text:
Mayor Walsh delivers his final State of the City address at newly rebuilt Roxbury Branch of the Boston Public Library
"In 2021, Boston will rise up again. We will leave no one behind. And our city will be stronger than ever."
BOSTON - Tuesday, January 12, 2021 - Mayor Martin J. Walsh tonight delivered his final State of the City address as the 54th Mayor of Boston at the new Roxbury branch of the Boston Public Library in Nubian Square, a $17.2 million total reconstruction that began in November 2017. Mayor Walsh, who was nominated by President-elect Joe Biden on January 8 to serve as the United States Secretary of Labor, reflected on the work of his Administration over the last seven years, the City's collective accomplishments, and the vital work that will continue to expand equity and opportunity in the City of Boston.
In his speech, Mayor Walsh recognized the health care workers, essential workers, first responders, community partners, residents, small businesses, elected officials, and everyone who contributed to Boston's COVID-19 response, and the ongoing work to respond to the virus, and provide support for Boston's most-impacted communities. Mayor Walsh's speech opened with a short-form documentary highlighting the resilience and strength of Boston's communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
"We must keep drawing on our strength -- and on each other. Recovery won't be easy. The virus will be with us for much of the year. The economic impacts will continue as well. There will be more hard decisions to make. Whatever happens, I know one thing: Boston will stay true to our values. We believe in keeping each other safe. We believe in caring for those who are vulnerable. We believe justice and opportunity are for everyone." - Mayor Walsh
Mayor Walsh began his State of the City speech by paying tribute to the 1,060 Bostonians lost to the COVID-19 pandemic, and encouraged anyone feeling overwhelmed to reach out to the City through 311, which is able to connect residents to relief resources, mental health counseling, and recovery services. He also discussed the ways that Boston's public servants have risen to the occasion this year. Since the pandemic began, Boston EMTs have helped 4,000 COVID patients. Firefighters have brought recovery coaches to calls, helping those struggling with substance use. Police officers have taken 800 guns off the streets. Boston built a field hospital in five days in April.
2021 State of the City Documentary
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the City has focused on the most vulnerable communities. Mayor Walsh created a COVID-19 Health Inequities Task Force to close racial and ethnic health disparities, and the City provided over six million meals to children, families, veterans, and seniors. Boston Public Schools distributed 40,000 laptops to students, and Boston provided permanent rental vouchers to over 1,000 families with children at risk of homelessness. At the start of the pandemic, Mayor Walsh created the Boston Resiliency Fund. The Fund has raised $34.1 million for COVID-19 relief efforts. Of that, $30.3 million has already supported 366 nonprofits and more than 250,000 Boston families. 56 percent of Resiliency Fund grantees identify as being led by a person of color, and 58 percent of grantees identify as woman-led.
Through the work of the Boston Public Health Commission and Boston's community health centers, the City of Boston continues making COVID-19 testing available for Bostonians, including at free, mobile testing sites.
"We may be hurting, but the state of our city is resilient; the state of our city is united; the state of our city is hopeful; and the state of our city is deep-down Boston strong." - Mayor Walsh
Mayor Walsh also spoke about his commitment to the Boston Public Schools (BPS). Yesterday, BPS announced a plan to safely reopen all remaining schools for hybrid and in-person learning. Boston will continue to provide a laptop for every student and work to expand internet access citywide. Mayor Walsh has also pledged BPS will ensure there is a social worker and family advocate in every school, and expand on the food, clothing and housing supports BPS is committed to providing.
"I want to thank our Superintendent and teachers for working together. And I want to thank all our school leaders and staff; as well as students, families, and administrators, for doing an incredible job this year. This is a community committed to learning. And we are ready to do more than ever to close the opportunity gaps that COVID further exposed." - Mayor Walsh
During his speech, Mayor Walsh highlighted the importance of economic recovery in Boston as the City looks forward to helping businesses rebuild from the COVID-19 pandemic. For seven years, the Walsh Administration fostered one of the most dynamic and resilient economies in the world. In 2020, despite the pandemic, the City of Boston approved $8.5 billion of new investments, creating a potential for 35,000 new jobs. This year, the State Legislature approved Boston's plan for the first-ever Fire Cadet program, a new pathway into firefighting careers for Boston's diverse residents.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the City of Boston has provided a total of $26 million in grants, fee waivers and other resources to 4,000 small businesses. The City will continue working with business owners to build back restaurants and bars, stores and salons, gyms and art studios that make Boston's neighborhoods special, along with the hotels, museums, and theaters that highlight Boston's diverse communities and cultures and bring visitors to the city. A national study reported in the New York Times named Boston the city best prepared to come back strong from COVID-19.
"I want to say a word to small business owners. You are the soul of our economy, and you sacrificed so much for the safety of our city. I will never forget it." - Mayor Walsh
Under Mayor Walsh's leadership, the City of Boston has focused on creating affordable housing for all residents. In the last seven years, the Walsh Administration has overseen the construction of 35,984 housing units, of which 20 percent is deemed affordable, including homes for seniors, veterans and families. Tomorrow, following a vote by the Zoning Commission, Boston is expected to become the first major city in the United States with fair housing requirements built into the City's zoning code, a powerful tool to protect residents from displacement. During the most recent legislative session, the Mayor successfully advocated at the Massachusetts State House for legislation that will build more housing, create additional opportunities for affordable housing, and stabilize vulnerable households.
The Walsh Administration has also expanded its work to end youth and family homelessness. Boston created the first-ever City-funded rental vouchers, so more families can live in the neighborhoods they love. Boston has housed over 2,300 formerly homeless individuals, and will continue to build permanent, supportive housing in the City.
During the pandemic, the City has also maintained supportive services for residents suffering from substance use disorder. Boston has maintained in-person recovery services and telehealth counseling since March. The city has also continued to advocate for a rebuilt bridge to and a regional recovery campus on Long Island in Boston Harbor. After court victories, Boston is closer than ever to making this recovery campus a reality.
Boston has also led the nation in addressing climate change, and has already issued its first-ever Green Bonds to support energy-efficient and environmentally friendly projects in Boston. Next month, the City will begin implementing Community Choice Electricity, which will provide affordable energy from climate-friendly sources. The City will also continue the major investments it has already made in resilient parks, protecting Boston from flooding while building open spaces for residents to enjoy.
"The climate crisis requires the same decisive action: based in facts, working as a community, protecting our city. That's why I made sure that Boston never strayed from the Paris agreement -- even when the White House did. As chair of the U.S. Climate Mayors, I've led a national coalition of cities ready to work with the Biden-Harris Administration and bring America back to the fight." - Mayor Walsh
Mayor Walsh also dedicated his speech to Boston and the nation's urgent work to recognize and dismantle systemic racism. In 2020, Mayor Walsh declared racism a public health crisis, and began work on a Health Equity plan to end disparities. Boston shifted millions of dollars from the Boston Police Department overtime budget into programs for youth, trauma recovery services, and mental health, and reorganized City government, appointing Boston's first-ever Chief of Equity. Mayor Walsh signed historic police reforms, led by the Boston Police Reform Task Force. The result is a new model for oversight and accountability.
"The pandemic made it clear: a community crisis demands a community-wide response. So I'm asking all of us to accept this responsibility as our own -- and commit to fighting racism. It's our deepest moral obligation. And it's our greatest opportunity for growth." - Mayor Walsh
During his final State of the City speech, Mayor Walsh spoke about the historic investments his administration has made in Boston's communities, including a $130 million citywide investment in libraries across neighborhoods. Under Mayor Walsh's leadership, the City has also invested more in Boston's parks than at any time since the Emerald Necklace was created in the 1800s. Major updates will move forward at the City's cherished parks, including the Boston Common and Franklin Park. The Walsh Administration has also invested in community spaces that will serve residents for decades to come, including a new senior center in East Boston; a fully renovated community center in South Boston; revitalized public housing in Charlestown; and a world-class Boston Arts Academy high school in the Fenway. Residents will also see a renovated EMS Academy, a new ambulance bay in West Roxbury for quicker response times, and Boston's first brand-new firehouse in 30 years, Engine 42 in Roxbury.
As Bostonians and visitors travel throughout the city, they will experience miles of resurfaced roads and rebuilt sidewalks, with new bus and bike lanes to make traveling around Boston safer. Work is also underway on a renovated City Hall Plaza, designed to best serve residents, a project that is scheduled to be completed in 2022.
"I am confident that the operations of City government -- including our COVID response -- will continue smoothly. And I want you to know: the work we have done together for the past seven years has prepared Boston to build back stronger than ever." - Mayor Walsh
Mayor Walsh's State of the City remarks as prepared for delivery are available here.


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This is part 5 of 6 in a packet capture analysis challenge. The pcap file can be found from the first part.
Hint: "I am the big brother. I am more complicated than my little brother. Can you figure out how I operate and make me spill my secrets?"


The next generation of consoles has finally been kicked off with Sony's PS4 being released to masses. Those who pre-ordered the console must have received it already.
I, being a gamer, can understand the feel one can have after receiving something like PS4. I would want to open it up as soon as possible and get into the action straight away. I believe that most of you would want to do the same.
However, some buyers out there have been left in agony as they are experiencing different issues and are unable to run their PS4 properly.
The most common is the PS4 Freeze issue in which console doesn't get to the interface and the blue light keeps on blinking.
Warning: Use the following fix at your own risk, we won't be responsible for any damage done.
Turn off your console. Now, you need to unplug your hard drive.
Now, you need to power up the console without the HDD. Your console will start in the safe mode and will ask for HDD.
Turn off your console now and plug back in your HDD and turn the console on again.
PS4 will boot in the safe mode again. This time however, it will be able to recover the data from HDD. Ultimately, your console will get to the user interface.
Again, it's just a workaround that might work for you. If you still can't manage to run it properly or it keeps getting frozen/bricked, I will suggest that you wait for the official word from Sony.


Located in Ban O, Thongdam Guesthouse provides a garden and free WiFi. Providing a restaurant, the property also has a terrace. Staff on site can arrange a shuttle service. Guest rooms at the guesthouse come with a seating area.


text:
package Paws::SimpleWorkflow::RespondActivityTaskCanceled;
  use Moose;
  has Details => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', traits => ['NameInRequest'], request_name => 'details' );
  has TaskToken => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', traits => ['NameInRequest'], request_name => 'taskToken' , required => 1);

  use MooseX::ClassAttribute;

  class_has _api_call => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => 'RespondActivityTaskCanceled');
  class_has _returns => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro', default => 'Paws::API::Response');
  class_has _result_key => (isa => 'Str', is => 'ro');
1;

### main pod documentation begin ###

=head1 NAME

Paws::SimpleWorkflow::RespondActivityTaskCanceled - Arguments for method RespondActivityTaskCanceled on Paws::SimpleWorkflow

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This class represents the parameters used for calling the method RespondActivityTaskCanceled on the
Amazon Simple Workflow Service service. Use the attributes of this class
as arguments to method RespondActivityTaskCanceled.

You shouldn't make instances of this class. Each attribute should be used as a named argument in the call to RespondActivityTaskCanceled.

As an example:

  $service_obj->RespondActivityTaskCanceled(Att1 => $value1, Att2 => $value2, ...);

Values for attributes that are native types (Int, String, Float, etc) can passed as-is (scalar values). Values for complex Types (objects) can be passed as a HashRef. The keys and values of the hashref will be used to instance the underlying object.

=head1 ATTRIBUTES

=head2 Details => Str

Information about the cancellation.

=head2 B<REQUIRED> TaskToken => Str

The C<taskToken> of the ActivityTask.

C<taskToken> is generated by the service and should be treated as an
opaque value. If the task is passed to another process, its
C<taskToken> must also be passed. This enables it to provide its
progress and respond with results.

=head1 SEE ALSO

This class forms part of L<Paws>, documenting arguments for method RespondActivityTaskCanceled in L<Paws::SimpleWorkflow>

=head1 BUGS and CONTRIBUTIONS

The source code is located here: https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl

Please report bugs to: https://github.com/pplu/aws-sdk-perl/issues

=cut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


These unusual vertical street-lamps are Richardson Candles, which were inspired by a design of lamp made for the Festival of Britain in 1951.
Designed by Sir Albert Edward Richardson, they were installed in the historic city centre in the 1950s. They are a design unique to Cambridge, and can be found on Trumpington Street, St John's Street, Trinity Street, Silver Street and King's Parade.


Ff15 Gardening Tips Gardening Tips For Fall And Winter Fall is also an excellent time to prep your garden for springtime and set up the conditions to build healthy soil over the winter, which … Real-World Winter Gardening Tips From Your Growing zone.
Find over 47,000 free classified ads in Brisbane ads for jobs, housing, dating and more local safe free.
Home – .Landscape Supplies Brisbane, We can assist you with any and all of your landscaping, gardening and building needs. Family owned and operated building, landscape and garden supply business. We deliver to all local Brisbane suburbs in the Redlands and surrounding areas.


text:
Fearlessness
2nd January 2006 @ 2:29 pm
MSc-AAC, Books, Quotes, Teaching, Science and Fearlessness
As my Christmas break comes to an end, I'm catching up on some recommended reading. I've picked up a copy of Neal Stephenson's Quicksilver, and I'm glad I did.
In the small amount of teaching I've been doing over at The Bartlett's MSc Adaptive Architecture and Computation, I've emphasised the need for programmers to be fearless symbol manipulators, fearless text editors - much as students well-schooled in calculus become fearless with algebra and equations, and students well-schooled in drawing become fearless sketchers and draftsmen. Once you're literate in coding constructs (variables, loops, conditionals, data structures, etc.) they become a framework on which you can hang your ideas - the real work if you will.
Neal Stephenson's Isaac Newton is a parametric modeller, a master of bottom up systems. He doesn't care for constructing geometries where he can generate them. Furthermore, his discoveries are powered by his effortless, fearless manipulation of algebra:
"In explaining why those curves were as they were, the Fellows of Cambridge would instictively use Euclid's geometry: the earth is a sphere. Its orbit around the sun is an ellipse - you get an ellipse by constructing a vast imaginary cone in space and then cutting through it with an imaginary plane; the intersection of the cone and the plane is an ellipse. Beginning with these primitive objects (viz. the tiny sphere revolving around the place where the gigantic cone was cut by the imaginary plane), these geometers would add on more spheres, cones, planes, lines, and other elements - so many that if you could look up and see 'em, the heavens would turn nearly black with them - until at last they had found a way to account for the curves that Newton had drawn on the wall. Along the way, every step would be verified by applying one or the other of the rules that Euclid had proved to be true, two thousand years ago, in Alexandria, where everyone had been a genius.Isaac hadn't studied Euclid that much, and hadn't cared enough to study him well. If he wanted to work with a curve he would instinctively write it down, not as an intersection of planes and cones, but as a series of numbers and letters: an algebraic expression. That only worked if there was a language, or at least an alphabet, that had the power of expressing shapes without literally depicting them, a problem that Monsieur Descartes had lately solved by (first) conceiving of curves, lines, et cetera, as being collections of individual points and (then) devising a way to express a point by giving its coordinates - two numbers, or letters representing numbers, or (best of all) algebraic expressions that could in principle be evaluated to generate numbers. This translated all geometry to a new language with its own set of rules: algebra. The construction of equations was an exercise in translation. By following those rules, one could create new statements that were true, without even having to think about what the symbols referred to in any physical universe. It was this seemingly occult power that scared the hell out of some Puritans at the time, and it even seemed to scare Isaac a bit."
-- Neal Stephenson, Daniel Aboard Minerva, Quicksilver Book One pages 97-98.
Great stuff. Back to the book...
This site used to be a blog, a sketchbook, a portfolio. Time has not been kind to this site.
Looking for something? Talk to me.
Or go home.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Bambora Payment Service + React Application integration I'm trying to set up a third party payment service with my React application.
https://developer.bambora.com/europe/sdk/web-sdk/checkout-integration
I'm trying to figure out how to send form data onSubmit as an object to pre-populate form fields on the Bambora redirect URL page.
I'm thinking that I have to create a state object, populate it onSubmit of the fields, if valid pass it to the RedirectCheckout() somehow. I'm not sure how to do that last part.

import { RedirectCheckout } from "@bambora/checkout-sdk-web";

....

new RedirectCheckout("<<YOUR-SESSION-TOKEN-HERE>>")

A: This was solved by using the checkout link generator from Bambora and creating a hash function using the params they used in their hash function for validation for the link.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Booker running for president? Here's how his opponents are going to attack him.
WASHINGTON — We will know as early as next month whether U.S. Sen. Cory Booker, after talking to family and friends over Christmas, will decide to seek the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.
With President Donald Trump's job approval rating below 40 percent in the most recent Quinnipiac University poll and no clear frontrunner for the Democratic nomination (unlike Hillary Clinton in 2016), the 2020 field will be the most wide open since, well, the last Republican contest.
Well, there are things in the New Jersey senator's past that already have drawn criticism from Trump and his fellow Republicans on down, and even some Democrats, that are sure to follow him on the campaign trail.
Here are nine lines of attack that Booker's opponents will use against him if he runs for president.
U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., helped turn Wall Street into two dirty words during his 2016 run for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Like Sanders, many progressives have no love for the financial community whose actions helped lead to the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression.
At the same time, Wall Street has been Booker's biggest industry source of campaign contributions since he first ran for the Senate in 2013, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, a Washington-based research group.
Donations from the securities and investment industry, traditionally the biggest source of campaign contributions at election time, could help ensure Booker remains financially competitive in a presidential race.
Booker voted against legislation that rolled back some the financial regulations enacted after the recession, saying it would leave consumers, families, and communities less protected from big bank malfeasance, and that's plainly unacceptable."
He disassociated himself from Democratic attacks on 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney's Bain Capital private equity fund, calling them "nauseating."
But Booker also complained about Republican criticism of President Barack Obama and called it "reasonable" to discuss Romney's business record that he made "a centerpiece of his campaign."
Joining the Senate Judiciary Committee guaranteed Booker time in the national spotlight during the confirmation hearings for U.S. Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh.
During the hearing, Booker fought to release documents that a Republican lawyer sought to keep confidential. The lawyer relented, but before the Judiciary Committee released them, Booker did.
Booker called that his "Spartacus moment," after the slave who led a rebellion against the Roman Empire. At a campaign-style rally in September, Trump took a shot at Booker over that comment, preferring the actor who played Spartacus in the movie of the same name.
"I think we take Kirk Douglas in his prime," Trump said. "Do we agree?"
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., who blew up Senate norms when he refused to consider Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court, said "it wouldn't surprise me" if the Senate Ethics Committee looked at Booker's "unusual behavior."


Today was the 5k run I was supposed to join. I was a bit worried I wouldn't be allowed to, but they said everybody was welcome. As long as I could come in in under an hour, because at exactly 1pm, or one hour after the 5k started, the half marathon would start!
Well, I think I did okay. I kept pace the whole 5k, averaging close to 6 km/h. Which meant that in the end I finished (last) at around 51.30. Which would mean I bettered my time with a little over 11 minutes!
Very pleased, albeit very tired as well!!
Oh Mara ..... how good is that?? You bettered your time by heaps. No wonder you're pleased!! No wonder your tired too. 5K is a long way. Well done!! You're going great!!


Approximately three-quarters of Americans do not get enough exercise. Being overweight caused by poor diet and not enough activity has become epidemic in the United States, increasing dramatically every year for the past 30 years. This situation has huge health and quality of life costs, as seen in the stunning increase in asthma and other respiratory problems, diabetes, heart disease and long-term debilitating illnesses.
According to the American Lung Association, asthma is the leading serious chronic illness among children. In addition, currently 11% of American children suffer from childhood obesity, with an even higher percentage considered overweight but not obese. The rise in obesity and sedentary lifestyles has led scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to predict that for children born in 2000, one third will develop diabetes during their lifetimes.
Add to this the increasing costs to our health and environment from pollution from our long-term love affair with the car, and we are slowly choking ourselves to death. The Triangle and the Triad of North Carolina rate number 2 and 3 nationally as the worst areas for sprawl, according to a 2002 report by Smart Growth America. The direct effect this has on our health is the deterioration of our air quality. In the American Lung Association 2003 study of the "Most Ozone Polluted Metropolitan Areas" Los Angeles ranks number one, but shockingly Charlotte is number 10 (ahead of Washington-Baltimore.) Greensboro comes in at 17, and Raleigh-Durham stands at 22. Except for Raleigh-Durham, our other North Carolina cities rank far worse than in 2000.
Making individual choices such as eating better, exercising more, polluting less, driving less, and so on are helpful, but sometimes we are limited in choices by where we live and available options. For example you often cannot walk through a large parking lot or cross a busy road because they are not built for pedestrians. For real change to happen we need better planning and design on the community-wide scale.
Live in a Neighborhood that makes it easy to walk and ride a bike instead of always having to get in your car. Often times this means living closer to town, and in neighborhoods that have sidewalks and infrastructures that encourage and support walking. Help local zoning and planning boards realize that mixed-use community developments offer citizens a better quality of life. If developers build homes, shops, schools and churches within the same development, then people can chose to walk to the local shops and children can walk to school and their friend's home. How many over 40-year olds used to walk to school compared to children today? The statistics show at least 50% of baby boomers walked to school, compared to less than 10% of children who can or do walk to school today. When people think about it, they realize their favorite town or community to visit turns out to be one that is built "human-scale" and is walkable, rather than solely dependent on cars.
Live in a Neighborhood that builds houses with energy efficiency and health of the buildings as high priorities. For less than 10% extra cost, we can build houses that are 30-50% more energy efficient than current code requirements and have minimal negative indoor air quality issues. If we are worried about our outside air quality, we need to be just as worried about our indoor air quality. With the outgasing from glues, paints, cleaners, synthetic materials and so on, our indoor spaces can be even more of a hazard to our health than our outdoor space. Now, with additional attention paid to problems from mildew and mold, people are realizing that sometimes the buildings in which we spend so much of our time are making us sick. Given that the average person in the United States spends 85-90% of his time indoors, it matters that we make sure our indoor spaces are built with materials that don't offgas hazardous fumes. Also, some people are much more chemically sensitive than others. Finally, mold and mildew are related to good ventilation and good building practices that keep out moisture, things we haven't paid enough attention to in the past.
Use "Green" materials when building or renovating a house and for your household cleaners and activities. Many more new products are available now than just ten years ago. Although they might not be available at traditional stores and you may need to special order them or get them through the mail, "Green" products now make it possible to buy everything from paints that have little to no odor, to non-toxic cleaning products and soaps. With our consumer dollars, we support what we believe in.
Encourage Change in Your Local Community. Positive change happens when we care enough to change ourselves and then change our communities. Start small, taking it a step at a time. Start with yourself, your household, your workplace, your neighborhood and then your extended community. We do have options and they include improvements for us on a personal level as well as for our community..


As the fifth season of NBC's Scrubs winds down, the third season comes out on DVD.
By now I'll assume you're up to speed on what Scrubs is (check the sidebar for previous seasons). The third season is the one where Elliot gets a new 'do and dates an old boyfriend, J.D. dates Dr. Cox's sister-in-law, and Carla and Turk get ready for their wedding.
The quality of the writing seems constant; the third season is as just as good as what has gone before, plus it has the advantage of familiarity. We already know and like these characters, and now we can really start getting to know them. We've watched them grow from their awkward initial incarnations into the solid, well-grounded people that the writers and actors have (more or less) settled on.
Elliot's transformation was a little jarring, but luckily she wasn't allowed to become someone else. It's interesting to note that in the extra features, the producers acknowledge that Elliot's transformation was a top-down decision from NBC to make the show (and Sarah Chalke specifically) more "marketable." But they only mention the home office once and then go on to justify the decision as though it were their idea to begin with. In any case, it didn't ruin the show, although for a few episodes we had to wonder whether Scrubs was going to lose it completely.
The third season of scrubs comes on three DVDs. The extra features are all conveniently located on the third disc. The sheer volume of extra features is impressive, but not intimidating. It might take you an hour or two to wade through them all (barring the audio commentaries). Collectively, they are worth watching because of the funny moments sprinkled throughout. Individually, some segments are stronger than others, and the audio commentaries should probably be avoided altogether.
"The New Elliot" explains and illustrates the big change in season three, and it's more informative than most of the features. "Scrubbed Out: Deleted Scenes" is another above-average feature, with scenes that must have been cut for time, because they're good enough to have been in the show.
Then there are the "lifestyle" featurettes. Those who work on Scrubs are allowed to bring their dogs to work. (Hard to go wrong with video footage of a box of puppies.) And then there are the disgusting dares they called "Scrubs factor" (like "fear factor"). Rich producers pay crew members to humiliate themselves by, basically, eating bugs. It's the playground all over again, and another reminder of why you don't want to work in Hollywood.
The gag reel is fun; it's a collage of actors flubbing their lines. "Don't Try this at Home" is a collage of all the pratfalls. "Long Term Residents" is a parade of the show's guest stars (Erik Estrada, Michael J. Fox, and Brendan Fraser, among others).
And then there are the personality profiles. Robert Maschio (The Todd) goes on camera about his role. "Twist and Shoot" introduces us to the guest directors promoted from within. And sprinkled throughout are interviews with the cast, crew, and producers of Scrubs.
And if you ever wanted to hear the theme song all the way through (and not just the 15 seconds or so that plays before each episode), just pop any disc in the player and press Menu. The theme song is allowed to run its course.
Non-fans will have little reason to contemplate buying or renting this DVD set. Therefore, if you've made it this far in the review, I can recommend Scrubs Season Three without hesitation, not just for the show, but for the worthwhile and well-balanced extra features. Bring on Season Four!


text:
How to get a job with Uber in the UK
Londoners have been left reeling after the internet giant announced it would be closing its UK offices on December 18th.
The company announced that its UK branches would be closed on the same day as the UK's general election on June 8th.
On Twitter, the company also announced that the company's UK headquarters would be shut on December 9th.
This is a blow for many Londoners who work in the tech industry, who rely on the company for the majority of their income.
Many have taken to Twitter to vent their frustration, with many claiming they will not be able to get jobs with the internet service provider.
The company said it would "offer a range of opportunities for Londoners, including full-time jobs" to people from the UK.
"We are working to create an even stronger and more flexible environment for London residents and business owners, and we have a plan in place to make sure the UK is a better place to live, work, and play," the company said.
In a statement, the London office said that it would not be closing the UK and that it was committed to providing "excellent services".
"As part of the UK business environment, we will continue to offer a range a variety of opportunities to Londoners," it said.
"We have a strong workforce in the London area, and the company will be offering a range, including a full-service, flexible position.
Uber has not provided any details on what its "full-service" or flexible positions might entail, but the company has previously indicated that it is not interested in "extending its relationship with London".
The announcement came as a shock to London commuters, who have been struggling to find work with the ride-hailing company.
Users on Twitter have taken the opportunity to vent about their frustrations, with some claiming they were unable to find a job or were being forced to resign from their job.
"Why does it have to make the decision to close the UK offices, which it has invested billions of pounds to build? "
Why does Uber have to shut its UK branch in London on December 16th?" one user asked.
"Why does it have to make the decision to close the UK offices, which it has invested billions of pounds to build?
Why do the UK taxes payers have to take the hit for the loss of millions of British jobs?"
Another user, who asked not to be named, said that the Uber London offices had "no staff, no money, no staff to speak of, and nobody to help out".
A spokesperson for Uber London told The Independent that they had "made it very clear that we are committed to the UK in every way".
"We will be working with the London and the wider community to provide the best possible service, and look forward to continuing to grow in the area," the spokesperson added.
Earlier this week, the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, said he was "proud" of the tech giant, which has more than 700 employees in the city.
He said: "I know that the people of London are proud of their tech industry and their talent.
Uber has made it very very clear to us that they are committed and committed to working with us and our city to make our city the place of choice for the future."
That is why we are doing everything we can to help them build the future that they want for London.
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Following the production of a pilot series in spring 2008, the GAZ Group today launched the serial production of its new Volga Siber that is based on the previous-generation Dodge Stratus / Chrysler Sebring sedan. The Russian company's production facilities are capable of manufacturing up to 100,000 cars per year. The Siber will be available from September 1, 2008 in 12 Russian regions through the company's 68 dealers.


text:
Al Bello Honored with Achievement in Sports Award from the Lucie Foundation
October 23, 2019 • Company News
October 23, 2019- New York: The Lucie Foundation last night honored Getty Images Chief Sports Photographer Al Bello with the Achievement in Sports Award, acknowledging Al's extensive body of work at the world's largest sporting events.
Al has covered countless major sporting events and personalities around the world, and in 2020 he will be photographing his 13th Olympic Games in Tokyo. Throughout his career, Al has worked on editorial assignments for Sports Illustrated, ESPN the Magazine, Time, Maxim and The New York Times. He has also worked on commercial assignments for Everlast, Canon, Discovery Channel, Nike, Sandisk, TYR, Speedo, The UFC, and Spike TV.
Since 2003, the Lucie Awards has celebrated the remarkable achievements of photographers. The Lucie Awards is organized and presented by the Lucie Foundation, a non-profit charitable organization whose mission is to honor the work of photographers, discover and cultivate emerging talent, and promote an appreciation of photography worldwide.
"It's an incredible honor to be recognized for my work by the Lucie Foundation," Al said. "After 26 years at Getty Images, my colleagues have truly become my family and this award reflects the work that we have done as a team over that time. I am eternally grateful for all of your support tonight and over the course of my career."
In addition to this honor, Al has won numerous awards from World Press Photo, National Press Photographers Association, China International Press Photographers Association, The New York Press Photographers Association, The Boxing Writers Association, The Football Hall of Fame, The International Olympic Committee and the top prize at the Picture of the Year International Awards.
« Photojournalist Lynn Johnson Selected for 2019 Getty Images and Chris Hondros Fund Award Getty Images Gallery and 10 Corso Como's 'Beat Positive' Exhibit Celebrates Imagery from Early Hip Hop »


text:
The Bryoflora of Mt. Everett, Taconic Mountains, Massachusetts
Title The Bryoflora of Mt. Everett, Taconic Mountains, Massachusetts
Journal Rhodora
Keywords Berkshires, bryophytes, liverworts, Massachusetts, mosses, Mt. Everett, Mt. Greylock, pine barrens, pitch pine, Taconic Mountains
An inventory of the bryophyte flora of Mt. Everett and vicinity, southwestern Massachusetts, a 795 m mountain with an unusual dwarf Pinus rigida (pitch pine) summit forest, produced records for 109 mosses and 45 liverworts (153 species and one variety). The summit pine vegetation contained some bryophytes known to occur in lowland pitch pine forest elsewhere in the northeastern United States, but no species unique to this vegetation type. Some species more characteristic of higher elevation mountains with red spruce-balsam fir forest in the northeastern United States were present in the summit and subsummit areas of Mt. Everett, especially the latter. These azonal northern bryophytes may be descendents of populations of species that were more abundant in the past. Species richness on the mountain increased from summit to lowland, and the subsummit area contained more species than the summit forest area. Substantial differences exist between the bryofloras of Mt. Everett and Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts, 70 km to the north, reflecting edaphic and climatic dissimilarities between the two areas. Bryum flaccidum, Plagiomnium medium, Pseudotaxiphyllum distichaceum, and Sphagnum quinquefarium, on the basis of collections from Mt. Everett and vicinity, are added to the flora of Massachusetts.
URL http://dx.doi.org/10.3119/04-13.1
DOI 10.3119/04-13.1


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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}
Future wireless systems are envisaged to be deeply integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to provide both communication and AI services \cite{wang2020artificial}. In the past decade, the great progress in three key driving forces, i.e., diverse data sets, advanced algorithms and powerful computing capability, has played an important role in the success of AI applications \cite{russell2016artificial}. Hence, the deployment of AI in a particular scenario such as wireless systems always begins with the considerations with three factors, i.e., how to collect data, how to process data, and by which device to process. For example, in scenarios of Internet of Things (IoT) and vehicular communication systems, a large volume of data will be collected and analyzed by devices to provide classification, regression, prediction, and decision making functions to handle different tasks. In these cases, distributed learning is a proper enabler for AI solutions \cite{chen2021distributed}.

A lot of distributed learning frameworks have been recently proposed, within which the most popular one is federated learning (FL) \cite{mcmahan2017communication}. In FL, each client trains a local learning model using its local collected data, and then uploads the local model to a central server. The central server aggregates multiple local models to a global one and broadcasts it to the clients for next round training. FL exploits the computing capability of distributed clients and keeps users' data local at clients without direct exchanging. A commonly used assumption for FL is that the basic structure of the learning models (both local ones and the global one) are identical. Although model compression, sparsification and pruning may alleviate the computation and communication overhead, they must be based on a same structure.

On the other hand, distributed clients may need to cooperate with each other to finish a task together. The learning made by each client is not only depended on its local data, but also related to the data and actions of its neighbors. Informations are allowed to exchanged in this case, and the input of the learning model on each client may include both local and neighboring data. The numbers of neighbors for different clients may be different and change over time, which implies that the input of the learning model for each client may be different and time-varying. Retraining a model repetitively is impractical due to the large overhead during the training phase. Pre-defining a maximum possible number of neighbors and training a corresponding large model may be a solution. However, the assumption of knowing the maximum possible number of neighbors is not always feasible in practice, and this model can not handle the situation when the number of neighbors exceeds the pre-defined one.

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed learning framework which can be adopted in the wireless networks with time-varying topology. First of all, to cope with different input dimensions of the learning models at clients, a scalable deep neural network (DNN) structure is designed. Here, similar to previous works \cite{guo2020structure,wang2021smart}, the permutation equivalence (PE) and permutation invariance (PI) properties, which can be found in many applications \cite{zaheer2017deep}, are considered. Based on this PE/PI prior knowledge of applications, the DNN structure can be simplified and viewed as a combination of two basic blocks. Then, the DNNs with different scales can be easily built up through using different numbers of basic blocks at clients to handle both local and neighboring data. Moreover, the model aggregation at the central server can be taken out also based on the two basic blocks, which makes the model aggregation on DNNs with different scales possible. We evaluate the proposed framework through simulations and show that with less model parameters, the proposed framework outperforms the design with a fixed size.

The paper is organized as follows. The application scenario considered in this paper are introduced in Section \ref{sec2}. Then, in Section \ref{sec3}, the proposed distributed learning framework is elaborated. Simulation results and discussions are provided in Section \ref{sec4}. Finally, we summarize the work in Section \ref{sec5}.

\section{System Model}
\label{sec2}
\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/model.eps}
	\caption{System model.}
	\label{fig:systemmodel}
\end{figure}
As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:systemmodel}, we consider a wireless network with one central unit such as a base station (BS) and multiple distributed clients such as mobile user equipments (UEs). A distributed learning task is assigned to this wireless network, where each of the distributed clients need to perform the learning based on both its local data and the data from its neighbors. A typical application scenario of this system model is object recognition where different cameras and sensors capture different features from the same object, which can be regarded as a multi-view learning task \cite{xu2013survey}. This system model can also find its application in IoT systems and wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

We characterize the system by a graph, where the vertexes are the distributed clients and the edges show the connectivity between clients. Different clients may have different numbers of neighbors, e.g., Client E has only one neighbor of Client C, while Client D has two neighbors of Client B and D. Moreover, as a wireless network, the topology of the graph is of high dynamics. Due to the quality of wireless link and on/off activities of clients, the graph structure may be time-varying. For example, considering the graph in Fig. \ref{fig:systemmodel}, client C has four neighbors of Client A, B, D and E in first time slot. If, in the second time slot, Client D departs from the system, the neighbors of Client C will change to Client A, B and E. The DNNs deployed on all the clients need to handle both local and neighboring data, so at least the input dimensions of these DNNs are different. As the graph changing over time, this input dimension of the DNN on the same client may also be time varying.

A server is deployed on the central unit of the system. It can help with speeding up the training progress through aggregating local models from the clients. However, the model aggregation must take into consideration the situation when the scales of the DNNs are different.

\section{Distributed Learning with a Scalable DNN Design}
\label{sec3}
\subsection{PE/PI-based Scalable DNN Design}
\label{sec3.1}
PE and PI are well-known and widely-used properties which can be elaborated as follows. Given an input vector $\mathbf{X}=\left[\mathbf{x}_{1}, \mathbf{x}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_{k}\right]$, if for an arbitrary permutation $\pi(k)=p_{k}$ on $\mathbf{X}$, i.e., $\tilde{\mathbf{X}}=\left[\mathbf{x}_{p_{1}}, \mathbf{x}_{p_{2}}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_{p_{K}}\right]$, the output of function $\mathbf{Y}=f(\mathbf{X})=\left[\mathbf{y}_{1}, \mathbf{y}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{y}_{k}\right]$ follows the same permutation, i.e., $\tilde{\mathbf{Y}}=f(\tilde{\mathbf{X}})=\left[\mathbf{y}_{p_{1}}, \mathbf{y}_{p_{2}}, \ldots, \mathbf{y}_{p_{K}}\right]$, we say that the function $f$ is PE for the input $\mathbf{X}$. And if the output of function $f$ does not change even with the permutation of the input $\mathbf{X}$, we say that it has the PI property. Many distributed learning tasks have PE and PI properties. For example, in the UE scheduling problem in wireless networks, the scheduling priority of the target UE depends on both its own state such as channel condition and the states of other UEs. However, permuting the states of UEs before inputting them into the scheduler, the output scheduling priorities of the UEs permute in the same way. The PE and PI properties can also be found in multi-view learning task, where the permutation in the order of input neighboring data may not affect the output of the learning model.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/NN.eps}
	\caption{Structure of DNNs with PE/PI property.}
	\label{fig:NN}
\end{figure}

To realize the aforementioned function $f$ through a DNN with $L$ layers, we can rely on the parameter sharing structure as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:NN}. The input $\left[\mathbf{x}_{1}, \mathbf{x}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_{K}\right]$ includes states from $K$ clients, i.e., one target client and its $K-1$ neighbors. ${\bf{h}}_k^l, k=1,2,\ldots,K, l=1,2,\ldots,L$ is the output vector on the $l$-th hidden layer. If $\left[\mathbf{y}_{1}, \mathbf{y}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{y}_{k}\right]$ is considered as the output, the DNN is of PE property. The permutation on the input $\left[\mathbf{x}_{1}, \mathbf{x}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_{K}\right]$ results in the same permutation on the output $\left[\mathbf{y}_{1}, \mathbf{y}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{y}_{K}\right]$. If only $\mathbf{y}_{\rm{target}}, {\rm{target}} \in \{1, 2, \ldots, K\}$ is considered, the DNN is of PI property because the permutation on the input will not change the output. The processing of the $l$-th hidden layer can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq1}
\tilde{\mathbf{h}}^{l}=\sigma\left(\tilde{\mathbf{W}}^{l-1, l} \tilde{\mathbf{h}}^{l-1}+\mathbf{b}^{l}\right),
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}^{l} = [{\bf{h}}_1^l,{\bf{h}}_1^l,\ldots, {\bf{h}}_K^l ]$, $\tilde{\mathbf{W}}^{l-1, l}$ is the weight matrix and $\mathbf{b}^{l}$ is the bias vector of the $l$-th hidden layer, and $\sigma(\cdot)$ is the activation function. With ${{\bf{W}}^{l - 1,l}} = {\rm{ }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\widetilde {\bf{W}}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{b}}^l}}
\end{array}} \right]$ and ${{\bf{h}}^l} = {\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\widetilde {\bf{h}}}^l}}&{\bf{1}}
\end{array}} \right]^{\rm{T}}}$, where $\bf{1}$ is a vector with all-one elements and length same to ${\bf{h}}_k^l$, Eq. \ref{eq:eq1} can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq2}
\mathbf{h}^{l}=\sigma\left(\mathbf{W}^{l-1, l} \mathbf{h}^{l-1}\right).
\end{equation}
To guarantee the PE/PI property of the DNN, $\mathbf{W}^{l-1, l}$ should have the following structure
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq3}
{{\bf{W}}^{l - 1,l}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
 \ldots &{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
 \ldots &{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}\\
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
 \vdots & \vdots \\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
 \ddots & \vdots \\
 \cdots &{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}
\end{array}} \right],
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{W}^{l-1, l}$ consists of two sub-matrices, i.e., $\mathbf{S}^{l-1, l}$ and $\mathbf{O}^{l-1, l}$, which is also shown in Fig. \ref{fig:NN}. Hence, DNNs with different scales can be built up based on these two sub-matrices to handle different input dimensions.

\subsection{The Proposed Distributed Learning Framework}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/DLframework.eps}
	\caption{Proposed distributed learning framework.}
	\label{fig:DLframework}
\end{figure}

Relying on the PE/PI-based scalable DNN design, we propose a distributed learning framework as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:DLframework}. Each distributed client uses a DNN with the aforementioned structure, whose scale can be adjusted according to the number of neighbors. For example, Client B has three neighbors, hence the parameter matrix of its DNN can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq4}
{\bf{W}}_{\rm{B}}^{l - 1,l} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}\\
{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}&{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}}
\end{array}} \right].
\end{equation}
However, Client E has only one neighbor and its parameter matrix is
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq5}
{\bf{W}}_{\rm{E}}^{l - 1,l} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}\\
{{{\bf{O}}^{l - 1,l}}}&{{{\bf{S}}^{l - 1,l}}}
\end{array}} \right].
\end{equation}

When the topology of the wireless network changes, the scale of the DNN used at each client can also change accordingly. For example, if Client B departs from the network at the $t$-th time slot, the parameter matrix of the DNN used by Client A will change from ${\bf{W}}_{{\rm{A}},\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}$ to ${\bf{W}}_{{\rm{A}},\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l}$, where
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq6}
{\bf{W}}_{{\rm{A}},\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{\bf{S}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}\\
{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{S}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}\\
{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{S}}_{\left( {t - 1} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}
\end{array}} \right],
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq7}
{\bf{W}}_{{\rm{A}},\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
{{\bf{S}}_{\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}\\
{{\bf{O}}_{\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}&{{\bf{S}}_{\left( {t} \right)}^{l - 1,l}}
\end{array}} \right].
\end{equation}

After training the local DNN based on the local and neighboring data, each client can upload the local training results ${\bf{S}}_{{\rm{local}}}^{l - 1,l}$ and ${\bf{O}}_{{\rm{local}}}^{l - 1,l}$ to the central server, where global sub-matrices, i.e., ${\bf{S}}_{{\rm{global}}}^{l - 1,l}$ and ${\bf{O}}_{{\rm{global}}}^{l - 1,l}$, are obtained through model aggregation. All commonly used aggregation algorithms can be adopted here. Although the scales of the DNNs used by all the clients may be different from each other, through the same basic building blocks, i.e., the two sub-matrices, model aggregation can be done. Similar as in FL, the model aggreation can make used of data from multiple clients and speed up the whole learning procedure.

$\mathbf{S}^{l-1, l}$ and $\mathbf{O}^{l-1, l}$ are of the same size, which is supposed to be $a \times b$, then the total number of parameters of the DNN is $aK \times bK = abK^2$, where $K$ is the number of neighbors plus one. Thanks to the parameter sharing, the number of trainable parameters is only $2ab$, which is also the communication payload size for local model uploading and global model broadcasting. Compared to directly using a large DNN with $abK^2$ parameters, the DNN used in the proposed distributed learning framework can save up to $K^2/2$ times computation and communication overhead.

\section{Simulations}
\label{sec4}
To evaluate the performance of the proposed distributed learning framework, we design a test case and show the simulation results in this section.

We consider a classification task on the MNIST \cite{lecun2010mnist} in a network with 5 distributed clients. Both the training set with 60000 samples and the test set with 10000 samples are divided into five non-overlapping subsets, each of which is focused by one of the five clients. To turn the task into a cooperative one, we add noise to the samples, and different noisy versions of the same picture are allocated to the target client and its neighbors. The target client tries to identify the class of the item in the picture by input its local noisy version and neighboring noisy versions of the picture. The original and noisy version of some sample pictures are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:mnist}.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/mnist.eps}%
	\caption{Sample pictures in MNIST (left:original, right: -10dB noisy).}
	\label{fig:mnist}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=1.6\columnwidth]{./figs/structure.eps}%
	\caption{General structure of the used DNN.}
	\label{fig:structure}
\end{figure*}

For comparison, we consider three baselines. The first one is a one-client scenario with no neighbors and no model aggregation. For the second baseline, cooperation among clients is neglected and each client tries to do the classification based only on its local data, i.e., one noisy figure. For the third baseline, a large DNN is used, where five figures can be processed simultaneously. Obviously, this large DNN is very suitable for Client C who has four neighbors. However, for other clients with fewer neighbors, zeros will be padded to make the input have the same as five pictures.

The proposed framework and the baselines use a similar DNN structure, which includes two convolution layers with 2-by-2 pooling and Relu activation, and three fully connected (FC) layers with Relu activation for the first two FC layers and Softmax activation for the last FC layer. The general structure of the DNN is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:structure}, where $N_k$ is a scaling factor which has different values for different method. For the first and second baselines without considering data from neighbors, we set $N_k=1$. For the third baseline with a large DNN, $N_k$ is set to be 5. Because the DNN used by the proposed method is built up based on two sub-matrices, i.e., $\mathbf{S}^{l-1, l}$ and $\mathbf{O}^{l-1, l}$, both of which have the same dimension as the one used in the first baseline, $N_k$ is equal to the number of neighbors of Client $k$ plus one. It is worth noting that thanks to the parameter sharing design, the number of trainable parameters of the DNN used by the proposed method is only twice the number for the first baseline. Other simulation parameters are summarized in Table \ref{tab:simulationsettings}.

\begin{table}[h]
	\centering
	\caption{Simulation Settings}
	\begin{tabular}{c|c}
		\hline
		Parameters		                &   Values \\
		\hline
		Number of clients	            &	5 \\
        \hline
        Data set                        &   CIFAR10 \\
        \hline
        Number of training samples      &   12000 per client \\
        \hline
        Number of test samples          &   2000 per client  \\
        \hline
        Learning rate                   &   0.05 \\
        \hline
        Decaying rate of learning rate  &   0.99 \\
        \hline
        Training batch size             &   500 \\
        \hline
        Test batch size                 &   128 \\
        \hline
        Number of training epoches      &   20 \\
        \hline
        Testing frequency               &   every 2 epoches \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\label{tab:simulationsettings}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/simscenario.eps}%
	\caption{The simulated time-varying scenario.}
	\label{fig:simscenario}
\end{figure}
We consider the scenario with a time-varying topology as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:simscenario}. In the first time slot, the connectivity among clients is the same as Fig. \ref{fig:systemmodel}. Then, in the second time slot, Client D is off, hence, the numbers of neighbors of Client B and C are decreased by one. The connectivities can be represented as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq8}
{I_{{\rm{TS1}}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
1&1&1&0&0\\
1&1&1&1&0\\
1&1&1&1&1\\
0&1&1&1&0\\
0&0&1&0&1
\end{array}} \right]
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eq9}
{I_{{\rm{TS2}}}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}
1&1&1&0&0\\
1&1&1&0&0\\
1&1&1&0&1\\
0&0&0&0&0\\
0&0&1&0&1
\end{array}} \right]
\end{equation}
for the first and seconde time slots, respectively.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./figs/Fixed.eps}%
	\caption{Accuracy of different methods in fixed topology scenario.}
	\label{fig:fixed}
\end{figure}
The performance comparison among aforementioned methods is firstly done in the fixed topology for the first time slot. The accuracy performances during the training phases of different methods are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:fixed}. The first baseline with only one client considered performs the worst, while with the help of model aggregation, the second baseline performs better than the first one although no data from neighbors is used. With consideration of the neighboring data, both the third baseline and the proposed method show superior performance. Although the proposed method has a little performance degradation compared to the third baseline, the third baseline uses a much larger DNN. In the simulated case, the number of parameters of DNNs used in the third baseline is 1348630, while the number of parameters of DNNs used in the proposed method is only 109628. This means only one tenth the communication and computation overhead of the third baseline is needed for the proposed method. Moreover, the maximum possible number of participants of the learning may be hard to pre-define in practice, which also hindering the third baseline from being deployed in real systems.

\begin{table}[!htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Inference Performance for Time-varying Scenario}
	\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c}
		\hline
		\multicolumn{2}{c|}{Method}                &  Baseline 3 (large DNN)  & Proposed method \\
        \hline
        \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Number of Parameters}  &  1348630                 & 109628          \\
		\hline
		    	      &	Client A                    &  0.9589                 & 0.9487          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Client B                    &  0.9668                 & 0.9593          \\ \cline{2-4}
        Time Slot 1   &	Client C                    &  0.9709                 & 0.9656          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Client D                    &  0.9592                 & 0.9499          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Client E                    &  0.9366                 & 0.9208          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Average                     &  0.9585                 & 0.9489          \\
        \hline
		    	      &	Client A                    &  0.9596                 & 0.9490          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Client B                    &  0.9577                 & 0.9493          \\ \cline{2-4}
        Time Slot 2   &	Client C                    &  0.9677                 & 0.9601          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Client E                    &  0.9357                 & 0.9206          \\ \cline{2-4}
                      &	Average                     &  0.9551                 & 0.9447          \\
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\label{tab:timevarying}
\end{table}

We now evaluate the performance of the time-varying scenario. Because the first and second baselines do not consider neighboring data, the time-varying topology will not affect their performance. Hence, we only compare the performance between the proposed framework and the third baseline. The DNNs are trained for 20 epoches, and are fixed for inference for 10 iterations. The averaging results over the 10 iterations are shown in Table \ref{tab:timevarying}. It is shown that both methods can work in the time-varying networks. The departure of Client D results in reductions in numbers of neighbors for Client B and C, so the performance of Client B and C degrade. Again, we emphasize that the third baseline is used here for comparison, it is hard to be deployed in practice due to the assumption of knowing the maximum possible participants of the learning.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec5}
In this paper, we proposed a distributed learning framework based on a scalable DNN design to conduct cooperative tasks in wireless networks with time-varying topology. Relying on the PE/PI property, parameter matrices of DNNs with different scales are built up based on the same two basic blocks. Hence, distributed clients can form its own DNN based on these two basic sub-matrices according to the number of its neighbors. The changing on the number of neighbors is handled by rebuilding the DNN accordingly. Aggregation of local models with different scales can be done at the central server also based on these two basic sub-matrices, which improves the convergence and performance of the global model. Simulations show that, the proposed method can effectively handle the scenario with time-varying topology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Чальфахре () — село в Ірані, у дегестані Кугпає, у бахші Новбаран, шагрестані Саве остану Марказі. За даними перепису 2006 року, його населення становило 65 осіб, що проживали у складі 29 сімей.

Клімат
Середня річна температура становить 10,56°C, середня максимальна – 29,99°C, а середня мінімальна – -11,31°C. Середня річна кількість опадів – 264 мм.

Примітки

Населені пункти шагрестану Саве

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Kantara Rings in 2023 with a Surprise Visit to Maati Nature Resort
The success of the Kantara movie has spread all across the globe; the film has garnered immense love from the audience and the critics. The action thriller is leaving no chance to leave the masses impressed and has been creating examples of its success ever since its release. It is reflected in the imitation of Kantara at various cultural events across the country. One such imitation took place at Maati Nature Resort in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra, where the welcome of the New Year 2023 took place with the entry of Kantara. The guests were completely shocked and surprised by his sudden entry as the clock ticked 12 to welcome the New Year.
Commenting on the unique way of welcoming the New Year, Mrs. Sakshi Sawant, Founder of Maati Nature Resort, said, "The New Year is always welcomed and celebrated by playing music and bursting crackers." We at Maati Nature Resort have always tried to do something unique, so we thought of Kantara, which has received such a massive response that it has reached every single house in the country and across the globe. "It is a representation of God, and who will not want blessings from God at the beginning of the year?"
Around 100 guests present at the resort to celebrate the New Year were blessed by Kantara. Sandeep Gawde who performed the role of Kantara was mesmerized by the attire and overall role of Kantara. The unique scene ended the same way as it ended in the movie with Kantara disappearing in the jungle. Maati Nature Resort is first of its kind Nature Tourism Destination built with the concept of mud and wood. Hidden amidst the cashew plantations, sit 3 mud houses, that perfectly represents what Maati stands for – a century-old lifestyle, infused with our signature style of luxurious comfort. The mud houses, which are more or less identical, have been built by a talented family of local Malvanis from nearby villages. To add to their ancient charms, are the wooden artifacts and of course, the traditional village design that adorns their cow dung floor. Along with mud houses, the resort also offers Machan and tent experiences to its guests. In addition to the perfect ambiance, the mouth-watering food cooked on wooden fire and earthen pots take the visitors closer to nature. The property has a beautiful cashew shape swimming pool and a first-of-its-kind open wooden gym that offers relaxing and rejuvenating experiences. Just a 1-hour drive from Sindhudurg airport, the resort offers uninterrupted views of the Konkan nature, as well as a host of enjoyable experiences to try.


text:
Join the forum!
INSIDE SOURCES: U2 to announce "Virtual Zoo" concert series
Codeguy HUMOR/PRANKS April 1, 2021
UPDATE: This was in fact an April Fools joke. Didn't fool anyone this year – we've cried wolf too many April 1st's!
Dublin, Ireland (March 31st 2021) – TalkU2 has learned that U2 will soon announce a first-of-its-kind "virtual Zoo" concert series, to begin on the 30th Anniversary of the release of their landmark Achtung, Baby Album. Concerts will be held in a small number of locations. Fans in those locations will be able to attend in person, provided they show proof of COVID-19 vaccination. The concert series will open in Camping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida – the same city that hosted the first Zoo TV shows in 1992.
However, while physical concerts will be held only in a handful of select locations, fans will be able to attend shows virtually using a 3D headset from any location in the world.
According to a spokesperson for Principal Management, "band members have been overwhelmed by the success of the Virtual Road YouTube series and the popular E&I reimagination of the Macphisto character, and are eager to reinvent the concert industry by eliminating the most annoying aspect of the live show – the requirement to attend in-person. Nobody actually likes to travel to a stadium, struggle with parking, wait hours in line, worry about the weather, fear being groped or trampled, or sit in uncomfortable seats. They want the immersive experience of the concert, but without all the real-world nonsense."
U2 is teaming up with Microsoft and Sony to deliver a live concert experience via those companies 3D headsets, Oculus and Playstation VR respectively. Fans will be able to project themselves into the stadium, getting a 360 degree experience. It will be recommended that fans allow themselves ample jumping space to ensure that they don't injure themselves while wearing a 3D headset, and to obey neighborhood noise ordinances when singing along.
It is understood that Bono is especially keen on the idea of opening the show with their 2020 smash hit Let your love be shown, before taking the stage to Zoo Station. In an interview to air on U2.com and U2-X Radio tomorrow, Bono said "I think COVID has made Zoo TV relevant again. People want to dream out loud – at high volume – but they don't so much want to leave their homes. Besides, who wouldn't want to see U2 in their pajamas? There's no mud, no line Nazi's, no rain, no COVID, just U2 in your living room!"
Here are a few snippets of information from the leak:
Elon Musk is donating several Teslas which will be hollowed out and used in place of the gas-guzzling planet-destroying Trabants from the original show
Ticket prices for the in-person show are not known, but it is believed that virtual attendees will pay $159 for a standard virtual seat, and $295 for a premium virtual seat. U2.com subscribers will get early access to virtual seats.
U2 is understood to be re-writing the lyrics to Numb as a series of COVID-related 'Don't' commands – Don't travel by train, don't eat on a plane, don't answer, don't ask, just wear a mask
Instead of calling the White House each night, Macphisto is expected to call socially undesirable white male CEO's and have the audience tell them they're cancelled. The irony will presumably be entirely lost on Macphisto
Speaking on condition of anonymity, the Principle Management spokesperson said "The band was actually really annoyed with Ed Sheeran for breaking their 360 tour world record with his 'Divide' tour, and they have been brainstorming about how to retake the record, and they realized that the biggest problem was that the fans had to actually show up."
As always, TalkU2 will keep you up to date on the latest information as it emerges.
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Website Managed By 67 Web Design


text:
Arsenal set for injury boost with Tierney and Bellerin targeting return to first-team training
Sam France
10:55 WAT 29/08/2019
The full-backs haven't been available for Unai Emery so far this season but they could feature together for the Gunners after the international break
Arsenal could be set for a major boost after the international break with full-backs Kieran Tierney and Hector Bellerin close to returning to full fitness.
Bellerin hasn't played since January after rupturing his cruciate ligament in a 2-0 win over Chelsea, while summer signing Tierney is yet to make an appearance for his new side as he recovers from a double hernia operation.
However, Arsenal have now confirmed that both players are hoping to return to full training in September, meaning Gunners fans may be able to look forward to seeing the pair marauding the flanks together sooner than expected.
'Inter were my best option' - Lukaku has no regrets on leaving Man Utd following Coppa Italia brace
African All Stars Transfer News and Rumours: Manchester United close to signing Koulibaly
African All Stars Transfer News and Rumours: Acquah set for Serie A return
African All Stars Transfer News and Rumours: Conte wants Moses reunion at Inter Milan
In the recent defeat to Liverpool, Nacho Monreal and Ainsley Maitland-Niles started at full-back and struggled to deal with the intensity of their opponents' attacking play – though the pair were also exposed by a narrow Arsenal midfield.
While Unai Emery's side have shown promise in their wins over Newcastle and Burnley so far, the extra threat posed from wide by Bellerin and Tierney is expected to give the team a more complete look.
Based in the UK? Grab a Sky Sports Day Pass for just £8.99!
With further attacking quality provided by new signings Dani Ceballos and Nicolas Pepe, Emery will be keen to strike the right balance as he looks to make good on last season's disappointments with a return to the Champions League.
Tierney and Bellerin's fellow defender Konstantinos Mavropanos is also targeting September for a return to full training as he recovers from a groin injury, while two other Arsenal players are even closer to a return.
Rob Holding and Emile Smith Rowe have both been in action for the club's youth sides over the last week, and have both completed 90 minutes as Emery's squad moves closer to being complete.
For the time being, Arsenal are fully focused on Sunday's clash with Tottenham, as the Emirates hosts the first North London Derby of the 2019-20 season.
Following the international break after the Spurs game, the Gunners face Watford and Aston Villa before a Carabao Cup tie which could provide a good opportunity for those returning from injury to return to first-team action.
Arsenal will host Championship side Nottingham Forest, with a certain amount of revenge on the cards after Forest knocked them out of the FA Cup with a 4-2 win two years ago.


Data from DeGolyer, Volume 19, p. 252. See also Alvin F Staufer & Lawrence W Sagle, B & O Power (1964). Works numbers were 14316-14317 in June 1895.
This pair of Moguls were delivered to the ID|&W Railway shortly after that entity succeeded the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield in May 1894. At that time, the railway included 152.5 miles of line.
It merged into the Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Dayton in 1900 as part of a consolidation of several railroads.; the 4 and the 8 were renumbered 269-270. As part of the CH&D's incorporation into the Baltimore & Ohio in 1916, the two Moguls were assigned to non-operating subsidiary Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western, under whose corporate aegis they ran until 1927.
NB: The firebox (or direct) heating surface area and consequently the evaporative heating surface area are both estimates. Locobase notes the very similar measurements of the Illinois Terminal #8 of 1903 (Locobase 15919), which had a firebox of similar shape and only slightly greater height, an identical grate area, and a boiler with two more tubes of the same length as this engine. He estimated that the ID&W fireboxes had 95% of the height and calculated accordingly.
Alvin F Staufer & Lawrence W Sagle, B & O Power (1964). Works number was 1026 in January 1889.
C&CT opened in the same year it took delivery of this Mogul with a relatively long stroke. In 1897, the C&CT became the Chicago Terminal Transfer railroad. At that tiime it operated 32 miles (51.5 km).
Following bankruptcy in February 1907, it reorganized as the Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad Mogul. This single engine was retired in 1919.
Pittsburgh builder's data from a compilation by B Rumary supplied by Allen Stanley in March 2004. The works numbers were 575-578 in May 1882. The P & W apparently became the Painesville & Youngstown in August 1884 and the second through fourth were renumbered 3-5. But the P & Y soon became the Pittsburg, Painesville and Fairport Railway and came under the P & W, at which point 576-578 reverted to P & W numbering (but as 1, 3 & 4), but then 576 and 578 went to the Clarksburg, Weston & Glenville in June 1886 as 3 & 5.
http://www.railsandtrails.com/ohiorailwayreport/1902/ for Ohio railroads as of 1902.
Raod #44 was works numbers were 1475 delivered in 1889 while 45-46 were works numbers 1936-1937 and arrived in 1891. In 1895 they were renumbered 47-49.
Renumbered 917-918, 925 when the CL&W became part of the B&O in 1902; they were classified K-10. All were gone by 1915.
Data from Kinert, 1962; confirmed and supplemented by  database, lookup 12 Nov 2004. More data from Alvin F Staufer's Baltimore & Ohio Steam and Electric Locomotives (Medina, Ohio) supplied by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange May 2005 and Joseph Snowden Bell, The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore & Ohio (1912). (Where there is a conflict in data, Bell's information trumps.) Thanks to Chris Hohl for his December 2014 email supplying the tender's fuel capacity.
Although Kinert doesn't say, research suggests that the illustration and data refer to the B & O locomotive J C Davis, number 600. It was later renumbered 918. When this engine was displayed at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, it was described as the heaviest passenger locomotive in the world. Although it ran at first as a passenger engine, McShane reports it was not successful in that service and soon moved to freight service.
Photographs show the typical dual-diameter boiler (narrow first course, swollen second course), steam dome well forward, widely separated driving axles, diamond stack and all the other elements of a mid-70s design. Boiler pressure is extremely low (check out the factor of adhesion).
J Snowden Bell notes that it ran on the Third Division, which included the notorious 17-mile grade with a ruling grade of 2.2%. Although it had more heating surface and put 4 more tons on the drivers, 600 "...apparently did not give as good a performance in this service, as it was not long continued in it, and was not duplicated for passenger service, although others of the same design were subsequently built for fast freight."
Preserved for decades and shown at various railroad fairs, the J C Davis was damaged "in a more dramatic manner than any other locomotive" when the B&O roundhouse roof collapsed on 17 Feb 2003. The cab was demolished and some of the boiler-top appurtenances were damaged.
Like the earlier single Mogul, this pair operated on the same rails for the C&CT, the Chicago Terminal Transfer (1897), and the Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad (1907).
The 930 had been withdrawn by 1913 and the 931 was gone by 1917.
Data from DeGolyer, Volume 38, pp. 156. Works numbers were 36881-36886 and 36897-36900 in September 1911.
These were ordered as 0-6-0s with 19" cylinders, but rebuilt as Moguls with more volume before delivery. The result was a boiler stuffed with one of the highest tube counts ever put in a 2-6-0's boiler. 14" (356 mm) piston valves suggest free-flowing steam.
Although their sloping tender suggests a career in switching, it's likely that the B & OCT intended these for transfer operations, too, for which a leading truck would be useful. A 19 September 1911 note entered in the specs describes that addition. It called for a swing-bolster truck with relatively tiny 24" (610 mm) wheels and a 3 1/2" (89 mm) swing to each side. The result was a very stubby 2-6-0 with no pilot and tiny sand domes flanking an equally small steam dome.
The class was soon superheated; see Locobase 6567.
Data from 1954 Baltimore & Ohio assorted locomotive diagrams supplied by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange May 2005.
These were ordered as 0-6-0s with 19" cylinders, but rebuilt as Moguls with more volume before delivery (Locobase 16018). When updated, the boiler lost 159 small tubes to accommodate the 30 flues that held a relatively modest superheater installation.
14" pistons suggest free-flowing steam as does a useful amount of superheat in this Mogul. Lima added 10 more in 1917 that had nearly identical specs; see Locobase 6562.
The Baldwins remained in service for decades. The entire class was retired in 1949.
Alvin F Staufer & Lawrence W Sagle, B & O Power (1964). Works numbers were 1913-1918 in July 1891.
Light Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Dayton freight Moguls that were not renumbered by the B&O because they had been retired by 1916.
Data from Alvin F Staufer's Baltimore & Ohio Steam and Electric Locomotives (Medina, Ohio) supplied by Allen Stanley from his extensive Rail Data Exchange May 2005. Works numbers were 5321-5330 in January 1917.
Late-in-the-day Mogul design virtually identical to the 1911 K-16s supplied by Baldwin (see Locobase 6567). Like the K-16s, the K-17s were fitted with a sloping tender that confirms its career service as a switcher in the Chicago area. 14" (356 mm) pistons suggest free-flowing steam as does a useful amount of superheat.
Alvin F Staufer & Lawrence W Sagle, B & O Power (1964). Works numbers were 1795-1797 in 1887.
Early Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Dayton freight Moguls that were not renumbered by the B&O because they had been retired by 1916.


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Home › Iowa County (Iowa) (x) › Ephemera (x) › Postcard (x) › ham:root (x)
Amana farm workers with portable tractor powered saw
Description: Probably from the 1920s. Believed to have been taken in West Amana of the portable saw rig that was taken around the village to cut fire wood for the residents.
Amana (Iowa), Iowa County (Iowa), Iowa
yhm-spe-ama-pos030
Hamilton College Library Digital Collections, Communal Societies Collection, Amana Society Collection
Amana men on outing, c. 1910
Description: American flag, tent, bicycle, wind up phonograph liquor bottles and shot guns - lots of evidence of "outside" influence.
Caspar Grimm portrait on post card stock of a Main Amana resident seated on wooden chair with brick wall in background, ca. 1915
Description: Portrait of Caspar Grimm (died 1925) a resident of the village of Amana and member of the Amana Society. Photo was probably taken circa 1915.
Cattle on Homestead Farm
Description: Shows cattle under some trees in a pasture with six farm workers, at least two of whom have mustaches and were hired laborers.
Homestead (Iowa), Iowa County (Iowa), Iowa
Children planting onion, Amana, c. 1915
Description: Postcard (real image) of children working in an onion field by Main Amana with the school pine grove (Schulwald) in the background. Circa 1915, possibly photographed by F. William Miller.
Church in Amana, Iowa
Hurley's Supply Co.
Place published
Des Moines (Iowa)
Description: This card dates to the 1950s or 1960s and shows women leaving the women's side of the Amana Church (Meeting House) built in 1864. Some scuff marks on image, but card was never mailed.
Conrad Baust
Miller, F. William
Description: Portrait of Conrad Baust. Baust is pictured standing behind a snowball bush with a vine covered brick Amana building in the background. Given the unusual 12 pane lower window sash, visible in this photo, the image was probably made in front of the Amana Pharmacy building and taken by F. William Miller (1876-1952), the pharmacist.
Conrad Baust - portrait of man in frock coat and cane standing in front of ivy covered building, taken August 1927
Description: Konrad Baust (died 1934). Portrait of man in frock coat and cane standing in front of ivy covered building, taken August 1927. Baust was a resident of the village of Amana and a member of the Amana Society.
Eichacker family picnic in Amana Picnic Grove
Description: Family group (father, mother, son and daughter) having a picnic in the Amana pine grove. The family is that of John Eichacker, Sr. (1882-1935)who was later the President of the Amana reorganization committee. Eichacker was a photographer and this may be a self-portrait.
Emma and John Beck, Homestead
Description: Portrait of John (1911-1993) and Emma Beck, Homestead, Iowa. Photograph dates from circa 1916.
Description: Photograph on postcard stock, ca. 1915 of John (1911-1993). Building in background is the Homestead Bakery where there father, John, was the baker.
Feeding hogs at West Amana
Description: Two men feeding hogs in front of the West Amana hog barn. Photograph was taken c. 1920s. Text printed on the image "Feeding Hogs at West Amana." Post card sized image
George Bernhart (died 1919), portrait, seated, ca. 1918.
Description: One of a series of photographs of "alien" citizens living in Amana, taken by F. William Miller. Bernhart, who died in 1919, was a resident of the village of Amana and a member of the Amana Society.
Greeting from Amana, Iowa
Description: Hand colored post card made in Germany of the "Print Works." Early 1900s commercial post card of the Amana Calico Mill. No marks, good condition.
Greetings from Amana, Iowa
Description: A commercially produced post card that would have been available to visitors to the Amanas at the turn of the century. Shows the main buildings of the Amana Woolen Mill. The building at left is the weaving building, the only structure to survive a disastrous 1923 fire intact. This structure was built in two parts in 1891 and 1908, still stands and is still (2012) used for woolen production. No marks on reverse, but one corner has a fold. Postcard, hand colored.
Description: This image was a commercially available post card of the Middle Amana Woolen Mill (later the site of Amana Refrigeration) and dates to around 1910.
Zimmermann, Carl H., Moerschel, Wilhelm
Description: This is a hand colored early postcard that actually was used as such. It was sent by Carl Zimmermann to Wilhelm Moershel, who was one of the Society's traveling salesmen, care of a hotel in Sheboygan, Wisconsin on May 12, 1909. The building at right dates to c. 1860 and housed the lower grades, the building at left dates to circa 1870 and housed the upper grades. Today it is part of the Amana Heritage Museum, and houses the office of the Amana Heritage Society and the Communal Studies Association.
Description: Commerical post card. Post card printed in Germany for sale in the Amana general stores, around 1900. The two buildings pictured were housed the Amana village school. The building on the right (constructed c. 1860) was for the lower grades, while the building on the left (constructed 1870) housed the upper grades. This structure later became the Amana Post Office and is now the headquarters for the Amana Heritage Society and the Communal Studies Association.
Greetings from Homestead, Iowa
Selzer, Jacob F.
Description: View shows the tinshop, a communal kitchen, the east side of the Homestead Store and both of the Amana Society warehouses. Probably taken by Jacob F. Selzer (1888-1917).
Group of three women and two children in Homestead timber, ca. 1915
Eichacker, John L.
Description: Probably taken by John L. Eichacker (1882-1935), the father of the children and husband of one of the women. Identified on the back of the card as Mrs. Wm Moershel, Mrs. John [Caroline] Eichacker (1886-1946), Mrs. John Marz and Elizabeth [Lipman] (1908-1982) and John Eichacker (1910-1945). John H. Eichacker was later a student of Iowa artist Grant Wood, served as the Homestead post master and was a casualty of World War II.
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Abraham England, CMG, DSO (3 January 1867 – 4 January 1949) was a British Liberal politician, businessman and soldier.

Early life
Abraham England was born at Barrowford, near Nelson in Lancashire and pursued a business career in Manchester. He joined the Territorial Force as a volunteer and during the First World War he served in Egypt, Gallipoli, France and Belgium. He was mentioned three times in dispatches and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1918 and was made a CMG two years later In 1922 he commanded the East Lancashire Divisional Train, Royal Army Service Corps and was honorary Colonel of the formation from 1923 to 1933.

Entry into politics
In 1921 the Coalition Liberal-held seat at Heywood and Radcliffe fell vacant as the sitting MP, Albert Illingworth went to the House of Lords. England was adopted as Coalition Liberal candidate and faced a three-cornered contest with Labour and an Independent Liberal supported by H H Asquith. There was doubt at first as to whether the Asquithian Liberals would put up a candidate as many Liberals in the north-west were anxious to avoid the wounds of an open clash with the Lloyd George coalition Liberals. All three candidates professed to be supporters of Free Trade so for the coalition campaign the main election issue was the avoidance of class war and Lloyd George emphasised this in his public letter of support to England. In his election address England said the issue was whether the country wished to submit to will of an extremist minority. Notwithstanding this attack, the result was a Labour gain, albeit by the narrow majority of 305 votes. The successful candidate, Walter Halls of Nottingham was said to have profited from the breakdown of talks in Manchester over wages in the cotton trade which threatened the employment and livelihoods of many of the local people. Halls received 13,430 votes to England's 13,125.  The Independent Liberal received 5,671.

Parliamentary career
England did not give up on his political career however, nor did he desert Heywood. He stood again at the 1922 general election as a National Liberal (indicating his continued support for Lloyd George), but attracting no Conservative or other Liberal opponent, beating Halls.  In return England voted with the Conservative government much more often than against it in the 1922-23 Parliament prompting one historian to describe him as a Conservative in all but name. He stood in 1923 as a plain Liberal, again without Conservative opposition and again defeated Walter Halls.  England was one of ten Liberal MPs who defied the party whip and voted against putting Labour into office following the outcome of the 1923 election and during the period of the first Labour government, England voted with the Conservatives on a number of issues. In October 1924, the Heywood and Radcliffe Conservatives announced they would be supporting England at the forthcoming general election. He stood at this election under the Constitutionalist label but after the election re-took the Liberal whip. During the Liberal turmoil which followed the formation of the National Government in August 1931 and the split in the party over whether to continue giving it support which occurred in October that year, England was on the side of the National Liberals led by Sir John Simon. Despite his support for the National Government however, the Tories determined to fight Heywood and Radcliffe themselves at the 1931 general election. In the face of this, England reluctantly decided to stand down to prevent the splitting of the National vote and to avoid the risk of defeat.

National Liberal
Outside Parliament he continued to support the Simonite Liberals and in 1932, he became a founder member of the National Liberal Council, the body set up to support the National Liberal group in the House of Commons. This group came increasingly to be associated with the Conservatives. It changed its name to the Liberal Nationals in 1948 and eventually merged with the Tories in 1968. In 1934, despite his National Liberal past, England was elected president of the Manchester Reform Club.

Marriage and death
In 1895 England married Lucy Dunkerley. He died at his home near Southport aged 81.

References

External links

Military personnel from Lancashire
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
1867 births
1949 deaths
People from Barrowford
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Army Service Corps officers