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Kate Upton Net Worth
Team Cinemaholic 3
What is Kate Upton's net worth? $25 Million
How did Kate Upton earn her money and wealth?
Kate Upton was initially a model and is now an actress. She has perfect looks and a charming personality to melt anyone's heart. She has been doing great in her acting and modelling career. On Instagram, she has more than seven million fans and earns through social media. She also appears in top brand advertisements. She has various means of earning because of her popularity and work ventures. She has been working since a young age and is still popular among film lovers.
Kate was born in Michigan, the U.S. on June 10 1992. Uрtоn'ѕ саrееr kick-started when she worked for Elite Model Management in 2008. She signed this project in Miami. She first worked for Dooney and Bourke and Garage. In the year 2010, she became the celeb face for Guess. In 2001, she was featured in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.
After working as a model for a few years, she tried her hand in acting. In 2011, she acted in her first film named Tower Heist. In the following years, she appeared in The Three Stooges in 2012, The Other Woman in 2014, and The Layover, The Disaster Artist and Wildman in 2017. The Disaster Artist went on to recieve several nominations at the Golden Globes and Oscar Awards. In the same year, she also made her television show debut. In 2011, she worked in Tosh.0 as Kate. After that, she was featured in Saturday night live, Lip sync battle, RuPaul's Drag Race and Robot Chicken. She did her work wholeheartedly and was therefore loved by everyone. She is still very young and has more achievements to be showered with.
Her hard work and dedication towards her work made her popular and rich. She moulds herself into the character and acts the same way. She has been awarded twice as an individual. In 2014, she was awarded as the Model of the year by Style awards and in the year 2014, she was awarded the People's Sexiest Women accolade by People Magazine Awards. Her looks are just a bonus to her acting career. She has been working hard for these awards and therefore she deserved them. In 2014, several celebrities including Kate Upton became victims of cyber hacking and her nude photographs got leaked on the internet illegally.
Kate Upton appeared on the cover of GQ magazine in the year 2012 and the UK magazine cover which was the Italian edition of the Vogue magazine. She was ranked as the fifth sexiest model in the same year by Models.com. She also appeared on the top Hot 100 list of Maxim. She was nominated for two other awards but couldn't win but she did not give up on modelling and worked more to win other awards. She is an ardent believer in the existence of God and has a tattoo of the cross on the inside of her finger. In 2014, reports of Upton dating Justin Verlander the Detroit Tigers baseball player started doing the rounds. They confirmed their relationship with an engagement in 2016 and later got married in November 2017 in Tuscany, Italy. The couple is parents to a daughter who Upton gave birth to in 2018.
What are the highest grossing movies of Kate Upton?
Tower Heist (2011) – $150,422,946
The Other Woman (2014) – $83,911,193
The Three Stooges (2012) – $44,338,224
The Disaster Artist (2017 – $26,706,810
Cover Photo Courtesy: Independent.ie
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Summer weather and warmer temperatures are here and it's time that you adjust the uniforms for your staff to accommodate the change of season. With summer ushering in new weather, it's important that your staff feels cool and comfortable.
Luckily, at ShaperUniforms.com, we carry new lightweight jackets that are perfect for being worn by a valet, doorman, or even the maintenance crew. These jackets, along with other finds from our outerwear selection are perfect for keeping you warm and safe from the elements when a cool summer rainstorm breezes through or just for when you need some extra protection from the wind. Plus, everyone knows that there are chilly days as spring transitions into summer and summer transitions into autumn.
Even though summer and warm temperatures are here, coastal cities with businesses on the shoreline or even country clubs that encounter cool mornings suggest that staff wear light jackets throughout the summer to protect from the windy and sometimes cooler temperatures.


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Shootings at Brazil Schools Leave 3 Dead, 13 Wounded
BRASILIA, Brazil—A former student fatally shot three people and wounded 13 on Friday after barging into two schools in southeastern Brazil, authorities said.
The shootings took place at a public school with elementary and middle school students and a private school, both located on the same street in the small town of Aracruz in Espirito Santo state, the state's public security secretariat said in a statement. Two teachers and a student were killed.
Approximately four hours later, the shooter, identified as a 16-year-old boy who used to study at the public school, was arrested by police, Espirito Santo Gov. Renato Casagrande said. Authorities did not release the suspect's name.
Security camera footage showed the assailant wearing a bulletproof vest and using a pistol for the attacks, Espirito Santo public security secretary Márcio Celante said in a video provided by the secretariat's press office. Casagrande said the weapon belongs to the former student's father, a military police officer.
In addition to the fatalities, 13 people were wounded, including nine instructors, said Celante, who noted that in the public school the shooter gained access to the teachers lounge after breaking a lock. Six of the wounded, including two children, were still hospitalized Friday afternoon.
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Facing an audit? Charged with tax evasion or fraud? Do you have unfiled returns and need to know your legal options and best approach? Is your business in tax trouble? Please don't try to handle these serious problems without consulting a qualified attorney.
I am Scott Kauffman, a dedicated, approachable tax lawyer with decades of experience serving small business clients and individual taxpayers across Southern California. I am prepared to offer personal, direct attention to you as I handle all contact with the IRS or state authority, keep you informed, and advocate for the best possible result. For an initial, discreet consultation, simply call today or submit the form below to request a return call.


Theatre poster Stasys Eidrigevicius, original poster title: Syreny z Tytana - The Sirens of Titan The Sirens of Titan Kurt Vonnegut. Original printing from 1986.
Theatre poster PWST Gallery / Plakat teatralny Galeria PWST exhibition poster by Mieczysław Górowski original printing from 2009.


The Good The 2011 Kia Sportage's all-wheel-drive system includes a differential lock and descent control. The navigation system detours around traffic and works quickly. Voice command includes dial by name through the phone system.
The Bad The engine is merely average tech, with a more advanced power plant on the horizon. The navigation system doesn't include 3D maps.
The Bottom Line A good multipurpose vehicle, the 2011 Kia Sportage offers a solid cabin tech package, but we would wait for next year's turbo version.
The modern crossover, with its people- and cargo-carrying capabilities, makes for a perfect multipurpose vehicle, and the all-new 2011 Kia Sportage embodies all of these practicalities. Keeping up with the modern theme, the Sportage's simple and refined cabin tech takes care of on-the-road infotainment needs.
Honda has long ruled the economy car roost by offering quality in a lower-price segment, but this new Sportage shows that Kia can compete. Although the dashboard was a little plasticky for our tastes, our car's Premium package brought in leather seats, a smart key, and two sunroofs.
Kia really nailed it when it comes to the Sportage's design. The car incorporates smoothed metal for a modern look, and proportions that give it a tough stance. We particularly like how the roofline descends toward the wide D-pillars, and how the grille and headlight casings form a distinct unit below the hood.
Although modern, the Sportage's design isn't quirky. The tailgate hinges upward; the rear seats fold down to maximize cargo space; and the shifter sits upright on the console. In other words, everything works like you would expect.
Less expected is the single engine choice for the car, a 2.4-liter four cylinder--especially given that most small SUVs have a V-6 option. Although making only 170 horsepower and 163 pound-feet of torque, the Sportage did not feel underpowered. This minor miracle comes about because of the Sportage's low weight of only 3,355 pounds.
Currently the only engine choice, this inline four leaves lots of room under the hood.
When pressed, such as during a passing maneuver, the engine made an awfully strained noise, moaning like the ghost of a Christmas yet to come. Variable-valve timing (pretty average engine tech these days) gains the engine some efficiency, but next year a turbocharged direct-injection 2-liter engine making 270 horsepower will become available.
The engine's power is fed to the wheels--all four of them in our EX trimmed version with all-wheel drive--through a six-speed automatic transmission. Despite the model's name, Kia does not offer a sport mode or paddle shifters in the car, something we did not miss given its utilitarian nature. There is, however, a manual mode that is useful for engine braking. The transmission itself is typical of automatics, seeking the higher gears and taking a moment to change gears when shifted manually.
Given the small engine, the six-speed transmission, and an electric power-steering unit, fuel economy for the Sportage is a comfortable 21 mpg city and 28 mpg highway. Our observed mileage fell far short of that range, however, with an average for city and freeway driving of only 20.2 mpg. During much of our driving, we watched the trip computer sit below a 20 mpg average. We could have possibly come closer to the EPA numbers by paying more attention to the green eco light on the instrument cluster.
Despite the rapidly declining gas gauge, we liked the feel of the Sportage. The car is built solidly and the power steering is well-tuned; it's responsive without being twitchy. As an SUV with a small engine, we refrained from any hard-cornering antics, but the car still felt quite stable on curvy mountain highways.
A skid plate under the front of the Sportage suggests off-road capability, but is more useful for its aerodynamic qualities.
During most of our driving, in the city and on freeways, that stable suspension translated to economy car ride quality. Far from soft, we felt most of the bumps in the road as minor jolts in the cabin.
Interestingly, the car's all-wheel-drive system also included a differential lock button and descent control. The all-wheel drive is a new system called Dynamax, a compact torque distribution unit that, according to the literature, senses impending low-traction conditions and makes adjustments before problems start. As we were testing during a dry summer, we could not verify that particular claim, but having the capability to lock the differential will help the car get unstuck in some situations.
Our car came with a voice command system to control the navigation, phone, and audio system, but an even more advanced version is coming out in the near future. With the current voice command, we were able to place calls by saying the name of a person in our phone's contact list, and could input addresses by saying city and street names, only having to spell them out when the system did not recognize the name.
The voice command system recognized spoken street names, but also let us spell them out for greater accuracy.
Not ready at the time of this review was a system called UVO, which will give users full control over an attached iPod through voice command, complete with artist and album name recognition. Unfortunately, you won't be able to get UVO and the navigation system together. We imagine that Kia will integrate the systems in a later model year.
Besides voice command, the car has a touch-screen LCD for controlling cabin tech applications. The onscreen interface looks good and is very easy to use while driving, with large, clearly marked buttons.
The navigation system, with maps stored in flash memory, worked quickly. Although it lacks 3D rendering, it has just about every other feature we could want. During route guidance it read out the names of upcoming streets. It also showed traffic information garnered from Sirius Satellite Radio.
With a route programmed in, the system advised us of bad traffic ahead, giving us the option to have it calculate a detour. We always like a navigation system that can keep us clear of traffic. The traffic pop-up screen includes an option to look at the specific traffic problem, but as we were tooling down the freeway at 60 mph, it did not seem advisable.
The iPod integration requires a special cable from Kia that plugs into both the USB and auxiliary audio ports.
As the navigation system uses flash memory instead of a hard drive for map storage, there is no room for onboard music storage. However, the rest of the audio options are more than satisfactory. There is a USB port for flash drives, but you will have to use Kia's own cable for iPod integration; a standard white iPod cable will not work. Bluetooth streaming audio and satellite radio are also present.
The audio system includes a subwoofer in the cargo area and six cabin speakers, but even so, the bass was weak. Listening to multilayered electronic music, we heard a reasonable amount of detail from the system, but it was not a particularly broad or rich sound. Being Kia's Premium audio system, there is no upgrade option other than aftermarket equipment.
Kia uses the Sportage's LCD for the backup camera display, and overlays distance lines. A sonar distance warning also helps while parking, but that is the extent of the driver assistance features.
The 2011 Kia Sportage offers a couple of stand-out items in its performance tech. The all-wheel-drive system is technically very capable, and should help out in certain conditions. The electric power-steering unit and the six-speed transmission should also make a difference in fuel economy. Although it uses variable-valve timing, the engine itself is pretty average. In light of the direct-injection turbocharged engine coming next year, which should boast 100 more horsepower, we would suggest waiting to purchase.
The upcoming UVO system is not as compelling a reason to wait, only because of the either/or choice with navigation. Kia hits all the marks with the current cabin tech suite, offering solid navigation, a good Bluetooth phone system, and good audio sources for the stereo. Still, nothing in this package reaches above and beyond.
As for design, the car looks good and has a very practical interior. We like the onscreen interface for its aesthetics and usability. Nevertheless, the interior design is run-of-the-mill, and the cabin materials are a little rough.


Yes, the Curb Records saga for Hank3 continues. The grandson of Hank Williams and the son of Hank Jr. is having to deal with yet another post-contract release from Curb records, this time called Rambin' Man, slated for release on April 1st. The album will include 8 tracks of outtakes, unreleased material, and cover songs Hank3 contributed to tribute albums and other projects during his Curb years.


Mission Valley Towing can install your spare tire or in some cases repair your tire roadside. Obviously, some tire can't be repaired. The biggest problem is that people drive on their tire after it's gone flat. If we can find a nail or screw in your tire, your tire could possibly be repaired using a tire plug. We always test the fix by looking for bubbles at the spot of repair. If the tire isn't repairable, hopefully, you have the proper spare. Without a proper spare we could flatbed your vehicle to a tire shop of your choice.


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package models

/** Represents a cleared transaction between a buyer and a seller. */
case class Transaction(fill: FillLike) {

  override def toString: String = {
    s",${fill.askTradingPartyRef.path.name}," +
    s"${fill.bidTradingPartyRef.path.name}," +
    s"$getClass,${fill.instrument}," +
    s"${fill.price},${fill.quantity}"
  }

}


The company will be reserved huge new gas resources in the two Arctic peninsulas, Moscow confirms.
On request from the company, the Russian government has decided to put on hold planned license tenders to ten major hydrocarbon fields in the area, newspaper Kommersant reports. With the government decision, the company can expect to get the licenses without normal procedures, the newspaper writes.
The fields in question are all located in the eastern part of the Yamal Peninsula and the western part of Gydan, as well as in the Gulf of Ob. The total resource potential is estimated to more than 3,5 trillion cubic meters.
Novatek argues that it needs the additional resources for its LNG production in the area. The company is in the process of planning its second Arctic LNG project. That will be located on the western side of the Ob Gulf, in Gydan.
From before, the company is in full swing with the development of its Yamal LNG project, due to start production in 2017. That plant will produce an annual 16,5 million tons of LNG based on the resources of the South Tambey gas field.
The new licenses requested include the Gydanskoye, Shtokmovskoye, Soletsko-Khanaveyskoye, Zapadno-Seyakhinskoye and Verkhnetiuteyskoye fields. In addition, the company wants licenses to the Bukharinskoye, Vostochno-Yavayskoye, Mamontovksoye, Severo-Gydanskoye and the Yarachoytskoye fields.
The total estimated resource potential of the fields amount to about 3,6 trillion cubic meters, Kommersant reports.
The fields come in addition to the local resources from before controlled by the company. Novatek owns the Salmanovskoye and Geofizicheskoye fields, both located on the eastern bank of the Ob Bay, as well as the South Tambey, Salmanovskoye and Geofizicheskoye fields. It also controls the two offshore fields in the Gulf of Ob; the East-Tambey and North-Ob fields, believed to hold up to 1,8 trillion cubic meters of gas.
As previously reported, Novatek in 2014 established a subsidiary named the Arctic LNG-1, the company planned to operate the new Gydan-based LNG plant.


When my daughter left home to move interstate I knew it was going to be a difficult week. My son moved to Melbourne a few years ago, so my husband and I are now on our own for the first time in twenty years.
Never have I been so free. I have no children at home, no 'official' job, no study and my husband is out every day. It sounds good on the surface and certainly when I have been occupied in the past with work and family I have looked forward to this with eager anticipation.
In reality though it is not an easy transition and I have experienced some very depressing days. I did however find some perverse amusement in taking a photograph of a miserable rusty garden ornament in the rain!
Most of us hide our inner discontent or gloom because we don't want to be a burden on others and ask ourselves 'what can they do about it anyway?' Sharing the burden does lighten the load however, even if the listener can't help directly. There is a lot of sadness around – we see it in our friends or in the news. If we count our blessings, the realisation that we have little excuse for misery does not help. It persists regardless.
With faith in God there is always hope. Truth never dies or goes away. It can be buried and covered up, but in the end reality just is, and for me, reality is my Creator. The fact that He is entirely wise and entirely good is a great comfort. He is a rock I can rely on for wisdom and strength. He knows exactly how we are wired.
Job expressed his misery with even greater poetic prowess – and he had more reason than just about anybody to lament.
The thing is, both Job's life and David's psalms have positive endings. We may not be able to turn our emotions off or change our circumstances but we can still talk to God about it and know that He listens. This is not an excuse for self-righteousness or accusing God. Humility before Him is vital.
David always ended his laments with expressions of hope and truth. Job's reasoning began to fall apart, but his respect for God did not… and for both of them God responded and brought restoration.
Hope is indeed justified for the humble.


A statement explained that Kuru was one of the 16 public and civil servants that were recognised and honoured by the newspaper at an event that took place in Abuja recently.
Reading the citation of Kuru before he was presented the award, which was received on his behalf by Mr. Jude Nwauzor, Head, Corporate Communications, AMCON, the organisers said Kuru deserved to be celebrated because under his watch at the helm of affairs at AMCON, the corporation has sharpened its focus on recovery of debts, while keeping a disciplined check on its operating expenses.
It pointed out that the corporation under Kuru has made some ingenious decisions that have helped the government recovery agency a great deal.
One of such, according to them was that the corporation resorted to using firmer resolution strategies as well as the special enforcement powers vested in it by the AMCON Act 2010 (as amended), which has recorded impressive success in compelling recalcitrant debtors, especially those that are politically exposed and business heavyweights, to meet their obligations.
"In addition to its resolution mandate, AMCON through its interventions has saved several tens of thousands of jobs of Nigerians, who would have lost their livelihoods if their employers had been forced to close down, amongst other achievements too numerous to mention," the statement added.
The Minister of Finance, Mrs. Zainab Ahmed, recently praised the leadership of AMCON led by Kuru for doing all within their powers to recover bad debts from some individuals that are holding the Nigerian economy to ransom.
The Minister while reminding the public that AMCON was set up as a result of the global financial crisis, which destroyed the financial sector across the globe including Nigeria, however said she was happy because AMCON against all odds has been able to recover over N1 trillion from inception to date.


The C.H.O.I.C.E. Mission: C.H.O.I.C.E. - the Community Hub for Opportunities in Construction Employment - is committed to embracing change and innovation that results in measurable value that is easily perceived by industry, government and community leaders.
We are about cooperation, not conflict; problem-solving, not problem-making; collaboration, not division; and inclusion...not exclusion.
North America's Building Trades Unions, in conjunction with C.H.O.I.C.E. and Helmets to Hardhats, coordinated the "adoption" of 58 military families for Christmas gift sponsorship. These were families who today find themselves in various stages of distress.


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quaternary protein structure
Home Uncategorized quaternary protein structure
This shape is directly related to the function of the protein. N.V. BHAGAVAN, in Medical Biochemistry (Fourth Edition), 2002. The positioning of these pentameric helical bundles within the capsid and the amphipathic character of each helix makes them ideal candidates for membrane-disruptive agents that are released from the virion during cell entry to facilitate the translocation of genomic RNA into host cells. Protein Structure, Quaternary "Protein Structure, Quaternary" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . Find Protein Structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. The Quaternary Structure is the interaction that the different proteins have with one another to form a more complex protein ; A Qauternary Structure is made up of several polypeptide chains (subunits) which can be either similar (homo) or different (hetero), and when they come together they give the protein its quaternary structure. This forms the quaternary structure of the protein. Subunits are held together by noncovalent forces; as a result, oligomeric proteins can undergo rapid conformational changes that affect biological activity. Each of the subunits has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure and are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains. The quaternary structure refers to how these protein subunits interact with each other and arrange themselves to form a larger aggregate protein complex. Thus, multiple subunits can be affected by the binding of a single ligand. The quaternary structure describes the arrangements of subunits in a protein that contains more than one subunit. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.  A variety of bonding interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various chains into a particular geometry. The ribosomal proteins generally have a globular domain that is on the surface of the 30S, with long extensions that reach into the 30S, making extensive interactions with the rRNA and stabilizing the overall ribosome structure. They also allow proteins to form complexes … These proteins are called oligomers because they have two or more subunits. The sequence of amino acids is known as primary structure; helices, sheets, and similar features are part of the secondary structure; and the 3-D organization is tertiary structure. If the final protein is made of two subunits, the protein is said to be a dimer. Polypeptide subunits associate in a highly specific fashion to form a functional oligomer (oligo = several; mer = body). The free α-carboxyl group, written to the right, is called the carboxyl-terminal or C-terminal end. Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure, which enables searching at various levels of specificity. John W. Pelley PhD, in Elsevier's Integrated Biochemistry, 2007. A protein of a given primary structure folds to form a 3D structure with imbedded secondary structures, super secondary structures and domains. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Oligomeric proteins include the hemoglobins, allosteric enzymes responsible for the regulation of metabolism, contractile proteins such as actin and tubulin, and cell membrane proteins. The spatial arrangement of various tertiary structures gives rise to the quaternary structure. Quaternary structure refers to the interaction of one or more subunits to form a functional protein, using the same forces that stabilize the tertiary structure. You are already familiar with this hierarchy, because the most useful starting point for teaching basic protein structure is this structural grouping. In nature, some proteins are formed from several polypeptides, also known as subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the quaternary structure. In brief, primary structure is the linear chain of amino acids. The four levels of protein st… Alpha protein (as well as beta protein) contains a central β-barrel motif that forms the spherically closed shell of the capsid. β-Amyloid deposits in neurons are neurotoxic. What is it? However, when crystallographic data were difficult or impossible to gather, electron microscopy had provided some clues to quaternary structure. Loops between the β-strands form the exterior surface of the capsid. When these subunits come together, they give the protein its quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of the termini associated with protomers at the fivefold axes is markedly different from those at the threefold axes: Specifically, in PaV, the N-termini of threefold associated protomers are structurally disordered, while the N-termini of fivefold associated protomers are well ordered. What is quaternary protein structure? The main difference between primary secondary and tertiary structure of protein is that the primary structure of a protein is linear and the secondary structure of a protein can be either an α-helix or β-sheet whereas tertiary structure of a protein is globular.. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary are the four structures of proteins found in nature. Ultracentrifugation of a protein sample in a viscous glucose solution can ascertain molecular weights based on their sedimentation coefficients, and, in conjunction with light scattering, which measures the molecular dimensions of proteins in solution, some information about how the multisubunit protein is organized can be determined. Compared with high-voltage-activated channels, this motif consists of two glutamic acid and two aspartic acid residues in Cav3 channels. Create your own flashcards or choose from millions created by other students. The N- and C-termini of alpha protein form the interior surface, which harbors the beta–gamma cleavage site and has predominate α-helical secondary structure. 2. These proteins are called oligomers because they have two or more subunits. Quaternary structure exists in proteins consisting of two or more identical or different polypeptide chains ( subunits ). Pathologic changes associated with AD include the formation of neuritic (also called senile) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120954407500068, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012416687500004X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781907568282000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323034104500092, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323074469000039, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008045044X002194, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693977004933, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338212697, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080552323604027, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123744104004519, Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins and Disorders of Protein Misfolding, Essentials of Medical Biochemistry (Second Edition), Elsevier's Integrated Review Biochemistry (Second Edition), Therapeutic Areas II: Cancer, Infectious Diseases, Inflammation & Immunology and Dermatology, Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. There are four well-known levels of protein structure: primary, amino acid sequence, secondary, helices, sheets and turns, tertiary, three-dimensional structure, and quaternary, specific protein–protein interactions. Sven Moosmang, Franz Hofmann, in xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2009. The stabilizing forces that hold the polypeptide subunits together are the same forces that are responsible for tertiary structure stabilization. A wide variety of reagents and conditions can cause a protein to unfold or denature. The shape of a protein is very important to its function and there are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. However, some proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as subunits. A basic assumption in correlating protein structure and function is that the structure of a protein in the crystalline state is the same as that under physiological solution conditions. The most common number of subunits is either 2 (dimer) or 4 (tetramer), but trimers, pentamers, and hexadecamers and higher order structures also occur. In this case, hemoglobin is made up of four different proteins. Quaternary Structure. Tertiary structure and pKa Values. It is relatively simple to determine the multisubunit composition of a protein experimentally. Globular spheres (i.e. Protein Quinary Structure. Tertiary and quaternary structures are formed by protein ____, and can either be divided into ____ or _____. The final shape of the protein complex is once again stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen-bonding, disulfide-bridges and salt bridges. Instead, I'll try to make this as visual and colourful as possible. Levels of protein structure – quaternary Some proteins form assemblies (units) with other molecules – this is called the quaternary structure (Figure 14). Start Your Numerade Subscription for 50% Off!Join Today. 3. The high protein density nodes bound on opposite sides of the density corresponding to DNA have defined handedness of the structure since they were shifted relative to each other along the DNA. One α-subunit and one β-subunit will come together to form a heterodimer, and two of these heterodimers will interact to form one hemoglobin molecule. Proteins with quaternary structure may consist of more than one of the same type of protein subunit. In Drosophila, Pol γ is a heterodimer with only one accessory subunit bound to the catalytic subunit.  There are two major categories of proteins with quaternary structure - fibrous and globular. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Orders of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. PRIMARY STRUCTURE refers to the order of the amino acids in the peptide chain. Books; Test Prep; Bootcamps; Class; Earn Money; Log in ; Join for Free. Venter, A. Schneemann, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. The three tRNAs bind their anticodon regions in the RNA-rich region that forms a groove in the 30S subunit.60 Several classes of antibiotics including major clinical classes such as spectinomycin, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides bind to the 30S as their site of action.72,73, L. Skipper, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005. The packing of the helices determines the overall structure of the four rRNA domains. Every protein can be described according to its primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure is present. Quaternary structure Many proteins are made up of a single polypeptide chain and have only three levels of structure (the ones we've just discussed). Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids written from the N termial of first to the C terminal of the last amino acid. In such proteins, quaternary structure refers to the number and arrangement of the individual polypeptide chains. Additionally, acidic and basic side chains can form salt linkages. The neuritic plaques contain β-amyloid protein derived from a proteolytic conversion of the neuronal β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). It is the spatial arrangement of subunits in a protein that consists of more than one polypeptide chain. β-Amyloid deposits in neurons are neurotoxic. Medical Information Search. Two examples are: haemoglobin which is an assembly of four globular proteins and the actin microfilament , composed of many thousands of actin molecules. Each polypeptide is referred to as a subunit of the protein. They may also be composed of different subunits. Quaternary Structure refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Since the same weak forces that stabilize tertiary structure are involved in stabilizing quaternary structure, the subunits can be dissociated from each other. In single cell yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and all the way through C. elegans, Pol γ is a single large catalytic subunit that varies in size from 143 kDa for S. cerevisiae to 125 kD for S. pombe, one of the smallest Pol γ catalytic subunits. The pore structure comprises the loop between transmembrane segments S5 to S6 and the S6 segment in each domain. English . However, experimental structure determina … Modeling of Protein Tertiary and Quaternary Structures Based on Evolutionary Information Methods Mol Biol. The quaternary structure found in some proteins results from interactions between two or more polypeptide chains — interactions that are usually the same as those that give rise to the tertiary structure 3. myoglobin) What mostly determines a protein's tertiary structure? Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are central nervous system disorders characterized by loss of function and death of neurons in the brain, leading to progressive loss of cognitive function and memory. The C-terminal α-helices on the gamma-cleavage products of threefold-associated protomers interact with the duplex RNA, while their fivefold-associated counterparts do not contact RNA, but are grouped together into helical bundles along the fivefold axes of the capsid (Figure 1(c)). It is also possible to have covalent stabilization by inter-chain disulfide bonds. The four levels of protein structure are shown in Figure 2. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), are central nervous system disorders characterized by loss of function and death of neurons in the brain, leading to progressive loss of cognitive function and memory. It can also refer to biomolecular complexes of proteins with nucleic acids and other cofactors. Beta represents the N-terminal portion of alpha protein, whereas gamma represents a short C-terminal peptide that remains associated with mature virions. P.A. "The four parts of a protein's amino acid sequence" does not refer to anything in particular. Oligomeric proteins include the hemoglobins (Chapter 28), allosteric enzymes (Chapter 7) responsible for the regulation of metabolism, and contractile proteins such as actin and tubulin (Chapter 21). Since the 3D structure of a protein is vital to understand the mechanisms of biological processes, diseases, and … The stabilizing forces that hold the polypeptide subunits together are the same forces that are responsible for tertiary structure stabilization. Already have an account? Describe quaternary structure. Two examples are: haemoglobin which is an assembly of four globular proteins and the actin microfilament, composed of many thousands of actin molecules. Tertiary Structure is the final shape of an entire amino acid chain. These subunits must be specifically arranged for the entire protein to function properly. Quaternary protein structure is held together by hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges. Web. Protein is transported in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes, where they occupy about 80% of the total cytoplasm. Several proteins inserted into the membrane participate in the transport of metabolites and ions. Each of the subunits has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure and are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains. C. Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure C. Primary, tertiary and quaternary levels of protein structure The amino acids are joined by covalent peptide bonds. Heteromeric: composed of different subunits, each produced by a different gene, Homomeric: composed of the same monomer unit, produced by the same gene. What kinds of interactions maintain quaternary protein structure? In such proteins, quaternary structure refers to the number and arrangement of the individual polypeptide chains. Quaternary structure describes how polypeptide chains fit together to form a complete protein. The subunit composition of Cav3 channels is still unclear. structure is not altered during denaturation (Fig. Finally, the quaternary structure of a protein refers to those macromolecules with multiple polypeptide chains or subunits. The free α-amino group, written to the left, is called the amino-terminal or N-terminal end. Quaternary Protein Structure. Quaternary Structure. In the latter case, these peptides are packaged in lysosomes and transported to other compartments of the cell. Subunits are held together by noncovalent forces; as a result, oligomeric proteins can undergo rapid conformational changes that affect biological activity. The protein features a newly solved domain at its C-terminus, characteristic of the genus Thermotoga, which promotes a peculiar octameric arrangement. Each polypeptide is referred to as a subunit of the protein. If the subunits are identical, the prefix "homo" is used, as in "homodimer." If the subunits are different, we use "hetero," as in "heterodimer.". These subunits may be the same, as in a homodimer, or different, as in a heterodimer. Folded proteins can have a variety of shapes from a roughly spherical or "globular" to a more extended "fibrillar" form. Quaternary structure: the structure formed by several protein molecules (polypeptide chains), usually called protein subunits ...Structure determination. PROTEIN QUATERNARY STRUCTURE MolSurfer - a Macromolecular Interface Navigator - is a Java-based program which can be used to study protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA interfaces. Quaternary structure • Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains in one integral structure • The arrangement of the subunits gives rise to a stable structure • Subunits may be identical or different • A common shorthand for describing such proteins is to use Greek letters for each type of subunit, and subscript numeral to specify numbers of units. In nature, some proteins are formed from several polypeptides, also known as subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the quaternary structure. Quaternary Structure Quaternary structure exists in proteins consisting of two or more identical or different polypeptide chains (subunits). A variety of bonding interactions including hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and disulfide bonds hold the various chains into a particular geometry. These proteins are called oligomers because they have two or more subunits. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. All course materials in Train online are free cultural works licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. Weak interactions between the subunits help to stabilize the overall structure. Fibrous sheets or strands (i.e. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. The quaternary structure is a very early discovery in comparison with other levels of … Examples of oligomeric proteins . It is made up of four polypeptides: two α- and two β-subunits. The quaternary structure of the protein is the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement. PROTEIN QUATERNARY STRUCTURE. In addition, the structure of a modified human full-length p53 tetramer interacting with DNA by EM in negative stain has been published recently (29,30). Magee, in Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II, 2007, Subunit structures of both the 30S and 50S subunits at resolutions higher than the intact 70S have been achieved. Also note that primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins are available in all-natural proteins. Discovering the tertiary structure of a protein, or the quaternary structure of its complexes, can ...Protein structure prediction. More than 50 million students study for free with the Quizlet app each month. Quaternary structure refers to the subunit composition of a protein (Fig. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The subunits of neurotransmitters consist of N-terminal cysteine–cysteine disulfide linkages forming a characteristic loop structure (see the enrichment references). Some proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide chain. These multi-chain proteins are held together with the same forces as the tertiary structure of individual protein chains (hydrophobic, hydrophillic, positive/negative and cysteine interactions). Quaternary Protein Structure The spatial arrangement of two or more peptide chains leads you to quaternary protein structure. Quaternary Structure refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Hemoglobin can therefore be thought of as a dimer of dimers, which come together to give the final protein its quaternary structure. The resultant RNA–protein complexes play an important role in controlling the T = 3 symmetry of the capsid. Insulin starts out as a single polypeptide and loses some internal sequences in the presence of post-translational mo… Three Cav3 alpha1 subunits have been cloned, and most of the biophysical properties of native low-voltage-activated currents can be reconstituted by heterologous expression of a single alpha1 subunit. Some proteins form assemblies (units) with other molecules – this is called the quaternary structure (Figure 14). The quaternary structure describes the arrangement and position of each of the subunits in a multiunit protein. Quaternary Structure. Hemoglobin is an example of a protein with quaternary … Some proteins are made up of more than one amino acid chain, giving them a quaternary structure. The quaternary structure of the hemoglobin protein molecule is 4 globules connected by intermolecular bonds. The neuritic plaques contain β-amyloid protein derived from a proteolytic conversion of the neuronal β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Problem 29 Explain the $\alpha$ -helix structure and the $\b… View View Full Video. 1. 4.12). For further reading see Lacinova et al (2000b) and Perez-Reyes (2003). The 2D projections of the computed interface aid visualization of complicated interfacial geometries in 3D. 1. A short video about protein primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. In mammals, Pol γ is a heterotrimer complex composed of a large catalytic subunit bound to a dimeric accessory subunit. Black Friday is Here! Quaternary Protein - Structure  The quaternary protein structure involves the clustering of several individual peptide or protein chains into a final specific shape. W.T. Four major types of attractive interactions determine the shape and stability of the folded protein: ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, disulfide linkages, and dispersion forces. Godbey, in An Introduction to Biotechnology, 2014, Quaternary structure is the interaction of two or more folded polypeptides. This is illustrated by aberrant assembly of FHV capsid proteins with deleted N-termini. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. 2007) and instrumental in new drug development (Wells & McClendon, 2007). It is an aggregate of smaller globular peptides, or subunits, and represents the functional form of the protein (i.e. John W. Pelley, in Elsevier's Integrated Review Biochemistry (Second Edition), 2012. You'll notice that all of these subunits come together to form a large, donut-shaped molecule. collagen) 3. Quaternary Structure. Two examples are: haemoglobin which is an assembly of four globular proteins and the actin microfilament , composed of many thousands of actin molecules. Tous les livres sur Protein quaternary structure. The sequence of amino acids is known as primary structure; helices, sheets, and similar features are part of the secondary structure; and the 3-D organization is tertiary structure. William C. Copeland, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2020. Folding 2. For example, insulin (a globular protein) has a combination of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds that cause it to be mostly clumped into a ball shape. When the molecule is fully operational, it enters either the cytoplasm of the cell or the Golgi apparatus. Like the alpha1 subunits of high-voltage-activated calcium channels Catterall (2000), Hofmann et al (1999), the Cav3 alpha1 subunit is organized in four homologous repeats (I–IV), with six transmembrane segments (S1–S6) in each repeat. protein recognition is both central to the construction of the networks that define cell biology (Robinson et al. Secondary structure is comprised of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. Their structure consists of twists and turns in the lipid bilayers of membranes and can undergo topological rearrangements [2]. 2.3 Quaternary structure and the Protein Data Bank 138 2.4 Mining the biochemical literature 139 3. Specific non-covalent interactions stabilize the structure of macromolecular assemblies, exemplified in this review by oligomeric proteins and the capsids of icosahedral viruses. Dodecameric complexes can have a number of subunit 'topologies', but typically only a few of the theoretically possible subunit arrangements are observed in protein structures. If the method is repeated without bond disruption, the composition can be determined by using simple mathematics. The 2D projections of the computed interface aid visualization of complicated interfacial geometries in 3D. You should know that proteins don't necessarily need to have a quaternary structure. Quaternary Structure exists when more than one amino acid chain comes together to form a protein complex. Alphanodavirus capsids are approximately 32–33 nm in diameter (Figure 1(a)). Weak interactions between the subunits help to stabilize the overall structure. The Quaternary Structure is the interaction that the different proteins have with one another to form a more complex protein ; A Qauternary Structure is made up of several polypeptide chains (subunits) which can be either similar (homo) or different (hetero), and when they come together they give the protein its quaternary structure. The main difference between primary secondary and tertiary structure of protein is that the primary structure of a protein is linear and the secondary structure of a protein can be either an α-helix or β-sheet whereas tertiary structure of a protein is globular.. Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary are the four structures of proteins found in nature. The subunit composition of the eukaryotic Pol γ varies from yeast to human. Each protomer in the viral capsid is initially composed of protein alpha (∼44 kDa), which spontaneously cleaves into mature capsid proteins beta (∼39 kDa) and gamma (∼4 kDa) following assembly of virus particles. The quaternary structure describes the arrangement and position of each of the subunits in a multiunit protein. The knowledge of the structure of a protein is therefore instrumental to gain information about the molecular basis of its function. Many proteins require the assembly of several polypeptide subunits before they become active. These subunits must be specifically arranged for the entire protein to function properly. The S4 segments serve as voltage sensors. Quaternary protein structure is held together by hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges. 14 rue de Provigny 94236 Cachan cedex FRANCE Heures d'ouverture 08h30-12h30/13h30-17h30 Tertiary structure, producing the unique structure of a protein, is stabilized by interactions … The final shape of the protein complex is once again stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen-bonding, disulfide-bridges and salt bridges. Some of the proteins are composed of two or more polypeptide chains referred to as sub-units. BROWSE SIMILAR CONCEPTS . A similarity measure between symptoms and diseases is provided. Protein quaternary structure is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.It includes organizations from simple dimers to large homooligomers and complexes with defined or variable numbers of subunits. Pathologic changes associated with AD include the formation of neuritic (also called senile) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Protein-protein recognition plays an essential role in structure and function. The loops also contain the selectivity filter of the channel. The spatial arrangement of these subunits with respect to each other is known as quaternary structure. Quizlet is the easiest way to study, practice and master what you're learning. This is called the quaternary structure. 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Packers Prepare For Browns' 3-4 Defense
The Green Bay Packers will face a defensive challenge this Sunday as the Cleveland Browns employ a 3-4 defensive scheme used by only nine teams in the NFL.
"That's a huge deal as far our protection calls," quarterback Craig Nall said.
A 3-4 scheme lines up three down linemen and four linebackers. The system asks for defensive ends to emphasize stopping the run rather than rushing the passer.
Offensive tackles Chad Clifton and Mark Tauscher will match up against pass rushing outside linebackers instead of defensive ends.
An active linebacking corps is the staple of the 3-4 defense. The Browns can blitz all four of them, send them all in pass coverage or mix and match on each play.
"There's more versatility out of a 3-4," Tauscher said.
Browns head coach Romeo Crennel brought that scheme with him from the New England Patriots where he served as defensive coordinator under head coach Bill Belichick from 2001 to 2004.
The Packers began preparations for this Sunday's game by studying the Patriots' defense in the spring.
"Everything was based on New England," Packers head coach Mike Sherman said.
On Tuesday Sherman watched film of the Patriots' Super Bowl XXXIX win, the Packers' preseason game versus the Patriots, the Browns' four preseason games and the Browns' 27-13 opening day loss to the Cincinnati Bengals.
"You kind of push it all together and try to figure where [Crennel's] at," Sherman said.
Because they installed the defense during the offseason, the Browns are obviously not as sound in the scheme as the Patriots. Crennel admits the scheme is a work in progress.
"It's going slow. I think the guys are beginning to understand it a bit better," Crennel said. "The first preseason game -- it didn't look good. The second one improved. I thought we improved throughout the preseason. Then when you get to the regular season, it's a different deal. The real bullets start flying. ... It showed we're not quite there."
The uniqueness of the 3-4 defense represents part of the challenge. Only the Browns, Patriots, Houston Texans, Pittsburgh Steelers, Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, San Diego Chargers, Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers use the scheme extensively in NFL.
"Every team doesn't do it," Nall said. "You get used to blocking against a 4-3 defense and making protection calls. All the sudden you have to do something completely different."
The Packers, however, can rely on some experience against the scheme. They played against the Chargers on Aug. 11 and Patriots on Aug. 26.
"We faced enough 3-4 defenses in the preseason," quarterback Aaron Rodgers said.
On Sunday the Packers will face a fledgling but improving version of the scheme.
"Obviously this team is not as knowledgeable in this scheme as New England was," Sherman said. "There are things in New England that they can't do here just yet, but they're pretty advanced. They're a good 3-4 front."
Whatever defense the Packers face, their performance will come down to their fundamentals and desire.
"If you play with good technique and you finish, you'll be successful," Tauscher said. "If you don't, it doesn't matter if you're playing against a 7-5."
Quick Hits: Na'il Diggs practiced with the starters at SAM linebacker during Friday's practice, but the coaching staff has not decided if he will play on Sunday. Sherman said Diggs is in good health but could have too much rust. Diggs sprained a knee ligament on Aug. 8 and has not played in any of the preseason or regular season games. He is listed as questionable on the injury report. "It's a matter of him getting used to what we're doing," Sherman said. "He hasn't been out there a whole lot." ... No. 2 wide receiver Robert Ferguson will continue to have a role on special teams, but Sherman announced he will minimize that role. ... Sherman praised the speed and work ethic of a wide receiver Jamal Jones, who the Packers cut at the end of training camp and then re-signed this week. "Jones has done a really nice job for us in the preseason," Sherman said.


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Photos: GQ Aus Photoshoot Session #060 (2016)
Earlier today a few more images were released from the GQ Aus Magazine photoshoot. Check out the gallery now for all the amazing shots taken by top photographer Todd Barry.
Photoshoots > Session #060 (2016)
Photos & Video: TimeOut Photoshoot & Joanna Hunkin talks to Jeff & Liam
by admin • Gallery ; Photoshoots ; Videos
Twenty years after the original, Independence Day has been rebooted. Joanna Hunkin talks to the stars.
and here are 2 lovely photos which were shot for TimeOut Magazine and 1 photo from The Sunday Telegraph.
I have uploaded a few more of the amazing shots which were taken by top photographer John Russo. These shots are featured in the June edition of August Man. Check them out and enjoy!
As posted last night, Liam appears in the latest issue of American Way Magazine. I have uploaded a few of the amazing shots which were taken by top photographer John Russo. Check them out and enjoy!
Liam Hemsworth: Saving Earth from the Next Alien Invasion
by admin • Articles/Interviews ; Gallery ; Photoshoots
Two decades after being mesmerized by Will Smith's performance in Independence Day, Hollywood's new golden boy has been given the opportunity to follow suit
* Simply click the images in the article to be taken to the full size image.
Liam Hemsworth was 7 when he first watched Independence Day. His parents didn't want him to see the film, but he and his older brothers, Luke and Chris, sneaked into the den one night and popped in the VHS cassette. "Seeing Will Smith punching an alien in the face was a pretty pivotal point in my life," the actor says.
Hemsworth is sitting on a scruffy Ikea couch in a dressing room at a studio in Woodland Hills, California. It's not the glamorous setting you might expect for a young actor who had a leading role in the blockbusting Hunger Games franchise and who this month stars in Independence Day: Resurgence, which also seems destined for success.
If seeing Will Smith punch an alien in the face did help inspire Hemsworth's acting career, then his latest role has a neat circularity to it. His character in the sequel serves as a kind of surrogate for the one Smith played back in 1996 (the actor reportedly opted out of participating this time around). Hemsworth plays a fighter pilot named Jake Morrison — "Not your typical cool guy" — who's a bit of a renegade, a wisecracker, and no friend to the alien invaders. Sound familiar?
There are other similarities between the actors. Will Smith was 27 when he appeared in the original Independence Day. Liam Hemsworth is 26. Both men are athletic and handsome. And both were pegged by executives at 20th Century Fox as safe bets to head up a big-money sci-fi spectacular.
If Hemsworth is daunted by the prospect of following in his childhood hero's footsteps — and of trying to match the box-office success of the original, which has made more than $817 million to date — he doesn't show it.
When director Roland Emmerich approached him about starring in the sequel, in fact, he came close to saying no. He'd just wrapped his fourth Hunger Games film, and the idea of a belated sci-fi sequel seemed like something that could easily go awry.
"I honestly did have concerns about it before I met Roland," he says. "And then when I sat down with him, he made me feel really good about it. The fact that he was excited about making another one — I just had to trust him."
Independence Day: Resurgence, which Hemsworth shot in New Mexico for four and a half months last summer, takes place 20 years after the first film. Earth is now sheltered by a massive defense system, but of course the aliens attack, creating the need for a wise-cracking renegade pilot to stop them. The question now is: How do you go one better than an exploding White House, as per the original?
"That's what everyone else has been saying: 'How do you top it?' " Hemsworth says with a laugh. "It's just a million times bigger than the first one."
There's also the question about how Hemsworth will stack up against the franchise's original hero. Smith put in such a masterfully wry performance in the first film that the character became a part of cinematic lore. Hemsworth, for his part, is best known for playing the troubled Gale Hawthorne — an enigmatic and engaging character, but not one who is exactly brimming with sly wit — in the Hunger Games films.
Photos: Photoshoot Session #043
Wow! A set of supposedly new photoshoot of Liam has surfaced online, I've added 3 new photos to the gallery. Check out these dramatic shoots by clicking the thumbnails below!
Be sure to check out these lovely photoshoot of Liam taken for LA Daily News last month during the promotion of 'Paranoia'.


Liucija Adomaite is a professional writer and editor with a sharp eye on fashion industry. Having contributed across a variety of international print and digital publications including L'Officiel, METAL, Teeth Magazine, Dazed&Confused, 370 Magazine, PIBE Magazine, Mother, legendary magazine in Lithuania "MOTERIS", held a senior copywriter position at Leo Burnett advertising agency, and worked in art galleries such as Serpentine Galleries and Arts Catalyst, her primary focus is set on arts and fashion. She is in perpetual search of peculiar angles to analyse and understand the complex terrain of our contemporary culture.


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But for me, 2016 was one of the best years ever. I traveled (on personal trips vs. work trips) more than ever before in my life. We bought a new home. I got my first ever "cool" car (a 2008 Infiniti). My kids continue to be healthy and happy and my marriage is great. I have a great job with great benefits. Sure, there have been some losses and sad moments, but I find it best to stay focused on, and grateful for, the good stuff.
February - Disney Princess Half Marathon in WDW with Nikki!
April - trip to Disneyland with all my work friends!
July - Ethan survived a terrifying collision with a semi and walked away without a single scratch. So grateful!
August - had a best friends photo shoot at the Indiana State Fair!
September - decided on a whim to sell our house and buy a new one!
Also, Matt and I went to Nashville, TN and had a wonderful time.
October - my little brother got married! Matt was the officiant, Emma was the DJ, and I was a bridesmaid.
November - my first trip to Mexico! Cancun was beautiful.
And the next weekend, we spent 4 days in Denver and saw a Broncos game!


text:
package org.apache.flink.formats.avro;

import org.apache.flink.api.common.serialization.SerializationSchema;
import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
import org.apache.flink.util.WrappingRuntimeException;

import org.apache.avro.Schema;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericData;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericRecord;
import org.apache.avro.io.BinaryEncoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.EncoderFactory;
import org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificData;
import org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificDatumWriter;
import org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificRecord;

import javax.annotation.Nullable;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Serialization schema that serializes to Avro binary format.
 *
 * @param <T> the type to be serialized
 */
public class AvroSerializationSchema<T> implements SerializationSchema<T> {

    /**
     * Creates {@link AvroSerializationSchema} that serializes {@link SpecificRecord} using provided
     * schema.
     *
     * @param tClass the type to be serialized
     * @return serialized record in form of byte array
     */
    public static <T extends SpecificRecord> AvroSerializationSchema<T> forSpecific(
            Class<T> tClass) {
        return new AvroSerializationSchema<>(tClass, null);
    }

    /**
     * Creates {@link AvroSerializationSchema} that serializes {@link GenericRecord} using provided
     * schema.
     *
     * @param schema the schema that will be used for serialization
     * @return serialized record in form of byte array
     */
    public static AvroSerializationSchema<GenericRecord> forGeneric(Schema schema) {
        return new AvroSerializationSchema<>(GenericRecord.class, schema);
    }

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -8766681879020862312L;

    /** Class to serialize to. */
    private Class<T> recordClazz;

    private String schemaString;
    private transient Schema schema;
    /** Writer that writes the serialized record to {@link ByteArrayOutputStream}. */
    private transient GenericDatumWriter<T> datumWriter;

    /** Output stream to write message to. */
    private transient ByteArrayOutputStream arrayOutputStream;

    /** Avro encoder that encodes binary data. */
    private transient BinaryEncoder encoder;

    /**
     * Creates an Avro deserialization schema.
     *
     * @param recordClazz class to serialize. Should be one of: {@link
     *     org.apache.avro.specific.SpecificRecord}, {@link org.apache.avro.generic.GenericRecord}.
     * @param schema writer Avro schema. Should be provided if recordClazz is {@link GenericRecord}
     */
    protected AvroSerializationSchema(Class<T> recordClazz, @Nullable Schema schema) {
        Preconditions.checkNotNull(recordClazz, "Avro record class must not be null.");
        this.recordClazz = recordClazz;
        this.schema = schema;
        if (schema != null) {
            this.schemaString = schema.toString();
        } else {
            this.schemaString = null;
        }
    }

    public Schema getSchema() {
        return schema;
    }

    protected BinaryEncoder getEncoder() {
        return encoder;
    }

    protected GenericDatumWriter<T> getDatumWriter() {
        return datumWriter;
    }

    protected ByteArrayOutputStream getOutputStream() {
        return arrayOutputStream;
    }

    @Override
    public byte[] serialize(T object) {
        checkAvroInitialized();

        if (object == null) {
            return null;
        } else {
            try {
                datumWriter.write(object, encoder);
                encoder.flush();
                byte[] bytes = arrayOutputStream.toByteArray();
                arrayOutputStream.reset();
                return bytes;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new WrappingRuntimeException("Failed to serialize schema registry.", e);
            }
        }
    }

    protected void checkAvroInitialized() {
        if (datumWriter != null) {
            return;
        }
        ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
        if (SpecificRecord.class.isAssignableFrom(recordClazz)) {
            Schema schema = SpecificData.get().getSchema(recordClazz);
            this.datumWriter = new SpecificDatumWriter<>(schema);
            this.schema = schema;
        } else {
            this.schema = new Schema.Parser().parse(this.schemaString);
            GenericData genericData = new GenericData(cl);

            this.datumWriter = new GenericDatumWriter<>(schema, genericData);
        }
        this.arrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        this.encoder = EncoderFactory.get().directBinaryEncoder(arrayOutputStream, null);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }
        AvroSerializationSchema<?> that = (AvroSerializationSchema<?>) o;
        return recordClazz.equals(that.recordClazz) && Objects.equals(schema, that.schema);
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hash(recordClazz, schema);
    }
}


Mayor Chris Watts announced today that the City of Denton, jointly with the Denton County Homelessness Leadership Team, have accepted the challenge to end veteran homelessness in our community. Mayor Watts made the announcement at the 4th Annual Denton County Homeless Veterans Stand Down and Resource Fair, an event designed to provide support and resources directly to Denton County's homeless veterans.
The Denton County Homelessness Leadership Team, a Collective Impact initiative managed by United Way of Denton County and funded and championed by the City of Denton, adopted the goal to end veteran homelessness by 2020 into its strategic plan. Support and participation from organizations and municipalities from across Denton County is anticipated.
The Mayors Challenge to End Veteran Homelessness is an interagency initiative launched in June 2014 led by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness. The goal of the initiative is to coordinate efforts among local, state, and federal agencies to develop partnerships with cities to end homelessness in their communities.
During his remarks, Mayor Watts urged the support of the community and landlords in reaching this goal. He encouraged donations to the Denton County Homelessness Barriers Fund, a fund which reduces barriers to housing by increasing resources for nonprofits working with families to promote housing stability and self-sufficiency. Landlords and property managers were challenged to join him in making units accessible to move the needle toward ending veteran homelessness.
Watts applauded the collaborative county-wide efforts to address veteran homelessness, including the launch of the Denton County Veterans Center in 2017, securing HUD-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing vouchers, and implementing a Coordinated Entry system so every person experiencing homelessness in Denton County can be identified and matched to appropriate services.
Just this week, United Way of Denton County and the Denton County Homelessness Leadership Team launched the Denton County Homelessness Data Dashboard giving a critical overview of households and students across Denton County experiencing homelessness. Sources for this data are obtained from a network of nonprofits collecting information with Coordinated Entry.
Held at the Denton Civic Center, the Stand Down provided homeless veterans clothing, shoes, food, and haircuts, as well as access to a variety of housing, employment, and medical services.


It's common knowledge that an IQ, or intelligence quotient, is a measure of how intelligent someone is. It's like a GPA for the rest of your life, even after school is over with. But does one's IQ really demonstrate their ability in today's increasingly competitive job market? Experience is beginning to overtake this quantifiable "intelligence" as the true measure of how qualified a candidate is for a job, and this includes not only past employment but also valuable life experience. Studying abroad is one such valuable life experience that helps boost one's "CQ," or "cultural quotient," instead.
The CQ is a phenomenon that has gained momentum in recent years, especially as many companies spoke out about the lack of culturally qualified candidates for their international endeavors. Kevin Kelly, CEO of a leading executive search and leadership consulting firm, Heidrick & Struggles, said "We cannot find enough talent today that can navigate through different cultures across the globe," during a speech at Georgetown University last year.
It sounds like having a study abroad experience on your resume would make you an excellent candidate for employment with his company.
It is frequently repeated that studying abroad will make you a better person — so frequently, in fact, that it's becoming a cliché. But do we ever stop to consider how this is so? Sure, you get to travel a lot of places and learn much more about yourself, but did you ever consider that you may have also gained valuable professional experience? Evaluate the knowledge and skills you've developed during your time abroad, and put them to good use. Don't let the value of being abroad last for only that semester.
It's important to make the most of your time while you're living and studying in another country, there's no denying that. But it's just as important to make the most of the experience upon your return home.
So you learned how to communicate with people while overcoming cultural differences or language barriers? Great, now nothing's stopping you from befriending the international student in your class. You discovered that many European cultures balance their work with relaxation, and make time for sitting by themselves to enjoy a coffee every once in a while? If you miss it, then stop Netflix binging and finish your work so you'll have time to do the same.
Don't just say that studying abroad has been a life-changing experience. Prove it.
By doing this, you are increasing your cultural quotient. Not only will your CQ keep your experiences abroad at the front of your mind, but it may also help you land a job. It's a win/win situation.
Some businesses have even begun administering a CQ evaluation, which is supposed to "identify an individual's willingness, capacity, and strategy to understand each other's cultural attributes as a means of bridging communication and collaboration gaps," according to a story in the Financial Post.
Other companies that don't administer such tests still take CQ into consideration when hiring. Cultural awareness along with an attitude of acceptance and tolerance are a few qualities highly in demand right now, particularly since so many companies are going global and doing business all over the world on any given day.
In the age of globalization, the CQ is overtaking the IQ. If you were fortunate enough to study abroad or travel young, you have an amazing advantage, so make it count. Demonstrate your CQ both in your job applications and in your everyday life, and then you can truly say that studying abroad was a life changing experience.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do — it'll boost your CQ!


Sit back and absorb this article's title for a moment: big data vendors don't understand big data. How can IT vendors not understand one of the IT industry's largest selling products? According to Computing, "SAP, Oracle, and HP 'Don't Get' Big Data, Claims Massive Analytic Chairman" in a very bold statement.
Executive chairman and founder of the Oscar AP platform George Frangou claims that companies that like Oracle, HP, and SAP do not know how to help their customers take advantage of their big data and are more interested in getting customers hooked into their ecosystems than providing true analytical insight.
One of the reasons Frangou says this is because his Oscar AP is more "advanced" and allows users to foretell the future with various outcomes. The Oscar AP platform is part of the next round of big data called massive analytics. HP, Oracle, and SAP cannot wrap their heads around massive analytics yet, because they are more concerned with selling their product.
Frangou went on to say that big data customers are spending more money than they need to and are getting sucked into purchasing more products in order to make their big data plans work. It appears to be a vicious cycle. Frangou said that cloud analytics are the best option for customers and to go with SAP, although still more barriers remain getting a decent cloud analytics platform off the ground.
It does not come as surprising that big data products are falling short of their promised results. A similar comparison would be the Windows OS falling well below expected desired performance expectations and users spending way too much time troubleshooting than getting their projects done.


text:
Microsoft Releases Crown Jewels — From 1982!
If you look back 30 or so years ago, it wasn't clear what was going to happen with personal computers. One thing most people would have bet on, though, was that CP/M — the operating system from Digital Research — would keep growing and power whatever new machines were available. Except it didn't. MS-DOS took over the word and led — eventually — to the huge number of Windows computers we know today. Microsoft has released the source code to MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 on GitHub.
Microsoft — then another fledgling computer company — had written some BASIC interpreters and wanted in on the operating system space. They paid the princely sum of $75,000 to Seattle Computer Products for something called QDOS written by [Tim Paterson]. Rebranded as MS-DOS, the first version appeared in late 1981 and version 1.25 was out about a year later.
While you might not think having MS-DOS source code is a big deal, there's still a lot of life left in DOS and it is also interesting from an educational and historical perspective. If you don't want to read x86 assembly language, there's also the BASIC source for the samples (paradoxically, in the bin subdirectory) along with compiled COM files for old friends like EDLIN and DEBUG.
Of particular interest is the very small assembler source code. There's also the source for something that would convert Z80 code to x86 which could be fun to pick apart. Be warned, though. There are not many comments in the file's 1,200 lines.
The source code for version 2.0 has a lot more files including the source for things like EDLIN and DEBUG. We wonder if the version 1.25 files were lost, too ugly to show, or if the COM files were hand-coded?
If you had told us in 1990 that Microsoft would open source MS-DOS we'd have had you committed. They did show their sense of humor with this little bit in the README file:
The source files in this repo are for historical reference and will be kept static, so please don't send Pull Requests suggesting any modifications to the source files,…
If this gets you wanting to write some new DOS programs, you can actually use GCC now. Or if you want to play the DONKEY.BAS file, QB64 would probably work.
Posted in Retrocomputing, Software HacksTagged github, ms-dos, msdos
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45 thoughts on "Microsoft Releases Crown Jewels — From 1982!"
Saabman says:
I guess you could always "fork" it
EdLin, now THATS a text editor. I was most taken back at a it job interview way back when and they looked at me blankly when I mentioned I was comfortable using EdLin – knowing what I know nowabout about managent and interview panels for government jobs I don't think they had any idea what I was talking about ….
MK 2 says:
At my first job, the powers that be insisted we all use EDLIN to edit our COBOL source code "because that's the only editor that is always available if you have to do on-site support". Which we never did.
I spent about a year writing 6805 code for a cross assembler on CP/M using the old CP/M editor which was similar. I got really good at it, but I was tired of it. I told my boss: if you won't buy us a better editor, I'm going to buy one out of my own pocket. He said, "I'm not buying another editor. We bought a copy of WordStar two years ago and no one could figure out how to install it." I said, "We have a copy of WordStar?" About 30 minutes later I was in editing heaven. Took me a long time to give up WordStar and WordStar-like editors.
Bruce McIntosh says:
Having come up in the CP/M space and being very stubborn, I have those WordStar sequences burned into my very soul. I used VDE, then ZDE on my CP/M boxes, and VDE for DOS on PCs. Nowadays, first thing I do on any linux machine I have any reason to access is install JOE (Joe's Own Editor, because recursive acronyms are fun).
Yup! Me too. JOE FTW.
Michael Black says:
I picked Joe when I first installed Linux in 2001 because it could emulate the keystrokes, maybe more, of a number of editors, depending on how you invoked it. That sounded versatile.
And other than try the possibilities the first week, I've never used it as anything but straight "Joe".
Arduino Enigma says:
^KB ^KK ^KC ^KV
Those are the ones that have stuck.
darkspr1te says:
not sure if your wordstaring or wordperfecting, those two always muddled me. wordperfect was my first dataease to mailling list system.
Erik Johnson says:
It's been released for some time now, they just put it on github recently is all
0xTJ says:
It looks like it's now under an MIT license
Lukas Drechsel-Burkhard says:
What text encoding do the source files use?
RÖB says:
Probably ASCII
daveboltman says:
Definitely ASCII – Unicode didn't exist in those days
I wonder what they were thinking. If you want source code for DOS then there's http://freedos.org/
frezik says:
FreeDOS isn't the same thing. It's a community-created clone of DOS, not the one Microsoft made back in the day.
this is only a recent github commit cause they now own github(prosperity/reference/research/search) , originally it was release in 2014, http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/microsoft-ms-dos-early-source-code/ , hackaday is catching up, soon we shall see source to OS/2 , Love you bill & jenny :-)
About 35 years too late.
Tore Lund says:
Excuse me, Bil did make some original DOS commands, but the majority was simply copied from IBM DOS, some of them even with the exact command file name. It is like claiming that Google invented Android.
James Churchill (pelrun) says:
IBM PC DOS was a rebranded version of MS DOS… so you're claiming they copied from themselves. Scandalous!
It might be My memory, but tIt came in a box with a cartoon parrot, and it was more primitive than MS DOS. Just found the wiki… You are absolutely right! I'm an arse.
M H says:
In some versions, PC DOS had some commands which were not originally created by Microsoft. Microsoft then created versions of these for MS DOS. (My first computer job was writing some of those commands for Microsoft.)
jacobchrist says:
Huh? I think you have your chronology wrong. MS bought QDOS because IBM could not. They then licensed to IBM.
Julian Skidmore says:
IBM went to Microsoft for a version of their Basic, but at the meeting, Microsoft also won the contract for PC-DOS by telling IBM they were working on one, which wasn't true. They did, however, already know about QDOS from SCP (who didn't know IBM were looking to contract a company to write the PC's operating system). They subsequently either bought outright or obtained the rights to QDOS, which was then modified for IBM's hardware; retained ownership of MS-DOS, which was licensed to IBM.
Gregg Eshelman says:
That big lie and the lie about already working on BASIC for the MITS Altair are the foundations of Microsoft's success. Had Gates and Allen told the truth those times, the landscape of computer software would have been far different. Same for if Gary Kildall hadn't been so standoffish with IBM that they went to their second choice, Microsoft.
leeahart says:
I think you mean that DOS was copied from Digital Research's CP/M-80.
CP/M was the most popular OS at the time, but written for the 8080. Digital Research was working on an x86 version. Tim Patterson couldn't wait, and so fed CP/M-80 source into XLT86 (a DRI program that converted 8080 source into x86 source) to get what he called QDOS.
Microsoft bought QDOS, renamed it MS-DOS, made some tweaks and improvements, and sold copies to IBM. And made history.
I didn't know that aspect. I thought they developed it from scratch to be a work-alike of CP/M. Surely even SCP had to modify its behaviour so that it could use 8086 segmentation. Also, CP/M interfaces via CALL 5 instructions whereas MS-DOS uses int 13 for the bios and int 21 (mainly) for the higher-level calls.
Rich Wells says:
MS-DOS implements CALL 5. This code was handed down from the SCP code where it was designed as part of the automated conversion process for CP/M-80 programs. The behind the scenes set of jumps and reorganizing the stack so that CALL 5 ends up in the INT 21h code is suitably baroque and broke in several versions of MS-DOS.
Digital Research did not implement CALL 5 in CP/M-86 requiring code to be rewritten.
XENIX.ASM and XENIX2.ASM files look interesting.
Francis Theodore Catte says:
Now if we can get them to open source MS Comic Chat and 3D Movie Maker, we'll be getting somewhere.
I miss the times I had with comic chat. Talk about a defining program of my youth
Doc Oct says:
The holy grail would be one of the early versions of Windows after they started to go somewhere with it. I'd love to see Windows 3.1 source at some point, including the programs for it like solitare. Winfile source was released so I can still dream right?
Anyways, maybe they'll at least release the source for a newer version of DOS, like 5.22 sometime. That would also be neat to see. I spent a majority of my time in DOS back in the day. Either playing games, or messing around in QBasic or writing terrible fanfiction in EDIT and/or some other text editor I can't remember. I think it was one with a black background and yellow text?
If you can get a-hold of older SDKs and older copies of VC and Visual Studio they usually had bits and pieces of it in the sample code. One fun one was the old 'pipes' screensaver and changing all the corners to be teapots.
rasz_pl says:
There was a leak of NT codebase some years back.
Miroslav says:
Haha … World domination is ahead for me! Boot sector virus to rule the whole world!
Ah. 30 years too late …
Pitr, is that you? (yes, that's an UF reference)
God, root, what is difference? Am to be doink bad things to your networks! :D
Cbob says:
Nothing like a proper text editor like edit or a fancy one like eded. Oh btw, BASICA ruled.
They must have run out of ways to make money off of it.
CrashSerious says:
From the FIND Assembly comments.
; 4) The maximum line size is determined by ;
; buffer size. Bigger lines will bomb the program. ;
Oh, if only buffer overflows in MSDOS 2.0 were useful in any way…
duh says:
holy snap! with this source and a little work, we could have DOS on all the machines! z80, 6502, AVR, the possibilities are endless!
Oh, right, but all the software, games, etc. is still x86… :/
I think it might be a lot of work. I suspect this is assembler, so one has to do a lot if translation to fit "foreign" CPUs. You also have to deal with fewer registers on the 8bit CPUs.
Microsoft used a lot of concepts across their BASICs, but as far as I know, they started from scratch with each new CPU. That probably says something about how translatable an 8086 DOS would be to 8bit CPUs.
keithfromcanada says:
Remember the gold mine that was Norton Commander? It's spiritual successor, DOS Navigator is still around and works well with both Windows and Linux. Personally, I use NDN, as it has a ton of features and an excellent text editor that even supports regex!
xorpunk says:
Who needs source code? It was insanely easy to RE 6.22 binary codebase and add features as if it was BASIC or C or Fortran source..
outsourcedguru says:
Not sure if you're aware of this but somebody has purposely done some monkey-patching to prevent the source from assembling. They've also renamed the files in places. It's a total mess. You'd also need an ancient MASM v1.10 to do anything with it, which isn't available. So it's a disingenuous move on their part.
I'm also siding with CP/M (rather than QDOS) as the pedigree of MS-DOS. Bill was just a college drop-out and lacked the experience to know what he was doing.
Speaking of editors, my editor of choice was the command like ed.exe which came with a copy of WordPerfect. The custom macro support was better even then than what you'll find in editors today.
I've always had a thing for CP/M even though I spend so much time on MSDOS. I make a z80 circuit that ran both once..
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