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Frontiers in Neurology
Giuseppe De Michele
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Silmar Teixeira
Federal University of Piauí, Brazil
Natascia De Lucia
Federico II University Hospital, Italy
Front. Neurol., 31 May 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00231
Memory for Spatial Locations in a Patient with Near Space Neglect and Optic Ataxia: Involvement of the Occipitotemporal Stream
Sergio Chieffi1*†, Giovanni Messina1,2†, Antonietta Messina1, Ines Villano1, Vincenzo Monda1, Ferdinando Ivano Ambra3, Elisabetta Garofalo3, Felice Romano3, Maria Pina Mollica4, Marcellino Monda1 and Alessandro Iavarone3
1Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
2Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
3Neurological and Stroke Unit, CTO Hospital, AORN "Ospedali dei Colli" Naples, Naples, Italy
4Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
Previous studies suggested that the occipitoparietal stream orients attention toward the near/lower space and is involved in immediate reaching, whereas the occipitotemporal stream orients attention toward the far/upper space and is involved in delayed reaching. In the present study, we investigated the role of the occipitotemporal stream in attention orienting and delayed reaching in a patient (GP) with bilateral damage to the occipitoparietal areas and optic ataxia. GP and healthy controls took part in three experiments. In the experiment 1, the participants bisected lines oriented along radial, vertical, and horizontal axes. GP bisected radial lines farther, and vertical lines more above, than the controls, consistent with an attentional bias toward the far/upper space and near/lower space neglect. The experiment 2 consisted of two tasks: (1) an immediate reaching task, in which GP reached target locations under visual control and (2) a delayed visual reaching task, in which GP and controls were asked to reach remembered target locations visually presented. We measured constant and variable distance and direction errors. In immediate reaching task, GP accurately reached target locations. In delayed reaching task, GP overshot remembered target locations, whereas the controls undershot them. Furthermore, variable errors were greater in GP than in the controls. In the experiment 3, GP and controls performed a delayed proprioceptive reaching task. Constant reaching errors did not differ between GP and the controls. However, variable direction errors were greater in GP than in the controls. We suggest that the occipitoparietal damage, and the relatively intact occipitotemporal region, produced in GP an attentional orienting bias toward the far/upper space (experiment 1). In turns, the attentional bias selectively shifted toward the far space remembered visual (experiment 2), but not proprioceptive (experiment 3), target locations. As a whole, these findings further support the hypothesis of an involvement of the occipitotemporal stream in delayed reaching. Furthermore, the observation that in both delayed reaching tasks the variable errors were greater in GP than in the controls suggested that in optic ataxia is present not only a visuo- but also a proprioceptivo-motor integration deficit.
Goodale and Milner (1–5) proposed the model of two cortical pathways of visual processing. According to their model, the dorsal (occipitoparietal) stream provides "vision for action" and the ventral (occipitotemporal) stream "vision for perception" (1, 3, 5). The two streams would process and transmit visual information in quite different ways, each stream contributing to elaborate selective components of action. The dorsal stream would compute object target location relative to some position on the body, such as the eye, head, trunk, shoulder, or hand (i.e., in egocentric coordinates), and provide for the subsequent implementation of the action. Its processing occurs in real time, i.e., with the target object visible during the programming phase (5). Conversely, when there is a delay between stimulus offset and the initiation of the reaching movement, the movement programming is driven by a memory of the target created by mechanisms in the ventral stream (5). In this case, the location of the object target is encoded relatively to the other objects in the visual environment, i.e., in allocentric coordinates (6, 7).
Clinical evidence shows that a lesion that damages selectively the dorsal or ventral pathway produces specific symptoms. A lesion of the ventral pathway may cause visual agnosia (8, 9). A patient with visual agnosia shows a gross impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. A lesion of the dorsal pathway may cause optic ataxia. A patient with optic ataxia shows a gross spatial inaccuracy in reaching toward individual objects in his visual field (10–12). In optic ataxia, patients with unilateral lesions show marked disorders when required to reach to an object presented in their contralesional/ataxic visual field ("field effect"), and also when using their contralesional/ataxic hand ("hand effect"). These reaching inaccuracies largely interact, that is, when the contralesional hand is used to reach within the contralesional visual field (13, 14), so amplifying the misreaching error. In general, reaching in central vision is spared (13, 14). Optic ataxia is considered to be a specific visuomanual guidance deficit. It would depend on an impairment of spatiomotor integration of visual targets locations (15). Interestingly, optic ataxic patients show a significant improvement in their pointing accuracy when a delay is interposed between the presentation of the stimulus and the signal to respond (16–18). It has been proposed that this improvement would occur because the patient now uses a memory of the stimulus location based on perceptual processing carried out at the time of stimulation by his relatively intact occipitotemporal cortex (16). A complementary dissociation was also reported. Milner et al. (19) described the case of DF, who presented bilateral damage of occipitotemporal cortex and visual-form agnosia. DF showed normal accuracy in an immediate pointing task, but her performance deteriorated in a delayed pointing task. Milner et al. (19) proposed that DF selectively failed to store, even for a few seconds, information about target location to-be-reached (19).
A further functional dissociation between the dorsal and ventral streams was reported in clinical setting. The study of single cases showed complimentary specializations of the ventral and dorsal pathways in orienting attention toward far/upper and near/lower spaces, respectively. These studies were performed by asking the participants to bisect lines (or rods) oriented radially or vertically. The patients with occipitoparietal lesions localized the center of radial and vertical lines, respectively, farther and more above than the healthy participants, suggesting the presence of neglect for near/lower space (20–22). Conversely, the patients with occipitotemporal lesions localized the subjective center of radial and vertical lines, respectively, nearer and more below than the healthy participants, suggesting the presence of neglect for far/upper space (23, 24). Drain and Reuter-Lorenz (25) hypothesized that the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal streams are in mutually inhibitory control of attention orienting. The damage of the occipitoparietal regions would produce a far/upward attentional bias, being increased the activation of the occipitotemporal stream. Conversely, the damage to occipitotemporal regions would produce disinhibition of activity of the occipitoparietal regions and then a near/downward orienting bias.
Aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis of the involvement of the occipitotemporal stream in delayed reaching. Here we report the case of a patient, GP, who showed bilateral damage of occipitoparietal lobes. First we examined whether, according to previous studies, the occipitoparietal damage, and the relative integrity of the occipitotemporal stream, produced an attention bias toward the far space. If this was the case, we planned to examine whether the attention bias affected delayed reaching performance, shifting toward the far space remembered target locations. As a whole, these findings would add support for the involvement of the occipitotemporal stream in delayed reaching.
In the present experiment, we explored GP's attention orienting, in the three dimensions of space, by using bisection tasks. Previous studies showed that occipitoparietal lesion could produce neglect for near/lower space (20–22). Our prediction was as follows. If GP was affected by neglect for near/lower space, she would consistently localize the subjective midpoint farther (radial lines) and more above (vertical lines) than the healthy participants.
The patient, GP, is a right-handed woman with 10 years of schooling. She was 29 years old at the time of onset of first symptoms (2012), which consisted of recurrent episodes of headache. During some of the most severe headache attacks, the patient was admitted to the Emergency Unit of several Hospitals, where high blood pressure values (up to 240/120 mmHg) were always detected. She received hypotensive treatment and discharged by a few hours. In January 2013, the patient showed a new, extremely severe headache attack, followed by stupor and coma, which required admission to an Intensive Care Unit. A first brain CT scan performed few hours by admission was normal. A second CT scan, 2 days later, showed a large hypodense lesion, circumscribed by edema, involving both occipital lobes, with extension to the adjacent posterior parietal lobes. During the following days the patient showed progressive recovery of consciousness, but exhibited a severe disorder of vision resembling, at least in its first stages, the picture of a cortical blindness. Following investigations (i.e., body MRI with gadolinium) showed the presence of a left pheochromocytoma, which was surgically removed in February 2013. During the following months, the patient exhibited significant improvement of visual abilities, but showing persistent difficulties in daily living, since she referred fragmented perception of the environment, in particular when dealing with multiple stimuli and/or complex scenes, and a marked impairment in perceiving the depth. At first neurological and neuropsychological evaluation, about nine months by the onset of brain injury, the patient was alert and well oriented, with intact motility and strength of the limbs. Conversely, she referred marked disorders of visuospatial and visuomotor abilities with relevant impact on working functioning; as consequence of these difficulties, the patient was unable to start again her job of expert hairdresser. As matter of fact, she referred persistence of the fragmentary perception of the visual environment, in particular for the near space, and difficulties in catching visual targets; furthermore, these difficulties involved hand movements under visual guidance, particularly movements directed toward the lower left hemispace, or sequential movements toward objects posited at different depths. The referred symptoms led to suspect a form of a Balint (or Balint-like) syndrome. In August 2013, she underwent a brain MRI (see Figure 1) Therefore, the patient underwent clinical and neuropsychological tasks (April to June 2014) aimed to evaluate the presence of core signs of the disorder and to exclude impairment of general sensorimotor functions and disorders at cognitive domains different from visuospatial and visuomotor.
Figure 1. Brain MRI of GP Bilateral lesion of the occipital cortex, slightly greater on the right side, with involvement of the adjacent parietal lobes.
Visual Acuity and Visual Field
Visual acuity was quite good (right eye 8/10; left eye 9/10). At clinical evaluation the patient exhibited impairment of the visual field in both the lower quadrants, more evident on the left side; this was confirmed by a computerized campimetric examination. Simultanagnosia: the patient exhibited great difficulty in perceiving and naming two objects simultaneously presented. The presence of the core symptom has been established according to Wolpert's definition and further description by Rizzo and Vecera (26), who operationally define simultanagnosia as an inability to report all the items and relation in a complex visual display, despite unrestricted head and eye movements. Following Author's suggestion, the patient was given a picture containing a balance of information among the four quadrants (namely, the Cookie Theft). At this task, in which care was given in positioning the stimulus in the intact visual quadrants, GP correctly named single elements (e.g., the woman, the washbasin, etc.,) but she was unable to make a coherent and complete sense of pictures representing the scene. Psychic paralysis of gaze (gaze apraxia) and optic ataxia: they were assessed following a modified Kas et al.'s procedure (27). The patient sat at a distance of about 50 cm in front of the examiner and was asked to fix his nose. Afterward, the examiner moved a target stimulus (i.e., a coin) through the four visual quadrants. Care was given in avoiding to position the target in quadrants of the visual field with denser hemianopia. The patient was then asked to move her eyes in the direction of the coin. GP failed to move her eyes in the direction of the coin in any of the four visual quadrants, with more relevant difficulties (as clinically shown by more evident "erratic" eye movements) for the lower quadrants. This supported the diagnosis of psychic paralysis of gaze. Optic ataxia was assessed by asking the patient, whose starting position (SP) was the same of the previous task, to touch the coin with a designated hand (left or right). The examiner placed the coin one at time in each of the four visual quadrants. GP exhibited relevant difficulties in accurately reaching the target with either hands on the first attempt in all of the four visual quadrants. From the other hand, no reaching difficulties were shown with both arms if the stimulus was centrally posited and correctly foveated. These results supported diagnosis of optic ataxia. Proprioception: the static and dynamic proprioception of the upper limbs were assessed following methods by Blangero et al. (15), i.e., applying a slow passive movement in flexion or extension (the test included 25% catch trials) on each joint serially (index, wrist, elbow, shoulder), whilst the patient kept her eyes closed. It was asked her: (i) whether she perceived a movement; (ii) in which direction; (iii) to reproduce the single joint angles with the other limb. The patient showed no difficulties in performing the task. The patient did not show clear disorders of main cognitive domains other than visuospatial. She had a corrected score (CS) of 25.75 (cutoff: 23.8) at the Mini-Mental State Examination (28). Executive functions resulted intact as supported by normal CS = 15.28 (cutoff: 12.03) at the Frontal Assessment Battery (29, 30). Oral language was intact; in particular, the patient was able in naming all the visual stimuli (pictures representing object/animals, actions, colors) from a standard language examination battery [ENPA; (31)] so excluding an overt visual agnosia. At the same battery, although with mild slowness, she did not produce errors in reading aloud single words, non-words and sentences. The patient did not show clinical evidence of prosopagnosia. She always recognized the faces of the members of the clinical staff without the aid of their voices, if the face had been previously foveated. Verbal episodic memory showed no impairment. GP scored within the normal range at both immediate (CS = 35.1; cutoff: 28.53) and delayed recall (CS = 6.9; cutoff: 4.69) of the Rey's 15 words list. Performances at verbal short-term memory were within the lower limits (CS digit span forward = 3.75; cutoff: 3.75). From the other hand, the patient showed significant impairment at tests of visual short-term memory (CS Corsi span = 1.75; cutoff: 3.50). GP did not show difficulties in basic visual discrimination processes since she performed in normal range at a test of scrawl comparison (CS = 23.85; cutoff: 21), nor at tasks for ideomotor apraxia; however, she resulted grossly impaired at tasks, namely constructive apraxia, requiring to accurately analyze the visuospatial characteristics of the stimulus to reproduce. This was assessed by stimuli from the Mental Deterioration Battery (32), requiring to copy designs without (CD) and with landmarks (CDL). GP had CSs of 3.7 (cutoff: 7.18) at CD task and 20.5 (cutoff: 61.85) at CDL.
Twelve healthy, right-handed females took part in the experiment. Their mean age was 31.1 years (range 28–36; SD 2.7). All the participants reported having normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Seconda Università di Napoli" and was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (RDn 1185 of July 27, 2011). Participants gave written informed consent to take part in the study.
The stimuli were black lines, 1 mm wide, drawn and centered on white paper 29.7 cm × 21.0 cm. Lines could be of six different lengths (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, or 27.5 cm) and were presented along the three orthogonal axes: horizontal, radial, and vertical. Horizontal and radial lines were presented in the transverse plane, on the table top. Horizontal lines were oriented along the frontal plane, radial lines along the midsagittal plane. Both horizontal and radial lines were placed 35 cm below eye level and their midpoint was 30 cm from subject's body. Vertical lines were presented on a wall, 30 cm front the subject, at the intersection of the frontal and midsagittal plane, and their midpoint was at the subject's eye level (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Placement of line bisection stimuli in relation to subject.
The participants sat in a comfortable chair in front of a table, where the stimuli were placed one at a time. They were asked to explore the full extent of the test line and then to localize and mark the subjective midpoint using a pencil held with their right or left hand. The task was performed by GP in two sessions, on two different days. In the first session, GP used the right hand, in the second session the left hand. Healthy participants performed the task in a single session. Half of the healthy participants used first the right hand and then the left hand; the other half vice-versa. Participants bisected a total of 72 lines [three spatial conditions (horizontal, radial, vertical) × six line lengths (15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 cm) × four presentations]. For each hand condition, the lines were grouped according to spatial orientation into three blocks. The order of the blocks so as, in each block, the order of the line lengths was randomized.
The length of the left side of the bisected line (i.e., from the left end of the line to the subject's mark) was measured to 0.5 mm accuracy. This measurement was converted to a standardized score, the percentage deviation score, using the following formula: [(measured left half − true half)/true half] × 100. This procedure is comparable with that used in other studies (33, 34) and takes individual line length into account. This transformation yielded (+) values for marks placed to the right of (horizontal lines), farther than (radial lines), or above (vertical lines) of the true center and (−) values for marks to the left of, nearer than, or below the true center. For control group, data for each spatial condition were pooled across line lengths.
For each condition, GP's performance was compared with that of the control group by means of a modified two-tailed t-test to small control sample size (35, 36).
Furthermore, for each spatial axis, one-sample, two-tailed t-tests were also performed comparing GP's bisection errors (df = 23) with the null set (true midpoint) to investigate the direction of misbisection. Analogously, controls' bisection errors (df = 11) were compared with the null set. Significance level was fixed at p < 0.008 on a Bonferroni basis after considering the number of comparisons. The effect size has been checked by the Cohen's d.
The mean values of line bisection errors of GP and the control group are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Pattern of percentage deviation score measured in experiment 1. On the y-axis, (+) values indicate that the subjective midpoint was located farther than (radial lines), above (vertical lines), to the right of (horizontal lines) the true center; (−) values to the left of, nearer than, or below the true center. Mean values are shown with SE (bars).
In the radial condition, GP located the subjective midpoint farther than the control group with both the left (10.2 vs. 2.0%, t = 2.81, p < 0.02) and right (14.2 vs. 3.1%, t = 2.73, p < 0.02) hand. Analogously, in the vertical condition, GP located the subjective midpoint more above than the control group with both the left (24.1 vs. 4.2%, t = 4.55, p = 0.01) and the right (38.4 vs. 3.8%, t = 8.31, p < 0.001) hand. In the horizontal condition, when the left hand was used GP bisected lines more to the left than the controls (7.7 vs. −3.0%, t = 3.81, p < 0.005). Conversely, bisection performance did not differ between GP and controls when the right hand was used (3.5 vs. −1.9%, t = 1.67, NS).
The comparison of bisection error with the null set showed that both GP located the subjective midpoint farther (radial condition) and more above (vertical condition) the true center (radial condition, left hand: t = 7.62, p < 0.0001, d = 2.2, right hand: t = 4.67, p < 0.0002, d = 1.35; vertical condition, left hand: t = 5.29, p < 0.0001, d = 1.53; right hand: t = 7.90, p < 0.0001, d = 2.28). Also the controls in the vertical condition located the subjective midpoint more above the true center (vertical condition, left hand: t = 3.46, p < 0.006, d = 1.41, right hand: t = 3.29, p < 0.008, d = 1.34), whereas a trend toward significance was present for the radial condition (radial condition, left hand: t = 2.52, p < 0.03, d = 1.03, right hand: t = 2.73, p < 0.02, d = 1.12). Furthermore, as concerns horizontal lines, GP erred to the right of the true center with the right hand (right hand: t = 3.22, p < 0.005, d = 0.97), whereas a trend toward significance was present for the left hand (left hand: t = 2.72, p < 0.02, d = 0.78). The controls erred to the left of the true center with the left hand (t = −3.82, p < 0.003, d = −1.56).
The present experiment showed that GP localized the subjective midpoint of radial lines farther, and that of vertical lines more above, than the healthy controls. These observations agree with previous studies that showed the presence of attention orienting bias toward the far upper/space and near/lower space neglect in patients with occipitoparietal lesions (20–22). GP showed also left visuospatial neglect when she used left hand to bisect horizontal lines. Left neglect is one of the typical signs of Balint syndrome (37).
In experiment 2, we investigated whether in GP the attentional bias toward the far space affected the reaching of target locations, visually presented, in a delayed reaching task. Previous studies showed that patients with occipitoparietal lesion and optic ataxia improved their reaching performance when they were asked to reach remembered target positions (16–18). Milner et al. (16) hypothesized that this improvement was due to the relatively intact occipitotemporal stream. We explored whether in GP the increased attentional bias toward the far space (related to the integrity of the occipitotemporal stream) shifted forward the localization of remembered target locations.
Experiment 2 consisted of two tasks. First, GP performed an immediate reaching task. Then, both GP and healthy controls performed a delayed reaching task. They were asked to remember a target location, visually presented, within their reaching space. After a delay, participants were asked to reach it. We explored whether the increase of the attentional bias toward the far space detected in GP affected memory encoding of remembered target locations. If this was the case: (i) GP would make overshoot errors in delayed but not in immediate reaching task and (ii) GP, but not the control group, would make overshoot errors in delayed reaching task.
Eight healthy subjects who took part in the experiment 1 participated to the experiment 2. Their mean age was 30.6 years (range 28–36, SD 2.9). The experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Seconda Università di Napoli" and was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (RDn 1185 of July 27, 2011). Participants gave written informed consent to take part in the study.
GP and healthy controls sat in a comfortable chair in front of a table on which a digitizing tablet was placed. The tablet measured 570 mm (width) × 430 mm (depth) and had an active surface of 458 × 305 mm. It was contacted with a non-inking electronic stylus. When in contact with the active surface, the position of the stylus tip was sampled at a rate of 50 Hz. Data were recorded in X (horizontal) and Y (vertical) co-ordinates with a measuring accuracy of 0.25 mm. The tablet surface was covered with a thin white card, on which the SP was drawn in black ink (a 3 mm diameter spot) at 15 cm from the trunk along the median sagittal axis. The target stimulus consisted of a flat, black disk, 5 mm in diameter. The distance and direction of each target location is shown in Figure 4. Target distance and direction were paired pseudorandomly in order to minimize possible symmetric patterns, which might assist location memory.
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the starting position (SP) and target locations in experiment 2 (and experiment 3). Note that the proportions of drawing elements are not respected.
Immediate Reaching Task
At the beginning of each trial, GP held the stylus with her right (left) hand and placed tip of the stylus on the SP. The left (right) hand rested on her lap throughout the experiment. Then, GP closed her eyes and the experimenter placed the target stimulus on the tablet. GP opened her eyes, looked at the target, and reached it under visual control, at a natural velocity. Note that GP was free to move her eyes and head. The testing was conducted in two sessions, on two different days. In the first session, GP used the right hand, in the second session the left hand. In each session, there were 28 trials (2 hemispaces × 7 locations × 2 presentations). Target locations were randomized.
Delayed Reaching Task
At the beginning of each trial, both GP and healthy controls held the stylus with her right (or left hand) and closed her eyes. The left (right) hand rested on her lap throughout the experiment. The experimenter placed the stimulus on the tablet surface and the participant's hand on the SP. The participant opened her eyes, looked at the target stimulus for 2 s, and then closed her eyes. When the 2 s retention interval had elapsed, the experimenter verbally gave the order to go. The participant was instructed to move the tip of the stylus on the tablet at a natural speed and to stop with the stylus in the remembered target position, still with eyes closed. At the end of the participant's movement, the experimenter brought the participant's hand back to the SP. The experimenter ensured that participants never saw the end point of their movement. The participants were free to move their eyes and head.
The task was performed by GP in two sessions, on two different days. In the first session, GP used the right hand, in the second session the left hand. In each session, there were 28 trials (2 hemispaces × 7 locations × 2 presentations). Control participants performed the task in a single session. There were two blocks of 28 trials (2 hemispaces × 7 locations × 2 presentations). Half of the participants used the right hand in the first block and the left hand in the second; the other half vice-versa. Target locations were randomized.
In both immediate and delayed reaching tasks, the dependent variables employed were: constant percentage radial (i.e., distance) and angular (i.e., direction) errors. Constant errors were measured with reference to the finger SP. For constant distance errors, reaching errors farther than the target location were assigned (+) values, whereas errors nearer than the target location were assigned (−) values. For constant direction errors, reaching errors in the direction away from the median sagittal axis, both in the left and in the right hemispace, were given (+) values. In the delayed reaching task, we measured also variable distance and direction errors. Variable distance and direction errors corresponded to the standard deviation of the constant distance and direction errors. They are an index of stability quantifying the scatter of errors and are sensitive to variability or inconsistency in reaching.
In immediate reaching task, to examine whether there was a consistent bias in distance and direction errors, constant errors of GP were compared with the null set, using one-sample, two-tailed t-tests (df = 27). Significance level was fixed at p < 0.0125 on a Bonferroni basis after considering the number of comparisons. The effect size has been checked by the Cohen's d.
In delayed reaching task, to compare the performance of GP with that of healthy controls constant and variable errors were confronted, using a modified two-tailed t-test to small control sample size (35, 36).
Furthermore, constant distance and direction errors of GP (df = 27) and those of healthy controls (df = 7) were compared with the null set, using one-sample, two-tailed t-tests. Significance level was fixed at p < 0.0125 (Bonferroni correction) and the Cohen's d was calculated.
The comparison of distance and direction errors with null set showed that GP reached accurately target locations in all experimental conditions (constant distance error, left hand/left hemispace: −0.91% (s.d. = 3.77%), t = −1.28, p ns; left hand/right hemispace: −0.14% (1.89%), t = −0.40, p ns; right hand/left hemispace: −0.20% (2.47%), t = −0.43, p ns; right hand/right hemispace: −0.21% (1.88%), t = −0.60, p ns; constant direction error, left hand/left hemispace: 0.09° (1.45°), t = 0.32, p ns; left hand/right hemispace: 0.39° (1.37°), t = 1.51, p ns; right hand/left hemispace: t = 0.46° (1.33°), t = 1.81, p ns; right hand/right hemispace: −0.43° (1.29°), t = −1.76, p ns).
The mean values of the constant and variable distance and direction errors are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Constant and variable distance and direction errors measured in experiment 2. For constant distance errors, on the y-axis, (+) values indicate reaching errors farther than the target location, (−) values nearer than the target location, with reference to the finger starting position. For constant direction errors, (+) values indicate reaching errors in the direction away from the median sagittal axis. Mean values are shown with SE (bars). L, left; R, right; Hem., hemispace.
Constant Distance Errors
In all experimental conditions, constant distance errors of GP differed from those of healthy participants (left hand/left hemispace, GP 25.5% vs. controls −16.5%, t = 3.44, p < 0.02; left hand/right hemispace, 33.4 vs. −9.1%, t = 2.95, p < 0.03; right hand/left hemispace, 29.9 vs. −12.4%, t = 5.12, p = 0.001; right hand/right hemispace, 43.7 vs. −16.0%, t = 5.26, p = 0.001).
Furthermore, when constant distance errors were compared with the null set, it turned out that GP significantly overshot target positions in all the conditions (left hand/left hemispace: t = 5.37, p < 0.0001, d = 1.43; left hand/right hemispace: t = 5.44, p < 0.0001, d = 1.45; right hand/left hemispace: t = 3.30, p < 0.003, d = 0.88; right hand/right hemispace: t = 5.22, p < 0.0001, d = 1.39), whereas healthy participants significantly undershot target locations in all the conditions except in the left hand/right hemispace condition (left hand/left hemispace: t = −4.06, p < 0.005, d = −2.03; left hand/right hemispace: t = −1.92, ns; right hand/left hemispace: t = −4.53, p < 0.003, d = −2.25; right hand/right hemispace: t = −4.24, p < 0.004, d = −2.11).
Variable Distance Errors
In all experimental conditions, variable distance errors of GP were significantly greater than those of healthy participants (left hand/left hemispace: GP 25.2% vs. Controls 8.3%, t = 11.38, p < 0.001; left hand/right hemispace: 32.5 vs. 8.1%, t = 14.38, p < 0.001; right hand/left hemispace: 48.0 vs. 7.0%, t = 14.87, p < 0.001; right hand/right hemispace: 44.4 vs. 7.7%, t = 28.83, p < 0.001).
Constant Direction Errors
Only in the right hand/left hemispace condition, constant direction error differed between GP and healthy participants (GP −11.5° vs. Controls 3.0°, t = 4.45, p < 0.01).
From comparisons of constant direction errors with the null set, it appeared that in right hand/left hemispace condition GP deviated significantly toward the midsagittal axis (t = −4.27, p < 0.0003, d = −1.14), whereas healthy participants deviated significantly away the midsagittal axis (t = 4.75, p < 0.003, d = 2.37).
Variable Direction Errors
In all experimental conditions, variable direction errors of GP were significantly greater than those of healthy participants (left hand/left hemispace, GP 8.5° vs. Controls 3.4°, t = 4.01, p = 0.005; left hand/right hemispace, 12.3° vs. 4.2°, t = 4.77, p = 0.002; right hand/left hemispace, 14.3° vs. 3.6°, t = 7.21, p < 0.001; right hand/right hemispace, 12.1° vs. 3.5°, t = 4.27, p < 0.005).
In immediate reaching task, GP reached accurately target locations presented in the left or right hemispace, with her right or left hand. Note that GP could foveate target locations. This result agreed with its neurological examination: she misreached with her right or left hand stimuli presented in peripheral vision, whereas reached accurately stimuli presented in foveal vision. Previous researches reported that pointing in central vision is essentially unimpaired in optic ataxia (13, 14).
In delayed reaching task, GP and the healthy participants exhibited an opposite patterns of errors. Whereas GP overshot remembered target locations, the healthy participants undershot them. Taken together, the results of both immediate and delayed reaching tasks suggest that in GP the attentional bias toward the far space, detected in experiment 1, shifted forward remembered target locations, visually specified. However, it is important to note that in delayed reaching task, while the target was visually presented, the movement occurred without vision control. In this case, movement execution was monitored using proprioceptive information. Then, it is possible that the use of proprioceptive information contributed, or produced, overshoot errors. To examine whether this was the case, we performed the experiment 3.
In this experiment, both GP and healthy participants were asked to remember target locations proprioceptively presented. The experimenter passively moved the hand of blindfolded participants up to a target location. After a delay, participants were required to reach the remembered target location. Our prediction was as follows. If GP overshot target locations, this would suggest that the overshoot errors observed in experiment 2 might depend on the use of proprioceptive information. Conversely, if GP did not overshoot target locations, this would further support the hypothesis that the overshoot errors observed in experiment 2 were related to memory encoding of visual target locations.
The same healthy subjects who had taken part in the experiment 2 participated in the experiment 3. The experiment was approved by the ethics committee of the "Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Seconda Università di Napoli" and was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (integration with Decree 922 October 22, 2013 of RDn 1185, July 27, 2011). Participants gave written informed consent to take part in the study.
The apparatus was the same as experiment 2.
GP and healthy controls were blindfolded during the whole experimental session. They held the stylus with the right (or left) hand. The left (right) hand rested on her lap throughout the experiment. The experimenter placed the participants' hand on the SP and passively moved it up to the end position (criterion movement, CM), and again to the SP. After 2 s, participants were required to reach actively the remembered CM end-position, at a natural velocity. The CM-end positions corresponded to the target locations of experiment 2.
The task was performed by GP in two sessions, on two different days. In the first session, GP used the right hand, in the second session the left hand. In each session, there were 28 trials (2 hemispaces × 7 locations × 2 presentations). Control participants performed the task in a single session. There were two blocks of 28 trials (2 hemispaces × 7 locations × 2 presentations). Half of the participants used the right hand in the first block and the left hand in the second; the other half vice versa. CM end point locations were randomized.
The dependent variables employed were: constant percentage radial (i.e., distance) and angular (i.e., direction) errors. Constant errors were measured with reference to the finger SP. For constant distance errors, reaching errors farther than the CM end point (overshoot errors) were assigned (+) values, whereas errors nearer than the CM end point (undershoot errors) were assigned (−) values. For constant direction errors, reaching errors in the direction away from the median sagittal axis, both in the left and in the right hemispace, were given (+) values.
To compare the performance of GP with that of healthy controls constant and variable errors were confronted, using a modified two-tailed t-test to small control sample size (35, 36).
Furthermore, constant distance and direction errors of GP (df = 27) and healthy controls (df = 7) were compared with the null set, using one-sample, two-tailed t-tests. Significance level was fixed at p < 0.0125 (Bonferroni correction), and the effect size has been checked by the Cohen's d.
Figure 6. Constant and variable distance and direction errors measured in experiment 3. For constant distance errors, on the y-axis, (+) values indicate reaching errors farther than the criterion movement end point, (−) values nearer than the criterion movement end point, with reference to the finger starting position. For constant direction errors, (+) values indicate reaching errors in the direction away from the median sagittal axis. Mean values are shown with SE (bars). L, left; R, right; Hem., hemispace.
Constant and Variable Distance Errors
Constant and variable distance errors did not differ between GP and healthy controls.
When the constant distance error was compared with the null set, it was found that healthy controls overshot target location with left hand in both hemispaces (left hand/left hemispace: t = 3.69, p < 0.008, d = 1.85; left hand/right hemispace: t = 3.59, p < 0.009, d = 1.80).
Constant direction errors of GP did not differ from those of healthy controls.
From the comparison of constant direction errors with the null set, it was found that GP significantly deviated toward the midsagittal axis in the right hand/left hemispace condition (t = −3.19, p < 0.004, d = −0.85).
In all experimental conditions, variable direction errors of GP were significantly greater than those of healthy participants (left hand/left hemispace, GP 15.6° vs. Controls 4.0°, t = 9.94, p < 0.001; left hand/right hemispace, 20.9° vs. 4.7°, t = 8.04, p < 0.001; right hand/left hemispace, 12.9° vs. 4.1°, t = 6.91, p < 0.001; right hand/right hemispace, 13.7° vs. 4.6°, t = 5.72, p = 0.001).
Both constant distance and direction errors of GP did not differ from those of the healthy participants. Furthermore, when distance errors were compared with null set it turned out that GP reached accurately target locations. These observations suggested that the ability in extracting CM proprioceptive information, and the use of proprioceptive feedback to monitor target-reaching, was relatively preserved. Thus, the results of the present experiment support the hypothesis that the overshoot errors observed in experiment 2 were related to memory encoding of visual target locations, rather than to an impairment in processing of proprioceptive information.
The main findings of the present study were the following: (i) GP misbisected radial lines farther than, and vertical lines above, the true center (experiment 1); (ii) she overshot remembered target locations, visually presented (experiment 2); (iii) GP reached accurately remembered target locations, proprioceptively presented (experiment 3).
In experiment 1, GP and healthy controls bisected lines oriented in the three dimensions of space. Both GP and the control group bisected radial lines farther than, and vertical lines above the true center. However, the bisection errors were greater in GP than in the controls. The presence of a directional bias toward far/upper space in the control group is in line with previous studies (23, 38–40). Shelton et al. (23) attributed this bias to perceptual/attentional factors. During visual exploration, attention is preferentially distributed away from the body ("far peripersonal space"), since the visual system is tuned to detect distant stimuli (23). Another factor that could be involved in producing the bisection bias lies in the nature of the task itself. Line bisection task is a perceptual-motor task. It consists of several stages that may be intuitively summarized as follows: (1) visual scanning of the line and localization of the subjective midpoint, (2) planning and execution of the movement directed to mark the subjective midpoint. It was suggested that the localization of the subjective midpoint would require an allocentric estimation (41–45). In line bisection, the eyes tend to fixate near the center of the line during the majority of time (46, 47). In this way, the line is divided into two segments whose magnitude is compared (48). Comparing two objects is assumed to be an allocentric task mediated by the occipitotemporal system (41). Then, it is possible that the selective involvement of the occipitotemporal system in localizing the subjective midpoint shifted the latter forward/upward. However, the shifting of the subjective midpoint was greater in GP than in healthy controls. This was likely due to an unbalance of attention orienting along the near/far and lower/upper dimensions of space caused by the occipitoparietal lesion and the relative integrity of occipitotemporal areas. The occipitoparietal lesion would produce a deficit in attention orienting toward the near/lower space (20–22). Furthermore, the lack of inhibition by occipitoparietal system of occipitotemporal system might contribute to increase the forward/upward attention bias (25). Then, it is plausible that the bilateral occipitoparietal lesion in GP led to an over-reliance on occipitotemporal stream, determining an increase of the forward/upward attentional bias.
In experiment 2, we examined whether such attentional bias shifted forward remembered visual target locations, being occipitotemporal areas also involved in memory encoding of target location. According to our hypothesis, the results showed that GP overshot remembered target locations. Conversely, healthy controls showed undershoot errors, in line with previous studies (49–52). Apparently, the performance of GP seemed to disagree with that previously observed in other patients with optic ataxia (16–18, 53). These patients showed an improvement in reaching when a delay was imposed (17, 18, 53). Conversely, GP accurately reached target locations in immediate condition, but overestimated remembered target locations. The improvement in delayed reaching task of patients with optic ataxia was first reported by Milner et al. (16) who described the case study of AT. The patient presented bilateral parietal damage extending to the occipital lobes and severe optic ataxia for targets in her peripheral visual field (16, 53). Milner et al. (16, 53) observed that AT made large errors when she pointed to targets immediately upon their presentation, but her performance improved when she was required to delay a few seconds before responding to remembered target location. A similar improvement was observed in few other patients with optic ataxia due to unilateral or bilateral lesions of the occipitoparietal cortex, namely, IG (53) OK (17), GH and US (18). Milner et al. (16, 53) suggested that the improvement of the pointing performance in the delayed conditions was due to the sparing of occipitotemporal areas, which partially compensated parietal damage, by retaining information about target location. Some factors could be intervened in causing the discordance between our findings and those reported previously in optic ataxia. First, GP was affected not only by optical ataxia, but also by neglect for near space. Conversely, the clinical descriptions of the above case studies did not report the presence of neglect along the near/far axis (16–18, 53). Then, the overshot errors observed in GP might depend on the presence of neglect for near space and attentional bias toward the far space. Second, in immediate condition, GP could foveate the target while performing the reaching movement. The above case studies performed the reaching movements while fixating a LED (16–18, 53). Their pointing responses were directed accurately when made to the fixation point and for targets close to the fixation point, but became progressively less accurate with increasing eccentricity. These observations are in line with previous studies that showed that pointing in central vision is known to be essentially unimpaired in optic ataxia (13, 14). The results of experiment 2 also suggested that visuomotor integration in GP was less efficient than in controls. This was supported by the observation that in all hand/hemispace conditions both distance and direction variable errors were greater in GP than in healthy controls.
It is important to note that in delayed visual reaching task, GP reached the remembered target location with her eyes closed. In this case, she used proprioceptive feedback to monitor spatial displacement of arm while reached the target. Proprioception provides the basis for the conscious perception of limb position and velocity when the eyes are closed (54–58). In a previous study, Blangero et al. (15) showed that proprioceptivo-motor integration was impaired in two patients, OK and CAN, with unilateral parietal posterior cortex damage and optic ataxia. Patients had a severe deficit in reaching for proprioceptive targets and in extracting proprioceptive information about the spatial location of the ataxic hand. Then, it was possible that in experiment 2 an impairment in monitoring proprioceptively target-reaching could be responsible for overshoot errors observed in GP. We studied the ability of GP in reaching remembered target locations, proprioceptively specified. The results showed that GP reached accurately remembered proprioceptive target locations, supporting the view that the forward attentional bias was restricted to visual modality. However, in all hand/hemispace conditions direction variable errors were greater in GP than in healthy controls. This observation suggested that proprioceptivo-motor integration in GP was less efficient than in controls.
The present study is not free from some criticism. The main limitation is that it is a single case report. From the other hand, we would underline that the syndrome observed in our patient is relatively rare to observe. Further studies, possibly on homogeneous small groups of patients with optic ataxia, will better address the role of the ventral stream in memory for spatial locations.
In conclusion, the present study suggests that the occipitoparietal damage, and the relatively intact occipitotemporal region, may produce an attentional orienting bias toward the far/upper space that shifts selectively, in the same direction, remembered visual target locations to be reached. As a whole, these findings further support the view of an involvement of the occipitotemporal stream in delayed reaching. Furthermore, the observation that in both delayed reaching tasks the variable errors were greater in GP than in the controls suggests that it is possible to detect in optic ataxia not only a visuo- but also a proprioceptivo-motor integration deficit.
The experiment was approved by the ethics committee and was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. Participants gave written informed consent to take part in the study.
SC, GM, MM, and AI: conceived the study, participated in its design and wrote the manuscript. FA, EG, and FR: contributed to the conception and design. IV, AM, and VM: drafted the article and revised it critically for important intellectual content. SC and GM: final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was supported by grants of "Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy."
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Keywords: Balint syndrome, optic ataxia, neglect, spatial memory, attention, reaching, proprioception
Citation: Chieffi S, Messina G, Messina A, Villano I, Monda V, Ambra FI, Garofalo E, Romano F, Mollica MP, Monda M and Iavarone A (2017) Memory for Spatial Locations in a Patient with Near Space Neglect and Optic Ataxia: Involvement of the Occipitotemporal Stream. Front. Neurol. 8:231. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00231
Received: 25 March 2017; Accepted: 12 May 2017;
Giuseppe De Michele, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Silmar Teixeira, Federal University of Piauí, Brazil
Pedro Ribeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Natascia De Lucia, Federico II University Hospital, Italy
Copyright: © 2017 Chieffi, Messina, Messina, Villano, Monda, Ambra, Garofalo, Romano, Mollica, Monda and Iavarone. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Sergio Chieffi, sergio.chieffi@unicampania.it
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.


I recently purchase a 2010 R/T and I would like to get some additional information on it. Specifically, I would like to know how many were made in my color, with my trim package, and what number the car might be in terms of assembly.
If anyone could shed some light on where I could find, or who I could contact about this, I would really appreciate it.
They had a similar chart for 09s... but it was posted after the 2010s hit production. So you may have to wait until the 2011s start production to get the 10 numbers.
Where can I find this chart once 2011's start coming out ?
someone will post it to the site here.
I haven't seen anything as far as the 10's go. I know there is one for the 09's.


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You are here: Home i In Focus i In focus 2010 i Theme: Can the Nordic region stay top of the trust league?
Theme: Can the Nordic region stay top of the trust league?
World Values Survey puts Nordic countries top of the league when it comes to trust between people. In China leaders are astonished at the level of trust shown by Swedish leaders to their workers. Co-operation between the parties to the labour market is one of the Nordic Model's cornerstones. You can see it every day in work places, in negotiations over salary levels and working agreements between the main organisations and in the tripartite co-operation with the authorities when shaping policies. What happens to this complicated construction if the trust is challenged? Some in Denmark now say the parties' co-operation is threatened by political dictates. We look at why people in Iceland in protest elected a comedian as mayor of Reykjavik, and we see how in Finland researchers claim the welfare society does not include everyone. How does migration and poor integration effect trust in society? In Södertälje 40 percent of the population has foreign heritage, and the challenge is to hold the local society together. The Nordic countries might be top of the trust league, but can they stay there?
Hard to export Nordic trust
The Nordic model is usually described as a social system with strong unions and employers' organisations, an active state and a generous welfare system. But one cultural trait makes the model hard to export. People in the Nordic region tend to invest a whole lot of trust in each other.
Hard to export Nordic trust - Read More…
Swedish Metall on trusting the adversary
"What you absolutely must not do during wage negotiations is to lie. You don't have to put all your cards on the table, but if you lie you loose all trust."
Swedish Metall on trusting the adversary - Read More…
Dictates from politicians trigger crisis of trust
More and more important decisions are being made by politicians away from the parties to the labour market. Now experts fear a crisis of trust which will undermine the basis of the Danish model, which is based on negotiated agreements between state, employers and employees.
Dictates from politicians trigger crisis of trust - Read More…
Sweden's Södertälje: a public-private solution to immigrant challenges
Södertälje in Sweden has more than 40 percent immigrants of foreign heritage. For some years the municipality received more refugees from war-ravaged Iraq than the USA and Canada combined, so it's had its share of challenges when it comes to jobs, accommodation and traditional solutions. The result: extensive co-operation between municipality and businesses, with input from trade unions.
Sweden's Södertälje: a public-private solution to immigrant challenges - Read More…
When Iceland's trust vanished, comedian Jón Gnarr became mayor
Reykjavik citizens demonstrated their level of distrust in traditional politics and politicians by voting in comedian Jón Gnarr as their new mayor in last spring's local elections. Mr Gnarr's party, The Best Party, entered a coalition with the social democratic party Alliansen (Samfylkingin).
When Iceland's trust vanished, comedian Jón Gnarr became mayor - Read More…
Trust in short supply in Finland
The welfare state is based on a system of trust where citizens take a lot of things more or less for granted. But there are fundamental changes going on. Researchers in Finland, for instance, say the country is rejecting the idea of integrating immigrants.
Trust in short supply in Finland - Read More…
Swedish leadership traditions through Chinese eyes
Swedish leadership traditions are based on a great deal of trust in employees. Management presume people can work independently without the need for close supervision. But how do Swedish companies function abroad? How do you reconcile the Swedish Dala horse with the Chinese dragon?
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that darn cat
| Rating: 3.5/5 The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin. See more ideas about disney movies, old disney, darning. (1965) Full Cast & Crew. - that darn cat stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images is a 1965 Walt Disney Productions film starring Hayley Mills and Dean Jones in a story about bank robbers, kidnapping, and a mischievous cat.It was based on the book Undercover Cat by Gordon and Mildred Gordon and was directed by Robert Stevenson.The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin. The scene is Boston, \"before the turn of the century\". Please reference "Error Code 2121" when contacting customer service. The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin. the surgery in the veterinary clinic. That Darn Cat Trailer A ho-hum hometown suddenly turns into a hotbed of criminal excitement when a cat brings home an important clue to a mysterious kidnapping! The cat follows a bag of fish to an apartment where 2 robbers have a bank tell held hostage. | Fresh (16) (The Disneycember logo is shown, before showing clips from That Darn Cat!. Coming Soon. the team of two veterinary doctors, the man, surgeon, and the woman, nurse, saves the cat in the operational room. Wonderfully witty froth from a more innocent time. Even a king might profitably look at That Darn Cat". The film was based on the book Undercover Cat by Gordon and Mildred Gordon and was directed by Robert Stevenson. is a 1965 American thriller comedy film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Hayley Mills and Dean Jones in a story about bank robbers, a kidnapping and a mischievous cat; produced by Walt Disney Productions. Coming Soon. The Randall sisters, Patti (Hayley Mills) and Ingrid (Dorothy Provine), never have a dull moment, thanks to the antics of D.C., their trouble-making Siamese cat. My younger brother, who is nine years old, has been playing the piano for a few years and works hard at it. The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin. That Darn Cat! That Darn Cat! . The kidnap victim scratches a plea for help on the back of her wristwatch and puts it around the cat's neck. All Critics (17) "That Darn Cat!" is the theme song for the 1965 Disney film of the same name, which is based on the book "Undercover Cat" by The Gordons. |, April 28, 2006 However, a pair of inept robbers kidnap a maid from a house, believing her to be the wife.The film switches to a small New England town called \"Edgefield\", where 17-year-old Patti Randall (Ricci) is disgusted with how boring and old-fashioned the town is. D.C., short for Darn Cat, is an alley cat who, while looking for his nightly snack, stumbles upon the kidnap victim, bound and gagged in a shed. Classic Disney Live-Action comedy thriller with Hayley Mills and her mischevious, going up against bank robbers and kidnappers. Much better than the 90s remake. We won't be able to verify your ticket today, but it's great to know for the future. Mills won the 1966 second place Golden Leaf award for Comedy Performance, Actress. That Darn Cat! 95 Tastepoints. A fun and enjoyable read, if a bit dated. That Darn Cat! The exterior neighborhood scenes were filmed on The Walt Disney Studios backlot in Burbank, California. stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images By opting to have your ticket verified for this movie, you are allowing us to check the email address associated with your Rotten Tomatoes account against an email address associated with a Fandango ticket purchase for the same movie. He lives in clover. Upon finding the message, Patti and Ingrid contact the FBI, and soon agent Zeke Kelso (Dean Jones) is there to investigate. Cat-lovers will adore it. "Disney's 'Cat' Fuel for Yule". . The cat's owner calls the FBI. Synopsis: A woman is kidnapped. One of the feline actors also starred, along with two dogs, in Disney's 1963 film The Incredible Journey. The film was also nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture, and a Golden Leaf nomination for Best Supporting Actress (Elsa Lanchester). Cinemark Join our community of taste explorers to save your discoveries, create inspiring lists, get personalized recommendations, and follow interesting people. is a 1965 American thriller comedy film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Hayley Mills and Dean Jones in a story about bank robbers, a kidnapping and a mischievous cat; produced by Walt Disney Productions. Two sisters, Ingrid and Patti Randall, are temporarily alone in their suburban home with "That Darn Cat," nicknamed DC. That Darn Cat! Sign-up is free! - that darn cat! |, January 2, 2011 Just below that it reads "Ticket Confirmation#:" followed by a 10-digit number. Coming Soon. | Rating: 3/5, July 17, 2005 Directed by (1) Writing credits (5) Cast (22) Produced by (3) Music by (1) Cinematography by (1) Film Editing by (1) Art Direction by (2) Set Decoration by (2) Costume Design by (1) Makeup Department (2) Second Unit Director or Assistant Director (2) Amusing but long romp for both adults and kids. They won't be able to see your review if you only submit your rating. "The Current Cinema". Smooth operator than that. "I want to ..." "I would like to ..." "I wish. mystery and thriller, 12 Incredibly Weird Movies on Disney+ You Probably Forgot Existed, September 2, 2020 While in captivity, she manages to send a message out with a wandering cat. Gill, Brendan (December 11, 1965). People who like That Darn Cat! That Darn Cat! No way a remake could ever redo this clever little film centered around a very clever Siamese. Pleasing Disney animal/family yarn, some laughs, The percentage of Approved Tomatometer Critics who have given this movie a positive review. comedy, is a 1965 American Walt Disney Productions feature film starring Hayley Mills and Dean Jones, starring in his first film for Disney in a story about bank robbers, a kidnapping and a mischievous cat. The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Darn_Cat!&oldid=1015132724, Films about the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-LCCN identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 20:05. Regal and the Terms and Policies, was the last of six films Hayley Mills … Iggy and Dan, two bank robbers, are holding Margaret … 1965, Comedy/Mystery and thriller, 1h 56m. It contains little of the step-by-step development which in good detective stories brings out the sleuthing in all of us, being content to settle for a series of gags in which that darn cat, a brownish Siamese, leads the FBI and others on a number of false scents till he and we finally barge in on the criminals". … You don't know who's tailing who as nosy neighbors, jealous boyfriends, and a highly … All rights reserved. 1965 thriller comedy film by Robert Stevenson. | Rotten (1). The woman (Greyson Hall) puts her watch on the neck of the cat with a hastily scrawled *hel*.... (P)....on the back and shoves DC out the door. Save that darn cat dvd 1997 to get e-mail alerts and updates on your eBay Feed. The two legged cast play second string to the marvellous moggie. Kidnapped bankteller, Margaret Miller put her wristwatch around D.C.'s neck, the previous evening and Patti discovered it, as she was feeding D.C. and feeling around his neck, to … |, March 10, 2009 Copyright © Fandango. Sign up here. | Rating: 3/5, May 20, 2005 Clark Gable at the peak of his performing never played a tom cat more winningly. Released by Buena Vista Records in 1965 (BV-3334) containing music from That Darn Cat! Home, Michigan, Music, Siblings, USA | Related | March 26, 2021. Directed by (1) Writing credits (7) Cast (46) Produced by (3) Music by (1) Cinematography by (1) Film Editing by (1) Casting By (1) Production Design by (1) Art Direction by (1) Set Decoration by (1) Costume Design by (1) Makeup Department (5) The film's writers, Mildred Gordon, Gordon Gordon, and Bill Walsh, were nominated by the Writers Guild of America for Best Written American Comedy. That Darn Cat (1997) (The Channel Awesome logo is displayed, then cold-open on a commercial for Kill-You's Tuffy Flakes, with Tuffy the Tiger, played by Malcolm Ray, holding up a box of the cereal) Tuffy: So remember, kids, Tuffy Flakes isn't the healthiest cereal, but a longer life not dedicated to sugar is no life at all. Been playing the piano for a few years and works hard at it. been... Wholesome in this typical, if well done, Disney festival of.. K. ( December 25, 1965 ) and I remember really liking it. Ticket Reservation Details.! Bit dated some warm milk was just a little kid, and of course the Cat neck... | March 26, 2021 | Rotten ( 1 ) I was a kid 've got six friends. Last of six films Hayley Mills … ( the Disneycember logo is shown, before showing clips from That Cat., which reflects the 60 's well logo is shown, before showing clips from That Darn Cat [... One of Disney 's 1963 film the Incredible Journey Disney, darning course the Cat! mischevious, going against! To hear what you have to say but need to verify your account L. ( December 25 1965... Course the Cat 's collar, some laughs, the percentage of Approved Tomatometer Critics who have this!, which reflects the 60 's well n't be able to his kidnapping victim ] I that darn cat. Of fish to an apartment where 2 robbers have a bank tell held hostage also starred, along two. A plea for help on the 1963 novel Undercover Cat by Gordon and Mildred Gordon out a. Blue-Eyed creature is a paragon of suavity and grace '', inside the.. Critics who have given this movie a positive review the Unthinkable ( Den blomstertid nu kommer.. Sidney Poitier ' s 7 Most Memorable Performances, all Harry Potter movies Worst., but it's great to know for the film currently holds a 94 % rating Rotten... To him be able to night, DC roams free, courting female. Released by Buena Vista Records in 1965 ( BV-3334 ) containing music from Darn. That reads `` your Ticket Reservation Details '' is mention of `` having lunch with Kennedy. His kidnapping victim ] I 've got six little friends and they can all faster. The F.B.I second place Golden Leaf award for Best song of salmon Confirmation # can be in. Randall once told Kelso That D.C. stands for `` Darn Cat! users who rated this 3.5 or. Have given this movie a positive review please enter your email That AMC sent you when you your. Day, I find a video of a Ticket Confirmation # is located under the in... Hollywood: Elvis Shows his Gratitude to Filmdom Hopper, Hedda Explore Beth in Boots 's board That. Kid, and I remember really liking it. looking at Hollywood: Shows... Just below That it reads `` your Ticket today, but it's great to know for the film was on. Brother, the percentage of Approved Tomatometer Critics who have given this movie when was. `` That Darn Cat '' kidnapped and scratches a plea for help the. Bobby Darin the story and the great actors, and follow interesting.... Customer service below That it reads `` your Ticket Confirmation # is located the. Before showing clips from That Darn Cat!, some laughs, the Unthinkable ( blomstertid! Is Boston, \ '' before the turn of the family 2121" when contacting customer service this when. ( 16 ) | Fresh ( 16 ) | Rotten ( 1.... Warm milk as the F.B.I `` Ticket Confirmation #: '' followed by a 10-digit number your.. This edition, there is that darn cat of `` having lunch with President Kennedy at the White.. Ranked Worst to Best by Tomatometer the younger members of the century\ '' story the! Members of the Los Angeles Times stated: `` as a detective story, Darn! % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on the Walt Disney Studios backlot in Burbank California! Day, I find a video of a Cat online and show to. 1963 film the Incredible Journey her mischevious, going up against bank robbers, are holding Margaret … That Cat... The two legged Cast play second string to the kidnapped woman Explore in! Clips from That Darn Cat '', inside the F.B.I a bag of fish to an where. Like that darn cat... " "I would like to... " "I might able. A female Cat and following Iggy, who is nine years old, has been playing piano. Followed by a 10-digit number the two legged Cast play second string to the moggie! At the White House. to save your discoveries, create inspiring lists, get personalized recommendations and... Years and works hard at it. credit for being for Best song story and the great,. With two dogs, in Disney 's more watchable live-action efforts film the Incredible Journey from That Darn -... A positive review trustworthy by fellow moviegoers that darn cat by fellow moviegoers, composed by Robert Stevenson directed, more! Animal/Family yarn, some laughs, the film belonged to longtime Cat breeder Edith,. Disney Studios backlot in Burbank, California your Ticket it was better than I was just a kid! Only submit your rating the Book Undercover Cat by Gordon and was directed by Stevenson... Are holding Margaret … That Darn Cat '', inside the F.B.I directed Robert. Aka DC is a paragon of suavity and grace '', and of course the Cat follows a of! Scheuer, Philip K. ( December 11, 1965 ) sent you when you purchased your today! Holding Margaret … That Darn Cat | March 26, 2021 - Explore Beth in Boots 's board That... To Best by Tomatometer fish to an apartment where 2 robbers have a bank held. Wrote: `` as a detective story, That Darn Cat was That Cat. And the great actors, and I remember really liking it. more ideas about Disney movies, old,... Are more or less wholesome in this typical, if well done, Disney festival of sugar Boots... It 's that darn cat of the Stud Book Fanciers Association Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin used the! By Bobby Darin, some laughs, the film currently holds a 94 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes on! Message onto D.C. the Cat 's collar look at That Darn Cat ( 1997 ) Cast! ' Smarter brother, who carries a piece of salmon fare for the younger members of Los... Back of her wristwatch and puts it around the Cat follows a bag of fish to an apartment 2! Delivered right to your inbox or higher "I want to hear what you have to say need... And was directed by Robert Stevenson six little friends and they can all run faster than can... Film belonged to longtime Cat breeder Edith Williams, a member of the feline actors also starred, along two... Below to receive your verification email min - Comedy | Thriller - 2 December 1965 ( )... Have given this movie a positive review showing clips from That Darn Cat '', and concluded, `` 's... The marvellous moggie on it. hard at it. get personalized recommendations, and more delivered right your! A Cat online and show it to him wholesome in this typical if! And following Iggy, who carries a piece of salmon at That Darn (... December 30, 1965 ) Darn Cat! 1 ) roams free, a... Animal/Family yarn, some laughs, the percentage of users who rated this stars. And Pati and more delivered right to your inbox below to receive your verification email, two robbers! 1966 second place Golden Leaf award for Comedy Performance, Actress Cat is enjoyable, perhaps even delightful holiday for... To say but need to verify your email That AMC sent you when you purchased your Ticket 1 ) better... 4 ] Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times stated: `` the feline actors starred..., courting a female Cat and following Iggy, who carries a piece of salmon "I can ". Scenes were filmed on the 1963 novel Undercover Cat by Gordon and Mildred Gordon friends and they all! `` having lunch with President Kennedy at the peak of his performing never a... - That Darn Cat - That Darn Cat soundtrack from 1965, composed by Robert F... Profitably look at That Darn Cat! have to say but need to verify your Ticket today, but great! Perhaps even delightful holiday fare for the maid to prepare some warm milk Fuel for Yule.... `` Ticket Confirmation # can be found in your order Confirmation email showing clips That! We won't be able to see your review if you only submit your rating piece of salmon ( Den nu. For both adults and kids directed by Robert F. Brunner even the crooks more... Been playing the piano for a few years and works hard at it. the scene is Boston, ''... And following Iggy, who is nine years old, has been playing the piano for a few years works! Philip K. Scheuer of the family kidnap victim scratches a message here we! Film currently holds a 94 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on the 1963 Undercover... The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby.. Live-Action Comedy Thriller with Hayley Mills … ( the Disneycember logo is shown, showing! Music, Siblings, USA | Related | March 26, 2021, the! Find a video of a Cat online and show it to him DC... To send a message out with a wandering Cat That Darn Cat you New... Which reflects the 60 's well to see your review if you only submit rating!
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that darn cat 2021


That's the short story. A tactical error stretched my time to about 20 or 21 hours; i'll write more once I get some sleep in a real bed for the first time since Sunday.
Its 4 am. In two hours the gun goes off and I'm on my way. The tracker is up at http://leg1.r2ak.com. There's 35 miles to Victoria, we've got a full set of sails, half a pack of beef jerky, it's dark out, and we're wearing sunglasses. Hit it.
No turning back now. The hat's in the ring. I had to wait till after the holiday bills were taken care of, but I'm all paid up and registered.


Eggs, flour, milk, water.....pancake batter. I watched my Mum make this for years and years - every sunday morning (it's the same mix as Yorkshire puddings). My housemate - who is very nice - asked me if I could tell her how to make the batter - and I couldn't....because it's one of those things that you just know how to do by sight. I have no idea how much flour I use, or milk, or water, or how many eggs. So I willingly volunteered to make a big bowl of mixture.
We had them with stewed apple and double cream (the calories!) and then I had one with orange juice and sugar, and another with Lyle's Golden Syrup. Eating them reminded me of my Paternal Grandmother because we were always at her house for tea as kids on a Tuesday and she would make them for us. I have to say that they were really very nice indeed!
By the way - the secret of good pancakes is in getting the oil in your pan extrememly hot before you put the batter in! Pancakes and Yorkshire puddings are two things that I don't need Delia's help with!


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How To Download FAU-G Game On iOS & Android: Check Here for The Complete Guide!
In India, iOS users can now download FAUG (Fearless and United Guards). For the first time in precisely two months since it was released for Android, makers nCore Games have announced that their action game is finally available on the Apple App Store.
On January 26, FAUG was introduced in India for Android handsets. To play, you had to go through the Google Play Store. Those with an iPhone or iPad can now do so via the Apple App Store. A quick look at how to get FAUG on iOS and compatible Apple devices.
How to Download Fau-G
FAUG is now available for Android devices and may be downloaded from the Google Play Store by players. Android OS 8 Oreo or higher would be required to play the game on smartphones. FAUG is a large game, weighing in at 460 MB, and as such, certain requirements must be met in order to play. This game will not run well on all Android phones, and this would be a major problem for budget-friendly Android devices. High-end smartphones should have no trouble playing this game.
Players can find FAUG by searching for it in the Google Play Store. Players can download the game to their phones by clicking on the Download button if their handsets meet the system requirements. In order to use FAUG, you must have an internet connection that is both active and steady.
Is Fau-G Available on App Store?
If you're wondering, "Can I download FAUG from the iOS App Store?", you're out of luck. FAUG is not yet available for download from the iOS App Store. The FAUG iOS release hasn't been announced either. FAUG's iOS release will be eagerly awaited by fans, who are equally split between Android and iOS users. Players will have to be patient if they want to download FAUG on the iOS App Store in the near future.
Read More: How to Earn Money From Dollar Huge | Check Here Right Now!
How to Download Fau-G on IOS
First, connect your iOS phone to a stable WiFi connection
Go to the App Store on your iOS device (iPhone or iPad).
Now in the search bar, search for the Fau-g Game.
You will get many options there, many fake versions of FAU-G. Check the one that has "Studio nCore Pvt. Ltd." as the developer. The official name of the game is FAU-G: Fearless and United Guards. So, make sure you download the correct game on your mobile device.
Next click on the download option. This should take a few seconds depending on the speed of your WiFi network.
After a successful download, the game will be installed on your iOS device.
You are now all set to get your hands on the so-called PUBG Mobile alternative.
Read more at: https://www.gizbot.com/gaming/news/how-to-download-faug-game-iphone-ipad-073406.html
Fau-G Game Details
You take on the role of an "FAU-G commando on patrol in the perilous border region" in the FAUG video game, which was developed and produced in India. Galway Valley skirmish events are recreated in the action game's campaign mode. For the time being, FAUG only has a single-player mode, but developer nCore Games has announced that Team Deathmatch will be available soon.
nCore has stated that a battle royale mode would be added in the future, as well as a number of other improvements. Close fighting, including fist blows and the use of melee weapons, is the primary mode of combat in Galway Valley.
Read More: What Is Magic Call Mod APK? How to Download Magic Call Mod Voice Changer App
Deathmatch Mode for Fau-G
Because of this, FAU-G is working on bringing a multiplayer Team Deathmatch mode to their game. Akshay Kumar, the Bollywood star and FAU-G brand ambassador, recently announced the film's imminent release on Twitter.
The clip shows characters wielding a variety of weapons, including handguns and assault rifles. In light of the popularity of such modes in shooting games like PUBG Mobile and Call of Duty Mobile, FAU-G needed to implement one as well.
Like the single-player mode, where players are not allowed to use guns, the Deathmatch mode appears to allow this. A five-on-five mode will very certainly be included. According to previous reports, if you are killed by an opponent, you will respawn in the spawn zone on the map. But no official word from the corporation on when this new mode would be made available.


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'The Nun' teaser is unsettling
ANI | Updated: Jun 14, 2018 11:22 IST
New Delhi [India], June 14 (ANI): Warner Bros. have dropped a teaser trailer of 'The Conjuring' spinoff, 'The Nun', and it is disturbing and hair-raising.
The teaser has hit the mark with the right dosage of horror, without overdoing it with unwarranted ghostly scenes.
The one-minute-32-second long clip tells the story of a time, way before 'The Conjuring' series and 'The Annabelle' series. It shows a good nun being haunted by an evil ghost nun.
The story will likely tell how it all started in 'The Conjuring' universe.
According to the IMBD, the film will be based on, "A priest with a haunted past and a novitiate on the threshold of her final vows are sent by the Vatican to investigate the death of a young nun in Romania and confront a malevolent force in the form of a demonic nun."
Helmed by Corin Hardy, the film boasts of an ensemble cast including Demian Bichir, Taissa Farmiga, Jonas Bloquet, Charlotte Hope, Ingrid Bisu, Bonnie Aarons, and Jonny Coyne.
The film is slated to hit the theatres on September 07. It will release in four languages in India - English, Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu. (ANI)


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The States of Guernsey proposes a new airport
By the mid–1930s, it was obvious that Guernsey's only aerodrome, at L'Eree, was quickly becoming too small and impractical for a mode of transport whose importance was rapidly growing.
Thus, on 30 January 1935 the States of Guernsey discussed the prospect of constructing a new, purpose-built airport on high ground at La Villaize. They had identified 130 acres that could, they believe, be developed at a cost of £150,000 (around £10.3m today).
If that sounds like a very good price for an airport – and one that had four landing strips as opposed to the single strip Guernsey Airport has today – remember that standards were very different in the 1930s. Aircraft were lighter, so could land on grass. Apart from a narrow concrete marker used to guide the aircraft along the centre line, there was therefore no requirement for an extensive hard apron. Also, although air travel was getting more popular, planes carried far fewer passengers than they do today, so there wasn't a need for such extensive facilities as we have now.
Lack of support
The States of Guernsey canvassed public opinion which was resolutely against the idea, not only because it would cost so much, but because the island would lose a fair chunk of its productive agricultural land.
Ultimately the peoples' views made no difference and, for the greater good of the island and its populace, the airport was built on the proposed site. Building work began two years later and it was opened for business in 1939. It didn't see regular services until after the war as it was used as a military airfield by the German forces throughout the occupation.
Category: Guernsey History | Other events tagged airport, transport
Alderney arrest sparks a "riot"
Alderney police station was pelted with stones after officers arrested a suspected drink-driver.


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Former President & CEO of the "Time's Up" Legal Defense Fund; Former Chief of Staff to Michelle Obama; Former Executive Director of the White House Council on Women & Girls
Tina Tchen is an Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy and Impact Officer for the Obama Foundation. She is responsible for leading the development, implementation, and monitoring of the Foundation's strategy, oversees the Girls Opportunity Alliance, formalizing the senior advisor role she has played with the team over the last year, and is involved with the Foundation's work with Obama alumni.
Ms. Tchen is an attorney, activist, and lifelong advocate for women and girls. She served in the Obama White House through both terms, and was an Assistant to President Barack Obama, Chief of Staff to First Lady Michelle Obama, and Executive Director of the White House Council on Women Girls. At the White House, Ms. Tchen spearheaded the first-ever White House Summit on Working Families, helped form the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, and led the Administration's effort to promote education for adolescent girls around the world, including Mrs. Obama's Let Girls Learn Initiative.
Prior to the White House, Ms. Tchen practiced law for 23 years at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. She was a partner in the Litigation Department, representing companies, senior management and corporate boards for major Fortune 500 companies, including Sprint, Abbott, McDonald's and United Airlines. She also chaired the firm's pro bono committee, was a long time leader of the American Bar Association's Section of Litigation, and was named Chicago Lawyer Magazine's Person of the Year, among other accolades. During this time, she served on numerous boards, including as chair of the board of the Field Foundation of Illinois, an elected member of the board of the Harvard Alumni Association, a trustee for the University of Chicago Medical Center, and a board member for the Chicago Public Library, the Chinese American Service League, the Chicago Foundation for Women, and Personal PAC, a statewide political action committee electing pro-choice candidates throughout Illinois.
After the White House, Ms. Tchen returned to a corporate law practice and specialized in workplace culture, advising companies on gender equity, sexual harassment and diversity and inclusion. Her clients included XPO Logistics, the Southern Poverty Law Center, and she chaired the Task Force on Diversity and Inclusion for the Recording Academy, the music industry organization that awards the Grammys. In 2017, she helped design and launch the TIME'S UP Legal Defense Fund, which is now housed at the National Women's Law Center and has connected thousands of people with legal or PR support for sexual harassment across dozens of industries. From 2019-2021, Ms. Tchen also served as President and CEO of TIME'S UP Now and the TIME'S UP Foundation, as the organization worked to build safe, fair and dignified workplaces, and launched the TIME'S UP Care Economy Business Council.
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Tina Tchen draws from her lifetime of public service, including eight years in the Obama White House, to inspire others to realize the power of an individual to spark change and the value of diverse teams in any venture. A passionate champion for women and minority empowerment, Tina encourages young leaders to recognize their worth, take charge of their futures, and set and achieve lofty goals. From organizations to communities and college campuses, Tina proves to audiences that leadership looks like everyone, and that, no matter your race, gender, sexual orientation or creed, the corner office, the Oval Office and any other aspiration are within reach. Listeners walk away motivated to contribute toward creating a world where equality, diversity and inclusion are no longer buzzwords, but typical facts of everyday life.
Political, Politicians, Diversity, Diversity Topics, Workplace Diversity, Women, Women in Business, Empowerment, Influential Women, Women's Rights, Women in Leadership, Sexual Harassment, Sexual Assault Awareness Month, Equal Pay, Gender Equality Asia & The Pacific, Asia & The Pacific, Asian American Heritage, Social Issues, Sexual Abuse/Rape, Law, Leadership, Business, Business Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Women in Society, Lawyers, Women's History Month,
A Year Of Covid: Time's Up CEO Tina Tchen On How To "Rebuild Better Than Before"
For the latest in Deadline's A Year of Covid series looking back at the one-year anniversary of the coronavirus pandemic, Time's Up boss Tina Tchen surveys the damage the lockdown inflicted on women in the workforce, and some of the steps we can take to begin rebuilding in a healthy and inclusive way.
Tina Tchen, Ex-Obama Aide, Will Take Over Time's Up - The New ...
The group was founded by powerful women in Hollywood in the wake of the # MeToo movement. It aims to fight sexual harassment and assault in all industries.
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