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One of the more important services we offer is around the management and control of medications. Medications can be an issue for the elderly with frequent changes in content and when they're to be taken. Sufferers of dementia may particularly need prompting and controls to ensure avoidance of over-dosing.
As a part of our care visits and with the express consent of the customer, our carers will organise and give the appropriate medication for the time of the visit, recording the activity in our contact sheets and a separate medication record chart. Any refusal or failure to take medication will be noted and if persistent will be raised with GP. It is important that the elders have independence and we can provide home help Ascot home help Windsor.
Our carers will also manage skin creams, creams for other ailments as well as eye drops and ear drops.


every service request was handled quickly and professionally. the maintenance crew is tops! Office staff is friendly and helpful. premises are very well kept and always improving.
We are very proud of our maintenance team and take pride in our property. Thank you for your sincere feedback.
Im dissapointed on this app due to.the fact that I have not received the major points for like the renewal of my contract when that a really big deal.
I just looked at your profile and it shows that you got 13,000 points for renewing.
Complaining about parking is fruitless. Dog poo on the sidewalk all the time and the area outside out door being use as a dog park for the people who look around to see if anyone is watching to see when they don't pick up after thier dogs, also fruitless. Many windows great for watching this but horrible to open in the cooler weather because of the dog poo smell. You asked for honest feedback...there you go!
Marion- Please excuse those residents that are not responsible for picking up after their pets. We will send a letter to your building about it. We do appreciate your honest feedback and don't want you to fell that you can't come to us.
Thank you for your feedback, please call the office to let us know about the noise you hear.
It has been a bit of a challenge getting things done lately. I think the office is understaff at the moment and overwork. Usually I receive emails of events and now don't get any. They are a good team and I'm hopping that everything will be back on track. Always....Nice place to live.
We are sorry to hear that you did not get our event email or flyer that was posted on everyone's door. Please stop by the office to make sure we have the right email address for you on file. Love to have you as our resident!
Being asking for a new dryer for almost a year, trash on the ground all the time. Rent increased more than 8% more than the year before without increase in services, I've been asking for a recycling program for more than 2 years.
Thanks for the feedback, Darryl. I would like to look into your requests for maintenance-- can you call our office or stop by specifically to speak with me? Thanks! We have heard your suggestion on the recycling program at our community and we are looking into future improvements-- there is a process to go through for Hunter's Creek HOA approval, so it make take longer than either of us want it to, but we are working on it! Thanks!
It's important to be prepared to respond effectively to the interview questions that employers typically ask at job interviews. Since these questions are so common, hiring managers will expect you to be able to answer them smoothly and without hesitation. You don't need to memorize an answer, but do think about what you're going to say so you're not put on the spot during the job interview. Your responses will be stronger if you prepare in advance, know what to expect during the interview, and have a sense of what you want to play up during your interview.
Parking after 7PM is a joke, after issuing the parking passes hasn't changed anything. Residents park where ever they want, including handicap parking. If you like hearing everything your neighbor is doing, live here! Rent goes up every year $70. We have a roof over our heads so for that I'm grateful.
Oh no, Angelina! Our greatest hope is that our residents are happy and comfortable in their home and in the community-- so we are a bit saddened to hear that your experience is not meeting your expectations. At your earliest convenience, would you be able to stop by our office for a quick chat so we can learn more about your concerns? We're here to listen and I want to make sure that we are doing everything we can for you to enjoy the community! Thanks-- Yadira, Community Director.
Have a bone to pick with noise ordinance rules not being made clear to new tenants on the cut off time to make loud noises moving furniture in the unit upstairs from ours. New neighbors left Uhaul in driveway for 3 days which left very little space to park.. Please make the rules clear to new tenants. Thank you.
Genesis- We are so happy to hear that you love your apartment and the area besides the cosmetics issues you had in your apartment! We hope that those issues have been all taken care of. Thank you for your honest feed back.
Not very happy with the maintenance department in the past month. We have an unresolved leak coming from our HVAC unit inside and we get little feedback from the new maintenance supervisor here. They have done nothing to establish a permanent fix and failed to clean the carpets properly.
Christina- We would be glad to get your carpet clean. Please contact the office to schedule. Please excuse our maintenance team as they are learning the property and the procedures of our work order system. We are hoping that you don't have any other issue and if you do that maintenance take care of it in a timely manner. Thanks for your feedback.
The parking is an issue after 9PM but have seen efforts so I can appreciate that. One of the community rules are that work type vehicles that have decals must be parked in the assigned lot by the maintenance building. I see that some vehicles get slack (rules don't apply to them) which isn't fair considering it's an extra $50 for the spot but $125 for towing or more for larger vehicles.
Staff needs to be more alter to hearing out the residents. Stay up to date with Mainence requests. Respond back to requests within a reasonable time.
We apologize that the communication and your experience has not been the greatest. We are hoping that all staff response back with in a timely manner in the moment of any situation. Thank you for your honest feedback.
I love he neighborhood and the apartment, but the staff is dismissive and borderline rude. While I love the space, I have been plagued by maintenance issues since moving here. I will not be too terribly sad to leave here this summer.
We are so sorry to hear that you have had so many maintenance issues since 2014 move in. Please give the manager call so we can discuss.
At the moment the jacuzzi has not being working for months. And right now is a big inconvenience with bike racks for the kids school bikes..
Jacuzzi is fix and we are sorry that took longer than usual. We are working on getting bike racks on property. We do send out notices to the community when there are any changes that will affect out residents. Thank you for your honest feedback.
Alex thank you for choosing Osprey Links as your new home!. At this time the office is looking for an new Leasing agent. If you know of someone please let us know. At the time of your move in we were dealing with our AT&T Fiber Optic project, and maintenance were held up with them, this is why we were a little behind in work orders. We are now back on track. Thank you your honest feeedback.
Renee-- it saddens us to hear that you are dissatisfied with our maintenance service and we'd like to hear a few more details about your experience so that we can improve this for you. Would you please call or stop by our office for a quick chat? We encourage our residents and their guests to always call the Orange County Sheriff's Office (OCSO) to investigate any possible criminal activity. We are not permitted to intervene in criminal activity or enforce the law -- the Sheriff's Office representatives have encouraged our management team to direct all residents to call the OCSO for assistance for any suspected criminal activity.
I just moved to the community and my apartment is nice. However, there is clearly not enough parking for all of the Residence. I lived her less then a week and on 4 separate occasion I had to park very far from my building. If you come home after 9pm the chances of parking close to your home are slim to none.
Thank you for choosing Osprey Links as your new home! We are working in elevating the parking issues. Thank you for your patience to this matter and for your honest feedback!
The office has now added some type of package retrieval lockbox system. While this may be considered an amenity, when signing up for the program, it requests you place a credit card on file. If your package is left more than a few days, they will charge you $3/day. I may only check my mail once every 2 weeks, so this is not really a benefit to me. The only 2 suggestions I continue to make are to add grass to the dog park instead of the mulch and perhaps fence in another dog area where my 8 pound dog could relax off of his leash for short periods of time in soft grass instead of uncomfortable mulch that clearly hurts his feet. And of course the parking continues to be an issue. Parking tags are not enforced and this is another case of the people following the rules are the ones punished. An assigned parking system would make the residents following the rules much happier.
Tara -- thank you for your very detailed feedback. It is valuable to hear what our residents feel is working and what is not. We added the Parcel Pending package locker system so that our residents can retrieve their packages at anytime, 24 hours per day, and it comes with electronic notification as well. This is only for packages, not regular mail, so when you order items, you don't have to wait until the office is open to retrieve your package and you can choose how quickly you want to pick it up. The delayed pick up charge of $3/day is to make sure there are enough lockers for all residents to use the system. I will pass along your suggestions for the dog park to our management team -- we are always looking for ways to improve the community. If you have specific details about parking violations, please contact our office immediately so that we may have the opportunity to investigate and enforce the rules. Thank you for the valuable feedback!
Year #4. Love my actual apartment for the most part. Still having parking issues and difficulty with non-residents parking directly in front of the buildings and sidewalks. Also, rent keeps going up. Instead of being a loyal and good resident that reports various issues and someone who wants to keep a nice property and getting rewarded, we are given a higher amount to pay. In 3 years years, my rent has gone from approximately $1100/month for a 2 bedroom 2/bath, to $1400/month. My neighbors that all just got their lease renewals said they are now asking $1550/for the upcoming year. This is hard and disappointing. The property is aging and definitely lacking in some amenities to be worth $1550/month with no reserved parking or garage and no utilities included.
Thanks for the very valuable feedback, Tara. We greatly appreciate the longevity of your stay with our community and we certainly understand the frustration that comes receiving a renewal offer that increases over last year. It's residents like you that really make Osprey Links at Hunter's Creek the best place to live (and work)! •••••• Through the renewal process we try to explain that, as a business that provides quality homes and a team of people who care deeply for our residents, our business-related costs also increase annually to provide the same level of service, maintenance, and repairs -- but we also improve our community, such as the new package locker system that will be installed this year! Adding to that is the fact that Hunter's Creek is an *AMAZING* place to live, and continues to be one of the most desirable locations in Orlando and Central Florida because of the neighborhood, the amenities, and the schools -- which all contribute to how many people ask to rent in our community week after week! •••••• Typically, when there is a desirable place to live, the costs of living (for all types of housing) will continuously increase because of demand and quality -- and when rents decrease, it is a sign of bad times, crime, or severe quality issues. We want you to feel that your home is very valuable for the price you renew for, so we highly encourage you to stop by our office so that we can discuss the best way forward for you (and your neighbors if they feel the similarly). Thanks again for staying engaged with us and allowing us the opportunity to provide you a great place to live!
If you want A plus customet service come see Anthony at the front desk at Osprey. The new lady in the office is extremely rude. We have been in our apartment for over 3 years. We asked for replacement stove burner plates and lady said there was a fee. Ummm what? We pay plenty in rental fees to be given some perks. What gives?
All of our employees try to give the best customer service. Our new employee don't know the residents or their length of time living here, so go by what the lease agreement states. Please do not take this as being rude, those are not our intentions. We appreciate your honest feedback.


text:
Neurological condition involving the crossing of senses
For other uses, see Synesthesia (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Synthesia.
Synaesthesia[1][2]
How someone with synesthesia might perceive certain letters and numbers. Most synesthetes see characters just as others do (in whichever color actually displayed) but may simultaneously perceive colors as associated with or evoked by each one.
Psychiatry, neurology
Synesthesia (American English) or synaesthesia (British English) is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.[3][4][5][6] People who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as synesthetes. Awareness of synesthetic perceptions varies from person to person.[7] In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme–color synesthesia or color–graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored.[8][9] In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may appear as a three-dimensional map (clockwise or counterclockwise).[10][11] Synesthetic associations can occur in any combination and any number of senses or cognitive pathways.[12]
Little is known about how synesthesia develops. It has been suggested that synesthesia develops during childhood when children are intensively engaged with abstract concepts for the first time.[13] This hypothesis – referred to as semantic vacuum hypothesis – explains why the most common forms of synesthesia are grapheme–color, spatial sequence, and number form. These are usually the first abstract concepts that educational systems require children to learn.
Difficulties have been recognized in adequately defining synesthesia.[14][15] Many different phenomena have been included in the term synesthesia (based on the Greek words σύν and αἴσθησις meaning "union of the senses"), and in many cases the terminology seems to be inaccurate. A more accurate but less common term may be ideasthesia.[citation needed]
The earliest recorded case of synesthesia is attributed to the Oxford University academic and philosopher John Locke, who, in 1690, made a report about a blind man who said he experienced the color scarlet when he heard the sound of a trumpet.[16] However, there is disagreement as to whether Locke described an actual instance of synesthesia or was using a metaphor.[17] The first medical account came from German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812.[17][18][19] The term is from the Ancient Greek σύν syn, 'together', and αἴσθησις aisthēsis, 'sensation'.[16]
1.1 Grapheme–color synesthesia
1.2 Chromesthesia
1.3 Spatial sequence synesthesia
1.4 Number form
1.5 Auditory–tactile synesthesia
1.6 Ordinal linguistic personification
1.7 Misophonia
1.8 Mirror-touch synesthesia
1.9 Lexical–gustatory synesthesia
1.10 Kinesthetic synesthesia
1.11 Other forms
3 Mechanism
3.1 Genetics
4 Prevalence
6 Society and culture
6.1 Notable cases
6.2 Art
6.3 Literature
7.1 Technological applications
7.1.1 The Voice (vOICe)
Types[edit]
There are two overall forms of synesthesia:
projective synesthesia: people who see colors, forms, or shapes when stimulated (the widely understood version of synesthesia).
associative synesthesia: people who feel a very strong and involuntary connection between the stimulus and the sense that it triggers.
For example, in chromesthesia (sound to color), a projector may hear a trumpet, and see an orange triangle in space, while an associator might hear a trumpet, and think very strongly that it sounds "orange".[citation needed]
Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete, Solomon Shereshevsky, experienced synesthesia that linked all five senses.[20] Types of synesthesia are indicated by using the notation x → y, where x is the "inducer" or trigger experience, and y is the "concurrent" or additional experience. For example, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme-color synesthesia. Similarly, when synesthetes see colors and movement as a result of hearing musical tones, it would be indicated as tone → (color, movement) synesthesia.
While nearly every logically possible combination of experiences can occur, several types are more common than others.
Grapheme–color synesthesia[edit]
Main article: Grapheme–color synesthesia
From the 2009 non-fiction book Wednesday Is Indigo Blue.[5] Note the numbers 1-12 form an upside-down clock face.
In one of the most common forms of synesthesia, individual letters of the alphabet and numbers (collectively referred to as graphemes) are "shaded" or "tinged" with a color. While different individuals usually do not report the same colors for all letters and numbers, studies with large numbers of synesthetes find some commonalities across letters (e.g., A is likely to be red).[21]
Chromesthesia[edit]
Main article: Chromesthesia
Another common form of synesthesia is the association of sounds with colors. For some, everyday sounds such as doors opening, cars honking, people eating, or people talking can trigger seeing colors. For others, colors are triggered when musical notes or keys are being played. People with synesthesia related to music may also have perfect pitch because their ability to see/hear colors aids them in identifying notes or keys.[22]
The colors triggered by certain sounds, and any other synesthetic visual experiences, are referred to as photisms.
According to Richard Cytowic,[5] chromesthesia is "something like fireworks": voice, music, and assorted environmental sounds such as clattering dishes or dog barks trigger color and firework shapes that arise, move around, and then fade when the sound ends. Sound often changes the perceived hue, brightness, scintillation, and directional movement. Some individuals see music on a "screen" in front of their faces. For Deni Simon, music produces waving lines "like oscilloscope configurations – lines moving in color, often metallic with height, width, and, most importantly, depth. My favorite music has lines that extend horizontally beyond the 'screen' area."
Individuals rarely agree on what color a given sound is. B flat might be orange for one person and blue for another. Composers Franz Liszt and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov famously disagreed on the colors of musical keys.
Spatial sequence synesthesia[edit]
Those with spatial sequence synesthesia (SSS) tend to see ordinal sequences as points in space. For example, some people see months as a spiral or a column (this also happens with letters, numbers and any other sequence). People with SSS may have superior memories; in one study, they were able to recall past events and memories far better and in far greater detail than those without the condition. They can also see months or dates in the space around them, but most synesthetes "see" these sequences in their mind's eye. Some people see time like a clock above and around them.[unreliable medical source?][23][24]
Number form[edit]
Main article: Number form
A number form is a mental map of numbers that automatically and involuntarily appear whenever someone who experiences number-forms synesthesia thinks of numbers. These numbers might appear in different locations and the mapping changes and varies between individuals. Number forms were first documented and named in 1881 by Francis Galton in "The Visions of Sane Persons".[25] It is suggested that this might be caused by "cross-activation" of the neural pathway that connects the parietal lobes and angular gyrus. Both of these areas are involved in numerical cognition and spatial cognition respectively.[26]
A number form from one of Francis Galton's subjects (1881).[10] Note how the first 4 digits roughly correspond to their positions on a clock face.
Auditory–tactile synesthesia[edit]
In auditory–tactile synesthesia, certain sounds can induce sensations in parts of the body. For example, someone with auditory–tactile synesthesia may experience that hearing a specific word or sound feels like touch in one specific part of the body or may experience that certain sounds can create a sensation in the skin without being touched (not to be confused with the milder general reaction known as frisson, which affects approximately 50% of the population). It is one of the least common forms of synesthesia.[27]
Ordinal linguistic personification[edit]
Main article: Ordinal linguistic personification
Ordinal-linguistic personification (OLP, or personification for short) is a form of synesthesia in which ordered sequences, such as ordinal numbers, week-day names, months, and alphabetical letters are associated with personalities or genders (Simner & Hubbard 2006). For example, the number 2 might be a young boy with a short temper, or the letter G might be a busy mother with a kind face. Although this form of synesthesia was documented as early as the 1890s (Flournoy 2001; Calkins 1893 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCalkins1893 (help)) researchers have, until recently, paid little attention to this form (see History of synesthesia research). This form of synesthesia was named OLP in the contemporary literature by Julia Simner and colleagues [28] although it is now also widely recognised by the term "sequence-personality" synesthesia. Ordinal linguistic personification normally co-occurs with other forms of synesthesia such as grapheme–color synesthesia.
Misophonia[edit]
Main article: Misophonia
Misophonia is a neurological disorder in which negative experiences (anger, fright, hatred, disgust) are triggered by specific sounds. Cytowic suggests that misophonia is related to, or perhaps a variety of, synesthesia.[3] Edelstein and her colleagues have compared misophonia to synesthesia in terms of connectivity between different brain regions as well as specific symptoms.[3] They formed the hypothesis that "a pathological distortion of connections between the auditory cortex and limbic structures could cause a form of sound-emotion synesthesia."[29] Studies suggest that individuals with misophonia have a normal hearing sensitivity level but the limbic system and autonomic nervous system are constantly in a "heightened state of arousal" where abnormal reactions to sounds will be more prevalent.[30]
Newer studies suggest that depending on its severity, misophonia could be associated with lower cognitive control when individuals are exposed to certain associations and triggers.[31]
It is unclear what causes misophonia. Some scientists believe it could be genetic, others believe it to be present with other additional conditions however there is not enough evidence to conclude what causes it.[32] There are no current treatments for the condition but could be managed with different types of coping strategies.[32] These strategies vary from person to person, some have reported the avoidance of certain situations that could trigger the reaction: mimicking the sounds, cancelling out the sounds by using different methods like earplugs, music, internal dialog and many other tactics. Most misophonics use these to "overwrite" these sounds produced by others.[33]
Mirror-touch synesthesia[edit]
Main article: Mirror-touch synesthesia
This is a form of synesthesia where individuals feel the same sensation that another person feels (such as touch). For instance, when such a synesthete observes someone being tapped on their shoulder, the synesthete involuntarily feels a tap on their own shoulder as well. People with this type of synesthesia have been shown to have higher empathy levels compared to the general population. This may be related to the so-called mirror neurons present in the motor areas of the brain, which have also been linked to empathy.[34]
Lexical–gustatory synesthesia[edit]
Main article: Lexical–gustatory synesthesia
This is another form of synesthesia where certain tastes are experienced when hearing words. For example, the word basketball might taste like waffles. The documentary 'Derek Tastes Of Earwax' gets its name from this phenomenon, in references to pub owner James Wannerton who experiences this particular sensation whenever he hears the name spoken.[35][36] It is estimated that 0.2% of the synesthesia population has this form of synesthesia, making it the rarest form.[37]
Kinesthetic synesthesia[edit]
Kinesthetic synesthesia is one of the rarest documented forms of synesthesia in the world.[38] This form of synesthesia is a combination of various different types of synesthesia. Features appear similar to auditory–tactile synesthesia but sensations are not isolated to individual numbers or letters but complex systems of relationships. The result is the ability to memorize and model complex relationships between numerous variables by feeling physical sensations around the kinesthetic movement of related variables. Reports include feeling sensations in the hands or feet, coupled with visualizations of shapes or objects when analyzing mathematical equations, physical systems, or music. In another case, a person described seeing interactions between physical shapes causing sensations in the feet when solving a math problem. Generally, those with this type of synesthesia can memorize and visualize complicated systems, and with a high degree of accuracy, predict the results of changes to the system. Examples include predicting the results of computer simulations in subjects such as quantum mechanics or fluid dynamics when results are not naturally intuitive.[21][39]
Other forms[edit]
Other forms of synesthesia have been reported, but little has been done to analyze them scientifically. There are at least 80 types of synesthesia.[38]
In August 2017 a research article in the journal Social Neuroscience reviewed studies with fMRI to determine if persons who experience autonomous sensory meridian response are experiencing a form of synesthesia. While a determination has not yet been made, there is anecdotal evidence that this may be the case, based on significant and consistent differences from the control group, in terms of functional connectivity within neural pathways. It is unclear whether this will lead to ASMR being included as a form of existing synesthesia, or if a new type will be considered.[40]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Some synesthetes often report that they were unaware their experiences were unusual until they realized other people did not have them, while others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives.[41] The automatic and ineffable nature of a synesthetic experience means that the pairing may not seem out of the ordinary. This involuntary and consistent nature helps define synesthesia as a real experience. Most synesthetes report that their experiences are pleasant or neutral, although, in rare cases, synesthetes report that their experiences can lead to a degree of sensory overload.[21]
Though often stereotyped in the popular media as a medical condition or neurological aberration, many synesthetes themselves do not perceive their synesthetic experiences as a handicap. On the contrary, some report it as a gift – an additional "hidden" sense – something they would not want to miss. Most synesthetes become aware of their distinctive mode of perception in their childhood. Some have learned how to apply their ability in daily life and work. Synesthetes have used their abilities in memorization of names and telephone numbers, mental arithmetic, and more complex creative activities like producing visual art, music, and theater.[41]
Despite the commonalities which permit the definition of the broad phenomenon of synesthesia, individual experiences vary in numerous ways. This variability was first noticed early in synesthesia research.[42] Some synesthetes report that vowels are more strongly colored, while for others consonants are more strongly colored.[21] Self-reports, interviews, and autobiographical notes by synesthetes demonstrate a great degree of variety in types of synesthesia, the intensity of synesthetic perceptions, awareness of the perceptual discrepancies between synesthetes and non-synesthetes, and the ways synesthesia is used in work, creative processes, and daily life.[41][43]
Synesthetes are very likely to participate in creative activities.[39] It has been suggested that individual development of perceptual and cognitive skills, in addition to one's cultural environment, produces the variety in awareness and practical use of synesthetic phenomena.[7][43] Synesthesia may also give a memory advantage. In one study, conducted by Julia Simner of the University of Edinburgh, it was found that spatial sequence synesthetes have a built-in and automatic mnemonic reference. Whereas a non-synesthete will need to create a mnemonic device to remember a sequence (like dates in a diary), a synesthete can simply reference their spatial visualizations.[44]
Mechanism[edit]
Main article: Neural basis of synesthesia
Regions thought to be cross-activated in grapheme–color synesthesia (green=grapheme recognition area, red=V4 color area)[45]
As of 2015, the neurological correlates of synesthesia had not been established.[46]
Dedicated regions of the brain are specialized for given functions. Increased cross-talk between regions specialized for different functions may account for the many types of synesthesia. For example, the additive experience of seeing color when looking at graphemes might be due to cross-activation of the grapheme-recognition area and the color area called V4 (see figure).[45] This is supported by the fact that grapheme–color synesthetes can identify the color of a grapheme in their peripheral vision even when they cannot consciously identify the shape of the grapheme.[45]
An alternative possibility is disinhibited feedback, or a reduction in the amount of inhibition along normally existing feedback pathways.[47] Normally, excitation and inhibition are balanced. However, if normal feedback were not inhibited as usual, then signals feeding back from late stages of multi-sensory processing might influence earlier stages such that tones could activate vision. Cytowic and Eagleman find support for the disinhibition idea in the so-called acquired forms[5] of synesthesia that occur in non-synesthetes under certain conditions: temporal lobe epilepsy,[48] head trauma, stroke, and brain tumors. They also note that it can likewise occur during stages of meditation, deep concentration, sensory deprivation, or with use of psychedelics such as LSD or mescaline, and even, in some cases, marijuana.[5] However, synesthetes report that common stimulants, like caffeine and cigarettes do not affect the strength of their synesthesia, nor does alcohol.[5]: 137–40
A very different theoretical approach to synesthesia is that based on ideasthesia. According to this account, synesthesia is a phenomenon mediated by the extraction of the meaning of the inducing stimulus. Thus, synesthesia may be fundamentally a semantic phenomenon. Therefore, to understand neural mechanisms of synesthesia the mechanisms of semantics and the extraction of meaning need to be understood better. This is a non-trivial issue because it is not only a question of a location in the brain at which meaning is "processed" but pertains also to the question of understanding – epitomized in e.g., the Chinese room problem. Thus, the question of the neural basis of synesthesia is deeply entrenched into the general mind–body problem and the problem of the explanatory gap.[49]
Genetics[edit]
Main article: Genetics of synesthesia
Due to the prevalence of synesthesia among the first-degree relatives of people affected,[50] there may be a genetic basis, as indicated by the monozygotic twins studies showing an epigenetic component.[medical citation needed] Synesthesia might also be an oligogenic condition, with locus heterogeneity, multiple forms of inheritance, and continuous variation in gene expression.[medical citation needed] While the exact genetic loci for this trait haven't been identified, research indicates that the genetic constructs underlying synesthesia are most likely more complex than the simple X-linked mode of inheritance that early researchers believed it to be.[9] Further, it remains uncertain as to whether synesthesia perseveres in the genetic pool because it provides a selective advantage, or because it has become a byproduct of some other useful selected trait.[51] Women have a higher chance of developing synesthesia, as demonstrated in the UK where females are 8 times more likely to have it.[medical citation needed] As technological equipment continues to advance, the search for clearer answers regarding the genetics behind synesthesia will become more promising.
Although often termed a "neurological condition," synesthesia is not listed in either the DSM-IV or the ICD since it usually does not interfere with normal daily functioning.[52] Indeed, most synesthetes report that their experiences are neutral or even pleasant.[21] Like perfect pitch, synesthesia is simply a difference in perceptual experience.
Reaction times for answers that are congruent with a synesthete's automatic colors are shorter than those whose answers are incongruent.[5]
The simplest approach is test-retest reliability over long periods of time, using stimuli of color names, color chips, or a computer-screen color picker providing 16.7 million choices. Synesthetes consistently score around 90% on the reliability of associations, even with years between tests.[3] In contrast, non-synesthetes score just 30–40%, even with only a few weeks between tests and a warning that they would be retested.[3]
Many tests exist for synesthesia. Each common type has a specific test. When testing for grapheme–color synesthesia, a visual test is given. The person is shown a picture that includes black letters and numbers. A synesthete will associate the letters and numbers with a specific color. An auditory test is another way to test for synesthesia. A sound is turned on and one will either identify it with a taste or envision shapes. The audio test correlates with chromesthesia (sounds with colors). Since people question whether or not synesthesia is tied to memory, the "retest" is given. One is given a set of objects and is asked to assign colors, tastes, personalities, or more. After a period of time, the same objects are presented and the person is asked again to do the same task. The synesthete can assign the same characteristics because that person has permanent neural associations in the brain, rather than memories of a certain object.[medical citation needed]
The automaticity of synesthetic experience. A synesthete might perceive the left panel like the panel on the right.[45]
Grapheme–color synesthetes, as a group, share significant preferences for the color of each letter (e.g., A tends to be red; O tends to be white or black; S tends to be yellow, etc.)[21] Nonetheless, there is a great variety in types of synesthesia, and within each type, individuals report differing triggers for their sensations and differing intensities of experiences. This variety means that defining synesthesia in an individual is difficult, and the majority of synesthetes are completely unaware that their experiences have a name.[21]
Neurologist Richard Cytowic identifies the following diagnostic criteria for synesthesia in his first edition book. However, the criteria are different in the second book:[3][4][5]
Synesthesia is involuntary and automatic.
Synesthetic perceptions are spatially extended, meaning they often have a sense of "location." For example, synesthetes speak of "looking at" or "going to" a particular place to attend to the experience.
Synesthetic percepts are consistent and generic (i.e., simple rather than pictorial).
Synesthesia is highly memorable.
Synesthesia is laden with affect.
Cytowic's early cases mainly included individuals whose synesthesia was frankly projected outside the body (e.g., on a "screen" in front of one's face). Later research showed that such stark externalization occurs in a minority of synesthetes. Refining this concept, Cytowic and Eagleman differentiated between "localizers" and "non-localizers" to distinguish those synesthetes whose perceptions have a definite sense of spatial quality from those whose perceptions do not.[5]
Prevalence[edit]
Estimates of prevalence of synesthesia have ranged widely, from 1 in 4 to 1 in 25,000–100,000. However, most studies have relied on synesthetes reporting themselves, introducing self-referral bias.[53] In what is cited as the most accurate prevalence study so far,[53] self-referral bias was avoided by studying 500 people recruited from the communities of Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities; it showed a prevalence of 4.4%, with 9 different variations of synesthesia.[54] This study also concluded that one common form of synesthesia – grapheme–color synesthesia (colored letters and numbers) – is found in more than one percent of the population, and this latter prevalence of graphemes–color synesthesia has since been independently verified in a sample of nearly 3,000 people in the University of Edinburgh.[55]
The most common forms of synesthesia are those that trigger colors, and the most prevalent of all is day–color.[54] Also relatively common is grapheme–color synesthesia. We can think of "prevalence" both in terms of how common is synesthesia (or different forms of synesthesia) within the population, or how common are different forms of synesthesia within synesthetes. So within synesthetes, forms of synesthesia that trigger color also appear to be the most common forms of synesthesia with a prevalence rate of 86% within synesthetes.[54] In another study, music–color is also prevalent at 18–41%.[citation needed] Some of the rarest are reported to be auditory–tactile, mirror-touch, and lexical–gustatory.[56]
There is research to suggest that the likelihood of having synesthesia is greater in people with autism.[57]
Main article: History of synesthesia research
The interest in colored hearing dates back to Greek antiquity when philosophers asked if the color (chroia, what we now call timbre) of music was a quantifiable quality.[58] Isaac Newton proposed that musical tones and color tones shared common frequencies, as did Goethe in his book Theory of Colours.[59] There is a long history of building color organs such as the clavier à lumières on which to perform colored music in concert halls.[60][61] In further support of this notion, in Indian classical music, the musical terms raga and rasa are also synonyms for color and (quality of) taste, respectively.[citation needed]
The first medical description of "colored hearing" is in an 1812 thesis by the German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs.[62][17][18] The "father of psychophysics," Gustav Fechner, reported the first empirical survey of colored letter photisms among 73 synesthetes in 1876,[63][64] followed in the 1880s by Francis Galton.[10][65][66] Carl Jung refers to "color hearing" in his Symbols of Transformation in 1912.[67]
In the early 1920s, the Bauhaus teacher and musician Gertrud Grunow researched the relationships between sound, color, and movement and developed a 'twelve-tone circle of colour' which was analogous with the twelve-tone music of the Austrian composer Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951).[68] She was a participant in at least one of the Congresses for Colour-Sound Research (German:Kongreß für Farbe-Ton-Forschung) held in Hamburg in the late 1920s and early 1930s.[69]
Research into synesthesia proceeded briskly in several countries, but due to the difficulties in measuring subjective experiences and the rise of behaviorism, which made the study of any subjective experience taboo, synesthesia faded into scientific oblivion between 1930 and 1980.[citation needed]
As the 1980s cognitive revolution made inquiry into internal subjective states respectable again, scientists returned to synesthesia. Led in the United States by Larry Marks and Richard Cytowic, and later in England by Simon Baron-Cohen and Jeffrey Gray, researchers explored the reality, consistency, and frequency of synesthetic experiences. In the late 1990s, the focus settled on grapheme → color synesthesia, one of the most common[21] and easily studied types. Psychologists and neuroscientists study synesthesia not only for its inherent appeal but also for the insights it may give into cognitive and perceptual processes that occur in synesthetes and non-synesthetes alike. Synesthesia is now the topic of scientific books and papers, Ph.D. theses, documentary films, and even novels.[citation needed]
Since the rise of the Internet in the 1990s, synesthetes began contacting one another and creating websites devoted to the condition. These rapidly grew into international organizations such as the American Synesthesia Association, the UK Synaesthesia Association, the Belgian Synesthesia Association, the Canadian Synesthesia Association, the German Synesthesia Association, and the Netherlands Synesthesia Web Community.[citation needed]
Society and culture[edit]
Notable cases[edit]
Main article: List of people with synesthesia
Solomon Shereshevsky, a newspaper reporter turned celebrated mnemonist, was discovered by Russian neuropsychologist, Alexander Luria, to have a rare fivefold form of synesthesia.[20] Words and text were not only associated with highly vivid visuospatial imagery but also sound, taste, color, and sensation.[20] Shereshevsky could recount endless details of many things without form, from lists of names to decades-old conversations, but he had great difficulty grasping abstract concepts. The automatic, and nearly permanent, retention of every detail due to synesthesia greatly inhibited Shereshevsky's ability to understand what he read or heard.[20]
Neuroscientist and author V.S. Ramachandran studied the case of a grapheme–color synesthete who was also color blind. While he couldn't see certain colors with his eyes, he could still "see" those colors when looking at certain letters. Because he didn't have a name for those colors, he called them "Martian colors."[70]
Art[edit]
Main article: Synesthesia in art
Other notable synesthetes come particularly from artistic professions and backgrounds. Synesthetic art historically refers to multi-sensory experiments in the genres of visual music, music visualization, audiovisual art, abstract film, and intermedia.[41][71][72][73][74][75] Distinct from neuroscience, the concept of synesthesia in the arts is regarded as the simultaneous perception of multiple stimuli in one gestalt experience.[76]
Neurological synesthesia has been a source of inspiration for artists, composers, poets, novelists, and digital artists. Vladimir Nabokov writes explicitly about synesthesia in several novels. Wassily Kandinsky (a synesthete) and Piet Mondrian (not a synesthete) both experimented with image–music congruence in their paintings. Alexander Scriabin composed colored music that was deliberately contrived and based on the circle of fifths, whereas Olivier Messiaen invented a new method of composition (the modes of limited transposition) specifically to render his bi-directional sound–color synesthesia. For example, the red rocks of Bryce Canyon are depicted in his symphony Des canyons aux étoiles... ("From the Canyons to the Stars"). New art movements such as literary symbolism, non-figurative art, and visual music have profited from experiments with synesthetic perception and contributed to the public awareness of synesthetic and multi-sensory ways of perceiving.[41]
Contemporary artists with synesthesia, such as Carol Steen[77] and Marcia Smilack[78] (a photographer who waits until she gets a synesthetic response from what she sees and then takes the picture), use their synesthesia to create their artwork. Linda Anderson, according to NPR considered "one of the foremost living memory painters", creates with oil crayons on fine-grain sandpaper representations of the auditory-visual synaesthesia she experiences during severe migraine attacks.[79][80] Brandy Gale, a Canadian visual artist, experiences an involuntary joining or crossing of any of her senses – hearing, vision, taste, touch, smell and movement. Gale paints from life rather than from photographs and by exploring the sensory panorama of each locale attempts to capture, select, and transmit these personal experiences.[81][82][83]
David Hockney perceives music as color, shape, and configuration and uses these perceptions when painting opera stage sets (though not while creating his other artworks). Kandinsky combined four senses: color, hearing, touch, and smell.[3][5] Nabokov described his grapheme–color synesthesia at length in his autobiography, Speak, Memory, and portrayed it in some of his characters.[84] In addition to Messiaen, whose three types of complex colors are rendered explicitly in musical chord structures that he invented,[5][85] other composers who reported synesthesia include Duke Ellington,[86] Rimsky-Korsakov,[87] and Jean Sibelius.[72] Michael Torke is a contemporary example of a synesthetic composer.[72] Physicist Richard Feynman describes his colored equations in his autobiography, What Do You Care What Other People Think?[88]
Other notable synesthetes include musicians Billy Joel,[89]: 89, 91 Itzhak Perlman,[89]: 53 Lorde,[90] Billie Eilish,[91] Brendon Urie,[92][93] Ida Maria,[94] and Brian Chase;[95][96] inventor Nikola Tesla;[97] electronic musician Richard D. James a.k.a. Aphex Twin (who claims to be inspired by lucid dreams as well as music); and classical pianist Hélène Grimaud. Musician Kristin Hersh sees music in colors.[98] Drummer Mickey Hart of The Grateful Dead wrote about his experiences with synaesthesia in his autobiography Drumming at the Edge of Magic.[99] Pharrell Williams, of the groups The Neptunes and N.E.R.D., also experiences synesthesia[100][101] and used it as the basis of the album Seeing Sounds. Singer/songwriter Marina and the Diamonds experiences music → color synesthesia and reports colored days of the week.[102]
Some artists frequently mentioned as synesthetes did not, in fact, have the neurological condition. Scriabin's 1911 Prometheus, for example, is a deliberate contrivance whose color choices are based on the circle of fifths and appear to have been taken from Madame Blavatsky.[5][103] The musical score has a separate staff marked luce whose "notes" are played on a color organ. Technical reviews appear in period volumes of Scientific American.[5] On the other hand, his older colleague Rimsky-Korsakov (who was perceived as a fairly conservative composer) was, in fact, a synesthete.[104]
French poets Arthur Rimbaud and Charles Baudelaire wrote of synesthetic experiences, but there is no evidence they were synesthetes themselves. Baudelaire's 1857 Correspondances introduced the notion that the senses can and should intermingle. Baudelaire participated in a hashish experiment by psychiatrist Jacques-Joseph Moreau and became interested in how the senses might affect each other.[41] Rimbaud later wrote Voyelles (1871), which was perhaps more important than Correspondances in popularizing synesthesia. He later boasted "J'inventais la couleur des voyelles!" (I invented the colors of the vowels!).[105]
Daniel Tammet wrote a book on his experiences with synesthesia called Born on a Blue Day.[106]
Joanne Harris, author of Chocolat, is a synesthete who says she experiences colors as scents.[107] Her novel Blueeyedboy features various aspects of synesthesia.
Ramin Djawadi, a composer best known for his work on composing the theme songs and scores for such TV series as Game of Thrones, Westworld and for the Iron Man movie, also has synesthesia. He says he tends to "associate colors with music, or music with colors."[108]
Literature[edit]
Main articles: Synesthesia in literature and Synesthesia in fiction
Synesthesia is sometimes used as a plot device or way of developing a character's inner life. Author and synesthete Pat Duffy describes four ways in which synesthetic characters have been used in modern fiction.[109][110]
Synesthesia as Romantic ideal: in which the condition illustrates the Romantic ideal of transcending one's experience of the world. Books in this category include The Gift by Vladimir Nabokov.
Synesthesia as pathology: in which the trait is pathological. Books in this category include The Whole World Over by Julia Glass.
Synesthesia as Romantic pathology: in which synesthesia is pathological but also provides an avenue to the Romantic ideal of transcending quotidian experience. Books in this category include Holly Payne's The Sound of Blue and Anna Ferrara's The Woman Who Tried To Be Normal.
Synesthesia as psychological health and balance: Painting Ruby Tuesday by Jane Yardley, and A Mango-Shaped Space by Wendy Mass.
Literary depictions of synesthesia are criticized as often being more of a reflection of an author's interpretation of synesthesia than of the phenomenon itself.[citation needed]
Research[edit]
Tests like this demonstrate that people do not attach sounds to visual shapes arbitrarily. When people are given a choice between the words "Bouba" and "Kiki", the left shape is almost always called "Kiki" while the right is called "Bouba"
Research on synesthesia raises questions about how the brain combines information from different sensory modalities, referred to as crossmodal perception or multisensory integration.[citation needed]
An example of this is the bouba/kiki effect. In an experiment first designed by Wolfgang Köhler, people are asked to choose which of two shapes is named bouba and which kiki. The angular shape, kiki, is chosen by 95–98% and bouba for the rounded one. Individuals on the island of Tenerife showed a similar preference between shapes called takete and maluma. Even 2.5-year-old children (too young to read) show this effect.[111] Research indicated that in the background of this effect may operate a form of ideasthesia.[112]
Researchers hope that the study of synesthesia will provide better understanding of consciousness and its neural correlates. In particular, synesthesia might be relevant to the philosophical problem of qualia,[6][113] given that synesthetes experience extra qualia (e.g., colored sound). An important insight for qualia research may come from the findings that synesthesia has the properties of ideasthesia,[14] which then suggest a crucial role of conceptualization processes in generating qualia.[13]
Technological applications[edit]
Synesthesia also has a number of practical applications, one of which is the use of 'intentional synesthesia' in technology.[114]
The Voice (vOICe)[edit]
Peter Meijer developed a sensory substitution device for the visually impaired called The vOICe (the capital letters "O," "I," and "C" in "vOICe" are intended to evoke the expression "Oh I see"). The vOICe is a privately owned research project, running without venture capital, that was first implemented using low-cost hardware in 1991.[115] The vOICe is a visual-to-auditory sensory substitution device (SSD) preserving visual detail at high resolution (up to 25,344 pixels).[116] The device consists of a laptop, head-mounted camera or computer camera, and headphones. The vOICe converts visual stimuli of the surroundings captured by the camera into corresponding aural representations (soundscapes) delivered to the user through headphones at a default rate of one soundscape per second. Each soundscape is a left-to-right scan, with height represented by pitch, and brightness by loudness.[117] The vOICe compensates for the loss of vision by converting information from the lost sensory modality into stimuli in a remaining modality.[118]
Allochiria
Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response
Fantasy prone personality
Ideasthesia
Ideophone
Vibration theory of olfaction
Psychedelic drug
Sensory substitution
Thought-Forms
Visual music
The Yellow Sound
McCollough effect
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^ von Campen C (1996). "De verwarring der zintuigen. Artistieke en psychologische experimenten met synesthesie". Psychologie & Maatschappij. 20 (1): 10–26.
^ Galton F (1880). "Visualized Numerals". Nature. 21 (533): 252–6. Bibcode:1880Natur..21..252G. doi:10.1038/021252a0.
^ Galton F (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. Macmillan. Retrieved 17 June 2008. [page needed]
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^ Carroll S (5 November 2007). "Martian Colors - Cosmic Variance". Discover. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ Campen C (1999). "Artistic and psychological experiments with synesthesia". Leonardo. 32 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1162/002409499552948. S2CID 57568389.
^ a b c Berman G (1999). "Synesthesia and the Arts". Leonardo. 32 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1162/002409499552957. S2CID 57565862.
^ von Maur K (1999). The Sound of Painting: Music in Modern Art (Pegasus Library). Munich: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-2082-3. [page needed]
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^ Gage JD (1999). Color and meaning: art, science, and symbolism. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22611-1. [page needed]
^ van Campen C (2009). "Visual Music and Musical Paintings. The Quest for Synesthesia in the Arts.". In Bacci F, Melcher D (eds.). Making Sense of Art, making Art of Sense. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [page needed]
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^ Marcia Smilack Website Accessed 20 August 2006.
^ "Linda Anderson - MOCA GA". web.archive.org. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
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^ "Coastal Synaesthesia: Paintings and Photographs of Hawaii, Fiji and California by Brandy Gale – Gualala Arts Center exhibit: January, 2015". gualalaarts.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ EG. "The Wondrous Sensory Spectrum of Brandy Gale". FORA.tv. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ brandygale.com
^ Nabokov V (1966). Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited. New York: Putnam. [page needed]
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^ Duke Ellington as quoted in George D (1981). Sweet man: The real Duke Ellington. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 226.
^ according to the Russian press: Yastrebtsev V (1908). "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation". Russkaya Muzykalnaya Gazeta (in Russian) (39–40): 842–845. cited by Bulat Galeyev (1999).
^ Feynman R (1988). What Do You Care What Other People Think?. New York: Norton. p. 59.
^ a b Seaberg M (2011). Tasting the Universe. New Page Books. ISBN 978-1-60163-159-6.
^ Trendell A (11 May 2017). "Lorde explains the experience of having synaesthesia". NME. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ Nattress K. "Billie Eilish Explains How Synesthesia Affects Her Music". iHeartRadio. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ Spanos B (15 January 2016). "Panic! at the Disco: Band Is 'Outlet for Nonchalant Chaos'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
^ "4 Singers Who Draw Inspiration From Synesthesia To Write Music". Cultura Colectiva. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ Cairns D (24 February 2008). "Times Online interview". The Times. London. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
^ Forrest E (30 March 2009). "Emma Forrest meets New York's favourite art-punk rockers Yeah Yeah Yeahs". guardian.co.uk. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
^ Chase B. "Brian Chase's blog". yeahyeahyeahs.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
^ Tesla N. "The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla" (PDF). pitt.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Seaman, Duncan (8 May 2021). "Strange Angels: Kristin Hersh On Music & Motherhood". The Quietus. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
^ Hart M, Stevens J, Lieberman F (1990). Drumming at the edge of magic: a journey into the spirit of percussion. San Francisco, CA: Harper. p. 133.
^ [unreliable source?] It just always stuck out in my mind, and I could always see it. I don't know if that makes sense, but I could always visualize what I was hearing... Yeah, it was always like weird colors." From a Nightline interview with Pharrell
^ "Synesthetes: "People of the Future"". Psychology Today. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
^ "Loose Women: Marina and the Diamonds". ITV Lifestyle. ITV Network. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ [page needed] Dann KT (1998). Bright colors falsely seen: synaesthesia and the search for transcendental knowledge. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06619-7.
^ This is according to an article in the Russian press, Yastrebtsev V. "On N.A.Rimsky-Korsakov's color sound- contemplation." Russkaya muzykalnaya gazeta, 1908, N 39–40, pp. 842–845 (in Russian), cited by Bulat Galeyev (1999).
^ Barth F, Giampieri-Deutsch P, Hans-Dieter K (2012). Sensory Perception: Mind & Matter. Vienna: Springer Vienna. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-211-99750-5. I invented the colours of the vowels!
^ Tammet D (2007). Born on a Blue Day. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-3507-2. [page needed]
^ "Chocolat author Joanne Harris talks about her latest novel Blue Eyed Boy". Metro. 7 April 2010.
^ "Meet the musical genius behind the 'Game of Thrones' soundtrack who watches each season before anyone else". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
^ Duffy PL (2006). Images of Synesthetes and their Perceptions of Language in Fiction. 6th Annual Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association. University of South Florida. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
^ Duffy PL, Simner J (February 2010). "Synaesthesia in fiction". Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior. 46 (2): 277–278. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.11.003. PMID 19081086. S2CID 11224620.
^ [non-primary source needed] Maurer D, Pathman T, Mondloch CJ (May 2006). "The shape of boubas: sound-shape correspondences in toddlers and adults". Developmental Science. 9 (3): 316–322. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00495.x. PMID 16669803.
^ Milan E, Iborra O, de Cordoba M, Juárez-Ramos V, Artacho MR, Rubio JL (2013). "The Kiki-Bouba effect: A case of personification and ideaesthesia". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 20 (1–2): 84–102.
^ Gray JA, Chopping S, Nunn J, et al. (2002). "Implications of synaesthesia for functionalism: Theory and experiments". Journal of Consciousness. 9 (12): 5–31.
^ Suslick KS (December 2012). "Synesthesia in science and technology: more than making the unseen visible". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 16 (5–6): 557–563. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.030. PMC 3606019. PMID 23183411.
^ Meijer P. "Augmented Reality for the Totally Blind". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^ Striem-Amit E, Guendelman M, Amedi A (16 March 2012). "'Visual' acuity of the congenitally blind using visual-to-auditory sensory substitution". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33136. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733136S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033136. PMC 3306374. PMID 22438894.
^ Carmichael J. "Device Trains Blind People To 'See' By Listening". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
^ Haigh A, Brown DJ, Meijer P, Proulx MJ (2013). "How well do you see what you hear? The acuity of visual-to-auditory sensory substitution". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 330. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00330. PMC 3684791. PMID 23785345.
de Broucker T (April 2013). "[Synaesthesia, an augmented sensory world: phenomenology and literature review]". Revue Neurologique (Review) (in French). 169 (4): 328–334. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.09.016. PMID 23434143.
Cohen Kadosh R, Terhune DB (February 2012). "Redefining synaesthesia?" (PDF). British Journal of Psychology (Review). 103 (1): 20–23. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02003.x. PMID 22229770.
De Cordoba MJ, Riccò D, Day S (July 2014). Synaesthesia: Theoretical, artistic and scientific foundations. Granada, Spain. p. 372. ISBN 978-84-939054-9-1.
Dael N, Sierro G, Mohr C (October 2013). "Affect-related synesthesias: a prospective view on their existence, expression and underlying mechanisms". Frontiers in Psychology (Review). 4: 754. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00754. PMC 3798864. PMID 24151478.
Fitzgibbon BM, Enticott PG, Rich AN, Giummarra MJ, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Bradshaw JL (January 2012). "Mirror-sensory synaesthesia: exploring 'shared' sensory experiences as synaesthesia". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (Review). 36 (1): 645–657. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.006. PMID 21986634. S2CID 10536190.
Luke DP, Terhune DB (October 2013). "The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review". Frontiers in Psychology (Review). 4: 753. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00753. PMC 3797969. PMID 24146659.
Mylopoulos MI, Ro T (October 2013). "Synesthesia: a colorful word with a touching sound?". Frontiers in Psychology (Review). 4: 763. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00763. PMC 3804765. PMID 24155733.
Price MC, Mattingley JB (May 2013). "Automaticity in sequence-space synaesthesia: a critical appraisal of the evidence" (PDF). Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior (Review). 49 (5): 1165–1186. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.013. PMID 23237480. S2CID 8151536.
Rothen N, Meier B, Ward J (September 2012). "Enhanced memory ability: Insights from synaesthesia". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (Review). 36 (8): 1952–1963. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.05.004. PMID 22634573. S2CID 9541065.
Sinke C, Halpern JH, Zedler M, Neufeld J, Emrich HM, Passie T (September 2012). "Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: a comparison". Consciousness and Cognition (Review). 21 (3): 1419–1434. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.03.009. PMID 22521474. S2CID 15807455.
Simner J (February 2012). "Defining synaesthesia" (PDF). British Journal of Psychology (Review). 103 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1348/000712610X528305. PMID 22229768.
Suslick KS (December 2012). "Synesthesia in science and technology: more than making the unseen visible". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology (Review). 16 (5–6): 557–563. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.030. PMC 3606019. PMID 23183411.
Ward J (2013). "Synesthesia". Annual Review of Psychology (Review). 64: 49–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143840. PMID 22747246.
Danis A. "Grapheme → colour synesthesia". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
Palmer S, Schloss KB (21 August 2015). "What's the Color of Your Favorite Song? – The Crux". Discover Magazine Blogs. Kalmbach Publishing Co.
"Synesthesia". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synesthesia.
Look up synaesthesia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
ICD-10: R44.8
MeSH: C562460
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Meet Zoe Adamovicz
AT HINTERLAND CONFERENCE
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Zoe Adamovicz, CEO and co-founder at Neufund. With a diverse academic background spanning computer science, sociology, and Ayurvedic medicine, Zoe is a pioneering tech entrepreneur, a serial founder and CEO.
Over the past 20 years, she has co-founded multiple startups, raised countless rounds of venture capital, and driven a number of exits. Her most recent venture, Neufund.org, is a fintech firm for securities tokenization that aims to democratize access to global innovation capital. The venture has raised 7 million USD and deployed 20 million USD to date through its groundbreaking blockchain platform.
A mindful entrepreneur and leader, Zoe believes that every founder's fundamental duty should be to avoid the weaponization of technology at all costs. Named by Forbes as one of 2018's five female rock stars in blockchain, and FORBES top 50 women in tech Zoe has been profiled in a number of high-profile publications such as TechCrunch, Investing.com or Berlin Valley.
She's also involved in a number of ecosystem building projects, such as advisory to Liechtenstein and German governments on creating DLT frameworks and also joined the Innovation Board advising to Minister of Digitalization in Germany.
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text:
The B-List
Trump supporters shame the US
Pankaj Vohra
January 9, 2021,
Donald Trump would go down in American history as perhaps the worst President ever, even surpassing Andrew Johnson, regarded as the Head of Government, who brought disgrace to his coveted oval office. Investigations into the insurrection have brought some fresh facts to light, including a possible attempt to assassinate the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi. A truck laden with bombs and other explosives, parked two blocks away from the Capitol, has also been traced, and various agencies are probing the manifold dimensions of the discovery. Trump now faces the prospect of being the only President to undergo impeachment twice and his declaration that he would not be attending the inauguration of Joe Biden on 20 January makes him the fourth President who has chosen this deplorable path. His actions, particularly his utterances that amounted to inciting a right-wing white supremacist mob on Wednesday last, could also result in the framing of criminal charges, once his term ends.
Trump has not only split the Republican party right down the middle, but has lowered the primary position the United States enjoyed amongst countries that support democracy. The US is no longer in any position to preach the tenets of self-rule when its own President has refused to accept the verdict of the people. Trump has somehow managed to convince his supporters that the election was stolen from him, even though the Congress has now certified the poll results, giving his opponent Joe Biden the clearance to go ahead and take the oath of office.
So far as the incumbent is concerned, he has breached this very oath, thus flouting the very Constitution that he was duty-bound to protect. He has isolated his country from several other developed nations and his successor would have a gigantic task of rebuilding the lost trust and relations, America has shared with its allies over so many years. The joke doing the rounds is that America had found it easy to appoint Presidents in many third world countries, but in its own territory, it is finding it difficult to get the lawful result accepted.
The downside of what has happened in the Capitol is that though Joe Biden would be sworn in as the President, Trump's supporters may continue to wreak mayhem in various places.
All past Presidents, as well as prominent Republicans, have spoken out against Trump's unconstitutional actions, yet it is unlikely that the "healing" would take place anytime soon as the road to reconciliation would be long and hard. Trump has left an indelible imprint on his legacy, which unfortunately goes against the tenets of what America claimed it stood for.
The Republican Party that has also lost control of the Senate, would find it extremely difficult to distance itself from the President, who till Wednesday appeared to have a stranglehold over its functioning, with most of the lawmakers supporting his challenge for a recount publicly. Since then, even his Vice President, Mike Pence seems to have backtracked, and is being persuaded to invoke the 25th Amendment of the US Constitution to press for his removal.
He seems reluctant but that could perhaps be the only way forward, with Nancy Pelosi also writing to the Army Chief and senior defence functionaries, to no matter how, ensure that the nuclear code which is with the President, is not put to wrong use.
Former President George Bush has accused Trump of morphing America into a banana republic, while Mitt Romney has demanded for his immediate removal.
The Republicans are worried that this action of Trump may also impact their future prospects. There are indications that the President may try for a re-run in 2024, but then there are so many other hopefuls—such as Ted Cruz—who were supporting him, yet are desirous of being Republican nominee as well. The irony is that the majority of Trump supporters are not traditional Republicans but totally identify themselves with the outgoing President. Some of these elements are associated with outlawed organisations, such as the Ku Klux Klan, and believe, like Trump, in white supremacist politics as opposed to multicultural values America has claimed it stood for. There has always been a strong relation between reality and perception, particularly in politics. Most of the Presidents before Trump strengthened the perception of America's belief in democracy and projected to the world a completely contrasting picture than what is now coming through. They were all suave politicians with deep roots in Washington-controlled political agenda. A school of thought that has emerged over the past four years is of the view that Trump represented the reality of America, which had been carefully concealed by his predecessors, who also promoted the interests of big lobbies. In that sense, Trump followed what he thought was the right course and thus did not commence an aggressive war in any other country so as to divert the attention of the American people from the real issues; he did not function like a politician, and thereby ended up ruffling vested interests. He would have won, had he taken a more sensible view of the pandemic. He has managed to garner an unbelievable number of popular votes even in his defeat, and this could mean that Trumpism may not take a back seat.
He has been a bad loser and has chosen to defy the system. His supporters have shamed the country. In fact, there are lessons for the world to learn from the insurrection in Washington. Between us.
Cool Breeze: What is Scindia waiting for?
Reforms are needed for growth
Settle differences in conference rooms, not on the streets
Hurdles hit Trump impeachment
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Q.: How are they that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper to prepare themselves before they come unto it?
A.: They that receive the sacrament of the Lord's supper are, before they come, to prepare themselves thereunto, by examining themselves of their being in Christ, of their sins and wants; of the truth and measure of their knowledge, faith, repentance; love to God and the brethren, charity to all men, forgiving those that have done them wrong; of their desires after Christ, and of their new obedience; and by renewing the exercise of these graces, by serious meditation, and fervent prayer.
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text:
CEI Comments on Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Incandescent Lamps
View Full Document as PDF
Re: Docket Number EERE-BT-STD-0022: Energy Conservation Standards for General Service Incandescent Lamps, Notice of Proposed Determination; 84 FR 46830 (September 5, 2019).
Comments Submitted By Free Market Organizations
The undersigned free market organizations have a longstanding interest in bringing to light the deleterious consequences of regulations, which are often neglected by federal agencies in their attempts to adopt a regulatory agenda. Of particular concern are the energy conservation standards for home appliances promulgated by the Department of Energy (DOE) pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, as amended (EPCA). Several of us have commented to DOE as far back as 2001 that many appliance rules ignore the consumer protections built into EPCA and are set at excessively stringent levels that risk imposing net costs and compromising product choice and quality.[1] Most recently, the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) has petitioned DOE to make improvements to the standards for dishwashers.[2]
The interests of consumers were further eroded under the Obama administration, which shifted the focus to the claimed climate change benefits by factoring in the social cost of carbon (SCC) when justifying tighter standards.
In contrast, DOE's proposed determination for light bulbs, which is the subject of these comments, is part of the Trump administration's efforts to restore the statutory focus on consumers in the appliance standards-setting process.[3] As will be discussed in more detail below, we support the preliminary decision declining to set a tighter standard for general service incandescent lamps (GSILs, the category that includes the traditional pear-shaped incandescent bulb). DOE's proposed determination both complies with the law and preserves freedom of choice by allowing affordable incandescent bulbs to remain on the market for those who prefer them.
Under EPCA, most major energy-using home appliances – air conditioners, heaters, refrigerators, ovens, water heaters, clothes washers and dryers, others – have been subject to multiple rounds of successively tighter standards over the years. Provisions added to EPCA in 2007 also set energy conservation standards for several residential lighting products, which took effect beginning in 2012.[4] These proved to be very controversial, as many perceived the statutory provisions and DOE's implementing rules as a de facto ban on traditional incandescent light bulbs. However, manufacturers found ways to modify incandescent bulbs to meet the original standards, which allowed them to remain on the market with only a modest price increase. In addition, very efficient light emitting diode (LED) bulbs have emerged as a popular alternative to incandescent bulbs and have rapidly gained market share.[5]
The law also requires DOE to consider tightening the standard for GSILs, which is the reason for the proposed determination.[6] We agree with DOE that an amended standard is not warranted. The agency's analysis demonstrates that incandescent bulbs cannot be made significantly more efficient without a prohibitive price increase, and thus an amended standard would effectively force them off the market. Furthermore, LED bulbs, despite their growing popularity and market share, do not suit every lighting need, thus consumers are best served by maintaining the existing standard for GSILs which would allow them to remain on the market as well. We also agree with DOE's decision not to include SCC calculations in reaching their conclusion.
Preserving Consumer Choice and Quality
EPCA contains a number of provisions protecting consumers from energy conservation standards that compromise product features, performance, or reliability. For example, DOE is required to consider "any lessening of utility or performance" as a factor in determining whether a standard is economically justified.[7] In addition, the Secretary of Energy is expressly forbidden from setting a new or amended standard if there is a preponderance of evidence that "the standard is likely to result in the unavailability in the United States … of performance characteristics (including reliability) features, sizes, capacities, and volumes that are substantially the same as those generally available in the United States at the time of the Secretary's finding."[8]
Past DOE standards for clothes washers and dryers, air conditioners and other appliances arguably ignored this provision, and CEI's recent dishwasher petition seeks to restore to the market models that can clean a load of dishes in an hour or less, a feature that was impermissibly sacrificed by the previous efficiency standard.[9]
Here, DOE's analysis shows that a tighter standard for GSILs would very likely make incandescent bulbs prohibitively expensive ($7.00 each, a more than threefold price increase).[10] Thus, for all practical purposes, an amended standard would be no different than an outright ban and lead to LEDs becoming the only viable choice. While LEDs are more efficient and longer-lasting than incandescent bulbs, they currently cost more than incandescents and are inferior for certain functions such as dimming. Some consumers also prefer the light quality of incandescent bulbs over LEDs and other alternatives. Consumers are best served by retaining the choice between incandescent bulbs and LEDs rather than regulating incandescents off the market.
Protecting Cost Effectiveness
EPCA also protects consumers from efficiency standards that may cost more than they save. Standards typically raise the up-front cost of a product but save money over its lifetime in the form of reduced energy use, and the same is true for GSILs. In determining whether a new or amended standard is economically justified, DOE must consider "the savings in operating costs throughout the estimated average life of the covered product in the type (or class) compared to any increased in the price of, or in the initial charges for, or maintenance expenses of, the covered products which are likely to result from the imposition of the standard."[11]
For each appliance rulemaking, DOE conducts a lifecycle analysis in which it projects the percentage of consumers who will incur net gains or net losses over the product lifespan, and it also does so for subgroups such as low income households. To further assist in determining whether consumers will save money, the statute also requires DOE to calculate the payback period for a proposed standard, which is the number of years in energy savings it takes to earn back the higher up-front cost.[12] For payback periods of three years or less, there is a rebuttable presumption that the standard is economically justified.
Here, DOE's analysis finds that lifecycle costs would be negative for 97.7 percent of consumers – in other words, nearly all users of incandescent bulbs subject to an amended efficiency standard would lose more money than they save as compared to currently available bulbs.[13]
The payback period calculation is even worse. In fact, there never is a payback since it takes more time to earn back the higher purchase price of compliant light bulbs (6 years) than they usually last (2 years).[14]
Thus, unless it can be shown that DOE's analysis is dramatically off base, it is an open and shut case that products complying with an amended GSIL standard would cost consumers more money than they would save. For this reason, retaining the current standard is the correct thing to do.
The Social Cost of Carbon
The Obama administration incorporated the SCC into many of its energy-related policy decisions, including appliance standards. Thus, when tabulating the claimed benefits of a proposed standard, the Obama DOE would factor in the estimated benefits attributable to the appliance using less energy and thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In effect, SCC became a finger on the scale favoring more stringent standards, of which there were a record 44 during the Obama administration.
However, SCC is highly speculative,[15] and the Trump administration has wisely abandoned several problematic aspects of the Obama administration's approach to it.[16] DOE is right not to incorporate SCC in its proposed determination.
Consideration of SCC in setting product efficiency standards shifted the focus away from what is best for consumers, and its use may contradict the consumer protections in EPCA. Keeping SCC out is a welcome step that puts consumers first and better comports with the intent of EPCA.
American consumers want freedom of choice and quite sensibly oppose regulations that restrict it. Nor do they want regulations that cost more than they save. These very rational preferences are reflected in EPCA's consumer protections, but unfortunately these statutory provisions have been sidestepped by DOE in the past. In contrast, the Trump DOE is both complying with the law and doing the right thing for consumers with its proposed determination not to amend the standard for GSILs.
Ben Lieberman
Competitive Enterprise Institute
Nick Loris
Deputy Director, Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies and Herbert and Joyce Morgan Research Fellow
Eunie Smith
Dan Savickas
Regulatory Policy Manager
FreedomWorks Foundation
Christian N. Braunlich
Thomas Jefferson Institute for Public Policy
Paul Gessing
Rio Grande Foundation
Robert Fellner
Policy Director
Nevada Policy Research Institute
C. Preston Noell III
Tradition, Family, Property, Inc.
Craig Rucker
Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow
Brent Wm. Gardner
Chief Government Affairs Officer
Rob Roper
Ethan Allen Institute
David W. Almasi
Vice President and Staff Director
National Center for Public Policy Research and Project 21
Frank Lasée
The Heartland Institute.
[1] See, Petition for Administrative Reconsideration of "Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Clothes Washer Energy Conservation Standards: Final Rule," November 4, 2001,https://cei.org/coalition-letters/petition-administrative-reconsideration-%E2%80%9Cenergy-conservation-program-consumer-prod; Comments of the Competitive Enterprise Institute Regarding The Department of Energy's Fiscal Year 2004 Priorities For The Appliance Standards Rulemaking Process, August 14, 2003, http://cei.org/sites/default/files/COMMENTS%20REGARDING%20THE%20ENERGY%20CONSERVATION%20PROGRAM%20FOR%20CONSUMER%20PRODUCTS%20AND%20COMMERCIAL%20AND%20INDUSTIRAL%20EQUIPMENT.pdf.
[2] "Department of Energy Grants Petition to Speed Up Dishwashers," July 12, 2019, https://cei.org/blog/department-energy-grants-petition-speed-dishwashers
[3] See, Energy Conservation Program for Appliance Standards: Proposed Procedures for Use in New or Revised Energy Conservation Standards and Test Procedures for Consumer Products and Commercial/Industrial Equipment, 84 FR 3910 (February 13, 2019), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/02/13/2019-01854/energy-conservation-program-for-appliance-standards-proposed-procedures-for-use-in-new-or-revised
[4] 42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(6).
[5] Initially, most proponents of these standards presumed that compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs would be the preferred alternative to incandescents, but many consumers did not like their light quality and they are losing market share to LEDs.
[6] 42 U.S.C. 6295(i)(6)(B).
[7] 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i)(IV).
[8] 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(4)
[9] "CEI Petitions Department of Energy: Stop Washington From Ruining Dishwashers," March 21, 2018, https://cei.org/content/cei-petitions-department-energy-stop-washington-ruining-dishwashers
[10] 84 FR 46842
[11] 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(2)(B)(i)(II).
[12] 42 U.S.C 6295(o)(2)(B)(iii).
[13] 84 FR 46852, 46858.
[15] Comments of the Heritage Foundation to the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, September 16, 2013, file://cei-fs-01/Folder%20Redirections/ben.lieberman/Downloads/20130916_The_Heritage_Foundation_-_Dayaratna_and_Kreutzer.pdf.
[16] Presidential Executive Order 13783, Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth, March 28, 2017, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/03/31/2017-06576/promoting-energy-independence-and-economic-growth.