Pennsylvania provides counsel to indigent youth through county public defenders. Each county except Philadelphia is statutorily required to appoint a public defender, and the public defenders are responsible for representing youth in delinquency matters unless there is a conflict of interest. 16 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 9960.3; 9960.6. The Public Defender Act is interpreted as requiring counties (except Philadelphia County) to pay for the cost of public defenders. Counties must also pay for the appointment of conflict defenders when needed. 16 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9960.7.
Pennsylvania has no statutorily required or recommended training requirements or standards for attorneys representing youth in delinquency proceedings. The Juvenile Defender Association of Pennsylvania (JDAP), a statewide membership organization supporting quality legal representation for youth in delinquency proceedings, has issued nonbinding Performance Guidelines for Quality and Effective Juvenile Delinquency Representation.
In addition to statutes and case law, juvenile court proceedings are governed by court rules. These are often promulgated at the state level, but may also be passed at the local court level instead of or in addition to statewide rules. Pennsylvania's juvenile court rules are called the Rules of Juvenile Court Procedure – Delinquency Matters.
In Pennsylvania, youth in juvenile court have the right to counsel at all stages of any proceedings, and are presumed indigent. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 6337; 6337.1(b)(1). "If a juvenile appears at any [delinquency] hearing without counsel, the court shall appoint counsel for the juvenile prior to the commencement of the hearing." Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 151. If a youth is given a summons to appear in court, the summons must inform the child of their right to counsel, and the right to assigned counsel where the child is indigent. Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 124(A)(3).
Detention hearings. Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 242(A)(2).
Disposition hearings: The youth must be informed of "the right to counsel to prepare the [post-dispositional] motion and appeal." Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 512(C)(1)(d).
Pennsylvania presumes that all children in delinquency cases are indigent. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b). This presumption can be rebutted if the court determines that "the child has the financial resources to retain counsel of his choice at his own expense," and the court cannot consider financial resources of the child's parent, guardian, or custodian in that determination. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b)(1).
The proceeding for which waiver is sought is not one of the following:" Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 152(A).
The child's guardian may not waive the child's right to counsel. Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 152(C) cmt. Waiver only applies to the hearing at which the right to counsel is waived, waiver can be revoked at any time, and at subsequent hearings the court shall inform the youth of their right to counsel. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b)(5). If a child waives the right to counsel, the court may appoint stand-by counsel. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b)(4). The waiver of counsel only applies to that hearing; the child will be informed of their right to counsel at all subsequent hearings. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b)(5).
When and how the court may decide to detain a child or otherwise place restrictions on the child's freedom is defined by statute and court rules.
In Pennsylvania, a detention hearing must occur no later than 72 hours of the child being detained. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6332(a). Provisions for the detention of youth are found in 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 6324–6327, 6331, 6332, 6335; and Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 240-243.
A hearing to modify or revoke probation or another disposition. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6337.1(b)(3)(vi).
With post-dispositional motions and appeal(s). Pa. R. Juv. Ct. P. 512(C)(4).
The youngest age at which a child can be adjudicated delinquent is 10. 42 Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6302.
Juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenses alleged to have been committed prior to a child's 18th birthday; after age 18, the youth is charged in adult court. 42 Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6302.
Juvenile court can retain jurisdiction over youth until age 21, provided that the offense alleged to have been committed occurred before the youth turned 18. 42 Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6302.
Discretionary and Presumptive Waiver: Discretionary Waiver can be used for youth 14 and older accused of any felony after a hearing, if the court fines that the transfer would serve the public interest. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6355(a). Presumptive waiver exists for youth age 14 and older accused of an offense involving a deadly weapon, and youth age 15 and older for youth previously adjudicated delinquent for a felony. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6355(g).
Statutory Exclusion for the offense of murder at all ages, and for youth age 15 and older that meet statutorily-delineated offense criteria. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6302.
Once an Adult, Always an Adult. Any child already found guilty in a criminal proceeding is not entitled to a have their case transferred back to juvenile court. 42 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 6322(a).
The Pennsylvania Assessment was completed in 2003.


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Władysława Markiewiczówna, właściwie Władysława Markiewicz (ur. 5 lutego 1900 w Bochni, zm. 17 maja 1982 w Katowicach) − polska pianistka, kompozytorka i pedagog.

Edukacja
Władysława Markiewiczówna urodziła się w Bochni jako córka Bronisława Markiewicza, doktora nauk prawniczych, wiceprezesa Sądu Apelacyjnego w Krakowie. Naukę gry na fortepianie rozpoczęła w wieku pięciu lat, początkowo kształcąc się pod kierunkiem babki i matki. W 1905 roku rodzina Markiewiczów przeprowadziła się do Rzeszowa, w 1913 – do Krakowa, gdzie rozpoczęła kształcenie pod kierunkiem pianisty i dyrygenta Wiktora Barabasza.

Studia pianistyczne odbyła w Konserwatorium Towarzystwa Muzycznego w Krakowie w klasie fortepianu Kazimierza Krzyształowicza (kurs średni, 1915–1917) oraz Seweryna Eisenbergera (kurs wyższy, 1917–1920), a na wykłady z zakresu historii muzyki i harmonii uczęszczała do Zdzisława Jachimeckiego. W dniu 19 czerwca otrzymała dyplom konserwatorium, wykonując na recitalu dyplomowym m.in. Koncert fortepianowy a-moll Roberta Schumanna oraz utwór Władysława Żeleńskiego w obecności kompozytora.

W latach 1922-1927 studiowała w Berlinie u Hugo Leichtentritta (kompozycja) i Brunona Eisnera (fortepian).

Działalność
W 1929, po powrocie do kraju, rozpoczęła działalność koncertową – szereg koncertów z Arturem Malawskim – oraz objęła klasę fortepianu w Państwowym Konserwatorium Muzycznym w Katowicach. W 1935 utworzyła wraz ze Stefanią Allinówną duet fortepianowy, występując wspólnie do 1960 roku.

Lata wojny spędziła w Krakowie i Warszawie, po wojnie powróciła na katowicką uczelnię. W 1958 roku otrzymała tytuł profesora, a w latach 1963-1968 kierowała katedrą fortepianu. Do jej uczniów należeli m.in. Tadeusz Żmudziński, Kazimierz Kord, Andrzej Jasiński i Wojciech Kilar.

Była członkiem Związku Kompozytorów Polskich oraz Towarzystwa im. Fryderyka Chopina. Została odznaczona Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski.

Pochowana na Cmentarzu Rakowickim (kw. VI, rząd płd.).

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 * Stanisław Dybowski, Słownik pianistów polskich. Wyd. Selene, Warszawa 2003, s. 416-418. .
 Leksykon polskich muzyków pedagogów urodzonych po 31 grudnia 1870 roku, red. Katarzyna Janczewska-Sołomko. Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls 2008. .

Linki zewnętrzne

Urodzeni w 1900
Ludzie urodzeni w Bochni
Absolwenci Akademii Muzycznej w Krakowie
Muzycy związani z Katowicami
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (Polska Ludowa)
Polscy kompozytorzy muzyki poważnej
Polscy pedagodzy muzyczni
Polscy pianiści klasyczni
Wykładowcy Akademii Muzycznej im. Karola Szymanowskiego w Katowicach
Zmarli w 1982
Pochowani na Cmentarzu Rakowickim w Krakowie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Opinion: Why Antitrust Matters to Agriculture
5 Jun 2020 2:00 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
Precision agriculture has emerged as a technology promising to make agriculture more sustainable, both environmentally and economically. It is the technology of giving "just enough"— enough water, enough fertilizer, and enough pesticide to help crops thrive, but not so much as to needlessly guzzle natural resources and spit out pollutants. In the long run, this technology conserves both planet and wallet. Despite these long term benefits, the up front cost locks growers into using certain fertilizers. This problem of lock in required the intervention of antitrust enforcement, yet current technological trends could reduce reliance on antitrust enforcement.
Precision technology includes sensors that can see the color green in the ground to determine the ideal amount of fertilizer. Technological advances also allow for increasingly precise machinery: more narrow blades to make incisions into the soil for fertilizer, faster speeds to inject fertilizer, and "closing wheels" to quickly bury the incision.
This is the kind of technology that farmers have relied upon in their pursuit of environmental and economic sustainability. This technology is especially useful for growers who use a particular fertilizer: anhydrous ammonia. To learn why, let's break down this technical term word by word.
Ammonia is a form of nitrogen. Nitrogen makes plants green, and helps plants grow. Yet, ammonia is also a pollutant that kills fish, and in higher concentrations, humans. Ammonia puts us in a Goldilocks predicament. Too little could starve us of vegetables; too much could poison us (and plants). When it comes to ammonia usage, it is critical that we get the quantity right.
Now for that other weird word: anhydrous. Anhydrous means "without water"—as in a gas. Gas is dangerous. We can accidentally inhale gas. Gas can escape if it is not well sealed in the soil by expensive machinery like precision agriculture. But gas is popular because it is the cheapest form of nitrogen.
Traditionally, growers using the gas "knifed" it deep into the ground to prevent its escape. Yet, the deeper the injection of the gas, the more disturbance to the soil. Soil disturbance leads to soil erosion. Soil disruption also repels wildlife. Efforts to avoid soil disruption have been referred to as "no till" or "low till" farming. Despite the conservation benefits of minimizing soil erosion and preserving wildlife, no till farming has a historical environmental price tag: the heavier use of pesticides.
Newer precision agriculture technology promises to improve no till farming by minimizing pesticide use. Compared to traditional knifing, new precision agriculture machines inject less anhydrous ammonia and at shallower depths. But precision agriculture equipment is expensive. Growers consider expense the greatest challenge for growers using this technology.
Older knifing equipment similarly represents a major investment for growers, so much so that growers using the technology have felt that they were locked in to the gas fertilizer. Even when the gas fertilizer gets expensive, growers are reluctant to abandon expensive equipment.
The lock-in problem prompted the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to block the acquisition of CF Industries Holdings by Agrium. In 2009, these two companies were the only major suppliers of anhydrous ammonia in the Pacific Northwest, and represented two of the three "significant suppliers" of anhydrous ammonia in Northern Illinois. The FTC found that the two companies, merged as one, would have wielded too much power to set the price of anhydrous ammonia. In 2010, the FTC entered an order requiring Agrium to divest itself of certain assets. Agrium abandoned its bid to acquire CF when CF acquired another company, Terra Industries. Consequently, the FTC withdrew its order against Agrium.
The FTC's action illustrates how antitrust enforcement helps farmers. When multiple fertilizer suppliers compete against one another, they do so on two fronts: price and quality.
A fertilizer supplier cannot raise the price on similar quality supplies because if it does, farmers will go to other suppliers. Suppliers can also distinguish themselves by offering a higher quality substitute. A nitrogen fertilizer supplier may be able to win customers at a higher price by offering a different quality substitute, like safer fertilizer.
This idea of "substitutibility" is important in antitrust law. Substitutes compete with each other. Lucky Charms and Frosted Flakes are substitutable sugar coma inducing cereals. They compete against each other for kids' affections. Lucky Charms and wine are not substitutes. Lucky Charms cannot substitute for wine at a fifty year wedding anniversary. Underage consumption of wine is a criminal offense. Underage consumption of sugar is not. The makers of the two products do not compete with one another.
To return to nitrogen fertilizers, anhydrous ammonia and liquid nitrogen fertilizers are not substitutes because of equipment built exclusively for anhydrous ammonia. A farmer who invested in equipment built exclusively for anhydrous ammonia cannot easily afford the switch to liquid nitrogen. Some machines will not allow the farmer to substitute liquid nitrogen for anhydrous ammonia. Feeding liquid nitrogen instead of anhydrous ammonia to these machines is like feeding wine instead of cereal to a toddler. Don't do it. No substitution allowed.
This means that even though anhydrous ammonia suppliers do not come up with the expensive machinery, they benefit from it. The anhydrous ammonia suppliers do not have to compete with liquid nitrogen because liquid nitrogen is not an option for farmers with expensive precision agriculture equipment.
There are other factors showing that anhydrous ammonia and liquid nitrogen are not substitutes, like the weather. Anhydrous ammonia cannot be effectively applied to soil too wet, or too cold. Weather might mean that the two fertilizers are not substitutable even if machines did not lock in farmers. Such confounding factors illustrate how defining the "boundaries" of a market "is often difficult," even for government regulators specialized in these issues. We cannot say with high confidence how exactly technology will redefine market boundaries, let alone how antitrust enforcement will respond. But we can still look to the past, and anticipate potential impacts from emerging technologies.
In past presidential administrations, antitrust enforcement intervened to block gas fertilizer mergers because expensive machines made it exceedingly difficult to switch to alternative fertilizers. These machines, now with precision agriculture, remain a major investment. The role of antitrust enforcement agencies like the FTC remains indispensable. The current trend toward less antitrust enforcement places affordable agriculture in peril.
Fortunately, some companies have invented machines that accept all forms of nitrogen fertilizer. In 2011, Dawn introduced the Anhydra Universal Fertilizer Applicator that allows for the application of both anhydrous ammonia, liquid nitrogen, and manure. If this kind of universal technology dominates the market, growers may no longer be financially trapped to the use of anhydrous ammonia. Farmers could enjoy greater economic freedom to experiment with different nitrogen solutions. Precision technology allows farmers to save on the cost of fertilizer, and universal fertilizer applicators empower farmers to switch fertilizers without abandoning expensive equipment. As a result, we may soon arrive at a future where antitrust enforcement becomes less important to fertilizer freedom.
Jesse Haskins started J. Haskins Law, P.A. to focus on local food communities. Jesse builds partnerships between farmers and communities. Prior to dedicating his practice to local agriculture, Jesse served as assistant attorney general for the State of Florida, assistant general counsel for the Florida Department of Financial Services, and as attorney for a large insurance defense firm. Jesse graduated from the Duke University School of Law in 2009. Jesse is an avid foodie. His favorite ingredient is tahini.
Website: www.jhaskinslaw.com
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Opinion: Unprecedented Times Calls for Innovation in Food Tech
27 May 2020 11:01 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
In unprecedented times, innovation moves us forward. Whether it be vaccines or drugs, 3D printed masks, or contactless food delivery services, companies are working tirelessly to mitigate challenges from COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.
Some of the most universal and essential of these are the most forgotten. They keep us healthy and fed—food tech.
The pandemic has had an unparalleled effect on the food system. The restaurant industry has taken one of the hardest hits, with the ripple effect throughout the supply chain just as tremendous, all the way up to farmers. Some ugly truths have been exposed. Yet, on the bright side, from technologies to prevent food waste when the distribution chain is disrupted to apps for grocery delivery, and even at home meal kits, the pandemic has inspired or accelerated food tech innovation across the spectrum—from farm to truck to table to mouth and beyond.
Millions of employees considered nonessential have been ordered to work from home forcing some food companies to take drastic profit squashing measures, such as halting production or distribution altogether. Especially for professionals like food scientists, work from home just isn't an option.
Not all companies see this break as a disadvantage, however. Some see it as an opportunity. For instance, according to fooddive.com, Clara Foods is one of these companies. The mandate forced the company to abandon its labs in San Francisco, which have been crucial to helping create chicken-free egg whites using fermentation. "Time actually affords us the ability for our scientists and our team leaders to really breathe a little bit and really be critical and reflect on how we've been doing things in the past," Arturo Elizondo, Clara Foods' CEO, told Food Dive. "This actually gives us a big opportunity for reflection of our processes and just how will we come back and be much leaner and meaner when it comes to just how we run our day-to-day, which we've never really had an actual forced break to say, 'Okay, hit the pause button.'"
In Florida, food tech has taken many shapes and forms over the past few months.
From Farm: In South Florida, for example, larger farms like East Coast Fruits and Vegetables, Mecca Farms, Ernesto and Sons, and smaller organic farms like Kai Kai farms and Swank Farm, have been finding solutions to their surplus of produce without usual restaurant demands. The former now offer large, even up to 25 pound, boxes of fresh fruits and vegetables for $10. Their Facebook pages are updated regularly to share what's available with the community, and pickup is quick and contactless.
To Table: With Florida having one of the oldest populations in the U.S., consisting of over 20% of the population at 65 years and older, many residents don't feel safe shopping at high risk places like grocery stores. Fortunately grocery and meal delivery technologies including Instacart, HelloFresh, Nutrisystem, Amazon, and others offer a simple solution. Local Facebook page members have also used the platform to connect and collaborate in order to provide groceries to their senior neighbors.
With many more examples in the works, food tech is constantly devising new solutions to the day's problems, in Florida, in the United States and across the world.
On a final note, some say many of the negative effects of COVID-19 could have been prevented with proper food technology, as much of agriculture and food is still undigitalized. For instance, according to Louisa Burwood-Taylor of AgFunderNews, the supply chain could have been more nimble and could have better helped buyers and sellers find one another. As a result of the abundance of middlemen, the existing system has been kept unchecked.
That doesn't mean that things can't change for the better. Traceability technology to increase transparency is more important than ever. Companies are building infrastructures for automation and e-commerce, including smaller, local farmers. COVID-19 might even create a better partnership between entrepreneurs and farmers. It might even create a different relationship between consumers and their food, possibly healthier, more equitable food.
In any case, the time is now for change, and food tech is here to stay.
https://www.fooddive.com/news/food-tech-startup-reshapes-strategy-as-coronavirus-closes-down-lab-work/574672/
https://www.prb.org/which-us-states-are-the-oldest/
https://foodtank.com/news/2020/04/louisa-burwood-taylor-on-food-technology-during-covid-19/
Rachel Ram is a health educator, policy advocate, adventurer, and overall foodie. Rachel earned her Bachelor of Science in Health Education, Community Health and Preventive Medicine from the University of Florida in 2017. A lifetime resident of south Florida, she now resides in Brooklyn NY working for the American Lung Association. She began her work with the Florida Food Policy Council in 2016 and continues to raise awareness on food policy issues. Besides engaging in food policy, Rachel enjoys traveling, hiking, yoga, cooking and reading.
Opinion: Victory Gardens and the New Battle Against HOAs for Florida-Friendly Landscaping
29 Apr 2020 2:00 PM | Administrator (Administrator)
Coronavirus-induced food supply anxiety has led to a renewed interest in home gardens—similar to the "war gardens" movement of World War I and the "victory garden" efforts around World War II.
In March 1917, Americans contributed to the Allies' effort in World War I by growing their own gardens. "Sow the seeds of victory," exhorted the patriotic posters of World War I, "plant & raise your own vegetables." War gardens saved U.S. citizens from mandatory food rations. After the Allies won the war, "war gardens" became "victory gardens" to prevent widespread starvation. This movement did not reach its height until World War II, when 20 million gardens accounted for nearly 40 percent of U.S. veggies. But as World War II progressed, home gardeners grew frustrated with agriculture. As the New York Times reported in May 1944, "No amount of warning will make people plant their gardens again this year unless they are convinced that they are really needed." Americans no longer saw the need when the war ended. They abandoned their gardens for lawns.
But the need became evident again, especially after a devastating three year drought struck Florida, starting in 1999. Lake Okeechobee sunk to the lowest water level on record. Homes were in jeopardy of losing their water supplies. Sinkholes popped up with increasing frequency because of exceptionally low groundwater levels. Wildfires ravaged the state. In 2001, the Florida Legislature fought drought by allowing homeowners to implement Florida-friendly landscaping, and prohibiting homeowners associations from interfering with new deeds and restrictions.
The Legislature defined Florida-friendly landscaping to mean "quality landscapes that conserve water, protect the environment, are adoptable to local conditions, and are drought tolerant." These practices rest on principles, including "planting the right plant in the right place" and "the appropriate use of solid waste compost."
Florida-friendly landscaping can be edible—and delicious. Beauty berries and ginger have adorned the landscaping of Florida homes. Foodscaping enthusiasts replace grass with edible vegetation.
The 2001 law was not enough. Around 2008, one homeowner was fined $1,000 from his homeowners association for not watering his lawn enough, and then got fined $100 by the county when he watered his lawn too often. The next year, the Florida Legislature made the 2001 law retroactive. In 2009, the Legislature recognized for the first time that the participation of both homeowners and homeowners associations "is essential to state's efforts in water conservation and water quality protection and restoration."
The 2009 law establishes a broader prohibition against HOAs thwarting Florida friendliness compared to the 2001. The 2001 law established that a deed restriction or covenant "may not prohibit a property owner" from being Florida friendly. The 2009 law goes further, adding that covenants and restrictions must not prohibit, "or be enforced so as to prohibit" homeowners from "implementing Florida-friendly landscaping." So now the Florida friendly law is not just about the covenants and restrictions themselves—it's about how they are enforced. Let's take an example. Covenants and restrictions often require a homeowner to get approval before changing around the landscape, and do not expressly prohibit Florida-friendly landscaping. On its face, this ask-us-first rule is neutral. It does not by itself prohibit Florida-friendly landscaping. So, an HOA enforcing this rule would be compliant with the 2001 version of the law—no more questions asked. But if the HOA enforces this facially neutral rule to target Florida-friendly landscaping, the HOA would likely be violating the current 2009 law. Under the current law, the HOA cannot say, "We will approve only water-guzzling plants."
Now, homeowners should be able to grow drought resistant vegetables. Homeowners can grow their own Scarborough Fair: "savory sage, rosemary, and thyme." Every one of these vegetables is drought-resistant. Homeowners can grow drought resistant vegetables, notwithstanding covenants and restrictions to the contrary.
HOAs are unlikely to find refuge in legislation passed last year, now codified as section 604.71, Florida Statutes. Section 604.71 prohibits municipalities from "regulating" vegetable gardens. It does not retreat from "Florida-Friendly landscaping." Senator Rob Bradley (R - Fleming Island) introduced the bill because the City of Miami Shores forbade homeowners from maintaining home gardens. Section 604.71 expressly allows municipalities to regulate water, pesticides, invasive plants, and other gardening elements, so long as the regulation is of a "general nature" and does not "specifically regulate vegetable gardens."
Consequently, a city could conceivably say that only plants capable of surviving on a certain amount of water are "Florida-Friendly." Such a pronouncement is unlikely to violate section 604.71 because it does not "specifically regulate" vegetables. The municipal ordinance would apply equally to grass and other non-edibles. However, section 604.71 would hamper the ability of a city to target particular fruits or vegetables. For example, a city would likely be unable to say that chocolate is not Florida Friendly because chocolate requires 52 times more water than oranges. Most importantly, section 604.71 threatens the ability of cities to distinguish true home gardens from industrial projects sitting on property zoned as "residential."
Cities like New Port Richey have established specific conditions for when and how home gardeners can sell to protect true home gardens from herbicides, erosion, and other dangerous industrial practices. While section 604.71 may protect dubious industrial practices, it does not protect homeowners associations.
There remain two practical difficulties that stand in the way in dealing with intransigent homeowners' associations. First, "Florida-Friendly landscaping" is a bit of a fuzzy concept. The law recognizes principles such as "planting the right plant at the right place," but it does not set specific criteria for determining what "the right plant" means. Nor does it recognize the ability of a particular organization or agency to define this term further. As a result, lengthy court battles have been fought.
Then there's the problem of attorney's fees. Covenants and restrictions typically provide that HOAs may recover attorney's fees if they win. The risk of fines and fees can intimidate homeowners.
Victory gardens merit particular protection as a form of Florida-friendly landscaping. The first stop is the HOA itself. An HOA should be given the opportunity to apply its governing restrictions in a manner that promotes Florida-friendly landscaping. Litigation should be a last resort with Florida-friendly landscaping disputes, as with most disputes. The University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Science does not get involved in legal disputes, but the program guides homeowners and HOAs on promoting Florida-Friendly landscaping.
Now is another historic time when the virtues of victory gardens are clear. One New Jersey farmer's call for "corona victory gardens" produced a nearly instantaneous response from 1,000 gardeners. In Florida, victory gardens can be the ultimate form of Florida-friendly landscaping.
Opinion: Water and the Limits of Human Knowledge
6 Apr 2020 4:00 PM | Administrator (Administrator)
The advancement of science has transformed the way we think, share, and regulate water. A long time ago, in what the Florida Supreme Court calls "ancient law," no human appreciated the distinction between groundwater and surface water. We did not know that gravity pulls water downward, below the surface, below beyond the water table. We did not know that the water table fluctuates based on rainfall, tides, and other surface water influences. We did not know that the below the water table, there are aquicludes that separate water tables just beneath the surface from artesian aquifiers like the Florida Aquifier. We did not know these distinctive sources of water, let alone understand how they interact.
So from England, we inherited the ill-informed idea that "to whomsoever the soil belongs, he owns also to the sky and to the depths." But we cannot blame the English Rule on the English. The real culprit is ignorance. Ignorance was indeed the motivation for American courts to continue the English Rule in middle of the 19th century. The Connecticut Supreme Court, for example, declined to regulate groundwater because it moved "by influences beyond our apprehension." The court continued, "These influences are so secret and uncontrollable, we cannot subject them to the regulations of law, nor build upon them a system of rules, as has been done, with streams upon the surface." The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reached a similar conclusion: "One can hardly have rights upon another's land which are imperceptible, of which neither himself or that other can have any knowledge."
Eventually, scientists learned about the interdependence of water systems, and our judicial systems replaced the English Rule with the American Rule. As the Florida Supreme Court put it, "use your own property so as not to injure that of another." The American Rule recognizes intricate hydrological realities of how we share groundwater. But Hawaii courts have gone further, recognizing the "precautionary principle" to water use. This is the idea that when we confront scientific uncertainty, we should proceed with caution. The precautionary principle promotes effective environmental measures, even when we are not certain of their necessity. Under the precautionary rule, ignorance is not an excuse. The precautionary principle demands certainty that no other person will suffer.
Florida does not appear to have fully embraced this approach. One Florida court has allowed relatively relaxed water management practices because the statutory "time for construction, testing, and research" did not yet pass. This policy means that water users can shoot first, then ask questions later. This attitude is unfortunate. We are still learning about the impact of water quality on our food system. But we have learned enough to better appreciate the limits of our knowledge, and the harm that may result when we do not exercise caution in the face of ignorance. One farm's water practices could harm other farms and everybody's food supply. In their article "Arsenic in Groundwater" published in Environment International, hydrogeologists Hugh Brammer and Peter Ravenscroft have shown us that phosphorus and other nutrients influence the amount of arsenic available for plant uptake, and that arsenic accumulates in irrigation water. Arsenic—whether from water or some other source, has led crop diseases known as "straighthead" and "parrot beak." In some crops, yields have been reduced by as much as 90%. Through the centuries, we have appreciated the limits of human understanding of our food and water systems. When we approach the limits of human knowledge, we should act with humility and precaution.
The precautionary principle should be applied to water uses. We should be certain that our withdrawal, distribution, and handling of water is safe, rather than wait for evidence to mount to show that water uses are unsafe. We need legislation that specifically requires water permit applicants to prove safety before getting their permits. By putting safety first, we protect our water, and ensure that our food systems will not be compromised by suboptimal water management practices.
Opinion: Focus Groups and FRP Ignite Food Insecurity Discussions in Pinellas County
14 Feb 2020 10:00 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
Julie Rocco, of the Foundation for a Healthy St. Pete, lead a "Food for Thought" focus group in St. Petersburg in November, 2019.
By Wendy Wesley
When a diverse group of St. Petersburg residents were asked to name the greatest barriers to an equitable, resilient and regenerative food system, their answers had less to do with food and more to do with people.
"1. Lack of interest in government leadership"
"2. Gentrification"
"3. Racism"
"4. Lack of funds/resources for business/lack of owned land"
"5. Community buy-in. People don't know there is a problem"
These answers, collected in November at the Enoch Davis Center in St. Petersburg, are from one of a series of county-wide conversations regarding food insecurity and food deserts called "Food for Thought." The focus groups were organized by The Foundation for a Healthy St. Petersburg.
The conversations were timely as St. Petersburg's Mayor Rick Kriseman announced Dec. 10 a new request for proposal for Tangerine Plaza, which is the site of the shuttered Walmart and Sweetbay grocery stores.
Kriseman stated the RFPs for the site must include a fresh food option.
The Foundation's stated mission, "to end differences in health due to social or structural disadvantages to improve population health," makes them the proper group to hold discussions about nutrition equity in Pinellas.
Residents from St. Petersburg, Lealman, Clearwater and Palm Harbor participated in the focus groups, and an online survey was available. Opinions, thoughts and ideas on creating an equitable, resilient and regenerative community-based food system were sought through a series of thoughtful questions posed by Foundation staff.
The second question, "what is the most effective current activity or intervention," yielded answers that reflected the diverse makeup of the audience as many from the Youth Farm at Enoch Davis were in attendance.
"1. Youth Farm"
"2. Saturday Morning Market"
"3. SNAP"
"4. One Community Grocery Co-Op"
"5. Food Banks"
Lastly, Foundation staff asked participants to offer their "boldest idea our community should activate," which sparked creative and innovative ideas and discussions. Some of these included financial incentives for non-profit co-ops; food policy standards written by citizens; discounts for healthier food and elevating the status and professionalism of farmers.
Access to affordable and nutritious food, like the ZIP code, is a social determinant to health and should be top priority for local and county government, human service funders and providers of health care.
This focus group exercise and the mayor's announcement for the Tangerine Plaza RFP are exciting next steps in addressing a major missing piece to health equity on south St. Pete, where two USDA-designated food deserts exist.
Stakeholder input collected during the conversation will be compiled and showcased at a larger community-based food system gathering hosted by the Foundation for a Healthy St. Petersburg in February 2020.
Wendy Wesley is a licensed and registered clinical dietitian/nutritionist who works to improve the health of the community. She provides free public health education, individual nutrition counseling and advocacy for access to nutritious foods in her hometown of St. Petersburg.
Opinion: Action, Not Data Collection, Required to Create Nutrition Equity in St. Petersburg
6 Feb 2020 9:05 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
Meeting with Kenwood Organic Produce
Community-owned grocery co-ops, limitations on dollar-type stores, mobile markets, free food distribution and coolers at city-run recreation centers are myriad ways the City of St. Petersburg is tackling its food insecurity issues. As our city competes with other regions for jobs and new residents its leadership knows a healthy population is a necessity to succeed.
From an equity profile of Pinellas County by UNITE Pinellas it is evident that the playing field is far from level. Regarding equity, specifically health equity, we know five things:
--Inequity is historical rooted in public policy and bias and is not based on personal failings
--Equity is the superior economic model
--There is a path forward. By learning more about local dynamics and conditions and exposing the root causes that underlie disparities, our community can influence changes that can create a more just, fair and equitable Pinellas County
--The levelers that are most likely to generate change are policy, institutional practices and changing the traditional narrative.
--A lack of community awareness of inequity exists nationally and in Pinellas County
Local businesses, with knowledge of what is available and how to partner, can remain profitable and level the field on food insecurity. Kenwood Organic Produce has done just that.
Through a Florida program called Fresh Access Bucks, SNAP recipients can double the value of their benefits on Florida-grown organic produce. The "bucks" are accepted at farmer's markets, produce stands and mobile markets.
Kenwood Organic Produce, owned by Marcile Powers and Keevy McAlavay, agreed last year to accept what is known as "double SNAP" which doubles the value of SNAP dollars on Florida-grown produce.
For St. Petersburg residents who live within a 10-mile radius of Kenwood this also means free home delivery on a double produce box.
This willingness to participate pleases Heather Henderson of Feeding Florida.
"I'm so impressed with their passion and commitment to increasing healthy food access and supporting Florida farmers," said Henderson.
Kenwood co-owner, Powers, agrees and recalls a time when other St. Petersburg residents were in need.
"When the government shut down happened, we gave produce boxes to Coast Guard members," said Powers. "Providing double SNAP boxes and delivering them feels the same."
Within a 42-block of St. Petersburg's south side are two USDA-designated food deserts where access to fresh fruits and vegetables is severely limited. For a community that struggles with transportation the program will greatly help those in need of fresh food alternatives.
Since the closing of the area's only full-service grocery store more than 1,000 days ago, many residents use public transportation to do their grocery shopping which can make obtaining groceries a time-consuming and labor-intensive task. Lack of access to affordable and nutritious foods exacerbates chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes and renal failure.
Kenwood Organic Produce's delivery service and willingness to partner with government programs is innovative and speaks to the business owners' desire to give back to their community.
Chambers of commerce, city and county economic development experts, Healthy St. Pete and health planners who advocate for Health in all Policies can help local businesses solve our food insecurity problem by educating about and encouraging participation in programs like Fresh Access Bucks and other innovative solutions.
We have taken countless measurements, written pages of reports and attended numerous conferences to glean best practices to bring back to our communities. It is now time to put resources and energy into solutions.
It is time for tangible policy and action. It is time for non-profits and government to show businesses what is needed and possible. It is time to put resources, previously used for data collection, into a communications plan that targets local businesses with the key message, "Here's how you can make a difference in health equity."
Florida SNAP and USDA facts:
--Approximately 3.5 million people in Florida participate
-- 134,000 reside in Pinellas County
-- The average amount of time people receive benefits is 9 months
-- There are two USDA-designated food deserts in south St. Petersburg
-- The USDA designates an urban food desert as a census tract area with a poverty rate of 20 percent or greater where 33 percent or more of the population lives 1 mile from a grocery store.
Kenwood Organic Produce Facts:
--Phone: 727-777-7306
--Address: 3325 5th Ave. N. St. Petersburg, FL 33713
--Web: kenwoodorganic.com
Opinion: Fruit and Vegetable Prescriptions - A Key to Improve Florida Health
3 Dec 2019 8:00 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
Bright orange plastic bottles of uniform pills wrapped in a white printed label epitomizes the marvels of modern medicine, yet are a modern disconnect from nature's bounty. However, that may be changing.
Produce is finally joining pills as a prescription option. While not yet widespread in Florida, fruit and vegetable prescriptions are now the doctors orders in certain markets.
One such example, Wholesome Wave, is making it possible for at-risk consumers to exchange healthcare provider-generated "prescriptions" for local fresh fruit and vegetables at participating farmers' markets and stores through the Fruit & Vegetable Prescription Program.
Courtesy of WholesomeWave.org
According to Wholesome Wave's website, "Since 2010, we've partnered with doctors to provide patients with innovative fruit and vegetable prescriptions. Participating providers enroll patients into the program for 4-5 months at a time. Doctors and nutritionists provide up to $1/day per household member in produce prescriptions, which can be redeemed for fresh produce at participating markets and grocery stores."
Since its 2010 inception in New England,WholesomeRx has grown across the country, specifically benefiting those living in medically underserved areas and food deserts, accounting for 32 million Americans. This priority population can gain immense support with a $1/day voucher toward produce.
In Florida, food deserts and hunger impact over 3 million people, despite Florida's abundance of agricultural commodities. Using food as medicine in these areas could decrease that number exponentially. WholesomeRx is already available in the Tampa Bay Area, a region with 19% of the population impacted by food insecurity."
The goal of the program in Tampa was, "to reach more than 2000 seniors 60 years and older with a $15 reloadable gift card to purchase healthy fruits and vegetables." In early April, the program a milestone of "successfully registering all 2000+ participants—distributing more than $30,000 worth of 'produce purchasing power'" was reached and by the end of the program, they will have "delivered nearly $250,000!" Participants also received advice and literature from professionals, compounding the success of the program. It has not yet expanded beyond Tampa and Tallahassee in Florida, but the potential is evident.
Ten years later, the benefits of produce Rx programs, such as Wholesome Wave's, extend far beyond lower obesity and chronic disease rates. Local economies are also boosted as vouchers stay local, creating a whole new avenue where farmers to sell and incentivizes both farmers and consumers to grow and eat healthy produce, according to CDC studies and various research findings. Other programs like this can start popping up if given the proper support.
In order to create and sustain produce Rx programs, close health disparities, lift farmers, and overall enhance the connection between health and food, we have a responsibility to support these initiatives for Florida and beyond as advocates of a just food and healthcare system. And to be successful, we have to encourage buy-in from our partners in food and health in order to participate and sustain fruit and vegetable prescription programs. With this, Florida's bounty can become even more beautiful.
Opinion: Building a Foundation for Agricultural Equity in Florida
2 Nov 2019 10:46 AM | Administrator (Administrator)
Whether it's trade mitigation payments, crop insurance, or access to loans, agriculture reflects the systemic racism it was built on. In the face of this reality, two questions come to mind: why and how? Why is this the way it is and how do we fix it?
The answer to the first question goes back to the way this country began. Stolen land from Indigenous people provided the literal foundation for agriculture. Stolen labor from kidnapped and enslaved African people turned the land into a system subjugated to human control that yielded enormous profit. This was the beginning of the U.S. system of agriculture. Layered on top of this foundation are policies that purposefully excluded people of color and Indigenous people, such as the Homestead Act of 1862 and the very first Farm Bill.
Inequity and injustice show up in even the most innocuous way. For example, New Food Economy recently released an article that analyzed the racial demographics of recipients of the Market Facilitation Payment program (MFP) administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. MFP is designed to mitigate the negative effects of the trade war with China on American farmers. The article showed that 99.4% of recipients were White farmers.
Why? Because the vast majority of farmers that have been able to scale their production enough to take advantage of exporting to China and be harmed by the trade war are White. Why? Because White farmers have historically received the inputs needed, land and capital, to grow their production and scale their farming operation. Why? Because the federal government engaged in land redistribution schemes early and often in our nation's history, starting with the theft of land from Indigenous peoples. It comes back to a system of inequity.
After asking why, let's ask how. How can we, as Florida residents, agriculture advocates, and Florida Food Policy Council members work to combat the systemic racism in agriculture and build a more equitable foundation?
Step one is education on and acceptance of the reality of systemic racism in the U.S. and agriculture. There are articles, books, and Ted Talks that offer a comprehensive history of this topic. Step two is evaluating the impact of current state and local policies and programs. How these policies and programs affect communities of color and who is benefiting from them are two key questions to answer. Respectful communication and collaboration with communities of color are key to getting accurate answers. Step three is to design practices, policies, and programs that actively reject systemic racism and uphold equity. Soul Fire Farm's Food Sovereignty Action Steps and HEAL Food Alliance's Platform for Real Food are just two examples of how to begin this process.
As Florida Food Policy Council members, Florida residents, and agriculture advocates, we should use our power to create an equitable food system in our local communities and state. To do that, we have to understand and accept that our system of agriculture was built on racism, create a different foundation centered on equity, and build on that foundation.
Candace A. Spencer is an environmental law attorney who works on federal agriculture policy in Washington, D.C. She earned both her B.A. in Environmental Science and J.D. from the University of Florida, as well as a Certificate in Environmental and Land Use Law. She previously worked at the University of Florida Levin College of Law, where she developed a new program area in the Conservation Clinic focused on environmental justice and community economic development and engaged in local urban agricultural policy. Candace is passionate about equitable food systems and land ownership, particularly Black owned agricultural land and addressing food apartheid. Her views are her own.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: wordpress: how to include a php file in frontend AND admin area (Fatal error: Cannot redeclare myfunction()) I have some troubles to include a file called myplugin_functions.php
This php file contains functions that are required to make some functions work in the wordpress admin area. For that reason I include this file in backend pages using:
include( plugin_dir_path( __FILE__ ) . 'myplugin_functions.php');

This works perfectly.
When I do the same thing on frontend pages, the frontend can access these functions. Great.
But when I then navigate to the backend I get an error message
Fatal error: Cannot redeclare myfunction() (previously declared in /www/htdocs/...) in /www/htdocs/..../myplugin_functions.php on line 28

include_once() makes the problem vanish. But I think wordpress doesn't like including the same php functions for frontend and backend.
Do you know why?
What is the best practice to get around this?
Thank you?

A: wordpress uses the same functions for frontend and backend.....you're prob getting confused with ajax functions which are hooked seperately.
If you are including the file within a function, use require_once/ include_once. If you want the functions to be available to the entire directory, place require_once in your theme functions or plugin file file but then don't include when using functions.
require_once / include_once are actually good practice btw :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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dr. (Florin) F Coman Kund
Assistant Professor Erasmus School of Law International and European Union Law
Burg. Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam
comankund@law.eur.nl
‹ Back to overview
Florin Coman-Kund is Assistant Professor in European Union Law at the Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam. He has conducted extensive research on international and constitutional legal aspects of the Union's external administrative action and actors across various policy areas such as police cooperation, EU external border management, and aviation safety. Florin is currently focusing on multilevel and multi-actor regulatory/expertise-based decision-making processes in the context of the rule of law, as well as on vertical and shared enforcement of EU law in various policy areas such as migration, cross-border crime, financial and banking supervision, aviation safety. He is increasingly pursuing legal research in…
Florin Coman-Kund is Assistant Professor in European Union Law at the Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam. He has conducted extensive research on international and constitutional legal aspects of the Union's external administrative action and actors across various policy areas such as police cooperation, EU external border management, and aviation safety. Florin is currently focusing on multilevel and multi-actor regulatory/expertise-based decision-making processes in the context of the rule of law, as well as on vertical and shared enforcement of EU law in various policy areas such as migration, cross-border crime, financial and banking supervision, aviation safety. He is increasingly pursuing legal research in context through the use of empirical methods and case study research, and by integrating legal approaches with insights from other fields such as political science, public administration and argumentation theory.
Florin is associate researcher of the Academic Research Network on Agencification of EU Executive Governance (TARN), associate scholar of the Maastricht Centre for European Law (MCEL), member of the Ius Commune Research School, and member of the Financial Risk and Stability Network (FSRN).
Florin has been regularly lecturing on various topics related to EU law and public law to undergraduate and advanced students in the Netherlands, Belgium and Romania.
Florin completed the LL.M. Programme 'International and European Law' at University of Amsterdam, and obtained his PhD degree with the dissertation "European Union Agencies as Global Actors. A Legal Study of the European Aviation Safety Agency, Frontex and Europol" at Maastricht University. A monograph based on his PhD dissertation has been published by Routledge in 2018.
All publications (49)
F. Coman Kund (2018). Europol's international cooperation between 'past present' and 'present future': reshaping the external dimension of EU police cooperation. Europe and the World: A law review, 2 (1), 1-37.
F. Coman Kund, A. Karatzia & F. Amtenbrink (2018). The Transparency of the European Central Bank in the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Kredit und Kapital, 51 (1), 55-72. [go to publisher's site]
F. Coman Kund (2018). The International Dimension of the EU Agencies: Framing a Growing Legal-Institutional Phenomenon. European Foreign Affairs Review, 23 (1), 97-118. [go to publisher's site]
F. Coman Kund & F. Amtenbrink (2018). On the Scope and Limits of the Application of National Law by the European Central Bank within the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Banking & Finance Law Review, 33 (2), 133-172.
A. Andone & F. Coman Kund (2017). Argumentative patterns in the European Union's directives: an effective tool to foster compliance by the Member States. Journal of Argumentation in Context, 6 (1), 76-96. doi: 10.1075/jaic.6.1.05and
F. Coman Kund (2012). Assessing the role of EU agencies in the enlargement process: the case of the European Aviation Safety Agency. Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy, 335-367. [go to publisher's site]
F. Coman Kund (2009). The European Commission as main actor in the EC legislative process: the case of the Internal Market. Annals of the University of Bucharest, 2009 (I), 12-21.
F. Coman Kund (2008). A short insight into the 'executive branch' of the EU. The Council, the Commission and the EC executive agencies. Annals of the University of Bucharest, 2008 (I-II), 65-87.
F. Coman Kund (2006). The supremacy of the Constitution and the priority of EC Law. Scientific Journal of 'Paul Negulescu' Institute of Administrative Sciences, 2006 (8), 12-31.
F. Coman Kund (2004). Observations regarding the local referendum in Romania. Public Law Journal, 2004 (3), 38-56.
Book / Monograph / Book editorial (1)
F. Coman Kund (2018). European Union Agencies as Global Actors. A Legal Study of the European Aviation Safety Agency, Frontex and Europol. (Routledge research in EU law). Oxon: Routledge [go to publisher's site]
Part of book - Chapter (5)
F. Coman Kund & C. Andone (2019). European Commission's Soft Law Instruments: In between Legally Binding and Non-binding Norms. In Popelier, P., H. Xantaki, J. Tiago Silveira, F. Ulhmann & W. Robinson (Ed.), Lawmaking in Multi-level Settings (pp. 173-197). Based-Baden: Hart-Nomos Publishing
F. Coman Kund (2019). The Cooperation between the European Border and Coast Guard Agency and Third Countries According to the New 'Frontex' Regulation: Legal and Practical Implications. In H. Hofmann, E. Vos & M. Chamon (Ed.), The External Dimension of EU Agencies and Bodies (pp. 34-58). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing
F. Coman Kund, M. Ratajczyk & E. Schmidt (2017). Shared enforcement and accountability in the EU aviation safety area. The case of the European Aviation Safety Agency. In M..&.M. Scholten & Luchtman (Ed.), Law Enforcement by EU authorities. Political and Judicial Accountability in Shared Enforcement (pp. 115-140). Cheltenham: Eduard Elgar Publishing [go to publisher's site]
A. Ott, E.I.L. Vos & F. Coman Kund (2014). European agencies on the global scene: EU and international law perspectives. In M. Everson, C. Monda & E.I.L. Vos (Eds.), European agencies in between institutions and Member States (European Monographs, 85) (pp. 87-122). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International
F. Coman Kund (2009). Case C-84/06, Staat der Nederlanden v Antroposana, Patiëntenvereniging voor Antroposopfische Gezondheidszorg, Nederlandse Vereniging van Antroposofische Artsen, Weleda Nederland NV, Wala Nederland NV, [2007] ECR I-7609. In S. Cristea (Ed.), Liber Amicorum Nicolae Popa - Tendinte Actuale ale Teoriei Dreptului (pp. 499-506). Bucureşti: Editura Hamangiu
F. Coman Kund (2014). A legal assesment of Europol's international dimension: unfolding the present and looking to the future. (Preprints, Working Paper 2014/6). Maastricht: Maastricht Faculity of Law
A. Ott, E.I.L. Vos & F. Coman Kund (2013). EU agencies and their international mandate: a new category of global actors? (Preprints). The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Institute
F. Coman Kund (2016, januari 20). European Union Agencies as Global Actors. A Legal Study of the European Aviation Safety Agency, Frontex and Europol. Maastricht University (554 pag.) (Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht) Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. E.I.L. Vos & Dr. A. Ott.
F. Coman Kund (2017, december 2). Europol's Accountability System Regarding International Exchanges of Personal Data. Rotterdam, Unpacking the 'Accountability Paradox' in Expert-Based Decision-making, Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
F. Coman Kund (2018, februari 5). The new legal framework for Europol's international exchanges of data: tipping the balance between a high level of data protection and effective police cooperation? Utrecht, Utrecht Centre for Regulation and Enforcement in Europe (RENFORCE).
F. Coman Kund (2018, mei 23). Addressing data protection and interoperability challenges in Europol's international exchanges of data: mission impossible? Florence, Information Sharing and European Agencies: Novel Frontiers, European University Institute (EUI).
F. Coman Kund (2017, juni 27). The cooperation between the European Border and Coast Guard Agency and third countries according to the new 'Frontex' Regulation: legal and practical implications. Luxembourg, TARN Conference on the External Dimension of EU Agencies and Bodies, University of Luxembourg.
F. Coman Kund (2017, september 6). Legal Safeguards and Individual Protection Regarding International Exchanges of Personal Data According to the New Europol Regulation. Krakow, UACES 47th Annual Conference.
F. Coman Kund (2017, november 23). Unveiling the International Dimension of the AFSJ Agencies: the Case of Frontex and Europol. Florence, From Justice and Home Affairs to Security Union - Europe's Silver Jubilee, European University Institute (EUI).
A. Arcuri & F. Coman Kund (2017, november 30). The 'Nobody' Problem. Rotterdam, Unpacking the 'Accountability Paradox' in Expert-Based Decision-making, Erasmus School of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
F. Amtenbrink & F. Coman Kund (2017, april 5). Transparency in the Single Supervisory Mechanism: a means to an end? University of Duisburg-Essen, Conference "The Political Role of the European Central Bank in European Union Governance", University of Duisburg-Essen.
F. Coman Kund & F. Amtenbrink (2016, juni 17). On the scope and limits of the application of national law by the European Central Bank within the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Trento, 8th Pan-European Conference on the European Union, European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Standing Group on the European Union (SGEU).
F. Coman Kund (2016, november 9). The international dimension of EU agencies: charting a legal-institutional 'twilight zone'. Florence, TARN Young Researchers Master Class on Agencification of EU Executive Governance, European University Institute (EUI).
F. Coman Kund, M. Ratajczyk & E. Schmidt (2016, september 1). Shared enforcement in the EU aviation safety area – the case of EASA. Utrecht, Political and Judicial Accountability in Shared Enforcement, Utrecht Centre for Regulation and Enforcement in Europe (RENFORCE).
F. Coman Kund (2015, november 27). Frontex as a global actor: assessing the Agency's international cooperation legal framework and practice. Luxembourg, Frontex: Legal Questions and Current Controversies, University of Luxembourg.
F. Coman Kund (2014, april 15). European Union agencies as global actors: a legal-empirical study of an evolving institutional reality. Maastricht, Maastricht Centre for European Law Research Seminars Series.
F. Coman Kund (2014, maart 28). The international dimension of the EU agencies: a legal analytical framework applied to three case studies. Brussels, EU Agencies: Challenges Ahead, Maastricht Centre for European Law.
F. Coman Kund (2014, juni 5). The (problematic) legal status of the EU agencies as global actors: Europol's international cooperation between present concerns and coming reforms. The Hague, 7th Pan-European Conference on the European Union, European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR).
F. Coman Kund (2014, juni 6). The externalisation of the EU administrative action: the role of the EU agencies. Brussels, The Externalisation of EU Administrative Law: Finding its Place in the Global Administrative Space, Maastricht Centre for European Law.
F. Coman Kund (2012, april 20). EU agencies' global dimension. Disturbing the principle of institutional balance? London, The International Graduate Legal Research Conference, King's College London.
F. Coman Kund (2012, april 23). Assessing the role of EU agencies in the enlargement process: the case of EASA. Dubrovnik, Jean Monnet Research Seminar "EU Enlargement: Identities, Values and Market", University of Zagreb.
F. Coman Kund (2011, mei 20). Unsealing the field of EU external relations: the European agencies as global actors. Leuven, Ius Commune Master Class.
F. Coman Kund, A. Ott & E. Vos (2011, juni 9). New legal challenges to European and global governance: EU agencies as global actors. The Hague, EU Agencies and their External Relations. Which Way Forward?, The Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'.
F. Coman Kund (2010, maart 15). Agencification of EU external relations: European agencies as global actors. Maastricht, Ius Commune EU Law Research Seminar, Maastricht University.
A. Ott, E. Vos & F. Coman Kund (2010, november 25). EU regulatory bodies as new global actors. Leuven, 15th Ius Commune Congress.
Other output (5)
F. Coman Kund (2018). EU agencies' involvement in external relations. 4th Summer School on the Law of EU External Relations: Brussels (2018, juni 27).
F. Coman Kund (2017). The cooperation between the European Border and Coast Guard Agency and third countries. 12th Meeting of the Frontex Consultative Forum on Fundamental Rights: Warsaw (2017, februari 2).
F. Coman Kund & A. Arcuri (2017). Organizers of the International Workshop Unpacking the 'Accountability Paradox' in Expert-Based Decision-Making.
F. Coman Kund (2015). EU agencies as actors in the global arena: considerations of EU and international law. Seminar EU Agencies in the Post-Lisbon Regulatory Framework: (2015, september 14 - 2015, september 15).
F. Coman Kund (2010). European Agencies as Global Actors. Workshop for Young Researchers "European Integration Between Trade and Non-Trade": Maastricht.
Internet article (3)
F. Coman Kund (2017). 'The Future EASA Regulation: Enhancing the Union's Aviation Safety System through 'Agencification'? (blog). Academic Research Network on Agencification of EU Executive Governance (TARN). (available: 26 Oct 2017).
E. Schmidt & F. Coman Kund (2017). Effective and accountable enforcement in EU aviation safety? (blog). EU Law Enforcement Investigating the new trend of proliferating EU enforcement authorities. (available: 30 Apr 2017).
Professional Publication (1)
F. Coman Kund (2017). The International Dimension of the EU Agencies: charting a legal-institutional 'twilight zone'. (nieuwsbrief). TARN Working Papers 5/2017. (available: 11 Apr 2017).
Research and Writing Skills
(master)
Globalization and Multidimensional Legal
European Law: JHA
(bachelor 3)
Juridisch-Academische Vaardigheden III
From Market Citizen to Union Citizen
Scriptie master Int. and Eur. Union Law
Present position
Erasmus School of Law
International and European Union Law
Burg. Oudlaan 50 3062 PA Rotterdam
Postbus 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam


Let someone love you just the way you are – as flawed as you might be, as unattractive as you sometimes feel, and as unaccomplished as you think you are. To believe that you must hide all the parts of you that are broken, out of fear that someone else is incapable of loving what is less than perfect, is to believe that sunlight is incapable of entering a broken room and illuminating a dark room.
She attended a workshop recently, and in the workshop they showed a picture of someone stepping on broken glass.
"Ouch" must have been your first reaction right? Well, at least it was for me.
than to mend a broken heart.
So true, from different perspectives, to such a large extent. The context for this sharing was regarding abandonment of elderly parents by irresponsible children who choose not to take care of their parents, even though those are the times where they require the most help/assistance, be it physically or emotionally.
Something unique about studying social work as an undergraduate would be how relevant & relatable it is to our current context, where different cases we chance upon all serve as platforms for learning & thinking critically – should you be the social worker in charge of the case, would you have made the same decisions, or would you have ventured a different route of help? Something that makes being a social worker so meaningful is really the fundamentals of the profession – as the Code of Professional Ethics states, "The profession of social work is based upon a belief in the value and dignity of all human beings, and a concern for their social well being." We aim to serve, to help, and to guide people. And yet, something that makes this profession such a vulnerable one would be the susceptibility to a wide range of emotions, and having to discern what the most informed and wise choice is, which then again varies from situations as well as perspectives, alongside the beliefs of both parties.
Intriguing & fulfilling discussions during tutorials, which really allows for the gaining of exposure and depth into situations/perspectives that we might not have even considered otherwise. It has only been 2.5 weeks as a social work major, but I'm not regretting anything, and I'm enjoying it tremendously 🙂 Even with the insane number of readings, it'll be worth it; the readings are mostly quite interesting anyway, and I feel that I can truly benefit from them. For the areas that I'm lacking in, I'm hoping to improve in these years as a social work undergraduate, before I start my profession 🙂 Really excited for the future, hope this passion will last hee.
Got the chance to chat with my professor after my tutorial session today (coincidentally met each other again), and she asked about my decision to change my major. It was a brave move, she said. But it's something that I wouldn't regret, for there's no room for regret, and upon finalising the decision back during the summer, it was a personal decision to not look back any longer. Sharing briefly about my experiences in CSC and how I've met inspiring social workers, then made me realise how much of a significance CSC has played in my life thus far – despite only being an active member from the summer of 2014.
With elections day 1 concluding on 23 August, and miraculously allowing me to be successfully elected as the VPRP, I'd really hope to express my heartfelt thanks to some people who have played such pivotal & significant roles in the past months.
To the ones who helped me in the decision making of running for this position in the first place, thank you for giving me the courage & encouragement; to allow me to step out of my comfort zone & take action of something that I feel passionate for.
To the ones who helped me review my initial plans/directions & providing constructive criticism/feedback, thank you for all your honesty & different perspectives/inputs which led me to an eventual direction I hope to achieve in my term.
To the ones who supported me throughout the whole course, be it in terms of emotional support and all the well wishes/congratulatory messages after getting elected; or even physically coming down to support me & having to sit through the full 2h of elections, thank you so so much, for I know I wouldn't have been able to survive without all these support.
To the two whom I've been meeting every single day since school started till elections day 1 for meetings after meetings, thank you for going through all these together, and I'm really looking forward to working together in our term, while continuing to have fun & enjoying the company at the same time.
To the one who has been a huge source of inspiration & allowing me to gain new insights, thank you for everything. This position wouldn't have been made possible for me without you.
Long day ahead later, still up typing this post at 3.30am, not done with preparations for my tutorials later, but I'm glad the above has been documented and kept safely in endlessparadigm. Time to continue with tutorials, with the songs of Lana Del Rey to accompany me through the night.
Dandelions add a wish of happiness, and a promise of complete and utter faithfulness.
And I was really heartened to see the youths yesterday, considering how I haven't seen them since the last study support session which was back in … September. Time really flies, and it felt really awesome to see them again. Didn't realize how big an impact these youths have made in my life till yesterday.
It was so heartening, & I feel so privileged to see the youths get commissioned yesterday :') Words simply can't encapsulate the overwhelming feels I had, but I'm so happy for every single one of them. For they are willing to give themselves a chance, to be commissioned, and to continue heading down the right path in life. It might have taken a lot of determination for some of them, there definitely are complications that are entangled within, but they all made it eventually. And my heart swells in pride & happiness for them.
I can't emphasize how much these youths are the main driving factor to let me continue on & be part of this Youth Ranger family. I won't deny that there have been many unhappy circumstances which have made me doubt certain decisions, but every chance I get to interact with 'em youths only reaffirms the fact that this indeed is the right way to go ahead. No more looking backward, not now not ever anymore.
One youth gone astray, is one youth too much.
Not so surprisingly, this question has been thrown to me more than once. I think my friends realize the impact that this has on me,& I'm sorry for all the times you guys have to tolerate my rants & frustrations vented out, be it over messages or in real life. I've grown to realize the increasing importance of volunteering. I wouldn't say that volunteering defines me per se, but it definitely represents me in one way or another. It makes me happy, it makes my life fulfilling albeit the tough times that are attached to the decision. It dawned upon me that being a person & the commitment to this shouldn't be mutually exclusive, in fact it's deeply intertwined. Everyone has different passions & different things that they feel compelled to protect & push for. Personally, I think I've found mine. I'll never let go, no matter how tedious the journey ahead might be. What entails an enriching volunteering journey? Different people have different standards & expectations. I know what it is I hope to achieve, I'll work towards my goals. And the answer to the question? It's a simple no.
I remembered it now with happiness and I knew I would always remember it with happiness.
that you can wake in the night and that you could recall if necessary if you were ever tortured.
It's all about pushing your limits & trying to figure how much you are able to take. I believe that everyone's potential is limitless, the only difference is the extent to which our comfort zones are able to handle. And hence, I'm going to redefine my journey to completely dedicate myself into the process of enjoyment within, and distance myself from any external factors that might make me potentially unhappy. It's difficult, but at least I'll try. Because such matters that probably wouldn't even matter (or be remembered) in the future shouldn't serve as an impediment to my experience. I'm still learning, I'm trying to be a better person.
Everything in life is temporary. So if things are going good, enjoy them. And if things are going bad, don't worry, it can't last forever. But I don't know why I let you build up that false hope again, only to have it shatter me into a million pieces (yet again). I should have learnt from the first time, ha ha. All 'em pointless waiting & foolishly hoping, may it stop soon.
La douleur est seulement pertinente si elle fait toujours mal, et tu me manque tellement.
And in the process of fixing myself, did I know who I really was.


Express your Infinity Heart for your children with this handmade in Italy - Infinity Heart Mother's Necklace.
I have twins, a boy and a girl that i gave birth after years of treatments. this necklace symbolize for me that family is beyond all and makes me feel that my house is a warm corner to lean on. so much meaning in one necklace, thank you Solo Mio!
Me gusta mucho. Simboliza a mi pequeña familia de una manera tan especial!
I was looking for something special for myself and this necklace nailed the target. those 3 hearts with my three sons names makes me feel literally they are close to my heart and that they are always with me even when they are far away.
I am so happy! no doubt i will order again!
It's a great layering piece also! Looks great on even if u only have 2 hearts!
Ready for my second order!
I ordered one for my mom as a Christmas present. She love it and wears it all the time and still in good condition :) I'll make sure to get another order for her from Solo Mio.


text:
The Fed Is Raising Interest Rates: These Growth Stocks Can Still Double in 2022 – Motley Fool
Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell recently confirmed that the central bank will be raising interest rates this year, and previous comments suggest that multiple rate hikes could be in the works. Rising interest rates have typically meant a much weaker backdrop for growth stocks, but there are also companies in the category that already trade at steep discounts and could be poised for big gains despite less favorable macroeconomic conditions.
With that in mind, a panel of Motley Fool contributors has profiled stocks that could still be capable of doubling before the year is out. Read on to see why they identified Fiverr International (NYSE:FVRR), Pinterest (NYSE:PINS), PayPal (NASDAQ:PYPL), and MercadoLibre (NASDAQ:MELI) as stocks that could thrive through macroeconomic pressures and double in 2022.
This beaten-down stock has huge upside
Keith Noonan (Fiverr International): Fiverr International provides an online marketplace for contract-based labor, and it's poised to play a big role in the rise of the gig economy. In addition to offering new work opportunities for individuals, hiring through Fiverr's platform can offer some big advantages for businesses. Compared to a full-time employee, hiring a remote worker on a contract basis cuts down on office expenses, payroll taxes, and employee benefits. It's this dynamic in particular that sets Fiverr up to be a stellar long-term performer.
With the Fed set to raise interest rates this year, the market is bailing out of companies that aren't close to posting profits or are highly reliant on debt to fund operations. The good news is that Fiverr doesn't fall into either of these categories.
The business actually posted a small adjusted profit in the third quarter, and its 42% year-over-year sales growth and 83.3% gross margin in the quarter point to huge earnings growth potential. The company also ended Q3 with roughly $145.6 million in cash and short-term assets against just $426,000 in long-term loans and other non-current liabilities.
Right now, Fiverr International is spending big on marketing and building out its technology platform, but it should be able to reduce its expenses as a percentage of sales amid strong momentum for the business. That should help facilitate a shift into delivering strong earnings growth. With the stock down roughly 55% over the last year and a staggering 75% from its 52-week high, Fiverr could conceivably double even if the Fed throws some curve balls.
Step into the market's mistaken sell-offs
James Brumley (Pinterest): To be clear, the average investor probably shouldn't specifically be aiming to double their money in any year, particularly if we're talking about using the bulk of a portfolio's value to take that swing. On the other hand, if it happens with a bit of your "funny money," so to speak, then it happens.
With that as the backdrop, I don't think the most viable way of turning $1,000 into $2,000 in 2022 is using leveraged instruments like equity options or leveraged exchange-traded funds like the ProShares UltraPro S&P 500 Fund. Rather, the saner and far more accessible means of bagging a home run this year is stepping into one of the stocks that the market needlessly beat down last year.
A prospect like Pinterest comes to mind. This stock was all the rage in 2020 when people were in lockdown due to the pandemic and bored out of their minds. Shares peeled back more than 60% from their early 2021 high, however, once investors realized they expected a little more monetization from this traffic surge than Pinterest was ready to produce at the time. The irony is, Pinterest has implemented several new initiatives in the meantime that should put the company on this path toward ramped-up revenue. Analysts are looking for revenue growth of 25% this year alone.
Pinterest isn't your only option of the ilk, of course. It's just an example. There are a bunch of solid companies behind miserably performing stocks for the past several months. You just have to go out and do a little digging.
Stick to your convictions whether the market agrees with you or not
Daniel Foelber (PayPal and MercadoLibre): When thinking about what stock can double in 2022, it's important to understand just how difficult that is to accomplish. For example, the average annual return of the S&P 500 is only 8%. Doubling your money "normally" takes nine years. However, the S&P 500 has been way hotter since the financial crisis. In fact, the average return between 2009 and 2021 was 14.2% per year — a 428% gain in total in that 13-year stretch.
The S&P 500 also doubled between Jan. 1, 2019 and Dec. 31, 2021, a feat it has only ever done in the late 1990s and may never do again.
I think it's never a good idea to pick a stock in the hopes that it doubles over the short to medium term. The stock market can be unpredictable in a year's time. For example, the three worst-performing sectors in the S&P 500 in 2020 were energy, real estate, and financials. The exact opposite happened in 2021, when the average stock in the energy sector gained over 50%, real estate was the second-best performer at 46%, and financials were the third-best at 35%.
Similarly, pandemic-related growth stocks like Zoom, Teladoc, and Fiverr all more than doubled in 2020, gaining 730%, 396%, and 139%, respectively. But in 2021, each of those three stocks lost between 42% and 54% of its value.
The lesson here is that chasing what's working one year and dumping what isn't is usually a great way to lose money. Sticking to companies that you understand and that have excellent long-term growth prospects reduces randomness. In terms of a best buy now, for me it's a high-quality industry-leading growth stock like PayPal or MercadoLibre. Both stocks are down 40% from their 52-week highs, but each business has incredible long-term potential. It's anyone's guess if either stock doubles this year. But I'm confident that both will double from their current prices at some point in the future.
Top 6 Pointers to Keep in Mind before Selecting the Best FX Broker – Sprout Wired
Realtors are using boat tours to sell homes in South Florida – Sun Sentinel


'Don't Mind Them' is the first single extracted from Oghene Kologbo's long-awaited second album 'Africa Is The Future' , to be released in december 2016 on Paris DJs. Kologbo was Fela Kuti's tenor guitar player in Afrika 70. It was only in 2007 that he put out his first solo album, 'Remember Fela' , with the berlin-based Afrobeat Academy (which would later on evolve into Ebo Taylor's band for his 'Love And Death' album). He's been playing with everyone from the afrobeat scene since then, on stage and on record, spreading his knowledge of afrobeat to every musician interested.
"The tune just happened on the spot at Paris DJs, near the end of july 2015. Loik had sent my music to Djouls & Phabao because he was busy. I came to them, we just sat down, and I said "OK, if Loik is delayed, what if we did another song?". They replied "When ?". I said "Now ! Are you ready", and that's how we started. I played the drums first, it was good. Then I played the bass, it was getting better, then the guitar, then the doung, ding, deng deng deng… oof! and it was there.
'Don't Mind Them' is still afrobeat, but the old school taste. And it's the classic, because I play Afrika 70 style. No matter what you hear, this style was kept. Some people like to play Bob Marley style, some people play ska… I love the classic. Tony Allen has a style already, it's the Tony Allen. Femi Kuti has his Positive Force. Seun Kuti keeps the Egypt 80 style. So me I go back to 70. Orlando Julius, Segun Bucknor, Fela, Monomono, Sunny Ade, that's my college of music. And I like the combination of Phabao and Loik, it's one up to my taste, yes. Good things never hide!
I've been doing workshop with Les Frères Smith, playing with them for almost 6 years now, I knew Saké Smith, I knew Fab Smith, instead of bringing some horn players from Berlin or from Bruxelles, I had those ones right in front of me, and we gave it a go ! Daniele from World Squad is on this one too, he played with me many years, so I gave him a chance.


War can be hell, and Hell's Highway doesn't hold back.
Download now to see how you can direct and lead your squad to conquer hell's highway.
Download now to watch machine gun and bazooka teams tear through your enemies.
Check out the story behind the largest airborne invasion in history, Operation Market Garden, and why the soldiers named it Hell's Highway.
How much more can one man take? Check out the new trailer shown at Ubidays to find out.
Brothers In Arms Hell's Highway brings the critically acclaimed squad-based WWII shooter into the next generation of gaming with amazing graphics and sound, as well as new cutting-edge gameplay features. Delivering on the franchise's compelling story, unrivalled authenticity and intense squad-based action, Hell's Highway drops you into the largest WWII airborne operation: Operation Market-Garden.


Just saw this clip on a music channel on TV (didn't even know they still existed) and I'm digging this sound a lot! Brings me back to the good old 90's grunge days. They are relatively unknown from what I'm seeing, and only have 800 subs on YouTube, but damn this track is good.
I couldn't find a general music thread so I just made a new thread for it, if there is one than please move it there.
Was grunge/hiphop a thing? I don't recall such a thing.
There's a lot of Nirvana going on in this video.
I like the track, but what's hip-hop about it? I was expecting a rap verse, but nope.
Not really getting hip-hop from this but I like it.
Grunge has been coming back for awhile now. Like someone else already posted skating polly is awesome. I would also recommend charly bliss. The Crest of a giant wave of awesome female fronted grunge bands is building, might as well hop on now cause shits gonna pop off soon.
Speaking of hop, check out "hop along" while your at it. They are grunge adjacent.
Clearly some hip-hop influence in that track. Are you guys going to say Kids See Ghosts isn't hip hop next?
I'm getting some major Kid Cudi influence vibes from this. I'm kind of in to it.