text:
package org.sunflow.system;

import org.sunflow.system.UI.Module;
import org.sunflow.util.FastHashMap;

/**
 * This class represents a list of plugins which implement a certain interface
 * or extend a certain class. Many plugins may be registered and created at a
 * later time by recalling their unique name only.
 *
 * @param <T> Default constructible type or interface all plugins will derive
 *            from or implement
 */
public final class Plugins<T> {
    private final FastHashMap<String, Class<? extends T>> pluginClasses;
    private final Class<T> baseClass;

    /**
     * Create an empty plugin list. You must specify T.class as
     * an argument.
     *
     * @param baseClass
     */
    public Plugins(Class<T> baseClass) {
        pluginClasses = new FastHashMap<String, Class<? extends T>>();
        this.baseClass = baseClass;
    }

    /**
     * Create an object from the specified type name. If this type name is
     * unknown or invalid, null is returned.
     *
     * @param name plugin type name
     * @return an instance of the specified plugin type, or null
     *         if not found or invalid
     */
    public T createObject(String name) {
        if (name == null || name.equals("none"))
            return null;
        Class<? extends T> c = pluginClasses.get(name);
        if (c == null) {
            // don't print an error, this will be handled by the caller
            return null;
        }
        try {
            return c.newInstance();
        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
            UI.printError(Module.API, "Cannot create object of type \"%s\" - %s", name, e.getLocalizedMessage());
            return null;
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            UI.printError(Module.API, "Cannot create object of type \"%s\" - %s", name, e.getLocalizedMessage());
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check this plugin list for the presence of the specified type name
     *
     * @param name plugin type name
     * @return true if this name has been registered,
     *         false otherwise
     */
    public boolean hasType(String name) {
        return pluginClasses.get(name) != null;
    }

    /**
     * Generate a unique plugin type name which has not yet been registered.
     * This is meant to be used when the actual type name is not crucial, but
     * succesfully registration is.
     *
     * @param prefix a prefix to be used in generating the unique name
     * @return a unique plugin type name not yet in use
     */
    public String generateUniqueName(String prefix) {
        String type;
        for (int i = 1; hasType(type = String.format("%s_%d", prefix, i)); i++) {
        }
        return type;
    }

    /**
     * Define a new plugin type from java source code. The code string contains
     * import declarations and a class body only. The implemented type is
     * implicitly the one of the plugin list being registered against.If the
     * plugin type name was previously associated with a different class, it
     * will be overriden. This allows the behavior core classes to be modified
     * at runtime.
     *
     * @param name plugin type name
     * @param sourceCode Java source code definition for the plugin
     * @return true if the code compiled and registered
     *         successfully, false otherwise
     */
    public boolean registerPlugin(String name, String sourceCode) {
        Class<T> plugin = PluginCompileUtil.registerPlugin(name, sourceCode, baseClass);
        if (plugin == null)
            return false;
        return registerPlugin(name, plugin);
    }

    /**
     * Define a new plugin type from an existing class. This checks to make sure
     * the provided class is default constructible (ie: has a constructor with
     * no parameters). If the plugin type name was previously associated with a
     * different class, it will be overriden. This allows the behavior core
     * classes to be modified at runtime.
     *
     * @param name plugin type name
     * @param pluginClass class object for the plugin class
     * @return true if the plugin registered successfully,
     *         false otherwise
     */
    public boolean registerPlugin(String name, Class<? extends T> pluginClass) {
        // check that the given class is compatible with the base class
        try {
            if (pluginClass.getConstructor() == null) {
                UI.printError(Module.API, "Plugin \"%s\" could not be declared - default constructor was not found", name);
                return false;
            }
        } catch (SecurityException e) {
            UI.printError(Module.API, "Plugin \"%s\" could not be declared - default constructor is not visible (%s)", name, e.getLocalizedMessage());
            return false;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            UI.printError(Module.API, "Plugin \"%s\" could not be declared - default constructor was not found (%s)", name, e.getLocalizedMessage());
            return false;
        }
        if (pluginClasses.get(name) != null)
            UI.printWarning(Module.API, "Plugin \"%s\" was already defined - overwriting previous definition", name);
        pluginClasses.put(name, pluginClass);
        return true;
    }
}


Heat a deep sauté pan with the extra virgin olive oil. Once heated, add onion and garlic over med-low heat, season lightly with salt.
Once onion has become tender, add shaved steak to the pan. Add ½ tsp of Italian seasoning to meat, and season lightly with salt and cook until browned through.
Once meat is cooked, add 1 ½ jars of sauce to the pan, and mix until heated through. Also add the Parmesan cheese and shut off heat.
Spray a deep dish pan with cooking spray. Dollop some ricotta on the bottom and cover with lasagna sheets. Spread more ricotta onto the sheets of pasta and then layer with meat sauce mix. Add pasta and layer again with ricotta then meat sauce, or until there is no more product to layer. Top off with mozzarella cheese.
Cover with tin foil, and bake for 1 hour on the center rack.


Selection Procedure for Mumbai Port Trust Programming And System Administration Assistant (PASAA):Candidates will be selected based on Merit Listing, Interview(i) The selection of eligible candidate for apprenticeship under Apprentices Act, 1961 (as amended from time to time) will be on merit based on the percentage of marks obtained by the candidates in the trade of Computer Operator and Programming Assistant (COPA)(ii) The merit list(s) will be displayed on notice board at the office of the Apprentice Training Manager (ATC), Mb.P.T. Workshops', Mazgaon, Mumbai - 400 010 and also uploaded on Mb.P.T.'s website www.mumbaiport.gov.in. Probably the merit list will be displayed / upload on 24/05/2018. However, any changes in this regard will be informed on Mb.P.T.'s website. (iii) The listed candidates in merit list(s) shall be called for verification of all original documents and selection procedure at ATC office. The date of reporting for verification of documents and selection procedure will be displayed on notice board at the office of the ATC and also uploaded on Mb.P.T.'s website www.mumbaiport.gov.in. The tentative date of reporting shall be from 29/05/2018 to 31/05/2018. However, any changes in this regard will be informed on Mb.P.T.'s website.


text:
Despite Recent Improvements, Bank Supervision Could be More Effective and ...
The bank regulatory agencies and the Council have questioned the need for the form FFIEC 003 and its data. One reason is that it partially duplicates a reporting provision of section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 375a). That section requires member banks to submit periodic reports on loans made to their executive officers. Another reason why the regulators believe that form FFIEC 003 is unnecessary is that their normal examinations for insider loan abuses, with the renewed emphasis and new regulations that have been passed since the mid-1970s, are sufficient to uncover insider abuses. Finally, the agencies report that they have received few requests from the public for the information, and they believe that the form in which it is reported is noninformative and misleading, since it only aggregates loan data.
Our review of reports filed under section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act confirmed that most of the information is duplicated on the form FFIEC 003. The 22(g) report for each bank simply lists the number of loans and extensions of credit to executive officers, the total dollar amounts involved, and the range of interest rates charged. The form FFIEC 003 lists executive officers as well as applicable principal shareholders, but still aggregates the indebtedness. Thus, most of the 22(g) information is subsumed in the form FFIEC 003 information.
Our detailed case studies showed that the form FFIEC 003 information required by title IX is not needed by examiners to uncover insider abuses. Six banks we reviewed with recognized financial difficulties had problems with insider loans, none of which were disclosed by forms FFIEC 003. In three cases the abuses existed prior to the use of the reports and were discovered without them, in two cases the design of the report did not allow disclosure of the problem, and in one case inaccurate information on the insider activities was disclosed by the bank.
In one of our cases, insider loans had been a problem since 1977. The examiner felt the new reports did not make a difference in the examining process because it was a simple procedure to look at this bank's insider loans. According to the regional counsel, the bank's form FFIEC 003 did not show anything unusual on the surface. In another case, although insider abuses occurred before the report was required, the examiner felt the form would not have helped detect them. He explained that during an examination field examiners check the reports for technical compliance from the bank records anyway, but the reports are not used to help discover abuses.
One other bank's insider loan report showed nothing unusual on the surface, and the following examination report indicated that loans to directors, executive officers, and related
interests were made with terms and rates commensurate with those available to the outside borrowers. Employees, however, were given preferential rates on installment and mortgage loans, something that would not have been identified through the form FFIEC 003.
In one final case, examiners discovered a poor loan to a business associate of the bank president, using their normal examination procedures. The president denied the association, which was later admitted by the borrower. Since the president did not think an insider relationship had existed, the situation did not show up on the insider loan form.
Since the mid-1970s, all three agencies have taken steps to enhance their scrutiny of insider transactions, steps they feel render the title IX reports unnecessary. Officials at each of the agencies assured us that since the highly publicized abuses of the preceding decade, their examiners have taken a more aggressive approach in their review of insider transactions and correspondent lending practices. Both the Comptroller and FDIC have also formulated new examination procedures which detail more specifically how examiners should search for improper self dealings. The Federal Reserve has not changed its examination procedures in this regard but does instruct its examiners to review insider transactions thoroughly. This strengthening of awareness and procedures, added to the insider loan review methods previously in place, give the agencies, in their opinions, sufficient tools to minimize abusive self dealings.
Federal bank regulators are obtaining more and better information on banks and bank holding companies they supervise than they were when we conducted our 1976 study. However, improvements can be made in two areas.
of the two purposes for establishing title IX reporting requirements--providing information to regulators and disclosing insider loans to the public--the former is served adequately without the reports and how well the latter is served is subject to question. We believe that the form FFIEC 003 can be eliminated as an excessive report requirement without adversely affecting the regulators' ability to scrutinize insider loans. However, the value of public disclosure is a policy issue that should be decided by the Congress. At the very least, the reporting under section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act should be discontinued in favor of the more inclusive reporting encompassed under Title IX of FIRA. It is not clear from our case study information or from a review of the design of the FIRA reports that they would disclose insider abuses which might
exist. Therefore, the deterrent value of public disclosure may be diminished.
Alternative legislative options exist. First, the insider reporting requirement can be eliminated entirely by eliminating both the section 22(g) and the FIRA reports. Second, if the Congress feels that public disclosure by banks themselves is important, only the redundant reporting of section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act should be eliminated.
Modified scope examinations have been shown to use agency resources more efficiently while still assuring the safety and soundness of banks. However, various factors limit the arbitrary application of modified scope procedures.
None of the agencies' policies integrate staff training needs into procedures for using modified scope examinations. Since on-the-job training is important, and since bankers perceive a real lack of experience in subordinate examiners, the agencies should develop guidelines for incorporating training into the use of modified procedures.
RECOMMENDATION TO THE CONGRESS
We recommend the following alternatives to the current legal structure for having banks report on insider transactions:
--Unless the Congress remains convinced of the value of
public disclosure, in addition to supervisory oversight,
as a deterrent to insider abuses, we recommend that
it eliminate the requirement under section 22(g) of
the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 375 a) for banks to
submit periodic reports to their primary regulators
on loans made to their executive officers. In addition,
we recommend that it eliminate the requirements under
section 7 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FIRA
title IX reports) that a bank report to its primary
regulator a list of certain stockholders and a list of
executive officers and shareholders who have extensions
of credit from the bank and the aggregate amount of
such credit, and that the banks and the agencies make
the information available to the public on request.
This would eliminate all requirements for reporting
extensions of credit to executive officers and princi-
pal shareholders that are applicable to all banks.
--If the Congress believes in the value of retaining
public disclosure by the banks themselves, we recommend that the Congress only eliminate the section 22(g) requirement for banks to submit periodic reports to their primary regulator on loans made to their executive officers, while retaining the requirements for
FIRA title IX reports on extensions of credit and public disclosure of such reports.
Appendix VIII contains suggested legislative language to achieve these recommendations.
RECOMMENDATION TO THE
BANK REGULATORY AGENCIES
We recommend that the Comptroller of the Currency, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ascertain the impact of modified scope examinations on staff training and develop policies on their use that consider training needs.
AGENCY COMMENTS
The Federal Reserve, the FDIC, and the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council supported one or both of the alternative recommendations to reduce the insider transactions reporting requirements. As they and we pointed out, the agencies and the Council have submitted legislative proposals to the appropriate congressional committees incorporating similar amendments.
With regard to our recommendation on developing policies on using modified scope examinations,
--the FDIC agreed to emphasize this need to its regional
offices (see app. V, p. 94);
--the Federal Reserve said it already considers training
needs in scheduling modified scope examinations (see
arp. VII, p. 99.); and
-the Comptroller agreed that the impact of his modified
scope examinations policy on training needs should be evaluated, though he emphasized that a primary consideration for using them still must be the efficient use of resources (see app. IV, p. 91).
We cannot verify the Federal Reserve's contention since we found no written policy on incorporating training needs, and we found that the Federal Reserve banks use few modified scope examinations, anyway. Because the Federal Reserve's policies give greater latitude to its field offices than do the other agencies' policies, we still feel the Federal Reserve should, as the FDIC agreed to do, at least formulate a policy and make it known to its district banks.
Federal agencies usually identify bank problems before they become too serious to correct. However, though the agencies are paying more attention to the competence of bank management and its policies that cause problems, they still equate the quality of management to the current condition of a bank. This is an equation that, as we found both in our task force cases and in our current study, can be misleading, because it fails to consider the inordinate vulnerability of the bank to problems. It also fails to motivate agency action until financial conditions deteriorate.
New surveillance systems, designed in part to give early warning of bank problems, are limited in their ability to do
They cannot expose management incompetence until a bank's condition is adversely affected, and they cannot evaluate the quality of a loan. They do, however, usually indicate financial problems before the point at which agencies find it necessary to take formal actions to correct them.
BANK PROBLEMS READILY IDENTIFIED; MANAGEMENT
NOT EMPHASIZED ENOUGH UNTIL FINANCIAL
CONDITION DETERIORATES
Federal regulators usually identify a bank as having problems before the bank's financial condition deteriorates to an extent warranting special concern. Compared to our 1976 study, the regulators are paying more attention to management weaknesses that cause financial losses. But they are still focusing on financial condition--the effects of management weaknesses--as the primary indicator of management competence. The emphasis on effects is one valid way to judge bank management, but it can be misleading, especially in evaluating a manager's ability to solve problems.
In our 1977 report, we noted that examiners often did not cite management weaknesses in their reports until the effects were manifest on the bank. For example, examiners did not criticize a bank for inadequate loan policies unless the bank actually had classified loans. 1/
1/If an examiner believes that some factor adversely affects the
quality of a loan, he/she may "classify" the loan as being "substandard, "doubtful," or "loss," in order of severity of the problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Leather alternatives can be difficult to find, here's a helpful guide for the best leather substitutes for a more sustainable closet!
Sustainability is here to stay, you guys. Here's where to start.
Want to know if eye masks really work and which one is for you? Click here!


text:
W Polsce
 Łukowo – osada w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim, w powiecie sępoleńskim, w gminie Więcbork
 Łukowo – wieś w woj. mazowieckim, w pow. makowskim, w gminie Karniewo
 Łukowo – wieś w woj. pomorskim, w pow. chojnickim, w gminie Czersk
 Łukowo – osada leśna w woj. pomorskim, w pow. chojnickim, w gminie Czersk
 Łukowo – wieś w woj. wielkopolskim, w pow. obornickim, w gminie Oborniki
 Łukowo – wieś w woj. wielkopolskim, w pow. wągrowieckim, w gminie Wągrowiec
 Łukowo – osada w województwie zachodniopomorskim, w powiecie szczecineckim, w gminie Biały Bór
 Łukowo – gromada

Poza granicami Polski
 Łukowo – wieś na Białorusi, w obwodzie brzeskim, w rejonie małoryckim
 Łukowo – wieś w Macedonii Północnej, w gminie Kratowo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Гостиница "Вознесенка" is offering accommodation in Nizhneudinsk. The property offers a 24-hour front desk and free Wi-Fi is available.
Featuring free Wi-Fi, Гостиница "Магистраль" is set in Nizhneudinsk.
Inn on Oktyabr'skaya 1 B is located in Nizhneudinsk. Among the various facilities are barbecue facilities and a bar. The accommodation offers a 24-hour front desk and free Wi-Fi.


This allows us to ensure that the learning is appropriate to the needs of the child but is also age and interest appropriate, with children placed in the class that will best meet both their learning and social needs.
"The curriculum is broad and stimulating… There is a strong focus on developing literacy, numeracy and health and wellbeing across all aspects of school life. Staff are confident in using Curriculum for Excellence guidance to plan suitable learning experiences in, and across, curricular areas." Education Scotland / Care Inspectorate Inspection Report, May 2013.
We believe strongly in the importance of educational attainment and achievement, particularly for the group of children we work with, who have often been excluded from education or had constantly disrupted learning experiences up until their time at Harmeny. Key to this is our whole team drive to increase attainment in Literacy and Numeracy, which are essential building blocks for lifelong learning. Whilst these core areas are weaved throughout the Curriculum, particular assessment tools and methodologies deployed include: Scottish Criterion Writing Assessment, INCaS, New Group Reading, Big Writing, Storyline and Active Maths.
Our attention to the Health & Wellbeing of the children we work with has also been praised by successive inspections – and we pride ourselves in creating a nurturing, supportive and encouraging learning environment. Our programme focuses on: sexual health and relationships, food and health, physical activity and fitness, building resilience and the development of life skills. Our Rainbow Room also provides a space for children to build the essential scaffolding for learning through play, and assists with the development of emotional literacy.
A range of Science topics, including 'biodiversity', as part of our commitment to maintaining our Eco School Green Flag Award.
A rich array of Expressive Arts experiences, including: art and design, instrumental lessons, drumming and singing; drama workshops; and regular opportunities to perform and showcase talent.
PE activities, with a range of sporting and dance activities offered within the school and wider community.
A creative approach to Social Studies including history, geography and current affairs topics, with a Scottish and international slant, as well as a range of enterprise activities, linking with the local community.
Experience of different Technologies, including: ICT to enhance learning, food and nutrition, conservation skills, bike maintenance and woodwork lessons.
We have a good track record in delivering Modern Languages and are currently considering how we can build capacity to deliver the Scottish Government's '1+2 approach', whereby children from P5 onwards, require to a second modern language, in addition to English, by 2020.
We are also currently reviewing our Religious & Moral Education programme, drawing on the organisation's ethos, capturing the skills of individual staff, and building on the excellent approach to celebrating festivals and community events.
Our Outdoor Learning team provides an exciting and enriching choice of adventurous and environmental activities within and outside the grounds of the school, allowing children the opportunity to learn new skills, build their motivation, improve their physical and emotional wellbeing, grow in confidence, problem solve, and increase their awareness of the environment.
Our curriculum also has an increasing emphasis on Life, Learning and Work Preparation Skills, with children have regular one-to-one time with their Keyworker, in order to build independence skills, and our Outdoor Learning Facilitator (Skills for Life & Work) identifying practical opportunities for children, within the grounds and wider community, according to assessed need.
The Curricular model we have developed at Harmeny is one of interdisciplinary learning and is designed so that children learn through exploring a theme or an issue, meeting a challenge, solving a problem or completing a project. The learning is organised into themes and topics, with each having a specific block of time during the year, thus providing vital rhythms and routines which our children very much require.
Care staff support children within the classroom and are fully aware of projects and topics being covered within the curriculum – supporting children with homework tasks and encouraging the enhancement of learning within leisure time. Likewise, Education staff are fully aware of individual children's therapeutic needs and particular interests, incorporating these into the planning and development of lessons, thus achieving a high level of motivation. Effective communication is crucial, with regular key team discussions and joint planning between care and education teams greatly facilitating this process.


text:
17 cases of Delta coronavirus variant detected so far in the Philippines —DOH
Published June 21, 2021 10:22am
Updated June 21, 2021 10:39am
Seventeen cases of the more infectious Delta coronavirus variant that was first reported in India have been detected in the Philippines so far, according to data from the Department of Health (DOH) on Monday.
In its latest update on the coronavirus variant cases detected by the Philippine Genome Center and the University of the Philippines' National Institute of Health, the DOH said four more Delta (B.1.617.2) variant cases have been added to the previous 13.
The DOH said three of the four additional cases are Returning Overseas Filipinos (ROF) from the MV Eastern Hope, a ship currently docked in South Korea.
"Upon detection of the PCR-positive Filipino crew in South Korea, they were repatriated back to the Philippines on June 3, 2021," the DOH said.
Two cases have completed the 10-day isolation after arrival in the country and were discharged upon certification of recovery, while one is still admitted in a hospital in Metro Manila.
Meanwhile, the fourth case is a ROF who arrived from Saudi Arabia on May 24, 2021, has completed the mandated isolation, and was tagged as recovered on June 10, 2021, the DOH said.
The fourth case is already discharged from the isolation facility and is now under strict home quarantine, it added.
Meanwhile, in the same press statement, the DOH also announced the detection of 14 Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant cases; 21 Beta (B.1.351) variant cases; and one Theta (P.3, Philippines) variant.
"The DOH, UP-PGC, and UP-NIH assure the public that biosurveillance activities for the detection of COVID-19 variants shall continue amidst the increase in cases in Visayas and Mindanao," the DOH said.
Alpha variant
According to DOH, the additional 14 Alpha variant cases, 12 are local cases while two are being verified as to whether local or ROF cases.
Based on the DOH's case line list, two cases have died and 12 cases have been tagged as recovered.
"The Alpha variant cases now total 1,085," the DOH said.
The Alpha variant was first detected in the United Kingdom.
Beta variant
Meanwhile, of the additional 21 Beta variant cases detected, 20 are local cases while one case is being verified as to whether local or ROF case.
Based on the case line list, 20 cases have been tagged as recovered and one case is currently active. The total Beta variant cases are now 1,267.
The Beta variant was first detected in South Africa.
Theta variant
Lastly, the DOH said the additional Theta variant case is currently being verified as to whether local or ROF case. The case has already been tagged as recovered.
"Currently, the Theta variant is not identified as a variant of concern (VOC) since more data is needed to conclude whether the variant will have significant public health implications," the DOH said.
Though the DOH has yet to report community transmission, the Metro Manila Council, which is composed of Metro Manila mayors, is asking for 5,000 more contact tracers in case the Delta variant enters the National Capital Region.
According to a report on "24 Oras Weekend" on Sunday, the MMC is prioritizing aggressive contact tracing and testing to prevent the further spread of the virus.
"Importante maalalayan namin ang kaso sa mga lugar namin. Makita namin kaunting increase, galaw kaagad kami," Metropolitan Manila Development Authority chairman Benhur Abalos said.
The DOH, for its part, said reagents for whole genome sequencing for the rest of the year have already been procured. The reagents are expected to arrive at the UP-PGC this week.
"These reagents will allow the DOH, UP-PGC, and UP-NIH to sequence samples of COVID-19 cases regularly until the end of the year, ensuring that the government will have essential information in mitigating the spread of COVID-19."
The procurement was made possible through a P180-million grant by the DOH to the UP-PGC last May. —KBK, GMA News
Tags: news, COVID-19, covid-19 news philippines, novel coronavirus, coronavirus


Email is the most common way for customers to communicate and connect, and most people accept it. Most consumers find it common practice to give their e-mail address to a business when they buy online. But if an enterprise has a customer or brochure email address, then how can e-mail marketing be in business?
To expand your business, you need to create a list of customers and prospects e-mails. The best way to get an email for a prospective customer is to offer some value for free in exchange for their email address. If you have a look at your email address, it shows you are interested in your business and wants to hear more about it.
Email marketing is one of the most effective forms of marketing, if not the most effective form. E-mail marketing continues to enjoy greater ROI (investment return) than any other online marketing method. Conversion rates for email marketing vary from 4% to 7%. This is because a viewer must see the message 7-8 times before he trusts you to buy something. Email is the perfect way to do this.
The best way to increase sales is to customer's happiness to become repetitious customers. Spends 6 to 7 times more to get a new customer than an existing one. If someone bought a product from you and you receive your email, you can now send them special offers and more value by email. E-mail marketing tells your customers what other offers you want to be interested in. We all love the special feeling, and everyone likes the deal.
How often does your email address check? Once a day, twice a day, every hour or so? E-mail marketing allows you to send messages to your customers at any time of the day.
No formula has been set for how often emails are sent to subscribers. You need to find the pattern and frequency that best suits your business. Emails should always be a value for their subscribers. If you keep trying to sell them, they will be considered as interruptions and start unsubscribing from the list.


text:
Jon Savage Interview 2014
Lee McFadden poses some questions to Jon Savage regarding the recently published "So this is Permanence" - a collection of Ian Curtis's lyrics and writing.
So This is Permanence: our review
This is a big 274 page 28 x 21cm hardback which is big on content. We'd hoped this would be packed with unpublished images of Ian's notebooks and we're not disappointed.
Focussing on his lyrics there's an initial section with the finished songs featuring the handwritten version on one page and the typed up version opposite. This is followed by a large section with handwritten lyrics to unfinished songs, early versions and other prose. Finally there's a section with other items from Ian's archive - book covers, letters from fans, pages from fanzines etc.
This is clearly a labour of love and Jon Savage explains in the intro how they selected the images for the book - generally the most complete version in Ian's notebooks.
"His lyrics tell much more than a conversation with him ever could" - Deborah Curtis
Jon Savage Interview
Preface by Jon Savage:
Neither Deborah or I did any textual criticism on the notebooks, preferring to leave the reader to come to their own conclusions. Our prime purpose was to simply present the existing material in as clear and attractive a format as possible.
What was the deciding factor that encouraged Debbie to bring Ian's notebooks into the public arena?
Faber & Faber editor Lee Brackstone heard about the notebooks and asked her whether there was a book there. F&F of course published Deborah's "Touching From A Distance" way back in 1995 and there have been another couple of editions since then.
You mention "Conditioned" and "Crime Against The Innocents" in your intro as "'77 songs". Were these played during the Warsaw years and do any recordings of them exist?
The only Warsaw live tape I've heard is the Middlesbrough one. I haven't studied it in detail - the version that was available was poor quality - so I don't know whether they're on there [they are not included - JD Central]. I suspect they were moving very quickly away from the thrash material. Bernard Sumner's account of that period in the "Joy Division" documentary is hilarious.
Were many of the "Warsaw" tracks written by Hooky? "Novelty" is mentioned in the book as being a Peter Hook lyric, and he has claimed authorship of "At A Later Date" , but other songs of the period are missing from the book - – "You're No Good For Me", "Inside The Line", "The Kill (Version 1)", "Tension", "Lost", "Reaction" – plus the song only ever featured in Hooky's book, "Bleedin' Ell". Could these have all been Hooky lyrics or were some of these Ian's which ended up lost?
It's hard to say. You'd have to ask Hooky. Certainly there are lyrics that are missing, but the early years are quite well covered in the notebooks that still exist.
Re "Novelty" - on page 212 there is a verse written by Ian that appears in the unreleased first studio version of the song – so some of the above could have been collaborations?
It's quite possible.
On Page 136 – could this be an early set list? What were "Waves", "Win" and "Visions"? Was "End Of Time" ever fully formed as a song?
It might just have been a list of existing songs and future ideas. The group did change titles, often quite late in the process, as you know. There is a fascinating list on p164 that could be possible titles for the album that would be known Unknown Pleasures - the phrase is in there amongst all the others.
Was the Burroughs method of cut ups influential in his writings? There are several examples of lines of lyrics being transported from one song to another (eg – "the path that's been buried for years" moved from an early draft of "Komakino" to the 1980 versions of "Atrocity Exhibition").
I haven't studied the lyrics in a forensic amount of detail. That's up to the reader. There have already been some fascinating conclusions drawn from the material that Deborah and I had never thought of. Ian was constantly jotting down ideas and phrases and that - as lyricists do - he drew from the well when he needed to complete a lyric. Bernard Sumner has said that Ian told him that he struggled to complete his lyrics until the sessions for Closer, so he may well have gone into his notebooks looking for a particular word, phrase or mood to finish off his songs in 1979.
Obviously he was influenced by Burroughs, but I always thought Burroughs was about pace and mood as well as the actual cut-up. His prose was accelerated - and obviously dystopian - which was the mood of the time. The cut-up idea was inserted into popular culture by David Bowie: there was a famous interview in Rolling Stone from February 1974 where Bowie met Burroughs and discussed the technique. It was a bit of a non-event but the idea was what mattered.
Is there a possibility that the lyrics of "Ceremony" and "In A Lonely Place" were taken by the police for evidence along with Ian's last letter to Debbie? If its true that the final rehearsal for "In A Lonely Place" was recorded a matter of days before his death – and was to all intents still unfinished – it seems odd that he may have given the lyrics away. The original drafts of the song – the "Misplaced" lyrics if you will – are also missing.
It's clear that he either gave them away or left them somewhere. He was in turmoil at the time.
Having known Ian – did the notebooks reveal sides of him that you may not have recognised during your friendship with him?
I have to say that I could not consider myself a friend of Ian's, more of a passing acquaintance. The band were always quite self-contained. Hooky was the most outgoing one at that point, at least as far as I was concerned. I was friendly with Tony Wilson, Martin Hannett, Rob Gretton. Rob was my age, Tony and Martin were a bit older than me, and I was two to three years older than Joy Division - which matters in your early/mid 20's.
What the notebooks revealed to me was that he was a serious writer. He obviously wrote compulsively, which is what writers do - they write - and you can see from all the false starts and jotted down couplets that he reworked various ideas and phrases into his songs. Also, he was very young, I think that's what struck me the most. He was only 23, and all the survivors from that period are now pushing 60 - or over in my case. That gives you some perspective.
Is the book the definitive statement on Ian and Joy Division – and should the marketing of the band cease here?
Joy Division are a gold plated group now. I think this one will run and run as new generations discover them. Personally, and I know I'm involved, as long as the products are to a high standard and add something to the understanding of the group, I don't have a problem with any possible future JD releases. You're always free not to buy them.
Many thanks to Jon Savage for agreeing to the interview – and to him and Deborah Curtis for producing the book - Lee McFadden November 2014


text:
/** \file
Define optimised versions of "equal" and "less_lexicographical" for tuples.

*/

#ifndef RANGE_DETAIL_TUPLE_COMPARE_HPP_INCLUDED
#define RANGE_DETAIL_TUPLE_COMPARE_HPP_INCLUDED

#include <type_traits>

#include <boost/mpl/pair.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/bool.hpp>

#include "meta/vector.hpp"
#include "meta/all_of_c.hpp"
#include "meta/any_of_c.hpp"

#include "utility/overload_order.hpp"

#include "rime/core.hpp"
#include "rime/enable_if_constant.hpp"

#include "../core.hpp"

#include "tuple-fwd.hpp"

namespace range { namespace tuple_detail {

    /**
    Extract the types from a tuple_view.
    */
    template <class TupleView> struct types;

    template <std::size_t Begin, std::size_t End, class TupleReference>
        struct types <tuple_view <Begin, End, TupleReference>>
    {
        static constexpr std::size_t tuple_size
            = range::tuple_size <TupleReference>::value;

        template <class Indices> struct compute;

        template <class ... Indices> struct compute <meta::vector <Indices ...>>
        {
            typedef meta::vector <decltype (extract <
                ((tuple_size - Begin - 1) - Indices::value)>() (
                    std::declval <TupleReference>())) ...> type;
        };

        typedef typename compute <typename meta::count <End - Begin>::type
            >::type type;
    };

    /* equal specialised for tuple. */

    // Different sizes: never equal.
    template <std::size_t LeftSize, std::size_t RightSize,
        class LeftView, class RightView, class Predicate>
    inline rime::false_type equal (
        tuple_view_tag <LeftSize>, tuple_view_tag <RightSize>,
        LeftView const &, RightView const &, direction::front, Predicate &&)
    { return rime::false_; }

    namespace equal_detail {

        // result.
        template <class PredicateResults> struct result;

        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct result <meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>
        : boost::mpl::eval_if <
            // If any type is known false, then false.
            meta::any_of_c <
                rime::is_constant_false <PredicateResults>::value ...>,
            rime::false_type,
            boost::mpl::if_ <
                // If all are known true, then true.
                meta::all_of_c <
                    rime::is_constant_true <PredicateResults>::value ...>,
                rime::true_type,
                // Else: runtime.
                bool>> {};

        // Implementation.

        template <class Result, class PredicateResults, class Enable = void>
            struct equal_implementation {};

        template <class PredicateResults>
            struct equal_implementation_forwarder
        : equal_implementation <
            typename result <PredicateResults>::type, PredicateResults> {};

        // Constant result.
        template <class Result, class PredicateResults>
            struct equal_implementation <Result, PredicateResults,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant <Result>::type>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                Result operator() (Left const &, Right const &, Predicate &&)
                const
            { return Result(); }
        };

        // Empty tuples: always equal.
        template <> struct equal_implementation <bool, meta::vector<>> {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const &, Right const &, Predicate &&)
                const
            { return true; }
        };

        // Run-time result.
        template <class FirstPredicateResult, class ... PredicateResults>
            struct equal_implementation <bool,
                meta::vector <FirstPredicateResult, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
        private:
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate, bool first_result,
                    utility::overload_order <2> *) const
            {
                return first_result
                    && equal_implementation <bool,
                        meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                            (range::drop (left), range::drop (right),
                                std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }

            // If the result is know false, do not instantiate the rest of the
            // comparison.
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement (Left const &, Right const &,
                    Predicate &&, rime::false_type,
                    utility::overload_order <1> *) const
            { return false; }

        public:
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                return implement (left, right, predicate,
                    predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right)),
                    utility::pick_overload());
            }
        };

        // Common scenario: comparisons return bool.
        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct equal_implementation <bool,
                meta::vector <bool, bool, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                return predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right))
                    && predicate (range::second (left), range::second (right))
                    && equal_implementation <bool,
                        meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                            (range::drop (left, rime::size_t <2>()),
                                range::drop (right, rime::size_t <2>()),
                                std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }
        };

        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct equal_implementation <bool,
                meta::vector <bool, bool, bool, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                return predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right))
                    && predicate (range::second (left), range::second (right))
                    && predicate (range::third (left), range::third (right))
                    && equal_implementation <bool,
                        meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                            (range::drop (left, rime::size_t <3>()),
                                range::drop (right, rime::size_t <3>()),
                                std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }
        };

        // equal.
        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate,
                class Enable = void>
            struct equal;

        template <class ... LeftTypes, class ... RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct equal <
                meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>, meta::vector <RightTypes ...>,
                Predicate, typename std::enable_if <
                    sizeof... (LeftTypes) == sizeof... (RightTypes)>::type>
        : equal_implementation_forwarder <
            meta::vector <decltype (std::declval <Predicate>() (
                std::declval <LeftTypes>(), std::declval <RightTypes>())) ...>>
        {};

    } // namespace equal_detail

    template <std::size_t Size, class LeftView, class RightView,
        class Predicate>
    inline auto implement_equal (tuple_view_tag <Size>, tuple_view_tag <Size>,
        LeftView const & left, RightView const & right,
        direction::front, Predicate && predicate)
    RETURNS (equal_detail::equal <typename
        types <LeftView>::type, typename types <RightView>::type, Predicate>()
            (left, right, std::forward <Predicate> (predicate)));

    /* less_lexicographical specialised for tuple. */

    namespace less_lexicographical_detail {

        /**
        A lazy compile-time range that returns the result types of applying the
        predicate, both ways around, to the types in the tuple.
        */
        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results;

        template <class LeftType, class RightType, class Predicate>
            struct compute_predicate_result
        {
            typedef boost::mpl::pair <
                decltype (std::declval <Predicate>() (
                    std::declval <LeftType>(), std::declval <RightType>())),
                decltype (std::declval <Predicate>() (
                    std::declval <RightType>(), std::declval <LeftType>()))
                > type;
        };

        // Left sequence is empty and right sequence is not.
        template <class RightType, class Predicate>
            struct compute_predicate_result <void, RightType, Predicate>
        { typedef boost::mpl::pair <rime::true_type, rime::false_type> type; };

        // Right sequence is empty and left sequence is not.
        template <class LeftType, class Predicate>
            struct compute_predicate_result <LeftType, void, Predicate>
        { typedef boost::mpl::pair <rime::false_type, rime::true_type> type; };

        /**
        Actually collect the result types.

        LeftTypes and RightTypes must have the same lengths.
        One of them may be padded with "void".
        */
        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_implementation;

        template <class ... LeftTypes, class ... RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_implementation <
                meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>, meta::vector <RightTypes ...>,
                Predicate>
        {
            typedef meta::vector <typename compute_predicate_result <
                LeftTypes, RightTypes, Predicate>::type ...,
                // Make the result for empty sequences correct.
                boost::mpl::pair <rime::false_type, rime::true_type>> type;
        };

        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_left_shorter;
        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_left_not_shorter;

        /**
        Return meta::vector \a Types with \c void appended as many times as
        there are elements in \a PadTypes.
        */
        template <class Types, class PadTypes> struct pad_with_void;
        template <class> struct make_void { typedef void type; };

        template <class ... Types, class ... PadTypes>
            struct pad_with_void <
                meta::vector <Types ...>, meta::vector <PadTypes ...>>
        {
            typedef meta::vector <Types ...,
                typename make_void <PadTypes>::type ...> type;
        };

        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_left_shorter
        : predicate_results_implementation <
            typename pad_with_void <LeftTypes, typename
                meta::tail_of_longer <LeftTypes, RightTypes>::type>::type,
            RightTypes, Predicate> {};

        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results_left_not_shorter
        : predicate_results_implementation <LeftTypes,
            typename pad_with_void <RightTypes, typename
                meta::tail_of_longer <RightTypes, LeftTypes>::type>::type,
            Predicate> {};

        template <class ... LeftTypes, class ... RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct predicate_results <meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>,
                meta::vector <RightTypes ...>, Predicate>
        : std::conditional <
            (sizeof... (LeftTypes) < sizeof... (RightTypes)),
            predicate_results_left_shorter <meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>,
                meta::vector <RightTypes ...>, Predicate>,
            predicate_results_left_not_shorter <meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>,
                meta::vector <RightTypes ...>, Predicate>
        >::type::type {};

        // result.
        template <class PredicateResults,
            class Enable1 = void, class Enable2 = void>
        struct result;

        // Both non-constant.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::disable_if_constant <FirstLeft>::type,
                typename rime::disable_if_constant <FirstRight>::type>
        { typedef bool type; };

        // Left true_: always true.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_true <FirstLeft>::type>
        { typedef rime::true_type type; };

        // Right true_: always false.
        // This should never conflict with the above, unless left < right and
        // right < left are both true, and there is no strict weak ordering.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_true <FirstRight>::type>
        { typedef rime::false_type type; };

        // false_, false_: both equal, so go for next.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_false <FirstLeft>::type,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_false <FirstRight>::type>
        : result <meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>> {};

        // false_, bool: false or next.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_false <FirstLeft>::type,
                typename rime::disable_if_constant <FirstRight>::type>
        : std::conditional <
            std::is_same <typename result <
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>::type,
                rime::false_type>::value,
            rime::false_type, bool> {};

        // bool, false_: true or next.
        template <class ... PredicateResults, class FirstLeft, class FirstRight>
            struct result <meta::vector <
                    boost::mpl::pair <FirstLeft, FirstRight>,
                    PredicateResults ...>,
                typename rime::disable_if_constant <FirstLeft>::type,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant_false <FirstRight>::type>
        : std::conditional <
            std::is_same <typename result <
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>::type,
                rime::true_type>::value,
            rime::true_type, bool> {};

        // Implementation.

        template <class Result, class PredicateResults, class Enable = void>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation {};

        template <class PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation_forwarder
        : less_lexicographical_implementation <
            typename result <PredicateResults>::type, PredicateResults> {};

        // Constant result.
        template <class Result, class PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation <
                Result, PredicateResults,
                typename rime::enable_if_constant <Result>::type>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                Result operator() (Left const &, Right const &, Predicate &&)
                const
            { return Result(); }
        };

        // Run-time result.
        template <class FirstPredicateResult, class ... PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation <
                bool, meta::vector <FirstPredicateResult, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
        private:
            // left < right: always return true. Don't recurse.
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement_2 (Left const &, Right const &,
                    Predicate &&, rime::true_type, bool,
                    utility::overload_order <1> *) const
            { return true; }

            // right < left: always return false. Don't recurse.
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement_2 (Left const &, Right const &,
                    Predicate &&, bool, rime::true_type,
                    utility::overload_order <1> *) const
            { return false; }

            // Other cases: recursion should be compiled.
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement_2 (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate, bool left_right, bool right_left,
                    utility::overload_order <2> *) const
            {
                if (left_right)
                    return true;
                if (right_left)
                    return false;
                return less_lexicographical_implementation <bool,
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                        (range::drop (left), range::drop (right),
                            std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }

            // Check whether the tuples are empty.
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate, rime::false_type, rime::false_type)
                const
            {
                return implement_2 (left, right, predicate,
                    predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right)),
                    predicate (range::first (right), range::first (left)),
                    utility::pick_overload());
            }

            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement (Left const &, Right const &, Predicate &&,
                    rime::true_type, rime::false_type) const
            { return true; }

            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool implement (Left const &, Right const &, Predicate &&,
                    bool, rime::true_type) const
            { return false; }

        public:
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                return implement (left, right, predicate,
                    range::empty (left), range::empty (right));
            }
        };

        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation <
                bool, meta::vector <boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>,
                    PredicateResults ...>>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                if (predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::first (right), range::first (left)))
                    return false;
                return less_lexicographical_implementation <bool,
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                        (range::drop (left), range::drop (right),
                            std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }
        };

        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation <
                bool, meta::vector <boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>,
                    boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                if (predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::first (right), range::first (left)))
                    return false;
                if (predicate (range::second (left), range::second (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::second (right), range::second (left)))
                    return false;
                return less_lexicographical_implementation <bool,
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                        (range::drop (left, rime::size_t <2>()),
                            range::drop (right, rime::size_t <2>()),
                            std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }
        };

        template <class ... PredicateResults>
            struct less_lexicographical_implementation <
                bool, meta::vector <boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>,
                    boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>,
                    boost::mpl::pair <bool, bool>, PredicateResults ...>>
        {
            template <class Left, class Right, class Predicate>
                bool operator() (Left const & left, Right const & right,
                    Predicate && predicate) const
            {
                if (predicate (range::first (left), range::first (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::first (right), range::first (left)))
                    return false;
                if (predicate (range::second (left), range::second (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::second (right), range::second (left)))
                    return false;
                if (predicate (range::third (left), range::third (right)))
                    return true;
                if (predicate (range::third (right), range::third (left)))
                    return false;
                return less_lexicographical_implementation <bool,
                    meta::vector <PredicateResults ...>>()
                        (range::drop (left, rime::size_t <3>()),
                            range::drop (right, rime::size_t <3>()),
                            std::forward <Predicate> (predicate));
            }
        };

        // less_lexicographical.
        template <class LeftTypes, class RightTypes, class Predicate,
                class Enable = void>
            struct less_lexicographical;

        template <class ... LeftTypes, class ... RightTypes, class Predicate>
            struct less_lexicographical <
                meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>, meta::vector <RightTypes ...>,
                Predicate>
        : less_lexicographical_implementation_forwarder <
            typename less_lexicographical_detail::predicate_results <
                meta::vector <LeftTypes ...>, meta::vector <RightTypes ...>,
                Predicate>::type>
        {};

    } // namespace less_lexicographical_detail

    template <std::size_t Size, class LeftView, class RightView,
        class Predicate>
    inline auto implement_less_lexicographical (
        tuple_view_tag <Size>, tuple_view_tag <Size>,
        LeftView const & left, RightView const & right,
        direction::front, Predicate && predicate)
    RETURNS (less_lexicographical_detail::less_lexicographical <typename
        types <LeftView>::type, typename types <RightView>::type, Predicate>()
            (left, right, std::forward <Predicate> (predicate)));

}} // namespace range::tuple_detail

#endif  // RANGE_DETAIL_TUPLE_COMPARE_HPP_INCLUDED

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Improving the Lives of Farm Animals (×)
Promoting Smarter Wildlife Management (×)
Horses & Burros (×)
Sharks (×)
Tigers (×)
The science behind farm animal welfare
Around the world, animals used for meat, eggs and dairy often suffer on factory farms where they are treated as units of production rather than sentient creatures. The Humane Society of the United States and Humane Society International present comprehensive reports on animal agribusiness and its...
Taking precautions for protecting livestock
The following is a list of suggestions we recommend to help keep your livestock safe during an emergency. Make a disaster plan to protect your property, your facilities and your animals. Create a list of emergency telephone numbers, including those of your employees, neighbors, veterinarian, state...
Rampant animal cruelty at California slaughter plant
Video evidence (below) compiled by the Humane Society of the United States shows inhumane handling methods that may have endangered the health of children. A shocking undercover investigation by the Humane Society of the United States reveals widespread mistreatment of "downed" dairy cows—those who...
Anti-whistleblower ag-gag bills hide factory farming abuses from the public
Time and again, undercover investigations and whistleblowers have documented rampant animal cruelty and other abuses in our nation's factory farms and slaughterhouses . But instead of working to solve those problems, Big Ag is trying to simply cover them up. Whistleblowing employees have long played...
Abused calves at Vermont slaughter plant
The Humane Society of the United States today released the results of an undercover investigation documenting shocking animal abuse at a Vermont slaughter plant. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Vermont Agency of Agriculture took decisive action today based on the information provided by...
Sheltering your livestock in place
Sheltering in place If evacuation is not possible, a decision must be made whether to confine large animals to an available shelter on your farm or leave them out in pastures. Owners may believe that their animals are safer inside barns, but in many circumstances, confinement takes away the animals'...
Fresh start in the new year
Find answers to wildlife problems
The woman on the phone was anxious but determined. She was calling City Wildlife, a rescue and rehabilitation center in Washington, D.C., because her dog had dug up a rabbit nest and killed three of the babies. There was one survivor. "I'm going to get some kitten formula and start feeding it,...
Kelly L. Williams
Around the world, tree squirrels are among the most prolific—and fun to watch—backyard wildlife species.
Farm animal protection FAQ
Contents What is the Humane Society of the United States doing to help farm animals? What are some of the biggest problems farm animals face? Aren't there laws that protect farm animals from abuse? Don't animals have to be treated well to be productive? What can I do to help farm animals?
What do wildlife need in winter? Plants!
As monarch butterflies and hummingbirds headed south this fall, I dreamt of following my favorite snowbirds to Mexico and Central America. But I stayed home instead, where I have a window onto the spectacular world of winter wildlife: northern flickers tossing maple leaves with their beaks in search...
Nancy Lawson
How to make your yard family-friendly
Decaying logs and miniature bogs, hollowed stalks and piled rocks, nutritious pollen and leaves fallen: They're not the stuff of traditional nursery rhymes and baby showers. But if wild mothers-to-be had gift registries, these natural supplies would top the list. Though the basic elements for...
Do you really know how most farm animals live?
Some farmers provide their animals with room to root, roam and roost, but the majority of eggs, meat and dairy products sold in the United States come from factory farms, where animals are kept tightly confined in spaces barely larger than their bodies. They are never allowed to express their...


text:
Cavatigozzi è una frazione della città lombarda di Cremona.

Storia
Cavatigozzi era un piccolo borgo agricolo di antica origine, parte del Contado di Cremona.

In età napoleonica (1809) Cavatigozzi fu aggregata alla città di Cremona; recuperò l'autonomia con la costituzione del Regno Lombardo-Veneto (1816), quando venne inclusa nel distretto di Pizzighettone della provincia di Cremona.

All'Unità d'Italia (1861) contava 681 abitanti. Il comune di Cavatigozzi fu aggregato nel 1867 al comune di Duemiglia, a sua volta aggregato nel 1920 alla città di Cremona.

Note

Voci correlate
 Stazione di Cava Tigozzi
 Stazione di Cavatigozzi-Spinadesco

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Comuni della Lombardia soppressi


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