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US4476108A - Bactericidal method - Google Patents
Bactericidal method Download PDF
peroxidase
donor molecules
bactericide
Jack H. Kessler
Robert S. Rosenbaum
Symbollon Corp
Kessler Jack H
Rosenbaum Robert S
1983-02-07 Application filed by Kessler Jack H, Rosenbaum Robert S filed Critical Kessler Jack H
1992-03-09 Assigned to SYMBOLLON CORPORATION reassignment SYMBOLLON CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: K.R. ASSOCIATES, INC.
1992-03-09 Assigned to K.R. ASSOCIATES, INC. reassignment K.R. ASSOCIATES, INC. TO CORRECT THE ERRONEOUS PATENT NUMBER, RECITED IN A PREVIOUSLY RECORDED DOCUMENT ON 08/17/87, AT REEL 4741, FRAME 0667. SEE RECORD FOR DETAILS. Assignors: KESSLER, JACK, ROSENBAUM, ROBERT
A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES, AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, enzymes, fermentates or substances produced by, or extracted from, microorganisms or animal material
A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL, OR TOILET PURPOSES
A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toilet preparations
A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toilet preparations characterised by the composition
A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toilet preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
A61K8/66—Enzymes
A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION, OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS, OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS, OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
A61L12/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor
A61L12/08—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
A61L12/12—Non-macromolecular oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. hydrogen peroxide or ozone
A61L12/124—Hydrogen peroxide; Peroxy compounds
A61L12/126—Hydrogen peroxide; Peroxy compounds neutralised with catalase or peroxidase
A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILET PREPARATIONS
A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
C11D3/0078—Compositions for cleaning contact lenses, spectacles, lenses
Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
Y10S514/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Y10S514/8995—Mouth treatment
Y10S514/902—Treatment or prevention of gingiva
The bactericidal method of the invention comprises forming a bactericide having a limited period of bacteriological activity with the bactericide including; a peroxide, a peroxidase and a source of donor molecules adapted to act as a substrate for said peroxidase; activating the bactericide to cause a catalyzed reaction by said peroxidase for generating free radicals from said source of donor molecules and simultaneously applying the bactericide for killing bacteria in the treatment of dental disease in situ such as in the oral cavity or as a denture cleaner.
This is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 225,762 filed on Jan. 16, 1981 and now abandoned.
It has long been known that bacteria play a part in pathogenic dental caries. More recently an abundance of research has implicated bacteria as the causative agents of periodontal disease. Researchers have found a relationship between tooth deposits in periodontal disease. In 1965 a causal relationship was demonstrated between the daily accumulation of dental plaque which causes gingivitis. Others demonstrated in dogs that gingivitis if untreated progresses to periodontitis. Some different organisms are involved in gingivitis than those involved in periodontal disease. However, the organisms are in both cases various strains and types of bacteria.
To date, the art of treating caries, gingival and periodontal diseases is primarily surgical although some advances have been made in the control of disease by chemical means. Historically, the use of a toothbrush with dental floss has been recognized as a prevention and a treatment of the initial carious and gingival lesions. However, once the lesions progress beyond their initial stages surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. In the treatment of caries the lesion is excised using a rotating carbide steel or diamond burr mounted in a high speed handpiece. The cavity preparation is designed to accommodate a silver amalgam, gold or composite type of filling material which simulates the physiologic architecture of the tooth. In the treatment of periodontal diseases the goal of treatment is to remove tooth deposits with hand scalers and currettes and to surgically excise the periodontal pocket so the pocket is unavailable to foster growth of microorganisms.
Significant advances have been made in the field of preventative cariology through the employment of fluoride containing dentifrices and through the use of viscous polymers which are painted into the pits and fissures of the crown to obliterate these niches where routine oral hygiene practices are ineffective. The purpose of using fluoride as a nutritional supplement or as a topical agent is to incorporate fluoride into the hydroxyappetite crystalline structure of the enamel. This makes for a more symmetrical and perfect crystal structure which is more resistant to acid demineralization.
Plastic polymeric materials have been shown to be effective in preventing caries by painting them into pits and fissures soon after the eruption of each tooth into the oral cavity. This system works by etching the enamel surface with an acid to leech out surface enamel crystals and make a porous enamel surface. The viscous polymeric materials are painted onto the porous enamel surface and form an intimate mechanical bond with the enamel. Disadvantages of the polymer system include the necessary application of the material immediately after the eruption of the tooth, their propensity to dissolve and abraid and the cost of application.
The control of gingival and periodontal diseases via chemical means has had less success; although, many compounds both in literature and the patent have been proposed for inclusion in dentifrices or mouthwashes. At the present time several chemicals are being considered for their efficacy in preventing or treating periodontal diseases, but there is no accepted therapeutic which is universally recommended by the dental profession. Among such compounds considered for use are quartenary ammonium salts, ceramide peroxide, chlorhexidine, systemic and topical antibiotics, alexidine and other compounds having bactericidal efficacy. This approach recognizes that killing plaque bacteria controls caries, gingival and periodontal diseases.
The bactericidal properties of hydrogen peroxide are due to its dissociation into hydroxyl radicals which are toxic to bacteria. This property led long ago to consideration for its use in an oral dentifrice (U.S. Pat. No. 959,605, U.S. Pat. No. 975,814). However, The peroxide containing dentifrices of the prior art were not universally believed effective bactericides. Recent research has led to the proposal that the reason for their ineffectiveness was the slow dissociation of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals when contained in a typical composition. This dissociation is not rapid enough for a sufficient quantity of bactericidal free radicals to be generated during the application of the composition. An enzymatic method of generating hydrogen peroxide in situ (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,150,113 and 4,178,362) attempted to overcome this problem by directing the formation of hydrogen peroxide to specific areas. However, this system does not appear to have gained widespread acceptance.
Hydrogen peroxide dissociates into free radicals; it is these free radical species which are known to be bacteriocidal. The rate at which free radical species are generated from the uncatalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide determines the bacteriacidal efficacy of the compound. Enzyme catalyzed reactions are known to occur 1010 to 1015 times as rapidly as the corresponding non-enzymatic reaction. In accordance with the present invention an enzyme has been selected to catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide for generating free radicals. The free radicals generated in this process are generated at greatly elevated rates relative to the free radicals generated from the non-enzymatic dissociation of peroxide.
Peroxidases are classified as enzymes which act on hydrogen peroxide as an acceptor of electrons. The different types of peroxidases are distinguished by the donor molecules from which they take electrons to donate to hydrogen peroxide. In accordance with the present invention a peroxidase is used to generate free radicals from donor molecules. The donor molecules must be capable of acting as a substrate for the peroxidase in generating such free radicals. The method of the present invention teaches how to control the generation of free radical species and the period of bacteriacidal activity. A bactericide is formed by combining three components, viz., a peroxide, a peroxidase and a source of donor molecules adapted to act as a substrate for the peroxidase. The bactericide will generate free radicals over a limited time period dependent upon the concentration level of each component and in particular the concentration level of the donor molecules and the peroxide since these components determine the duration of the catalyzed enzyme reaction in generating the free radicals. As long as this reaction continues there will be a supply of free radicals.
The concentration of donor molecules in the bactericide is of paramount importance since the donor molecules are transformed in the reaction into the bactericidal agents. The reaction of the donor molecules with the enzyme is the slowest step in the reaction mechanism. Accordingly the rate of generating free radicals and thus the efficiency of the bactericide is controlled by the quantity of donor molecules present. It has also been discovered in accordance with the present invention that a minimum concentration level of donor molecules exists below which the bactericide is ineffective for treating dental disease i.e., the rate of free radical production is too low to be characterized as having any noticeable bactericidal effectiveness. This minimum level for the donor molecules is at least 1.0×10-5 molar which corresponds to 0.0001%. The minimum concentration level for the peroxidase, to achieve noticeable bactericidal effectiveness, is 0.38×10-3 units per ml and for hydrogen peroxide the minimum concentration level, to achieve noticeable bactericidal effectiveness, is 1.33×10-5 molar which corresponds to 0.00003%. In general the preparation used in the treatment of dental disease should have maximum concentration levels of about 0.1 milligram per ml for the enzyme, 1 milligram per ml for phenylalanine and 3% for hydrogen peroxide.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method for producing bactericidal free radicals in defined areas over a controlled time periods by applying a combination of a peroxidase, a peroxide and a source of donor molecules within predetermined concentration levels.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a method for hygenically treating humans for the dental diseases comprising dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal in the oral cavity.
Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings for which:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the number of bacterial colonies present for different final concentrations of phenylalanine in Example 5.
FIG. 2 is a graph which demonstrates that the rate of free radical production can be controlled in accordance with the method of the present invention.
According to the invention bactericidal free radicals are produced in a defined area in a short time period at an effective concentration by applying a combination of a peroxidase a peroxide and donor molecules in the defined area to rapidly and efficiently form bactericidal free radicals. Donor molecules are externally admixed with a peroxidase and peroxide to establish bactericidal action although in some cases, specific bacterial metabolites present may also supplement the action of the donor molecules. Preferably a carrier such as water is used although the admixture can be in various forms including paste, gels, powders and the like.
The method is preferably carried out to alleviate and treat bacterial diseases in the oral cavity as for example to aid in the prevention of dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis as well as the alleviation of periodontal disease and gingivitis alone or when coupled with other standard treating procedures in mammals and man.
A novel combination of this invention includes an admixture of a peroxidase and a peroxide along with a donor molecule in an amount to provide effective bactericidal free radical concentrations for use in the oral cavity without adversely affecting the oral cavity or causing harm thereto or for use as a denture cleaner.
The method of this invention is intended for use by humans in combination with any standard material, such as: toothpastes, mouthwash materials, tooth powder, chewing gum, prophylaxis paste, denture cleaner and the like. Because of the controlled bactericidal action provided by this invention and the rapid time period for production of these bactericidal free radicals, the invention is particularly effective to kill bacteria in the mouth in the treatment of various dental diseases. The method of this invention provides the capacity to kill oral microorganisms including those within plaque which are responsible for dental caries, gingival diseases and periodontal diseases. This invention differs from the prior art application of hydrogen peroxide to the mouth in that, unlike the prior art; rapid and efficient production of free radicals is provided in controlled concentrations high enough to provide bactericidal effectiveness in the mouth of the user without the necessity to use conditions or concentrations of peroxide which would be injurious to the users health.
The material used as a bactericidal material in accordance with the method of this invention is a combination of donor molecules, a peroxide and a peroxidase which are capable of being transformed into bactericidal free radicals.
The admixture is preferably used in a carrier liquid or paste. Standard carriers can be used. In liquid form, water is the preferred carrier but any fluid nonreactive with the components of the admixture and compatible with the physiology of the mouth or other defined area in which the material is to be used, can be employed. For example, the carrier can be water, toothpaste of standard formulation, mouthwash of standard formulation, chewing gum, prophylaxis paste, denture cleaner, oral cleansing gels and the like.
The admixture can be used in a dry form after first lyophilizing the enzyme and using the salt of a peroxide. When this is done, all components can be mixed together and activated by introduction into the mouth or other defined area or first dissolving the material in a carrier such as water. When other than dry form materials are used and even in that case, it is preferred to use two part formulations. Standard containers such as toothpaste tubes having two compartments can be used. It is best to separate the peroxidase and the peroxide prior to introduction into the defined area to be treated since these materials will interact with each other particularly when in dispersed form in a carrier such as water.
The system of this invention incorporates the peroxide and an acceptor molecule. The enzyme peroxidase catalyzes transfer of electrons from donor molecules to acceptor molecules. When an electron is removed from the donor molecule, this molecule is transformed into a bactericidal free radical. A cycle of the enzyme mechanism is illustrated below:
______________________________________Step 1  Enzyme   +     ROOH   OR     +   H.sub.2 O                         Enzyme.sub.1Step 2  OR       +     AH.sub.1                         OR     +   A.   Enzyme.sub.1          Enzyme.sub.2Step 3  OR       +     AH.sub.2                         Enzyme +   A. + ROH   Enzyme.sub.2______________________________________ Where R = CH.sub.3, CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2, H AH = donor molecule A. = free radical of donor molecule
The increased rate of formation of radicals produced by this chemical system allows for rapid generation of high concentrations of bactericidal free radicals in defined areas of an oral cavity or other locations.
The peroxide in this invention is preferably hydrogen peroxide since it reacts rapidly and is relatively inexpensive. However, other peroxides can be used as for example methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide. Other peroxides can be used although often the cost is increased and no added advantage is obtained.
The peroxidase used can be obtained from a wide variety of sources and is identified by the IUB and IUPAC, Enzyme Commission identification No. E.C. 1.11.1.7. Peroxidase, which uses a peroxide as an acceptor molecule, imparts to the bactericidal composition of this invention an enormous catalytic advantage in generating active constituents capable of killing selected bacteria in defined areas. A high concentration of free radicals are produced in short time periods for example, the reaction rate to form free radicals occurs essentially instantaneously and proceeds at a rate determined by the initial concentration of each of the three critical components of the system and the environment in which the reaction occurs. The peroxidase can come from a wide variety of sources and can be isolated by any of the well-known prior art procedures as used by several companies which offer a peroxidase for sale. The use of horseradish peroxidase is preferred since it is easily isolated, has low cost, and has very high stability giving it a long lifetime. Peroxidases have variable substrate specificities depending upon their source of isolation. Hydrogen peroxide is often the most effective substrate. However, methyl and ethyl peroxide are often acceptable and in some cases other peroxides can be used.
The donor molecules are organic molecules which can be acted upon to aid in formation of bactericidal free radicals. Many donor molecules can be used as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. In some cases the bacterial metabolites to be acted on as in the mouth can themselves form supplemental donor molecules when admixed with the system components used in this invention. The donor molecules for use in the present invention should have good stability with high reactivity. The following materials are particularly suitable: phenylethylamine, tyrosine, tryptophan, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, hydroquinone, dehydrophenylalanine, vanillan and para-aminobenzoic acid.
Different donor molecules have different abilities and reactivities and can be selected to focus bactericidal selectivity on any given preparation by careful selection of donor molecules or by designing specific donor molecules with high selectivity for specific bacteria.
A prerequisite for the storage of any preparation is not allowing all three components (donor molecules, acceptor molecules and peroxidase) of the system to combine under conditions where the catalytic process can occur. That is, it is imperative that the storage of the components will not allow the depletion of the component parts of the system until the reaction is initiated immediately prior to its use. If the components are allowed to react before intended for use, the combination of these components under such conditions will precipitate the depletion of the enzyme's substrate molecules and thereby attenuate the effectiveness of the preparation. Any combination of the components of this system (donor molecules, acceptor molecules or peroxidase) which precludes the catalytic reaction from occurring is acceptable for storage prior to use. That is, if it is practical to separate any one of the three components from the other two prior to administration, this would serve the purpose of preserving the integrity of the system. Alternately it is possible to have two separate mixtures which contain any two of the components of the system in any combination and to combine these two mixtures prior to use. This is acceptable so long as all three components will be present in the final composition under conditions which will allow the catalytic reaction to take place. Alternately, all three components of the system can be physically combined so long as they are unable to engage in the catalytic reaction with each other. That is, if all three components of the system are in powder form (sodium peroxide, donor molecule and lyophilized peroxidase) the three components of the system are physically admixed but are still incapable of meaningfully interacting with each other with respect to engaging in the catalytic reaction.
The activity of the peroxidase will usually be between 1×10-4 and 0.1 units per cubic centimeter of the composition. By one unit of enzyme activity is meant that quantity of enzyme which will convert the conversion of 1 micromole of substrate (i.e. peroxide) per minute at 37 degrees C. PH 6.0 in 10 mM sodium phosphate.
The quantity of enzyme used can vary depending upon the specific formulation and its use but is preferably between 1×10-3 and 1×10-1 mg. of protein per cubic centimeter of the composition in which it was used.
A mouthwash was formed by admixture of the following:
Methyl Cellulose: 1.0% by weight of composition
Aromatic Flavoring: 1.0% by weight of composition
Tyrosine: 0.20% by weight of composition
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: 1.2% by weight of composition
Sodium peroxide: 0.1% by weight of composition
Sodium benzoate: 0.5% by weight of composition
Para-aminobenzoic acid: 0.40% by weight of composition
Distilled water: up to 100% by weight of composition.
To evaluate the effect this preparation has on a mixed population of human plaque bacteria, samples were collected from a patient's untreated periodontal pocket for subsequent studies. The plaque samples were diluted in prereduced anerobic solution, sonicated and plated on BMB media (Scott) which is a strict anerobic medium and incubated in a conventional anerobic jar. Plates 1 were streaked with the diluted and sonicated sample. Plates 2 contained the ingredients of the mouthwash except for peroxidase as well as streaked sample. Plates 3 contained all of the ingredients listed above including horseradish peroxidase mixed with the mouthwash in an amount of 1×10-2 mg/ml as well as streaked sample. Plates were grown for five days at 37 degrees C and the number of colonies on each plate were counted at this time. The number of colonies for each of five trials are indicated below:
______________________________________Trial NumberPlate  1          2      3        4    5______________________________________1      40         48     32       26   552      7          2      8        13   63      0          0      0        0    0______________________________________
The results indicate that the complete formulations offer a substantial increase in bactericidal efficiency relative to the use of hydrogen peroxide.
EXAMPLE II
A toothpaste is formed having the following composition by weight of the composition:
Silica: 30%
Paraffin: 10%
Sorbitol (70% in water): 40%
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: 2.5%
Coloring substances, flavoring substances, sweetener, preservative: 2.4%
Sodium fluoride: 0.1%
Sodium bicarbonate: 5.0%
Hydrogen Peroxide: 10%.
Into a first chamber of toothpaste having the above composition was incorporated peroxidase in an amount of 50 units per cubic centimeter of the paste and into a second chamber containing the base paste was incorporated tyrosine in an amount of 0.20 milligrams per cubic centimeter of paste. When admixed and used as a toothpaste in the mouth, good bacteriocidal action is obtained.
When the toothpaste is stored at 37 degrees C for thirty days the enzyme activity declined from the initial level of 50 units per cubic centimeter to 42 units per cubic centimeter, indicating satisfactory stability.
EXAMPLE III
Following is the composition of another toothpaste falling within the invention.
Aluminum Hydroxide: 40% by weight of entire composition
Sorbitol: 30% by weight of entire composition
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: 2% by weight of entire composition
Sodium fluoride: 0.1% by weight of entire composition
Hydrogen Peroxide: 3% by weight of entire composition
Coloring substances, flavoring substances, sweetener, preservative: 2.5% of entire composition
Water: 22.4% by weight of entire composition.
Into chamber A of a toothpaste having the above composition was incorporated a peroxidase in an amount of 4.5 units per cubic centimeter of the paste and into chamber B was incorporated para-aminobenzoic acid in an amount of 0.25 grams per cubic centimeter of paste. When admixed as by placing equal amounts of chamber A contents and chamber B contents on a toothbrush and brushing, good bactericidal properties are found.
The peroxidase of toothpaste under number III does not lose any measurable activity after a period of 20 days at the storage temperature of 4 degrees C.
EXAMPLE IV
Saliva samples were vortexed and serially diluted 1/1000 into 1/4 strength Ringers solution. 0.10 Ml of the 1/1000 dilution was inoculated with a sterile glass spreader over the surface of plates (Scott-Cat.#3000-1200-Colombia Agar w/5% sheep blood) and grown for 48 hours at 37° C. The surface of the plate was scraped with a sterile loop and the bacteria were transferred to 10 ml of sterile water. This suspension was diluted 1/10,000 in sterile water. Thirty test tubes containing 0.20 ml of the diluted bacterial solution were mixed with 0.50 ml of 0.010 molar sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 containing the following components:
Series (A) phenylalanine--1.0×10-3 molar, H2 O2 --1.33×10-3 molar
HRP Units Per ml
(A) 0.38 0.038 0.0038 0.00038 . . . 3.8×10-11
Series (B) Enzyme Units 3.8×10-2, H2 O2 1.33×10-3 molar
Phenylalanine Molarity
(B) 1.0×10-3 1.0×10-4 1.0×10-5 . . . 1.0×10-13
Series (C) Phenylalanine 1.0×10-3, enzyme units 3.8×10-2 molar
Hydrogen Peroxide Molarity
(C) 1.33×10-1 1.33×10-2 1.33×10-3 . . . 1.33×10-11
These solutions were allowed to incubate for two minutes and each tube was vortexed before being plated out and grown for two days at 37° C. Series A did not exhibit any bacterial growth above a level of 3.8×10-4 units of enzyme. Series B exhibited bacterial growth at concentrations of phenylalanine of 1.0×10-5 molar and below. Series C did not display any bacterial growth at hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 1.33×10-6 and above.
This experiment demonstrates that all three components of our system are necessary for the reaction to occur. In addition, the rate at which free radicals are generated can be controlled by adjusting any one of the components of the system. The time during which bacteriacidal entities are generated can likewise be controlled by adjusting the concentration of enzyme used in the preparation.
EXAMPLE V
Saliva samples were vortexed and serially diluted 1/1000 into 1/4 strength Ringers solution. 0.10 Ml of the 1/1000 dilution was inoculated with a sterile glass spreader over the surface of plates (Scott-Cat.#3000-1200) and grown for 2 days at 37° C. The surface of the plate was scraped with a sterile loop and the bacteria were transferred to 5 ml of sterile water. A one-thousandfold dilution of this suspension was made in 0.010 molar sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, and 1 ml was transferred to 6 different test tubes. Each of these test tubes contained 0.050 units of horseradish peroxidase and 1.0×10-9 moles of hydrogen peroxide. Solutions of different phenylalanine concentrations were added to these test tubes to bring their final volume to 1.5 ml. These tubes were allowed to incubate for 2 minutes and then plated out on sheep blood-agar plates overnight at 37° C. The results of this experiment are shown in Graph 1 which demonstrates that it is possible to kill some percentage of a given bacterial population with this system.
EXAMPLE VI
Saliva samples were vortexed and serially diluted in 1/4 strength Ringers solution. 0.10 Ml of the 1/1000 dilution was inoculated with a sterile glass spreader over the surface of plates (Scott-Cat.#3000-1200) and grown for 2 days at 37° C. A sterile loop was scraped over the surface of the plates and these bacteria were suspended in 10 ml of sterile water, vortexed and serially diluted 1/10,000 in sterile water. 0.50 Ml of this suspension was added to 0.50 ml of sodium phosphate (pH 7.0) containing 1×10-4 molar phenylalanine and 1×10-4 molar hydrogen peroxide. One hundred microliters of HRP at different concentrations were added to six of these test tubes and allowed to incubate for 15 seconds before being plated out on sheep blood-agar plates. The results are shown on Graph 2 which demonstrates that the rate of free radical production can be controlled by varying the components of the system.
While specific embodiments have been shown and described, many variations are possible. In all cases, where the materials are to be used in the oral cavity, they are compatible with the body and do not cause unwanted destruction to the body. For example the pH is such that it will not change the pH of the mouth out of a range of about from 6.7 to 7.4. The material is non-toxic to man and animals. Standard stabilizers, colorants, carriers and the like can be used.
Common ingredients of toothpaste to which the bactericidal compositions of this invention can be added include bases in amounts of from 10 to 50% by weight, colorants in amounts of from 1 to 2% by weight, fragrances or flavorants in amounts of 1 to 2% by weight and stabilizers in amounts of less than 1% by weight.
Suitable bases include sorbitol, glycerin, cellulose gum and carrageen. Suitable abrasives include silica, alumina, hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium metaphosphate and magnesium aluminum silicate. Suitable colorants include titanium dioxide, FD & C Blue No. 1, FD & C Yellow No. 10. Suitable fragrances include spearmint, peppermint, lime, mint, sodium saccharin. Stabilizers include sodium benzoate. Many equivalent ingredients can be used.
Preferably mixtures of the present invention are made just prior to addition to the defined area where the bactericidal effect is to take place. Such admixtures preferably have from 1.0×10-4 to 1.0×10-1 units per cubic centimeter of a peroxidase, 0.00003 to 3% by weight of peroxide and 0.0001 to 10% by weight of a donor molecule when used. This combination can be further admixed with other formulas such as toothpaste, tooth powder, gels and the like where the amount of the combination in the overall formulation can vary greatly. Thus the carrier for the formulation can be water or other liquids or pastes. For use as a denture cleaner the maximum peroxide concentration should be 10% by weight.
1. A method for hygenically treating humans for the dental diseases comprising caries, gingivitis and periodontitis in the oral cavity which comprises: forming a bactericide having a limited period of bacteriological activity; said bactericide comprising a peroxide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide in a concentration range from 0.00003 to 3% by weight, a peroxidase within the classification E.C. 1.11.1.7 in a concentration range from 1.0×10-4 to 1.0×10-1 units per cubic centimeter and a source of predetermined donor molecules adapted to act as a substrate for said peroxidase, with the concentration of said donor molecules being in a range from 0.0001% to 10% by weight storing said three components in a nonreacting state; interacting the three components to cause a catalyzed reaction by said peroxidase for generating free radicals from said source of donor molecules and substantially simultaneously applying the three interacting components as an admixture to any desired location within the oral cavity whereby bacteria present at said location during said limited period of bacteriological activity will be killed.
2. A method as defined in claim 1 wherein said donor molecules is selected from the group consisting of: phenylethylamine, tyrosine, tryptophan, benzoic acid, salicyclic acid, hydroquinone, dehydrophenylalanine, vanillin and para-aminobenzoic acid.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein said peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase.
4. A method for hygenically treating humans for the dental diseases comprising caries, gingivitis and periodontitis in the oral cavity which comprises: forming a bactericide having a limited period of bacteriological activity; said bactericide comprising an admixture of at least three components each of which is in a dry form consisting of a peroxide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide in a concentration range from 0.0003 to 3% by weight, a peroxidase within the classification E.C. 1.11.1.7 in a concentration range from 1.0×10-4 to 1.0×10-1 units per cubic centimeter and a predetermined source of donor molecules adapted to act as a substrate for said peroxidase with the concentration of said donor molecules being in a range from 0.0001% to 10% by weight, dissolving the admixture prior to administration in a liquid carrier solvent for activating said bactericide so as to cause a catalyzed reaction by said peroxidase for generating free radicals from said source of donor molecules and substantially simultaneously applying said admixture at any desired location in the oral cavity whereby bacteria present at said location during said limited period of bacteriological activity will be killed.
6. A method as defined in claim 5 wherein said peroxidase is horseradish peroxidase.
7. A bactericidal method for disinfecting a denture comprising forming a bactericide having a limited period of bacteriological activity; said bactericide comprising a peroxide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, methyl peroxide and ethyl peroxide having a minimum concentration of 0.0003% by weight; a peroxidase within the classification E.C. 1.11.1.7 having a minimum concentration of 1.0×10-4 units per cubic centimeter and a source of predetermined donor molecules adapted to act as a substrate for said peroxidase in a minimum concentration of 0.0001% by weight, storing said three components in a nonreacting state; interacting the three components to cause a catalyzed reaction by said peroxidase for generating free radicals from said source of donor molecules and substantially simultaneously introducing the three interacting components as an admixture into a liquid carrier solvent containing the denture whereby bacteria present in said denture during said limited period of bacteriological activity will be killed.
8. A method as defined in claim 7 wherein said donor molecules is selected from the group consisting of: phenylethylamine, tyrosine, tryptophan, benzoic acid, salicyclic acid, hydroquinone, dehydrophenylalamine, vanillin and para-aminobenzoic acid.
US06/464,596 1981-01-16 1983-02-07 Bactericidal method Expired - Lifetime US4476108A (en)
US06/464,596 US4476108A (en) 1981-01-16 1983-02-07 Bactericidal method
US06/464,596 Expired - Lifetime US4476108A (en) 1981-01-16 1983-02-07 Bactericidal method
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1988-05-12 SULP Surcharge for late payment
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Q: Why a jsonp call using jquery behaving synchronously? Iam trying to make a jsonp call using jquery ajax function using the below code. According to jquery documentation it should make a asynchronous call and not block other subsequent calls.
$.ajax({
         dataType: "jsonp",
         url: endpoint,
         data: params
});

But somehow the above call is blocking until the response has been received. Check the screenshot below which shows the timeline in chrome. You will see the call in red blocking the rest of execution until a response has been received.

Any clue what might be going wrong.?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ancient Godly Monarch (Web Novel) - Chapter 308 — Chop Off One of His Arms for Me
Chapter 308: Chop Off One of His Arms for Me
The ember-steed landed on the ground. Three beautiful young ladies and a young man proudly walked abreast each other, as those at the side all bowed their heads, not daring to look directly at them.
Fan Le's eyes lit up, to think that these ladies from the great clans were all so attractive. Beautiful features, in addition to exuding an air of nobility, they were extremely enchanting to Fan Le.
Ouyang Ting stood in the middle of the training ground as her gaze disinterestedly swept across them, saying in a bored tone of voice, "Let the sparring commence."
"The two of you, go." The young man who brought Qin Wentian's group to the Ouyang Estate urged them onwards. Qin Wentian and Fan Le's countenances remained expressionless as they, together with six other cultivators, walked forwards. Apparently, these people could be considered as the unlucky ones.
"Out of you eight, only two will remain. Start fighting, those that are too weak aren't qualified to spar with me," Ouyang Ting coldly commanded, as the eight of them exchanged glances with each other.
The cultivation bases of these people were around the fifth level of Yuanfu, and they should have all been specifically chosen for this reason, because Ouyang Ting herself had a cultivation at the fifth level of Yuanfu.
"BZZZ…"
The cultivators released their Astral Souls, as though with the intention of wanting to gain the favor of all these young misses. To them, wasn't this an opportunity to prove themselves? They naturally had to grab it when given the chance.
"Not bad, these Astral Souls should all be their third Astral Souls, and there are even two Astral Souls that were condensed from the 4th Heavenly Layer, how rare." One of the females standing beside Ouyang Ting had a slight smile on her face. For their third Astral Souls to have originated from the 4th Heavenly Layer, it would undoubtedly give them an edge when fighting against those who were at the same realm as them.
"That's the Skyember Demonic Lion Astral Soul, a demonic beast that's strong enough to be ranked inside the Warbeast Index. Although its ranking is near the bottom, it's still extremely powerful." A young lady clad in green had a startled expression on her face. The other guy whose Astral Soul was condensed from the 4th Heavenly Layer wasn't bad as well, he had an ice-attributed Astral Soul that would imbue his attacks with the concept of frost. It also allowed him to gain insights at a quicker pace when it came to ice-attributed cultivation art and innate techniques.
Because these two had an Astral Soul condensed from the 4th Heavenly Layer, the other four didn't dare target them. Two out of those four started fighting against each other, while the other two exchanged glances, before deciding that neither of them was an easy target. Hence, they shifted their gazes onto Qin Wentian and Fan Le.
Qin Wentian and Fan Le were even younger than them. Not only that, they were either extremely confident in themselves, or they were fools. They hadn't even released their Astral Souls yet.
"Oi, oi. Don't antagonise me," Fan Le 'kindly' persuaded the two of them when he saw how they switched focus onto him and Qin Wentian. However, such behaviour made him seem even weaker to the two cultivators. One of them immediately dashed towards Fan Le with a burning spear in his hands, pervading the air with the will of his Mandate—Ignition, the first level insight of the Mandate of Flames.
"Rumble!" Fan Le's Astral Soul erupted forth. His third Astral Soul also originated from the 4th Heavenly Layer, and a fearsome heat scorched the air around him, the blazing temperature forcing his opponent eyes's to narrow. In spite of this, his opponent had already stabbed forth his long spear. The spear was as fierce as a dragon, causing a massive wind to kick up as the tip of the spear blazed with the embers of a scorching fire.
Fan Le instantly leapt back, an Astral Bow forming in his hands. The will of his mandate infused his arrows as he instantly fired them.
His opponent reacted swiftly as well, weaving the long spear in an intricate fan; it was capable of performing a hundred percent block against incoming arrows head-on. However, he only saw Fan Le firing two arrows up into the skies, before the arrows abruptly shifted their trajectory, zooming right towards his head.
Alarmed, he swept out his long spear upwards in an attempt to defend against the fired arrows. Yet, already there were two more incoming arrows right in front of him. Disappointment flashed in his eyes, he had completely lost.
The opponent who rushed Qin Wentian, lost even faster. Qin Wentian's only response to his opponent's attack was to send out a palm strike infused with the will of his Mandate of Force, Strength. He used no other techniques, and relied on pure strength to suppress his opponent.
The Astral Energy in Qin Wentian's Yuanfu had all been absorbed from constellations originating from the 5th Heavenly Layer, so how could Astral Energy of that quality lose out to that originating from the 4th? Moreover, his physique had already been enhanced after cultivating the Fiend Transformation Art, and now his strength was as tyrannical as a demonic beast's. Even without the need to call upon the augmentation provided by his Astral Souls, Qin Wentian was already at an absolute advantage in this battle. It was unnecessary to bring out 100% of his power to suppress an opponent at the same level.
There was no suspense, only four cultivators remained at the end. Qin Wentian, Fan Le, as well as the two other cultivators who had an Astral Soul originating from the 4th Heavenly Layer.
"Excellent, the four of them are qualified." The girl beside Ouyang Ting laughed.
Ouyang Ting walked out, pointing at the youth with the ice-attributed Astral Soul. "You, first."
"Sure, I hope Miss Ting will go easy on me." The young man walked out as he clasped his hands together.
"Don't worry, I won't injure you too grievously. But of course, if you are too weak, you have no one to blame but yourself if I end up crippling you. Make your move," Ouyang Ting remarked.
The silhouette of the youth flickered, with hints of savagery in his movements. He lunged towards Ouyang Ting as his fist shadows covered the skies, an immense strength instantly erupting forth.
"Too weak." Ouyang Ting coldly snorted as the will from her Mandate of Swords pervaded the air. The young man felt as though his movements had been restricted, and he paled. He understood that he was the target of another kind of Mandate, which emanated the will of restriction.
The temperature in the air abruptly dropped by several degrees, the young man also released his Mandate and his fist was coated with the will of ice. Whenever he struck out, Ouyang Ting's body felt as though it were frozen solid.
"Still not enough." The lilt in Ouyang Ting's voice was extremely irritating. With a wave of her hands, countless whip shadows covered the space, as a loud hissing sound enveloped the area.
Swish, swish, swish…
With a snap, the whip lashes instantly transformed into countless incomparably sharp swords, fiercely piercing towards her opponent's fist. The ice-crystal shield her opponent had summoned shattered into fragments.
Qin Wentian's eyes flashed, although this Ouyang Ting was unruly and wilful, she had the power to back up her attitude. She had already comprehended the Mandate of Sword, as well as the Mandate of Restriction, easily suppressing her opponent in style.
"One more." Ouyang Ting completely subdued the young man until he had no way to attack. The next cultivator with that Skyember Demonic Astral Soul rushed out. His aura was filled with hints of ferociousness, and the Mandate he comprehended was the Mandate of Demons, in addition to the Mandates of Flames. In an instant, they joined their attacks, emanating a terrifying pressure—a hell of ice and fire!
Yet every lash of Ouyang Ting's whip was akin to a sharp sword, and even her ordinary attacks seemed to contain the power of an innate technique behind them. Each strike was stronger than the last and in the end, the shadows of her whip engulfed the entire skies, and the sword qi she emanated bore down on the two cultivators.
"Peng, peng…"
Qin Wentian only saw two silhouettes flying through the air, traces of blood trickling down the corners of their mouths. After they recovered, they quickly stood up but now, hints of true admiration could be seen in their eyes when they looked at Ouyang Ting. This beautiful young lady not only had a high status, her combat prowess was also stronger than both of them combined.
"Barely passable. In the future, the two of them shall stay together. Work hard to become more powerful, and you may even cultivate those combination-type innate techniques. At any time, I may look for the two of you to spar with me again," Ouyang Tin indifferently stated, her words ringed with the tone of a command.
"Yes." The two of them bowed as they retreated.
"The two of you can come at me together as well," Ouyang Ting spoke to Qin Wentian and Fan Le, her words causing the two of them to be stunned. Fan Le shrugged; with his combat prowess, he didn't fear people at the same level at all. And as for Qin Wentian, he could already insta-kill opponents at the same level. This lass in front of them… was truly a genius at talking big.
"Nah, it wouldn't be good if we accidentally hurt you with our joint attacks. Let's just fight one-on-one instead. I wonder who Miss Ting will choose to spar against first?" Fan Le laughed.
"Boasting shamelessly, if the both of you are truly able to injure me, then that means I can only blame myself for my incompetence. But since your words are so brazen, let me teach you a lesson first," Ouyang Ting coldly remarked to Fan Le, as she readied herself for battle.
Qin Wentian retreated, giving up the stage to both of them. Fan Le's Arrow-type Astral Soul and Blazing Flames Astral Soul were unleashed, as an Astral Bow formed in his hands.
Ouyang Ting's silhouette dashed out, while at the same time, Fan Le's arrows were already whistling in the air. However, with a flick of her hands, a long whip wrapped around her entire body, impenetrable by wind and rain.
The rain of arrows never stopped, yet they had no way to penetrate her defences.
"Hmph." Ouyang Ting entered close combat as she coldly laughed. The long whip in her hands fiercely lashed out, and Fan Le felt a will imposing on him, binding his movements.
However, there was no fear in his eyes. He chose to remain motionless, and merely looked at his opponent.
RUMBLEE…
Terrifying flames from his Empyrean Flames Bloodline instantly exploded forth as Fatty's eyes shone with a golden light. His arrows were momentarily imbued with a golden fire as he fired off nine arrows that joined in a straight line, straight towards Ouyang Ting.
Ouyang Ting was taken aback, and when she wanted to use her whip to block, she only discovered a strong sense of telekinesis-like energy interrupting the angle and speed of her attack, causing her movements to be slower than usual. That moment's delay opened up a small gap in her defense, allowing the arrows to pierce through.
Fan Le's arrows were too swift, too ferocious, and too crafty.
"Be careful!" someone from the back shouted. Ouyang Ting's Astral Soul immediately erupted into being, her body covered by a sheen of Astral Light as armor took form around her.
The arrows instantly thundered towards Ouyang Ting's throat, blasting a terrifying air current on her body. Eventually, the arrows lost their momentum, but not before causing the watching crowd to burst out in cold perspiration.
Fan Le grinned, "Miss Ting, I know when to stop."
The space seemingly congealed for a moment, and a faint pallor could be seen on Ouyang Ting's complexion. That earlier attack by Fan Le was too powerful. She had never faced such a dangerous situation before when she was sparring. The feeling of being caught off-guard, followed by a sense of impending doom, as though her heart was about to leap out from her chest. Her entire body was cloaked by the sweat of her perspiration, and she felt exceedingly uncomfortable.
"Chi…" Abruptly, Ouyang Ting moved. The long whip in her hands lashed out—Fan Le's countenance drastically changed because the distance between them was too close. The will of restriction binded Fan Le's movements, making it hard for him to dodge the incoming attack.
Peng!
A crisp sound echoed in the air. Even though Fan Le had managed to dodge that strike at the last instant, he was still wounded by the razor-sharp, sword-like whip. His clothes were lacerated away, leaving behind a bloody wound. If it weren't for his quick reaction, his injuries would have definitely been even more severe.
"What the fuck are you doing?" Fatty was incensed. Although he loved pretty girls, this Ouyang Ting was truly too unruly. Just moments ago she said that she was capable, but now, she had actually resorted to such sneak attacks.
Even in combat, or in sparring, how could it be completely danger-free? The other party wanted them to do their best, he was just following instructions. And aside from giving her a scare, he hadn't really injured Ouyang Ting.
"You are courting death," Ouyang Ting's companions grimly stated, their demeanor was extremely frigid.
"Piece of sheet." Below, the young man and woman that had brought them here from Qiyun were also emitting killing intent.
Qin Wentian's eyes flashed with a cold fire the instant Ouyang Ting unleashed her sneak attack. After witnessing the unfolding events, the coldness of his aura was piercingly sharp. Was this what they meant by 'sparring'?
"Chop off one of his arms for me," Ouyang Ting icily commanded. Immediately, the murderous intent radiating from Qin Wentian and Fan Le skyrocketed upwards!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Riders Media - 3rd May 2021
Riders defeat Flyers in Quarter Final first leg
The Riders kicked off May Madness with a bang, dominating the first leg of the quarter-final to beat the Bristol Flyers 85-56. A commanding second half, which Leicester won 52-26, puts them in a strong position entering the second leg on Wednesday. Geno Crandall enjoyed a tremendous double-double with 21 points and ten assists, leading the team in both categories.
With the BBL's best rim protection, blocking 3.1 shots a game, the Riders forced Bristol to take outside looks, of which they made just two of their 23 attempts. William Lee was an imposing presence in the paint, swatting five shots, including two colossal blocks on Eric Lockett and Raphell Thomas-Edwards. Compiling highlights on both ends, Lee threw down a monster alley-oop from Crandall's lob pass during a 17-2 Riders run in the third, which allowed them to jump out to a substantial lead.
A team effort saw the Riders to a blowout win. They had five double-digit point contributions in the game, as they dominated in the paint. Leicester's big-men shot 20-25 from the field, with Mo Walker enjoying a statement game. Coming off two long term injuries, which sidelined him for the better part of two seasons, Walker was back to his brilliant best, making seven of his eight shots for 16 points.
Through the first two quarters, it was a close encounter between two top-four BBL defences. Led by Lockett, who scored 15 of the Flyers 30 first-half points, Bristol kept the game within a possession until the half. Unable to keep pace with Leicester, the game got away from the Flyers in the second half, as the Riders held Locket to one point. Yet they will take the positives of the early stages into the next leg.
Bristol could find these positives in the tightly contested first quarter, which the Riders won by just one. The period was fought in the paint, with 27 of the 32 points scored coming at the rim or the free-throw line. Despite the Flyers' competitive start, the quarter's highlight came from Lee, who dominated early with four rebounds in five minutes and a monster block. The University of Alabama's all-time leading shot-blocker rose high to meet Lockett at the rim before swatting his layup out of bounds.
Lockett took over the early stages of the second quarter. He kept his side in the fixture, scoring eight straight points for Bristol. An immense dunk kick-started his run. He glided through the air on the fastbreak before throwing the ball down one-handed. Lockett concluded a low scoring half, stringing a shot from midrange to cut into the Riders' slight lead. The teams entered the locker rooms with the score 33-30 in Leicester's favour.
The Riders established their first significant lead of the game in a fast-paced beginning to the third quarter. Two threes in quick succession put them up 12, as Leicester scored 18 points in the opening five minutes of the period. Lee stamped the exclamation point on an emphatic Riders run, linking up with Geno Crandall for a lob. Crandall went between his legs before lobbing the ball up high from beyond the arc, as Lee jumped out the arena to catch it and throw it down with authority.
The Riders won the third quarter 32-15, led by 11 points from Lee. Lee claimed his second colossal block of the game to end the period. It was Thomas-Edwards on the receiving end on this occasion. He drove inside and threw up a layup, before Lee helped from the weak side to rise high above everybody and swat it away, ending the quarter with his team up 65-45.
In a two-legged tie, the final quarter remained vitally important to the Riders, despite holding a 20 point lead. Crandall joined the game's lengthy highlight reel to continue his team's momentum, breaking Daniel Edozie's ankles with lightning-fast handles. Taking the big man off the dribble, Crandall stepped back to cause Edozie to stumble, before taking the ball to the rim and drawing a foul.
To see the game home, Walker scored nine successive points to the delight of the Riders bench. Walker's run put Leicester up 29, a lead they would maintain until the buzzer.
The win puts the Riders in good stead for the second leg on Wednesday 5th May. Coach Rob will insist to his team that the job is not finished. The University of Worcester Arena will host the second fixture, with the Riders hoping to progress to the BBL Playoff semi-finals.
Crandall 21, Walker 16, Nelson-Henry 14, Lee 13, Heron 11, Johnson 5, Washington 4, Anderson 1
Lockett 16, Edozie 10, Baker 7, Wilcher 7, Delpeche 6, Mockford 4, Thomas Edwards 4, Rogers 2


Southern Rockies Nature Blog: Should I Be Planting Now?
According to [Arkansas Valley Organic Growers] farmers many crops are between three and four weeks behind schedule, and some were destroyed by wind and extreme cold, causing farmers to have to replant.
Here are two useful tools to tell you at if it's time. The "Garden Planting Calculator" takes your ZIP code and tells you when the best planting dates are.
If you want to make your own calculations, Roots Nursery offers tables to help you calculate when to harden-off indoor plant starts and when to sow outdoors, based on air and soil temperatures.


text:
La battaglia di Tassafaronga, indicata anche come quarta battaglia dell'isola di Savo o, nelle fonti giapponesi, come la  fu un confronto navale notturno svoltosi il 30 novembre 1942 tra la United States Navy e la marina imperiale giapponese nel contesto della campagna di Guadalcanal. Lo scontro ebbe luogo sull'Ironbottom Sound (letteralmente "baia dal fondale di ferro") nei pressi di punta Tassafaronga.

Nel corso della battaglia una forza navale statunitense di cinque incrociatori e quattro cacciatorpediniere al comando del contrammiraglio Carleton H. Wright tentò di attaccare di sorpresa un gruppo di otto cacciatorpediniere giapponesi guidate dal contrammiraglio Raizō Tanaka: le unità nipponiche, impegnate in una missione di rifornimento delle truppe sull'isola, furono colte di sorpresa dal tiro dei cannoni statunitensi, che danneggiarono gravemente una delle navi avversarie. Tanaka reagì in maniera repentina con gli altri sette cacciatorpediniere, lanciando numerosi siluri contro le navi statunitensi; gli ordigni andarono a segno su quattro incrociatori che vennero devastati, ma solo uno affondò in seguito ai danni riportati. Il caos venutosi a creare nella formazione statunitense permise a Tanaka di rompere il contatto senza ulteriori danni significativi, sebbene avesse dovuto rinunciare al completamento della missione.

La battaglia rappresentò una severa sconfitta tattica per la marina statunitense, eppure non ebbe importanti ripercussioni sul piano strategico, perché i giapponesi non furono in grado di sfruttare la vittoria per sostenere ulteriormente la lotta sull'isola di Guadalcanal.

Antefatti

La campagna di Guadalcanal

Il 7 agosto 1942 le forze alleate (principalmente statunitensi) sbarcarono a Guadalcanal, a Tulagi e nelle isole Florida nell'arcipelago delle Salomone, dando inizio a una lunga e sfibrante campagna. Gli sbarchi sulle isole avevano lo scopo di impedire il loro uso da parte dei giapponesi come basi militari, da cui avrebbero minacciato le rotte di rifornimento fra Stati Uniti e Australia, e farne delle basi di partenza per una campagna militare mirante a neutralizzare la grande base giapponese di Rabaul; questo piano operativo sarebbe inoltre servito a coadiuvare il fronte tenuto in Nuova Guinea. Gli sbarchi diedero inizio alla campagna di Guadalcanal che durò sei mesi.Le forze terrestri giapponesi stanziate sulle isole, circa 2.000 o 3.000 uomini, furono colte di sorpresa e al tramonto dell'8 agosto le forze alleate, circa 11.000 uomini al comando del generale Alexander Vandegrift, si erano assicurate il possesso di Tulagi e degli isolotti vicini nonché dell'aeroporto giapponese in costruzione a Guadalcanal nella zona di punta Lunga. Successivamente gli Alleati battezzarono l'aeroporto Henderson Field (campo Henderson) e le forze aeree operanti dalla pista come la Cactus Air Force (forza aerea cactus - CAF), a causa del nome in codice usato per indicare Guadalcanal. A protezione dell'aeroporto i marines costituirono un perimetro difensivo attorno al promontorio; all'inizio gli uomini erano a malapena sufficienti per presidiare la linea difensiva, ma nei due mesi successivi l'arrivo di rinforzi portò gli effettivi a più di 20.000.

L'attacco anfibio colse di sorpresa lo Stato maggiore giapponese a Rabaul, ma furono rapidamente organizzate le contromisure: l'incarico di rioccupare Guadalcanal andò alla 17ª armata del tenente generale Harukichi Hyakutake, un'unità con forze corrispondenti a quelle di un corpo d'armata il cui quartier generale era nella base nipponica. Le unità della 17ª armata cominciarono ad arrivare a Guadalcanal dal 19 agosto per ricacciare le forze alleate dall'isola.  A causa della minaccia aerea rappresentata dagli apparecchi di Henderson Field, però, i giapponesi erano poco propensi a impiegare le grosse e lente navi da trasporto per trasferire truppe e rifornimenti a Guadalcanal, un compito che invece i cacciatorpediniere o gli incrociatori leggeri dell'8ª Flotta del viceammiraglio Gun'ichi Mikawa potevano ricoprire, in quanto erano in grado di percorrere in una sola notte la distanza tra l'isola e le loro basi nelle Shortland e Rabaul, minimizzando così il rischio di essere attaccati; tuttavia questo metodo non permetteva di caricare equipaggiamento pesante (artiglieria, carri armati, veicoli) né grandi quantità di vettovaglie assieme alla maggior parte delle truppe. Nonostante tali svantaggi, i trasporti notturni mediante veloci navi da guerra continuarono per tutta la durata della campagna insulare, venendo soprannominate Tokyo Express dagli Alleati e Rat transportation (trasporto da topi) dai giapponesi.

Fin dalla seconda metà di agosto i giapponesi cercarono di rioccupare l'aeroporto e cacciare gli statunitensi da Guadalcanal, ma il primo tentativo andò a vuoto per l'affrettata offensiva. Altri attacchi terrestri, coadiuvati da uscite in forze della flotta nipponica, finirono parimenti in sconfitte anche gravi; il trasferimento di forze significative sull'isola fallì con la battaglia navale di Guadalcanal combattuta tra il 12 e il 15 novembre 1942.

Il 26 novembre il generale Hitoshi Imamura prese il comando dell'8ª area d'armata a Rabaul, che comprendeva sia la 17ª armata di Hyakutake nelle isole Salomone che la 18ª in Nuova Guinea. Imamura si pose l'obiettivo primario di riprendere il controllo di Henderson Field e Guadalacanal, tuttavia la controffensiva alleata sviluppatasi in Nuova Guinea tra novembre e dicembre costrinse il generale a cambiare le sue priorità: egli valutò la situazione in Nuova Guinea più rischiosa per Rabaul e dirottò i rinforzi in quello scacchiere, sospendendone l'invio a Guadalcanal.

La crisi logistica
A causa di una combinazione della minaccia degli aerei della CAF, delle PT boat della US Navy con base a Tulagi e a un ciclo di notti ben illuminate dalla luna, i giapponesi effettuarono i trasporti di rifornimenti per le loro truppe a Guadalcanal utilizzando sommergibili. A partire dal 16 novembre 1942, e continuando per le tre settimane successive, 16 battelli si dettero il cambio ogni notte per trasportare vettovaglie alla guarnigione: ognuno poteva trasportare da 20 a 30 tonnellate di rifornimenti, equivalenti a circa una giornata di cibo per le truppe della 17ª armata, tuttavia le difficoltà di trasferire i rifornimenti a mano attraverso la giungla fino alle unità di prima linea limitava la loro efficacia per sostenere le truppe. Contemporaneamente i giapponesi cercarono di creare una catena di tre basi nella Salomone centrali (Isole Shortland, Vella Lavella e Gizo) dando così modo alle navi di minore tonnellaggio di sfruttare approdi intermedi e contribuire così al rinforzare Guadalcanal, ma gli attacchi aerei alleati sulle basi in costruzione provocarono gravi danni e costrinsero all'abbandono del piano.

Il 26 novembre la 17ª armata comunicò ufficialmente a Imamura che si trovava in crisi per quanto riguardava i rifornimenti di cibo: addirittura alcune unità di prima linea non avevano ricevuto cibo per sei giorni e le truppe di seconda linea avevano le razioni ridotte a un terzo. La situazione era tanto precaria che i giapponesi si risolsero a usare ancora una volta i cacciatorpediniere per portare i rifornimenti necessari.

La missione

Il comando dell'8ª flotta studiò un piano per cercare di ridurre l'esposizione dei cacciatorpediniere durante le delicate missioni notturne. Grossi recipienti cilindrici per petrolio o benzina vennero puliti e riempiti di rifornimenti sanitari o di cibo, con un sufficiente volume d'aria per permetterne il galleggiamento e legati fra loro con gomene; una volta che le navi giungevano davanti alle coste di Guadalacanal avrebbero dovuto effettuare una virata stretta a 180°, i cilindri sarebbero stati gettati in acqua e un nuotatore o una lancia proveniente da terra avrebbe dovuto afferrare la gomena per trascinarli a riva, dove i soldati avrebbero recuperato i rifornimenti.

Forze giapponesi
L'Unità rinforzi per Guadalacanal dell'8ª Flotta, stanziata nelle isole Shortland sotto il comando del contrammiraglio Raizō Tanaka, aveva ricevuto dal viceammiraglio Gun'ichi Mikawa l'incarico di effettuare il primo dei cinque viaggi programmati usando il metodo dei cilindri nella notte del 30 novembre. L'unità di Tanaka aveva la sua forza principale negli otto cacciatorpediniere della 2ª Squadriglia: sei erano incaricati di trasportare da 200 a 240 cilindri di rifornimenti ciascuno (, , Kagero, Suzukaze, Kawakaze e Makinami) fino alla punta di Tassafaronga, a Guadalcanal; per destinare quanto più peso possibile al carico le unità avevano dovuto rinunciare a metà della normale dotazione di siluri Type 93 conservando ciascuna solo 8 ordigni (uno per tubo lanciasiluri). La nave ammiraglia di Tanaka era il cacciatorpediniere Naganami che assieme al Takanami svolgeva le funzioni di scorta. Queste erano le uniche due navi pronte al combattimento..

Gli americani invece si aspettavano una composizione ben diversa, con sei cacciatorpediniere ed altre unità da guerra più pesanti che scortavano navi da trasporto; in effetti i radar di tiro delle unità statunitensi non tracciarono mai più di otto navi contemporaneamente (rilevamento del cacciatorpediniere USS Fletcher).

Forze statunitensi
Dopo la battaglia navale di Guadalcanal il viceammiraglio William Halsey, comandante navale delle forze alleate nel Pacifico meridionale, aveva riorganizzato le unità della US Navy ai suoi ordini includendo, il 24 novembre, la formazione della Task Force 67 (TF67) a Espiritu Santo: essa era formata dagli incrociatori pesanti , ,  e , dall'incrociatore leggero USS Honolulu e dai quattro cacciatorpediniere USS Fletcher, USS Drayton, USS Maury e USS Perkins. Il contrammiraglio Carleton H. Wright assunse il comando della squadra il 28 novembre, sostituendo Thomas Kinkaid.

Dopo aver preso il comando Wright riunì i comandanti delle singole navi per informarli delle sue intenzioni riguardo ai futuri scontri contro le forze giapponesi, prevedendo battaglie notturne attorno a Guadalacanal. Con l'aiuto di Kinkaid, Carleton aveva steso un piano secondo il quale i cacciatorpediniere, alcuni dei quali forniti di radar, tenessero la funzione di picchetti esploranti davanti agli incrociatori, divisi in due gruppi ognuno con una nave fungente da controllore radar; in dotazione alle navi statunitensi erano in dotazione diversi tipi di radar da ricerca di superficie, con prestazioni differenti, specificatamente CXAM, SC-1 ed SG; ogni gruppo doveva contenere almeno una nave con un apparato CXAM o SC ed una con l'SG; era fatto divieto assoluto di usare il proiettore da ricerca, e anche le luci di combattimento a meno che non si fosse stati inquadrati da fuoco amico; il tiro doveva essere condotto dai radar di controllo fuoco e per quanto possibile mantenuto in questa condizione, usando le granate illuminanti in subordine.

Una volta avvistato l'avversario, avrebbero lanciato i siluri, per poi aprire la linea di rilevamento liberando il campo di tiro agli incrociatori. A questo punto gli incrociatori avrebbero dovuto impegnare le navi giapponesi con l'artiglieria a una distanza fra i 9.000 e gli 11.000 metri (10.000-12.000 iarde); gli idrovolanti in dotazione agli incrociatori sarebbero decollati per lanciare dei bengala nel corso della battaglia e facilitare così l'individuazione ottica delle navi nipponiche..

Avvicinamento

Il 29 novembre i servizi di informazione alleati intercettarono e decodificarono un messaggio giapponese trasmesso alla 17ª armata a Guadalcanal, che la preavvisava di un'azione di rifornimento di Tanaka. Informato del messaggio, Halsey ordinò a Wright di intercettare Tanaka al largo di Guadalacanal con la TF67, denominata in codice William: la formazione, con Wright imbarcato sul Minneapolis, partì da Espiritu Santo a 27 nodi appena prima della mezzanotte del 29 novembre, i cacciatorpediniere alle 23:10 e gli incrociatori alle 23:35, per un percorso di 580 miglia per Guadalacanal. Nel corso del tragitto, due ore prima dell'azione, su ordine del COMSOPAC si unirono alla TF67 nel Canale di Lengo i cacciatorpediniere USS Lamson e USS Lardner, di ritorno insieme ad altri tre caccia dalla scorta di un convoglio di tre trasporti per l'isola; mancando il tempo di informare i comandanti di queste navi del piano previsto, Wright li pose a poppa degli incrociatori. Alle 17:00 del 30 novembre gli incrociatori di Wright lanciarono un idrovolante ciascuno, in direzione di Tulagi dove avrebbero dovuto ammarare e rimanere in attesa, con l'ordine di decollare alle ore 22:00 della notte successiva, e perlustrare il mare tra Capo Esperanza e Punta Lunga e riferire di eventuali navi nipponiche, con l'ordine di lanciare i bengala con paracadute dei quali erano forniti solo dietro espressa richiesta del comandante in mare. Alle 20:00 Wright diede l'ordine agli equipaggi di assumere i posti di combattimento.

La forza di Tanaka mosse dalle Shortland appena dopo la mezzanotte del 30 novembre per dirigere su Guadalcanal. L'ammiraglio giapponese tentò di ingannare la ricognizione aerea alleata dirigendo prima con rotta nord-est attraverso lo stretto di Bougainville, poi assunse una rotta sud-est e successivamente sud per passare attraverso lo stretto Indispensable. Paul Mason, un coastwatcher (membro dell'intelligence) australiano di base nella parte meridionale di Bougainville, riferì via radio la partenza delle navi di Tanaka dalle Shortland e questo messaggio fu passato a Wright. Nello stesso tempo, un ricognitore nipponico avvistò un convoglio alleato nei pressi di Guadalcanal e trasmise l'avvistamento a Tanaka: egli comunicò ai comandanti dei cacciatorpediniere di tenersi pronti ad azioni di combattimento per la notte successiva, e che «... in tal caso lo sforzo maggiore deve essere dedicato alla distruzione delle forze nemiche, senza preoccuparsi dello sbarco dei rifornimenti».

La battaglia

Fasi preliminari

Alle 21:40 del 30 novembre, le navi di Tanaka avvistarono l'isola di Savo dallo stretto Indispensable. Le unità giapponesi erano in linea di fila poste a intervalli regolari di 600 metri: in testa si trovava il Takanami, seguito dall'Oyashio, dal Kuroshio, dal Kagero, dal Makinami, dal Naganami, dal Kawakaze e dal Suzukaze. Nello stesso momento la TF67 entrava nel canale di Lengo con rotta ovest con una formazione a colonna: la prima nave era il cacciatorpediniere Fletcher, venivano poi il Perkins, il Maury e il Drayton; più indietro erano gli incrociatori (nell'ordine) Minneapolis, New Orleans, Pensacola, Honolulu, Northampton, seguiti dai due cacciatorpediniere Lamson, e Lardner. I quattro cacciatorpediniere d'avanguardia precedevano gli incrociatori di circa 3.600 metri (4.000 iarde) mentre gli incrociatori navigavano spostati di circa 900 metri (1.000 iarde).

Alle 22:40 le navi di Tanaka passarono a sud di Savo circa 3 miglia al largo di Guadalcanal e rallentarono a 12 nodi mentre si avvicinavano all'area di scarico; il Takanami prese posizione circa un miglio verso il largo per schermare la colonna delle altre navi. Nello stesso momento la TF67 uscì dal canale di Lego nel braccio di mare, dirigendo verso l'isola di Savo a 20 nodi: i cacciatorpediniere all'avanguardia si avvicinarono alla costa mentre gli incrociatori continuarono a navigare più al largo. Il cielo notturno era in periodo di luna nuova con una visibilità compresa fra 2 e 7 miglia. Poiché il mare era estremamente calmo, non vi erano onde che potessero aiutare i galleggianti degli idrovolanti a rompere il contatto con l'acqua in fase di decollo e quindi si creava un effetto di risucchio; di conseguenza gli idrovolanti degli incrociatori di Wright ritardarono il loro decollo dal porto di Tulagi, quindi non ebbero parte nella battaglia..

Alle 23:06 la forza di Wright cominciò a rilevare le navi di Tanaka sul radar in prossimità di Capo Esperance circa a 21.000 metri (23.000 iarde) di distanza. I cacciatorpediniere di Wright si riunirono alla colonna che continuò a dirigere verso Savo. Nello stesso momento le navi di Tanaka, che non erano fornite di radar, si separarono in due gruppi e si prepararono a calare in mare i cilindri. Il Naganami, il Kawakaze, ed il Suzukaze si diressero verso la loro zona di scarico nei pressi della spiaggia di Doma mentre il Makinami, il Kagero, l'Oyashio, ed il Kuroshio si diressero verso la vicina Tassafaronga. Alle 23:12 il Takanami ebbe un avvistamento ottico della colonna di Wright, presto confermato dalle altre navi: alle 23:16 Tanaka diede l'ordine di sospendere i preparativi per lo scarico e diede l'ordine di "Attacco generale".

Il combattimento

Alle 23:14 gli operatori sul Fletcher registrarono il contatto radar sul Takanami ed il gruppo di testa di quattro cacciatorpediniere che trasportavano i cilindri. Un minuto più tardi il comandante dei cacciatorpediniere William M. Cole, trovandosi a circa 6.300 metri (7.000 iarde) dai giapponesi, richiese per radio a Wright il permesso di lanciare i siluri. Wright attese due minuti e rispose: «Distanza dai bersagli [le navi di Tanaka con cui esisteva il contatto radar] attualmente eccessiva», Cole controbatté che la distanza era corretta. Passarono altri due minuti prima che Wright rispondesse autorizzando l'apertura del fuoco. Nel frattempo i bersagli dei cacciatorpediniere statunitensi sfuggirono da un'ottima posizione per il fuoco, direttamente di prua all'attaccante, ad una posizione marginale passando al traverso, costringendo i siluri statunitensi a un lungo percorso per raggiungerli pressoché al limite della loro portata. Alle 23:20 il Fletcher lanciò 10 siluri Mark 15, seguiti dagli otto del Perkins e dai due del Drayton; il Maury, non disponendo del radar, era all'oscuro della posizione nipponica e trattenne il fuoco.

Nello stesso momento Wright ordinò alla sua forza di aprire il fuoco con i cannoni. Alle 23:21 il Minneapolis obbedì sparando la prima salva, subito imitato dagli altri incrociatori statunitensi. I quattro cacciatorpediniere di Cole spararono colpi illuminanti per meglio localizzare il bersaglio, come da piano, ed aumentarono la velocità per liberare l'area di tiro degli incrociatori, permettendo loro di operare con le artiglierie.

Data la sua vicinanza alla colonna di Wright, il Takanami fu colpito dalla maggior parte della prima salva statunitense; la nave rispose al fuoco lanciando tutti e 8 i siluri, ma in capo a quattro minuti il cacciatorpediniere venne incendiato e devastato dai proietti statunitensi. Mentre il Takanami soccombeva, il resto delle navi di Tanaka, quasi non viste dagli avversari, aumentarono la velocità, manovrarono e si prepararono a rispondere all'attacco statunitense. Tutti i siluri lanciati da Cole mancarono il bersaglio.

La nave ammiraglia Naganami invertì la rotta verso dritta, aprì il fuoco ed iniziò a distendere una cortina fumogena. Le due navi successive di poppa, il Kawakaze ed il Suzukaze, diressero invece verso sinistra. Alle 23:23 il Suzukaze lanciò otto siluri in direzione delle vampe dei cannoni degli incrociatori di Wright, seguito dal Naganami e dal Kawakaze che lanciarono ciascuno una salva completa di otto ordigni, rispettivamente alle 23:32 e alle 23:33.Nel frattempo i quattro cacciatorpediniere alla testa della colonna giapponese mantennero la direzione precedente lungo la costa di Guadalcanal, permettendo agli incrociatori di Wright di passare con rotta opposta. Una volta al largo del Takanami alle 23:38 il Kuroshio lanciò quattro siluri e l'Oyashio ne lanciò otto in direzione della colonna di Wright, invertendo successivamente la rotta ed aumentando la velocità; le navi statunitensi mantennero rotta e velocità immutate mentre un gruppo di 44 siluri nipponici correvano verso di loro.

Alle 23:27, mentre il Minneapolis sparava la sua nona salva e Wright si preparava ad ordinare un cambiamento di rotta alla sua colonna, due siluri (provenienti dal Suzukaze o più probabilmente dal Takanami) lo colpirono.

Meno di un minuto dopo un siluro del Takanami che a quel punto era già un relitto in fiamme colpì il New Orleans davanti alla torretta numero uno e provocò l'esplosione dei magazzini di munizioni e dei serbatoi di benzina avio lì dislocati: l'esplosione uccise tutti i serventi delle due torri prodiere e piegò la prua verso sinistra; la rotazione della prua ancora collegata allo scafo della nave da un solo lato e la pressione sulle lamiere dovuta alla velocità residua ed all'inerzia della nave danneggiarono ulteriormente lo scafo stesso, facendola affondare immediatamente fino ai quartieri di prua, fino al distacco della prua stessa. L'incrociatore fu costretto a muovere a marcia indietro verso dritta, manovra resa molto difficile dallo scafo devastato; furono inoltre perdute le comunicazioni con le altre navi. A bordo i morti assommavano a 183..

Herbert Brown, un marinaio nella sala rotta della nave, descrisse la scena dopo l'impatto del siluro.

L'incrociatore pesante Pensacola, vedendo le due navi gregarie colpite che andavano fuori rotta in modo più o meno incontrollato, virò a dritta per superarle; una volta oltrepassatele tornò sulla rotta precedente ma alle 23:39 fu raggiunto da un siluro all'altezza dell'albero principale. L'esplosione lanciò nafta in fiamme nell'interno e sulla plancia di comando della nave, uccidendo 125 uomini dell'equipaggio. Lo scoppio spezzò inoltre l'albero motore esterno destro e la nave sbandò di 13°: l'incrociatore non aveva più la capacità di dirigere, le comunicazioni erano saltate e la velocità era ridotta a pochi nodi.A poppa del Pensacola, il comandante dell'Honolulu decise di superare il Minneapolis ed il New Orleans a sinistra; contestualmente alla manovra la nave aumentò la velocità fino a 30 nodi, manovrò con rapidità e attraversò senza danni l'area della battaglia, pur mantenendo il tiro delle torri principali contro i cacciatorpediniere giapponesi che stavano sparendo rapidamente. L'ultimo incrociatore della colonna statunitense, il Northampton, seguì l'Honolulu per superare gli incrociatori danneggiati a sinistra, ma non seguì l'esempio di questi e mantenne rotta e velocità; alle 23:48, dopo essere tornato sulla rotta originale, il Northampton fu colpito da due siluri del Kawakaze. Uno esplose circa 3 metri (10 piedi) sotto la linea di galleggiamento all'altezza della sala motori posteriore; l'altro urtò la nave quattro secondi più tardi, circa 12 metri (40 piedi) verso poppa. La sala macchine posteriore fu allagata, tre dei quattro alberi motore rimasero bloccati, la nave sbandò di 10° e prese fuoco: l'equipaggio perse 50 membri.Le ultime navi della colonna di Wright, il Lamson ed il Lardner, non furono in grado di localizzare nessun bersaglio ed uscirono dall'area di combattimento verso est dopo essere state sotto il fuoco amico delle mitragliatrici del New Orleans. I quattro cacciatorpediniere di Cole, invece, dopo essersi disimpegnati per lasciare campo libero agli incrociatori, effettuarono il periplo dell'isola di Savo a velocità massima e rientrarono nell'area di combattimento da nord, ma lo scontro era ormai finito.

Intanto alle 23:44 Tanaka ordinò alle sue navi di rompere il contatto e di abbandonare subito la zona; mentre procedevano parallele alla costa di Guadalcanal il Kuroshio ed il Kagero lanciarono altri otto siluri contro le navi statunitensi per finirle, ma nessuno andò a segno. Nel frattempo, Tanaka provava a comunicare con il Takanami che non rispondeva più alle chiamate, quindi il contrammiraglio inviò l'Oyashio ed il Kuroshio in soccorso. Alle 01:00 i due cacciatorpediniere individuarono con facilità la nave in fiamme, ma rinunciarono ad assisterla perché localizzarono poco dopo navi da guerra statunitensi nell'area. L'Oyashio ed il Kuroshio abbandonarono velocemente l'Ironbottom Sound, per raggiungere le altre navi di Tanaka per il viaggio di ritorno alle Shortland, che raggiunsero dieci ore dopo. Il Takanami fu l'unica nave giapponese colpita dal tiro statunitense e gravemente danneggiata nel corso della battaglia.

L'esito e le conseguenze
I sopravvissuti dell'equipaggio del Takanami abbandonarono la nave alle 01:30, ma una forte esplosione uccise una gran parte degli uomini in mare, inclusi il comandante della divisione Toshio Shimizu ed quello della nave, Masami Ogura. La spiaggia di Guadalcanal fu raggiunta solo da 48 marinai, gli unici sopravvissuti dei 244 uomini di equipaggio; 19 furono catturati a terra dagli statunitensi.

L'equipaggio del Northampton non fu in grado di contenere gli incendi, e quando alle 01:30 lo sbandamento della nave raggiunse i 35° gli uomini iniziarono a lanciarsi in acqua: l'incrociatore affondò circa alle 03:03 a 4 miglia da Doma Cove a Guadalcanal (). I cacciatorpediniere Fletcher e Drayton salvarono i 733 sopravvissuti dell'equipaggio.

Il mattino del 1º dicembre il Minneapolis, il New Orleans e il Pensacola presero una rotta verso Tulagi a 19 nodi dove furono ricoverati per le riparazioni di emergenza. Gli incendi sul Pensacola divamparono per 12 ore prima di essere spenti; dopo sistemazioni provvisorie, lasciò Tulagi il 6 dicembre per le retrovie dove ricevere ulteriori riparazioni. Dopo la costruzione di prue di fortuna utilizzando tronchi di palme di cocco, il 12 dicembre il Minneapolis salpò per la base statunitense a Espiritu Santo, mentre il New Orleans diresse per il porto di Sydney: tutti e tre gli incrociatori ebbero bisogno di lunghe e notevoli riparazioni; il New Orleans rientrò in servizio nell'agosto 1943, il Minneapolis a settembre e il Pensacola a ottobre.

La battaglia fu una delle più severe sconfitte subite dalla US Navy nella seconda guerra mondiale, preceduta unicamente dall'attacco a Pearl Harbor e dalla battaglia dell'isola di Savo. Nonostante l'esito dello scontro, il comportamento tenuto da Wright venne premiato con la Navy Cross (Croce di guerra della marina), una delle più elevate decorazioni militari al valore statunitensi: minimizzando in parte la distruzione della propria squadra, Wright affermò nel suo rapporto che i giapponesi avevano perduto quattro cacciatorpediniere e subito danni su altri due. Halsey, nei commenti sul rapporto di Wright, assegnò la maggior parte della responsabilità della sconfitta a Cole, sostenendo che il comandante della squadriglia cacciatorpediniere aveva lanciato i siluri troppo prematuramente perché fossero efficaci, senza contare che subito dopo aveva girato attorno all'isola di Savo invece di dare man forte agli incrociatori con le artiglierie.Il contrammiraglio Tanaka, dal canto suo, ritenne di aver affondato una corazzata e due incrociatori nel corso della battaglia.

L'ultimo tentativo di portare cibo a Guadalcanal fu guidato da Tanaka la notte dell'11 dicembre, posto al comandi di una flottiglia di 11 cacciatorpediniere. Durante il viaggio d'andata, cinque motosiluranti statunitensi attaccarono Tanaka al largo di Guadalcanal e in particolare le due unità PT-37 e PT-40 silurarono la sua ammiraglia Teruzuki, danneggiandola pesantemente e ferendo Tanaka stesso. Dopo che il contrammiraglio fu trasferito sul Naganami, il Teruzuki fu affondato: solo 220 dei 1.200 cilindri di rifornimenti rilasciati quella notte furono recuperati del personale dell'esercito giapponese sulla spiaggia. Tanaka fu successivamente sollevato dal comando e trasferito in Giappone il 29 dicembre 1942.

Il 12 dicembre la marina nipponica propose l'abbandono di Guadalcanal. Nonostante l'opposizione dei comandanti dell'esercito, che vedevano ancora la possibilità di riprendere Guadalacanal agli Alleati, il 31 dicembre 1942 il Gran Quartier generale imperiale giapponese ebbe l'approvazione dell'imperatore per sgomberare tutte le forze dall'isola e stabilire la nuova linea di difesa nella Nuova Georgia. I giapponesi evacuarono le forze terrestri sopravvissute da Guadalcanal nel giro di tre notti, dal 2 al 7 febbraio 1943, dando la vittoria agli Alleati dopo una campagna duramente combattuta. A partire dall'estate di quell'anno, gli Stati Uniti (coadiuvati dall'Australia e dalla Nuova Zelanda) iniziarono a espugnare le posizioni nipponiche nelle Salomone, arrivando nei primi mesi del 1944 a bombardare pesantemente e neutralizzare la piazzaforte di Rabaul, anche se questa si arrenderà solo alla fine della guerra.

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Guerra nel 1942
Tassafaronga
Tassafaronga

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Accounting for every gram of inventory in your facility is extremely important. DispenseFirst makes this difficult task easy!
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The DispenseFirst application manages inventory using a perpetual inventory FIFO (first in, first out) system. All transactions affecting inventory, including sales, purchases, and detailed journal entries are stored within the DF application.


Innoviz is the annual technical-cultural fest of Northern India Engineering College.
It has served as a pioneer of Art, Culture, & Engineering for the youth. It aims to provide a platform to budding engineers across the country to create, innovate and learn about various aspects of technical as well as non-technical skills through competitions, workshops and research papers. In a short span of Nine years, Innoviz has grown exponentially and enjoys a mammoth footfall of over 10,000 participants from over 100 colleges across India. With Bollywood & Sports giants like Shankar Sahney, Pullela Gopichand(National Badminton Coach) & Sushil kumar (Indian World Champion wrestler) have graced the fest with their presence in the past. Innoviz has established itself as the pinnacle of entertainment & knowledge. At Innoviz, We promise you nothing but the best 3 days of your lifetime.
NIEC is getting ready to be painted with the colors of joy, happiness,and excitement for the upcoming INNOVIZ'16.
During INNOVIZ'16 the participants will get an opportunity to showcase their talent and exercise their wits in various events like drama,debate,music and dance which promise you fervor and ardor and amazing memories.
Come, feel the energy,enthusiasm and the excitement of our fest and witness the magic of NIEC.


This page includes some links to security update pages.
We published this list to benefit all of those folks who need to get security updates, perform Linux patches, or make patch modifications, but don't have time to hunt them down all over the internet. This isn't an exhaustive list (yet) and we need your help to add new ones.
All Linux versions receive regular security patch updates. If you are operating a Linux web server and have not made security patch updates there is an increased risk of vulnerability to security violations.
We also recommend that you read the essential Administrator commands list to check your server.


I've read that it's easier to feel more appreciative about life when you get older. Maybe it's because you can't remember enough about what annoys you anymore. I'm not sure. I probably did read about the real reason but since I didn't write it down, it escapes me now. Regardless, I have no problem describing 5 things to be thankful for in midlife.
What's midlife? For me, it's halfway into my life. These days I expect to live until I'm 120, so I can say I've reached midlife. You can define it however it suits you. Maybe you plan on celebrating your 150th birthday? Good for you! It means your cake will look like a Burning Man statue.
First, I have to say that by the time you've reached midlife, you have encountered enough difficult situations and lived through enough sad events that you have the context to know when life is good. Finding 5 things to be thankful for in midlife isn't so hard if you just tune into what your life is showing you now.
Finally, I don't have to be right about everything anymore. If I learn something new and it changes my mind, I can let go of whatever ideas I was wrapped up in before. I'm less judgmental. I've learned that there's more to gain in seeing the big picture than in only seeing my picture.
I made it this far and lived through bad 70's hair and landline phones with party lines. I can handle the next half of life. Despite wondering how I would ever get myself out of whatever bad situation I was in, I did. I made it. It's a good feeling to know that deep down I have the inner resources to deal with what comes my way.
Yes, I am now aware of what causes me to feel like crap. Doesn't matter if it's going in my body, what I'm surrounding myself with or by accepting too much of someone's bad energy. If it makes me feel bad, I need to get away from it. It was easier to ignore my gut feelings before, but now I listen. And I change my diet, my surroundings or my activities as needed. Fair warning—if you are bringing Cheetos, cigs and complaints to my next gathering, just stay home.
I'll say yes to having choices. I no longer feel the need to make everyone else happy. First and foremost I want to do the right thing. But I now I do the right thing for me. I've certainly always had the power of choice but I didn't have the confidence to select the option that was most beneficial for me. Now when I make a choice, I know which boss I need to make happy.
Relationships with my family, my tribe, my community, and with myself deserve way more recognition than I ever gave them in the past. As a young adult, family was something that got in the way of living my exciting, independent life. Now I know better. Friends were easier to come by and there was always tomorrow to catch up. Now I know better. If I ignored taking care of my mind, body or spirit, I figured I'd take care of it later. Now I know better.
I've found midlife has its ups and downs but overall there's plenty to be thankful for. I hope you are enjoying wherever you are in your life as well.