UCSC Genome Browser
Predict Target Gene


text:
The Belfast Pride Law Lecture 2019
I am really honoured to have been asked by Lawyers with Pride to give the Belfast Pride Law Lecture 2019.
Lawyers with Pride is a group of solicitors, barristers, trainees/pupils, legal academics and law students who wish to show their support for the LGBT+ community in Northern Ireland. The group is made up of members of the LGBT+ community and allies. It is an inclusive group open to all lawyers who would like to show their support for Pride and the LGBT+ community in Northern Ireland. Lawyers with Pride first assembled to participate in the Belfast Pride parade in 2016, just three years ago.
I am going to give a lecture titled "Popularism, Sexual Orientation Discrimination, and the European Convention on Human Rights" in which I plan to talk about the historical and contemporary development of gay rights in and by the European Court of Human Rights. In doing so, I will reflect on how popularism - in the form of popularist arguments directed at and against the Court, as w…
Jonathan Sumption's view of human rights makes no sense in relation to the history of gay rights
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New book on Human Rights, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
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New book on LGBT and ECHR
Russia again found to be in violation of ECHR for suppressing gay pride marches
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UK Supreme Court judgment on "gay cake" is wrong
My academic publications
Professor of Sociology at the University of York.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


the last day of school is right at our doorstep!
in case your schedule gets a little wack-a-doodle with summer just like ours, i thought a sneak peek at our summer mini session dates might be smart before we're focused on maximizing pool time.
then you'll be blissfully ahead of the game come fall when the days are tighter with school and activities! yay!
pick your preferred time & there will be a spot to pay as soon as you select the time you'd like.
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four weeks after your session we'll present 5 too cute images! grab a spot as soon as you can because they fill quickly!! i can't wait to see you!
on to gushing about new favorite things, yes?
i barely watch TV but the one show I say yes to is Random Acts – a random acts of kindness hidden camera show that always makes me laugh *and* cry. but I've learned not to watch two in a row because then i'll get a headache from the tears that come from the sweet stories ;) full episodes are available online or there's also an app so you can watch them on an ipad. this opens june 8th and i'm so curious!
three words: frixion eraseable markers – my daily lists have gotten so much more colorful! cannot get enough! still love papermates for the finer writing tip but these are SO fun, too!
last summer, a friend introduced us to homemade bug spray and i ended up combining a few recipes with this as the base (i didn't have thyme oil) and the end result smelled better than a candy lemon drop AND worked…i usually get mosquito bites like *crazy* but this did the trick. i found I needed to mist well (if i left a spot uncovered, they'd bite me) and then reapply thoroughly a couple times an hour if I was outside but it smelled so good I didn't mind! if your back porch isn't screened in, make a batch up so you enjoy it more once the bugs arrive! and if you don't have witch hazel, i bought it for this so skip the drugstore and just come over with a bottle and we'll make up a batch together!
happy summering – fingers crossed we see each other soon!
p.s. isn't this card sweet to give to the one you love?
I would love to snag June 30th. How much are the sessions?
So fun, Shanna!! I'd been using the b&w pens from Japan for a couple years after a friend showed them to me and was SO thrilled they expanded the line! The highlighters look great, too! Now, if only papermates were erasable!!!


text:
Q: Moving text in Xamarin Studio In every text editor you are able to select an area of text and then move it to another location by clicking the selected text with the left mouse button and dragging it to the desired location.
But when I try to do that in Xamarin Studio and it returns back to the original location and nothing happens.
What should I do? Is there a way out of this?

A: You can use Alt+Up or Alt+Down to move the current line (or selection) up or down (respectively).
You can also select text and then drag & drop it somewhere else in the editor.
If this isn't working for you, what platform are you on and what version are you using? (I'm using 4.2.4 on Mac and it works - I just tried it)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Authored by Sajid Amin Javed
Monetary Policy for All
Understanding the Social Footprint of Monetary Policy in Pakistan
"Economy", as an academic discipline, is full of abstractions. This should be neither surprising nor is anything wrong with it. For a businessman, trader, or worker the economy is a context full of specific and concrete things: The price of cotton, the quality of a required commodity, the price of bread. For the economists the economy looks very different. For them it is a network of abstract relationships, where many factors influence each other and often are interdependent. Somehow, foreign debt, balance of payments, rate of inflation, or technological innovation are logically connected and cannot be analyzed properly in isolation. Each of these terms, and many others, are quite abstract and difficult to grasp for a non-expert. And one of the most abstract concepts of them is called "money". Very few common people will be able to explain, what "money" really is, and how it should be defined. Everybody knows how to use it when shopping. It seems to be connected to the "value" of things, but how does this really work, and how can anyone compare the "value" of an apple to the "value" of a specific piece of textile?
As mentioned before, there is nothing wrong with abstractions, in academic analysis. Just the opposite: Without them we would never be able to grasp the complexities of our societies, and our economies. We desperately need them, if we want to understand the "food requirements" in some province or country, instead of the three tomatoes in front of us on the dinner table. But at the same time, sometimes the abstractions we need can blind us. Sometimes they make us forget that they are just tools of analysis, not realities. Especially in the world of economists there exists a habit of reifying the abstracts concepts they have to deal with, and disconnect them from the realities of societies. The outcome often is that the economy (and its academic discipline) are not longer understood as a tool to serve society and its people, like providing livelihood and comfort, but as their master. Achieving some target in regard to an abstract variable (e.g. balance of payment, foreign debt, exchange rate of the currency) which often has been set arbitrarily or according to some political intention, becomes a goal in itself, instead of the instrument of serving the material needs of society. Then, the economy has lost its way and becomes deified. In such case, society should serve some economic abstractions, instead of the other way around. In developing societies, where many people are poor and the gap between rich and poor is deepest, the effects will be worst. As empirical evidence shows in many countries, the poorer parts of society and sometimes the middle classes are paying the price for such policies.
Monetary policy is not just a case in point, but also a topic which for most people just looks too technical, too abstract to consider. Monetary policy is rarely debated in public, and even less in its consequences for the well-being of people. At the same time, it has a serious and often grave impact, in can influence the degree of poverty, it will benefit some groups of people and hurt others. But the social effects of monetary policy are hidden from the public, and they are rarely considered when decisions are taken. It is not an integral part of an economic policy to strengthen the development of a country – Pakistan – and further the well-being of the majority of its people. But it should be.
Javed, Sajid Amin
Monetary Policy for All: Understanding the social footprint of monetary policy in Pakistan
Islamabad, 2021
Sajid Amin Javed. - Islamabad : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Pakistan Office, December 2021. - 4, 38 Seiten = 1,2 MB PDF-File. - (Policy paper)
Electronic ed.: Islamabad : FES, 2021
Download publication (1,2 MB PDF-File)
Monetary Policy for All: Understanding the…
Sajid Amin Javed. - Islamabad : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Pakistan Office,…
Qaisrani, Ayesha
Bridging the gaps - migration management and…
Ayesha Qaisrani. - Islamabad : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Pakistan Office,…
Iftekhar, Bisma
Determinants of female labour force…
A case study of Pakistan / Bisma Iftekhar. - Islamabad : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung…
Pasha, Hafiz A.
Charter of the economy
Agenda for economic reforms in Pakistan / Hafiz A. Pasha. - Islamabad :…
Mahar, Nazeer; Malik, Tarik; Bakhtiar, Usama
Charter of democracy and beyond
The way forward for institutional reforms / Nazeer Mahar, Tarik Malik, Usama Bakhtiar.…


With temperatures continuing to plummet across the UK, you'll probably find yourself throwing a few extra layers on.
But it's not just yourself you need to keep warm – it's your phone too.
During the 'Beast from the East' last year, many iPhone users found that their phones were unexpectedly shutting down.
You might be worrying about similar issues this winter, but thankfully there are several things you can do to prevent your iPhone shutting down.
MusicMagpie has put together some tips on how to keep your iPhone in tip-top condition this winter.
Jon Miller, MD of electronics at musicMagpie, said: "Apple states that iPhones and other iOS devices operate most efficiently when the ambient temperature is between 0C and 35C.
iPhones are fitted with lithium-ion batteries, and if liquid inside freezes, it can results in the battery shutting down.
To avoid this, put your phone in your pocket to keep it warm or in a bag at the very least.
There are several cold weather cases available to protect your iPhone.
However, if you don't fancy splashing out on a new case, musicMagpie has a good hack for you – a hand-warmer! Just remember not to go to the other extreme and overheat your iPhone.
For many people, an hour without your phone is like an hour without a limb, but if you can suffer it, switch off your iPhone.
When iPhones aren't turned on, they can sustain much colder temperatures.
During cold spells, your battery will already be strained.
If you can, avoid charging your phone – it can do further damage to your battery.


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Records of Repeat
Everything Related to Pop, Edm, Hip-Hop & R&B
New Records On Repeat
Stream serpentwithfeet's New 'Apparition' EP
April 29, 2020 News by RecordsOnRepeat
Josiah Wise started off his career as serpentwithfeet back in 2016 with an EP, blisters, and now, following a full-length album and a ton of big-name collaborations, he's returned to the shortened format with another EP. This new one is called Apparition, and it was preceded by the single "A Comma" about a month ago.
The EP contains two more tracks: "A Hill," which has Wise reconciling with himself that "I'm better now" in a ghostly whisper, and "Psychic," a beguiling love story filled with premonition. "I think I fell in love with a psychic/ He sees my future and he sees me/ Maybe we're meant to be," he sings. Wise worked on the EP with producer Wayne Bennett, who has worked with Janelle Monae and Twin Shadow in the past.
Listen to the Apparition EP below.
Apparition EP by serpentwithfeet
The Apparition EP is out now via Secretly Canadian.
RecordsOnRepeat
Website http://recordsonrepeat.com
Eve Owen – "Mother"
Mourn – "Call You Back"
December 29, 2020 December 29, 2020 New Records On Repeat News
Dasango Shares Fun & Positivity Through The Imagery Of His Latest Music Video For "Lifted"
Hip-hop artist from NC, Fayetteville known as Dasango, released a new track titled "Lifted" with No Breaks Entertainment. Considering he is signed to the label, we hope to get more high-quality releases from him soon. "Lifted" and its music video is a cool production holding the full potential of helping the talented artist become widely […]
December 2, 2020 December 2, 2020 News Popular Videos
IceBeatChillz Releases A Massive Collaborative Single And Music Video With Beenie Man "Area"
Multi-genre music producer and upcoming Nigerian artist Icebeatchillz, formerly known as Ice Beat, has recently unveiled his latest creation, a fantastic afro-dancehall track featuring his massive collaboration with dancehall legend Beenie Man, on the single and music video titled "Area." The all star duo have crafted an addictive track about a guy's fantasy chase of […]
November 17, 2020 November 17, 2020 News Popular
Interview: D'Lemor – Debut Single "Shine"
D'Lemor chose Shine as her first song to be released based on a poem that she wrote when she was young, deeply believing in her heart making a difference in the lives of millions of people who are struggling for so many reasons. As a child, she always knew one thing; that her music and […]
New Music: Yella Beezy "Is You Fuckin?"
New Music: DIVINE Ft. Vince Staples, Pusha T "Jungle Mantra"
New Music: Riff Raff, Yelawolf "Tip Toe 4"
New Music: Flo Milli "Roaring 20s"
New Music: Dizzy Wright Ft. Marlon Craft "Devil In Disguise"
Copyright © 2020 All rights reserved. Records on Repeat


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The MAN M-System, also referred to as M-Process and M combustion process, is a direct injection system for Diesel engines. In M-System engines, the fuel is injected onto the walls of the combustion chamber that is solely located inside the piston, and shaped like a sphere. The M-System was rendered obsolete by modern fuel injection systems for Diesel engines. Due to its particularities, the M-System was only used for stationary applications and commercial vehicle engines, passenger car engines with this design have never been made. The letter M is an abbreviation for the German word Mittenkugelverfahren, meaning centre sphere combustion process.

Operating principle

Unlike regular Diesel engines, in which the fuel is injected as far away as possible from the combustion chamber walls to obtain better efficiency, in M-System engines, the fuel is injected onto the walls of the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber is located inside the piston bowl and shaped like a sphere. Usually, M-System engines have single-spray or twin-spray injectors. In combination with the relatively low injection pressure, this results in a fine fuel film on the combustion chamber walls. However, a small portion of the fuel is injected into the air to initiate combustion, which raises the temperature inside the cylinder. The elevated temperature then causes the fuel film to vaporise and combust. Regular Diesel engines mix air and fuel during injection by creating a high fuel velocity with high injection pressure. In M-System engines however, mixing air and fuel takes place after injection. Due to the low velocity of the fuel vaporising from the combustion chamber walls, the air velocity has to be great to achieve a high relative air-fuel velocity to aid mixing. Therefore, M-System engines have special whirl intake ports.

The idea of this operating principle is creating an air-fuel mixture that is more homogeneous with a dispersion of air and fuel that is more even than in regular Diesel engines. Thus, M-System engines have relatively good air utilisation and can operate under heavy load without sooting. Due to the low amount of fuel that is mixed with air as ignition begins, the increase in pressure is fairly low, resulting in low combustion noise.

M-System engines suffer from high heat-transfer and flow losses, resulting in reduced efficiency and therefore higher fuel consumption. Furthermore, the thermal loads of both piston and cylinder head are very high, making M-System engines not very suitable for turbocharging. Under medium load, M-System engines emit high levels of hydrocarbons.

Multifuel operation

In M-System engines, the fuel is not exposed to heat during the injection phase, which not only allows using regular Diesel engine fuels, but also petroleum fractions with average boiling points reaching from 313 to 673 K as well as petrol with no more than 86 RON as fuels.

A special iteration of the M-System, the FM-System, was designed to further improve the M-System's multifuel characteristics. FM is an abbreviation for the German word Fremdzündungsmittenkugelverfahren, meaning spark ignition centre sphere combustion process. FM-System engines feature spark ignition, but still keep characteristics that are typical of Diesel engines, such as internal mixture formation and quality torque control. Therefore, FM engines are neither Diesel, nor Otto engines; instead, they operate on a hybrid combustion process. Compared to regular M-System engines, the exhaust behaviour is better. The spark plugs used for FM-System engines are located at the opposite side of the injection nozzle and usually have two parallel pin electrodes, or three mass electrodes.

History

German engineer Kurt Blume is said to have had the idea of the M-System in 1940. In 1941, he first brought his idea to paper. After World War II, J. Siegfried Meurer, then an MAN engineer, continued development of the M-System and prepared it for series production. Meurer obtained a patent (DBP 865683) on the M-System in 1951. First prototype M-System engines ran on the test bench in 1954 and 1955. East German manufacturer IFA acquired a licence for the M-System and built the 4 VD 14,5/12-1 SRW Diesel engine starting from 1967, which is the engine with the highest production number featuring the M-System. In the mid 1960s, J. Böttger claimed that MAN M-engines did not operate on the principle described in Meurer's patent (DBP 865683), which resulted in a patent lawsuit. FM-System engines have been used from the late-1960s to the mid-1980s.

References

German inventions
Fuel injection systems
Diesel engine technology

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We are pleased to publish the following comments from a UNISON member in Coventry in response to an article by UNISON general secretary Dave Prentis in the aftermath of the Stoke and Copeland by-elections. The original article by Prentis was originally carried on the website of the New Statesman. We welcome comments and discussion on the issues raised here.
The votes in the two by-elections that took place this week in Stoke Central and Copeland had barely finished being counted before UNISON general secretary Dave Prentis had an article published in the New Statesman. This article can hardly be considered helpful from the point of view of Jeremy Corbyn and those hundreds of thousands of people who support his anti-austerity policies and wished for something better than the 'same old Tory lite' of New Labour.
The article was quickly and unsurprisingly picked up by the right wing press as another example of how Corbyn's position is becoming untenable as his 'friends' start to lose faith in him.
Let us be clear from the outset. Despite the soothing words of Prentis, the fact that UNISON supported Corbyn in the leadership contests was a result of the massive pressure from ordinary members in the union to do so. Prentis would not have wanted to support Jeremy in a million years.
'There will be those who seek to place sole blame for this calamity at the door of Jeremy Corbyn. They would be wrong to do so.
The problems that Labour has in working-class communities across the country did not start with Corbyn's leadership'.
However timing counts for a lot in politics. And in this case timing says it all – with the knives inevitably coming out once again for Corbyn's leadership this article from Prentis only adds to the pressure.
Prentis could and should have turned his fire on the Blairites and in particular Tristam Hunt (who took his 'dream job' with the V and A) and Jamie Reed (moving on to a highly paid job in the nuclear industry). He could have said that Copeland would still be a Labour seat if Reed had not resigned to pursue higher wages. He could have attacked Tony Blair for his intervention over Brexit, timed to destabilise Labour in the days running up to the by-elections. But no, we get an attempt to undermine Corbyn disguised as comradely advice from a 'friend'.
Socialist Party supporters in UNISON have raised comradely criticisms of Jeremy Corbyn's leadership and the role played by sections of Momentum. In particular Jeremy's willingness to placate the right wing in Labour (for example on the issue of the democratic policy of mandatory re-election), the changing of his traditional position of opposition to the EU (if he had held to his position he would have been in a good place to change the whole debate over Brexit – the left wing, internationalist case against the EU as a bosses club would have been heard by a wider audience which could have undercut UKIP) and the unwillingness to organise and mobilise the hundreds of thousands of people against the Blairites in favour of a 'broad church' where the right control the PLP and the party machinery.
Unfortunately Jeremy and John McDonnell have also allowed the right wing to get their way with regards to Labour Councils implementing Tory cuts. These concessions have not consolidated or strengthened Corbyn's position – they have greatly weakened it.
However we do this from the position of wanting to see the building of a mass, anti-austerity socialist movement and that the election of Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party is a big step forward.
Socialists in UNISON have been involved in building support for the UNISONaction Broad Left in the forthcoming elections to the union's National Executive Council – this will be a key opportunity to elect activists who are united in their belief that the leadership of Prentis is not fit for the purpose of building a fighting, democratic UNISON. The intervention of Prentis in the aftermath of the recent by-elections further confirms why we need change in our union.


Recently I killed on of SigFox Td1208 device by misprogramming it, destroying the bootloader. In a such situation serial port is not anymore accessible for programming. The use of JTAG port is a necessity. On the TD1208, jtag has been repaced by SWD which is a 2 wires port doing the same thing.


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Practice gratitude by telling about your daily struggles with sentences that start with the words "Thank God". Think about a recent challenge or frustrating situation and describe it to someone else using only sentences that start with the words, "Thank God".
Practicing "Thank God" sentences also makes a terrific journaling exercise.
Check out my gratitude stories for some examples: http://livingwithgratitude.com/gratitude-stories/. Then, take a few moments to reflect on how this exercise helped you change your attitude about your situation.


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The best money-saving apps to help your salary stretch a little bit further
By Olive Pometsey 1 September 2019
Whether you're struggling to make ends meet or simply want to start saving a bit more, these are the apps that could help you boost your financial health
We could all probably benefit from fine tuning our finances a little bit. Whether you're living comfortably or struggling to get your salary to last from one payday to the next, putting your spending under a bit of scrutiny could help you free up some extra cash that you can use to save, invest or even splurge on those new trainers that just dropped.
Sounds great, right? Bring on the fat piles of dosh! Alas, as anyone who has ever received one of those "You've run out of money" texts from their bank can attest, staying on top of your finances is often easier said than done. Thankfully, a slew of money management apps have launched over the past few years, helping the tech savvy to get money savvy too, by providing services that encourage saving, investments and even make splitting bills with your friends easier. Want in on the action? Here's our guide to the best ones to download now.
The holy grail of money apps, Monzo has led the way when it comes to managing finances from the palm of your hand, having amassed more than three million users since it first launched in 2015. Now a legitimate bank, signing up to Monzo will put you in possession of a slick, neon-coral card and, from then on, you can treat it as any other bank account. Why make the switch? Monzo's best feature is its app, which shows you what you've spent, as soon as you've spent it, helping you to not only keep track of how much you're spending, but also inadvertently keep frivolous purchases to a minimum. It also categorises your spending, so you can see how much money you're sinking on things like groceries, entertainment and eating out each month. It doesn't end there: you can also create different saving pots in the app and, if you want, you can activate a feature that rounds up all of your transactions to the nearest pound and puts your change straight into the pot of your choice.
If you'd like to start investing but are not sure where to start, Moneybox is a great way to ease yourself in before making large, risky investments that you might end up regretting. Working in a similar way to Monzo's round-up feature, the app takes your spare change from every day transactions and puts it into a stocks and shares ISA. Reducing the risk that comes with investing by only putting in small amounts at a time, Moneybox allows you to choose whether you'd like to be cautious, balanced or adventurous with your investments, making it the perfect for newbies and seasoned investors alike. You can also make one-off payments into your investments or set up a weekly deposit, depending on how much cash you have to spare.
The best app to use if you have some serious saving goals but are struggling to achieve them, Chip uses artificial intelligence to analyse your spending and calculate how much you can afford to save each month. The best part is that it does all of this automatically, transferring small amounts of money to a linked savings account hosted by Barclays (it's legit, promise) whenever it sees that you have cash to spare. You can boost the interest you earn on your savings by inviting more friends to the app, so tell all of your friends and watch your money multiply.
If you constantly find yourself struggling for money towards the end of the month, then you might want to consider using Squirrel, the app that will help you stick to a budget once and for all. After you input your bills and monthly expenses, Squirrel will hold your income and release it into your bank account in instalments throughout the month, ensuring you're not left out of pocket in the run-up to your next payday. You can also let the app know when any direct debits will be coming out of your account, so that the money is deposited just in time for a seamless transaction, with no wiggle room for you to accidentally spend the cash that's supposed to be spent on things like your phone bill.
Splitwise
Perfect for group holidays, big meals out and everyday household purchases in flat shares, Splitwise makes keeping track of shared expenses simple by logging how much all involved parties owe each other. With an interface that's not dissimilar to many messaging apps, it allows you to create separate groups for different expenses, all you have to do is simply add your friends and family to the relevant group and then input how much you've contributed. Once you've done that, it calculates exactly who owes who what, ensuring that costs are split fairly amongst the group. While Splitwise doesn't directly help you save, it does make it far easier to keep track of any debts you might owe, so that you can avoid spending any extra money that should really be going elsewhere.
How to ensure you have a healthy relationship with money
What to do when there's a wage gap in your relationship
Are you saving enough money?
LifestyleTechnology


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Original vocalists Chris Amoo and Dave Smith perform these hits and many more live on stage.
In 2005, 'Love's Such a Wonderful Thing' was sampled by French dance outfit Daft Punk and re-titled 'So Much Love to Give'. The same year the Freeloaders had a UK Top 10 single with 'So Much Love to Give' which featured The Real Thing resulting in the band charting across 3 decades.


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S2 Announce Return of Anderson, Samuel
SEATTLE, Wash. – St. Vincent & the Grenadines' Oalex Anderson and Myron Samuel will be back to bring the heat for Seattle Sounders FC 2 in 2016.
S2 announced the return of the two internationals on Friday as part of a number of roster moves for Ezra Hendrickson's side. Anderson had four goals in 16 appearances for S2 as the side reached the 2015 USL Playoffs, while Samuel had two goals and one assist in his lone appearance for the club as his season ended prematurely due to injury.
Anderson made a name for himself on the international stage last month, when he scored a shock opening goal for SV&G against the United States in CONCACAF World Cup Qualifying at Busch Stadium. Both Anderson and Samuel played a role in advancing their country to the penultimate stage of qualifying for the first time this decade.
RELATED: Anderson Strikes, But SV&G Falls to United States
Also returning to S2 is forward Carlos Patino, while goalkeeper Tyler Miller and midfielder Amadou Sanyang remain under contract with the club. S2 declined options on goalkeeper Danny Faundez, defenders Ashani Fairclough, Giuliano Frano, Aaron Long and Nick Miele, midfielders Duncan McCormick, Sérgio Mota Mello and Pablo Rossi, and forward Sam Garza. Fairclough, however, is expected to be invited to the Sounders' MLS preseason training camp in the spring.
"2015 has been an exciting year for the developmental side of the club and we're happy with the progress that was made with S2 in our inaugural season," said Sounders FC 2 General Manager Andrew Opatkiewicz in a press release. "The group of players that contributed were diverse, but all of them put forward a great effort and we are extremely appreciative of that. We're pleased to be welcoming some of them back for 2016, and are especially excited about the prospect of some of our young prospects joining the first team for preseason training. For those who aren't returning, we wish them the best in their careers going forward."
All Change for S2 Ahead of...


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#WhereWereYou: Experiencing September 11 From 4 Places Around the Country
By Meredith Turits
There's a reason why #WhereWereYou is trending alongside all of the other September 11 hashtags right now. The attack on the World Trade Center, the largest terrorist event on American soil, marked a dividing line in the lives of Americans. There was life before 9/11, and life after: foreign policy before and after; travel precaution before and after; stereotyping and racial profiling before and after, to name just a few. And, of course, there was — and is — war.
Just as our parents can tell us exactly where they were when John F. Kennedy was shot, we, too, can all say exactly where we were when we heard the news of 9/11 — or even saw the second plane strike on television. We've shared these stories with friends, and with strangers, and we will continue to. They're indicative of turning points in our lives.
We were fascinated by the commonalities and disparities we found within the stories of our own editors, who saw the events unfold from four different places: New York, California, Ohio, and Florida.
Hayley, Cleveland, Ohio
I was in 6th grade, and I'd convinced my mom to let me stay home from school that morning. I'd claimed sick, but she didn't believe me. She told me I could sleep in, but that she'd be back in a few hours to wake me up and take me to school. When 10 AM came and she still hadn't woken me up, I thought I'd caught a lucky break.
Around 10:15 AM, she finally appeared in my doorway and I knew immediately that something was wrong. My grandfather was sick at the time, so he was my first thought. I asked my mom if someone had died; she just nodded and told me to come downstairs to watch TV with her.
I'm from Cleveland, and I had only visited New York City once or twice before 9/11. As an 11-year-old, the World Trade Center barely held any significance to me. It wasn't until I heard that my uncle, who lives and works in the city, had watched the terrorist attack through his office window that I had a deeper understanding of the magnitude of the event.
We spent the rest of the day watching TV, and I remember asking a lot of questions. It was the first time I really started to think about the world outside of my comfortable Cleveland suburb — and it was the first time I had ever felt completely helpless. I remember thinking over and over, "Even my mom is scared. Even my mom doesn't what's going to happen. Even my mom can't protect me."
Meredith, Mamaroneck, N.Y.
I grew up 23 miles northwest of the heart of Manhattan in Westchester County. I was a freshman, and had a free first period class, so I slept late and walked to school for my second period Chinese class. I stopped in the deli across the street from the high school to buy a drink—a Joe Tea half-iced tea, half-lemonade—and watched live on the TV at the deli as the second plane crashed into the tower. I walked into the high school, and it occurs to me now that I could have been the only student in the building at that moment who knew what had happened. I tried to tell the students gathered outside the classroom what had happened, but it all sounded so incredible. I can't quite recall how everyone actually did get informed, but school carried on; it was the best way to keep us safe and accounted for, they told us. The cell lines were all completely dead. I remember the sound of the Verizon error message I kept getting as I tried to get through to both my parents, who worked in the city. The most surreal moments were kids who kept getting pulled out of class throughout the day — those whose parents worked at the World Trade Center, and who hadn't yet been accounted for.
At the end of the school day, my field hockey team walked together to Manor Park in Larchmont on the Long Island Sound, which overlooked the coastline of Queens, and watched together plumes of smoke billowing in the sky. We said nothing. A few people were missing from the group; they hadn't yet heard from their fathers, though we'd all finally gotten in touch with our families. We stayed there for a few hours. After that, everything is a blur.
I can't pinpoint things sliding back to "normal," nor when the posters of missing people plastered all over the city came down from the sidewalks and phone polls. But I remember having a knot in my stomach for a long time, and I know that it doesn't take much for it to come back.
Rachel, Oakland, Calif.
I was in 8th grade. Because of the time difference in California, I was just waking up for school. My dad knocked on my door. I remember him telling me "I don't want to freak you out, but there's something happening today."
I looked at the TV and saw the towers burning. As we were watching — unless this is a reconstructed memory— I remember seeing the second plane hit in real time. My dad reminded me that we had had lunch at the restaurant at the top of the towers less than a year before, Windows on the World. I remembered that lunch, because it was nicer than most lunches I had ever been out to with my dad. It had been a special occasion, a fond memory already. The early-morning staff and diners in that restaurant were killed instantly that morning.
My dad took me to the school bus, where most of the kids seemed like kids would — confused. We all got on the bus, but we didn't start driving, and the parents didn't leave. There was deliberation about whether we should go to school. Eventually, we got the word that school was cancelled.
I walked back home to my mom's house, where she greeted me at the door, crying, and hugged me. We had a huge TV, because my stepdad is visually impaired, so that made the images, combined with my mom's crying, more disturbing — though 'real' is certainly not the right word.
My parents are both native New Yorkers, and I had the sense as a kid that this was their tragedy. I just tried to show due deference to it. It wasn't, of course, until much later that I'd come to understand the attack, and the decade of war and cynicism that followed, would define my generation.
Alexandra, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
I don't remember why we were told to turn the TV on, whether our teacher had gotten a phone call or they had made an announcement over the loudspeaker. But the TV was rolled out, turned to a news channel, and my small 7th grade class watched together. I think I remember seeing the second plane hit the second tower. In South Florida, so many of us (including myself) had friends and family in New York, so we scrambled to figure out if anyone we knew would be downtown. Students asked to use the phone to call their parents, but ultimately the school made the decision to stop all calls going in and out because they thought it would be a distraction.
I was scared and confused, and at age 12, it was so hard to process what was going on. At some point, we turned the TV off and sat in a circle on the floor. And we talked. For what seemed like hours. Talked about how we felt, talked about what it meant, talked about how our lives would be different going forward. I vividly remember one discussion where we went around and said what we'd like to accomplish before we died, and how we hoped that the people who perished had experienced at least one of the things on their own list. Thinking about that now gives me the chills — that our initial reaction wasn't one of extreme sadness or fear, but one of hope. I can't imagine it would be the same today.
Image: idovermani on flickr


West Coast Provisions restaurant has opened in the GreenGate development in Short Pump. Dominion Construction Partners was the General Contractor for this project. More can be read about this project here.


I hope everyone is enjoying the short week! We moved into our new house last weekend (hooray!), and are just catching our breath after sorting through a sea of boxes. Watching the moving trucks load up our cottage was of course bittersweet since we had so many amazing memories there, however the whole family was ready for a new chapter and bursting with excitement when we walked through the door of our home. It feels incredible to be moved in, and we are pinching ourselves that this is our house.
On to this week's etiquette post! I wanted to talk about hugging etiquette, as hugging can seem so innate to some, while a bit uncomfortable for others. Having good manners is all about being your best self and making those around you feel comfortable, and so it's crucial to read each other's social cues (tap into your EQ here!) regarding personal space. I'm a self-proclaimed hugger, always have been! I'm just an affectionate person, and love to give a good squeeze to my family and dear friends alike. However, over the years I've learned that not everyone is this way, even some of my very closest friends.
It can be tricky to know when and who to hug, and so here are my tips on hugging etiquette. And when in doubt with any etiquette question, shoot me an email to "Ask B" at mustbringbuns@gmail.com and. Enjoy!
Always read the person's social cues and body language before hugging.
A cheerful "hello" or "great to see you" is enough of a greeting for an acquaintance.
Stick to handshakes and "hello's" for colleagues and clients – keep it professional. If you are at an after work dinner, office party or other social setting and you know the person well, a hug goodbye is acceptable.
A handshake is best when meeting someone for the first time.
If you're joining a big group (ex: for lunch), there's no need to go around and hug each person.
Hugs should be quick (2 seconds), so don't linger.
If you are ill (please stay home!) or are glistening from a recent Pilates class, skip the hug.