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An online journal published by the Institute for Research on Women
REJOINDER
Issue 1: Marking Time
Issue 2: Borders, Bodies, Homes
Issue 3: The Stranger Within
Issue 4: Me Too
Prisonscapes: Scenes from the Carceral Frontier
Dana Greene
"Exercise Cages." Photo credit: Dana Greene. Click to enlarge.
"Frontier." Defined variously as "a territory that forms the furthest extent of a country's settled or inhabited regions;" "an outer limit," "a borderland" (in turn said to be "an indeterminate region"). These phrases aptly describe prisons, scattered as they are on the outskirts of geographical space and delineated by physical boundaries meant to conceal and disappear. Like many fantasies of place, prisons loom large in our individual and collective imagination but are rarely located in the physical world. New Mexico is fixed in the national imagination exclusively as a landscape. By using 'The Land of Enchantment' as a case study this project complicates iconic scenery and insists on a (re)location of prisons from the illusory to the real. The borderlands that are our nation's prisons are nether regions where people reside in interstitial spaces—between citizen and exile, between constant surveillance and forgotten invisibility, where the work of punishment, done in all our names, is hidden from our view. Prisonscapes: Scenes from the Carceral Frontier presents a new visual language of correctional facilities one that refuses to traffic in fear or titillation but instead generates a realistic pictorial prism from which to (re)view, to surveil, incarceration. These prisonscapes, a term I coined that marries the artistic tradition of landscape imagery with my aim to place prisons in a material and geographical context, reveal concealed truths, challenge myths, and pave pathways for empathetic informed socio-political awakenings.
Prison imagery is not uncommon. However, what may not be understood is that most penal images are created by the state. These are highly selective in what they display and more importantly in what they obscure. A variety of carceral scenes are so ubiquitous they have become synonymous with the institution itself: an intimidating stone guard tower, cell bars with hands reaching through them, the wide-angled frame of tiered cells, the long shot of interminable razor wire against the open sky, endless bunk-beds filled with idle bodies, and inevitably the melancholic men or women in striped uniforms or orange jumpsuits. Peculiarly journalists' pictorial efforts tend to follow suit though as a rule their access is limited, highly controlled, and exceedingly rare.
Of late, artistic focus on incarceration, in many respects a welcome phenomenon, is surging. These suddenly proliferating images (magnificent photographic portraiture is popular), often evocative and creative, are typically aesthetically gorgeous, breathtaking even. What does it mean to make beautiful, attractive, prison imagery? I know that these photographers do not mean harm. Quite the contrary, there is humanity and beauty in their images and it means something to pay attention, to bear witness, and to ask people about their personal stories. But will this disrupt the status quo? What does it mean to present these photos without historical or geographical context? It strikes me as problematic and leaves me uncomfortable. I am still working though my ideas and intend here not to discredit but to initiate conversation; however I suggest that such photographic representations, superbly curated and marvelously formatted, made by people with tremendous command of the medium (employing extraordinary lighting and captivating design) romanticize prisons and exoticize prisoners. Eyeing or cataloging the inhabitants of prisons is not a novel or radical enterprise. In my experience such images and presentations traffic in the long-standing, pernicious narrative of the prison, expressly that it is an enigmatic place filled with mesmerizing 'others.' Are these artists gaining attention by leveraging a daring or adventurousness in their exploration of the forbidding prison? Is the titillation factor what curries this newfound favor?
Who are these images for and to what purpose? Quite often it is white spectators (and white funders and custodians, or white scholars and activists such as myself) that are consuming these typically highly racialized photographs, as the imagery tends to focus on bodies of color or prison as the 'new' site of racial exploitation. Whose bodies are in these photos? Are they characters in a story? What is the story? Where is the social body in such images? The fact of the white eye seems to me a central, but overlooked, element of the exchange. Are the viewers to feel guilt or shame? Does observing supplant social action or rather become the political act? Do the images invite an exploration of complicity and an understanding of the structural elements at play, or does the seeing (merely of the photo or the exhibit) release us from responsibility? There are insidious, unmarked, deeply seeded beliefs embedded in the public consciousness about prison; if we do not confront them with alternate narratives any visuals will be folded into, and thus reinforce and retell, the existing story: prisons are necessary for public safety, prisons are filled with people who are different and more menacing than those not in prison, and thus buttress the socially constructed idea of the dangerous Black or Brown body. I submit that prison, in particular prison imagery, has become the new 'dark continent' (a term coined by colonists to describe and name Africa trading in colonial ideas of savagery, the primitive, exotic, and hyper-sexualized racialized bodies) and the prisoner the 'noble savage' of the 21st century. When prisoners are the focus the prison, the system, is obscured.
There are intentionally no people in my photographs. Though prisons are full of bodies they are principally empty hidden spaces. Correctional institutions occupy a tremendous amount of acreage; yet the vast majority of square footage is not inhabited but rather comprises the machinery needed to disappear people, manage bodies, and conceal the social institution of punishment. The images here expose everyday penal realities from stockpiled uniforms and colossal stores of cleaning fluids to carefully detailed corporate logos adorning the cinder block walls alongside inane sayings intended to boost morale. However, the quotidian is macabre when on the inside. Because they are out of sight few ever think of the mundane functional necessities, the scale of infrastructure and bureaucracy, associated with the operation and maintenance of penal institutions.
Prisonscapes: Scenes from the Carceral Frontier focuses on the apparatus of control. In the 1990s a prison opened in the rural United States every 15 days. If you are prisoner on planet earth there is a 1 in 4 chance you are in a U.S. prison. Yet, most people only imagine these luminal places. Most of what happens in prison is routine and driven by functionalism. Drama, violence, and high-handed ideas of justice or injustice may be what animate the public's mind but in actuality managerialism rules each prison day and night. The daily practice of controlling bodies en masse, on a scale unprecedented in human history, requires corporations, expediency, penny-pinching, specialized architecture, food service, germ defense, and adroit staffing. Prisons are disappeared cities that function as large-scale round-the-clock surveillance factories manufacturing custody 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. These images enable a reconnaissance of these veiled metropolises. The objective here is beyond witness; it is to foster dissent and inspire voices to call for the abolition of prisons, to demand that the dollars spent on punishment be rerouted toward community-sustaining institutions and practices.
In 2013 I was granted a security pass, unprecedented, unfettered access, to photograph each of New Mexico's adult correctional institutions, six state-run and five privately operated prisons. The process to obtain this clearance was complex and there are details I cannot share. There are no secrets in prisons. Everyone and everything—prisoners, staff, equipment—are always watching. Hence the idea of a camera on the inside as 'dangerous' is in many respects absurd. Yet, there were parties that considered the permanent record these images would generate as a risk, as intruding. Indeed it is; but the anxiety was induced because of who would be doing the watching. I travelled over four thousand miles across rugged rural terrain. Using a hand-held digital camera I spent three days at each site aiming to capture all aspects of penal infrastructure—to gather the view from inside. The corrections officers and prisoners I met were deeply engaged by my enterprise though all expressed shock to see a person holding a camera. They excitedly guided me and they gladly stepped out of my way. They wanted me to see and share the disappeared places where they live and work. I've amassed an archive of over 17,000 photos that encapsulate prisons and their geographic locales. All photos are in color. I do not crop, retouch, or edit the images in any way.
Prisonscapes: Scenes from the Carceral Frontier subverts surveillance by rotating the lens of persistent visual scrutiny back upon the panopticon itself. These prisonscapes enable viewers to traverse the perimeter and eyewitness shrouded sites within the U.S. penal archipelago. The intention is for viewers to build an understanding as to what a prison is and to fathom the substructure and magnitude necessary to warehouse well over two million people. My academic training leaves me conversant in penal history. I organize and contextualize images to disrupt and transform the penal story buried, but unmarked, in the public consciousness. The project's structure intends to cultivate fresh narratives, disrupt the status quo, and ultimately activate change. Prisons will only come down from the outside. What follows are photographs organized by theme: Landscape & Place, Conjugal Visits, Workplace, Food, Storage, and Cleaning. Each subject area is preceded by attendant text providing the viewer with historical and contemporary context. I hope this project questions the morality of prison.
Prisons in Place: New Mexico
New Mexico has certainly captured the imagination of those beyond its borders. Whenever I cite my location most people perk up and quickly tell me of a delightful past visit or of their strong desire to explore the state. They mention the beauty of the land, the infamous light, or their enchanting time in Santa Fe. This is the consequence of tourism and public relations. The Land of Enchantment is a deceit, a story cleansed, (white)washed, of history and dimension.
New Mexico is a poor rural colonized territory. It became the forty-seventh state in 1912 and is home to the Manhattan Project and White Sands Missile Range, where the Army and the Department of Defense test and evaluate the nation's weapons. According to the Census Bureau over one-fifth of all New Mexicans live below the poverty line. With a population of just over two million the state has the highest teen pregnancy rate in the nation, is ranked forty-ninth in both education and overall child wellbeing, and one in four New Mexicans is food insecure. Heroin addiction and prescription drug overdoses are notoriously endemic. The state is considered to be one of the top three food deserts in the United States. The high school 'push-out' rate (what too often is called a drop-out rate) averages fifty percent. In dollars, the state, incarcerating just over seven thousand inmates, spends 4.7 times more per prisoner than it does per public school pupil. Most of the state's prisons are located in rural economically troubled locales. The prison is generally the best paying job in town, often the only one with benefits, and generally is a well-liked, welcome employer. As train routes dried up and the mines shut down, small towns all over New Mexico collapsed. The prisons arrived in the eighties and nineties with the promise of keeping these places alive. In my travels I did not see evidence of economic resurgence. I saw boarded up main streets peppered with multiple payday quick loan storefronts. This is New Mexico.
On February 2, 1980, at the Penitentiary New Mexico (PNM), known then as the 'Main,' just outside of Santa Fe, on Highway 14 along the famed turquoise trail, one of the nation's most violent prisoner uprisings jumped off. It lasted thirty-six hours and ended when governor Bruce King called in the National Guard to retake the prison. During the mayhem thirty-three prisoners were tortured and killed by other inmates with another two hundred raped and assaulted. No corrections officers were slain though a number were taken hostage some of whom were brutalized. The exceptionally vicious event shaped the course of corrections in New Mexico. All eleven adult prisons currently in use were built after, and in response to, the events of 1980. The five private prisons are run by three different corporations including Geo Group, responsible for building and running three institutions, Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), which operates the only women's prison in the state (and it is full), and Management and Training Corporation (MTC), which recently added state prisoners to their already brimming facility in Otero County (that sits alongside their immigration detention center). These corporate wardens energetically emphasize their commitment to their 'clients' (the state) and in one case point to the housing board as "revenue." The images presented here are quintessential New Mexico with their red earth, open vistas, and the southwestern themed landscaping. The intention is locate prisons in the geographic world.
"That Stunning New Mexico Light"
"Picket Fence – Warden's Idea"
"Thematic Landscaping"
Photo credits: Dana Greene. Click to enlarge.
Conjugal Visits
Conjugal visits were first allowed at Mississippi's Parchman State Penitentiary, a 20,000- acre former plantation that became a penal farm in 1901. It is still in operation. In the wake of the civil war the South lay in ruins and new allegiances were forged between whites across social classes. They used the criminal law and newly conceived punishment practices to reinstate the economic and social conditions of slavery. The Black Codes (racialized criminal codes that long preceded Jim Crow) criminalized the behavior of newly freed African-Americans. Acts such as owning a weapon, being homeless, or killing a pig became state punishable crimes (whites were free to engage in any of the actions) and thus began the structural creation of a Black 'criminal' class in the United States. Convict leasing, chain gangs, and the penal farm emerged to 'manage' the now growing ranks of Black prisoners. The south had very few prisons before the war (and they had primarily been filled with whites) and none were left standing. In the early 1900s, the warden of Parchman Farm began bringing in prostitutes on Sundays to, in his logic, keep the prisoners sated and compliant. But this practice was only for Black convicts, reflecting and reinforcing the white fixation on Black male sexuality. White inmates were not allowed conjugal visits until the 1930s.
Each state eventually constructed its own distinct set of rules and regulations regarding such visits but overnights or time alone with a loved one (people sanctioned as visit-eligible by the state) are not a simple or easy matter anywhere. Though the term conjugal lives on in the public imagination, and is used here intentionally to keep the history front and center, family visit is more commonly found in contemporary correctional parlance.
Alice King, wife of the governor at the time of the 1980 rebellion, was the champion of conjugal visits in New Mexico. She campaigned for their implementation in the riot's wake. The practice was structured in a highly controlled manner. To be eligible a prisoner must have one year clean, meaning no write-ups (disciplinary reports), and must be in programming (work or school). The first visit lasts 6 hours, the second 12 hours, the third 12 hours, and then a 24 visit can be scheduled. Four months between visits is requisite and the inmate is responsible for a twenty-five dollar clean-up fee. All of this is at the warden's discretion. If an inmate is written up at any point the process is suspended. As of May 1, 2014, following a national trend, conjugal visits in New Mexico were suspended. The Albuquerque Journal quotes Corrections Secretary Gregg Marcantel "who said the change in New Mexico's policy came after a two-year study, and officials concluded that allowing inmates evenings with loved ones had almost no effect on recidivism rates….Instead, Marcantel said, the conjugal visits were producing unwanted children, spreading sexually transmitted diseases and being used to introduce contraband into prisons" (Contreras 2014). However, in my discussions with corrections officers at each site I was informed that most visitors, about 80% by their guess, were parents and siblings. Washington, California, and New York are the few states that still allow for conjugal visits. The following images lay bare the nature of these locations: razor-wire views from every tiny window, spaces with little natural light, a curious attempt at homey charm, and a general ambiance of outdated, cheap motel rooms with a sterile, almost clinical atmosphere. The standardization illustrates that the same company built these units, a corporation at work. They now all sit idle in monsoon rains and unrelenting sun.
"The Path to the Trailers"
"Conjugal Trailers Sit Idle"
"When it Rains it Pours"
"Conjugal Trailers – Protect the Barbeque"
"Inside the Trailer"
"Only the Women's Trailers are Tricked out for Kids"
Prison as workplace
Corrections officers (COs) are doing time too, in eight or twelve hours shifts, though with routine overtime regularly it is a double. We habitually forget that prisons are also sites of paid labor. Punishment is someone's job. There are close to one million corrections officers in the United States, working-class people who pay a steep price for a steady paycheck. COs have high turnover rates, along with above average incidences of alcohol abuse, domestic violence, and divorce. Studies show they experience truncated life spans after retirement and that they typically hide their jobs from others. With the decline of manufacturing in the United States many politicians and counties have turned to prisons in the hope of revitalizing local economies. The data are clear: prisons deter other industries and the jobs they bring are unsustainable with attendant social problems that weigh heavily on communities. The story of prisons is also the story of disappearing jobs and wage stagnation across the United States. The work of corrections tells an economic history of place and locates prisons in the broader story of labor and economics in America.
New Mexico has 964 corrections officers. Those working at public facilities are unionized while privatized corrections is non-union work (this is true nationwide). The turnover rate in New Mexico is quite high and under-staffed prisons are the state norm. In order to run the prisons each corrections officer in the state commonly does two or three overtimes a week. They are written-up if they do not comply, overtime refusal is not an option. Think about what this might mean for their personal relationships and physical well-being. Anecdotally wardens told me that NM prisons lose half their staff each year. Eye these photos with an exploration as to what ugly and barren workplaces prisons are. Consider who does the strip-searching or who does the watching when someone is suicidal.
"Who does the Stripping?"
"Suicide Watch Cell"
"Window"
"Someone's Clever Idea"
"That's our Motto"
"Revenue Housing Board"
"Safety First"
"Only Job with Health Insurance for over 100 Miles"
Food is a central issue in prison, as it is everywhere. A substantial number of prison uprisings follow the disruption of food service (e.g. meals put on hold or commissary suspended). In order to deliver three meals a day to each inmate, prisons often serve at peculiar hours (e.g., dinner at 4pm or breakfast at 4am). Correctional institutions in New Mexico are mandated by law to have enough food on site to sustain the facility for two weeks should it be necessary to go without deliveries because of a long-term lockdown.
Kitchens must keep a tray of all food served for up to 72 hours so that testing can occur should someone become ill. In prison argot these are 'dead man trays.' Most folks, incorrectly but persistently, imagine food to be largely responsible for the high cost of prisons. In reality, states spend relatively little to feed their inmates. In New Mexico, wardens confirmed, food generally comprises 8 or 9 percent of the prison's budget. Each meal, they told me, averages about a buck fifty but this figure, they were careful to note, is inflated due to the cost of a handful of special dietary plans, typically diabetic. Unbeknownst to most people, prisoners pay for a great deal of the food they eat out of their own pockets, buying it from the commissary, the prison store, or soda and candy machines placed throughout the facilities. A rough anecdotal estimate, garnered from interviews with administrators, is that half of what inmates eat comes from these self-financed sources.
As the images illustrate prisons warehouse enormous amounts of food. There are stockpiles of both dry and perishable goods in cold storage, commissaries, and canteens. The logistics of food distribution is a serious penal issue, due in part to its volatility as well as the directives associated with legal mandates. Many facilities configure their mess halls to hide the identity of the server and the receiver. The extent of food infrastructure in prisons is remarkable and a colossal part of prison life (for staff and prisoner alike). Consider what you see here and then amplify it nationwide.
"Deadman Trays"
"Cold Food Storage"
"Comissary"
"Canteen Delivery to Maximum Security Cells"
Just outside the parameter, at each prison, I saw vast areas of detritus, including heaps of wire, piles of wooden flats, and masses of porcelain toilets. This expanse is commonly referred to as 'the boneyard.' It is where all manner of debris is amassed in the interest of eventually being repurposed, usually by inmate labor, in service of building maintenance. This speaks to wardens' constant focus on the facility and the necessary crafty means employed to keep it serviceable and within the established budget. Bear in mind, virtually all of the labor 'employed' to maintain the physical plant is inmates. Prisoners literally sustain that which incarcerates them.
Prisons are indeed fantastically expensive but the public rarely understands the ever-growing logistical expenditures that are associated with running a carceral municipality. The costs are the building and the staff. Money is not being poured into a prisoner's quality of life but rather endlessly streamed into the creation and upkeep of the institution. As each warden I met mentioned, if they are to go over budget it will most likely be a building repair issue. Plumbing, for example, is a serious and expensive issue, and as it is always a problem it requires ongoing preventive attention. They confirmed that expenditures associated with preventive building maintenance are more than double that of the food budget, typically, in New Mexico comprising between 20 and 25% of the institution's overall financial plan. Everyday something needs fixing. All tools, and prisons are filled with tools of all kinds, must be kept in a shadow box and inventoried each day. Toilet paper, uniforms (prisoner and officer), armory weapons, inmate property (as they move through security levels what they are allowed to have fluctuates), bedding, pliers, mops, and supplies—from government issued toothpaste to paper that classification officers use—are just the start of the extraordinary volume of items stockpiled throughout a prison.
Every warden I spoke with lamented a shortage of space and estimated that one-fifth of the prison is utilized to store stuff. Keep in mind that the majority of prison square footage is not used by inmates nor is it for 'living.'
"Uniforms Awaiting New Prisoners"
"Beauty Class"
"Everything has its Place"
"Bedding"
"Remodel from Porcelain to Metal"
Prisons stink. However, the odors might not be what you imagine. The stench, and it can be overwhelming, is that of cleaning fluids. A walk through a correctional facility is a walk through a panoply of ever-wafting chemical smells emanating from surfaces recently wiped down, mopped, or scrubbed in addition to the buckets, spray bottles, and cloth laying about waiting to be put back to use. To the eye prisons characteristically appear spotless and remember free labor is abundant and no warden wants idle prisoners, so a cleaning staff is always on shift. But the effort to control germs, serious microorganisms from streptococcus to tuberculosis, is a constant administrative concern. It is difficult to convey, with words, the volume of cleaning supplies both in use and on deck throughout each and every prison. The images more effectively illustrate this prison reality.
"ABCs"
"Constant Battle"
"Clean Clean Clean"
"Cleaning Product Stockpile"
Contreras, Russell. 2014. "Conjugal Visits to End in NM." Albuquerque Journal, April 17. Accessed January 11, 2015. http://www.abqjournal.com/385172/news/conjugal-visits-to-end.html.
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Q: How is this "interface"-like structure/pattern called? Let's assume we have an XmlDoc class that contains basic functionality for dealing with an XML data structure and saving/loading data to/from a file. Now we have several subclasses, A, B and C. They all inherit from XmlDoc and add component-specific methods for setting and getting lots of data. They are like "interfaces" but also add an implementation for the signatures.
Finally, we have an ABCDoc class that joins all the "interfaces" via virtual multiple inheritence and adds some ABCDoc-specific stuff, such as using XMLDoc-methods to set an appropriate doc type. We may also have an ADoc class for only saving A data.
How is this pattern called? "Interface" is not really the right word since interfaces usually do not contain an implementation.
Bonus points for C++ code conventions.

A: It's called the "Diamond Problem" or, if it's not a problem for you, you can drop the "Problem" part. The issue is, how do you resolve which inherited method gets called from the derived class? You can override the function calls, but then you are only using that inheritance as an interface. If you are doing that, why not make abstract classes that don't inherit from the "master" class, then compose your new classes using multiple inheritance?

A: Multiple Inheritance.
Maybe what you are hightlighting its the fact that all the base classes for ABCDoc, are also subclasses of the same base class, and not different class hierarchies.
Actually, I think its a mixture of 2 techniques, first, extending a base class for several cases:
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
....+-----------------------------------------+................+----------------------------------------------+..
....|                <<class>>                |....../|........|                   <<class>>                  |..
....|             GenericDocument             |...../.|...+----|                  TextDocument                |..
....+-----------------------------------------+----<..|---+....+----------------------------------------------+..
....| [+]  Load(...)         <<virtual>>      |.....\.|...|....| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  Save(...)         <<virtual>>      |......\|...|....| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  DoSomething(...)  <<non virtual>>  |...........|....| [+]  SpecificMethod_A(...)  <<non virtual>>  |..
....+-----------------------------------------+...........|....+----------------------------------------------+..
..........................................................|......................................................
..........................................................|....+----------------------------------------------+..
..........................................................|....|                  <<class>>                   |..
..........................................................|----|                BitmapDocument                |..
..........................................................|....+----------------------------------------------+..
..........................................................|....| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |..
..........................................................|....| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |..
..........................................................|....| [+]  SpecificMethod_B(...)  <<non virtual>>  |..
..........................................................|....+----------------------------------------------+..
..........................................................|......................................................
..........................................................|....+----------------------------------------------+..
..........................................................+----|                   <<class>>                  |..
...............................................................|                  XMLDocument                 |..
...............................................................+----------------------------------------------+..
...............................................................| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |..
...............................................................| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |..
...............................................................| [+]  SpecificMethod_C(...)  <<non virtual>>  |..
...............................................................+----------------------------------------------+..
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................

Second, having a single class that encapsulates all the existing scenarios.
..........................................................
..........................................................
....+----------------------------------------------+......
....|                   <<class>>                  +---+..
....|                  TextDocument                |...|..
....+----------------------------------------------+...|..
....| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |...|..
....| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |...|..
....| [+]  SpecificMethod_A(...)  <<non virtual>>  |...|..
....+----------------------------------------------+...|..
.......................................................|...................................................................
....+----------------------------------------------+...|.../|.....+-----------------------------------------------------+..
....|                  <<class>>                   |...|../.|.....|                       <<class>>                     |..
....|                BitmapDocument                |---+-<..|-----|                 MultipleFormatDocument              |..
....+----------------------------------------------+...|..\.|.....+-----------------------------------------------------+..
....| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |...|...\|.....| [+]  Load(...)                        <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |...|..........| [+]  Save(...)                        <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  SpecificMethod_B(...)  <<non virtual>>  |...|..........| [+]  SelectDefaultFileFormat(...)  <<non virtual>>  |..
....+----------------------------------------------+...|..........+-----------------------------------------------------+..
.......................................................|...................................................................
....+----------------------------------------------+...|..
....|                  <<class>>                   +---+..
....|                 XMLDocument                  |..
....+----------------------------------------------+..
....| [+]  Load(...)                 <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  Save(...)                 <<override>>  |..
....| [+]  SpecificMethod_C(...)  <<non virtual>>  |..
....+----------------------------------------------+..
......................................................

I have a similar case. A class is composed of several base classes,
that must descend from the same class, also.
I think there are 2 situations of these. If the intermediate base classes, can be consider to add more classes ("more file formats"), maybe the final class should be changed to this:
........................................................................................................................
....+-----------------------------------------+......./|......+-----------------------------------------------------+...
....|                <<class>>                |....../.|......|                       <<class>>                     |...
....|             GenericDocument             |-----<..|------|                 MultipleFormatDocument              |...
....+-----------------------------------------+......\.|......+-----------------------------------------------------+...
....| [+]  Load(...)         <<virtual>>      |.......\|......| [+]  Load(...)                        <<override>>  |...
....| [+]  Save(...)         <<virtual>>      |...............| [+]  Save(...)                        <<override>>  |...
....| [+]  DoSomething(...)  <<non virtual>>  |...............| [+]  SelectDefaultFileFormat(...)  <<non virtual>>  |...
....+------------------+----------------------+...............+-----------------------------------------------------+...
.......................|.................................................................^..............................
.......................|................................................................/.\.............................
.......................^.............................................................../...\............................
....................../.\..............................................................\.../............................
...................../...\..............................................................\./.............................
..................../-----\..............................................................V..............................
.......................+.................................................................|..............................
.......................|.................................................................|..............................
.......................|.......................................+-------------------------+---------------------------+..
.......................+---------------------------------------|                       <<class>>                     |..
...............................................................|                   <<Many classes>>                  |..
...............................................................+-----------------------------------------------------+..
...............................................................| [+]  Load(...)                        <<override>>  |..
...............................................................| [+]  Save(...)                        <<override>>  |..
...............................................................+-----------------------------------------------------+..
........................................................................................................................

Where it can support several file format classes like "add-ons".
There is a second situation.
In my app. the final class descend from 4 specific classes,
I had to have access to the specific methods of those intermediate classes,
and to add more classes didn't apply. And the 4 intermediate classes,
had to be descendant of the same base or root class.
If it was another language, that supported multiple inheritance interfaces,
maybe all these solutions could be more simple.
But, for the second case I "smell", an unnamed, Design Pattern.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Bastrop Public Library is located at 1100 Church Street. The phone number is 512/321-5441. Internet Access Computers are available. There are 25,000 volumes including audio/visual materials. There is an Interactive Library Loan Program available.
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Encephalartos whitelockii is a species of cycad that is native to Uganda.

Distribution and habitat
The area of this species is restricted to the southwestern part of Uganda (Kabarole District). The only known populations are found along the Mpanga River, before its outlet at Lake George, at altitudes between 1,000 and 1,300 m.

Encephalartos whitelockii is endemic to a single location, where it forms one of the largest and most impressive cycad populations in Africa in Kamwenga District of the southwestern part of Uganda (possibly the largest single cycads colony in Africa). Populations occur along the Mpanga River, above and below the Mpanga River Falls, just before it runs into Lake George. The population size of E. whitelockii is estimated to be 8,000 mature individuals. This species has a small extent of occurrence and area of occupancy.

Habitat and ecology
This species grows on almost sheer granite faces and on rocky slopes, amongst tall grass in savanna. Also occurs in dense evergreen montane forests. Seedlings and small plants are absent from open habitats which may be as a result of too frequent fires, but under forest canopy, prolific regeneration occurs. The seeds are large and have a fleshy outer coat and are desirable to a range of animals. However the unpalatable seed is discarded some distance away from the parent plant in a hospitable environment in which to germinate. The seeds of E. whitelockii are an important food source for baboons. This species is not only pollinated by wind but also by insects or more specifically weevils. To attract pollinators, male and female cones produce powerful odours, usually in the early morning or evening. Travelling between the sexes, the weevils pollinate the plants by inadvertently transferring pollen from the male cones to the receptive ovules of the female cones.

Threats to the species includes the construction of a small hydro electric power plant on the Mpanga River Falls, the construction of roads and camps in the cycad belt, causing soil erosion and deep gullies, reducing habitat quality, the reduction in population of mature and young individuals as they are knocked down by heavy machinery and reduction in area of occupancy owing to parts being occupied by weir (reservoir), water canal, and power house. Moreover, it is reported that the collection of seed and seedlings for commercial trade may impair the regeneration capacity of the cycad and thus lead to further reduction of its population. Other threats are the cultivation on the slopes of the gorge and clearing of the cycads, harvesting of the cycad leaves for building materials, burning of some areas occupied by the cycad for stimulation of grazing pasture.

Geographically E. whitelockii occurs closest to Encephalartos ituriensis, but these species are separated by the Rift Valley, which probably represents a strong isolating factor.

This species is recorded from an altitude of 1,000 to 1,300 meres above sea level.

Synonyms and names
E. whitelockii was named in recognition of Loran Whitelock of Los Angeles, California, well-known student and collector of cycads, for his extensive research on cycad flora.

Description
Encephalartos whitelockii is a large, spectacular, evergreen, arborescent cycad up to 4 metre tall. Each stem is topped with a crown of long, stiff, dark green, glossy fronds which curve gently backwards. The fronds are composed by falcate, well-spaced, dentate leaflets that curve towards the frond apex and carry more than 3 teeth on each margin. The teeth on the lower margin are also well-spaced rather than crowded to the base. The bluish-green cones with smooth scale apices, the sessile seed cones and the long-stalked, often pendulous pollen cones are also distinctive. The reproductive organs take the form of cones, similar in appearance to those of a conifer, with the male and female cones being borne on separate plants. Male plants of E. whitelockii produce up to five, pendulous, bluish-green cones per stem, while female plants produce up to three, bluish-green egg-shaped cones. E. whitelockii is a long-lived, slow growing plant that always occur as individual male or female plants. There is no way of determining the sex of a cycad until it begins to produce its first cone.

Stem: Erect up to 4 m tall, 35–40 cm in diameter typically growing in large clumps. The stems although woody in appearance, consist mostly of soft, pithy storage tissue protected by a solid layer of old leaf bases.
Leaves: 310–410 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 160° on rachis). Rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax or straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted. Petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles, spine-free for 13 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. Leaflets lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 23–30 cm long, 20–28 mm wide.
Male cones: 1-5, narrowly ovoid, green or yellow, 50 cm long, 9 cm in diameter.
Female cones: 1-3, ovoid, green or yellow, 45 cm long, 35 cm in diameter.
Seeds: Ovoid, 30–35 mm long, 25–30 mm wide, sarcotesta red.

Conservation
The IUCN Red List lists E. whitelockii as a Critically Endangered Species. The survival of the species is seriously threatened by the project for the construction of a hydroelectric power station, approved in 2007, which will lead to the Mpanga River runoff.
The species is included in Appendix I to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

Bibliography
 Kalema, J. 2010. Encephalartos whitelockii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 23 August 2015.
 Terrence Walters, Roy Osborne "Cycad Classification: Concepts and Recommendations" CABI, 12 January 2004
 Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts "Uganda" Bradt Travel Guides, 2010

References

External links

whitelockii
Plants described in 1995
Endemic flora of Uganda

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CARES Act Allows Employers to Defer Employer Portion of Social Security Payroll Taxes
Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act that was signed into law on March 27, 2020, businesses may delay paying the employer portion of the Social Security payroll taxes on wages paid for the period from ...
Under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act that was signed into law on March 27, 2020, businesses may delay paying the employer portion of the Social Security payroll taxes on wages paid for the period from March 27, 2020, through Dec. 31, 2020.
Any 2020 deferred payroll tax amounts would be due to the government in two installments:
One-half at the end of 2021.
The remaining one-half at the end of 2022.
This deferral applies to the 6.2% Social Security (old age, survivors, and disability insurance tax) portion of the employer's obligation. Self-employed people are allowed to defer 50% of their Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA) tax payment, including any related estimated tax liability. The deferral does not apply to the employee's portion of the Social Security tax or the 1.45% Medicare tax.
This deferral option isn't available if the taxpayer had debt forgiven under the CARES Act for certain SBA loans, such as the Paycheck Protection Program loan.
Advantages of the employer portion of Social Security payroll deferral:
It helps cash-strapped companies with cash flow.
No interest or penalties will be charged, per IRS Notice 2020-22.
It applies to all businesses; a business does not need to be adversely affected by COVID-19.
No application is needed; the deferral is reflected on the quarterly filing of IRS Form 941, Employers Quarterly Federal Tax Return.
The business can use the money for other purposes.
Disadvantages of the payroll deferral:
If a business does not need to defer payroll taxes, but chooses to, they may not have the funds when it's time to pay.
The business may have had debt forgiven under a CARES Act loan, which may have been a higher priority.
Evaluating whether to defer the employer portion of Social Security payroll taxes gives tax professionals a good opportunity to provide valuable advisory services to small business owners during this difficult time.
Mike D'Avolio is Senior Tax Analyst at Intuit.
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text:
Manhunt on for 1 of 2 Wyoming men accused of tying up mom, 4 teenage daughters in basement
One of two men accused of luring a woman and her four teenage daughters to a Utah house and tying them up in the basement surrendered to authorities in western Wyoming, while the manhunt for his son intensified.
Flint Wayne Harrison, 51, was arrested early Saturday at the Sublette County Sheriff's Office and immediately began helping authorities seek his son Dereck James "DJ" Harrison, 22, who investigators believe is armed and dangerous in the forested back country near Pinedale, Wyoming.
Wyoming Highway Patrol, Green River Police Department, Rock Springs Police Department and the Utah Department of Public Safety have joined together to search for DJ Harrison, Fox 13 Salt Lake City reported Saturday.
As of Saturday morning, authorities evacuated the Half Moon Lake campground and set up a roadblock on one road, according to the station. The search also included a police helicopter with infrared capabilities.
Though residents have not been directly threatened, the Sublette Sheriff's Office urged Pinedale residents to consider sheltering in place until the DJ Harrison was apprehended, the station reported.
The woman and her daughters are recovering.
Police had been seeking the Harrisons since the Tuesday attack in Centerville, Utah. The two had been using methamphetamine heavily over several days and falsely believed the woman had reported them to authorities, police said.
The younger Harrison was a close friend of the woman's family. He often visited the home for dinner or picked the girls up from school. The teens, aged 13 to 18, had known him for several years.
The men are accused of tying the mother and daughters up with zip ties. When the elder Harrison hit the woman with a baseball bat, the teens began to break their ties and try to escape, according to charging documents. In the struggle that followed, one girl slapped away a shotgun pointed at her throat and another grabbed the bat and hit the son, police said.
The victims managed to escape.
The Harrisons fled and were eventually picked up by someone who took them to Salt Lake City, where they spent Tuesday night in a hotel.
The elder Harrison is a registered sex offender in Pinedale, Wyoming, where he surrendered for reasons still unknown to police. Investigators think the father and son had been in Wyoming since Thursday.
Read more on FOX NEWS.


text:
Clarksburg High School Student Organizes Impressive Speakers for TEDx Event
In the Spring of 2017, then Clarksburg High School junior Matthew Evenson had an idea. Evenson had always enjoyed watching TED Talks, the 18-minutes or less educational videos about a myriad number of topics which informed and entertained the viewer.
Evenson wanted to bring Ted Talks to Clarksburg High School for a full day event. To make this a reality, Evenson had to create a club at school. With the help of some friends and an academic sponsor, an English teacher, Evenson began the journey that would bring a Navy admiral, a news anchor, NIH scientist, a police chief, a Maryland Circuit Court judge, a pediatric physician and novelist, and an FBI counter-terrorism specialist to Clarksburg to speak to high school students.
On Thursday, January 11, Evenson and the Clarksburg High School TED Talks Club hosted Clarksburg TEDx Youth@ClarksburgHS = an independently organized TED event, which featured TED style talks by eight of the regional and nationally recognized experts in the field — NBC4 Washington's Aaron Gilchrist, Montgomery County Police Chief J. Thomas Manger, U.S. Navy Adrimal Forrest Faison, Surgeon General of the Navy; former Assistant Director of Counter Terrorism at the FBI John Giacalone, scientist Becca McPherson of the National Institute of Aging, pediatrician and novelist Nadia Hashimi, and Maryland Circuit Court Judge Margaret Schweitzer.
"I have always loved to procrastinate by watching TED Talks," said Everson, who is now a senior at CHS. "Last Spring I began thinking that it would be cool if I could bring an event like this to Clarksburg. I did some research, and I decided the only way to do this was if I got some peers behind me. So, I started a club at Clarksburg High School called the TEDx Club which was specifically designed to facilitate this event."
The event had eight speakers and was designed to coincide with class periods during the school day. Not all students saw all eight speakers, but over 60 Clarksburg teachers agreed to give up their class time and bring their classes to the auditorium to listen to a TED Talk.
Everson said the first step was to get approval from TED Talks to produce the event. "I put together an application. Once they approved it, it was 'Go Time.' I contacted a bunch of potential speakers and conversed with them over email, and eventually, speakers began to say yes, and it snowballed from there."
He said the first speakers to say yes were relatives of students the TEDx Club at school. "The admiral is the father of one of our club members. And once we had someone of the stature of Admiral Faison the other speakers began to snowball because he is such a high profile speaker," said Everson. He said that former FBI Assistant Director John Giacalone was also the father of TEDx Club member.
The next step was convincing the school's theater club to collaborate as the TEDx event would be taking place in the middle of prep for the spring production of Shrek. "Our TEDx event would not be possible without the generous work of CHStage."
The theme for the event was "The Future is Loading." It was topic that connects all eight speakers even though the talks were based on a wide-ranging array of experiences and expertise.
News4 Washington's Aaron Gilchrist, who is the anchor for the NBC station's morning news program talked about his career and the importance of being prepared. He showed off one of his Emmy's to the packed house while imploring the next generation of news reporters to be willing to do anything to achieve their dreams. He spoke of missing New Years' Eve parties because he was working, and going to bed early to wake up a 2:30 am to prepare for his 4:30 am on-air start.
MCPD Chief J. Thomas Manger spoke about how important it was for officers in the County to have cultural understanding to avoid putting themselves and the public in danger. He spoke of police shootings in other parts of the country and the effects of those events on policing here in Montgomery County, and the need to ask "Was it necessary?" when there is a police shooting not just if it was legal and within department guidelines for the use of violence.
Everson said that he tried to put together a diverse group of speakers. "I had topics in mind," he said between running backstage to greet a new speaker. "I wanted a science person, so I emailed the National Institute of Health, and we got Dr. McPherson and her graduate student. I also wanted a humanities person, so it was really nice to have novelist Nadia Hashimi as one of our speakers. We were very glad to get whoever we could. The rooster we got is impressive."
This year's event went off without a hitch, but Everson isn't sure if it will become an ongoing thing at Clarksburg High. "I don't know if this will be a continuing thing. It really depends on if the students want it to continue. My teachers may be a little more stressed this time next year."
Top: Clarksburg High School senior Matthew Everson talks to the media about putting together the TEDx event at school.
Next: Aaron Gilchrist, the morning anchor at NBC4 Washington talks to a packed house of Clarksburg students as part of the TEDx Youth@ClarksburgHS event.
Video: A short portion of Aaron Gilchrist's TED Talk.
Next: TED is a nonprofit devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less). TED began in 1984 as a conference where Technology, Entertainment and Design converged, and today covers almost all topics — from science to business to global issues — in more than 100 languages. Meanwhile, independently run TEDx events help share ideas in communities around the world.
Video: A portion of MCPD Chief J. Thomas Manger's TED Talk.
Video: A portion of Maryland Circuit Court Judge Margaret Schweitzer's talk at Clarksburg High School.
Video: Some of Dr. Becca McPherson's TED Talk.
Video: A portion of Admiral Forest Faison's TED Talk at Clarksburg High School.
Videos courtesy Clarksburg High School.


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text:
Bob Keyes
Bob Keyes has written about the arts in Maine since 2002. He's never been much an artist himself, other than singing in junior high school chorus and acting in a few musicals. But he's attended museums, theaters, clubs and concert halls all his life, and cites Bob Dylan as most influential artist of any kind since Picasso. He lives in Berwick.
Send an email | Read more from Bob
In a sign of good times, Good Theater closes its season with a musical
Written by: Bob Keyes
John Lanham the solicitor and Daniel Patrick Smith as Harry in "Lucky Stiff."
Photos by Steve Underwood
Good Theater closes its 17th season with "Lucky Stiff," a fast-paced musical comedy. It's the first musical there since Good Theater's 10th season, a sign of better and stable times for the resident company at the St. Lawrence Arts Center on Munjoy Hill.
"I think the reason we haven't done one in a while was mainly financial," said Good Theater's co-founder Brian P. Allen, who directs the musical. "In general, musicals have larger casts and you have musicians, and they take more rehearsal and you need a choreographer. The salaries get bigger and bigger."
In some ways, this musical is a reward for loyal patrons who have attended plays these last few years and donated money to the theater to help settle deficits. A raffle last year raised $12,000 to help pay for the musical, Allen said. "Things are pretty healthy at Good Theater. People were extremely generous these last couple of years to help us get out of deficits. We want to give them the best show we possibly can."
"Lucky Stiff" runs through April 28 and caps a busy season for Good Theater, with 172 performances since the fall – presuming "Lucky Stiff" makes all its scheduled performances.
Gusta Johns, Daniel Patrick Smith, Craig Capone (standing), Glenn Anderson and Jen Means.
It's a musical mystery farce with a corpse in a wheelchair, a stash of diamonds and a hapless British shoe salesman who is tasked with transporting the body of his dead uncle to Monte Carlo and passing him off as alive. If he succeeds, he inherits the diamonds worth $6 million. If not, the windfall goes to a home for dogs in Brooklyn.
A woman from the dog home accompanies him on his journey for any chance to claim the inheritance. That's where love enters the story, and also where they lose the corpse, played by longtime Good Theater favorite Glenn Anderson. In all, it's a cast of 10. Daniel Patrick Smith plays Harry the shoe salesman; Shannon Thurston is Annabel, the dog-home representative; Lynne McGhee is Rita, the near-sighted ex-girlfriend; Mark Rubin is Vinnie, Rita's optometrist brother; Craig Capone is Luigi Guidi; and Gusta Johnson, John Lanham, Conor Riordan Martin and Jen Means fill a variety of roles.
Victoria Stubbs is the music director and onstage pianist.
Glenn Anderson, Craig Capone, Lynne McGhee, Daniel Patrick Smith and Shannon Thurston.
This was the first show created by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens, who later collaborated on "Once on This Island" and "Ragtime." It opened in 1988 and feels like one of those musicals from the old days that you can't stopping singing, Allen said.
"The music is great. The show is really fast-paced, and it just kind of flies. There are beautiful ballads, crazy production numbers, chase scenes, people running around," he said. "There's a lot of mistaken identity and just some really funny over-the-top characters. It really sings – boom, boom, boom, all these great numbers."
GOOD THEATER'S 'LUCKY STIFF'
WHEN: Through April 28; 7 p.m. Wednesdays and Thursdays, 7:30 p.m. Fridays, 3 and 7:30 p.m. Saturdays and 2 p.m. Sundays
WHERE: St. Lawrence Arts Center, 76 Congress St., Portland
TICKETS & INFO: $25 and $32; (207) 835-0895 or goodtheater.com
Up Next: When you want breakfast for lunch, get to Westbrook's Great Scott!


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Home Africa UN Orders Probe Into Its Response To The Rape Of African Kids...
UN Orders Probe Into Its Response To The Rape Of African Kids By French Soldiers
French soldiers are accused of raping numerous children in Central African Republic
AFRICANGLOBE – The UN has ordered an external investigation into how it handled allegations of child rape by French soldiers in the Central African Republic. The organization was criticized for the time it took to respond.
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced Wednesday that he will set up an independent review to make sure the organization "does not fail the victims of sexual abuse, especially when committed by those who are meant to protect them."
The UN has come under fire for failing to act after it prepared an initial 2014 report into child sexual abuse committed by soldiers from France between December 2013 and June 2014.
UN officials documented cases in May and June 2014 of children as young as nine who were forced to perform oral sex in exchange for food from French troops at a camp for displaced people in the Central African Republic capital, Bangui. It took them more than half a year, however, to follow up the claims of abuse. No arrests have yet been made.
"There are systems that failed here," UN spokesman Stephane Dujarric told reporters Wednesday.
"The secretary-general is deeply disturbed by the allegations of sexual abuse by soldiers in the CAR, as well as allegations of how this was handled by the various parts of the UN system involved."
Systemic Issues
The UN is currently preparing an internal inquiry of its handling of the allegations. Dujarric said the external review would be set up in the coming days, and would focus on the specific allegations and a "range of systemic issues related to how the UN responds to serious information of this kind."
The cases of abuse were made public in April by Britain's Guardian newspaper, which obtained leaked UN documents from the organization AIDS-Free World. The NGO said it welcomed the external probe, but added that "it must be understood that top members of the secretary-general's own staff will have to be subject to investigation."
Authorities in France last month opened a formal judicial inquiry into the allegations. French troops were deployed to the Central African Republic, a former French colony, in December 2013 to help African Union peacekeepers quell violence that broke out in the wake of a coup.
The Secret Child Sex Trade In East Africa
French soldiers
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text:
Q: String Array iteration and startsWith() I have a class thats responsible for animating some images. I have 3 player classes that each create their own instance of this animation class. Each player class sends a String path and a String array of file names to my animation class. So what im doing is checking if the String array of file names starts with up, down, left or right. I then add them to an array of buffered images, 4 in total named up, down, left and right.
Now when the player wants to move left for example, the left[] will animate, same goes for the up direction etc. The problem is that only one image gets stored in each array. For example the up[] of buffered images holds only one image for up, while their should be 3 (there are 3 images for each direction). I cant figure it out.
The following code is taken from my Animation class that processes the arrays. Can someone tell me if I am missing something?
If this made absolutely no sense, my apologies :)...it sounded good in my head
thanks
try
    {
        for (String file : fileName)
        {
            String path = PATH + file + EXT;

            for (int i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++)
            {
                if (file.startsWith("u"))
                {
                    up[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
                }

                if(file.startsWith("d"))
                {
                    down[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
                }

                if (file.startsWith("l"))
                {
                    left[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
                }

                if (file.startsWith("r"))
                {
                    right[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    catch (IOException e)
    {
        System.out.println("Could not load images: " + e);
    }
    catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
    {
        System.out.println("Array out of bounds: " + e);
    }

A: Here's a non-answer answer.  Set a breakpoint in this method with a debugger.  Are you running this code in an IDE like Eclipse?  Root causing this problem will be much easier when you actually see the execution flow of your program - and its an essential tool for any developer who wants to truly understand some given code.  As a side note, I think your problem has to do with arrayLength.

A: I'm having some trouble following your description, but looking at your code here are my thoughts on what could potentially be your problem. First unrelated to your problem a coding suggestion, you have mutually exclusive cases (file.startsWith(...)) that you test with ifs, you should have else so that when one tests positive the others can be ignored:
for (String file : fileName) {
  String path = PATH + file + EXT;

  for (int i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) {
    if (file.startsWith("u")) {
      up[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
    } else if(file.startsWith("d")) {
      down[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
    } else if (file.startsWith("l")) {
      left[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
    } else if (file.startsWith("r")) {
      right[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
    }
  }
}

As for the logic of the code, one potential problem I see is your array index does not seem to be properly linked to the file. As of now your code could be rewritten thusly without changing its effects:
for (String file : fileName) {
  String path = PATH + file + EXT;

  BufferedImage array = null;
  if (file.startsWith("u")) {
    array = up;
  } else if(file.startsWith("d")) {
    array = down;
  } else if (file.startsWith("l")) {
    array = left;
  } else if (file.startsWith("r")) {
    array = right;
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) {
    array[i] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
  }
}

You are simply writing a new buffered image with the same path to the entire array (or whatever portion is included by the variable "arrayLength") on each iteration of the outer loop. Because of this if "file" is the same type every time (i.e. startsWith is the same value), your array will only ever contain the last item in the fileName array.
Here is where I will start guessing at your intent. I assume that each String in fileName, is one path that should be then next image in the array of the animation for that particular direction, so what you need is a separate index into each array:
int upArrayIndex = 0, downArrayIndex = 0,
   leftArrayIndex = 0, rightArrayIndex = 0;
for (String file : fileName) {
  String path = PATH + file + EXT;

  if (file.startsWith("u")) {
    up[upArrayIndex++] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
  } else if(file.startsWith("d")) {
    down[downArrayIndex++] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
  } else if (file.startsWith("l")) {
    left[leftArrayIndex++] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
  } else if (file.startsWith("r")) {
    right[rightArrayIndex++] = ImageIO.read(new File(path));
  }
}

I hope this is on the right track for the question you are asking, or at least gets you an idea where to start.


text:
What Someone Who Struggles With Mental Illness Wants You To Know
Editor's Note: This article written by Alex Dunne was originally published on Greatist, a digital publication committed to happy and...
By Greatist July 18, 2016
Editor's Note: This article written by Alex Dunne was originally published on Greatist, a digital publication committed to happy and healthy lifestyle choices.
Dealing with depression and anxiety can be a lonely existence. It's hard to explain to others how you're feeling, especially if you don't understand it yourself. That's what makes this short video from The Mighty so powerful. People who have struggled with mental illness share the things they want their Sig O to know ("I love you even when I don't love me"), plus the sentiments apply to family and friends too.
This article, "What Someone Who Struggles With Mental Illness Wants You to Know," originally appeared on Greatist.
More articles from Greatist.com:
How to Help a Partner Deal With Depression
Managing My Depression Is a Constant Struggle. Here's What's Helped
The Best and Worst Foods to Cure a Hangover
Greatist View Greatist's articles
alex dunne
greatist
health & hitness
7 winning strategies Navy SEALs use to overcome sleep deprivation
Growing evidence suggests that poor sleep habits harm our health, our relationships, even our jobs. So if you're having trouble...
'We want to run' — Fort Bragg soldier puts on a COVID-19 version of the cherished All American Marathon
When the 2020 edition of the event was...
Florida man loses more than 180 pounds to join the Army
Hooah, Montijo.


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text:
WRTC
Trinity College | Hartford
@TRINITY
CONTEST & GIVEAWAY RULES
Jazz DJ Information
Jazz Listings
SOUL, BLUES & FUNK
Greasy Tracks Playlists 3
ABOUT & CONTACTS
JJ Grey, Marc Broussard talk new releases, tour
Posted on February 12, 2015 by WRTC
Southern soul music is headed north as JJ Grey & Mofro and Marc Broussard team up for shows in Boston and New York City this week.
New album, tour: Mofro, featuring keyboardist Anthony Farrell (left), guitarist Andrew Trube, drummer Anthony Cole and guitarist/vocalist JJ Grey, releases "Ol' Glory" on Feb. 24 and plays Boston next week.
Interviews with Grey and Broussard aired on Greasy Tracks on Feb. 14 as the duo talked about their up-coming tours, new releases and pending projects.
Jacksonville, Fla.-based Grey and his band are slated to release their seventh studio album, "Ol' Glory" (Provogue) on Feb. 24. Similar to previous efforts, the all-original offerings bring a mix of horn-laden, soulful rock and heartfelt ballads.
On the road again: Marc Broussard (left) and JJ Grey lead their respective bands as they share a handful of bills in North America and Europe over the next two months.
Tracks from the CD were featured on the show.
To listen to new Mofro material and the interview with Grey, click here.
On Feb. 14, Mofro opens its tour in Florida before heading up the coast where they will play the House of Blues in Boston on Feb. 20 with Broussard and the London Souls supporting. The same line-up then plays Terminal 5 in New York City on Feb. 21. The day before the Boston date, Broussard is at the Ridgefield Playhouse.
Bayou soul: Citing Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder as influences, Marc Broussard (above) puts his own stamp on soul.
In March, Mofro and Broussard head to Europe to play a handful of dates together in England, France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Broussard has shared bills in Europe with Mofro in the past and Grey and Broussard have done short tours over the last year with Anders Osborne and Luther Dickenson of the North Mississippi Allstars as part of the Southern Soul Assembly.
In addition to guitarist/vocalist Grey, Mofro is rounded out by guitarist Andrew Trube, organist Anthony Farrell, drummer Anthony Cole, bassist Todd Smallie with Dennis Marion on trumpet and Jeff Dazey on saxophone.
Coming off the release of his fifth studio album last year, "Life Worth Living" (Vanguard), Broussard, who is based about two hours from New Orleans in Carencro, La., cites Donny Hathaway, Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder as prime influences, but does not deny the impact of the soulful, yet swampy bayou musical heritage of his home state.
To hear tracks by Broussard and the interview with him, click here.
Greasy Tracks, which airs Saturdays 3:30-5:30 p.m., is the longest-running soul and blues show in Connecticut.
The Southern Soul Assembly: Luther Dickenson (left), Marc Broussard, JJ Grey and Anders Osborne at the Reagent Theatre in Los Angeles last year. The group may be going into the studio this year. (Jim Brock photo)
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Updates are usually announced through the official FB page of PLM which has a wider reach. UNFPA the United Nations Population Fund, works to deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe every young person' s potential is fulfilled. The American Nurses Association recognized the need to provide culturally competent care in all professional relationships, stated in the association' s code that nurses, respect for the inherent dignity, should " practice with compassion , worth uniqueness of every individual. Looking forward to season two, but I' m thinking.
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Ethics and Confidentiality in Occupational Health. Ethical issues arise commonly in the field of occupational health.
The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ( ACOEM) addresses the fundamental principles of bioethics as they relate to the practice of occupational health in their introduction to ACOEM' s Code of governmental parlence, autonomy refers to self- governance.
An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United States governance of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it reserved man capital flight refers to the emigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home.


Are the King's Village Apartments open year round?
The King's Village Apartments are open from May until October.
Are the King's Village Apartments situated in a quiet or a loud environment?
The King's Village Apartments are situated in a quiet residential area in Malia's Old Town. To Malia Beach Road it is a few minutes' stroll.
Do the King's Village Apartments provide parking space?
Are pets allowed in the King's Village Apartments?
No, we're sorry, but pets are not welcome in our accommodations. Personally we have nothing against them, but not all guests at King's Village Apartments are charmed by pets.
Yes, there are excellent English speaking doctors in Malia. Malia has an excellent private medical centre on a 24/7 base, as well as a qualified dentist and several pharmacies.
The municipality of Malia consists of the coastal villages Malia and Stalis plus their mountain counterparts Krassi and Mohos. It has a population of around 6,000 and covers a surface area of about 6,700ha.
Bus services are operated by the KTEL cooperative and buses are fast, frequent and comfortable. They leave in both directions from Malia's main road about every 20 minutes, to Heraklion in the west and to Agios Nikolaos in the east.
Heraklion, Crete's capital, is some 35km west of Malia (45min. by bus, 30min. by car). Heraklion International Airport is about 32km west of Malia.
Yes, the property provides free internet access.
How far is it from King's Village Apartments to Malia Old Town and to the beach?
The King's Village Apartments are located in a residential area in Malia Old Town. The lovely beach is about 900m away from the apartments. Malia's inviting taverns are literally at your feet. (See also Location).


National supremacy is a term used to describe the U.S. Constitution's authority over laws created by the states that may be at odds with the goals held by the nation's founders when they were creating the new government in 1787. Under the Constitution, federal law is "the supreme law of the land."
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in 1819 that "the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control, the operations of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government. This is, we think, the unavoidable consequence of that supremacy which the Constitution has declared."
The Supremacy Clause makes it clear that the Constitution and laws created by Congress take precedent over conflicting laws passed by the 50 state legislatures. "This principle is so familiar that we often take it for granted," wrote Caleb Nelson, a law professor at the University of Virginia, and Kermit Roosevelt, a law professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
But it wasn't always taken for granted. The notion that federal law should be the "law of the land" was a controversial one or, as Alexander Hamilton wrote in , "the source of much virulent invective and petulant declamation against the proposed Constitution."
The disparities between some state laws with federal law are what, in part, prompted the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. But the authority granted to the federal government in the Supremacy Clause does not mean Congress can necessarily impose its will on states. National supremacy "deals with resolving a conflict between the federal and state governments once federal power has been validly exercised," according to the Heritage Foundation.
James Madison, writing in 1788, described the Supremacy Clause as a necessary part of the Constitution. To leave it out of the document, he said, would have eventually led to chaos among the states and between the state and federal governments, or as he put it "a monster, in which the head was under the direction of the members."
"As the constitutions of the States differ much from each other, it might happen that a treaty or national law, of great and equal importance to the States, would interfere with some and not with other constitutions, and would consequently be valid in some of the States, at the same time that it would have no effect in others. In fine, the world would have seen, for the first time, a system of government founded on an inversion of the fundamental principles of all government; it would have seen the authority of the whole society every where subordinate to the authority of the parts; it would have seen a monster, in which the head was under the direction of the members."
There have been disputes, however, over the Supreme Court's interpretation of those laws of the land. While the high court has held that states are bound by its decisions and must enforce them, critics have such judicial authority have tried to undermine its interpretations.
Carson's suggestion is not without precedent. Former Attorney General Edwin Meese, who served under Republican President Ronald Reagan, raised questions about whether the Supreme Court's interpretations carry the same weight as legislation and the constitutional law of the land. "However the court may interpret the provisions of the Constitution, it is still the Constitution which is the law, not the decisions of the Court," Meese said, quoting constitution historian Charles Warren. Meese agreed that a decision from the nation's highest court "binds the parties in the case and also the executive branch for whatever enforcement is necessary," but he added that "such a decision does not establish a 'supreme law of the land' that is binding on all persons and parts of government, henceforth and forevermore."
There have been several high-profile cases in which states clash with the federal law of the land. Among the most recent disputes is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, the landmark healthcare overhaul and signature legislative accomplishment of President Barack Obama. More than two dozen states have spent millions of dollars in taxpayer money challenging the law and trying to block the federal government from enforcing it. In one of their biggest victories over the federal law of the land, the states were given the authority by a 2012 Supreme Court decision to decide whether they should expand Medicaid. "The ruling left the ACA's Medicaid expansion intact in the law, but the practical effect of the Court's decision makes the Medicaid expansion optional for states," wrote the Kaiser Family Foundation.
Also, some states openly defied court rulings in the 1950s declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional and a "denial of equal protection of the laws." The Supreme Court's 1954 ruling invalidated laws in 17 states that required segregation. States also challenged the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.


Utilities and municipalities need to innovate and be optimised to address South Africa's power challenges and stay relevant, say experts ahead of the Power-Gen & DistribuTECH Africa conference and exhibition taking place from 18 to 20 July 2017 at the Sandton Convention Centre. Key industry stakeholders have highlighted the need for utilities and municipalities to change in order to ensure stable, future-proof power supplies for South Africa.
Ken Robinson, managing director and associate director at Accenture, and a speaker at the event, says that South Africa's generation crisis is largely under control, but that power supply challenges loom in distribution. The bulk of this distribution problem lies with municipalities.
Some years ago, the regulator estimated a backlog in the region of R80-billion in municipal power infrastructure maintenance, and the problem is increasing. If this situation is not addressed, more blackouts will occur with rural areas and small towns dying and massive migration to metros, putting more pressure on metro infrastructures. To support employment and assure quality of life everywhere, you need electricity everywhere, he says.
Robinson says the situation demands national intervention. The maintenance backlog is largely due to institutional capacity and funding, so steps should be taken at a national level to address those issues. He proposes that if the biggest challenge lies in skills, a process be initiated by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) whereby the electricity distribution licenses of the worst performing municipal distributors be cancelled, and Eskom be tasked with supplying those failing municipalities.
If the key issue proves to be capital, we need to look to private sector capital, he said. We saw private sector successfully engage on the renewables programme, so there is no reason private sector investment could not be secured for municipal power investments, provided there is an assurance private sector investors would be paid.
Nassiep says that while South Africa has enjoyed a stable power supply in recent months, the true test will come when winter sets in properly. He says we need to assess ways and means to structure the energy mix to ensure that it is cost-effective and sustainable. Gas turbines have been employed at exorbitant cost – with turbines running on diesel at a cost of between R4 or R5 per kilowatt hour, where conventional pricing is between 70 c and R1,40 per kilowatt hour, according to Nassiep.
Sustainability would be supported by optimising the value utilities can create. They could be offering a variety of services, for example, if they combined data over power line with power supply as a bundled offering, they would put themselves into an entirely new market space, he notes.
The right energy mix is key to meeting South Africa's growth needs. Nuclear and renewables present solutions to the country's power challenges, says Nassiep, but at the same time, it should be noted that coal is a stable baseload and provides direct jobs to around 77 000 people.
In addition, optimal use of renewables demands improved renewables storage capacity. However, solar and wind could support municipal power effectively, Nassiep adds. Municipalities have a significant role to play in addressing South Africa's power challenges. Most are already looking at self-sufficiency and either generating their own power or buying their own power from independent power producers.
Bertha Dlamini, Power-Gen & DistribuTECH Africa brand ambassador and speaker, believes municipalities need to do more to achieve an optimal energy mix. Most electricity distributing municipalities are only considering their integrated energy mix strategies now, and are yet to fully implement same. However, the undertaking by Eskom to sign more PPAs is a good propellant for increased energy source diversification.
Dlamini agrees that utilities must embrace change. Renewables, distributed generation, and smart grids demand new capabilities, competencies and different operating culture. This also demands a regulatory reform. Customers are becoming more independent and the competition for customers will increase.
The Smart City agenda introduces another dimension requiring energy utilities or electricity distributing municipalities to become enablers of change.
While utilities must contend with their existing operating models becoming obsolete, they need to look at various pragmatic ways to evolve into the new operating model that requires an integrated strategy for a diversified energy mix, different relationships with customers, modernised distribution network, digitisation, and an ability to synthesise data into meaningful business information that enables effective strategy execution, and efficient service delivery, she says.
The post New approaches needed for utilities, municipalities appeared first on EE Publishers.


text:
Q: usage of double pointers and n pointers? I am familiar with basic C pointers. Just wanted to ask what is the actual use of double pointers or for that matter n pointer?
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
    int n = 10 , *ptr , **ptr_ptr ;
    ptr = &n;
    ptr_ptr = &ptr;
    printf("%d", **ptr_ptr);
    return(0);
}

**ptr_ptr is printing 10 but how?

A: ptr_ptr is a pointer to a pointer to an int, and it points at ptr.
ptr is a pointer to an int, and it points at n.
n is an int, which has been set to 10.
A prefix '*' is the de-reference operator, meaning "the thing pointed to by".
So **ptr_ptr evaluates to *ptr which evaluates to n, which is 10.  If it helps, consider **ptr_ptr as equivalent to *(*ptr_ptr).
What's it for?  Two possible uses are

*

*Passing a pointer as a parameter to a function, where you want the function to be able to change the pointer to a different one.

*Passing an array of pointers to a function, as in the classic int main(int argc, char **argv).

I have never encountered any need for an int ***ptr_ptr_ptr, but it's valid C.

A: A pointer-to-pointer simply means that you have an address of a memory location where some other pointer is stored. You dereference it twice to get to the final typed value.
int i = 123;
int* pi = &i;
int ** ppi = π
int j = **ppi;

There are a surprising number of situations in which you need to use one of these beasties.

*

*As an output argument of a function call, pass a pointer to the pointer you want output or modified.

*Accessing an array of C null-terminated strings; each string is itself a pointer. The argc argument to main looks like that.

*'Jagged' or N-dimensional arrays, stored as array of pointer to data. The data will usually be allocated with malloc().

*A 'handle' for a memory block, so the owner of the block can move it without the user of the block needing to know.

*Manipulating a structure that itself contains pointers, such as linked lists, trees and so on. It's basically impossible to insert an item into a linked list without them.

It's important to keep these conceptually separate. Although they all seem to use the same construct, in reality the underlying purpose is quite different. And I'm sure there are others I've missed.
I won't provide more code. There is an excellent example with diagrams and code here: http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/cclass/int/sx8.html.

A: Multiple indirection generally occurs in the following scenarios: writing to a parameter of pointer type, and building an N-dimensional array by pieces.
Writing to a parameter of pointer type
For any function parameter of type T, if you want the function to modify the value of the parameter and have that new value reflected in the caller, you must pass a pointer:
void foo( T *ptr )
{
  *ptr = new_value(); // writes new value to thing pointed to by ptr
}

void bar( void )
{
  T var;
  foo( &var ); // writes new value to var
}

The expression *ptr in foo refers to the same object in memory as var in bar, so writing to *ptr is equivalent to writing to var.
If T is a pointer type Q *, then you wind up with a pointer to a pointer:
void foo( Q **ptr )
{
  *ptr = new_value(); // writes new value to thing pointed to by ptr
}

void bar( void )
{
  Q *var;
  foo( &var ); // writes new value to var
}

In this second case, you want to modify the pointer value stored in var.  Again, both *ptr and var refer to the same memory location, but this time, var contains a pointer value.  You could replace Q with R *, giving
void foo( R ***ptr )
{
  *ptr = new_value(); // writes new value to thing pointed to by ptr
}

void bar( void )
{
  R **var;
  foo( &var ); // writes new value to var
}

The semantics are the same in all three cases; we write a new value to var through the expression *ptr; it's just the type of var is a pointer type, meaning the type of ptr must be a pointer type with one more level of indirection.
Building an N-dimensional array by pieces
Suppose you want to allocate an NxM array of T, but you don't know the values of N or M at compile time.  One approach is to declare a pointer to a pointer, then allocate an array of pointers to it:
T **arr; // arr will point to an NxM array of T
size_t n, m;
/**
 * get values for n and m
 */
arr = malloc( sizeof *arr * n ); // allocate N objects of type T *
if ( arr )
{
  for ( size_t i = 0; i < n; i++ )
  {
    arr[i] = malloc( sizeof *arr[i] * m ); // allocate M objects of type T
    if ( arr[i] )
    {
      for ( size_t j = 0; i < m; i++ )
      {
        arr[i][j] = some_value();
      }
    }
  }
}

The same general mechanism can be applied for higher-dimensioned arrays:
T ***arr3;
...
arr3 = malloc( sizeof *arr3 * n );
...
  arr3[i] = malloc( sizeof *arr3[i] * m );
  ...
    arr3[i][j] = malloc( sizeof *arr3[i][j] * k );

There are a few other scenarios where you see multiple indirection, but those are the two main ones.
It's rare in practice to see more than three levels of indirection, though.

A: One of the advantages of being old and grey is we remember things that happened before you youngsters were born.
The original Apple Macintosh (born in 1984) was VERY short of RAM.  It did dynamic memory allocation, and it had to provide for easy coalescing of free blocks, to make bigger free blocks, to avoid the problems of fragmentation.  To support this, the operating system allocated a block of memory JUST for pointers to allocated blocks, and then the memory allocator, instead of returning a pointer to the newly-allocated block, put the pointer in the pointer block and returned a "handle", a pointer to that pointer.  This allowed the operating system to move those allocated blocks around, without warning, and update the pointer in the pointer block.  The user's handle, which pointed into the pointer block, never changed.
This allowed an allocated block sitting between two free blocks to be moved and the two free blocks to be combined into one big free block.
Now, you had to be aware that this was going on.  You had to know not to cache the second pointer somewhere.  The original Mac used cooperative multitasking, so you could assume that blocks were not moving around while you were working on them, but you had to assume that, when you got the processor back after yielding it, NONE of the blocks you knew about would be where they were.  However, your handles never changed, so that was OK.  As long as you used handles everywhere, you were safe.