This is a super telephoto lens mostly used in bird/wildlife or open air sport photography. The field of view is very narrow even on a Full frame camera, from 10 meters only 0.72m on Canon Aps-C cameras 0.45m. It is perfect for bird photography, but needed many distance if we want to photograph people bigger animals or landscape. Other perhaps more serious drawback is the very narrow depth of field. Of course it is very nice for nice blurred background, but if we want more items in focus especially in closer distances can be problematic. See in detail below.
The above table shows wide open dof datas. You may say it possible to stop down the lens than the dof is bigger. Yes but for such a lens in my book at least 1/1000s need to stop action, more 1/1600s, and for these shutter speeds lots of light or high iso. But let's see at f/5.6 (I probably would like to keep the aperture under f/5.6) how the dof table is looking. Now I stop at 100m.
This lens certanly not falling in the entry level category, for example if we think about price. The 500mm focal length allows us to make pictures of distant subjects, or fill the frame with little birds. The 4m min. focus distance certainly can be disturbing for someone who haven't own a supertelephoto yet. It is not a macro lens, the max magnification is only 0.13x. It can be increased with extention tubes and teleconverters though. Perhaps it is possible to stack converters as well to add more magnification.
The lens has two versions (until 2015), I tested the newer version.
The lens is available in Canon EF, Nikon F, Sony and Pentax K mounts apart from the native Sigma SA mount.
the car window with a bracket, or with a tripod. The lens has a nice big tripod mount and a separate lens hood. The hood must turn on first, after we can fix with a knob (most such lenses not need to turn on the hood, just place and fix). The tripod mount is very useful handholding the lens. The ultrasonic af is fast, and relatively silent. The manual focus is very nice and can be operated with one finger easily. The focal length feels longer, than 500mm, perhaps because zooms cheating with focal lenths, but I use many long primes as well very often with different converters.
There is a focus limiter at 4-8m and beyond and the switch between manual and autofocus.
The lens produce sharp, detailed pictures with good contrast even wide open. Usual with lenses that wide open the contrast is reduced, but this is not the case here. I would say the lens fully usable wide open. Stopping down the lens improve sharpness a little. The depth of field is extremely shallow wide open. The level of chromatic aberration is low. To evaluate the sample pictures please consider it were made in an overcast winter afternoon with slower shutter speeds and lots of noise because of too high iso numbers.
Original little cropped both sides Sigma 500mm f/4.5 at f/6.3 overcast weather late winter afternoon in ISO 1600 Canon 30d 1/1000s originally 3504×2336 pixel jpg target is the rooftop mobile antenna about 30-40m distance from the camera.
The lens has strong contrast and very nice colors.
The bright aperture and long focal length creates beautiful bokeh or out of focus blur. Not just at close distances (4m is the closest) but longer distances as well.
The lens an ultrasonic autofocus which Sigma calls HSM. Unfortunately my Canon 30d has some problem with af function so I make all pictures using manual focusing. It was an interesting experiment. Without magnificated live view it is impossible to see in the viewfinder that the image sharp or not. The manual focus is a joy to use with one finger. With one hand I grab the camera, with the other hand I hold the lens by the tripod mount, and with the same hand I adjust manual focus. My hit rate with manual focusing was under 50%. It showed that autofocus is essential with these lenses especially we want to quickly respond. Otherwise I tested other Sigma lenses with HSM autofocus for example the Sigma 50-500mm and I think practically similar to Canon's USM.
The MTF curve shows contrast and resolution, the higher numbers are better. The highest the performance at the center of the lens after falling down. Best lenses can produce almost horizontal curves which means the performance is the same high level towards the borders of the frame.
I would add a 1.4 TC without hesitation, or omit and go closer. In case you need you can add a TC, it is a very sharp lens.
The main rival is the Canon 500m f/4 here which is better in many ways but more expensive and more heavy as well.
It represents the ultimate quality in this focal length, and the newer second version is even better (tack sharp at f/4, lighter but more expensive), than the already excellent first version.
f/4.5 vs f/6.3 which is appr 1 stop. For an amateur an a budget I definitely recommend the zooms, because price/perfermance wise much better choice.
The Canon 300mm f/2.8 versions are the next option. Sharpest Canon lenses, very good even with the 2x TC.
a better choice for versatility (300mm f/2.8, 400mm f/4, 600mm f/5.6).
Canon 400mm f/5.6 is also a very strong candidate the absolute best seller in wildlife/bird photography I think. Light, excellent bild, super af, brilliant contrast and colors. Very good with a 1.4 TC as well, but very dark at 560mm, only useful at bright sunlight.
In Nikon mount the Nikon 500mm is also better both versions are very sharp but more expensive and heavy as well.
The Tamron/Sigma 150-600mm is still an option.
The Nikon 300mm with an 1.7 TC is next candidate, which is a wonderful lens but sinificantly shorter. With the 1.7 Nikon TC it is 510mm f/6.7.
is pin sharp at f/4. The Canon 300mm f/2.8 and the Tamron/Sigma 150-600mm are also very interesting alternatives. But back to the Sigma 500 f4.5 it is a fantastic lens, with very nice features, dreamy bokeh, nice colors and contrast, the decision is hard because it is not cheap. I think it is little too expensive at least for my wallet. Hard to decide between this or the Canon version which is even more desirable or the 300mm f/2.8 which is more versatile. For many people the Canon 400 f/5.6 is enough on the other hand.
Personal thoughts: it is more of a tripod lens, because 3 kg is too heavy even with a tiny Aps-c camera to carry it all day. Hand holding a lens is better until 2kg (Tamron 150-600 is exactly on this limit or the Sigma contemporary version, the Canon 400 is lighter). If you move a lot it can be extremely tiring. From a car window it is ok. A monopod is also an awkward thing but helps you not get so tired after several hours of shooting.


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <meta name="description" content="">
    <meta name="author" content="">

    <title>can i juice?</title>

    <link href="vendor/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <link href="css/freelancer.min.css" rel="stylesheet">

    <link href="vendor/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

                        can i juice?

Can't decide wether to use flowtype or typescript?

Maybe which libraries they support can help you choose.

                    <form name="sentMessage" id="contactForm" novalidate="" onsubmit="return false;" >

                                <input onFocus="this.value === 'react-dnd' && this.select()" class="form-control" placeholder="package name" value="react-dnd" id="package-name" required="" data-validation-required-message="Please enter a package name." aria-invalid="false" type="text">

                                <button id="check-btn" class="btn btn-lg btn-outline" onClick="javascript:check()">can i juice?</button>

                    </form>

Top Searches

                                flow
                                typescript

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Morocco and Spain to bore a 39km rail tunnel under the Strait of Gibraltar
For those of you who get sick during ferry travel this would be the perfect answer and for others it will be an adventure ride . A Swiss firm takes on this ambitious project across the Strait of Gibraltar. Moroccan experts say the long-mooted 39km rail tunnel would be among the world's most sophisticated engineering works and rival the Channel Tunnel linking England and France. Moroccan authorities displayed blueprints of the project. Its to be a very expensive project costing between $US7...
Post date: Wednesday, May 7, 2014 - 12:56
Vancouver: Countdown to 2010 Winter Games begins
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, are the next Winter Olympics, scheduled to be held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. The pre-Olympics build-up adds to the buzz of Vancouver, which is a vibrant and exciting destination. The official countdown clock outside The Vancouver Art Gallery works tallies the seconds, minutes, hours and days until the 2010 Winter Games. The clock was unveiled on February 12.The clock is a striking reminder that the...
Post date: Monday, April 28, 2014 - 15:31
Tourist kidnapping puts Ethiopia in the limelight
Northeastern Ethiopia is a spectacular yet barren expanse of volcanoes and ancient salt mines where bandits and rebels operate. This out worldly landscape attracts only aid workers and adventure travelers who are willing to travel even with armed guards to see geographical wonders like the Danakil Depression. However the mysterious kidnapping of five Europeans and eight locals has put the international spotlight on this region now. Friends and family of the three Britons, one French woman and...
Post date: Wednesday, April 23, 2014 - 16:37
Do you want to own an island in Maldives?
Have you ever traveled somewhere where there were no high-rise buildings, no tourists and no billboards? Admit it. There are times when you wish you could get away from daily chores, envisioning sparkling clear water, in every imaginable shade from sea foam green to cobalt blue. Imagine how your body relaxes as all your tension and worries drift away like a song on the gentle island breeze. On top of that, if the island is specifically owned by you… won't that be great, an awesome experience!...
Post date: Thursday, April 17, 2014 - 18:06
World's biggest tourism fiesta opens in Berlin
The ITB, world's biggest tourism fair gave excellent news to travel agents on Wednesday. India will be the glare of publicity as it is the 'partner country' of this year. This year's fete, scheduled from March 7-11, has made an incredible record of the number of companies participating from 184 nations, i.e. 11,000. President of the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) says, Entries from the world over have gone above 20 % in the last three years to 842 million. And moreover, the organizations...
Post date: Friday, April 11, 2014 - 19:05
High-end health resorts to help you lose weight in luxury
As a solution to your weight losing problem many high-end health resorts have come up with qualitative treatments with the focus on hostilic trinity of mind, body and spirit. The range offered by the health resorts runs the gamut from thalassotherapy and mud baths to Merlot wraps and electro-stimulation. High-end health resorts: St.Lucia's Le Sport Resort, where you can learn the principles of funky dance. At Geneva's Clinique La Prairie, you can lose excess fat from the specific area of your...
Post date: Monday, April 7, 2014 - 12:55

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tempe penyet is another tasty food you can find in Surabaya. This is a great place to visit if you want to know more about Indonesian dishes. Tempe Penyet is made of tempeh. The primary ingredient is basically created from soybeans. Soybeans have many important compounds you can eat to stay healthy. This is a good alternative to animal protein.
Besides, tempeh is also quite cheap compared to other sources of protein. If you love the taste of this foodstuff, you will enjoy Tempe Penyet because it tastes just like that, but there is sauce made of spices. Tempeh can be processed into a lot of dishes. This has become a staple food in Indonesia, so it won't be hard for you to find it in traditional markets and supermarkets. The cooking is very simple. You have to only prepare for tempeh and some other ingredients to make the sauce.
If you do not want to waste time making it yourself, find a food stall that sells it. There are a lot of food stalls that have this food item throughout Surabaya. That is because this food is very popular among the locals. People like it not only for its delicious taste, but also for its health benefits. Aside from the main ingredient, you will also need coriander powder, garlic, salt, monosodium glutamate, water, etc.
As for the sauce, there are some spices needed to make that, such as cayenne pepper, onions, garlic, tomatoes, salt, and shrimp paste. As said before, the cooking is easy. It starts with cutting tempeh into slices. Then, all the spices have to be blended together in one bowl and add some water. Soak the slices of tempeh in the mixture for about 5 minutes and then fry them. Next, you have to make the sauce. Once it is done, put the slices into the sauce and it is ready to be served.


Pretty much everyone has those friends that are good at persuasion. They could just about sell you on anything. In Vote ME!, you're given odd policy and theme cards that you must spin into being the greatest thing ever, looking to get the votes of your friends. The card game is up on Kickstarter now.
Will you join the Blue Butterflies, Green Apples, Orange Jellies, Red Balloons or Purple Patches? Can you win the most votes for your Party by giving the best speech on the randomly chosen Policy & Theme? These could be as diverse as Defence & Toys or Health & Supervillians. Will you give a sensible speech or a silly speech? In the end, you just need to persuade the other players to Vote ME!
The game consists of 110 cards, a 60 second sand timer and a dice (for when you want to follow the more challenging option). There are enough cards in one box for up to 10 people play, but for larger groups all you need is extra voting cards (from another box) to incorporate more players. Whilst is is possible to play with over 100 players it would probably be a bit silly.
The game is really close to its funding goal with still 15 days left on the clock.


Ogilvies on Tour — Brian Ogilvie Brian Ogilvie news and upcoming performances.
After Something Rotten took our final bow on Broadway on January 1st, my son and I packed our bags and hit the road for some much needed family time. We're having an absolute blast touring the country with my incredibly talented wife Dana Winkle, as she performs in the North American Tour of An American In Paris. This show is stunning, and if you have a chance to catch it when it comes to a city near you, do not miss it. The boy and I are so proud to cheer on Mommy as she crushes it in the ensemble and especially when she goes on for the lead, Milo!
The Ogilvie trio will return to New York with a vengeance soon. But in the meantime, nothing beats having all of us together.


We are not going to have non-participation in near future, says Bansal.
One should not get scared when there is a correction. That is the time to come in, said Kunj Bansal, Partner & CIO, Sarthi Group, in an interview with ET Now.
At the cost of sticking my neck out, I do not think we should wait for a correction or even if there can be a correction. In fact, even last week, on Tuesday or Wednesday, the market did try to correct, but in the end, it was an intraday correction at most. Then again, over last two trading days, we saw a sharp rally.
Let us keep in mind that we are coming out of a non-participation period and when I say non participation, let me try to be more specific, non-participation by global investors over the last eight-nine months or so. From October till March, for about five months, there was non-participation and that is what is leading to the participation coming in from global investors. Thankfully, we have continued to see domestic participation and I am sure those investors must be sitting pretty and feeling happy about it. One should not get scared when there is a correction. That is the time to come in.
Coming back to the non-participation of the last few months, I do not think we can expect a significant surprise. And that is what the market also does. In fact, all the people probably have got left out in the market. We feel there would be a correction and the market always has this habit of doing exactly reverse of what larger consensus expectation is. As I said, largely because of the non-participation over the last few months, I do not think we will have a non-participation period in the near future. Eventually, going forward, things will keep changing.
One of the reason behind rupee appreciation has been increased inflows from global investors, as well as the weakening dollar. Oil has also stabilised. While it is not going down anymore, it is not going up also. All those things have been positives for the Indian currency. As a result of the rising rupee, IT sector has not participated in the recent rally. But that has not been the only reason. IT is a defensive, low beta sector. In any sharp rise or fall in the market, a low beta sector does not participate either way.
Going forward, the expectation of their growth rates being in the range of 10% to 12% on an annualised basis is something that will keep guiding the valuations and the stock price performance which will be backed by the company performance.
The rupee impact will sooner or later tend to eventually normalise. Pharma, which is another export-oriented sector, is a little bit of underdog, A few months ago, when the rupee was depreciating, we saw IT sector outperforming sharply. We did not see any participation from the pharma sector. Now because the rupee is appreciating, the underperformance continues. So, it is a double whammy for pharma.
In case of pharma, the reasons are beyond the currency and are centred more on challenges in US growth front. There continues to be challenges on USFDA front as well. There continues to be challenges on a selective basis in the domestic market growth as well. The pharma sector is going to get affected either way. It is a difficult sector to understand. There are too many variables. But in case of IT, eventually it will start to participate again because the growth expectations are reasonably decent.
Not a detailed look, but whatever little look I had on a cursory basis, it seems to be a very attractive offering After the sharp outperformance of 2017 in the real estate stocks, there was underperformance in 2018 and in the first three months of 2019.
At the same time, from a regulatory standpoint and from the government support point of view, if we look at the recent budget there have been quite a number of supportive measures announced by the government towards the real estate sector.
On a selective basis, if one has asset allocation and wants a real estate allocation and within that allocation for REIT, although there have been two REITs earlier, they were from the non real-estate space and the experience of investors has not been that great. Although the distribution from REITs continue, if we take an interpretation out of there, limited allocation for an investor is probably not harmful.
It is a God-sent opportunity for high risk traders. All the news flows is positive one day, negative for next two days and positive again on the fourth day. A situation like that offers a very good trading opportunity. So, high-risk traders, who know how to trade with strict stop loss on both sides --long as well as short time -- I am presuming must be making good amount of money.
For the medium term and long-term fundamentally-oriented financial investors, the whole airline space as a whole has never made any investment sense and in the current context, it applies all the more so for Jet because there is complete lack of clarity as you yourself mentioned. The news flow is so volatile that it changes almost on a daily basis, even hourly basis.
Financially it looks like that with the way the cancellation of the flights have happened, the results for the current March quarter are going to be really bad for the company. For the medium and long term financial investor, obviously it does not make sense,. For traders, it continues to be a delight.
We are in a challenging position as far as investment decision on auto is concerned. Even today, there is news that Maruti has cut its production which it appears has been governed by the numbers of the last few months and the expected degrowth or a slow growth that they must be expecting in the current month.
The March quarter numbers will be weak as going forward we will have elections in April-May and that is a period wherein especially passenger vehicles and commercial vehicle sales could take a knock. That puts us in a position wherein the June quarter numbers could be weak but within this period, the market has already seen a rally and if it again corrects closer to the elections depending on the news flow or post that, that would offer better entry points.
Keeping in mind that the growth should eventually come back for the December quarter and hopefully for the March quarter after that, irrespective of election outcome whichever government comes the show has to go on, the economy has to move on, people have to start consuming, businesses have to start investing and carry on the business as usual.
I do see September and December quarter giving growth back to the sector and in between, in the next two-three months, we will get a valuation entry point depending on market volatility. That will be the time to take a contrarian bet on the sector. It is an economy related sector and I do not think India's economy is going to go anywhere, So, one has to take a call with a slightly medium term view.
A stock other than HDFC Bank where he would be a buyer irrespective of election verdict.
Not necessarily that I was or I am a buyer, but I will take one largecap and one midcap. Within the corporate private sector bank. ICICI Bank is one stock which was looking attractive earlier also and it has seen a more than 10% rise over last week. Despite that, I could continue to like it till another next 10% rise or so.
The other stock will be in midcap space and it is called Crompton Consumers. That is a stock which in terms of share price performance, has been a non-participant for last two years. In between, it has been volatile. The numbers were weak. The margins were weak over one or two quarters and showed some improvement in last quarter. It should improve going forward.


Website sponsored by The Henley-in-Arden War Memorial Trust.
Fortnightly News about Henley and neighbouring area.
Started in 2004 and has published over 420 editions.
Local authority providing many local service.
County Council providing education, highways, Social Care, Libraries, etc.


Commensurate with experience, eligible for annual performance bonus, and benefit package with healthcare, 3-weeks vacation and 401k match.
COMTEK-Group is currently working with a Marquee Client in the North Charlotte area to locate a Java Software Engineer to support re-engineering and systems integration projects in the retail systems practice. This is a Full-Time Permanent position. The individual will work directly with clients and assume a key role on project teams. Must have experience designing and developing a range of applications including web, desktop, and sever based applications using frameworks such as Swing, JMS, etc. The Java Software Engineer will Design, Code, and Test user-interface and application components while participating in the analysis of application requirements.
Required Skills: Define application design and create design documentation. 3+ years Java experience. Excellent Unix skills. J2EE experience.
Compensation: Salary commensurate with experience. Eligible for annual performance bonus. Excellent benefit package company paid healthcare with short and long term disability, including 3-weeks vacation and 401k match.
Contact Cindy Whitten at cwhitten@comtek-group.com or call 972-644-6600 for more information.


text:
Home » 2D » Metal Slug 3 PC Game Free Download For Windows
Metal Slug 3 PC Game Free Download For Windows
Download Metal Slug 3 pc game full version setup, direct link for windows. The Best Game Ever. Metal Slug 3 is 2D run N' gun action shooting game series.
About Metal Slug 3
Great Story, pixel graphics, and simple and intuitive game controls. Metal Slug 3 is from a long franchise of 2D run and gun games known for their beautiful animation. The controls are simple, you've got a jump, attack shoot and bomb throw buttons. There are new weapons all over the place, and you get them by saving prisoners of war. The animation and detail hit a whole new level with the Metal Slug series. These soldiers, aliens and zombies all tie in together brilliantly later on in the game. Classic game Still feels exactly the same as it used to Arcade madness. Classic game and very nostalgic.
An incredibly fun Run n Gun game in both single player and Co-op. Metal Slug 3 is a longer game overall and a slightly more difficult one too. It has a little more variation in the type of enemies that attack you. Metal Slug is a more streamlined game that takes less time to complete and is a little easier. Super nostalgic, great port and being able to compete against leaderboards across the world is better than just the local nerds at the arcade. Amazing gameplay, especially with friends. Many weapons and power ups to utilize, as well as splitting paths to experience different levels on your second play-through.
I really enjoyed Metal Slug 3. If you manage to find a friend who's willing to play, this can actually be an incredible experience. It's a little pricey for what you get, but this is still one of the craziest, most entertaining side-scrolling shooters you'll play. If you are looking for a great arcade game to play this is your best choise. I'd still recommend you pick Metal Slug 3 up, as I really enjoyed my time. These is a great game.
Metal Slug 3 Screenshots
Metal Slug 3 System Requirements
OS: Windows Vista, 7, 8
Processor: Pentium 4 2.4Ghz
Metal Slug 3 Free Download
Quantum Break Free Download Full Game Setup For PC
Download Setup FileQuantum Break Free...
Download Setup FileTekken 4 Free...
Tekken 3 Free Download For PC Windows Full Version


text:
Photos: Reliving the Revolutionary War's Battle…
Photos: Reliving the Revolutionary War's Battle of Princeton … in Surf City
British army re-enactors get fired up Sunday as they prepare to charge their American counterparts during a two-day Revolutionary War re-enactment in Huntington Beach's Central Park.
Little drummer boy Edward Chaffee, 1, with the 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, hangs out at camp during the Huntington Beach Historical Society's Revolutionary War reenactment on Sunday.
American solidier renactors take part in the Battle of Princeton during an event sponsored by the Huntington Beach Historical Society on Sunday.
Elizabeth Spates takes part in the Huntington Beach Historical Society's Revolutionary War reenactment on Sunday where she takes the side of the British.
American soldiers are all smiles as they return from battle victorious over the British during the Revolutionary War reenactment.
American solidiers take part in the Battle of Princeton during a reenactment sponsored by the Huntington Beach Historical Society on Sunday.
Heather Chaffee makes adjustments to 5-year-old daughter Peyton's clothing Sunday at the event. Peyton has been involved in re-enactment activities since she was 4 weeks old.
Irene Ujda with the Anza Colonial Dancers, teaches La Bataille Sword Dancing during the Huntington Beach Historical Society's Revolutionary War reenactments on Sunday.
Smoke from a cannon envelops an American Revolutionary War soldier re-enactor during the Huntington Beach Historical Society's event.
By Joanna Clay | Orange County Register
HUNTINGTON BEACH – Dozens watched as the redcoats advanced on Gen. George Washington's militia.
It was the Battle of Princeton, an American victory that showed Washington's ingenuity during the Revolutionary War, when he tricked and sneaked up on the British troops.
But instead of 21 degrees and frosty in New Jersey in January 1777, it was in the mid-60s in Huntington Beach's Central Park on Sunday.
And there were the roughly 200 onlookers, with cameras, dogs and even a drone.
Not exactly 18th century.
Orange County's first Revolutionary War re-enactment, likely the largest in California, was staged by the Huntington Beach Historical Society. The group brings the state's largest Civil War event, Civil War Days, to the city each year.
A new war re-enactment meant a new wave of history geeks coming to relive the moments that led to the United States of America.
"They never gave up," said Luis Bierrman, 34, a self-professed Washington and U.S. history "dork" who lives in Huntington Beach. "They had no food, no clothing. I think this battle is a beautiful metaphor for (the U.S.) because we're on the cusp of change. This is the ultimate story of the underdog."
About 60 re-enactors had prepared for months for their character, which they call their "impression." Some traveled from as far as Utah and Arizona for the weekend event.
They camp there at night, talking by the fire, eating period food (like boiled meats) and smoking pipes.
Joining the soldiers were settlers, artisans selling wares and public figures such as Ben Franklin.
Jack Pritchard, 64, of Norco plays Capt. Lionel Smythe and is in a Welsh regiment, Capt. Ferguson's Company of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.
"He was a real captain of this regiment," Pritchard said. "(The British) would buy their rank. … If a captain's rank came up, I could buy it. They didn't have military school. If you came from aristocracy, you knew what you were doing – wrong."
Pritchard said he first heard about re-enacting when he saw a sign in Brookhurst Hobbies in Garden Grove.
"I thought I'd like to check that out but I don't think I'm going to dress up like that. It's a little weird," said Pritchard, a retired Los Angeles County fire captain. "But I got into it."
It's not cheap to get into it. The musket, a Brown Bess replica, can put you back nearly $1,000. Then there's the uniform, with the wool coat and trousers, the gold-plated buttons, the leather boots, the gloves and the hat. That can cost you another $1,000.
Pritchard is a regular now after about 20 years, averaging about one re-enactment a month. His girlfriend joins in, too.
Even though Pritchard is on the enemy's side, he's actually of colonial descent, related to a soldier who fought in the the 2nd Maryland Regiment.
But "somebody's gotta be the bad guy," he said.
He's coincidentally also Welsh.
Pritchard loves educating children and is full of fun facts, such as the one about the wives of English officers, who traveled to the colonies with them.
The women had only about a week to remarry after their husbands died if they wanted to receive rations.
There's one kid Pritchard probably couldn't stump.
Wilson Rochford, 7, a second-grader at Seacliff Elementary in Huntington Beach, walked the park dressed like George Washington.
"He's my favorite person in the Revolutionary War," Wilson said. It's a war he finds interesting because "America battled the biggest country in the world."
Wilson's father, Steve Rochford, had read about the re-enactment but didn't tell Wilson what they were going to do, just to put on the outfit from his first-grade project.
"He's a Revolutionary War fanatic," Wilson's dad said. "He reads books constantly. This is like heaven to him. … He already asked me if we can come back next year."
Contact the writer: jclay@ocregister.com
Joanna Clay
Read the full text of the inaugural poem by Amanda Gorman
Mega Millions jackpot rises to $970 million with no winners Tuesday
New CDC director takes over battered agency in crisis


text:
Exposure to tobacco smoke among adults in Bangladesh
Krishna Mohan Palipudi1, Dhirendra N Sinha2, Sohel Choudhury3, Zaman Mustafa4, Linda Andes1, Samira Asma1
1 Global Tobacco Control, Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2 Global Tobacco Control, Office on Smoking and Health, World Health Organisation
3 National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4 Country Office for Bangladesh, World Health Organization
Krishna Mohan Palipudi
Global Tobacco Control, Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30345
Objective: To examine exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) at home, in workplace, and in various public places in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Data from 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted in Bangladesh was analyzed. The data consists of 9,629 respondents from a nationally representative multi-stage probability sample of adults aged 15 years and above. Exposure to second-hand smoke was defined as respondents who reported being exposed to tobacco smoke in the following locations: Indoor workplaces, homes, government building or office, health care facilities, public transportation, schools, universities, restaurants, and cafes, coffee shops or tea houses. Exposure to tobacco smoke in these places was examined by gender across various socioeconomic and demographic sub-groups that include age, residence, education and wealth index using SPSS 17.0 for complex samples. Results: The study shows high prevalence of SHS exposure at home and in workplace and in public places. Exposure to SHS among adults was reported high at home (54.9%) (male-58.2% and female-51.7%), in workplace (63%) (male-67.8% and female-30.4%), and in any public place (57.8%) (male-90.4% and female-25.1%) 30 days preceding the survey. Among the public places examined exposure was low in the educational institutions (schools-4.3%) and health care facilities (5.8%); however, exposure was high in public transportation (26.3%), and restaurants (27.6%). SHS exposure levels at home, in workplace and public places were varied widely across various socioeconomic and demographic sub-groups. Conclusions: Exposure was reported high in settings having partial ban as compared to settings having a complete ban. Following the WHO FCTC and MPOWER measures, strengthening smoke-free legislation may further the efforts in Bangladesh towards creating and enforcing 100% smoke-free areas and educating the public about the dangers of SHS. Combining these efforts can have a complementary effect on protecting the people from hazardous effect of SHS as well as reducing the social acceptance of smoking both at home and in public and workplaces. Ongoing surveillance in Bangladesh is necessary to measure progress towards monitoring SHS exposure.
Keywords: Prevalence, Second-hand smoke, Bangaladesh, Global Adult Tobacco Survey
Palipudi KM, Sinha DN, Choudhury S, Mustafa Z, Andes L, Asma S. Exposure to tobacco smoke among adults in Bangladesh. Indian J Public Health 2011;55:210-9
Palipudi KM, Sinha DN, Choudhury S, Mustafa Z, Andes L, Asma S. Exposure to tobacco smoke among adults in Bangladesh. Indian J Public Health [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Feb 1];55:210-9. Available from: https://www.ijph.in/text.asp?2011/55/3/210/89942
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the GATS partner organizations.
Second-hand smoke (SHS) is a mixture of thousands of chemical constituents, most of which are harmful and cause serious disease and death in the non-smoking population. A growing body of literature has demonstrated the harmful health effects of second-hand smoke exposure. [1] Exposure to tobacco smoke was estimated to have caused 379,000 deaths from ischemic heart disease, 165,000 from lower respiratory infections, 36,900 from asthma, and 21,400 from lung cancer. [2] More than 600 000 deaths per year worldwide were caused by second-hand smoke (SHS) in 2004, [2] which was about 1% of worldwide mortality. [2],[3] Of the 603 000 deaths, 47% occurred in women, 28% in children, and 26% in men. [2] Studies on the impact of effective implementation of smoke free policies clearly indicate 10-20% reduction in acute coronary events in the first year post ban. [2],[3]
Article 8 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) [4] calls for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transportation, indoor public places, and as appropriate, other public places by adopting and implementing effective legislative, executive, administrative and other measures. In 2004, Bangladesh ratified the WHO FCTC. In addition, Bangladesh passed a comprehensive tobacco control law in line with the WHO FCTC. The Bangladesh Tobacco Control Act 2005 [5] prohibits smoking in public transportation and public places such as educational institutions, government, semi-government and autonomous offices, libraries, lifts, hospitals and clinics, court buildings, railway stations, bus terminals, ferries, cinema halls, covered exhibition centers, theatres, shopping centers, public toilets, government administered and private children's parks and any or all other places where people could be exposed. However, these bans are partial as they do not comply with the stipulated policy. In 2006, rules were passed to facilitate the enforcement of laws and further formulated declaring schools and health settings as 100% smoke free. The Government of Bangladesh made a taskforce at national and sub national levels for implementation of tobacco control policies. To help countries fulfill their WHO FCTC obligations, in 2008 WHO introduced the MPOWER package of six evidence-based tobacco control measures that are proven to reduce tobacco use and save lives. [6] The MPOWER measures provide practical assistance with country-level implementation of effective policies to reduce the demand for tobacco. [6],[7]
Global surveys among youth and health professionals indicate exposure to SHS is high. Data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in Bangladesh indicated that more than 34% of students aged 13-15 years were exposed to SHS in their homes and more than 40% exposed in public places. [8] Findings from the Global Health Professions Students Survey in Bangladesh show that more than 75% of third-year medical and dental students were exposed to SHS in public places. [9] However, at national level, no study reported data on levels of SHS exposure among adult population in Bangladesh. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), for the first time, provided an opportunity to measure exposure to SHS among adults from nationally representative data using a standard protocol across various low and middle income countries.
This paper provides information on extent of exposure to SHS in homes, workplaces and different public places by various population subgroups. This paper examines the current levels of exposure to SHS in indoor workplaces, homes, government building or office, health care facilities, public transportation, schools, universities, restaurants, and cafes, coffee shops or tea houses in the past 30 days preceding the survey among adults age 15 years and above. Additionally, data was analyzed for smokers and non-smokers separately to understand the level of SHS exposure in these public places.
GATS is a nationally representative household survey of men and women aged 15 years and above designed to produce internationally comparable data on tobacco use and tobacco control measures using a standardized questionnaire, sample design, data collection and management procedures and provided cross-sectional estimates for the country as a whole as well as by urbanicity (rural/urban) and gender. The GATS questionnaire in Bangladesh includes information on respondents' background characteristics, tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), cessation, second-hand smoke, economics, media, and knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco use. In Bangladesh, a three-stage geographically clustered sample design was used to produce nationally representative data. One individual was randomly chosen from each selected household to participate in the survey. Survey information was collected using handheld devices. Due to non-proportional allocation of the sample to the different strata, appropriate sample weights were computed to ensure the actual representativeness of the sample at the national level as well as at stratum level (urban/rural areas). The weight computed for each respondent data record was the product of the base weights, the non-response adjustment and post-stratification calibration adjustment. The sample weights were used in all analyses to produce estimates of population parameters.
Variables included in the analyses
The second-hand smoke section of the questionnaire collects information from all adults on exposure to tobacco smoke in various public places that include indoor workplaces, homes, government building or office, health care facilities, public transportation, schools, universities, restaurants, and cafes, coffee shops or tea houses in the past 30 days preceding the survey. All these questions were analyzed in this paper to explore the prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure. As outlined in the GATS indicators guidelines, [10] second-hand smoke in this paper is defined for each place as the persons who reported being exposed to tobacco smoke in each place in the past 30 days. These indicators provide a measure of exposure to tobacco smoke across adult's age 15 years and above and represent the population level exposure. The respondents have been asked to respond if they saw somebody smoke or smelled the smoke inside the place (enclosed indoor areas) of interest.
Exposure to SHS in this paper was assessed in three different environmental contexts: At home, in indoor workplaces, and any public place. The indicator on exposure to SHS at home is defined as the percentage of adults who reported being exposed to smoke at home at least monthly. Exposure to second-hand smoke at work is defined as the percentage of indoor workers who were exposed to tobacco smoke in work place in the past 30 days. Indoor workers are classified as the respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors. Exposure to second-hand smoke in public places is defined as the number of respondents who reported being exposed to tobacco smoke in various locations/ public places in the past 30 days. The public places included indoor workplaces, homes, government building or office, health care facilities, public transportation, schools, universities, restaurants, and cafes, coffee shops or tea houses. A separate indicator was also computed for each of the locations mentioned above and was presented in separate sections. An additional analysis was carried out for smokers and non-smokers to understand the extent of exposure among males and females separately.
Relevant respondent variables considered in the analyses are respondent's age, place of residence (urban/rural), gender (male/female), educational level, and wealth index. GATS collected information on respondent's highest level of completed education. For the purpose of this paper, the question on educational level was grouped into five categories: No formal schooling, less than primary, primary complete, less than secondary, and secondary school complete and above (includes high school, college/university, and post graduate and above education). Wealth index, a proxy measure for respondent socioeconomic status, was constructed using principal component analysis [11],[12] with information on household ownership of assets. The index used here was similar to the one developed and tested in a large number of countries in relation to inequities in household income. [13],[14] It is an indicator of the level of wealth that is consistent with expenditure and income measures. [13],[14] The asset information collected in GATS includes household ownership of a number of items, such as electricity, flush toilet, fixed telephone, cell telephone, television, radio, refrigerator, car, moped/scooter/motorcycle, washing machine, bicycle, sewing machine, almirah/ wardrobe, table, bed or cot, chair or bench, watch or clock, as well as the type of main material used for the roof of the main house (cement, tin and katcha such as bamboo / thatched / straw). The sample was then divided into quintiles from one being lowest to five being highest.
There were a total of 9629 completed interviews with an overall response rate of 93.6%. From the 9629 respondents, 4,468 were males and 5,161 were females, where as 4,772 were from the rural areas (73.3%) and 4, 857 from urban areas (26.7%) of Bangladesh. [15] Weighted distribution of the sample indicate that 29.5% of adults were in the age group 15-24 followed by 23.5% in the age group 25-34 years, 19.6% in the age group 35-44, 12.8% in the age group 45-54, 8.0% in the age group 55-64, and 6.6% in the age group 65 years and above. By education, 35.6% of all respondents had no formal education, 15.7% had less than primary education, 12.3% had primary education, 21.6% had less than secondary education, and 14.8% had completed secondary and above education. As per the wealth index quintiles, 18.8% of the respondents belong to lowest socioeconomic status, followed by 23.2% were in low, 20.4% were in middle, 22.6% were in high, and only 15.0% of respondents were in highest socioeconomic status. Confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported along with prevalence in percentages for all the estimates. Statistical significance tests (Chi-square) were used to assess the association between exposure to SHS and various socioeconomic and demographic sub-groups that include age, residence, education and wealth index by gender using SPSS 17.0 software for complex samples.
Exposure to SHS at home
Overall 55% of adults reported that they had been exposed to SHS at home in the past 30 days [Table 1]. In general, males (58.2%) have reported a significantly higher exposure to SHS than females (51.7%). The pattern was similar when looked at the levels of exposure between smokers and non-smokers separately in both male and female [Figure 1]. However, there is no significant variation observed in exposure to SHS at home between male and female in various socioeconomic categories. Urban populations have higher levels of exposure to SHS at home compared to rural populations. SHS exposure at home did not vary by age, however middle aged adults reported higher levels of exposure (58.3% in the 35-44 age group and 56.2% in the 45-54 age group). As educational attainment increases the percent exposed to SHS decreases. Exposure to SHS at home is significantly higher among adults with no formal schooling (64%) compared to adults with high education (37%). Similar levels of exposure are reported by both male and female in the respective education categories. Similar to education, adults from lowest socioeconomic status reported a higher level of SHS exposure at home than the adults in the highest socioeconomic categories.
Table 1: Second-hand smoke exposure among adults age 15 years and above at home, in workplace and in any public place in the past 30 days preceding
Figure 1: Exposure to second-hand smoke at home, workplace and any public place by gender and smoking status in Bangladesh
Exposure to SHS in work place
Overall 52% reported that they had been exposed to SHS in indoor workplaces [Table 1]. Exposure to SHS at work was higher among men (67.8%) than women (30.4%). Similar to the overall exposure levels among Bangladeshi adults, the prevalence of exposure at the work place was higher for men in both smokers as well as non-smokers separately (75.6% and 91% respectively), but the level of exposure was much higher among female smokers who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors [Figure 1]. More adults from rural areas (66%) are exposed to SHS than the adults from urban areas (58.7%). Irrespective of the age, adult males are more exposed to SHS than females, though middle aged adults reported a higher level of exposure at workplace in the last 30 days (66.6% in 35-44 age group and 67.8% in 45-54 age group). The adults with no formal schooling (71%) tend to be expose more than the adults with secondary school and above (49%) education. Adults with lowest wealth index (66%) reported a higher exposure than that of highest wealth index (59%), though this was not significant.
Exposure in public places
Tobacco smoke exposure in any public place
Second-hand smoke exposure in any public place represents a combined measure of exposure in either of the places mentioned above. Among Bangladeshi adults 58% reported exposure to SHS in any of the public places in the past 30 days preceding the survey [Table 1]. The exposure at any public place is significantly higher among males (90.4%) than females (25.1%) and the gender specific differences are observed across all the socioeconomic and demographic subgroups. Similar to workplaces and at homes, middle aged adults (aged between 35 and 64) reported higher levels of exposure to SHS in any public places. Among male, education did not play a role in explaining the differences; for educational level exposure among female ranges between 21.1% and 35.6%No significant differences are observed with respect to wealth index. However, there is a gradient between lowest and middle though not significant between low and middle. When looking at the level of exposure in any public place separately for smokers and non-smokers, prevalence was almost four times higher among male compared to female. However interestingly, female non-smokers (25.1%) reported a higher level of exposure compared to female smokers (22.5%) [Figure 1].
Tobacco smoke exposure in specific public place
For specified locations [Table 2] in the month preceding the survey, exposure to SHS was lowest (range between 1.5% to 5.8%) in the universities (1.5%), schools (4.3%), private workplaces (4.3%), government buildings or offices (5.4%), and health care facilities (5.8%), The public places with highest reporting of SHS exposure were (range between 26.3% to 43.3%) in public transportation (26.3%), restaurants (27.6%), and cafes, coffee shops or tea shops (43.3%) [Table 2]. Strong gender differences (a low level of exposure among female) were observed in these public places. There are no urban, rural differences observed in any specific location expect for private workplaces where urban adults reported higher levels of exposure to SHS and adults in rural areas reported higher levels of exposure to SHS in government building or offices, and universities. Irrespective of the location, adults in middle ages (ages between 35 and 64) reported higher levels of exposure to tobacco smoke except in schools and universities where a majority of adults tend to visit these places during younger ages. Interestingly, education is showing a positive gradient with respect to exposure to tobacco smoke i.e. adults with no formal schooling have reported a low level of exposure compared to the adults with high education (secondary school and above), particularly in government building or offices, health care facilities, public transportation, schools, universities and restaurants. A similar pattern is observed with respect to socioeconomic status of the respondents where adults reported a higher level of exposure to tobacco smoke when they belong to highest level of socioeconomic status. For example, the level of exposure to SHS among adults with high socioeconomic status is 5.5% in schools, 4.9% in universities, 12.7% in government buildings or offices, 8.3% in health care facilities 36.9% in restaurants, and 9.7% in private workplaces as compared to 2% in schools, 0.3% in universities, 3.5% in government buildings or offices, 4.3% in health care facilities, 22.7% in restaurants, and 2.3% in private workplaces with lowest socioeconomic status.
Table 2: Second-hand smoke exposure among adults age 15 years and above in specific public places in the past 30 days preceding the survey
Over half of Bangladeshi adults were exposed to SHS in homes and public places and nearly two thirds of adults are exposed to SHS in workplaces. Of these, nearly 7 in 10 men at work places and 9 in 10 men at public places are exposed to SHS. The high levels of exposure to SHS, particularly in middle ages, will further add to chronic disease burden and premature death in productive age group in Bangladesh. Thus following the WHO FCTC [4] and MPOWER [7] strategies for further strengthening smoking ban policies and its effective enforcement is important to prevent premature deaths [16] in Bangladesh. Over 50% of adult women in Bangladesh are exposed to SHS in homes and lower levels of exposure among women compared to men in all the public places suggest that female who are housewives and unemployed less likely to visit these public places. Higher levels of exposure in less educated adults augment the need for awareness about the dangers of SHS in non-smokers as many nonsmokers are also not aware of the dangers of second-hand smoke. [7],[17] The extreme addictive nature of tobacco is also not widely acknowledged. [7] This finding demands equitable public health initiatives to educate all sections of people, particularly women, through appropriate programmes. Exposure to SHS among females in homes is attributable to high smoking prevalence among men, poor living in single dwelling homes and lack of knowledge on harmful effects of SHS on non smokers.
Physically separating smokers from non-smokers by allowing smoking only in designated smoking rooms reduces exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke only by about half, and thus provides only partial protection. [18] Scientific evidence has unequivocally established that 100% smoke-free environments are the only proven way to fully protect the health of people from the harmful effects of second-hand tobacco smoke. [19],[20],[21],[22] Bangladesh has 100% smoke-free policy for health facilities and educational institutions, but not for other public places. [5] Findings from GATS suggest that relatively low levels of exposure to SHS in schools (4.3%), and health settings (5.8%), as compared to other public places such as restaurants (27.6%), public transport (26.3%), for which policy does not provide 100% smoke-free policy. Completely smoke-free environments are the only proven way to protect people adequately from the harmful effects of second-hand smoke. Smoke-free environments not only protect non-smokers they also help smokers who want to quit. [16]
The data from this report clearly indicates that smoke free policy needs to be strengthened by declaring more and more public places 100% smoke free in Bangladesh. Awareness campaigns through effective public education, media advocacy and communication is the key to implement smoke-free policies. Governments and communities need to work together to create smoke-free environments. Appropriate strategies need to be developed to involve the private sector and communities to ensure success for the campaign for smoke-free environments. In Bangladesh, 43.3% of adults (41.3 million) currently use tobacco in smoking and/or smokeless form. [9],[15] Among adults aged 15 years and above, 44.7% of men, 1.5% of women, and 23.0% overall (21.9 million adults) currently smoke tobacco in Bangladesh. [9],[15] Out of all tobacco smokers, 14.2% (28.3% male and 0.2% female) were current cigarette smokers and 11.2% (21.4% male and 1.1 female) were current bidi smokers. [9],[15] Increasing taxation will not only help tobacco users quit and reduce the number of new tobacco users, but also protect people from second-hand smoke. [16] Ongoing surveillance in Bangladesh is necessary to monitor implementation of tobacco control measures including SHS exposure through cost effective and sustainable systems. Bangladesh has made a task force to implement smoke free policies which needs to be further strengthened and functioning in collaboration with community participation.
The findings in this report are subject to the limitation that the prevalence results are based on self-reports. In certain settings, social norms (i.e., unacceptability of women smoking or going to work or visiting various public places) might result in underreporting. Furthermore, education categories were combined into broad groupings, which could have contributed to biased estimates in terms of the gradients observed. Nonetheless, these groupings provided greater precision than those used in earlier tobacco use research in Bangladesh. The data used in constructing wealth index is based on limited number of asset variables which might result in incomplete or under representing socioeconomic status. Finally, some of the public places included in the analysis may be considered work places or public places or both for some respondents.
The authors would like to thank Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), National Institute of Preventive and Social medicine (NIPSOM), National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), World Health Organization (WHO) country office for Bangladesh who made completion of the GATS possible. Funding for the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is provided by the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use, a program of Bloomberg Philanthropies
1. Besaratinia A, Pfeifer GP. Second-hand smoke and human lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:657-66.
[PUBMED] [FULLTEXT]
2. Oberg M, Jaakkola MS, Woodward A, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: A retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet 2011;377:139-46.
3. Wipfli HL, Samet JM. Second-hand smoke's worldwide disease toll. Lancet 2011;377:101-2.
4. World Health Organization (WHO). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO Press, Geneva, WHO, 2003. (Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501316_eng.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
5. Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Smoking and Tobacco Products Usage (Control) Act. Act, 2005. Dhaka, 2005. (Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Legislation_and_Policy_Bangladesh_legislation_english.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
6. WHO. MPOWER: A policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic. WHO press, Geneva, WHO, 2008. (Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_english.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
7. WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2011: Warning about the dangers of tobacco. Geneva, WHO, 2011. (Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789240687813_eng.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
8. WHO. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Report on Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GATS) and Global School Personal Survey (GSPS), Bangladesh. Dhaka, 2008. (Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/GYTS_BAN2007.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
9. WHO. Regional Office for South-East Asia. Global Health Professions Students Survey (GHPSS)-Fact Sheet, Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009. (Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/GHPS_Factsheet_Ban.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
10. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Indicator Guidelines: Definition and Syntax. Atlanta, USA, 2009. (Available from: http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/GTSSData/Ancillary/Documentation.aspx?SUID=4&DOCT=4). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
11. Rutstein S. Wealth versus expenditure: Comparison between the DHS wealth index and household expenditures in four departments of Guatemala. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro; 1999.
12. National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and Macro International. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007. Dhaka, Bangladesh and Calverton, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, 2007.
13. Gwatkin DR, Rutstein S, Johnson K, Pande RP, Wagstaff A. Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition and poverty. HNP/Poverty Thematic Group of the World Bank. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; 2000.
14. Rutstein S, Johnson K, Gwatkin D. Poverty, health inequality, and its health and demographic effects. Paper presented at the 2000 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, 2000.
15. WHO, Country Office for Bangladesh. Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Bangladesh report. Dhaka, Bangladesh, WHO, 2009. (Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/global_adult_tobacco_survey_bangladesh_report_2009.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Mar 07].
16. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Sacramento, CA, California Environmental Agency, 1999. (Available from: http://www.oehha.org/air/environmental_tobacco/finalets.html). [Last accessed on 2011 Apr 12].
17. USDHSS. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006 (Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/second-handsmoke/report/index.html). [Last accessed on 2011 Apr 12].
18. Koh HK, Alpert HR, Judge CM, Caughey RW, Elqura LJ, Connolly GN, et al. Understanding worldwide youth attitudes towards smoke-free policies: An analysis of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Tob Control 2011;20:219-25.
19. Warren CW, Sinha DN, Lee J, Lea V, Jones NR. Tobacco use, exposure to second-hand smoke, and cessation counseling among medical students: Cross-country data from the Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS), 2005-2008. BMC Public Health 2005;11:72.
20. WHO. Profile on Smoke-free Environments in the South-East Asia region. New Delhi, India, 2007. (Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/wntd/2007/searo_smoke_free_environment.pdf). [Last accessed on 2011 Apr 12].
21. Xiao L, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang CX, Yang GH. Population-based survey of second-hand smoke exposure in china. Biomed Environ Sci 2010;23:430-6.
22. Cains T, Cannata S, Poulos R, Ferson MJ, Stewart BW. Designated "no smoking" areas provide from partial to no protection from environmental tobacco smoke. Tob Control 2004;13:17-22.
1 Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors Affecting Oral and Periodontal Health and Quality of Life in South Asia
Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, S Siddharthan, Abdul Habeeb Adil, Mohammed Mansoor Khan, Adith Venugopal, Dinesh Rokaya, Artak Heboyan, Charu Mohan Marya, Anand Marya
The Open Dentistry Journal. 2022; 16(1)
2 Second-hand smoke exposure at home and indoor work area among college students in Mangalore, South India
PraveenS Jodalli, GaneshShenoy Panchmal, RJ Ancy, AmithaN Basheer
Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry. 2021; 19(4): 264
3 Support for smoke-free public places among adults in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa
Hadii M Mamudu,Daniel Owusu,Bossman Asare,Faustine Williams,Matthew Asare,Adekunle Oke,Amy Poole,Fenose Osedeme,Ogwell A E Ouma
Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2020; 22(12): 2141
4 Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Hormozgan province Residents' Southern Iran
H. Farshidi,T. Aghamolaei,A. Madani,A. Ghanbarnezhad,A. Safari Moradabadi,S. Dadipoor
Health Education and Health Promotion. 2019; 7(1): 9
5 Second-hand smoke prevalence in 252 regions of South Korea in three exposure locations
Li-Yuan Sun,Jae-Hyun Park
Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2018;
6 Patterns, prevalence and determinants of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among adults in Bangladesh
Mohammad Alamgir Kabir,Md. Moyazzem Hossain,Farhana Afrin Duty
Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2018; 8: 113
7 Education differential in relation to tobacco use and its predictors across different regions of India
Deepak Sharma,Sonu Goel,Pranay Lal
Indian Journal of Cancer. 2017; 54(3): 584
8 Secondhand smoke exposure at home among one billion children in 21 countries: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
Lazarous Mbulo,Krishna Mohan Palipudi,Linda Andes,Jeremy Morton,Rizwan Bashir,Heba Fouad,Nivo Ramanandraibe,Roberta Caixeta,Rula Cavaco Dias,Trudy M A Wijnhoven,Mina Kashiwabara,Dhirendra N Sinha,Edouard Tursan dæEspaignet
Tobacco Control. 2016; 25(e2): e95
9 Methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey — 2008–2010
Krishna Mohan Palipudi,Jeremy Morton,Jason Hsia,Linda Andes,Samira Asma,Brandon Talley,Roberta D. Caixeta,Heba Fouad,Rula N. Khoury,Nivo Ramanandraibe,James Rarick,Dhirendra N. Sinha,Sameer Pujari,Edouard Tursan d'Espaignet
Global Health Promotion. 2016; 23(2_suppl): 3
10 Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations
Li-Yuan Sun,Hae-Kwan Cheong,Eun-Whan Lee,Kyeong-Jin Kang,Jae-Hyun Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2016; 31(9): 1362
11 Prevalence and Determinants of Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Women in Bangladesh, 2011
F. Fischer,M. Minnwegen,U. Kaneider,A. Kraemer,M. M. H. Khan
Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2014;
12 Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke among adults in Myanmar
Sein, A.A. and Than Htike, M.M. and Sinha, D.N. and Kyaing, N.N.
Indian Journal of Cancer. 2012; 49(4): 410-418
Palipudi KM
Sinha DN
Choudhury S
Mustafa Z
Andes L
Asma S
Bangaladesh
Global Adult Tobacco Survey


Ruben Chagoya poises with the Gypsum Creek Center sign that details his small dining empire options. The owner of Tu Casa Mexican Restaurant and Tu Casa Coffee Shop, Chagoya will open Firebox Sports Bar in two weeks.
Ruben Chagoya says people have started asking him if he played Monopoly a lot as a kid.
It's a valid question, considering his business presence in Gypsum.
Back in 2012, he opened Tu Casa, a family-oriented Mexican restaurant, at a location along U.S. Highway 6. A couple of years later, he moved over to a different space in the Gypsum Creek Center, the commercial building located just north of the U.S. Post Office. Fast-forward to 2018, and the Gypsum Creek Center is dominated by businesses owned by Chagoya and his sister Astrid.
Tu Casa still anchors the southern end of the building, but during 2018, Chagoya's enterprises have expanded to include all of the east-facing spaces in the center. Earlier this year, the Chagoyas opened Gypsum Party Supplies, which sells a variety of special occasion wares, and Tu Casa Coffee Shop. In two weeks, the latest Chagoya endeavor — Firebox Sports Bar — will debut in the space that was formerly Mac's Liquor.
Chagoya has lived in Gypsum since 2003. Before he launched his own dining enterprises, he worked as the head chef at The Dusty Boot in Beaver Creek for 18 years.
As a downvalley resident, Chagoya thought the Gypsum community needed more restaurant options, so he decided to take the chance and open one. As with any new business, Chagoya said there were some hard times during the early days of Tu Casa.
"For one moment, I thought I had made a huge mistake," he said. But instead of giving up, he decided to go bigger. He moved to his larger space and started planning his next expansion.
Those favorites inspired Tu Casa Coffee Shop. But along with the drinking and dining fare, Chagoya wanted to bring a coffeehouse vibe to Gypsum.
"We wanted to have place where people could hang out and do their work and teens could do their homework," he said.
Chagoya sees Tu Casa Coffee Shop as a place where friends and family can gather together.
He also envisions expanding on the sports bar concept to offer live music and specialty entertainment including karaoke or games.
There will be plenty of space to do that, he said. Firebox will have a 32-foot bar and the space covers 2,500 square feet.
The bar menu at Firebox will include everything from nachos to Cajun shrimp to bar staples such as chicken wings and pork sliders. Prices range from $18 to $8.
Chagoya said his new business is already generating lots of buzz around Gypsum.
"People call me every day to ask when we are opening," Chagoya said.
The answer is in two weeks. Firebox plans its soft opening on Monday, Nov. 19.


Kirk and Kathy Schuler have more than 40 years of combined experience in the in the real estate business. The couple have garnered numerous awards throughout their distinguished careers, including prestigious honors for ranking among the top three percent in closed transactions among all Realtors in metro Denver, and most recently for commissions earned in a single year.
Working as a team, Kirk and Kathy have closed millions of dollars of real estate transactions over the years. Kathy has more than 30 years of experience in the real estate business, and has served as a broker/owner, team leader, trainer and personal coach to real estate agents.
Kirk's background includes more than 30 years of award-winning sales and marketing experience, including serving as general manager of a large $15 billion start-up electronics/technology sales and marketing company. Kirk joined Kathy in the real estate business in 2001 where he has successfully applied his negotiation and customer service skills. The Schulers have been among the top three agents for listings and subsequent sales in Cherry Hills Village, where they reside.
Known for their unwavering standards for excellence, Kirk and Kathy integrate a powerful set of resources for identifying strategic property opportunities for their clients, directing high-level contract negotiations and managing transaction details. They hold several special designations recognizing the successful completion of stringent continuing education courses in real estate, including Certified Luxury Home Marketing Specialist, Certified Residential Specialist, and Certified Distressed Property Expert designations. Kirk and Kathy are also Accredited Buyer Representatives and have earned the Graduate Realtor Institute designation.
Married for more than 43 years, Kirk and Kathy are the proud parents of two wonderful children and grandparents to eight grandchildren, all residing locally.


text:
Study: Income Gap Widening In Colorado
Erin Rosa
There is a growing national income disparity separating poor and middle-income families from more affluent ones, according to a new report, and Colorado is no exception.According to a recent study (PDF) from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a nonprofit think-tank that provides economic research and analysis, the richest fifth of families in Colorado saw an average income growth that was nearly 10 times that of the poorest fifth in the state since the late 1980s.
The state ranked in the middle regarding income disparity across the nation. Data in the report shows that Colorado's growth in income inequality is the 27th largest in the nation and the state has the 24th-highest disparity gap between the richest and poorest in the nation. The gap between Colorado's richest families and families in the middle was reported to be 21st in the nation.
Other findings showed that 20 percent of the richest families in Colorado have average incomes that are approximately seven times larger than the poorest 20 percent, increasing from 5.9 times in the late 1980s. The richest average incomes were 2.5 times larger than the middle 20 percent of families, up from 2.0 times over the same period.
Nationally the report shows that a longstanding trend of growing income inequality has accelerated since the late 1990s because incomes fell for poor families and stagnated for middle-income families in a number of states.
In March the Colorado Fiscal Policy Institute, a local organization connected to the national budget center, also released a 78-page report detailing what it cost to be self-sufficient in Colorado, without private and public support.
Work and Poverty
Erin Rosa was born in Spain and raised in Colorado Springs. She is a freelance writer currently living in Denver. Rosa's work has been featured in a variety of news outlets including the Huffington Post, Democracy Now!, and the Rocky Mountain Chronicle, an alternative-weekly in Northern Colorado where she worked as a columnist covering the state legislature. Rosa has received awards from the Society of Professional Journalists for her reporting on lobbying and woman's health issues. She was also tapped with a rare honorable mention award by the Newspaper Guild-CWA's David S. Barr Award in 2008--only the second such honor conferred in its nine-year history--for her investigative series covering the federal government's Supermax prison in the state. Rosa covers the labor community, corrections, immigration and government transparency matters. She can be reached at erosa@www.coloradoindependent.com.
Democratic lawmakers try to block vote on unemployment extension
Polis draws heat over Obama tax cut deal
Center Well
Obama, GOP deficit hawks agree to dole out cash to the unemployed and the rich


Attach anything! When a simple glue stick isn't strong enough, enter Zots! These adhesive dots are perfect for attaching ribbons, buttons, beads and other embellishments to any paper craft. You'll have 300 acid-free Zots per pack, each 3/16" and paper thinperfect for small embellishments!
Tip: Rather than handling the Zots with your fingers, simply press your embellishment onto the Zot while it's still on the strip, then carefully lift to transfer the Zot onto your embellishment—this way you don't have to worry about the Zots sticking to your fingers!
Zots are invaluable for my cardmaking. I teach classes, and have told my ladies don't waste their money on any other brand. ZOTS ROCK!
I have not used mine yet. I am using all my other stuff up first and then I will use it. keep up the good work Paper Wishes. love your stuff.
I Love Zots for all sorts of embellishments, etc. You know they will never fall off! Thank you!
Sure is a wonderful product cause you can place your bows and so many other things that won't fall off, very happy with them.
I have used other glue dots before but I really love the way things stick together with the zots better. I'm really glad that I got the money saver bundle cause I will use them with everything!!!
I have used all of the Zots products for quite sometime. There is never a time that I don't have at least one type of Zot on a card or a page. They are valuable for all kinds of embellishments, and also work at adhering on paper products that other adhesives won't hold. ZOT's are My Friend!
Great product and sooooo many uses beyond scrapbooking/card marking---I've used them to re-attach cabinet bumpers, hold man's cuff link boxes to their cards for groomsmen and many others!
I work in 1/4 scale miniatures, Making houses and furniture and accessories for them. These Zots will be great for hanging pictures on the walls and attaching lamps to furniture. Little plates and food for the tables. I belong to several mini groups and right now they are having a discussion on gluing so will of course let them know about zots. also do cards and use them there Love them.
Love the size! Perfect for most rhinestones and tiny embellishments.
I have found alternative uses for this product. I use them to old pictures, & nik naks in place. They don't show, & come off easily!!!
I've been scrapbooking for many years now and only in the last year or so have I started card making. Zots are invaluable for adhering any kind of embellishment. They are so strong that even the smallest has great power.
LOVE Zots!! This has got to be the best thing since sliced bread. So convenient and useful. I've got all my students moving over to them from the "other brand".
Sara talked about Zots so much in the webisodes that I decided to try them. I find them to be great and very strong. I am slowly using up my other adhesives so that I can exclusively use Zots!
When I ordered these, I was thinking they were the small glue dots--wrong!--they are the X-TRA small glue dots!
these tiny little dots really work. I was looking for something to attach small embellishments. Very strong and sticky!
This is my first time using Zots and they make doing my cards so much easier and faster.I teach a small class of crafters and I know we will find other uses for these on our crafts. You can be sure that I will be ordering more.
Love the small Memory Zots. Perfect for sticking on little items and they won't fall off like double stick tape sometimes does.
If you are a cardmaker, scrapbooker, papercrafter, you simply MUST have Zots! Until I first purchased these, I could not appreciate their intrinsic value. They just make life easier, and projects go together faster and they really HOLD!
What a wonderful product! I was working on a scrapbook page in which I needed to adhere a tassle to a graduation page and didn't have a clue on how I was going to do it. Then I remembered I recently ordered Zots and they worked perfectly! Small enough for buttons and strong enough for my tassle Zots packs a lot of power in such a small amount of adhesive. I highly recommend this product!


Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University or APU is a private establishment initiated April 2000 in Beppu, Ōita, Japan. APU was made conceivable through the cooperation of three gatherings from the general population and private segments: Ōita Prefecture, Beppu City and the Ritsumeikan Academy.
The college basically concentrates on making a universal domain for the understudies. That is the reason their enlistment approaches incorporate 56-44 household worldwide proportion starting from 84 nations and areas. This is making APU Campus as one of the best worldwide grounds everywhere throughout the world. The college gets a normal of 20,000 applications consistently and just around 3,000 are effective. This shows that it is so aggressive to get into the college. There are two semesters consistently when the college selects new understudies. The college likewise gives grant to the global understudies to urge them to get into the college. Regarding nation of starting point, the greater part of global understudies originate from eastern Asia, to be specific China, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
For making their main goal more effective, the college additionally gives on campus housing facilities to the new enrollees so they can connect more with the general population of various societies and nationalities. Where both Japanese and worldwide understudies live respectively and share their thoughts and societies. The college likewise orchestrates different projects and occasions inside and outside the quarters to make the social trade more powerful.
Considering the normal excellence and counterfeit structural planning of the APU grounds, it can be effortlessly said as a standout amongst the most delightful traveler spot of Beppu. Regularly individuals from different parts of Japan come to visit the grounds of APU. The Fountain amidst the grounds additionally escalates its excellence. Moreover, the two clocks at the highest point of the passage entryway likewise demonstrate its authority at structural engineering. The college got an improved library with a great many books and DVDs, scholarly databases, magazines and daily paper. It has a very much improved auditorium with all the advanced offices to hold any occasions. In addition, the grounds got a major cafeteria with numerous varieties of sustenance everywhere throughout the world considering the need of the worldwide understudies. It likewise has a major CO-OP where you can shop anything you need. The grounds got an extremely advanced gymnasium and indoor and outdoor sports facilities.
As like the understudies, APU have a global faculty as well. Half of the 162 full-time faculty members are outside nationals who originate from 27 nations and areas. The college likewise gives significance in spreading the way of life and conduct of different areas in the grounds. With this view the college motivates the understudy to orchestrate the social week which help the students to take in more about outside societies. Some essential weeks are: Japanese Week, Chinese Week, Vietnamese Week, Korean Week, Indonesian Week, Nepali Week, Bangladeshi week, Taiwanese Week, Sri Lanka Week, Thai Week, Uzbekistan Week, American week and African Week.
There are more than 100 understudy associations (known as clubs or circles) accessible at APU, which cover classes of games, scholastic examination, expressions, and social associations, (for example, volunteers). Understudies are allowed to join clubs they are occupied with, and they can make new ones, as well. Illustrations of understudy associations incorporate PRENGO (volunteer gathering), APU Wind Orchestra, Muay (Thai boxing), and Global Business Leader.
With all the one of a kind attributes and facilities the college holds, it makes an excellent domain for the students to study here. So, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University or APU is one of the finest places for you to visit and study if you want to know about various cultures and manners of the world.


text:
Nassau Educators FCU Breaks Donations Record for Katrina Relief
WESTBURY, N.Y. - Nassau Educators Federal Credit Union has managed to break a record by opening its wallets and hearts to help out Hurricane Katrina victims. The credit union's Community Involvement Committee issued a challenge of employees to reach $20,000, with proceeds to be donated to the American Red Cross....
By Staff Writer | November 22, 2005 at 07:00 PM | The original version of this story was published on Credit Union Times Magazine
WESTBURY, N.Y. – Nassau Educators Federal Credit Union has managed to break a record by opening its wallets and hearts to help out Hurricane Katrina victims. The credit union's Community Involvement Committee issued a challenge of employees to reach $20,000, with proceeds to be donated to the American Red Cross. "We've headed up a number of fundraisers over the last 10 years, but the response to this was exceptional," said Nassau Educators' Vice President of Communications John De Ieso, who serves as the committee's management liaison. "Based on our earlier record-breaking success with our Tsunami Relief Drive, we expected to make our goal for Katrina Relief, but we were very surprised when we made and then surpassed the goal in less than a month." With the board of directors offering a matching donation of up to $20,000 the committee rallied support of employees and members. Small displays were created by the marketing department in PDF format and e-mailed to all branches to be printed on-site so that the campaign could get a quick start. Schools were contacted and member donations poured in. Several schools and teachers' associations contributed to the effort, including Glen Cove Teachers Association; Connolly Elementary Student Council, Glen Cove; Lynbrook Teachers Association; and Oceanside Secretarial Association. A total of $36,118 was raised and with the $20,000 matching contribution a check totaling $56,118 was presented to the Long Island Chapter of the American Red Cross. "It truly illustrates the credit union concept of `people helping people; that's what it's all about," said De Ieso. "Members appreciate that their credit union is pitching in to help, and dig deeper."


text:
(function($, cornerstone, cornerstoneMath, cornerstoneTools) {

    'use strict';

    var toolType = 'nonTarget';

    var configuration = {
        setLesionNumberCallback: setLesionNumberCallback,
        getLesionLocationCallback: getLesionLocationCallback,
        changeLesionLocationCallback: changeLesionLocationCallback,
        drawHandles: false,
        drawHandlesOnHover: true,
        arrowFirst: true
    };

    // Used to cancel tool placement
    var keys = {
        ESC: 27
    };

    // Set lesion number
    // Get Non-Target lesions on image
    function setLesionNumberCallback(measurementData, eventData, doneCallback) {
        var lesionNumber = 1;
        doneCallback(lesionNumber);
    }
    // Define a callback to get your text annotation
    // This could be used, e.g. to open a modal
    function getLesionLocationCallback(measurementData, eventData, doneCallback) {
        doneCallback(prompt('Enter your lesion location:'));
    }

    function changeLesionLocationCallback(measurementData, eventData, doneCallback) {
        doneCallback(prompt('Change your lesion location:'));
    }

    /// --- Mouse Tool --- ///
    ///////// BEGIN ACTIVE TOOL ///////
    function addNewMeasurement(mouseEventData) {
        var element = mouseEventData.element;

        function doneCallback(lesionNumber) {
            measurementData.lesionNumber = lesionNumber;
            measurementData.active = true;
            cornerstone.updateImage(element);
        }

        var measurementData = createNewMeasurement(mouseEventData);

        var eventData = {
            mouseButtonMask: mouseEventData.which
        };

        var config = cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.getConfiguration();

        // Set lesion number and lesion name
        if (measurementData.lesionNumber === undefined) {
            config.setLesionNumberCallback(measurementData, mouseEventData, doneCallback);
        }

        // associate this data with this imageId so we can render it and manipulate it
        cornerstoneTools.addToolState(mouseEventData.element, toolType, measurementData);

        // since we are dragging to another place to drop the end point, we can just activate
        // the end point and let the moveHandle move it for us.
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsMouseMove', cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseMoveCallback);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsMouseDown', cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseDownCallback);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsMouseDownActivate', cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseDownActivateCallback);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsMouseDoubleClick', doubleClickCallback);

        // Add a flag for using Esc to cancel tool placement
        var cancelled = false;
        function cancelCallback(e) {
            // If the Esc key was pressed, set the flag to true
            if (e.which === keys.ESC) {
                cancelled = true;
                cornerstoneTools.removeToolState(mouseEventData.element, toolType, measurementData);
            }

            // Don't propagate this keydown event so it can't interfere
            // with anything outside of this tool
            return false;
        }

        // Bind a one-time event listener for the Esc key
        $(element).one('keydown', cancelCallback);

        cornerstone.updateImage(element);

        cornerstoneTools.moveNewHandle(mouseEventData, toolType, measurementData, measurementData.handles.end, function() {
            if (cancelled || cornerstoneTools.anyHandlesOutsideImage(mouseEventData, measurementData.handles)) {
                // delete the measurement
                cornerstoneTools.removeToolState(mouseEventData.element, toolType, measurementData);
            } else {
                config.getLesionLocationCallback(measurementData, mouseEventData, doneCallback);
            }

            // Unbind the Esc keydown hook
            $(element).off('keydown', cancelCallback);

            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsMouseMove', eventData, cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseMoveCallback);
            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsMouseDown', eventData, cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseDownCallback);
            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsMouseDownActivate', eventData, cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.mouseDownActivateCallback);
            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsMouseDoubleClick', eventData, doubleClickCallback);

            $(element).off('keydown', cancelCallback);

            cornerstone.updateImage(mouseEventData.element);
        });
    }

    function createNewMeasurement(mouseEventData) {
        var imageId = mouseEventData.image.imageId;

        // Get studyInstanceUid
        var study = cornerstoneTools.metaData.get('study', imageId);
        var studyInstanceUid = study.studyInstanceUid;
        var patientId = study.patientId;

        // Get seriesInstanceUid
        var series = cornerstoneTools.metaData.get('series', imageId);
        var seriesInstanceUid = series.seriesInstanceUid;

        // create the measurement data for this tool with the end handle activated
        var measurementData = {
            visible: true,
            active: true,
            handles: {
                start: {
                    x: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.x,
                    y: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.y,
                    highlight: true,
                    active: false
                },
                end: {
                    x: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.x,
                    y: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.y,
                    highlight: true,
                    active: false
                },
                textBox: {
                    x: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.x - 50,
                    y: mouseEventData.currentPoints.image.y - 50,
                    active: false,
                    movesIndependently: false,
                    drawnIndependently: true,
                    allowedOutsideImage: true,
                    hasBoundingBox: true
                }
            },
            imageId: imageId,
            seriesInstanceUid: seriesInstanceUid,
            studyInstanceUid: studyInstanceUid,
            patientId: patientId,
            response: '',
            isTarget: false,
            toolType: 'nonTarget'
        };

        return measurementData;
    }
    ///////// END ACTIVE TOOL ///////

    function pointNearTool(element, data, coords) {
        var lineSegment = {
            start: cornerstone.pixelToCanvas(element, data.handles.start),
            end: cornerstone.pixelToCanvas(element, data.handles.end)
        };
        var distanceToPoint = cornerstoneMath.lineSegment.distanceToPoint(lineSegment, coords);

        if (cornerstoneTools.pointInsideBoundingBox(data.handles.textBox, coords)) {
            return true;
        }

        return distanceToPoint < 25;
    }

    ///////// BEGIN IMAGE RENDERING ///////
    function onImageRendered(e, eventData) {
        var element = eventData.element;

        // if we have no toolData for this element, return immediately as there is nothing to do
        var toolData = cornerstoneTools.getToolState(element, toolType);
        if (!toolData) {
            return;
        }

        // we have tool data for this element - iterate over each one and draw it
        var context = eventData.canvasContext.canvas.getContext('2d');
        context.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);

        var color;
        var lineWidth = cornerstoneTools.toolStyle.getToolWidth();
        var font = cornerstoneTools.textStyle.getFont();
        var config = cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.getConfiguration();

        context.font = font;
        for (var i = 0; i < toolData.data.length; i++) {
            var data = toolData.data[i];

            context.save();

            // configurable shadow from CornerstoneTools
            if (config && config.shadow) {
                context.shadowColor = '#000000';
                context.shadowOffsetX = 1;
                context.shadowOffsetY = 1;
            }

            if (data.active) {
                color = cornerstoneTools.toolColors.getActiveColor();
            } else {
                color = cornerstoneTools.toolColors.getToolColor();
            }

            // Draw the arrow
            var handleStartCanvas = cornerstone.pixelToCanvas(element, data.handles.start);
            var handleEndCanvas = cornerstone.pixelToCanvas(element, data.handles.end);
            var canvasTextLocation = cornerstone.pixelToCanvas(element, data.handles.textBox);

            cornerstoneTools.drawArrow(context, handleEndCanvas, handleStartCanvas, color, lineWidth);

            if (config.drawHandles) {
                cornerstoneTools.drawHandles(context, eventData, data.handles, color);
            } else if (config.drawHandlesOnHover && data.handles.start.active) {
                cornerstoneTools.drawHandles(context, eventData, [ lesion.handles.start ], color);
            } else if (config.drawHandlesOnHover && data.handles.end.active) {
                cornerstoneTools.drawHandles(context, eventData, [ lesion.handles.end ], color);
            }

            // Draw the text
            if (data.lesionNumber) {
                // Draw linked line as dashed
                var mid = {
                    x: (handleStartCanvas.x + handleEndCanvas.x) / 2,
                    y: (handleStartCanvas.y + handleEndCanvas.y) / 2
                };

                context.beginPath();
                context.strokeStyle = color;
                context.lineWidth = lineWidth;
                context.setLineDash([ 2, 3 ]);

                context.moveTo(mid.x, mid.y);
                context.lineTo(canvasTextLocation.x + 20, canvasTextLocation.y + 20);
                context.stroke();

                var boundingBox = cornerstoneTools.drawTextBox(context, 'Non-Target ' + data.lesionNumber, canvasTextLocation.x, canvasTextLocation.y, color);
                data.handles.textBox.boundingBox = boundingBox;
            }

            context.restore();
        }
    }

    // ---- Touch tool ----

    ///////// BEGIN ACTIVE TOOL ///////
    function addNewMeasurementTouch(touchEventData) {
        var element = touchEventData.element;

        function doneCallback(lesionNumber) {
            measurementData.lesionNumber = lesionNumber;
            measurementData.active = true;
            cornerstone.updateImage(element);
        }

        var measurementData = createNewMeasurement(touchEventData);
        cornerstoneTools.addToolState(element, toolType, measurementData);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsTouchDrag', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.touchMoveHandle);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsDragStartActive', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.touchDownActivateCallback);
        $(element).off('CornerstoneToolsTap', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.tapCallback);
        var config = cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.getConfiguration();

        // Set lesion number and lesion name
        if (measurementData.lesionName === undefined) {
            config.setLesionNumberCallback(measurementData, touchEventData, doneCallback);
        }

        cornerstone.updateImage(element);

        cornerstoneTools.moveNewHandleTouch(touchEventData, toolType, measurementData, measurementData.handles.end, function() {
            cornerstone.updateImage(element);

            if (cornerstoneTools.anyHandlesOutsideImage(touchEventData, measurementData.handles)) {
                // delete the measurement
                cornerstoneTools.removeToolState(element, toolType, measurementData);
            }

            config.getLesionLocationCallback(measurementData, touchEventData, doneCallback);

            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsTouchDrag', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.touchMoveHandle);
            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsDragStartActive', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.touchDownActivateCallback);
            $(element).on('CornerstoneToolsTap', cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch.tapCallback);
        });
    }

    function doubleClickCallback(e, eventData) {
        var element = eventData.element;
        var data;

        function doneCallback(data, deleteTool) {
            if (deleteTool === true) {
                cornerstoneTools.removeToolState(element, toolType, data);
                cornerstone.updateImage(element);
                return;
            }

            data.active = false;
            cornerstone.updateImage(element);
        }

        if (e.data && e.data.mouseButtonMask && !cornerstoneTools.isMouseButtonEnabled(eventData.which, e.data.mouseButtonMask)) {
            return false;
        }

        var config = cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.getConfiguration();

        var coords = eventData.currentPoints.canvas;
        var toolData = cornerstoneTools.getToolState(element, toolType);

        // now check to see if there is a handle we can move
        if (!toolData) {
            return;
        }

        for (var i = 0; i < toolData.data.length; i++) {
            data = toolData.data[i];
            if (pointNearTool(element, data, coords)) {
                data.active = true;
                cornerstone.updateImage(element);
                // Allow relabelling via a callback
                config.changeLesionLocationCallback(data, eventData, doneCallback);

                e.stopImmediatePropagation();
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    cornerstoneTools.nonTarget = cornerstoneTools.mouseButtonTool({
        addNewMeasurement: addNewMeasurement,
        createNewMeasurement: createNewMeasurement,
        onImageRendered: onImageRendered,
        pointNearTool: pointNearTool,
        toolType: toolType,
        mouseDoubleClickCallback: doubleClickCallback
    });

    cornerstoneTools.nonTarget.setConfiguration(configuration);

    cornerstoneTools.nonTargetTouch = cornerstoneTools.touchTool({
        addNewMeasurement: addNewMeasurementTouch,
        createNewMeasurement: createNewMeasurement,
        onImageRendered: onImageRendered,
        pointNearTool: pointNearTool,
        toolType: toolType
        // pressCallback: doubleClickCallback
    });

})($, cornerstone, cornerstoneMath, cornerstoneTools);


Search for a reputable Show Horses expert witness for your case. For over two decades, ForensisGroup has connected clients with trusted experts in Show Horses to review and opine on complex issues. Our expert search team have been servicing legal and insurance professionals in hiring the best expert nationwide. Contact ForensisGroup immediately to locate the expert that you need.