The name 'Dry Lands' in this premium Riesling by Galafrey Wines refers to the fact that the vines used for this wine are not irrigated as many might expect. The lack of irrigation leads to a lower yielding crop of smaller fruit clusters which is said to lead to more intense flavours in the final wine. Having enjoyed this wine recently I can confirm that the flavour of this wine is indeed 'Intense' and I love it for being just that.
It all starts off rather innocently with a pale lime/straw like colour and soft aroma of citrus fruit and minerals. Once this wine passes your lips though and it will hit your taste buds almost instantly. Sharp, and again 'intense', citrus flavours take over and demonstrate that this is nothing less than a full flavoured, highly acidic Riesling that will be exactly what many enjoy about this noble variety.
Final Sip - A great Riesling that can be enjoyed on its own for a glass or two but to get through the bottle you will want to pair it with something with a reasonable amount of fat or oil like cheese or a salmon carpaccio.
Crystal clear with an almost glossy looking colour of pale lime. The aroma shows citrus notes, tropical fruits and sherbet. To drink it has a noticeable but not overdone touch of sweetness that is complimented with good acidity, lemon, lime and tropical fruit flavours with a little zing on the tongue.
Final Sip - A very enjoyable wine that would be enhanced by pairing it with something light but spicy... think Cajun prawns or fish tacos with a splash of hot sauce!
Joining in on an organised day trip to the NSW Southern Highland Wine region in 2010 resulted in a truly great find in Tertini Wines. Standing in the wineries barrel room with their sales manager, Robert Kay, myself, a few friends and some strangers also on our tour sampled our way through their entire range. I don't really have a bad thing to say about any of their wines but both the 2005 and 2008 Riesling's stood above them all. In fact, they stood above all the wines I tried that day from a total of four wineries.
I honestly couldn't split the two vintages as they are both fantastic and offer different experiences, due to their age difference. I've met many people who are divided on preferences to aged and young Rieslings and while I'd have to say in most instances I'd prefer a younger vintage myself, this 2005 seems to be an almost perfect balance of aged and young characteristics.
Tertini 2005 'Reserve' Riesling- A light lemon colour with a pleasant, but also light, aroma of citrus fruit that also shows off the effects that age has on Riesling. A lovely drinking wine that still has vibrant citrus notes with just the perfect amount of subtlety to it that time has blessed it with. Think lemonade as opposed to lemon juice.
Tertini 2008 Riesling (Pre-release) - A more transparent, lighter colour than the 2005, but still a basic lemon/lime colour. The aroma has the fresher citrus notes one would expect but I also picked up a slight hint of honey. As for the flavour the stronger lime, citrus notes leave behind a definite sweet taste. This wine is by no means semi-sweet or off-dry but a sweetness exists and yet the finish leaves behind an incredibly faint savoury note.
Final Sip- If you are a fan of Riesling and haven't had a chance to try these two vintages from Tertini I am confident you will be very pleased once you do. Great value for money given their quality and the long list of awards and trophies Tertini have won for their Riesling comes as no surprise. I did say above that I couldn't split my preference to these two wines but I must confess that having enjoyed several glasses of each vintage, side by side, with and without food, I found myself really wishing I had another bottle of the 2005 in the fridge!
This hand-crafted, boutique Riesling comes from some of the oldest vines in this country (up to 110 years old!) and the grapes are personally selected by wine maker, Michael Datta. Its colour in the glass is almost clear with just a hint of the overused "pale straw" colour reference (I wonder if in a thesaurus under pale straw you'll find "white wine"?).
It has a minerality to the aroma and the flavour is loaded with citrus and acidity. It is very clean and crisp and given the palette cleansing nature of this wine it requires some light but oily food to truly bring out its best. The most obvious example would be some nice white fish.
Recommended - Yes, but if drinking now ensure to enjoy with food. Otherwise it will cellar for a few more years and mellow out to become a great aged Riesling for future enjoyment!
New York City, Aussie Wine and comments by Henry Roth!
I recently had the pleasure of being contacted by well known Australian Fashion and Wedding Gown designer Henry Roth via the social media site Twitter by Henry admitting he wished he knew more about wine. After communicating for a while backwards and forwards Henry was generous enough to do me a favour I boldly asked of him and to his absolute credit he fulfilled my request as if we were old friends and I felt incredibly humbled and indebted by his gesture.
In order to thank him I wanted to send him some of my favourite Australian wines to enjoy in his new home town, New York City. As I very quickly discovered simply buying a few bottles of wine and sending them to the United States in the post is no easy task and while some speciality bottle shops here specialise in sending wine overseas many people confided in me that no one can guarantee my wine would make it to its intended destination!
I found this rather surprising and disappointing as I really wanted to send wines that I truly enjoy. In the end I figured out that the best way to send Australian wine to a contact in New Yorkwas to find an on-line US retailer who sold Australian wines. As it turned out this was not difficult and prices were surprisingly good even though listed prices were in US dollars.
I went through a number of sites to ensure I could find a good selection of quality Australian Wines and insisted that I only send wines that I have personally enjoyed and, where possible I was hoping to avoid the obvious export brands like Penfolds, Henschke etc Nothing against these brands at all, they make some of the country 's best wines, but I deliberately wanted to stay away from the iconic brands to an extent.
So I ended up using www.wine.comand ordered four great wines of different varieties. The wines I selected where the Petaluma 2007 Hanlin Hill Riesling, Cape Mentelle 2006 Chardonnay, Two Hands 2007 Gnarly Dudes Shiraz and the Two Hands 2006 Brilliant Disguise Moscato. All wines arrived in Manhattan within a few days of my order and emails kept me up-to-date as to my orders status, so full points awarded to www.wine.com for an easy-to-use and professional service.
Henry got in touch to thank me for the wines and said that in light of the collection I had sent him that he would run a small wine tasting night in Manhattan for a few close friends. I was really excited about this news and hoped my personal wine selections met with approval on the night! Henry agreed to send back the groups collective thoughts on each wine and so without further ado their remarks on each wine are below.
I confirmed with Henry that his two thumbs up for the Two Hands, 07 Gnarly Dudes Shiraz was his way of confirming it was the groups favourite wine of the night, but as I had hoped all wines were thoroughly enjoyed!
While the Cape Mentelle and Petaluma Riesling are readily available from most leading wine retailers the Two Hands wines are a little but harder to find so I recommend ordering directly from there website.
I would like to take this opportunity to personally thank Henry for his generosity, friendliness and his time in reporting back to me both he and his friends views on some great Australian wines!
This is without a doubt one of my favourite white wines! Its clean, crisp and easy drinking with or without food. I now buy this wine by the case as at $16 if purchased by the dozen at my local Dan Murphy's it's a no brainer to make this a regular house wine.
For me its better than the much more expensive Grosset Polish Hill of the same vintage!
Recommended - Definitely, best value Riesling I've had to date!
Someone recommended I visit the Cargo Road winery on a short visit to the Orange wine region on Sunday so I did just that. While the artwork for the wine labels is attractive I am afraid not much attracts me to their wine.
The 2005 Riesling is a good example as it apparently won the best Riesling in NSW at some point and is $25 a bottle at the cellar door, which is not cheap for Riesling when you consider you can get brands such as Petaluma or Pikes, Clare Valley Rieslings for less than that!
My tasting notes on the Cargo Road 2005 Riesling at the time I first tried it are "Not good. Cheap taste... goon like even. Wouldn't have again".
Then I tried it a second time and wrote "Wasn't as offensive as the first try but still not recommended"


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Alumni Registers
Select a Columbia History Resource
Alumni Register
Booklets, Guides & Campus Viewbooks
Coeducation at Columbia
Honors & Prizes
President Profiles
Timelines & Histories
Columbia History Resources
The following is only a selection of websites and documents available online which can help you learn about the history of the University. You can find the original paper copies and additional resources by searching in the library's online catalog CLIO.
Class of 1894 at reunion, 1914.
Columbia University Alumni Register 1754-1931
Containing 99,721 names of both graduates and non-graduates from 1754 through 1931, this register may include for each former student: name, academic connection with Columbia (degree, class, school), one address and occupation as of 1931. The volume also contains information about honorary degree recipients and types of degrees offered by the University through 1931.
Before the Alumni Register of 1932, there are earlier editions of the Register or sometimes called the Catalogue. These include the names of all the graduates of the University and their degrees, organized by school and by year and a list of honorary degree recipients. Volumes also contain geographical and alphabetical indexes of graduates. Here is a list of some of the catalogues which have been scanned and are available online.
In addition to the Alumni Registers, below are some other sources for Columbia alumni and officers.
Catalogue of matriculants who have not graduated, 1758-1897. Supplement to the General Catalogue of 1894. New York: Published for the University, 1897.
Association of the Alumni of Columbia College. Alumni Directory, Revised to January 1897. Printed by the Order of the Association, 1897.
Thomas, Milton Halsey. Columbia University Officers and Alumni 1754-1857. Compiled for the Committee on General Catalogue. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.
Fuld, Leonhard Felix. King's College Alumni. New York, 1913 (biographical sketches, organized by class year, for classes 1758 to 1775, material originally appeared in the Columbia Quarterly.)
The New York School of Social Work, Columbia University. Graduate directory, 1898-1956. New York: International Press, 1956.
Alumni Directories
Graduates at Commencement, 1964
Over the years, the University Archives has collected a number of alumni registers and directories, both from the University as a whole and from the individual schools (Architectures, Business, Columbia College, Engineering, General Studies, Journalism, Law, etc.). These are all non-circulating materials available only at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library (RBML) reading room. To see the complete listing with instructions on how to request each of these volumes, visit our Alumni Directories page.
Columbia University Archives
6th Floor Butler Library
E-mail: uarchives@columbia.edu
Create or Access Your Special Collections Research Account
About the University Archives
Research & Access
Use Policies & Services
University Archives Research Guides
Managing University Records
RBML News

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Outdoor Trails is a proud supporter of Boy Scouts of America. Lee Futrell, the President and founder of Outdoor Trails, has been a Boy Scout leader for over 20 years with troop 209 of Roanoke, Virginia. John (our Lynchburg manager) and Mark (our Daleville manager) both learned most of what they know about the outdoors from Scouts. As Eagle Scouts, they both embrace the principles of Scouting in their personal and professional lives and strive to serve as examples of the benefits of being involved in this honorable organization.
Each year, Lee looks forward to his week at Camp Powhatan with troop 209. Located in Pulaski County, Virginia on the Blue Ridge Mountains Scout Reservation, Camp Powhatan is a beatiful retreat where Scouts can camp, hike, swim, kayak, canoe, and participate in a number of other activities to earn a variety of merit badges. The 2007 trip to camp Powhatan was especially memorable this year as it was Lee's grandson Matthew's first trip to camp. Matthew enjoyed his trip where he learned to swim and obtained rank of First Class. He can't wait to go back next year!
This year was also Mark's son Gavin's first trip to Camp Powhatan. He's not a Scout quite yet, but his dad hopes that he will be one day. And even though the Blue Ridge Mountains Scout Reservation is mostly for Boy Scouts, they let our girl Sydney swim in the lake. She had a great time fetching her stick, and she's already looking forward to visitng again next summer.
As proud supporters of the Boy Scouts of America, Outdoor Trails offers all card-carrying members a 10% discount throughout the store. So "be prepared," and next time to stop by either of our stores, be sure to show your card and ask for your discount.
Planning any outings for your troop in the near future? Need a bunch of gear for your troop? Call or e-mail us and ask about bulk discounts for large orders on tents, packs, sleeping bags, dehydrated meals, and anything else you need for your trip!
If you would like to learn more about joining the Boy Scouts of America or supporting this great organization, please contact Lee Futrell.


Lil' Blog and More: Sign Ups for Round 2 of the Spring Gift Card Event.. Now Open!
Mama to 4 Blessings, Chubby Cheeks Thinks and Rats and More are teaming up to bring you The Spring Gift Card Event! $3.00 gives ONE entry on Rafflecopter for any of your social media choice (EXCEPT GOOGLE +) See their policies.
This is round 2 out of 3 of The Spring Gift Card Event, last month was a huge success, with over 30,000 entries and leaving many with 500+ more Facebook followers as well as other social media's boosted!
~ Round 2 of The Spring Gift Card event will take place April 16th 12:01 AM EST - April 23rd 11:59 PM EST.
~ We do not require you to post or add the event button to your blog but we encourage you to do so - the more sign ups, the more entries!
~ Cost to sign up will be $3.00 for your any social media of your choice (Facebook, Twiter, Pinterst, Google Friends Connect, etc (not Google + please see their policies) and $2.00 for a second link. The total amount collected will be contributed to the gift card giveaway.
~ Once the event ends we will announce the winner on our Facebook Group as well as e-mailing the winner privately.
~ Participants except hostesses are also able to enter this giveaway.
~ Please complete the following form below to participate.
Sign ups will close on April 12th. To sign up, please fill out this form and send your $3.00 (or $5.00 payment depending on how many social media links you choose) payment via Paypal to psalms23and24 at yahoo dot com. Send (PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU SEND AS A GIFT or I will have to issue you a refund, I want to avoid fees).
Mama to 4 Blessings is participating in several other blog events, see my right side bar for these event buttons. Events in April for Earth Day Honoring the Earth Giveaway Hop, A Tisket a Tasket, Blogmania and more! Check it out! So many choices to choose from!


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text:
Sobre la violencia sexual
Entrenamiento/Asistencia Técnica
Ayuda Legal
Portal del Programa de Agresión Sexual
Kreyól Ayisyen
FCASV Insight November 2016
RECIBIR AYUDA AHORA
FCASV Celebrates 30 Years of Providing Support to Survivors of Sexual Violence
For 30 years, the Florida Council Against Sexual Violence (FCASV) has provided vital support to the state's certified sexual assault programs and advocated for the rights of victims.
Initially established in 1986 as the Florida Council of Sexual Abuse Services, FCASV has since been an integral part of various initiatives in the fight against sexual violence. Beginning with a 2002 initiative to amend Florida's victims' rights statute and extend sexual assault counselor-victim privilege to trained volunteers working for rape crisis centers, some of FCASV's successful policy initiatives have included:
● The Sexual Battery Victims Recovery Act, establishing the Rape Crisis Program Trust Fund and a mechanism for distributing funds collected to certified rape crisis programs
● Ensuring rape victims' access to forensic medical exams, regardless of reporting status
● Prompt HIV testing of an offender against whom charges have been filed
● Relocation assistance for sexual assault survivors from the Victim Compensation Fund
● Inclusion of clear and convincing evidence that a child was conceived as the result of sexual battery as grounds for termination of the offender's parental rights
● Timely sexual assault kit testing so Florida will never again experience a backlog of untested kits
"One of our main goals at FCASV is to listen to and support survivors in concrete ways. Our work to improve Florida's response to survivors is guided by survivors' experiences with first responders; the criminal justice, education, child welfare, and legal systems; and rape crisis programs. During the last fifteen years, in particular, Florida has demonstrated its commitment to justice and survivor recovery in significant ways," said Jennifer Dritt, FCASV Executive Director. "While steady funding for trauma-informed recovery services; access to forensic exams conducted by trained professionals; relocation assistance; and timely testing of collected evidence are victories we gladly celebrate, our work continues. FCASV's ongoing projects demonstrate our commitment to improving the lives of survivors through collaboration and system change."
FCASV is currently furthering its mission through initiatives such as the Excellence in Sexual Assault Response (ESAR) project and the Legal Assistance for Victims (LAV) project. In partnership with law enforcement agencies in Dixie, Alachua, Charlotte, and Pinellas counties, the ESAR project trains dispatch, patrol, investigative, and command staff in trauma-informed survivor response and sexual battery investigations. In collaboration with Legal Services of North Florida; Lakeview Center in Pensacola; the Crisis Center of Tampa Bay; Suncoast Center; and Sunrise of Pasco County, the LAV project provides representation for survivors in a broad range of legal matters.
To learn more about what FCASV is doing on behalf of Florida's survivors, visit fcasv.org.
FCASV Executive Director and Board Members at the 30th anniversary celebration.
Center Highlight: Refuge House
On June 22, 2016, Refuge House opened the Meg Baldwin SAFE Center in Tallahassee. The SAFE Center is a free-standing forensic exam clinic available to sexual assault survivors in Leon and surrounding counties. The SAFE Center provides a calm, private, survivor-focused environment where victims' needs are met without the disruptions sometimes found in emergency departments.
Refuge House worked in close collaboration with Tallahassee Memorial Hospital, the Tallahassee Police Department, and the Leon County Sheriff's Office to ensure high-quality care will be provided to those who seek help at the SAFE Center.
SAFE Center exam room
FCASV SANE Training Receives International Association of Forensic Nurses Approval
FCASV's SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) course has received a seal of approval from the IAFN (International Association of Forensic Nurses). After a review of our SANE course, we were found to meet IAFN SANE Education Guidelines. Please scroll down to the upcoming events/trainings section of our newsletter to learn about our upcoming SANE trainings. You can always visit fcasv.org for an updated list and to register for the trainings.
Get To Know FCASV
Donna Brown, Research and Prevention Consultant
Donna's FCASV work has included developing the Advocacy Core Training Online, and working closely with Lauren's Kids to develop materials that serve to protect children from sexual abuse or heal children who have experienced abuse. Working closely with Micheala Denny, she developed a workbook for adoptive and foster parents who are caring for children who have been sexually abused. The workbook is titled "Trauma Informed Care Techniques for Adoptive & Foster Parents of Sexually Abused Children" and is available to families through the Department of Children & Families. Donna and Micheala also created materials for the Lauren's Kids "Guide to Hope & Healing," which is a collection of materials developed to help families who have just learned that their child has been sexually abused. The Guide is available to families through Lauren's Kids. Donna's primary responsibility has been to conduct evaluations of Safer, Smarter Kids, a sexual abuse prevention curriculum developed by Lauren's Kids. To date, kindergarten, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grade curriculums have been evaluated. This year, 4th and 5th grade curriculums will be evaluated. Donna recently had an article published in the Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal titled "Evaluation of Safer, Smarter Kids: Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Curriculum for Kindergartners."
Donna has been in the field of victim services for 23 years. She holds a Master's Degree in Social Work from Florida State University and is a doctoral candidate in social work at Florida State University. Her career began as a courthouse victim advocate for Refuge House in the Second Judicial Circuit and as the Refuge House Rural Program Director. Donna has also worked at Tallahassee's Children's Home Society as the Family Builders Program Manager. Family Builders is a family preservation program that seeks to reunite children with their families or to prevent removal of children from their homes. Donna has also been a foster care supervisor. She continues her involvement with children in need of reunification with their families or the support to remain with their families by volunteering as a Guardian ad litem. She also teaches for the University of Southern California's online master of social work program where she instructs students in program research and social welfare policy.
In her spare time, Donna enjoys knitting, sewing and other crafts. She loves spending time with her family, especially her granddaughter and grandson.
Guest Blog: Elder Abuse Summit
Visit fcasv.org to read our first guest blog written by Eileen Rodden, Women's Center of Jacksonville and Regina Vought, Florida State Attorney's Office, 4th Judicial Circuit. The blog discusses the recently held Elder Abuse Summit and the work made possible through the Abuse in Later Life OVW grant.
To read the blog, click here.
Chief Judge Mark H. Mahon receiving a plaque of thanks from Eileen Rodden, Abuse in Later Life Project Coordinator, and Ronnie Fussell, Clerk of the Court.
If your organization has upcoming events/trainings that you would like to share, you're welcome to send information to Courtney Nomina at cnomina@fcasv.org. Visit fcasv.org for a list of upcoming events.
Trauma Informed Sexual Assault Investigations Training
For more information and to register, visit fcasv.org.
Volunteer Recruitment and Management & Rural Advocates Training
40-hour SANE Training
Ft. Pierce, FL
1/23/17 to 1/27/17
This project was supported by a grant awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.
About FCASV
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Donate to FCASV
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Derechos en Florida
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Copyright 2019 Florida Council Against Sexual Violence - All Rights Reserved.


The BC researchers did acknowledge that, for most, employment options "decline with age" – but, and this is crucial, no longer do seniors appear to have employment choices limited to "old person jobs" such as store greeters. That is a huge shift and bright news for work hungry seniors.
A few years ago, yes, things were different for seniors in the hiring halls – but back then most job applicants regardless of age found it tough going in the recession. In today's comparatively buoyant economy the national unemployment rate is under 5% according the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Good as that sounds, this doesn't mean that seniors can write their own labor tickets today. Not exactly. Nor does this mean every senior job applicant will be embraced with high paying offers. That's not reality. A lot hinges on the person's particular skills. Some industries are more receptive to seniors than others. Art Koff, who runs RetiredBrains.com, said that the job outlook is especially bright for pharmacists, cost accountants, chemists, and researchers.
What's the next step for workers who hit a roadblock? Koff, who said he is 81, offered his recipe for success for seniors: "Employers are very much interested in hiring older workers for part-time, temporary and seasonal work and for project assignments." Even when a full-time, permanent job may not be in the cards, project and temporary work may be available.
A different route: start your own business. That's what 65-year-old chef Tina Ferguson-Riffe did in Berkeley, Calif when, stymied by an inability to get hired in other restaurants, she started her own, Smoke Berkeley, a BBQ place that has won rave reviews on sites like Yelp.
"I'd been out of work for three years when I opened Smoke Berkeley," said Ferguson-Riffe, who said a loan she got through Opportunity Fund, a California microfinance pioneer that specializes in helping entrepreneurs who aren't succeeding with traditional lenders, helped pave her way.
Other seniors describe similar experiences: self employment is, for some, a path to a better gig. When no one else will hire you, hire yourself.
Add it up and, no, it no longer is bleak, not for most seniors looking for work in most fields. It's definitely not boom times either, but for seniors who are on the hunt for work, now is shaping up as the best of times in some years and that is good news indeed.


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Reekado Banks – People Dey (feat. Mr Eazi)
Nigerian talented singer, Reekado Banks is out with a new Mr Eazi assisted single "People Dey" taken off his debut Extended Play project "Off The Record".
The project which comes after his last album "Spotlight" has featured appearances from Mr Eazi, Tiwa Savage, Harmonize amongs others.
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Reekado Banks – Off The Record


April 19, 2018 – Axalta will showcase its brilliant electrocoat solutions at the ECOAT18 Conference on April 24 -26, 2018 at the Innisbrook Golf and Spa Resort in Palm Harbor, near Tampa Bay, Florida. The event brings together industry members to network, explore breakthrough technologies and learn new ways to maximize their electrocoating operations.
Axalta will showcase its AquaEC® premier electrocoat brand that is designed to meet the most stringent customer and regulatory requirements. Its high-performance products deliver outstanding corrosion protection and appearance to a broad array of industrial customers and major light vehicle OEM's alike, and are formulated to provide high edge protection, low temperature bake and exceptional durability. AquaEC 6100 cathodic epoxy e‑coat primer is the first e-coat in North America to attain NSF-51® Standard certification for products used to manufacture food equipment and related materials. Attendees may visit Axalta in Stirling Salons B and C to learn more about its impressive suite of electrocoat solutions.
In addition to their presentations, Joe Subda will moderate a four-person panel delivering papers on Waste Treatment / Filtration on Wednesday afternoon, and Charles Orr will feature on a panel discussing Considerations When Adding E-coat to Your Plant at 9:45-11:00 a.m. on Thursday.


About the gullibility of Americans in America believe in the word. To reflect, you realize that it's not stupid, not naive, and some higher level development. In our merchants in 19 th century trade relations is practiced. You can invent yourself any name you use more, to have documents in different names – is in order. If you do not have the right to a document, tell the name and address – just call and everything will update. All contracts are drawn up with the words.
True, this does not apply to banking transactions, when it comes to loans and other matters such as opening accounts. Pocket of an American – a place sensitive. In general, this feature of American citizens – an illustration of what a person is responsible not only for their own affairs, but also for the words, and good name – not an empty phrase, but a very tangible benefit, otherwise referred to as creditworthy. About prices and quality services to the U.S. Small household problem in America solved with surprising ease. Just need to know exactly what you want and the price agreed to pay for it. The issue is important. Prices are determined by the quality of service: time – money.
You can bury itself in the newspaper, find a giveaway, to take the time to go and get what you need. You can not spend time to call and you all bring, when and where to say. But it will be expensive.


The PRO TOUCH Renzo V men's longsleeve running top is a must-have for extra warmth and coverage. Its stand-up collar with quarter zip shields heat loss at the neck, while the sleeve cuffs with thumbholes both enhance the Renzo V's fit and protect against thermal bridges. This pullover top also features brushed DRY PLUS ECO material for comfort and a pleasant body climate, and flat seams to reduce chafing to an absolute minimum. A zipped sleeve pocket on the left arm holds your smartphone and other small items.


Applegate Debt consolidation or credit counseling services are now available through Surf-in-the-Spirit.
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Sarah R. Bloom: Photography
Self, Abandoned
The exploration of identity as a woman entering middle age has emerged as a persistent theme in my work. I have been creating an ongoing series of self-portraits in abandoned buildings since 2007, exploring these concepts in depth. Akin to the stages of grief, I face the idea of aging at first with dread, then resistance, and ultimately acceptance. In my experience, these stages are non-linear. I see myself as an extension of these abandoned spaces, using them as an echo of the push/pull of our identity as we age. I am working towards reclaiming my place in the world and redefining my mid-life as one of transformation rather than crisis.
I have been taking self-portraits as my primary form of artistic expression since 2006. The exploration of identity as a woman entering middle age has emerged as a persistent theme in my work. Akin to the stages of grief, I face the idea of aging at first with dread, then resistance, and ultimately acceptance. In my experience, these stages are non-linear.
I have been creating an ongoing series of self-portraits in abandoned buildings since 2007, exploring these concepts in depth.
- See more at: http://sarahrbloom.com/work/self-portraits#sthash.eJelokEO.dpuf
Daily Self-Portrait Projects
Transfer Prints/Mixed Media
Digital Double Exposures
Selected Exhibitions and Publications
© 2009 – 2021 Sarah R. Bloom | heavy bubble portfolio websites for artists


We developed a new website for this insurance company with offices in Clifton Park, NY and Palm Springs, CA.
We designed and developed this one-page scrolling website for the fitness app Genio.
We designed and developed a new website for The American Institute of Architects, New York State. We also developed a sleek one page sub-site for their yearly design conference.
We produced this promotional video for the Saratoga Independent School, a unique educational environment.
We designed and developed a new website for The Mansion Inn, an historic inn and wedding venue located just outside Saratoga Springs.
Comedy Warriors is an inspirational film that follows five injured veterans who are teamed with A-list comedians to realize their dream of becoming stand up comedians. We are proud to be involved with such a worthy project.
We developed an animated logo for this Manhatten based film distribution company.
Gore Mountain Lodge is a welcome addition to the Adirondack skiing community. We designed these rack cards to help them get the word out about their new business.
Galileo Media Arts is a video production company located in upstate New York. They produce high quality video work and now have a new, professional website to showcase it.
We designed and developed the new and improved website for the TC Murphy Lumber Company, an important part of the Adirondack community since 1915.


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Smasher:Nangoku
Nangoku
SSB64 main
Nangoku is a Japanese Smash 64 player and one of the best Ness players in the world. He was ranked 11th on the Smash 64 ELO Rating, though this is an unstabilized score.
His first US tournament presence was at Apex 2013 where he managed to make it into the top 8.
Super Smash Bros.[edit]
Apex 2013 January 11th-13th, 2013 8th — —
Kanto 2013 August 1st-3rd, 2013 33rd — —
Chuo U 2013 November 2nd, 2013 ? 1st Sin
Kansai 2015 March 14th, 2015 13th — —
Kanto 2016 September 24th, 2016 25th — —
Japan Smash Cup 2016 December 24th-25th, 2016 13th — —
Kansai 2017 March 19th, 2017 9th — —
Japan Smash Cup 2017 May 6th, 2017 31st — —
Kanto 2017 July 8th, 2017 17th — —
Autumn Kanto Tournament November 3rd, 2017 5th — —
Kansai 2018 February 11th, 2018 25th — —
Kanto 2018 May 5th, 2018 25th 3rd Gyaki
Kanto Fall 2018 October 7th, 2018 17th — —
Kansai 2020 February 23rd, 2020 9th — —
Retrieved from "https://www.ssbwiki.com/index.php?title=Smasher:Nangoku&oldid=1441129"
Japanese smashers
Ness professionals (SSB)
This page was last edited on June 29, 2020, at 04:32.


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Skip to Menu Skip to Search Contact Us Global Websites & Languages Sharing tools Skip to Content
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Europe is not a Perfect Single Market
Call +41 22 739 91 11
Manufacturers in Europe and exporters to Europe must take care and not think that CE marking will give them a legal right to sell medical devices in every European country.
Whereas the USA, Japan and most other countries have a single Medical Device Regulatory Authority, Europe has 32 Competent Authorities. So for a few products the European Competent Authorities do not agree on whether a product is a medical device, a drug or even a consumer product. For some medical devices they do not agree on the classification.
Product category differences
Examples of products that are considered devices in some countries and not others include dermal fillers for cosmetic use, medical gas pipeline installations and tooth whiteners. For such products it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to check the current legal status in each country where the product is to be sold. This is to avoid possible legal action being taken against them. For the most up to date information and interpretations on a product's legal status in a given country manufacturers you are best to use local contacts or distributors.
Differences in classification of medical devices
When differences in classification occur, where the same conformity assessment option is possible (i.e. a device being IIa or IIb under MDD), there is not usually a significant problem. Where the differences necessitate a different conformity assessment option under MDD or IVDD this is a problem. Examples of such devices include saline washes that can be Class IIa or Class III depending on the country; and point of care pharmacy blood analysis services which can be considered self test devices or for professional use dependent on the country.
Always stay informed and aware of differences
This should not dissuade you from trying to sell your medical devices in the €100 billion medical device market but manufacturers must be aware of products where there are different interpretations and inform sales or export departments to take care. Normally SGS can indicate to clients the products where there are known country differences, however as specific country status does change, the position in individual countries must be the final responsibility of the legal manufacturer or authorized representative.
Contact us today to see how we can help your business.
Medical Device Team
Website: www.sgs.com
The SGS Group is the global leader and innovator in inspection, verification, testing and certification services. Founded in 1878, SGS is recognized as the global benchmark in quality and integrity. With more than 67,000 employees, SGS operates a network of over 1,250 offices and laboratories around the world.
SGS Headquarters
1 Place des Alpes
SGS Auto Part Laboratory Opened In Changchun Economic Zone
On May 26, 2011, SGS - CSTC, opened its Automotive Part Lab (APL) - Changchun in Productivity Boosting Centre, Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone (ETDZ).
Improving the Performance of Notified Bodies
With encouragement from the EC Commission a 'Code of Conduct for Notified Bodies' has been written and recently signed by an initial group of 11 Notified Bodies.
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Viewed from the main channel heading North, the yellow ships' mooring buoys can be seen on the right hand side labelled MS1 to MS5 south to north. The spacing and configuration of these buoys is altered to meet demand and often there are spherical yellow buoys positioned between the Admiralty cylindrical buoys to allow berthing by smaller vessels. The visitors' anchorage is on the Kingswear side (east) of these buoys. Care should be taken to avoid anchoring on the mooring arrangement for the Admiralty buoys which are marked on the chart.
The South Embankment extends from the Lower Ferry slip to the Town Jetty. There are several public landing steps here. These should not be obstructed and boats are not to be left here unattended. The fish quay is about half way along the embankment and has a davit on its southern end. This is in frequent use by the local fishing fleet. Care should be taken since the depth of water on the South Embankment is limited at low water. Permission to berth here is required from the Harbour Master. CAUTION - sea bed slopes away from the quay wall.
Immediately upstream of the Lower Ferry slip at Kingswear is the passenger ferry pontoon and to the north of this is Darthaven Marina. A public set-down and short stay pontoon is available at the southern end.
On the Dartmouth side, the Town Jetty is a pontoon connected to the embankment by a bridge. Local passenger vessels use the outer side of the jetty between 0845 and 1700 daily. These berths are available for use by visiting yachts overnight between 1700 and 0845 (Summer). In winter 24 hour berthing is available. Arrange to berth here with the river staff (VHF Ch 11). The Kingswear passenger ferry runs from the north end of the Town Jetty – its berth is clearly marked and must not be obstructed. The inner side of the south part of the pontoon is available for use by yachts and berthing rafted up to two deep is possible. The inside charted depth inside the southern end of the Town Jetty is 2m and shallows towards the embankment. Fresh water and electricity are available here.
There is a boatfloat (permanent berth holders only) half way along the Embankment on the Dartmouth side. It is managed by Dartmouth Town Council. The Boatfloat dries out at low water.
Adjacent to the Boatfloat just north of the entrance is a visitors' short stay dinghy pontoon (max 6 hours, max 4.3m LOA). Public showers are available at the public toilets in Mayor's Avenue car park. The pontoon just to the north of the short stay pontoon is used by the DHNA Yacht Taxi and Dittisham Ferry and is to be kept clear.


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Троцкий о советской бюрократии — политическая мысль Льва Троцкого, связанная с проблемой постреволюционной (советской) бюрократии. Троцкий начал исследование вопроса о бюрократизации в Советской России с первых лет существования нового государства и продолжал его все 1920—1930-е годы: теория Троцкого существенно определила его анализ политических событий в РСФСР/СССР.

Введение

Маркс и Энгельс о бюрократии. Большевистское понимание
В годы, предшествующие Октябрьской революции и непосредственно после неё, взгляды членов РСДРП на бюрократию формировались под влиянием различных концепций: как «народного» использования данного термина, так и классического марксистского описания. Из русского и европейского дискурса начала XX века большевики вынесли понимание бюрократии как, с одной стороны, «власти чиновников», с другой — совокупности должностных лиц, обличенных властью. Марксисты, к которым в те годы относил себя и Троцкий, также воспринимали бюрократию как множество негативных явлений, к которым относились чрезмерный формализм, избыточный документооборот и общая неэффективность управления. Из работ Маркса и Энгельса марксистами был унаследован анализ, связывавший проблему бюрократии с таким явлением как «политическое отчуждение» — причиной которого, в свою очередь, являлся «контроль буржуазии над государством», хотя наличие самой бюрократии было характерно для всех классовых обществ. Более того, Маркс и Энгельс полагали, что бюрократия исчезнет в будущем (см. полемику Маркса от 1843 года против гегелевской политической философии, сформулированную в работе «К критике гегелевской философии права», и статью «К еврейскому вопросу»). В целом, классики марксизма считали, что бюрократия будет существенно уменьшена уже на первом этапе социалистической революции — при диктатуре пролетариата — и она полностью исчезнет в социалистическом обществе будущего.

Ленин. «Государство и революция»
Своё видение проблемы бюрократии было и у Ленина: в работе «Государство и революция», опубликованной накануне Октября, он писал, что при строительстве социалистической экономики пост-революционному государству временно потребуется продолжение существования бюрократии; однако эта новая бюрократия будет радикально отличаться от буржуазной — государственное управление вместо специальных чиновников будет осуществляться простыми лицами, которые будут избраны на должность и будут подлежать отзыву в любой момент. Кроме того, их заработная плата не будет превышать средний заработок рабочих. Ленин также предвидел, что пролетарское государство по-прежнему будет нуждаться в подготовленном персонале инженеров, агрономов и других специалистов, однако эти эксперты, по мысли большевистского лидера, не представляли угрозы для контроля общества над государством.

Несмотря на ожидания, сформированные под влиянием дореволюционных работ, вскоре после самой революции многие большевики, включая Троцкого, обнаружили возрождение явлений, которые они рассматривали как свойства бюрократии или проявления бюрократизма.

Эволюция взглядов

Революция и проблема бюрократии: 1917—1922

Терминология
C 1917 по 1922 год Троцкий, наряду с другими членами РСДРП(б), часто высказывал опасения по поводу роста бюрократии в советском государственном аппарате. Однако — в отличие как от партийных оппозиционеров, так и от Ленина — в данный период Троцкий не рассматривал проблему советской бюрократии в марксистских терминах «политического отчуждения»: он не определял ее с точки зрения тенденции политического аппарата доминировать над обществом; он также не считал, что бюрократия была связана с влиянием «эксплуататорских классов» на советское государство. Революционер определял проблему практически исключительно с точки зрения неэффективности советских институтов государственного управления. В частности, он использовал различные значения термина «бюрократия» в отношении трех проблем: он осуждал чиновников («бюрократов»), которые, исходя из личных интересов, выступали против реализации той или иной политики, считавшейся Троцким эффективной; он критиковал как «бюрократизм» и «канцелярщину» неэффективные привычки чиновников; он также осуждал «бюрократию», воплощенную в неэффективной организации целых областей работы.

За первые пять лет существования Советской России разногласия внутри самой большевистской партии (по поводу смысла термина «бюрократия») иногда порождали путаницу, в рамках которой Троцкий, подвергшись политическому осуждению за свои «бюрократические» (авторитарные) методы управления, отвечал обвинениями в «бюрократии» или «бюрократизме» уже в адрес своих критиков. Фактически, стороны использовали один термин для обозначения совершенно разных проблем управления. Твисс считал, что в данный период «исключительная» забота наркомвоенмора Троцкого об эффективности была, в значительной степени, связана с его обязанностями на посту главы крупнейшего отдела всего советского аппарата — военного наркомата. Взгляды Троцкого на бюрократию, сформулированные им до 1923 года, с трудом можно назвать законченной теорией.

О бюрократической неэффективности. Обструкционализм
В конце 1918 года — начале 1919 года имело место первое обсуждение Троцким проблемы советской бюрократии — оно было связано с политическим сопротивлением использованию бывших царских офицеров в Красной армии (см. Военная оппозиция). По мнению Троцкого, подобная изначальная враждебность к специалистам была иррациональна с военной точки зрения и могла быть объяснена только отсутствием знаний (или позиции заботы о личном благополучии). В частности, Троцкий намекал на Сталина (см. Царицынский конфликт).

Кроме того, Троцкий в те годы высмеивал советских бюрократов как людей некомпетентных, самодовольных, ленивых и консервативных; он писал о трудовых привычках и рабочих установках советских чиновников, отмечая их чрезмерную озабоченность формальностями и документами, а также — общую атмосферу апатии и лени. Иногда революционер говорил о «бюрократии» и в позитивном смысле обращая внимание на такие её характеристики как рациональность, «тейлоризм», ответственность, планирование и учёт (в дальнейшем он никогда не возвращался у подобному позитивному описанию явления). Кроме того, Троцкому принадлежит и собственное определение бюрократизма как системы, которая «состоит во внимании к пустой форме за счет содержания» («Внимание к мелочам»).

«Главкократия»

Кроме осуждения самих бюрократов, руководствовавшихся личными интереса, Троцкий отмечал и другой (более важный) аспект бюрократии: неэффективность, которая была, по его мнению, «встроена» в саму структуру советских военных, политических и, в особенности, экономических институтов. В частности, революционер критиковал чрезмерный централизм подобных институтов, а также — их неадекватную координацию между собой. С конца 1919 по 1922 год Троцкий «подробно и последовательно» писал об этой форме бюрократии больше, чем о любой другой. При этом, ещё весной 1919 года он впервые начал осуждать бюрократизм, присущий «неадекватной» координации местных советских институтов: в частности, во время наступления Колчака он жаловался, что подкрепление прибывало на фронт медленно в связи с задержками в поставке униформы для солдат; подобная «волокита» имела место на уровне губерний и уездов.

К концу 1919 года должностные обязанности Троцкого в качестве наркомвоенмора привели его к изучению аналогичных проблем, связанных с неэффективностью военного производства: в этой сфере он вновь обнаружил характерный чрезмерный централизм и неадекватную координацию на местном уровне. В декабре, на седьмом съезде Советов, (а затем и на заседании Московского партийного комитета в следующим месяце) он сообщил однопартийцам, что зачастую одно учреждение губернии располагает тканью, второе — нитками и пуговицами, а третье — свободным швейным цехом; и при этом в той же губернии были расквартированы «неадекватно» одетые солдаты одеты. Проблема состояла в том, что обмен материалами между ведомствами должен был получить одобрение «центра»:

Практика «избыточного» контроля со стороны московских организаций (прежде всего, главков ВСНХ) над провинциальными ведомствами уже осуждалась в тот период: существовал даже специальный термин, «главкизм», для обозначения подобной системы. Троцкий переименовал явление в «главкократию», определив её как «the rule of separate, vertically centralized glavki, which are not
linked organizationally and which are badly coordinated in their work'.[183]». Уже в 1920 году термин Троцкого стал «любимым словечком» () в кругах советских руководящих работников [236]. Даже Зиновьев — политический противник Троцкого в то время — в сентябре 1920 года, на Девятой партийной конференции, одобрил экономический анализ революционера; в 1921 году аналогично поступил и российско-американский экономист, антикоммунист Лео Пасвольский [237].

В различных своих публичных выступлениях Троцкий указывал на те «многочисленные» факторы, которые способствовали формированию «главкократии». По его версии, первоначально подобная система возникла как «необходимая и здоровая» реакция на крайнюю децентрализацию первого революционного периода, наступившего после установления Советской власти. Однако при создании институтов управления были допущены ошибки, поскольку не существовало исторического прецедента, который мог бы служил в качестве руководства к действию. Кроме того, обширность страны, плачевное состояние экономики, унаследованной от «старого режима» — а также и разрушения Гражданской войны — сильно осложнило задачу планирования экономической деятельности.[188] Из всего этого Троцкий в декабре 1920 года заключил, что «главкократия» являлась «переходным моментом при строительстве социалистической экономики», но теперь это была та « переходная форма, которую необходимо было преодолеть».[189]

В тот период Троцкий не соглашался с тем «лечение» бюрократических проблем, которое предлагал Ленин — развитие Рабоче-крестьянской инспекции. Троцкий — считая, что Рабкрин был создан для контроля над экспертами, служившими царю — утверждал в декабре 1920 года, что данный орган не подходил для борьбы с бюрократией. Собственное решение Троцкого состояло в том, чтобы приступить реструктуризации всей советской экономики: от рядовых предприятий до «верха». В рамках предлагавшейся реформы, в первую очередь было необходимо определить степень экономической децентрализации в РСФСР — роль горизонтальной координации местных предприятий [194].

НЭП. Планирование и централизация

С наступлением период Новой экономической политики Троцкий перестал использовать термин «главкократия», но продолжил и даже усилил свою борьбу с бюрократической неэффективностью — причинами которой он теперь видел отсутствие долгосрочного планирования и центральной координации между ведомствами.

В качестве решения революционер предлагал наделить законодательными функциями советский Госплан. Таким образом, основным вопросом в борьбе с бюрократизмом для Троцкого в тот период был необходимость централизованной координации всей экономики страны. По его версии, в отсутствие экономического руководства со стороны авторитетного государственного органа, экономические вопросы решались на разовой основе («так и сяк», ) партийными комитетами: в письме членам Политбюро от 15 января 1923 года [220], Троцкий прямо указывал на это как на причину постоянного направления запросов в Секретариат, Оргбюро и Политбюро ЦК РКП(б), что, в свою очередь, создавало дополнительные бюрократические риски — теперь уже и для партии.

От неэффективности к политическому отчуждению: 1923—1933

Изменение подхода. Последние работы Ленина
Тысяча девятьсот двадцать третий год стал переломным в развитии мысли Троцкого о бюрократии: с этого момента он стал характеризовать проблему в терминах «политического отчуждения», имевшего место сразу во всех политических институтах Советского Союза (см. Грузинское дело (1922)). С 1923 года и до своей гибели Троцкий оставался верен своим взглядам на бюрократизацию в СССР как на явление, вызванное отчуждением — разрывом между государственным аппаратом и «массами». Подобный «сдвиг в фокусе» восприятия привел его мысль в соответствие с доминирующей традицией марксистского анализа бюрократии.

Период с 1923 году характеризовался всё возраставшим конфликтом Троцкого (и его сторонников) с большинством в партийном руководстве, во главе со Сталиным. В этот период Троцкий, продолжая высказываться и об неэффективности бюрократического подхода к решению экономических вопросов, начал активно писать о бюрократизации в партийном аппарате: он начал ассоциировать проблему советской бюрократии с политическим отчуждением, вызванным снижением внутрипартийной демократии. Твисс полагал, что на Троцкого повлияла и собственная изоляция от большинства в политическом руководстве страны, отказывавшемся принять предложения Троцкого об усилении роли планирования в советской экономике. Поскольку Троцкий на протяжении всей своей жизни тесно связывал свою личную судьбу с судьбой революции, то в новых условиях отчуждения от центров власти он стал все больше и больше осознавать проблемы марксистского «политического отчуждения», которые ранее был склонен упускать из виду. Кроме того, по версии Твисса, на наркома повлияли и последние работы Ленина: в своем последнем разговоре с ним Троцкий принял предложение главы совнаркома о союзе для борьбы против бюрократизации партийной жизни.

По мнению Твисса, в этот период наиболее важные замечания Троцкого о государственном бюрократизме появились в статье, написанной для «Правды» (3 апреля) и в харьковской речи (5 апреля). В обоих случаях Троцкий основывал свои мысли на недавних заявлениях Ленина на тему бюрократии: в частности в Харькове Троцкий говорил о проблеме «качества» в государственном управлении, использовав термин «государственная машина», которая:

Троцкий активно заимствовал мысли Ленина — попытки главы советского правительства объяснить причины неэффективности государства. Троцкий, в целом, перенял три источника бюрократизма, о которых писал Ленин в своих последних работах: низкий уровень советской культуры (см. книгу Троцкого «Литература и революция»), трудности строительства советского государства «в разгар революционной турбулентности» и тот факт, что большая часть административного аппарата РСФСР/СССР была «унаследована от царизма» [59][60]. Кроме того Троцкого беспокоило и искажении политики, вызванное «рыночными отношениями», частично вернувшимися в рамках НЭПа и которые, по его версии, оказывали давление извне на советское государство: члены «нэпской буржуазии» даже проникали в государственный аппаратур Советской России. Беспокойство Троцкого заключалось в том, что нэпманы использовали «государственную машину» в интересах частного капитала [63].

В своих предложениях по сокращению государственного бюрократизма Троцкий отделял себя от «крайних позиций» таких оппозиционных групп, как «Рабочая правда» и «Рабочая группа». Взгляды Троцкого в то время состояли в том, что, несмотря на все имевшиеся недостатки, советское государство как таковое не было враждебно по отношению к целям социализма — как утверждали представители данных групп.[67] Революционер также не был согласен с мнением, изложенным в анонимной оппозиционной брошюре, распространенной накануне партийного съезда — в ней содержался призыв к ликвидации ведущей роли большевистской партии[68] .

В начале 1923 года Троцкий объяснил растущий консерватизм и бюрократизм партийного руководства динамикой внутри самой партии: в частности, усилившейся к тому моменту специализацией как партийных чиновников, так и членов партии, вовлеченных в деятельность государственных органов. [81] По словам Троцкого, проблема такой специализации заключалась в том, что она могла привести к развитию «узкоспециализированной перспективы»: «бюрократизму», «ведомственности», «ведомственной дегенерации» и «кристаллизации в верхних слоях партии по профессии и департаменту» [82]. Кроме того на одиннадцатом партийном съезде, проходившем в 1922 год, он уже предупреждал, что озабоченность партии рутинными и практическими вопросами может привести к росту бюрократизма [83] — как это, по версии Троцкого, уже наблюдалось в те годы в западноевропейской социал-демократии и профсоюзном движении. Иными словами, специализация ведущих членов партии могла сузить их восприятие «перспективы» до такой степени, что при решении экономических вопросов они не могли бы понять потребности экономики страны в целом.

Предлагая в качестве решения проблемы бюрократизации ленинскую реформу Рабкрина и собственную идею о реформе Госплана, Троцкий добавлял к ней утверждение, что с бюрократизмом в партии можно бороться, увеличивая долю коммунистов-пролетариев [90] и проводя изменение в политике партийных печатных органов [91]. В частности, революционер рассматривал увеличение числа партийцев «от станка» как эффективный способ изолировать партию от «разлагающего давления» на рынка и НЭПманов.

«Новый курс»

Последовательная теория бюрократии

Бюрократия как каста: 1933—1940

Влияние
В 1979 году будущий профессор права и социальной теории в Университете Нового Южного Уэльса Мартин Кригье отмечал влияние идей Троцкого, опубликованных после 1923 года, на исследователей бюрократии как социального и политического явления: Кригье считал, что труды революционера «оказали значительное влияние на восприятие самого понятия "бюрократия" как более поздними марксистами, так и многими не-марксистами или экс-марксистами».

Ряд ученых также обратил внимание на влияние трудов Троцкого на исследования феномена сталинизма. Например, в 1954 году  утверждал: «Как обвинительный акт сталинизму, восприятие Троцким Советской России является внушительным (). Та или иная версия анализа революционера была принята почти всеми вызывающими доверие критиками Сталина». Британский социалист  отмечал, что несмотря на то, что анализ Троцкого советского строя 1930-х годов может быть подвергнуть критике, «он всё же был отправной точкой для любого серьезного анализа сталинизма с марксистской точки зрения». В 1988 году профессор истории Калифорнийского государственного университета в Ист-Бэй Генри Райхман утверждал, что «критика Троцкого продолжает формировать ключевые элементы того, что многие ученые — в том числе и враждебные марксизму — относят к сталинизму».

Томас Твисс полагал, что теория советской бюрократии, созданная Троцким, важна для изучения как советской истории, так и процесса «капиталистического восстановления» в России, странах бывшего СССР и Восточной Европе, в целом. В частности, уже в XXI веке, британский троцкист Алан Вудс утверждал, что анализ Троцкого «с задержкой в 60 лет» был «полностью оправдан историей», а западные исследователи — такие как профессор политологии Стивен Уайт и профессор международных отношений Аллен С. Линч — обратились к наблюдениям Троцкого от 1936 года, чтобы осветить динамику «капиталистической реставрации» в России.

Историография
Взгляды Троцкого на советскую бюрократию рассматривались в целом ряде исследований: некоторых работы охватывали более широкие спектр проблем; другие были «узко» сосредоточены на одном аспекте из обширной теории революционера (или на одной его конкретной работе); третьи пытались составить краткий «набросок» развития взглядов Троцкого на бюрократию и/или сталинизм.

«Широкие» исследования
К «широким» исследованиям Твисс относил многочисленные биографии Троцкого, общие исследования его политической мысли, а также работы, которые сравнивали взгляды революционера с другими теоретиками. В данной категории наиболее обширное исследование эволюции мысли Троцкого о советской бюрократии содержалось в «классической» биографической трилогии Исаака Дойчера (особенно, во втором и в третьем томах).9 К похожим биографическим работам можно было отнести книгу Wistrich'а «Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary» и последние два тома за авторством Тони Клиффа. К общим исследованиям политической мысли Троцкого Твисс относил книгу Duncan Hallas «Trotsky's Marxism», крупную работу Baruch Knei-Paz «The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky», книги Ernest Mandel «Trotsky as Alternative» and «Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of His Thought», а также — работу John Molyneux «Leon Trotsky's Theory of Revolution». К «книгам-сравнениям» Твисс относил работы Michael M. Lustig «Trotsky and Djilas: Critics of Communist Bureaucracy» и Emanuele Saccarelli «Gramsci and Trotsky in the Shadow of Stalinism». Работы, посвященные другим аспектам мысли советского наркома, в которых содержались его идеи о бюрократии, включали в себя неопубликованную диссертацию Дэвида Лоу «Троцкий в оппозиции: 1923—1940 годы», а также монографии «Эволюция теории революции Троцкого» Кертиса Стокса и «Троцкий, троцкизм и переход к социализму» Питера Бейлхарза.

«Узкие» работы
Среди специализированных работ Твисс выделял прежде всего исследования (очерки, обзоры, статьи, главы и брошюры), посвящённые книге Троцкого «Преданная революция», в которой «объяснялись, интерпретировались, превозносились, критиковались или проверялись» аргументы революционера: «The Bureaucratic Revolution» by Max Shachtman, «State Capitalism in Russia» by Tony Cliff, «Marxism and the U.S.S.R.» by Paul Bellis, «Trotskyism and the Dilemma of Socialism» by Christopher Z. Hobson and Ronald D. Tabor, а также — «Western Marxism and the Soviet Union» by Marcel van der Linden. Кроме того, Джей Бергман, Дэвид Лоу и Роберт Варт опубликовали статьи, посвященные использованию Троцким аналогии с «термидором», а Роберт Макнейл написал текст о восприятии Троцким самого Сталина. Пересмотр Троцким самих понятий о «термидоре» и «бонапартизме», произошедший в феврале 1933 года, является одной из наиболее обсуждаемых частей эволюции мысли наркома о бюрократии: данному изменению посвящены многочисленные исследования.

«Наброски» эволюции и книга Твисса
К 2015 году относительно небольшое число работ было сосредоточено непосредственно на эволюции теории советской бюрократии за авторством Троцкого. Самыми «значительными» из них Твисс считал «Trotsky's Interpretation of Stalinism» Андерсона, «Trotsky on Stalin's Russia» Зигфрида Бане, «The Revolution Betrayed? From Trotsky to the New Class» Martin Krygier, краткое эссе «Trotsky's Analysis of Soviet Bureaucratization» Дэвида У. Ловелла, «Троцкистские интерпретации сталинизма» Роберта Макнейла, а также — Hillel Ticktin's 'Leon Trotsky and the Social Forces Leading to Bureaucracy' и 'Leon Trotsky's Political Economic Analysis of the USSR, 1929-40'. В 2014 году вышло первое издание «вдумчивой и дотошной» книги Твисса «Троцкий и проблема советской бюрократии», которую профессор Кевин Мерфи считал началом «более исторически точной и несектантской» дискуссии о природе сталинской системы в СССР.

Cм. также
 «Преданная революция»
 Теория деформированного рабочего государства
 Троцкий как историк

Примечания

Литература
 Книги

 Гусев А. В. Непознанный класс: Лев Троцкий о советской бюрократии // Альтернативы. — 1998. — № 2. — С. 148—162.

 Роговин В. 3. Л. Д, Троцкий о большевистской и сталинской концепциях социализма // Из истории социальной политики и социально-политической мысли СССР. М.. 1993. С. 5-45.
 Daniels, Robert Vincent. Trotsky, Stalin, and socialism. – Boulder: Westview Press, 1991. – XI,208 c.Библиогр. в конце гл. - Ind.: c.191-208 - На англ. яз. - ISBN 0-8133-1223-X.

 Статьи

 La bureaucratie stalinienne comme «etat» social: considerations a partir de Rakovsky et Trotsky // Les interpretations du stalinisme. — Paris: Presses univ. de France, 1983.
 Éric Toussaint: Lenin and Trotsky confronting the bureaucracy // IV Online, 19 March 2017.

Ссылки

Троцкизм
Политические теории
Бюрократия

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text:
Pleased it is all to play for
Under 21s boss Eric Kinder was delighted with his side's application and commitment after holding Southampton to a goalless draw in the 1st leg of the U21 Premier League Cup final.
Against older and more experienced opposition, the young Rovers more than held their own to ensure it is all to play for in next Monday's second leg at St. Mary's.
It was a closely run contest between the two hardworking sides, with Southampton just edging the chances, but Rovers defended well throughout to keep them at bay in front of 1000 fans at Ewood Park.
"We had a team talk yesterday and said whatever happens make sure we are still in the game when we go down there," Kinder told Rovers Player after the match.
"Our game plan was that we have to be in a position where we can win the game and we've certainly done that.
"I'm delighted with them, I thought they were excellent tonight, their work ethic, developed over the last few months, was put into play tonight.
"And with just a little bit more luck we could be going down there with a lead.
"But I'll take that, we've said all along that we want to be in a position where we can win it and it now becomes a one-off final which is what we wanted all along so we are absolutely delighted.
"I can't single out any of the players I thought they were all magnificent."
The second leg takes place at St. Mary's Stadium on Monday 20th April, kick-off 7.00pm. The game will be shown live on Sky Sports.


text:
The Kurds: A Profile
By Gary Leazer
All Kurds dream of a free Kurdistan, and they hope the overthrow of Saddam Hussein will help them turn dream into reality.
The Medes and the Chaldeans captured Nineveh in 612 B.C., 130 years after Jonah was sent to "that great city" (Jon 1:2). Cyrus, founder of the Persian Empire, defeated the kingdom of the Medes in 550 B.C. Cyrus is best known in Jewish history for his famous decree allowing the Jews to return to Jerusalem from Babylonian captivity in 539 B.C. (Ezra 1:1-4). Medes are again mentioned as being present in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:9).
The Greeks, Romans, Parthians and, later, Muslim caliphates conquered various Kurdish clans. Still, the Kurds enjoyed occasional periods of relative peace until the arrival of the Turkish nomads in the 12th and 13th centuries. During the 16th to 18th centuries, the Turks captured many Kurdish towns and villages, and deported many Kurds from their traditional homes to the far corners of the Turks' Ottoman Empire.
By 1867, the last autonomous Kurdish principality had been conquered by the Turkish and Persian governments. With the Treaty of Sevres in 1921, France and Britain divided up Kurdish areas in the old Ottoman Empire among Turkey, Syria and Iraq.
The Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East, after the Arabs, Persians and Turks. They are the largest ethnic group in the Middle East without their own country. Five million Kurds live in western Iran; 4 million live in northern and eastern Iraq; 10 million live in eastern Turkey; and 1 million live in northern Syria.
The total number of Kurds living in the Middle East is estimated at 20 million, although some sources put the number much higher. By contrast, the population of Saudi Arabia is only 21 million.
Kurds in Turkey may become the majority ethnic group there within 50 years, a fact that has not been missed by the Turkish government, which has aggressively opposed any hint of Kurdish culture and self-determination within its borders. In the current Iraq war, the United States has expressed concern Turkey may cross the border into Iraq to prevent any Kurdish effort at independence in northern Iraq.
The Kurdish language, with its several major dialects, is fundamentally different from Semitic Arabic and Turkish languages, which also sets Kurds apart from their neighbors in the various countries where they live. Sixty percent of Kurds are Sunni Muslims. A small minority are Shia and Sufi Muslims. Minor communities of Jews, Christians and Baha'is are found among the Kurds.
Most non-Muslim Kurds, approximately 30 percent of all Kurds, follow an indigenous Kurdish faith, loosely called the "Cult of the Angels," Yazdani in Kurdish. There are three branches of the Cult of the Angels. Followers believe in seven luminous, angelic beings, who protect the universe from an equal number of dark forces of matter. Followers believe in the transmigration of souls through numerous reincarnations, and also a "Universal Spirit" whose major involvement in the world was as creator.
The other angelic beings may appear as "avatars." The Cult accepts Muhammad and Ali, the first Shia Imam, as avatars, a teaching that has brought persecution from Shia Muslims. The Cult is a universalist religion. Its believers have little difficulty being associated with Islam, Christianity or any other religion, which are seen as versions of the Cult.
Some Cult followers comfortably claim to be Shia Muslims, despite the fact that their basic teachings conflict with those in the Qur'an. The Cult does not have a single holy book accepted by all followers. Cult tradition says the Magi, or wise men who visited the Christ child, were leaders of the Cult of the Angels.
The Cult rejects the idea of a physical heaven or hell. After reincarnations, "righteous" people become one with the Universal Spirit. The unrighteous and the material world will be annihilated.
A ritual gathering or ceremony, called a "Jamkhana" or simply "Jam," is held every seven days. The number "seven" is a holy number. A major ceremony is held once per year, the date of which varies among the branches.
Gary Leazer is the founder and president of the Center for Interfaith Studies, Inc.
Gary Leazer Kurdistan Turkey
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