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Home Perspectives War in Afghanistan evokes Second World War parallels
War in Afghanistan evokes Second World War parallels
Rick Rozoff
With the Pentagon and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization planning the largest military campaign of the Afghan war this summer in the south, Kandahar province, a complementary offensive in the north, Kunduz province, and increased troop strength of 150,000 in preparation for the assaults, a war that will enter its tenth calendar year this October 7 is reaching the apex of its intensity.
The length of the war if not the amount of troops deployed for it inevitably conjures up a comparison with the U.S. war in Vietnam, before now the longest in America's history. Not only protracted but intractable, with its escalation in earnest beginning in early 1965 and the end of U.S. combat operations not occurring until 1973.
Another analogy is with the Korean War, far shorter in duration – three years – and with fewer U.S. troops and deaths than in Vietnam.
In at least two manners the Korean War more closely resembles the current armed conflict in South Asia. First, foreign intervention was formally authorized by the United Nations although in effect it was a U.S.-led and -dominated military operation on the Asian mainland.
Second, Washington then, as now, recruited troops from allied nations, particularly from members of post-World War II military blocs it had formed or was in the process of establishing. In addition to South Korea, soldiers from fifteen other countries fought under U.S. (and nominal UN) command.
From NATO, formed the year before the Korean War began in 1950: Britain, Canada, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and then candidate members Greece and Turkey.
From the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS), formed during the Korean War in September of 1951: All three members.
From what in 1955 would be formalized as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), envisioned at the time as an Asian parallel to NATO: The Philippines, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand, along with the U.S., Britain and France which were also founding members.
Washington additionally dragooned between 1,800-3,000 troops each from Colombia, Ethiopia and apartheid South Africa for the war effort.
SEATO was dissolved in 1977 and ANZUS remains an active alliance, although for the expanding war in Afghanistan (and neighboring Pakistan) all foreign troops, including in the near future "virtually all American forces," [1] are or will be under NATO command, including the first contingent of troops from Colombia. Australia and New Zealand, with 1,550 and 200 troops respectively, are now identified as NATO Contact Countries.
To return to the Vietnam precedent, on July 2, 2009 the U.S. launched its largest military offensive anywhere since the second attack on Fallujah in Iraq in 2004, Operation Phantom Fury, which included a total of 10,000-15,000 American troops.
In Operation Khanjar (Strike of the Sword) conducted in Afghanistan's Helmand province, 4,000 U.S. forces and fifty aircraft participated in an assault that included "the biggest offensive airlift by the Marines since Vietnam." [2]
In February 15,000 U.S., NATO and Afghan government troops launched the largest joint military attack of the war against the town of Marjah in Helmand province, with an estimated population of 75,000-80,000 and by one account as few as 400 suspected insurgents. [3] A more than 27-1 ratio of armed belligerents. The insurgents were not only outnumbered but outgunned and unlike their opponents didn't have warplanes for air cover and bombing and strafing runs. Western troops were ferried in by helicopters and rockets were fired from a High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, in one case killing ten members of an Afghan family when their house was hit.
Nevertheless a U.S. officer described the fighting being as tough as that in Fallujah six years earlier. "In Fallujah, it was just as intense. But there, we started from the north and worked down to the south. In Marjah, we're coming in from different locations and working toward the centre, so we're taking fire from all angles." [4]
The offensive was initiated on February 13th and six weeks later it was reported that U.S. and NATO troops were "still coming under fire and being targeted by bomb attacks despite efforts to restore Afghan government control." [5]
The Russian ambassador to NATO, Dmitry Rogozin, "said he was puzzled by allied claims that the offensive was a success," according to the Associated Press, which moreover attributed a further statement of Rogozin's – "So the result (of the Marjah offensive) was that the mountain shook, but only a mouse was born" – to a "Russian proverb." [6]
What the Russian envoy no doubt knew if the U.S. news agency's writer and editors didn't was that Rogozin's line was a quote from the Roman poet Horace: Parturiunt montes; nascetur ridiculus mus. The mountains are in labor; a ridiculous mouse will be born.
While the mountain was writhing with a stillborn victory, U.S. President Barack Obama paid an unannounced one-day visit to the Afghan capital of Kabul to, as it can be safely assumed, remind his Afghan counterpart Hamid Karzai who was in charge of the country.
The following day the U.S.'s top military commander, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, visited Marjah forty days after the offensive was unleashed there and in a news report entitled "Mullen in Afghan war zone as US gears up for Kandahar" it was disclosed that "The United States and allies have boosted their troop numbers to 126,000, with the number set to peak at 150,000 by August as the fight expands into neighbouring Kandahar province, the heartland of the insurgency." [7]
If the U.S. and its NATO allies faced 400-2,000 armed fighters in Marjah (the most common figure cited in the Western press was 600), a town of no more than 80,000 inhabitants, and still confronted snipers and improvised explosive devices a month and a half into the operation, Kandahar presents a challenge several orders of magnitude greater. The province has a population of almost one million with half that number in the capital. It is also, in the copy and paste style of the American establishment news media, routinely referred to as the "heartland of the insurgency" and the "birthplace of Taliban."
The assault on Marjah was intended and presented as a warm-up exercise for the campaign in Kandahar province and city scheduled to begin as early as June, and the public relations blitz before the February attack on Marjah was of a scope customarily reserved for high-budget Hollywood releases and professional sports events. The self-celebratory propaganda in advance of the offensive in Kandahar can be expected to exceed it in bravado and extravagance. To be proportionate to the scale of the fighting. The "battle for Kandahar" is intended to be the decisive victory in what will then be a nearly nine-year war, one that permits Washington and its Western allies to "retreat in dignity" from the Afghan imbroglio.
In preparation for the offensive the U.S. is increasing the transfer of troops and military equipment to the war zone. In early April the Pentagon's Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Ashton B. Carter affirmed that the "massive amount of equipment and supplies being sent to support troops in Afghanistan is a historic logistical effort," and stated:
"I think it's fair to say that there's never been, like in these months that we're witnessing right now, as dramatic a logistics effort as we see in Afghanistan." [8]
He was further cited detailing the expanding scope of the Afghan war surge supply effort: "From the ramp up of airlifts, sealifts and ground supply lines, to the building of forward operating bases, runways and tent cities…the effort to build up and supply the plus up of troops in Afghanistan is critical to NATO's success there." [9]
In 2008 NATO established its first multinational Strategic Airlift Capability operation at the Papa Air Base in Hungary, intended for supplying war efforts around the world in future but for the conflict in Afghanistan most immediately. The "first-of-its-kind mobility unit comprising airmen from 12 nations" [10] is staffed by U.S. military personnel, who are also now permanently stationed at bases in Bulgaria and Romania and later this month will be in Poland as well. Late last July the "first-ever multinational strategic airlift unit was officially activated…at a ceremony at Papa Air Base, Hungary, according to a U.S. Air Forces in Europe release." [11]
A Pentagon website disclosed this April 2nd that the Hungarian-based "Heavy Airlift Wing, comprised of 12 nations, recently moved 2.1 million pounds of equipment essential to surge operations supporting the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.
"The international wing has been part of the operation to move more than 6 million pounds of basic expeditionary airfield resources, or BEAR materiel, to build six forward operating bases supporting 3,500 people…." [12]
At a press conference in early April the new commander of the U.S. Third – "Patton's Own" – Army (United States Army Central), Lieutenant General William G. Webster, informed reporters in Kuwait that "The military is scrambling to finish what it calls the largest movement of troops and equipment since the buildup of World War II as it draws down in Iraq and ramps up in Afghanistan."
He added that "the military is moving as fast as it can on the massive and complex job. There are roughly 3 million pieces of equipment in Iraq, including 41,000 vehicles and trailers," and "officials expect to be able to move the more than 5,000 vehicles needed for the Afghanistan buildup into that country by the end of the summer.
"Besides air deliveries to Afghanistan, the military is moving goods through neighboring Pakistan and is using a system of roads, rail and sea routes through Uzbekistan and other points to the north in Central Asia." [13]
General Webster's was not the only recent reference to World War II in regards to the Afghan war. There is no literal comparison between the ongoing fighting in Afghanistan and the most deadly and destructive armed conflict in human history. The Second World War included all the world's major industrial powers as belligerents (Sweden alone possibly excepted), which collectively mobilized up to 100 million troops.
The war cost the lives of as many as 70 million people, soldiers and civilians alike.
In the nuclear age the world would not survive any attempt at a similar conflagration.
But that war is increasingly becoming the frame of reference for the fighting in the Afghanistan-Pakistan theater.
In the April 1st edition of Toronto's Global and Mail Michael O'Hanlon, director of research and senior fellow on foreign policy issues at the Brookings Institution, wrote in an opinion piece called "Kandahar is what the Canada-U.S. alliance is all about" that "Americans need to feel unabashed about asking Canada to stay on in Afghanistan past 2011," as the two nations "are beginning the most important combined wartime operation since the Second World War." [14]
Canada has lost 141 soldiers in Afghanistan, most all of them in Kandahar. That death toll is Canada's highest since the Korean War, which ended 57 years ago. Australia, which had not suffered combat casualties since the wars in Korea and Vietnam, has acknowledged that twenty of its soldiers have been wounded in Afghanistan so far this year.
The carnage against Afghan civilians perpetrated by the U.S. and NATO from the sky and on the ground is steadily mounting (as deaths from U.S. drone missile attacks in adjoining Pakistan near the 800 mark). From Kunduz last autumn and Marjah the last two months to the unconscionable murder of two pregnant women (one a mother of ten, the other of six), a teenage girl and others in the village of Khataba in Paktia province in February, the counterinsurgency strategy of General McChrystal, commander of all U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan, is producing its lethal effect.
The war is also costing NATO a rising number of casualties in the military bloc's first ground war. As of April 3rd Western nations had lost 144 soldiers this year. In the first three months of 2010 the NATO-led International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) acknowledged at least 138 deaths as compared to 78 during the same quarter in 2009, which itself was the deadliest year for U.S. and NATO forces – 520 losses – since the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. "Military planners have said they expect an escalation of deaths and injuries among foreign troops as deployments surge to a peak of 150,000 by August…." [15]
American combat deaths also "roughly doubled in the first three months of 2010 compared to the same period last year," and "have been accompanied by a dramatic spike in the number of wounded, with injuries more than tripling in the first two months of the year and trending in the same direction based on the latest available data for March."
"U.S. officials have warned that casualties are likely to rise even further as the Pentagon completes its deployment of 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan and sets its sights on the Taliban's home base of Kandahar province, where a major operation is expected in the coming months." [16]
On April 2nd three German soldiers were killed and five seriously wounded in a firefight with an estimated 200 insurgents in the northern Afghan province of Kunduz. According to Deutsche Presse-Agentur, "It was the highest number of casualties the postwar German armed forces, the Bundeswehr, have suffered in battle and brought to 39 the number of German soldiers killed in Afghanistan." [17] That is, the three soldiers killed represented the most German combat fatalities in a single skirmish since the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945. The 39 deaths in total are the first since the end of World War II.
German NATO troops responded by killing six Afghan government soldiers in the same province on the same day.
In mid-March German General Bruno Kasdorf, chief of staff of the International Security and Assistance Force in the Afghan capital, informed German public radio that "There will definitely be an operation up there in Kunduz (province)," and that the offensive would be "similar" in scale "to the offensive currently underway in the southern province of Helmand involving 15,000 US, NATO and Afghan troops." [18]
Germany currently has approximately 4,300 troops in Afghanistan, the third largest contingent after the U.S. and Britain and the most deployed abroad in the post-World War II period since 8,500 troops were assigned to the NATO force in Kosovo in 1999. [19]
In Afghanistan, as evidenced above, they are in an active war zone for the first time in 65 years. Last September 5th German troops called in NATO air strikes against villages near their base in Kunduz which resulted in the deaths of over 150 Afghan civilians. [20]
German Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development Dirk Niebel, who was in Afghanistan on the day of the deadly fighting that cost the lives of five of his own country's soldiers and six from the government of Afghanistan, the protection of which is the pretext for German military involvement in the nation, in speaking of his nation's combat troops at a ceremony for those killed on April 2nd stated, "They want people to understand that they have to defend themselves – sometimes also preventatively. And they don't understand why they have to explain themselves to the German public, or why they could even be prosecuted." [21]
Another report of the same day quoted German Defense Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg asseverating, "We will stay in Afghanistan" although the mission is being conducted under "war-like" circumstances and the situation confronting German troops could be categorized as a war.
"The remarks reflect calls by Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle and some others to reclassify the German mission in Afghanistan as 'armed conflict.' So far, German military forces have been subjected to the civil penal code, given their participation in training Afghan police and soldiers and in reconstruction activities." [22]
Reclassifying Germany's – unequivocal and incontrovertible – combat mission in Afghanistan as war in place of the previous designations of peacekeeping and reconstruction would allow for a relaxation of legal and other constraints on its troops, so-called combat caveats, so that massacres like that in Kunduz last September will be more likely to be repeated and less likely to be prosecuted.
Germany's military role in NATO's first Asian war is of special significance as the May 8th (May 9th in much of Eastern Europe) 65th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe approaches.
When the leaders of the Big Three allied powers – Britain, the Soviet Union and the U.S. – met in Yalta and Potsdam in 1945 to discuss what a post-war Europe would look like, particular emphasis was placed on building a new legal and security structure that would prevent the possibility of the horrors of the Second World War ever again being inflicted on the continent and the world.
The nation that had ignited the deadliest war in human history – Germany with its invasions of Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941 – was to be demilitarized. At the time many in the world hoped the model might be extended to all of Europe and to the rest of the world.
That wish was dashed with the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 and the inclusion of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) into the military bloc six years afterward.
Germany would violate the post-World War II prohibition against engaging in armed conflicts by supplying Luftwaffe warplanes for NATO's 78-day air war against Yugoslavia in 1999 and then by deploying troops for what has now become a full-fledged combat role in Afghanistan. German forces have been appointed to lead fellow NATO nations' troops in the upcoming large-scale military offensive in Kunduz province.
On May 9th troops from the other Second World War allied powers in the European theater – the U.S., Britain and France – are for the first time to March in the Victory Day parade in the Russian capital.
There are different ways to commemorate the end of the world's bloodiest war.
Britain's Sunday Telegraph ran a feature on April 4th titled "Luftwaffe and RAF join forces in Afghanistan," which celebrated the fact that "Sixty-five years after the end of the Second World War" a "Luftwaffe navigator has flown into combat in the same plane as an RAF pilot for the very first time."
That the British Royal Air Force and its German opposite number would not only forget dogfights over the English channel and bombing raids over the continent in the early 1940s but join ranks in combat missions over an unoffending nation and its people in faraway South Asia seemed a cause for approbation to the major British daily, which detailed that "the [German] navigator climbed into a Tornado GR4 ground attack aircraft at Kandahar airbase in southern Afghanistan to provide air support for troops in Helmand province." The British Tornado GR4 multirole fighter, equipped for Storm Shadow and Brimstone missiles, earlier saw action in Iraq.
In fact the Tornado combat plane jointly flown by a German and a British pilot in Afghanistan "was armed with 500lb Paveway air-to-ground bombs, Brimstone missiles and a 27mm cannon." [23]
On May 8th and 9th when the world remembers the end of a conflict that accounted for the largest-ever loss of human life, two distinct, exclusive and even opposite interpretations will be offered on the events of 65 years ago.
One is that humanity must never allow the use of war to achieve political, territorial and economic objectives or in the name of redressing past grievances, all too often simply a matter of revenge.
The other is that the majority of the world's major military powers must intensify plans for international armed intervention based on global rapid deployment forces able to confront and attack any nation accused of posing a threat outside or inside its borders. "Preventatively."
The West's war in Afghanistan – with an ever-widening network of military bases and transportation infrastructure in Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus, the Middle East, and Central and South Asia servicing it – is the era's most egregious example of the second strategy.
[1]. Associated Press, March 16, 2010
[2]. Associated Press, July 1, 2009
[3]. Associated Press, February 14, 2010
[4]. Christian Science Monitor, February 14, 2010
[5]. Agence France-Presse, March 31, 2010
[8]. U.S. Department of Defense, American Forces Press Service, April 2, 2010
[9]. Ibid
[10]. U.S. Air Forces in Europe, June 2, 2009
[11]. Stars and Stripes, July 29, 2009
[12]. United States European Command, April 2, 2010
[13]. Associated Press, April 2, 2010
[14]. Globe and Mail, April 1, 2010
[15]. Daily Jang/The News, March 31, 2010
[16]. Associated Press, March 28, 2010
[17]. Deutsche Presse-Agentur, April 2, 2010
[18]. Agence France-Presse, March 18, 2010
[19]. New NATO: Germany Returns To World Military Stage, Stop NATO, July 12, 2009
http://tinyurl.com/y9onmat
[20]. Pajhwok Afghan News, September 5, 2009, Following Afghan Election, NATO Intensifies Deployments, Carnage, Stop NATO, September 6, 2009
http://tinyurl.com/ybmp8ul
[21]. Deutsche Welle, April 4, 2010
[23]. Sunday Telegraph, April 4, 2010
Allied Powers
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Rick Rozoff, a peace activist and an analyst of international affairs for forty years, contributed this article to Media Monitors Network (MMN) from Chicago, Illinois, USA.


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This Too Shall Pass: Unassailable Monopolies That Were, in Hindsight, Eminently Assailable
Geoffrey Manne & Alec Stapp — 1 April 2019
Source: Benedict Evans
[N]ew combinations are, as a rule, embodied, as it were, in new firms which generally do not arise out of the old ones but start producing beside them; … in general it is not the owner of stagecoaches who builds railways. – Joseph Schumpeter, January 1934
Elizabeth Warren wants to break up the tech giants — Facebook, Google, Amazon, and Apple — claiming they have too much power and represent a danger to our democracy. As part of our response to her proposal, we shared a couple of headlines from 2007 claiming that MySpace had an unassailable monopoly in the social media market.
Tommaso Valletti, the chief economist of the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) of the European Commission, said, in what we assume was a reference to our posts, "they go on and on with that single example to claim that [Facebook] and [Google] are not a problem 15 years later … That's not what I would call an empirical regularity."
We appreciate the invitation to show that prematurely dubbing companies "unassailable monopolies" is indeed an empirical regularity.
It's Tough to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future of Competition in Tech
No one is immune to this phenomenon. Antitrust regulators often take a static view of competition, failing to anticipate dynamic technological forces that will upend market structure and competition.
Scientists and academics make a different kind of error. They are driven by the need to satisfy their curiosity rather than shareholders. Upon inventing a new technology or discovering a new scientific truth, academics often fail to see the commercial implications of their findings.
Maybe the titans of industry don't make these kinds of mistakes because they have skin in the game? The profit and loss statement is certainly a merciless master. But it does not give CEOs the power of premonition. Corporate executives hailed as visionaries in one era often become blinded by their success, failing to see impending threats to their company's core value propositions.
Furthermore, it's often hard as outside observers to tell after the fact whether business leaders just didn't see a tidal wave of disruption coming or, worse, they did see it coming and were unable to steer their bureaucratic, slow-moving ships to safety. Either way, the outcome is the same.
Here's the pattern we observe over and over: extreme success in one context makes it difficult to predict how and when the next paradigm shift will occur in the market. Incumbents become less innovative as they get lulled into stagnation by high profit margins in established lines of business. (This is essentially the thesis of Clay Christensen's The Innovator's Dilemma).
Even if the anti-tech populists are powerless to make predictions, history does offer us some guidance about the future. We have seen time and again that apparently unassailable monopolists are quite effectively assailed by technological forces beyond their control.
Source: Horace Dediu
Jan 1977: Commodore PET released
Jun 1977: Apple II released
Aug 1977: TRS-80 released
Feb 1978: "I.B.M. Says F.T.C. Has Ended Its Typewriter Monopoly Study" (NYT)
Source: Comscore
Mar 2000: Palm Pilot IPO's at $53 billion
Sep 2006: "Everyone's always asking me when Apple will come out with a cellphone. My answer is, 'Probably never.'" – David Pogue (NYT)
Apr 2007: "There's no chance that the iPhone is going to get any significant market share." Ballmer (USA TODAY)
Jun 2007: iPhone released
Nov 2007: "Nokia: One Billion Customers—Can Anyone Catch the Cell Phone King?" (Forbes)
Sep 2013: "Microsoft CEO Ballmer Bids Emotional Farewell to Wall Street" (Reuters)
If there's one thing I regret, there was a period in the early 2000s when we were so focused on what we had to do around Windows that we weren't able to redeploy talent to the new device form factor called the phone.
Source: Distilled
Mar 1998: "How Yahoo! Won the Search Wars" (Fortune)
Once upon a time, Yahoo! was an Internet search site with mediocre technology. Now it has a market cap of $2.8 billion. Some people say it's the next America Online.
Sep 1998: Google founded
Sep 2000: "AOL Quietly Linking AIM, ICQ" (ZDNet)
AOL's dominance of instant messaging technology, the kind of real-time e-mail that also lets users know when others are online, has emerged as a major concern of regulators scrutinizing the company's planned merger with Time Warner Inc. (twx). Competitors to Instant Messenger, such as Microsoft Corp. (msft) and Yahoo! Inc. (yhoo), have been pressing the Federal Communications Commission to force AOL to make its services compatible with competitors'.
Dec 2000: "AOL's Instant Messaging Monopoly?" (Wired)
Dec 2015: Report for the European Parliament
There have been isolated examples, as in the case of obligations of the merged AOL / Time Warner to make AOL Instant Messenger interoperable with competing messaging services. These obligations on AOL are widely viewed as having been a dismal failure.
Oct 2017: AOL shuts down AIM
Jan 2019: "Zuckerberg Plans to Integrate WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook Messenger" (NYT)
Source: Seeking Alpha
May 1997: Amazon IPO
Mar 1998: American Booksellers Association files antitrust suit against Borders, B&N
Feb 2005: Amazon Prime launches
Jul 2006: "Breaking the Chain: The Antitrust Case Against Wal-Mart" (Harper's)
Feb 2011: "Borders Files for Bankruptcy" (NYT)
Feb 2004: Facebook founded
Jan 2007: "MySpace Is a Natural Monopoly" (TechNewsWorld)
Seventy percent of Yahoo 360 users, for example, also use other social networking sites — MySpace in particular. Ditto for Facebook, Windows Live Spaces and Friendster … This presents an obvious, long-term business challenge to the competitors. If they cannot build up a large base of unique users, they will always be on MySpace's periphery.
Feb 2007: "Will Myspace Ever Lose Its Monopoly?" (Guardian)
Jun 2011: "Myspace Sold for $35m in Spectacular Fall from $12bn Heyday" (Guardian)
Source: RIAA
Dec 2003: "The subscription model of buying music is bankrupt. I think you could make available the Second Coming in a subscription model, and it might not be successful." – Steve Jobs (Rolling Stone)
Apr 2006: Spotify founded
Jul 2009: "Apple's iPhone and iPod Monopolies Must Go" (PC World)
Jun 2015: Apple Music announced
Source: OnlineMBAPrograms
Apr 2003: Netflix reaches one million subscribers for its DVD-by-mail service
Mar 2005: FTC blocks Blockbuster/Hollywood Video merger
Sep 2006: Amazon launches Prime Video
Jan 2007: Netflix streaming launches
Oct 2007: Hulu launches
May 2010: Hollywood Video's parent company files for bankruptcy
Sep 2010: Blockbuster files for bankruptcy
The Only Winning Move Is Not to Play
Predicting the future of competition in the tech industry is such a fraught endeavor that even articles about how hard it is to make predictions include incorrect predictions. The authors just cannot help themselves. A March 2012 BBC article "The Future of Technology… Who Knows?" derided the naysayers who predicted doom for Apple's retail store strategy. Its kicker?
And that is why when you read that the Blackberry is doomed, or that Microsoft will never make an impression on mobile phones, or that Apple will soon dominate the connected TV market, you need to take it all with a pinch of salt.
But Blackberry was doomed and Microsoft never made an impression on mobile phones. (Half credit for Apple TV, which currently has a 15% market share).
Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman wrote a piece for Red Herring magazine (seriously) in June 1998 with the title "Why most economists' predictions are wrong." Headline-be-damned, near the end of the article he made the following prediction:
The growth of the Internet will slow drastically, as the flaw in "Metcalfe's law"—which states that the number of potential connections in a network is proportional to the square of the number of participants—becomes apparent: most people have nothing to say to each other! By 2005 or so, it will become clear that the Internet's impact on the economy has been no greater than the fax machine's.
Robert Metcalfe himself predicted in a 1995 column that the Internet would "go spectacularly supernova and in 1996 catastrophically collapse." After pledging to "eat his words" if the prediction did not come true, "in front of an audience, he put that particular column into a blender, poured in some water, and proceeded to eat the resulting frappe with a spoon."
Benedict Evans, a venture capitalist at Andreessen Horowitz, has the best summary of why competition in tech is especially difficult to predict:
IBM, Microsoft and Nokia were not beaten by companies doing what they did, but better. They were beaten by companies that moved the playing field and made their core competitive assets irrelevant. The same will apply to Facebook (and Google, Amazon and Apple).
Elsewhere, Evans tried to reassure his audience that we will not be stuck with the current crop of tech giants forever:
With each cycle in tech, companies find ways to build a moat and make a monopoly. Then people look at the moat and think it's invulnerable. They're generally right. IBM still dominates mainframes and Microsoft still dominates PC operating systems and productivity software. But… It's not that someone works out how to cross the moat. It's that the castle becomes irrelevant. IBM didn't lose mainframes and Microsoft didn't lose PC operating systems. Instead, those stopped being ways to dominate tech. PCs made IBM just another big tech company. Mobile and the web made Microsoft just another big tech company. This will happen to Google or Amazon as well. Unless you think tech progress is over and there'll be no more cycles … It is deeply counter-intuitive to say 'something we cannot predict is certain to happen'. But this is nonetheless what's happened to overturn pretty much every tech monopoly so far.
If this time is different — or if there are more false negatives than false positives in the monopoly prediction game — then the advocates for breaking up Big Tech should try to make that argument instead of falling back on "big is bad" rhetoric. As for us, we'll bet that we have not yet reached the end of history — tech progress is far from over.
In antitrust, antitrust division, federal trade commission, monopolization, private antitrust litigation, truth on the market	Amazon, antitrust, antitrust populism, Apple, big tech, DGComp, elizabeth warren, facebook, google, Hulu, microsoft, Netflix, Schumpeter, Spotify, Walmart
Fair use's fatal conceit
Geoffrey Manne — 21 February 2017
My colleague, Neil Turkewitz, begins his fine post for Fair Use Week (read: crashing Fair Use Week) by noting that
Many of the organizations celebrating fair use would have you believe, because it suits their analysis, that copyright protection and the public interest are diametrically opposed. This is merely a rhetorical device, and is a complete fallacy.
If I weren't a recovering law professor, I would just end there: that about sums it up, and "the rest is commentary," as they say. Alas….
All else equal, creators would like as many people to license their works as possible; there's no inherent incompatibility between "incentives and access" (which is just another version of the fallacious "copyright protection versus the public interest" trope). Everybody wants as much access as possible. Sure, consumers want to pay as little as possible for it, and creators want to be paid as much as possible. That's a conflict, and at the margin it can seem like a conflict between access and incentives. But it's not a fundamental, philosophical, and irreconcilable difference — it's the last 15 minutes of negotiation before the contract is signed.
Reframing what amounts to a fundamental agreement into a pitched battle for society's soul is indeed a purely rhetorical device — and a mendacious one, at that.
The devil is in the details, of course, and there are still disputes on the margin, as I said. But it helps to know what they're really about, and why they are so far from the fanciful debates the copyright scolds wish we were having.
First, price is, in fact, a big deal. For the creative industries it can be the difference between, say, making one movie or a hundred, and for artists is can be the difference between earning a livelihood writing songs or packing it in for a desk job.
But despite their occasional lip service to the existence of trade-offs, many "fair-users" see price — i.e., licensing agreements — as nothing less than a threat to social welfare. After all, the logic runs, if copies can be made at (essentially) zero marginal cost, a positive price is just extortion. They say, "more access!," but they don't mean, "more access at an agreed-upon price;" they mean "zero-price access, and nothing less." These aren't the same thing, and when "fair use" is a stand-in for "zero-price use," fair-users moving the goalposts — and being disingenuous about it.
The other, related problem, of course, is piracy. Sometimes rightsholders' objections to the expansion of fair use are about limiting access. But typically that's true only where fine-tuned contracting isn't feasible, and where the only realistic choice they're given is between no access for some people, and pervasive (and often unstoppable) piracy. There are any number of instances where rightsholders have no realistic prospect of efficiently negotiating licensing terms and receiving compensation, and would welcome greater access to their works even without a license — as long as the result isn't also (or only) excessive piracy. The key thing is that, in such cases, opposition to fair use isn't opposition to reasonable access, even free access. It's opposition to piracy.
Time-shifting with VCRs and space-shifting with portable mp3 players (to take two contentious historical examples) fall into this category (even if they are held up — as they often are — by the fair-users as totems of their fanciful battle ). At least at the time of the Sony and Diamond Rio cases, when there was really no feasible way to enforce licenses or charge differential prices for such uses, the choice rightsholders faced was effectively all-or-nothing, and they had to pick one. I'm pretty sure, all else equal, they would have supported such uses, even without licenses and differential compensation — except that the piracy risk was so significant that it swamped the likely benefits, tilting the scale toward "nothing" instead of "all."
Again, the reality is that creators and rightsholders were confronted with a choice between two imperfect options; neither was likely "right," and they went with the lesser evil. But one can't infer from that constrained decision an inherent antipathy to fair use. Sadly, such decisions have to be made in the real world, not law reviews and EFF blog posts. As economists Benjamin Klein, Andres Lerner and Kevin Murphy put it regarding the Diamond Rio case:
[R]ather than representing an attempt by copyright-holders to increase their profits by controlling legally established "fair uses,"… the obvious record-company motivation is to reduce the illegal piracy that is encouraged by the technology. Eliminating a "fair use" [more accurately, "opposing an expansion of fair use" -ed.] is not a benefit to the record companies; it is an unfortunate cost they have to bear to solve the much larger problem of infringing uses. The record companies face competitive pressure to avoid these costs by developing technologies that distinguish infringing from non-infringing copying.
This last point is important, too. Fair-users don't like technological protection measures, either, even if they actually facilitate licensing and broader access to copyrighted content. But that really just helps to reveal the poverty of their position. They should welcome technology that expands access, even if it also means that it enables rightsholders to fine-tune their licenses and charge a positive price. Put differently: Why do they hate Spotify!?
I'm just hazarding a guess here, but I suspect that the antipathy to technological solutions goes well beyond the short-term limits on some current use of content that copyright minimalists think shouldn't be limited. If technology, instead of fair use, is truly determinative of the extent of zero-price access, then their ability to seriously influence (read: rein in) the scope of copyright is diminished. Fair use is amorphous. They can bring cases, they can lobby Congress, they can pen strongly worded blog posts, and they can stage protests. But they can't do much to stop technological progress. Of course, technology does at least as much to limit the enforceability of licenses and create new situations where zero-price access is the norm. But still, R&D is a lot harder than PR.
What's more, if technology were truly determinative, it would frequently mean that former fair uses could become infringing at some point (or vice versa, of course). Frankly, there's no reason for time-shifting of TV content to continue to be considered a fair use today. We now have the technology to both enable time shifting and to efficiently license content for the purpose, charge a differential price for it, and enforce the terms. In fact, all of that is so pervasive today that most users do pay for time-shifting technologies, under license terms that presumably define the scope of their right to do so; they just may not have read the contract. Where time-shifting as a fair use rears its ugly head today is in debates over new, infringing technology where, in truth, the fair use argument is really a malleable pretext to advocate for a restriction on the scope of copyright (e.g., Aereo).
In any case, as the success of business models like Spotify and Netflix (to say nothing of Comcast's X1 interface and new Xfinity Stream app) attest, technology has enabled users to legitimately engage in what was once conceivable seemingly only under fair use. Yes, at a price — one that millions of people are willing to pay. It is surely the case that rightsholders' licensing of technologies like these have made content more accessible, to more people, and with higher-quality service, than a regime of expansive unlicensed use could ever have done.
At the same time, let's not forget that, often, even when they could efficiently distribute content only at a positive price, creators offer up scads of content for free, in myriad ways. Sure, the objective is to maximize revenue overall by increasing exposure, price discriminating, or enhancing the quality of paid-for content in some way — but so what? More content is more content, and easier access is easier access. All of that uncompensated distribution isn't rightsholders nodding toward the copyright scolds' arguments; it's perfectly consistent with licensing. Obviously, the vast majority of music, for example, is listened-to subject to license agreements, not because of fair use exceptions or rightsholders' largesse.
For the vast majority of creators, users and uses, licensed access works, and gets us massive amounts of content and near ubiquitous access. The fair use disputes we do have aren't really about ensuring broad access; that's already happening. Rather, those disputes are either niggling over the relatively few ambiguous margins on the one hand, or, on the other, fighting the fair-users' manufactured, existential fight over whether copyright exceptions will subsume the rule. The former is to be expected: Copyright boundaries will always be imperfect, and courts will always be asked to make the close calls. The latter, however, is simply a drain on resources that could be used to create more content, improve its quality, distribute it more broadly, or lower prices.
Copyright law has always been, and always will be, operating in the shadow of technology — technology both for distribution and novel uses, as well as for pirating content. The irony is that, as digital distribution expands, it has dramatically increased the risk of piracy, even as copyright minimalists argue that the low costs of digital access justify a more expansive interpretation of fair use — which would, in turn, further increase the risk of piracy.
Creators' opposition to this expansion has nothing to do with opposition to broad access to content, and everything to do with ensuring that piracy doesn't overwhelm their ability to get paid, and to produce content in the first place.
Even were fair use to somehow disappear tomorrow, there would be more and higher-quality content, available to more people in more places, than ever before. But creators have no interest in seeing fair use disappear. What they do have is an interest in is licensing their content as broadly as possible when doing so is efficient, and in minimizing piracy. Sometimes legitimate fair-use questions get caught in the middle. We could and should have a reasonable debate over the precise contours of fair use in such cases. But the false dichotomy of creators against users makes that extremely difficult. Until the disingenuous rhetoric is clawed back, we're stuck with needless fights that don't benefit either users or creators — although they do benefit the policy scolds, academics, wonks and businesses that foment them.
In contracts, copyright, economics, intellectual property, law and economics, technology	Aereo, copyright, Diamond Rio, fair use, Netflix, piracy, Sony, Spotify, time-shifting
UMG-EMI Deal Is No Threat To Innovation In Music Distribution
Geoffrey Manne — 20 June 2012
By Geoffrey Manne and Berin Szoka
Everyone loves to hate record labels. For years, copyright-bashers have ranted about the "Big Labels" trying to thwart new models for distributing music in terms that would make JFK assassination conspiracy theorists blush. Now they've turned their sites on the pending merger between Universal Music Group and EMI, insisting the deal would be bad for consumers. There's even a Senate Antitrust Subcommittee hearing tomorrow, led by Senator Herb "Big is Bad" Kohl.
But this is a merger users of Spotify, Apple's iTunes and the wide range of other digital services ought to love. UMG has done more than any other label to support the growth of such services, cutting licensing deals with hundreds of distribution outlets—often well before other labels. Piracy has been a significant concern for the industry, and UMG seems to recognize that only "easy" can compete with "free." The company has embraced the reality that music distribution paradigms are changing rapidly to keep up with consumer demand. So why are groups like Public Knowledge opposing the merger?
Critics contend that the merger will elevate UMG's already substantial market share and "give it the power to distort or even determine the fate of digital distribution models." For these critics, the only record labels that matter are the four majors, and four is simply better than three. But this assessment hews to the outmoded, "big is bad" structural analysis that has been consistently demolished by economists since the 1970s. Instead, the relevant touchstone for all merger analysis is whether the merger would give the merged firm a new incentive and ability to engage in anticompetitive conduct. But there's nothing UMG can do with EMI's catalogue under its control that it can't do now. If anything, UMG's ownership of EMI should accelerate the availability of digitally distributed music.
To see why this is so, consider what digital distributors—whether of the pay-as-you-go, iTunes type, or the all-you-can-eat, Spotify type—most want: Access to as much music as possible on terms on par with those of other distribution channels. For the all-you-can-eat distributors this is a sine qua non: their business models depend on being able to distribute as close as possible to all the music every potential customer could want. But given UMG's current catalogue, it already has the ability, if it wanted to exercise it, to extract monopoly profits from these distributors, as they simply can't offer a viable product without UMG's catalogue. Continue Reading…
In antitrust, mergers & acquisitions, music, truth on the market	Apple, EMI, iTunes, Lady Gaga, Music industry, Spotify, UMG, Universal Music Group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Light and fast-absorbing body/massage oil. A non-greasy, dry oil which leaves your skin hydrated nourished and well balanced. Rich in antioxidants and vitamins making it suitable for most skin types. Improves skin elasticity, neutralises free radicals and protects skin against sun damage. The essential oils of Rose Geranium and Agar wood provides a fresh earthy fragrance.
Add a few drops to bath water or massage onto damp skin after shower or bath.
We are conscious about the environmental footprint we're leaving, and no testing has been done on our animal friends. 80% of our oils is Organic and fair trade.
Jojoba: Balance oil levels in skin and protects. Rich in antioxidants and Vitamin E, stimulates collagen, slows signs of ageing.Grape seed: High in linoleic acid, which has been thought to reduce clogged pores, help in reducing wrinkles and scars and tightening of the skin. Easily absorbed by the skin and a powerful antioxidant.
Marula: It protects the skin of it's natural lipid layer, rich in essential fatty acids Omega 9 – oleic and omega 6 – linoleum that deeply hydrate and reduces redness while nourishing, healing, moisturising and improving skin elasticity. Sunflower: Helps against inflammation and retains moisture on the skin. Contains Vitamin A & E. Protects the skin against sun damage and neutralises free radicals.
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text:
Medikal warns 3Music Awards Organisers
March 23, 2019 ghentertainers
Medikal speaks about 3Music Awards 2019
Rapper Medikal says he will cause "mayhem" if he does not win an award at the 3Music Awards.
The artiste said on Drive Time, Thursday, he has already warned the organisers that he and his fans will behave like Shatta Wale at the Ghana Music Awards in 2013.
Dancehall artiste, Shatta Wale, after losing the Reggae Dancehall Song of the Year to Kaakie in 2013 at the VGMAs smashed some things belonging to the organisers at the event.
He further released a song 'A Letter to Chatter House' to further insult and discredit their work as an award scheme.
Shatta Wale also took to Twitter to hurl insults at Kaakie writing, "F*** Kaakie who can't even write her own music and f*** her smelling p****… I know how they did this. But trust me, we know how to handle this."
"If I don't win any award at 3Music Awards I will pull a Shatta Wale," Medikal told Lexis bill on Drive Time.
In 2017, Medikal who had seven nominations yet failed to win none. He was t the time tipped to win many awards, especially 'New Artiste of the Year' but to the surprise of many, he did not win even one of the seven categories he was nominated for.
Medikal has been nominated for five categories in the upcoming 3Music Awards namely; Music Man of the Year, Hiphop/hiplife Act of the Year, Digital Act of the Year, Video of the Year and Fan army of the year.
The rapper stated, "my fans and I are coming if you know medical you know I am all about fun and entertaining but we are not only going to have fun but to also win awards."
Medikal is set to perform at the awards show on March 30. Also on the bill to perform is Akwaboah, King Promise, Joey B, Rocky Dawuni, Shatta Wale, Kuami Eugene, Kidi and many more.
Source: myjoyonline.com
SHOWBIZ3Music Awards Organisers, Medikal
Ghana Beverage Awards 2018 Winners – Full List
Watch 'ARMYPEDIA': Army United in Seoul – Full Event
July 16, 2019 ghentertainers 0
Beyoncé has announced the tracklist and artistes including Shatta Wale on her forthcoming 'The Lion King:...
Actor Kang Ji Hwan has been arrested under suspicions of rape and sexual assault, PlugTimes.com understands....
Obama follows Pappy Kojo on Twitter
Pappy Kojo has discovered on his Twitter account that ex-United States of America President Barack Obama...


text:
Como arte rupestre de Val Camonica se conoce a las incisiones rupestres del valle italiano de Val Camonica, que se encuentra en la provincia de Brescia. Son un conjunto de más de 140.000 petroglifos (entre 200.000 y 300.000 según nuevos descubrimientos) sobre roca arenisca de grano muy fino que constituyen la colección más amplia de arte rupestre de toda Europa y el mundo.

Representan un testimonio extraordinario de la civilización de los habitantes de la Valcamonica desde el Paleolítico Superior hasta la . Su importancia se debe al hecho de que representa el testimonio de 10 000 años de historia, 8 000 de los cuales precedentes al surgimiento de Roma, permitiendo reconstruir históricamente un largo camino de acontecimientos en una sociedad humana preliteraria, a través de los eventos descritos por su arte. El Val Camonica (el nombre procede de sus primitivos habitantes, los Camunni), es un valle lombardo de los Alpes centrales, al norte del lago de Iseo.

Las incisiones se extienden por un área muy extensa que abarca los municipios de Pisogne, Darfo Boario Terme, Breno, Capo di Ponte, Esine, Ossimo, Borno, Ceto, Cimbergo, Paspardo, Sonico, Piancogno, Cerveno, Sellero, Paisco Loveno, Malonno y Berzo Demo.

En el año 1979 fueron el primer sitio italiano en ser declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco.

Historia de los hallazgos
El primer estudio científico de las rocas incisas es del 1909, año en el cual se publicó en la revista mensual Touring Club Italiano un artículo acerca de los Massi di Cemmo, editado por Gualtiero Laeng.

Sucesivamente las búsquedas fueron llevadas a cabo, de forma esporádica, por distintos estudiosos, aunque hay que recordar la presencia del Ahnenerbe nazi en el año 1937.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial las incisiones rupestres de la Valcamonica revelaron su gran importancia gracias a los estudios llevados a cabo por Emmanuel Anati, que también fundó el Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici en 1964.

Sobre todo gracias a sus trabajos, estas obras fueron el primer sitio italiano en ser nominado como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco, aprobándose su inclusión en el listado en 1979.

Obtuvo gran relevancia a nivel nacional, también, gracias a una exposición realizada en Milán en el 1982 que supuso una importante afluencia de turismo al valle, con más de 300 000 visitas.

Desde entonces la exploración, la catalogación y el estudio de las rocas se extendieron progresivamente gracias a los campus arqueológicos que tienen lugar todos los años y que siguen descubriendo centenares de nuevos signos, por ejemplo 200 solo en el año 2007.

Según estimaciones del Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici se supone que se hayan descubierto solo el 80% de las figuras existentes.

Los petroglifos

Las incisiones rupestres de Valcamonica se presentan como imágenes que el hombre ha grabado en la roca. Las superficies grabadas se encuentran al aire libre y algunas de ellas tienen una extensión superior a los cincuenta metros cuadrados y contienen más de mil figuras. Ciertas rocas grabadas afloraban en la superficie mientras que otras fueron descubiertas durante las excavaciones.

Epipaleolítico (estilo protocamúnico)
Las figuras más antiguas, de finales del Paleolítico, datan de hace 10 000 años, aproximadamente, y representan animales de grandes dimensiones, como ciervos y alces de evidente estilo sub-naturalista.
Son escasas en número, se encuentran principalmente en el Parque arqueológico comunal de Luine situado en el término municipal de Darfo Boario Terme.
Estas primeras manifestaciones artísticas se parecen a las de otras poblaciones de Europa mostrando estilos, conceptos y manifestaciones similares, esto hace pensar que tuvieran vínculos y tradiciones comunes.
La larga época en la que se enmarcan las representaciones de este estilo es comúnmente clasificada como estilo protocamúnico.

Neolítico (periodo Camuno I y II)
Las figuras de finales del Neolítico son más abundantes. Coincidiendo con la aparición de la agricultura (hacia la mitad del cuarto milenio a.C.), se trata de representaciones esquemáticas de campos cultivados.

Edad del Cobre (periodo Camuno III A)
En la Edad del Cobre (tercer milenio a.C.), aparecen estatuas-estelas y composiciones monumentales: figuras humanas, puñales, escenas agrícolas, ciervos... de probable función ritual.

Edad del Bronce (periodo Camuno III B-C)
Las figuras de la Edad del Bronce antigua y media representan generalmente armas.
Hacia el final de la Edad del Bronce (mediados del segundo milenio a.C.) aparecen figuras humanas esquemáticas.

Edad del Hierro (periodo Camuno IV A-F)
En la Edad del Hierro (primer milenio a.C.) hay una explosión del arte rupestre: el 80% de las figuras catalogadas pertenece a este período. Aumenta también el número de temas y aparecen por primera vez el movimiento y las escenas de carácter narrativo: guerreros, duelos, caballeros, cazadores, púgiles, ciervos, perros, ojos, aves acuáticas, la rosa camuna, etc.

La llegada de los romanos, en 16 a. C., marca el final de la civilización camuna, aunque se conocen algunos petroglifos que datan de la Edad Media.

Parques
Existen diversas estructuras científicas y turísticas que acogen y protegen este patrimonio:

Véase también
 Petroglifos
 Arte rupestre
 Sitios de arte rupestre prehistórico del valle del Coa
 Grabados rupestres de Tanum

Notas

Referencias

Otras lecturas

Enlaces externos

 Descripción de las épocas. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2010.
 Centro Camuno Studi Preistorici (en italiano).
 L'arte rupestre della Valcamonica, introduzione e immagini - Le Orme dell'Uomo (en italiano).
 Dipartimento Valcamonica e Lombardia del Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici (en italiano).
 EuroPreArt, base de datos europea del Arte Prehistórico, 50 schede sulla Valcamonica (en italiano).
 Itinera, acceso a la descripción de los sitios con grabados rupestres (en inglés o italiano).
 I Parchi Nazionali delle incisioni rupestri della Valcamonica (en italiano).
 Arte rupestre de Val Camónica (1979), UNESCO (solo el resumen de la declaración).
 Arte rupestre de Val Camónica (1979), (en inglés) UNESCO.

Petroglifos
Arte rupestre
Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Italia
Prehistoria de Italia
Arte del Paleolítico
Arte del Neolítico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fire Works not working when using elytra.
I was in my creative world testing some tricks out.
I tested this both in creative and survival and with all 3 levels of the rocket and nothing happens the rocket just goes straight up from where i am during the flight. I also added two images one from the 17w13b snapshot and one from 1.11.2 the one with the rocket flying off is the snapshot and the one with the trail is the 1.11.2 version.


It was a frustrating return to the scene of Eclipse Motorsport's greatest triumph, as the 2004 British GT Championship visited the Silverstone Grand Prix circuit for two one hour races on Sunday.
Qualifying had seen The Eclipse TVR's rediscovered form again apparent, Steve Hyde lapping very quickly indeed but ultimately unable to trouble the front row.
Race One on Sunday Morning saw Hyde start the race and run in a strong fourth place, including a great move on the exit of Luffield to deny the place to the hard charging Godfrey Jones. Hyde would run behind a charging trio ahead, the #35 Scuderia Ecosse Ferrari trying to get away and the lead JWR Porsche and Embassy Corvette looking to spoil the party for the Ferrari squad.
The leading trio were pulling steadily away from Hyde at the rate of around a second per lap but was the pace one that the cars ahead could maintain?
First to falter was Mike Jordan, his #33 Porsche lapsing onto five cylinders and pitting for attention. Hyde was up to third.
The Silverstone circuit was proving to be a tricky challenge for many of the N-GT runners and Steve Hyde was one of several to get caught out, a spin costing him eight seconds of the gap he had opened up over Godfrey Jones - but third place was still in the hands of the #60 TVR.
The pit window now opened and just before the halfway mark of the 60 minute race Hyde pitted to hand the baton to Piers Johnson. But the car though would soon be back, dealt a drive through penalty, apparently incorrectly, for the car being restarted from a slave battery: a bitter blow, and a fatal one for Eclipse's podium hopes.
From there it was a fight back against the odds for Johnson, and despite a spirited effort seventh place was the best that could be achieved in a race that could have reaped so much more. It was another race win for the #35 Ferrari, ideally suited to the wide open spaces of the Hangar Straight.
Race Two would see Piers Johnson start on the third row of the grid - on a track soon to be very slippery: an unpleasant mixture of rain and oil. The guesting 'La Squadra' Lamborghini Diablo poured copious quantities of oil around the circuit on its first lap, the source of the slick then being misdiagnosed by circuit observers and it was at least two laps of V12 assisted oil spreading before the Diablo pitted.
That was particularly bad news for the unfortunate Piers: he was one of a number of runners to be caught out but he would lose out more than most and would lose well over a lap beached in the gravel. The pace car would limit the damage and by lap eight the rain had eased but once again a good potential points finish had been ruined by misfortune.
Once freed from the gravel, both Johnson and later Hyde would lap very quickly indeed, right on the pace of the eventual race winning GruppeM Porsche. By the end, Steve Hyde was lapping rather faster than the race winner, but the gap was far too much to make up and a finish outside the top ten was a disappointing outcome to a weekend that had promised so much.


text:
Q: Understanding comment from the errata about Item 41 of EMC++ In Item 41, Scott Meyers writes the following two classes:
class Widget {
public:
  void addName(const std::string& newName)   // take lvalue;
  { names.push_back(newName); }              // copy it

  void addName(std::string&& newName)        // take rvalue;
  { names.push_back(std::move(newName)); }   // move it; ...

private:
  std::vector<std::string> names;
};

class Widget {
public:
  template<typename T>                            // take lvalues
  void addName(T&& newName)                       // and rvalues;
  {                                               // copy lvalues,
    names.push_back(std::forward<T>(newName)); }  // move rvalues;
  }                                               // ...
private:
  std::vector<std::string> names;
};

What's written in the comments is correct, even if it doesn't mean at all that the two solutions are equivalent, and some of the differences are indeed discussed in the book.
In the errata, however, the author comments another difference not discussed in the book:

Another behavioral difference between (1) overloading for lvalues and rvalues and (2) a template taking a universal reference (uref) is that the lvalue overload declares its parameter const, while the uref approach doesn't. This means that functions invoked on the lvalue overload's parameter will always be the const versions, while functions invoked on the uref version's parameter will be the const versions only if the argument passed in is const. In other words, non-const lvalue arguments may yield different behavior in the overloading design vis-a-vis the uref design.

But I'm not sure I understand it.
Actually, writing this question I've probably understood, but I'm not writing an answer as I'm still not sure.
Probably the author is saying that when a non-const lvalue is passed to addName, newName is const in the first code, and non-const in the second code, which means that if newName was passed to another function (or a member function was called on it), than that function would be required to take a const parameter (or be a const member function).
Have I interpreted correctly?
However, I don't see how this makes a difference in the specific example, since no member function is called on newName, nor it is passed to a function which has different overloads for const and non-const parameters (not exactly: std::vector<T>::push_back has two overloads for const T& arguments and T&& arguments`, but an lvalue would still bind only to the former overload...).

A: In the second scenario, when a const std::string lvalue is passed to the template
  template<typename T>
  void addName(T&& newName)
  { names.push_back(std::forward<T>(newName)); }

the instantiation results in the following (where I've removed the std::forward call as it is, in practice, a no-op)
  void addName(const std::string& newName)
  { names.push_back(newName); }

whereas if a std::string lvalue is passed, then the resulting instance of addName is
  void addName(std::string& newName)
  { names.push_back(newName); }

which means that the non-const version of std::vector<>::push_back is called.
In the first scenario, when a std::string lvalue is passed to addName, the first overload is picked regardless of the const-ness
  void addName(const std::string& newName)
  { names.push_back(newName); }

which means that the const overload of std::vector<>::push_back is selected in both cases.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Brian Gregory Perk (Rancho Santa Margarita, California, 21 de julio de 1989) es un exfutbolista estadounidense que jugó de Portero en el L.A. Galaxy de la Liga estadounidense.

Carrera

Profesional

Perk fue elegido en la 4.ª Ronda (puesto 49) del Draft de la MLS 2010 por el club Philadelphia Union.
Su Debut fue el 14 de julio del 2010 como suplente contra el Celtic F.C.

Clubes

Futbolistas del Los Angeles Galaxy
Futbolistas del Philadelphia Union
Guardametas de fútbol


Additional information on these and other positions is at http://www.dlightdesign.com/contact_jobs.html. If you apply for one of these positions please mention that you learned about it from Green Jobs Network. Thanks!


text:
Read Next:	At Least 33 Believed Dead in Arson Attack on Japan's Kyoto Animation
March 29, 2018 11:59AM PT
'Serial' Subject Adnan Syed Granted New Trial
By Kirsten Chuba
Kirsten Chuba
Kirsten's Most Recent Stories
Amber Heard Reads Letter About Johnny Depp Abuse Allegations at #MeToo Anniversary Event
Jeremy Piven Hosts Benefit for Domestic Violence Survivors, Caitlyn Jenner Honored
Taraji P. Henson Opens Up About Seeking Mental Health Treatment
CREDIT: AP/Barbara Haddock Taylor
Adnan Syed, the subject of the first season of acclaimed podcast "Serial," was been granted a new trial by Maryland appeals court.
The last update from Syed's case came in 2016, when a lower court judge ruled that he deserved another trial because his attorney failed to cross-examine a key witness, a cell tower expert, about the reliability of data that placed Syed's cellphone near the burial site.
Maryland prosecutors appealed the ruling, but on Thursday, a panel upheld the grant for retrial.
In 2000, Syed was convicted of murdering girlfriend Hae Min Lee and spent 16 years in prison while maintaining his innocence. Syed's defense challenged the testimony of an AT&T engineer whose sworn statements on cellphone data were used to link Syed to the park where Lee's body was buried. The engineer, Abraham Waranowitz, said he was not shown a crucial disclaimer about cell tower data that would have affected his testimony in the murder trial.
In 2014, Syed's case was chronicled on "Serial," which led to speculation about his guilt and whether he had received a fair trial. The podcast was downloaded more than 100 million times and won a Peabody Award for its role in illuminating flaws in the criminal justice system.
The second season of "Serial," hosted by Sarah Koenig, centered around U.S. Army Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl. The third season is expected to be released later in 2018.
Adnan Syed


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Renewable Fuel
The Ag Law Harvest
By: Jeffrey K. Lewis, Esq., Friday, August 20th, 2021
Did you know that the "wise old owl" saying is a myth? Generally speaking, owls are no wiser than other birds of prey. In fact, other bird species like crows and parrots have shown greater cognitive abilities than the owl. An owl's anatomy also helps dispel the myth because most of the space on an owl's head is occupied by their large eyes, leaving little room for a brain.
This week's Ag Law Harvest brings you EPA bans, Ohio case law, USDA announcements, and federal case law which could make your head spin almost as far as an owl's.
EPA banning use of chlorpyrifos on food crops. The EPA announced that it will stop the use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on all food to better protect producers and consumers. In its final rule released on Wednesday, the EPA is revoking all "tolerances" for chlorpyrifos. Additionally, the EPA will issue a Notice of Intent to Cancel under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ("FIFRA") to cancel all registered food uses of chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos is an insecticide used for a variety of agricultural uses, including soybeans, fruit and nut trees, broccoli, cauliflower, and other row crops, in addition to non-food uses. The EPA's announcement comes in response to the Ninth Circuit's order directing the EPA to issue a final rule in response to a petition filed by opponents to the use of chlorpyrifos. The petition requested that the EPA revoke all chlorpyrifos tolerances because those tolerances were not safe, particularly because of the potential negative effects the insecticide has on children. For more information about chlorpyrifos and the EPA's final rule, visit the EPA's website.
Trusts aren't to be used as shields. An Ohio appeals court recently reinforced the concept that under Ohio law, trusts are not be used as a way to shield a person's assets from creditors. Recently, a plaintiff filed a lawsuit against a bank alleging breach of contract and conversion, among other things. Plaintiff, an attorney and real estate developer, claimed that the bank removed money from his personal account and a trust account in violation of Ohio law and the terms of the loan agreement between the parties. Prior to the lawsuit, plaintiff established a revocable trust for estate planning purposes and to acquire and develop real estate. This dispute arose from a $200,000 loan from the bank to the plaintiff to help establish a restaurant. A provision of the loan agreement, known as the "Right to Setoff" provision, allowed the bank to "setoff" or effectively garnish all accounts the plaintiff had with the bank. The setoff provision explicitly prohibited any setoff from any IRA or trust accounts "for which setoff would be prohibited by law." Plaintiff made all monthly payments but failed to make the final balloon payment on the loan. Plaintiff argued that the bank broke the loan contract and violated Ohio law by taking funds from the trust account to pay off the remaining balance of the loan. The court disagreed. The court noted that under Ohio law, a settlor's property in a revocable trust is subject to the claims of the settlor's creditors. A settlor is a person who creates or contributes property to a trust. In this case, plaintiff was the creator, settlor, and sole beneficiary of the revocable trust. Because of that, the court concluded the bank did not violate Ohio law when using the trust account to setoff the balance of the loan. Additionally, the court found that the bank did not violate the terms of the loan agreement because a setoff from the trust account was not prohibited by law. The court noted that Ohio law did not intend to allow a settlor who is also a beneficiary of the trust to use a trust as a "shield" against creditors. Although trusts can be a useful estate planning tool, there are limits to what a trust can do, as evidenced by this case.
Renewable fuel supporters file appeal on E15 summer sales. Corn farmers have joined forces with the biofuel industry ("Petitioners") to ask the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals for a new hearing on a ruling that struck down the EPA's 2019 decision to allow year-round E15 sales. Earlier this year, the same D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals issued an opinion that ruled the legislative text in the law supporting the biofuel mandate does not support the Trump administration's regulatory waiver that allowed E15 to be sold during the summer months. In their petition, Petitioners argue that the D.C. Circuit Court made "significant legal errors." Petitioners contend that the court should rehear the case because the intent behind the nation's biofuel mandate is better served by the sale of E15 through the summer months because it is less volatile, has less evaporative emissions, and is overall better for the environment than other fuel sources. Petitioners also believe the court's original decision deprives American drivers the choice of lower carbon emitting options at the gas pump.
Monsanto asks Supreme Court to review Ninth Circuit's Roundup Decision. In its petition to the Supreme Court of the United States Monsanto Company ("Monsanto") asked the Supreme Court to review the $25 million decision rendered by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In that decision, the Ninth Circuit held that the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ("FIFRA") did not preempt, or otherwise prevent, the plaintiff from raising California failure-to-warn claims on Roundup products and allowed plaintiff to introduce expert testimony that glyphosate causes cancer in humans. In trial, the plaintiff argued that Monsanto violated California's labeling requirements by not including a warning on the Roundup label that glyphosate, which is found in Roundup, causes cancer. Monsanto argues that FIFRA expressly preempts any state law that imposes a different labeling or packaging requirement. Under FIFRA, Monsanto argues that the EPA did not require Monsanto to include a cancer warning on its Roundup label. Therefore, Monsanto maintains, that because California law differed from FIFRA, Monsanto was not required to follow California law when it came to labeling its Roundup product. Secondly, the Ninth Circuit allowed plaintiff to present expert evidence that glyphosate could cause non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the general public and that glyphosate caused the plaintiff's lymphoma. Monsanto contends that the lower courts have distorted established precedent by allowing the expert testimony because the testimony is not based on generally accepted scientific principles and the scientific community has consistently found that glyphosate does not cause cancer in humans.
USDA working to protect nation's dairy industry. The USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service ("AMS") has struck a deal with the European Union ("EU") to satisfy the EU's new import requirements on U.S. dairy. The EU will require new health certificates for U.S. dairy products exported to the EU to verify that the U.S. milk used for products exported to the EU is sourced from establishments regulated under the Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance or the USDA AMS Milk for Manufacturing Purposes. Officials representing the U.S. Dairy Export Council and International Dairy Foods Association claim that the deal will allow U.S. producers to comply with the EU's mandates while also satisfying the concerns within the American dairy industry. The deal pushes back the EU's deadline for new health certificates to January 15, 2022, to allow U.S. producers and exporters enough time to bring their products into compliance. The USDA also announcedthat it is providing around $350 million to compensate dairy producers who lost revenue because of market disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a change to the federal pricing formula under the 2018 farm bill. Additional details are available at the AMS Dairy Program website.
Tale as old as time. An Ohio appeals court recently decided a dispute between neighbors about a driveway easement. The driveway in dispute is shared by both neighbors to access their detached garages. Defendants used the driveway to access their garage and then the driveway extends past the Defendants' garage onto Plaintiff's property and ends at Plaintiff's garage. The dispute arose after Defendants built a parking pad behind their garage and used parts of the driveway they never used before to access the parking pad. The original easement to the driveway was granted by very broad and general language in a 1918 deed, when the property was divided into two separate parcels. In 1997, a Perpetual Easement and Maintenance Agreement ("Agreement") was entered into by the two previous property owners. The Agreement was much more specific than the 1918 deed and specifically showed how far the easement ran and what portions of the driveway could be used by both parties. The 1997 Agreement did not allow for Defendants to use the portion of the driveway necessary to access their parking pad. Plaintiffs argue that the 1997 Agreement controls the extent of the easement, whereas Defendants argue that the broad general language in the 1918 deed grants them authority to use the whole length of the driveway. The Court found the more specific 1997 Agreement to be controlling and ruled in favor of the Plaintiffs. The Court reasoned that the 1918 deed creates an ambiguity as to the extent of the easement and there is no way of knowing what the original driveway looked like or how it was used. The Court concluded that the 1997 Agreement does not contradict or invalidate the 1918 deed, rather the 1997 Agreement puts specific parameters on the existing easement and does not violate any Ohio law. The Defendants were found liable for trespass onto the Plaintiffs' property and is expected to pay $27,500 in damages. The lesson to be learned from all of this? Make sure your easements are as specific and detailed as possible to ensure that all parties are in compliance with the law.
Posted In: Business and Financial, Contracts, Crop Issues, Environmental, Estate and Transition Planning, Food, Oil and Gas
Tags: USDA, EPA, chlorpyrifos, trusts, Estate Planning, Renewable Fuel, roundup, glyphosate, dairy, Easements
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BBCHS students partially refunded for canceled
By Stephanie Markham
smarkham@daily-journal.com
Bradley-Bourbonnais Community High School students who were supposed to go to Disney World in March are finally getting most of their money back for the canceled trip.
Superintendent Scott Wakeley said District 307 negotiated with Bob Rogers Travel Agency and the company has agreed to refund parents 95 percent of their out-of-pocket expenses.
Parents will not receive fundraised money back; however, parents who have freshman or sophomore students planning to attend the next trip in 2022 will get a credit from the school for 95 percent of their fundraised money to pay for that trip.
"There will be some work that needs to be done in the music department over the next two years in order to make that happen, but we figured that was the only right thing to do," Wakeley said.
The BBCHS music department embarks on the trip once every few years so that students in band and choir will have the chance to go to Disney once in their high school career.
About 300 students planned to take the trip this year.
BBCHS leadership held out hope that the trip would go on as planned despite panic over coronavirus, as Florida was entertaining tourists and Disney was still hosting school trips until the park announced its temporary closure in mid March.
The trip was scheduled for the end of March during spring break. Even before it was officially canceled, some parents were pulling their students out over fear of the virus.
Wakeley said parents were frustrated and wanted to know how much they would be refunded and who would pay them back. Most did not purchase travel insurance.
"Nobody takes insurance," he said. "They think, 'What are the chances?'"
The issue, however, was that the company had already expended the money.
"Everybody had been paid," Wakeley said. "So then it's just a matter of, OK, how much money can you get back?"
He said the company originally stated that it would use fundraised money to pay everyone back 95 percent.
But parents who fundraised were upset their money would be paying those who didn't raise funds at all. Others suggested that all of their fundraised money should come back to them.
"We understood; the tricky part was everybody wanted what they wanted," Wakeley said. "So we were left kind of in the middle, really not having any authority to do anything."
School Board President Justin Caldwell said his daughter was planning to attend the trip, and he could understand where parents' frustrations were coming from. He said the company was inconsistent and untimely in some of its email communications, likely because it had many schools in the same situation to deal with.
"When you hear 95 [percent] that's what sticks with people," Caldwell said. "You don't get to go back two weeks later and say you're getting 70 percent of your money back."
Wakeley said the school would look into options to prevent conflict in the future, such as building travel insurance into the cost of the trip or being more hands-off with fundraising efforts.
Stephanie Markham


Note to reader: this is not me lashing out … this is me sitting on a chair with my back straight and my demeanor calm. Believe it… it is the truth.
All of us I guess at some point have had that perfect person, The One who walks into our lives. Some of us are lucky but I guess for most of us they also tend to then walk out. I have had one such love, the Mr. Perfect who would create a fairy tale out of mundane life. He would walk in and everything would automatically be alright!


In this video multilingualism is being discussed regarding how it can offer a person more job opportunities. Employers see this as a benefit simply because the way we view the world around us is influenced by the structure of our language. This is also a great characteristic to have to expand your communication and not being limited to just one language.
Multilingual people can also have multiple personalities. It has to do with different languages being harder to grasp and understand than others. The way a certain language is spoken may come off as blunt or aggressive. Sometimes this could be confusing when trying to express oneself especially if that person's language didn't express their emotions.


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I have a bathroom cabinet full of possible cures, but none seem to be working efficiently, regardless of how many times a day I apply them.
There's nothing for it then; I require a balaclava. This particular mode of headwear is named after the town of Balaclava in Crimea (now Ukraine) and was originally worn by Russian soldiers. It's a sort of sock for your head that doubles up as a hat and a scarf. They are wonderfully warm and popular with skiers, climbers and all outdoorsy types in cold climates.
I have no desire, however, to look like a dodgy criminal when I pop into Tesco, or to set off any alarm bells at my local Barclays branch, so I may have to get my knitting needles out, as the only ones I can find are black or very dark in colour.
Research request: hi, I am looking for a balaclava pattern to knit up in silk for my textiles final major project. Ideally plain knit with eye holes in a size to fit a woman's head (most of the patterns I have seen have been in thick yarn and in men's sizes). If you come across one, please let me know.


Many of us have never dealt with a lawyer before and laws are constantly changing; therefore most do not know the common procedures, costings, duration and other frequently asked questions to know before entering a legal matter. To save yourself some time and to put your mind at rest, we have listed and answered our most common FAQs.
At Owen Hodge Lawyers, we look forward to answering all your questions about separation and divorce. Call us at 1800 770 780 to schedule a consultation.


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Dieser Artikel zeigt die Ergebnisse der Qualifikationsrunden für die Abierto de Tenis Mifel 2022. Für das Turnier der Kategorie ATP Tour 250 qualifizierten sich vier Spieler, welche in zwei Runden ausgemacht wurden. Insgesamt nahmen 16 Spieler an der Qualifikation teil, die am 30. und 31. Juli 2022 stattfand.

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website des Turniers (englisch, spanisch)
 Turnierplan Einzel-Qualifikation auf der ATP Homepage (PDF)

ATP Tour 2022
Tennisturnier in Cabo San Lucas


Balance Body, Mind, and Spirit While Gaining Strength and Flexibility in a Relaxed, Healing Atmosphere.
Renee Simon is a 200 hour yoga alliance certified vinyasa flow yoga teacher. Her classes combine breath, movement, and yoga philosophy to nourish body, mind, and spirit. Each class has a unique theme or dharma talk that is weaved through the whole class so that the living yoga benefits are achieved as well as the physical benefits gained from doing the "asanas" or poses. The classes are for beginner and intermediate levels or for anyone who wants to gain flexible and build body strength in a relaxed, healing atmosphere.
Each Class and Private Session ends With Reiki to Make Sure You Leave With That Relaxed Yoga Glow.
Renee has practiced yoga for 20 years and is now happy to teach individuals and groups proper alignment for improving posture and helping with medical problems, fun flows for strength and conditioning, as well as using the breath to both relax and energize. All of her classes and private sessions end with energy healing to ensure you leave completely relaxed and rejuvenated.
After enjoying class for a few months, I knew I wanted to explore yoga more deeply. I decided to try private sessions with Renee, and like my earlier experience, I found this to be a good decision. An hour of individual work with Renee is physically and mentally challenging, invigorating, relaxing and at the same time, the focus on breath and emptying yourself out to connect to a wider energy is akin to a one hour vacation from the world. I have gained strength and improved flexibility and balance. I still have a long way to go, but I am looking forward to the journey with Renee knowing that she will encourage me but also make sure that I am making this my own practice. K.B.
You don't have to do hot yoga to achieve weight balance through yoga. Scientific studies have shown that yoga can help with weight management by helping you achieve lower stress and a greater sense of well-being. Stress causes cortisol to rise which can lead to health problems and weight gain, especially around the mid-section. By practicing yoga regularly, which often includes meditation and deep breathing, cortisol can be reduced helping you achieve your ideal weight and better health overall. Yoga also gets you in tune with your body, which helps you make better health choices. When you are feeling more at peace and happier within – you will take better care of yourself.
Many beginner yoga students opt for private sessions to teach them the yoga asanas to feel more comfortable before joining a class. Renee also works with individuals and couples who want to take their yoga practices to the next level or who have physical challenges that require an individualized program. If you are interested in a private class or family session Renee can help your group with a customized program to improve fitness and vitality and reduce stress.
"Magic happens in my private sessions with Renee. She crafts each session with care and skill, based upon my physical, emotional and mental needs of that day. Within the safe container of her intimate yoga studio, Renee leads me in pranayama and asana created especially for moving my energy. Afterwards, the alchemy continues, with 20 minutes or so of Reiki to further shift and integrate what the yoga practice initiated. I always leave feeling both more grounded and highly balanced. I look forward to continuing my journey with Renee as my able guide." E.K.
"Renee created a nurturing and healing cocoon. I was able to just let go and find true peace." – E. K.
Join us for our Special Saturday morning Summer Beach Yoga program that runs from June-July at the Lake Truesdale Beach in South Salem. The location is often a siting for swans, ducks, eagles and other wild life. There is nothing like combining the serenity of nature with a mindful yoga practice. Starting again this June!
The classes include deep stretching, breathe work, and relaxation meditation or Reiki to end the session. You will get energized, reduce stress, build strength and improve flexibility and balance.
— Thursday Night slow flow vinyasa in Pound Ridge, 6-week session, March 7th- April 11th, from 5:00-6:00 PM, $90 for this 6 week session. This class is full but let me know if you want to be on the drop in list if there is an opening. The next 6 week series is April 25-May 30th. Limited space. Special price 6 classes for $90.
– Ongoing Restorative Yoga Workshops at O2 Living in Cross River. Restorative yoga is for anyone who would like to de-stress, relax & renew. No yoga experience necessary. The gentle stretching and restorative sequences help your spine and open tight hips, hamstrings, and shoulders. The program is great for anyone who wants to bring balance to body, mind, and spirit, and enhance your body's ability to heal itself while you quiet your mind. Next classes Jan. 6, Feb. 3, March 3, April 7, May 4, and June 2, 3-4:15 PM. Call for details.


The Minister of the Public Service and Administrative Reform hereby informs the public that for some months now, people of dubious morality have been using the social media to extort huge sums of money from job seekers and their families, by giving them fake promises that they will be recruited into the Cameroonian Public Service.
While denouncing these malicious practices, the Minister of the Public Service and Administrative Reform hereby reiterates that recruitments into the Cameroon Public Administration are done in conformity with the statutory framework laid down by the Prime Minister, Head of Government. Concerning the year 2018, the list of authorized competitive examinations and the number of places available, shall be published in due time, subject to the validation of the annual schedule of recruitments.
Besides, social media users are informed that no private structure has been given the mandate to recruit State personnel through internet on behalf of MINFOPRA. The Minister of the Public Service and Administrative Reform therefore invites job seekers and candidates for government competitive examinations, to be vigilant and cautious with these swindlers whose actions should be systematically reported to the competent public authorities.
The Minister finally advises interested persons to consult the MINFOPRA's website at www.minfopra.gov.cm or to visit its central services and regional delegations for any information concerning recruitments organized by MINFOPRA.


When you are arrested and put behind bars for a night or even for days, then this forms part of the traumatizing moments in life. Whenever you are arrested or even your loved one this will feel bad, and more so this could amount to a lot of stress. Whenever you or your loved one has been arrested, it is important to ensure that you have a way out of jail until you get back to the court for your case hearing. If you do not know how to get your loved one released, then this could be a daunting process. You should realize that bail bond have been introduced to help the individuals who would want to still have their free life and avoid spending more days in jail.
Even as we consider the bail bond process, there are people who will just see the negative sides rather than seeing the positive. There are many bail bond service providers that you should consider contacting to help you with the bail bond process and thus you should ensure that you get in touch with the right service providers. There is need to ensure that you get in touch with these service providers such as Amistad Bail Bonds. You need to realize that Bail Bond service providers like Amistad Bail Bonds will see you get their services in various counties in South Carolina and their services are 24/7.
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Subject to availability. Major credit card required. Not valid on holidays or special events. Not valid on Friday or Saturday night stays. Valid Sunday through Thursdays only. Not valid on discounted weekly, monthly or seasonal registrations. Not valid for Camping Cabins or Deluxe Cabins or Lodges. Management reserves the right to alter or cancel this promotion offer at any time.


Fernwood Sword Club was established in September 2008 by founder Chairperson, Andrew Sutton, and Founding Head Coach, Robert Pryer. The Club is a relaxed, friendly and social Club which encourages everyone to get involved in fencing, whatever your age or fitness levels.
A 3 weapon club, but with a focus towards foil, meeting on Tuesday evenings. We welcome any visiting fencers to our club. Come along any Tuesday evening and you'll receive a warm welcome.
2. Find and save "Fernwood Sword Club"


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