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Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Bundeswehr/F. Bärwald
Turkey blocks German delegation airbase trip
06/23/2016 June 23, 2016
Turkey has blocked a high-level German delegation from visiting troops at an airbase taking part in the US-led mission against "Islamic State." The spat appears to be over Germany's Armenia genocide resolution.
https://p.dw.com/p/1JBbQ
Turkey has denied permission for a senior German defense official and several members of parliament to visit Incirlik airbase in July, a spokesperson from the German defense ministry said Wednesday, as tensions mount between the NATO allies.
Germany has about 250 troops, six Tornado reconnaissance planes and a refueling aircraft at the airbase in southern Turkey as part of the international coalition fighting the so-called "Islamic State" in Syria.
Ralf Brauksiepe, the undersecretary for defense, planned to visit German troops in July with a parliamentary delegation, but has so far been blocked due to tensions between Berlin and Ankara over a Bundestag resolution earlier this month calling the 1915 massacre of Armenians a genocide.
Armenia resolution: What do Turkish Germans say?
"The Turkish authorities at the moment are not approving the travel plans," a German defense ministry spokesperson said, confirming a report in news magazine "Der Spiegel."
"There is no written statement on the reason," he said, adding the delegation still hoped to visit.
"Der Spiegel" reported that permission was denied in retaliation for the Armenian genocide vote. Turkey denies that the death of up to 1.5 million Armenians in the last days of the Ottoman Empire amounts to genocide.
'Not appropriate'
Speaking to reporters on Thursday, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said only that the delegation's visit was "seen as inappropriate."
But he said a non-political delegation might be allowed.
"If a military, technical team from Germany wants to come, they can do so... their aircraft and soldiers are deployed there," Cavusoglu said.
Strained relations
Ties between Turkey and Germany were already strained before the genocide vote, in particular over President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's crackdown on the press and human rights abuses tied to ongoing military operations against Kurdish rebels.
The Armenian genocide resolution passed on June 3 by the German Bundestag was followed by a war of words between Ankara and Berlin.
In a speech, Erdogan said Turkish-German members of the Bundestag should have "blood tests" to see "what kind of Turks they are."
At the same time, Chancellor Angela Merkel has pinned Europe's hopes for a resolution to the migration crisis on an EU deal with Turkey. The deal would see Turkey take back migrants and crack down on boats crossing to Greece in exchange for aid, visa-free travel for Turkish citizens and the acceleration of Ankara's stalled EU membership talks.
'Absurd'
Franz Josef Jung, a member of Merkel's conservatives and former defense minister, described Turkey's decision to block the Incirlik delegation as "absurd."
"Our soldiers are there together with NATO. They are there also protecting Turkey," he told the German newspaper "Mitteldeutsche Zeitung" on Thursday.
Ankara's ban caused other German lawmakers to question the Bundeswehr's use of the Turkish base.
Florian Hahn, from the conservative Bavarian Christian Social Union, said Germany should think about whether the airbase in Amman, Jordan, was a possible alternative "in order not to limit our military flexibility."
Greens politician Tobias Lindner told the mass-circulation "Bild" newspaper that "the Bundeswehr should stop investing taxpayers' money in the expansion of the base" in light of Turkey's move.
cw/bk (AFP, dpa, Reuters)
Germany condemns Turkish threats against lawmakers
The German Parliament's president Norbert Lammert has rejected Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's attacks on Bundestag lawmakers for backing a resolution condemning as genocide the massacre of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire a century ago.
06/09/2016 June 9, 201601:38 min
Washington orders US military families out of southern Turkey
Among those requested to leave are the families of American soldiers at the Incirlik air base. The US State Department and Pentagon cited continued security fears for the notice. (29.03.2016)
03/29/2016 March 29, 2016
GermanyTurkeyNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Politics 01/31/2023 January 31, 2023
Nature and Environment 1 hour ago 1 hour ago01:41 min


Is the human race accelerating towards the starting line?
In 1991 Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette released a book called 'King, Warrior, Magician, Lover' that explores the archetypes of masculinity.
North = King - responsible, teacher/mentor, leader, parent, healthy discipline etc.
East = Lover - the sun rises in the east, open hearted, innocent, playful/joyful child (and eventually East is the holy old fool/sage).
West = Magician - creative, storyteller, muse, explosive passion (lava/volcanoes), the shadowlands, wise.
South = Warrior – deeply connected to earth/nature, grounded, wild/free, knows his true self, content to dance bare foot in the forest to one's own sacred dance.
I was reading another book exploring the same concept of mapping the human psyche/archetypes etc. called 'Wild Mind' by Bill Plotkins and instead of using the term 'Warrior' for South he used the term 'Wild Indigenous One'.
*Credit to Richard Rohr for "the wound becomes a doorway through" line as it's based on his idea of pain being a privileged portal into the world of soul and spirit.
To the poor and suffering.
Here and across the seas.
So we've got to struggle on.
Is the universe God's garden in slow bloom?
And are we gently held inside her sacred womb?
Children in a sacred place?
My son Judah and I were jamming with synth sounds in Dec 2015 and this song grew from there. (The synth pad is his creation and is still on the recording). My youngest son Lenny is the one saying "From empire to earth community" (coined by David Korten who wrote the book 'The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community'). I'm a fan of the documentary What About Me so Earth Community is a nod to that genre.
but please don't put your pain on me"
Thank you to Paul Sretenovic, Rees Maddren and Mike Crowhurst for your reflective, constructive feedback – it helped me regain my bearings when I was feeling quite lost at sea. Mark Nebauer for playing double bass on track 3. Chris Wilson for helping tame that double bass sound on track 3 as I didn't do a very good job of recording it (and Mark is so damn wild). And big thank you Chris for generously letting me use your studio for many of the songs on here. Susanna O'Leary and Drew Gillies for your playful vocals at the end of track 3 and of course Joel Saunders for your trumpet goodness. Ryan Nebauer for your magical piano work on track 4. Peter Branjerdporn for your harmonies on Harmonise. Jason Wilcox for playing dij on track 6. Jenni Bell for your violin and viola prowess on track 6 – it transformed the song! For track 8, Allegiance, thank you James McEwan for your funky bass line, Rees Maddren, Chris Wilson, Christianna Nebauer and Christel Palmer for your backing vocals and Dave Andrews for helping me refine the lyrics in the chorus. Matt Weimers for your brilliant production of Nautilus. Marlee Nebauer for your stunning vocal performance on Earth Community and Izak Daniel for your earthy, tribal djembe grooves…and Judah Nebauer for starting the whole song! And Lenny for your beautiful vocals.
The debut solo album by Aaron Nebauer launched on Nov 26th 2010 @ The Globe. "Eclectic, ambient, melodic, textured".
To listen or download go to bandcamp.
Just Be | For the soundtrack to the short film, Ruby Who.
Looking Good (7mins) (Has been screened in 65 international film festivals).
"Worlds collide in this endearing comedy about a little girl and her daddy. They both have very different ideas about what having a good time means."
Healtheries TV commercial from hailey bartholomew on Vimeo.
When is the time to cut yourself free?
She said I need a bit more room.
Will you say something to me?
To be, if you don't move on.
you wonder where it lived before.
Heaven has a see through door.
And walk an unknown way.
Suddenly you're free to explore.
A salty scented breath from far away.
And call in but I can't stay.
Talking to you I found a depth I'd felt that was always bound.
won't stay, won't stay long.
Imagine a world filled with folks fully focussed on flourishing.
in strange and wonderful new ways.
Coming out as human beings, dancing beings royal beings!
Imagine if we saw others not as competitors but as companions.
Each on their own course learning the art of compassion.
That gave birth to us all.
And gave generously to the poor.
"Imagine all the people living for today".
Healing one another through our gifts.
The aliveness is at hand.
but if I put it into words it would sound absurd.


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Lebron James Assists Per Game Playoffs
American basketball gamer LeBron Raymone James Sr. (/ l ə ˈ b r ɒ n/; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball gamer for the Los Angeles Lakers National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed King James, he is widely thought about among the greatest gamers in NBA history and is frequently compared to Michael Jordan in arguments over the greatest basketball gamer ever.
The only gamer to have actually won NBA champions with three franchises (the Cleveland Cavaliers Miami Heat, and the Lakers) as NBA Finals MVP James has contended in 10 NBA Finals, eight of them consecutively with the Heat and the Cavaliers from 2011 to 2018. His accomplishments consist of 4 NBA champions, four NBA MVP NBA Finals MVP awards, and 2 Olympic gold medals. Throughout his 18-year career, James holds the record for all-time playoffs points, is 3rd in all-time points, and 8th in career helps. James has actually been selected to the All-NBA Team a record 17 times (with a record of 13 First Team choices and 11 successive First Team choices, the latter of which is shared with Jordan and Karl Malone ), made the NBA All-Defensive First Team 5 times, and has been called an All-Star 17 times, consisting of three All-Star MVP James played basketball for St. Vincent–-- St. Mary High School in his home town of Akron, Ohio, where he was heavily promoted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was picked by Cleveland with the first total choice 2003 NBA draft. Named the Novice of the Year, he quickly established himself as one of the league's premier gamers, winning the NBA MVP Award in 2009 and 2010. After stopping working to win a champion with Cleveland, James left in 2010 to sign as a free representative with Miami. This move was revealed in an ESPN The Decision, and is among the most controversial free-agent choices in sports history. James won his first 2 NBA championships while betting the Heat in; in both of these years, he likewise earned league MVP and Finals MVP. After his fourth season with the Heat in 2014, James pulled out of his agreement to re-sign with the Cavaliers. In, he led the Cavaliers to triumph over the Golden State Warriors NBA Finals returning from a 3–-- 1 deficit, providing the franchise's first champion and ending Cleveland's 52-year professional sports title dry spell. In 2018, James exercised his agreement option to leave the Cavaliers and signed with the Lakers, where he won the 2020 champion and was granted his 4th Finals MVP. In 2021, James became the very first gamer in NBA history to collect $1 billion in earnings as an active player.
), and tv commercials. He has actually hosted the ESPY Awards Saturday Night Live, and won 19 ESPY Awards himself. He also appeared in movies such as Trainwreck Area Jam: A New Legacy. James has actually been a part-owner of Liverpool F.C.
because 2011, with the club winning the 2018–-- 2019 UEFA Champions League Premier League. Having become more involved in philanthropic and activist pursuits later in his profession, James's charitable organization, the LeBron James Household Foundation, helped open a primary school, housing complex, and community center/retail plaza in his hometown of Akron.
James was born upon December 30, 1984, in Akron, Ohio, to Gloria Marie James, who was 16 at the time of his birth.
: 22 His dad, Anthony McClelland, has a substantial criminal record and was not associated with his life.
When James was growing up, life was often a battle for the family, as they moved from home to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find stable work.
Understanding that her child would be better off in a more stable family environment, Gloria enabled him to move in with the family of Frank Walker, a regional youth football coach who presented James to basketball when he was 9 years of ages.
James began playing organized basketball in the fifth grade.
He later played Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars.
The group took pleasure in success on a regional and nationwide level, led by James and his good friends Sian Cotton, Dru Joyce III, and Willie McGee.
: 24 The group called themselves the Fab 4 and promised each other that they would go to high school together.
As a freshman, James balanced 21 points rebounds per video game for the St. Vincent–-- St. Mary varsity The Fighting Irish went 27–-- 0 en route to the Department III state title, making them the only kids high school team in Ohio to complete the season unbeaten.
As a sophomore, James balanced 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists steals For some house video games during the season, St. Vincent–-- St. Mary dipped into the University of Akron's 5,492-seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni, fans, along with college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play.
The Battling Irish ended up the season 26–-- 1 and duplicated as state champs.
For his exceptional play, James was called Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the U.S.A. Today All-USA First string, ending up being the first sophomore to do either.
Before the start of his junior year, James was featured in Slam, an American basketball publication, and author Ryan Jones lauded him as perhaps the best high school basketball player in America right now.
During the season, James likewise appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated, ending up being the first high school basketball underclassman to do so.
: 104 With averages of 29 points, 8.3 rebounds, 5.7 helps, and 3.3 takes per video game, he was again called Ohio Mr. Basketball and picked to the U.S.A. Today All-USA First Team, and ended up being the very first junior to be called male basketball Gatorade National Gamer of the Year: 117 St. Vincent–-- St. Mary finished the year with a 23–-- 4 record, ending their season with a loss in the Division II national championship.
: 114 Following the loss, James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA's draft eligibility rules in an effort to enter the 2002 NBA draft During this time, he used cannabis, which he stated was to help handle the tension that resulted from the continuous limelights he was getting.
Throughout his senior year, James and the Battling Irish traveled around the nation to play a number of nationally ranked teams, including a game on December 12, 2002, against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 Time Warner Cable television, aiming to profit from James's popularity, offered St. Vincent–-- St. Mary's games to customers on a pay-per-view basis throughout the season.
: 143 For the year, James averaged 31.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 4.6 helps, and 3.4 steals per game, was called Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All-USA First Team for an unmatched 3rd consecutive year,: 178 and was called Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year.
He participated in 3 year-end high school basketball all-star games the EA Sports Roundball Classic Jordan Capital Classic, and the McDonald's All-American Game National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) eligibility and making it main that he would get in the 2003 NBA draft.
Likewise throughout his senior year, James was the focal point of a number of controversies. For his 18th birthday, he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 as a present from his mom, who had actually secured a loan for the car by using James's future earning power as an NBA superstar.
This prompted an examination by the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) due to the fact that its standards specified that no amateur might accept any present valued over $100 as a reward for athletic efficiency. James was cleared of any misdeed due to the fact that he had actually accepted the luxury vehicle from a member of the family and not from a representative or any outside source.
Later in the season, James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothes store in exchange for posturing for images, officially breaching OHSAA rules and leading to him being removed of his high school sports eligibility.
James appealed the judgment and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two-game suspension, permitting him to play the rest of the year. The Irish were also required to forfeit among their wins, their only official loss that season.
In his first video game back after the suspension, James scored a career-high 52 points.
St. Vincent–-- St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship, marking their third division title in four years.
As an underclassman, James played pass receiver for St. Vincent–-- St. Mary's football: 51 He was recruited by some Division I programs Notre Dame At the conclusion of his sophomore year, he was called first string all-state, and as a junior, he assisted lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals.
He did not play during his senior year since of a wrist injury that he sustained in an AAU basketball video game.
2003–-- 2004: Novice season
James was chosen by his home town team, the Cleveland Cavaliers, as the very first general choice of the 2003 NBA draft In his first routine season video game, he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings, setting an NBA record for a lot of points scored by a prep-to-pro player in his debut efficiency.
At the conclusion of the season, he became the very first Cavalier to get the NBA Novice of the Year Award and with final averages of 20.9 points, 5.5 rebounds, and 5.9 assists per video game, he also ended up being just the 3rd gamer in league history to average at least 20 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 helps per game as a novice.
Cleveland eventually ended up the season 35–-- 47, stopping working to make the playoffs regardless of an 18-game improvement over the previous year.
2004–-- 2008: Rise to superstardom
James made his very first NBA All-Star Game, contributing 13 points, 8 rebounds, and 6 helps in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference Around the league, teams remembered of his fast development, with Denver Nuggets George Karl telling Sports Illustrated, It's strange speaking about a 20-year-old kid being a great gamer, however he is a great gamer ... He's the exception to practically every rule. On March 20, James scored 56 points versus the Toronto Raptors, setting Cleveland's brand-new single-game points record.
With last averages of 27.2 points, 7.4 rebounds, 7.2 helps, and 2.2 steals per game, he was called to his very first All-NBA Team Despite a 30–-- 20 record to begin the year, the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs, ending up the season 42–-- 40.
James gets his dribble versus Caron Butler Washington Wizards in November 2006.
James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air in March 2008; the routine was mostly ended after 2011.
2006 All-Star Game
, James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All-Star Video Game Most Valuable Gamer Behind last season averages of 31.4 points, 7 rebounds, and 6.6 assists per game, he also completed second in total NBA A lot of Belongings Player Award Steve Nash Under James's leadership, the Cavaliers got approved for the playoffs for the first time because 1998.
In his postseason debut, James taped a triple-double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards In Video Game 3 of the series, he made the very first game-winning shot of his profession, making another in Video game 5.
, James's averages declined to 27.3 points, 6.7 rebounds, 6 helps, and 1.6 steals per video game.
Some experts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing abilities and shot selection, which stemmed from an absence of effort and focus.
The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second successive year and got in the playoffs as the East's second seed.
In Video game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals, James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists, scoring 29 of Cleveland's last 30 points, consisting of the game-winning layup with two seconds left in a double-overtime game versus the Pistons After the game, play-by-play commentator Marv Albert called the performance among the best minutes in postseason history and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as Jordan ESPN ranked the performance the 4th biggest in contemporary NBA playoff history.
The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and declare their first-ever Eastern Conference championship making them a match with the San Antonio Stimulates the Finals Throughout the champion round, James had a hard time, balancing 22 points, 7.0 rebounds, and 6.8 helps per video game on simply 35.6 percent shooting, and Cleveland was gotten rid of in a sweep In February of the 2007–-- 08 season, James was called All-Star Video game MVP for the second time behind a 27-point, 8-rebound, and 9-assist performance.
On March 21, he moved previous Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers' all-time leading scorer in a video game versus the Raptors, doing so in over 100 less video games than Daugherty.
His 30 points per game were also the greatest in the league, marking his first scoring title Regardless of his specific achievements, Cleveland's record fell from the year before to 45–-- 37.
Seeded 4th in the East going into the playoffs, the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the 3rd successive season prior to being eliminated in seven video games by the eventual-champion Boston Celtics in the next round.
Throughout the decisive seventh game in Boston, James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a video game the Associated Press referred to as a shootout.
2008–-- 2010: MVP seasons
DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008. The 2 had a short fight after Stevenson called James exaggerated.
At the conclusion of the 2008–-- 09 season, James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award voting and made his first NBA All-Defensive Group chase-down blocks and a career-high 93 total blocks.
He also became just the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points, rebounds, assists, takes, and blocks in a single season.
Behind his play and the acquisition of All-Star guard Mo Williams, Cleveland went a franchise record 66–-- 16 and fell simply one game except matching the very best home record in league history.
With final averages of 28.4 points, 7.6 rebounds, 7.2 helps, 1.7 steals, and 1.2 blocks per game, James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award.
Assessing James's performance for ESPN, John Hollinger later wrote, He's having what is arguably the best specific season in history, and it's time we offered him his due for it. the playoffs, Cleveland swept the Pistons Atlanta Hawks to make a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals.
In Video game 1 of the series, James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers.
In Video game 2, he hit a game-winner to tie the series at 1–-- 1.
Cleveland would lose the series in six games, and following the loss in Video game 6, James right away left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents, which was an act that numerous media members viewed as unsportsmanlike For the series, he averaged 38.5 points, 8.3 rebounds, and 8 helps per game, ending up the postseason with a career playoff-high 35.3 points per game.
In February of the 2009–-- 10 season, James was forced into a short-lived point player role following a series of injuries to gamers in the Cavaliers' backcourt.
Behind his leadership, Cleveland lost no momentum, completing the year with the very best record in the league for the second successive season.
Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers' main ball handler, James increased his analytical production, balancing 29.7 points, 7.3 rebounds, 8.6 helps, 1.6 takes, and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en path to another MVP Award.
the playoffs, Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to make a match with the Celtics in the 2nd round.
James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series, shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points.
The group suffered its worst loss in franchise history, and at the conclusion of the game, James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland's home crowd.
The Cavaliers were officially gotten rid of from the postseason in Video game 6, with James publishing 27 points, 19 rebounds, 10 helps, and nine turnovers in the losing effort.
James with the Cavaliers in November 2009. He completed his first stint with the Cavs balancing 27.8 points, 7 rebounds, 7 helps, and 1.7 takes per video game.
James ended up being an unlimited complimentary representative During this time, he was contacted by several groups, consisting of the Bulls, Los Angeles Clippers Miami Heat New York City Knicks New Jersey Nets, and Cavaliers.
On July 8, he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat.
The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & & Girls Club Greenwich, Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity. An additional $3.5 million was raised from marketing income, which was contributed to other charities.
The day before the special, fellow complimentary representatives Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade also revealed that they would sign with Miami;
reports later on arose that back in 2006 the trio had gone over among themselves their approaching 2010 totally free companies.
James decided to join with Bosh and Pitch in part so that he might take on less of the offensive load; he believed that his better teammates would give him a much better opportunity of winning an NBA champion than had he stayed in Cleveland.
Pat Riley played a significant function in selling James on the concept of playing with Bosh and Wade.
James would be eased of the problem of scoring, and he thought he could be the first gamer since Oscar Robertson to balance a triple-double in a season.
Upon leaving the Cavaliers, James drew extreme criticism from sports analysts, executives, fans, and current and previous players. The Decision itself was also inspected and viewed as unneeded. Many idea that the prolonged await James's option was unprofessional as not even the groups courting him were aware of his decision up until minutes prior to the show.
Upon discovering that James would not be going back to Cleveland, Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James's actions.
Some upset fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey.
Previous NBA players, including Michael Jordan Magic Johnson, were likewise crucial of James, condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as the guy.
James drew even more criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision.
As a result of his actions during the 2010 free firm duration, he quickly got a reputation as one of America's most disliked athletes, which was a radical change from previous years.
The expression taking my skills to South Beach ended up being a laugh line for critics.
In retrospect, James has revealed some regret over his handling of The Decision.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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DeAnza College: Two days after infamy
By Beth Grobman Burrus
DeAnza College
Author's note: This is a creative non-fiction piece written after the bomb threat at DeAnza College last January. The telephone messages in this story were real, although altered slightly for clarity and anonymity. Names have been changed or omitted.
Voice Mail: The Prologue
My office is tiny and crowded, I suppose typical for a community college journalism instructor. My interior design is pseudo-intellectual hippie: piles of books, scads of papers, eclectic art and a display of anomalous gifts from international students. On the shelves and walls are bits of the collection I use to illustrate media history in classes: an 1851 Illustrated London News, a circa 1 890s stereoscope viewer, a 1935 copy of Modern Romances, a 1958 Elvis album, a 1969 Zap comic.
That's the fun stuff. There's the work equipment, too: the computer, VCR, CD player, TV monitor and, of course, a telephone. This story is about my telephone, two days after De Anza became famous, two days after it didn't blow up.
But first, I've got something to tell you. l don't like my telephone. I especially don't like its green Kryptonite colored light, which glares at me when I enter my office, telling me there's a message I probably don't want to hear. On a typical day, it tells me:
(1) There's a meeting I'm supposed to be at right now, and I'm not,
(2) A form I sent to the district office was filled out incorrectly, wasn't signed by the right administrator and disobeyed several obscure district policies,
(3) A colleague wants me to serve on yet another committee,
(4) A student cannot come to class because [Fill-in-the-blank as creatively as possible]
OK, now, back to my story.
On January 3O, De Anza was in the running for The Columbine Part II Award. Found in a student's home were over sixty bombs and a map of the campus indicating where the bombs were to be placed. The college was evacuated and made international news. FBI and police searched the campus and found no bombs. No one was hurt and a suspect was arrested. Still, the tenor of the campus changed. People became anxious, concerned, superstitious and paranoid. The media descended. Counselors descended. Students and staff speculated. And my telephone underwent a radical personality make-over.
Voice Mail: The Screenplay
Set: Desk with Macintosh computer, piles of books, spiral notebooks, memos and Post-its of various colors, pens that don't work, used paper coffee cups, and a phone with a brightly lit green light.
The camera zooms into a tight close up of the phone. A left hand picks up the receiver and moves it out of the frame. The index finger of the right hand rapidly presses a series of four buttons on the phone, pauses, then rapidly presses five more buttons.
Voice of a college administrator: Hi Beth, It's Lee ... I'm a little concerned that some people have expressed their worries about being interviewed or being asked questions by some La Voz student reporters and I wanted to talk to you about this. There's something that the students, reporters and editors should know. The only qualified people to provide office information about the event from the campus are the campus information officers in the Marketing and Communications Department. If the students, the reporters, want to find out any official events from the point of view of law enforcement, they should call the Sheriff's office. If you have any concerns, questions or comments about this message or any other, please stop by to see me or give me a phone call.
The right hand index finger rapidly presses two buttons on the phone.
Voice of a student newspaper editor: Beth, this is Arturo. You've probably already heard from the director of Campus Security, but well, I just wanted to let you know he's really mad at us and was going to contact you about it. Last night as Jessica and I were leaving La Voz around midnight, we noticed lights, computers and TVs on all over campus, so we grabbed the digital cameras to take pictures for a story on the electricity shortage. Then as we were walking around, we saw a van in the parking lot, and, well, with everything that's been happening, it seemed pretty suspicious. So we got in our car to go up to it to get its license number, but it sped off, so we followed it down the street. We reported it to the Sheriff's Office, and this morning Security became angry at us and told us we had no business doing that and we were just causing more trouble and they were going to report us to administration and to you. So I just wanted to let you know. If they call me, should I refuse to talk to them unless I have legal representation or you there? Anyway, just wanted to keep you updated, see you later.
Voice of a community resident: Yes Ms. Grobman Burruss, This is Mrs. Wilson, I would like to, as someone interested in journalism, share some information with you about a student of De Anza who was partly responsible for the apprehension of the bombing suspect. It's not the individual who is receiving al1 the media press. I think that is something very important for De Anza to know about. So T decided to contact you and I hope you will reach me and discuss it, if you will call me back. I knew the school newspaper would be the best place to call.
Voice of a reporter from a Bay Area TV station: Beth, this is Frank De Luna with Channel 3 calling, Channel 3 News. And the reason I'm calling is that I happened to talk to your president the other day, and I was just mentioning that I had done some teaching at the university level in broadcast journalism and I was interested in looking again for any kind of part time teaching openings that might be in the journalism field, primarily television, since that's my expertise. She told me to give you a call so that's what I'm doing. So I just wanted to give my name out there in case something should open up, some kind of lecturer, or any kind of part time thing, cause I'm still working, as you can surmise. Anyway it's Frank De Luna, D-E capital L-U-N-A. Look forward to talking with you.
Voice of a reporter from a daily Bay Area newspaper: Hi Beth. This is Lynn calling again. You're probably in class right now, but I am interested in maybe talking to some of the student journalists there as far the bombing story goes. I spoke to Jessica on the phone briefly, earlier, and I know she would want to keep things specifically for her La Voz story, and I totally don't blame her. But we are actually open to the idea of crediting them in our paper if they have come up with anything that would be newsworthy for us. Clearly that's a decision that the students have to make, but I'd love to at least open the conversation and see where it goes. I've also spoken with Jessica earlier today and she said she'd get back to me, but she also sounded pretty frazzled so I thought I'd leave a message with you, just to be safe. Give me a ring back when you can. Thank you.
Broadcast message from the College President's office: This is an update about what we are doing in response to the campus threat that was averted Tuesday evening. First, we will have a written update to all of you tomorrow morning, including a fact sheet with answers to the most frequently asked questions about the critical incident. Second, we have arranged for counseling sessions for De Anza students at two times today and one time tomorrow, two times each day next Monday through Thursday, and once on Friday. The sessions will be held in the counseling work room in the Administration Building. The schedule will be in the memo you will receive tomorrow morning. Third, we have arranged for two counselors from Project Concern to be onsite to meet with staff today, tomorrow and next week. Contact the dean of counseling to arrange to meet with one if you would like. Thank you very much and if you have further questions, let us know.
Voice of a student: Hey Beth, it's Gordon. Can I miss mass comm class today? I have to run Craig home to get a template he did for the La Voz Web page so we can get this issue of the paper with the bombing stories up on our site. I didn't bring my CDs for the class presentation anyway, and wasn't prepared for it. See ya.
Voice Mail: The Conclusion
Yes! Finally, a student telling me he's skipping class. That, I can understand. A welcome prelude to a return to normalcy: classes, grading papers, committee meetings, revising curriculum, turning in the wrong forms to the wrong places at the wrong times, students skipping class. Yes, DeAnza's moment of horror, excitement, fear and fame will fade into media oblivion, and my telephone's Kryptonite-glowing light will, once again, signal the mundane.
Beth Grohman Burruss is the chair of the Journalism Department at DeAnza College in Cupertino, California, and the adviser to the college newspaper, La Voz. When she's not working she's quilting. Her quilts can be seen at http:// lore.atc.fhda.edu/Burruss/ quiltpage. htm


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Three-dimensional gauge theories coupled to an even number of
two-component massless fermions can be regularized to form a
parity-invariant theory. The parity-invariant
fermion action for $N$ flavors of two-component fermions coupled
to $SU(N_c)$ gauge-field $A_\mu$ is
\begin{equation}
S_f = \int d^3x\sum_{i=1}^{N/2}\left\{\overline\phi_i(x) C(A) \phi_i(x) + \overline\chi_i(x) C^\dagger(A) \chi_i(x)\right\},
\end{equation}
where $C(A)$ is the two-component Dirac operator, with an ultraviolet
regularization being imposed implicitly.  In the continuum,
\begin{equation}
C(A)=\sum_{\mu=1}^3 \sigma_\mu(\partial_\mu+i A_\mu(x)),
\end{equation}
with $\sigma_\mu$ being the three Pauli matrices. One can think of the above
parity-invariant theory of $N$ flavors of two-component fermions
to be equivalent to a theory of $\frac{N}{2}$ flavors of four-component
fermions $\psi_i$ with a Hermitian Dirac operator $D$:
\begin{equation}
S_f=\sum_{i=1}^{N/2}\int d^3x\overline{\psi}_i(x) D \psi_i(x),
\end{equation}
with the following identifications
\begin{equation}
\psi_i(x) =\begin{pmatrix}\phi_i(x)\\\chi_i(x)\end{pmatrix}; \quad \overline\psi_i(x) =(\overline\chi_i(x),\overline\phi_i(x));\quad D(A)=\begin{pmatrix}
0 & C^\dagger(A) \cr C(A) & 0 \end{pmatrix}.
\label{hermd}
\end{equation}
Since $C^\dagger=-C$ in the continuum, the theory has a global $U(N)$
flavor symmetry. However, the $N_c=2$ theory is special, and there
is a larger $Sp(N)$
global symmetry following from the property
$\sigma_2\tau_2 C\sigma_2\tau_2=C^t$, where $\sigma_2$ and $\tau_2$ are
Pauli matrices in spin and color space respectively~\cite{Magnea:1999iv}.
This is also related to the fact that the operator $D$ can be made real
symmetric in a suitable basis~\cite{Neuberger:1998wg}.

Consider such a theory on an Euclidean periodic $l_{\rm ph}^3$
torus. Physics depends on the dimensionless size, $\ell = l_{\rm
ph} g^2_{\rm ph}$, where $g^2_{\rm ph}$ is the physical coupling
constant. Since $g^2_{\rm ph}$ has the dimension of mass, these
theories are super-renormalizable, and the continuum limit in a
lattice regularization at a fixed $\ell$ can be obtained by setting
the lattice coupling constant (same as the lattice spacing) to
$g^2_{\rm lat} = \frac{\ell}{L}$ on a periodic $L^3$ lattice and
taking $L\to\infty$. The physics of this theory will smoothly
cross-over from a non-interacting theory at small $\ell$ to a
strongly interacting theory as $\ell\to\infty$; this strongly
interacting theory could either be scale-invariant or scale-breaking.
Scale-breaking is expected to produce a parity-preserving non-zero
fermion bilinear condensate, that for a generic $SU(N_c)$ gauge
theory breaks the $U(N)$ flavor symmetry to $U\left(\frac{N}{2}\right)
\times U\left(\frac{N}{2}\right)$~\cite{Pisarski:1984dj,Vafa:1984xh},
but in the case of $SU(2)$ gauge theory breaks the $Sp(N)$ symmetry to
$Sp\left(\frac{N}{2}\right)\times
Sp\left(\frac{N}{2}\right)$~\cite{Magnea:1999iv}.  The possibility
of the generation of any parity-breaking bilinear condensate has
been argued against in~\cite{Vafa:1984xh}.

A numerical study of the Abelian $U(1)$ gauge theory using Wilson
fermions showed no evidence for a bilinear condensate for any even
value of $N>0$~\cite{Karthik:2015sgq}.  Since the Wilson fermions
realize the $U(N)$ flavor symmetry only in the continuum limit,
overlap fermions were used to study the theory with the symmetry
present even away from the continuum. This enabled us to study the
scale-invariant properties of the theory in further
detail~\cite{Karthik:2016ppr}. Assuming the $N=2$ theory to be
scale-invariant, a strong infra-red duality~\cite{Wang:2017txt,Qin:2017cqw}
predicts an enhanced $O(4)$ symmetry and this was also verified
using overlap fermions~\cite{Karthik:2017hol}. Since the Abelian
theory is scale invariant for all even values of $N$, we turn to
$SU(N_c)$  non-Abelian theory in this paper in order to study a
transition from a scale invariant theory to one that breaks scale
invariance as one changes the number of flavors. It is worth noting that three dimensional
$SU(2)$ gauge theories with even number of massless fermions appear
in the study of spin
liquids~\cite{Wen:2004ym,Lee:2006zzc,PhysRevB78054432,Wang:2017txt}.  The
non-Abelian theory in the 't Hooft limit (number of colors going
to infinity at a fixed number of flavors) has been shown to have a
non-zero bilinear condensate~\cite{Karthik:2016bmf}.  Dagotto,
Koci\'c and Kogut~\cite{DAGOTTO1991498} numerically investigated
the $SU(2)$ theory with staggered fermions on small lattices (mainly
on $L=8$).  They tried to deduce the presence or absence of the
condensate in the massless limit by computing it at two different
fermion masses and then extrapolating it to zero.

The four-dimensional $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory coupled to massless
fermions becomes infra-red free and loses asymptotic freedom above
a certain number of fermion flavors. In $4-\epsilon$ dimensions,
$\epsilon$-expansion calculation suggests the infra-red free behavior
develops into a non-trivial conformal (IR) fixed point if $N >
11N_c$~\cite{Peskin:1995ev,Goldman:2016wwk}.  Also, an earlier
analysis using the Schwinger-Dyson equations~\cite{Appelquist:1989tc}
using $1/N$-expansion in three dimensions, similar to the one for
the Abelian theory~\cite{Appelquist:1988sr}, suggests that the
theory is scale invariant if $N >\frac{256}{3\pi^2}\frac{N_c^2
-1}{N_c}$.  However, a study of the flow of four-fermion operators
in the $\epsilon$-expansion~\cite{Goldman:2016wwk} suggests a new
IR fixed point, different from the one at large-$N$, might be present
if
$
N < 11 N_c +\left[ 12+\frac{8}{N_c} + O\left(N_c^{-2}\right) \right]\epsilon + O(\epsilon^2).
$
It is tempting to identify the lower bounds on $N$ as a critical
$N^*$ below which scale invariance is broken but one has to consider
the possibility that it is a point that separated one class of IR
fixed points from another.  There is indication of such a scenario
in QED$_3$ where the IR fixed point at $N=2$ has an $O(4)$ symmetry
unlike the IR fixed point at $N=\infty$. Therefore, a first principle
numerical estimate of an $N^*$ that is below any of the bounds
obtained from other calculations ( with their own underlying
assumptions)  has interesting implications.

We are, therefore, motivated to perform a careful numerical study
of the $N_c=2$ theory with $N$ flavors of massless two-component
fermions with the sole aim of obtaining the critical number of
fermions, $N^*$, such that the theory develops a scale for $N <
N^*$ and is scale-invariant for $N \ge N^*$.  Since we are interested
in numerically studying several different values of $N$ and our aim
is only to locate the critical number of flavors, we use improved
Wilson fermions~\cite{Karthik:2015sgq} in order to reduce the
computational cost. A careful study of the transition from above
$N^*$ to below $N^*$ will require overlap fermions~\cite{Karthik:2016ppr}
or domain wall fermions~\cite{Hands:2015dyp,Hands:2015qha}.  The
type of lattice fermions one uses is irrelevant for the continuum
physics; however, the main difference arises at finite lattice
spacings where the propagator of two-component Wilson fermions is
not anti-Hermitian but the propagator of two-component overlap
fermions is anti-Hermitian.  We reserve the computation of using
$U(N)$ symmetry preserving lattice fermions for the future, which
will give us more information on the fermion bilinear correlators
and serve the purpose of cross-checking the continuum results in
this study.

\section{Finite volume analysis of low lying eigenvalues of the massless Dirac operator}

The basic philosophy of the finite volume analysis in this paper
is the same as in~\cite{Karthik:2015sgq}.  The eigenvalues of the
Hermitian Dirac operator $D$ in \eqn{hermd} occur in positive-negative
pairs $\pm \lambda$ given by the equation
\begin{equation}
C^\dagger C u_\lambda = \lambda^2 u_\lambda.
\end{equation}
The eigenvalues $\lambda$ are gauge invariant and discrete at finite
$\ell$.  Therefore, we study the ordered discrete spectrum of
eigenvalues of $\sqrt{C^\dagger C}$:
\begin{equation}
0 < \lambda_1(\ell) < \lambda_2(\ell) < \cdots,
\end{equation}
obtained as observables in the $N$ flavor theory of massless fermions.
Henceforth, we will use $\lambda_i$ to denote the expectation value
of the $i$-th lowest eigenvalue of $\sqrt{C^\dagger C}$ over the
gauge-field path integral.
The asymptotic behavior of $\lambda_i(\ell)$ as $\ell\to\infty$
falls into three types:
\begin{itemize}

\item[Type 1:] Free field behavior will result in $\lambda_i(\ell)
\propto \frac{1}{\ell}$ with the proportionality constants determined
by the mean value of the gauge field which is equivalent to the
induced boundary conditions on the fermions. Such a behavior is certainly
expected in small $\ell$ due to the asymptotic freedom in the theory.

\item[Type 2:] A complete level repulsion between the eigenvalues
will result in $\lambda_i(\ell) \propto \frac{1}{\ell^3}$ with the
proportionality constants determined by one value of the bilinear
condensate $\Sigma$ that breaks scale-invariance.

\item[Type 3:]  In an interacting scale-invariant theory, the
eigenvalues which have the naive dimension of mass,  will scale as
$\lambda_i(\ell) \propto \frac{1}{\ell^{1+\gamma_m}}$ with $ 0 <
\gamma_m < 2$ being the mass anomalous dimension. Here, we are
assuming there are no further restrictions in three dimensions on
the possible values $\gamma_m$ can take between 0 and 2.

\end{itemize}
Since the theory at very small $\ell$ will be non-interacting, we
expect a smooth cross-over from the $\frac{1}{\ell}$ behavior at
small $\ell$ to one of the above cases as $\ell\to\infty$ \footnote{
One could have taken a different approach and kept the physical
extent in one of the directions fixed at a value $1/T$ while taking
$\ell\to\infty$ in other directions, in which case we would be
studying the theory at finite temperature $T$, and there might  be
singular behavior around some $T_c$.  We are not taking that approach
here (c.f. \cite{Damgaard:1998yv} for such an approach
in three-dimensional quenched SU$(3)$ theory).}. As an abuse of notation,
we will use $\gamma_m=2$ to mean the scale-breaking type (2) behavior even though
the exponent is no longer an anomalous dimension in this case.

We have summarized the numerical details pertaining to the
lattice simulation and the extraction of the low-lying spectrum
in \apx{numdet}.
Having chosen a numerical approach to study the theory as a function
of $\ell$, we have to face its limitations.  The lattice spacing
is given by $\frac{\ell}{L}$ and in spite of improving the lattice
action we have to face the fact that as $\ell$ gets large we have
to make $L$ also large to reduce lattice spacing effects. Furthermore,
if $\frac{\ell}{L} > 2.3$ we will be in a lattice theory with strong
coupling and there is a bulk cross-over~\cite{Bursa:2005tk,
Narayanan:2007ug} that separates an unphysical strong coupling phase
from the continuum phase that we want to study.  Using the computing
resources available to us, we were able to go up to $L=28$ in a
theory with $N\ge 2$, and up to $L=32$ in the quenched limit ($N=0$).
If we now ask for acceptable levels of lattice spacing effects and
also require that we are in the continuum phase of the theory we
are led to study the theory for $\ell \le 17$ and this is what we
have performed here.

At this point, it is appropriate to make a
few remarks about the analysis performed earlier in~\cite{DAGOTTO1991498}.
The lattice coupling constant in~\cite{DAGOTTO1991498} is defined
as $\beta = \frac{4}{g^2_{\rm lat}} = \frac{4L}{\ell}$ and one
should set $\beta > 1.7$ to be in the continuum phase of the theory.
Using such values of $\beta$ which are in the continuum phase,
Dagotto et~al., found indications of non-zero condensate in the
massless theory only for $N=0,2$ and $4$ using $8^3$ lattice by a
linear extrapolation of condensate at two different non-zero fermion
masses. With the increased computational resources available at
present, one could put their observations on a firmer footing by
following a similar approach by simulating a wide range of fermion
masses $m$ at different lattice volumes in order to take a controlled
thermodynamic as well as the massless limits. In this case, one
should also follow an unbiased approach by assuming  a $\Sigma(m)
\sim m^{2-\gamma}+\mathcal{O}(m)$ mass dependence of the condensate
at infinite volume~\cite{DelDebbio:2010ze}, in order to allow for the massless theory to
be scale-invariant.  However, we use the finite-size scaling of
eigenvalues of the massless Dirac operator to determine the presence
or absence of condensate along the lines of our previous studies
of QED$_3$.  This method is also advantageous because we avoid the
presence of two scales $\ell$ and $m$ at once in the problem.

If the theory has a bilinear condensate, the behavior of the
eigenvalues as a function of $\ell$ will smoothly cross-over from
the type (1) to type (2) as we increase $\ell$. The type (2) asymptotic behavior will be given by
\begin{equation}
\lambda_i(\ell) \sim \frac{z_i}{\Sigma \ell^3}\label{sigdef},
\end{equation}
where $\Sigma$ is the value of the bilinear condensate per fermion
flavor at $\ell=\infty$ and $z_i$'s are universal numbers given by
an appropriate random matrix model~\cite{Magnea:1999iv,Verbaarschot:1994ip}.  If
$1/\sqrt{\Sigma}$ sets the typical spontaneously generated length-scale
in the system, then this cross-over to the asymptotic behavior
happens only for box sizes $\ell \sim
\mathcal{O}\left(1/\sqrt{\Sigma}\right)$, which renders the measurement
of small values of $\Sigma$ computationally difficult.  As we get
closer to the critical number of flavors $N^*$ from below, the value
of the bilinear condensate would get smaller, making it more difficult
to decide if the theory has a non-zero bilinear condensate or not.
If the theory does not have a bilinear condensate the behavior of
$\lambda_i(\ell)$ will smoothly cross-over  from type (1) to type
(3) as $\ell$ is increased and the asymptotic behavior will set in
early in $\ell$ if we are well above $N^*$ since we expect $\gamma_m$
to approach zero (free field behavior) as $N\to\infty$.

With the above picture in mind as we change the number of
flavors, we will start by defining
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_i(\ell) \equiv \frac{z_i}{\lambda_i(\ell) \ell^3}, \label{sigil}
\end{equation}
where the estimate of $\lambda_i$ is made by averaging over the
eigenvalues measured in different gauge configurations sampled by
Monte Carlo.  We use $z_i$ simply to scale the right-hand side and
we make no assumption about the presence of a non-zero bilinear
condensate; for the type (3) conformal behavior of $\lambda$, $\Sigma(\ell)$ as defined above will
approach 0 as $\ell^{-2+\gamma_m}$. We fit the data for $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ to the functional form
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_i(\ell)  = a_0^i(\gamma_m) \ell^{-2+\gamma_m} \left [  1 + \frac{a_1^i(\gamma_m)}{\ell} + \frac{a_2^i(\gamma_m)}{\ell^2}\right]\quad\text{with}\quad a_0^i >0;\quad 0<\gamma_m<2,\label{sigfit}
\end{equation}
where the three fit parameters, $a_k^i(\gamma_m)$, $k=0,1,2$ depend
on the choice of $\gamma_m$ and $i$.  Note that our choice implies
that $a_0^i(\gamma_m)$ cannot be zero implying that the term in
front of the parenthesis is the asymptotic behavior.  By studying
the $\chi^2$ per degree of freedom ($\chi^2/{\rm DOF}$) of the fits
as a function of $\gamma_m$, we will be able to find the value that
best fits the data for a given $i$.  We expect the best value of
$\gamma_m$, where the $\chi^2$ is minimized, to be independent of
$i$.  As per our discussion in the previous paragraph, we expect
this approach to work with relative ease for value of $N$ away from
$N^*$.  Contrary to the form used in \eqn{sigdef}, we can also use
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_i(\ell)  = \Sigma + \frac{a_1}{\ell} + \frac{a_2}{\ell^2},
\label{sigcond}
\end{equation}
where we are assuming the possibility for a non-zero condensate
$\Sigma$, with the finite volume correction that is Taylor expandable
in $1/\ell$.  This form does not allow for an anomalous dimension,
which is indeed the case when there is a condensate.  Since we will
have results for $\lambda_i(\ell)$ in a finite range of $\ell$, both
\eqn{sigfit} and \eqn{sigcond} should result in the same physical
conclusion well away from $N^*$. But, we expect conflicts between
these two forms closer to $N^*$.  In both the ans\"atze, we could
have included more orders of $1/\ell$ corrections. But empirically,
we find that $1/\ell$ and $1/\ell^2$ corrections are enough to
describe our data well. Therefore, our conclusions have to be
interpreted in a Bayesian sense --- given the priors that only
$1/\ell$ and $1/\ell^2$ finite volume corrections are important in
the data we have, and assuming this continues to be the case at
even larger $\ell$ where we do not have the data, we ask for the
probable values of the anomalous dimension or the condensate.

\bet
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 & $N=0$ & $N=2$ & $N=4$ & $N=8$ & $N=12$\\
\hline
$i=1$ & 0.642 & 2.002 &   3.320 & 5.903  &   8.480 \\
$i=2$ & 1.564 & 3.147 &   4.624 & 7.450  &   10.22 \\
$i=3$ & 2.537 & 4.241 &   5.800 & 8.769  &   11.64 \\
$i=4$ & 3.525 & 5.281 &   6.904 & 9.978  &   12.95 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The values of the first four $z_i$ for the non-chiral random matrix model
for $N=0,2,4,8$ and $12$.}
\eet{rmta}

For $N < N^*$, we will be able to further substantiate our results
via a comparison with the appropriate random matrix models.  Random
matrix models appropriate for describing low-lying eigenvalues in
a three dimensional gauge theory coupled to massless fermions that
generates a non-zero bilinear condensate can be found
in~\cite{Verbaarschot:1994ip} where the fermion operator $C$ for
each fermion flavor is realized as a random
anti-Hermitian matrix. Under parity, $C\to C^\dagger$ and therefore these random
matrix models will be parity-invariant for even number of flavors
since the Haar measure of a random Hermitian matrix is parity-invariant.
Since our gauge group is $SU(2)$, $C$ is a real-symmetric $M \times M$ matrix in the random matrix model defined
by~\cite{Magnea:1999iv,Nagao:2000um}
\begin{equation}
Z = \int [dC] e^{-\frac{\pi^2}{16M} {\rm Tr} C^2} {\det}^{N} C,
\end{equation}
and it is assumed that $M$ is taken to infinity.
Ordering of the eigenvalues of $C$ is according
to the absolute value of $C$ since this matches with the definition in a parity invariant
theory.  We opted to numerically simulate the random matrix model, and
the universal numbers, $z_i$, appearing in \eqn{sigdef}
are the averages of the eigenvalues so ordered. We have listed their values
in \tbn{rmta}.

\section{Results}\label{sec:results}
\bef
\includegraphics[scale=0.88]{e1extrapol_nf1.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.88]{e1extrapol_nf6.pdf}
\caption{
The continuum limits of $\lambda_1\ell$ at different fixed $\ell$
using a $1/L$ extrapolation for $N=2$ flavors is shown in the left panel and for
$N=12$ in the right panel.  The values of $\ell$ are given by the side of the data.
}
\eef{eigcont}
We present the results of our numerical analysis in this section.
We have given the list of our simulation points ($\ell$, $L$, $N$)
along with the corresponding averages of the first four eigenvalues
of the massless Hermitian Wilson-Dirac in Tables-\ref{tb:tab0},\ref{tb:tab2},\ref{tb:tab4},\ref{tb:tab8},\ref{tb:tab12} in~\apx{tabs}.
Using the eigenvalues at fixed $\ell$ at four different values of
$L$, we obtained the continuum eigenvalues, $\lambda_i(\ell)$;
$i=1,2,3,4$, by using a linear extrapolation in $1/L$. We have also
tabulated these continuum values in the same set of tables.
To illustrate the extrapolation pictorially, we show these continuum
extrapolations along with the 1-$\sigma$ error bands
 for $\lambda_1\ell$ for $N=2$
and $N=12$  in \fgn{eigcont}.

\bef
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{schi.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{A plot of $\chi^2$ per degree of freedom as a function of
$\gamma_m$ for different flavors $N$. The different curves are
obtained from various $\Sigma_i$.
}
\eef{chinf}

Using the continuum extrapolated values of $\lambda_i(\ell)$, we
obtained $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as defined in \eqn{sigil}. We fit
$\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $\ell$ using \eqn{sigfit} with
different values of the exponent $\gamma_m$.  In \fgn{chinf}, we
show the $\chi^2/{\rm DOF}$ for these fits as a function of $\gamma_m$
for different $N$, as labelled on top of each panel.  The different curves in the panels
correspond to $\chi^2/{\rm DOF}$ of the fits to the four different $\Sigma_i$.
In order to easily interpret the plot, a rule
of thumb is that the fit using a value of $\gamma_m$ is good if its
$\chi^2/{\rm DOF}$ is about 1, while it being 2 or above is indicative
of the fit describing the data poorly. In the different panels,
the limit $\gamma_m\to 2$ points to a theory
with a bilinear condensate and the limit $\gamma_m\to 0$
points to a free field behavior.

For the $N=0$ and $N=2$ theories, the $\chi^2/{\rm DOF}$ has a
minimum around $\gamma_m=2$, thereby favoring a non-zero bilinear
condensate.  The $N=8$ and $N=12$ theories clearly disfavor
$\gamma_m=2$, instead favoring a scale-invariant behavior with a
non-trivial anomalous dimension.  For both these $N$, the $\chi^2$
minima are seen at two values of $\gamma_m$; one at $\gamma_m\approx
0.4$ and another at $\gamma_m\approx 1.4$. The two allowed values
of $\gamma_m$ separated by 1, points to the possibility that the
$\ell^{-2+0.4}$ behavior of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ describing the data
at large values of $\ell$ could either correspond to the leading
term in \eqn{sigfit}, or it could be the subleading term in
\eqn{sigfit} which is dominant in the range of $\ell$ where we have
the data, with the leading $\ell^{-2+1.4}$ term becoming dominant
only at even larger $\ell$ where we do not have the data.  If one
assumes a well-behaved $1/\ell$ expansion with successively smaller
higher order terms, with no cross-over from one type of leading
behavior to another, one would favor the smaller of the allowed
values of $\gamma_m$, which is around 0.4 to 0.5 for both $N=8$ and
12.  At all flavors, the allowed range of $\gamma_m$ as deduced from
$\Sigma_1$ is broader than as allowed by other $\Sigma_i$.  The most likely cause is that
the behavior of the lowest eigenvalue is affected
the most by the need to fine tune the Wilson mass to realize massless
fermions on the lattice as explained in \apx{numdet}.  This is
enhanced at $N=4$ as is evident from the flat behavior of the
$\chi^2$ for $i=1$ at $N=4$.  For $N=4$, the range of allowed
$\gamma_m$ as deduced from the other $i$ are also broad and includes
$\gamma_m=2$, and hence we are unable to rule out scale-breaking in this case.
In the following subsections, we analyze the different $N$ separately.

\subsection{$N=0$}\label{sec:n0}
\bef
\includegraphics[scale=1.1]{sigma_nf0_lin.pdf}
\caption{ A plot of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $\ell$ for
$N=0$ flavors \ie, the quenched limit.  The different colors
correspond to different $i$ as specified in the plot. The data as
well as the error-bands of the fit using \eqn{sigcond} are shown.
The different $\Sigma_i$ extrapolate to about the same value in the
infinite volume limit.
}
\eef{signf0}

Using the four values of $z_i$ for $N=0$ in \tbn{rmta}, we obtained
$\Sigma_i(\ell)$ from \eqn{sigil}.  In \fgn{signf0}, we have plotted
$\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $1/\ell$.  One can see
that the asymptotic behavior has set in for $\ell\ge 14$ with a finite
value of the bilinear condensate in the $\ell\to\infty$ limit. In
the same plot, we have also shown the error bands of fits to the
data using \eqn{sigcond}. We find the  values of $\Sigma_i$
extrapolated to infinite $\ell$ for $i=1,2,3,4$ to be $0.0165(8),
0.0154(7), 0.0147(5)$ and $0.0143(4)$ respectively.  It is reassuring
that the values of $\Sigma_i$ for different $i$ converge to about the
same value within errors in the $\ell\to\infty$ limit.  By taking
the average over all the four values of $\Sigma_i(\ell=\infty)$,
we quote the value of the bilinear condensate per color degree of
freedom for $N=0$ as
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Sigma}{N_c} = 0.0076 \pm 0.0003;\quad N_c=2,
\end{equation}
with the error being purely statistical.  We take the spread of
values in the four different $\Sigma_i$ to be a measure of the
systematic errors in the various extrapolations, and we conservatively
estimate this systematic error to be about $0.0011$.  In the $N=0$ quenched
theory, the fermions are used merely as a probe with no back-reaction
on the gauge fields.  Since the pure $SU(2)$ theory does have a
scale, it is not a surprise to find a bilinear condensate in this
case.  We remind the reader that the above value of condensate
is dimensionless and in units of the coupling $g^2_{\rm ph}$.  When
the above value of condensate per color is measured in units of the
't Hooft coupling, $N_c g^2_{\rm ph}$, it is roughly a factor of
$2$ smaller than the corresponding value in the
't Hooft limit in~\cite{Karthik:2016bmf}.
It is also interesting to note that a linear extrapolation  in
$\frac{1}{N_c}$ of the $N_c=1$ value in~\cite{Karthik:2017hol} and
the $N_c=2$ value obtained here of the quenched condensates in units
of 't Hooft coupling is consistent with the value in the 't Hooft
limit.

\subsection{$N=2$}\label{sec:n2}
\bef
\includegraphics[scale=1.1]{sigma_nf1_lin.pdf}
\caption{ A plot of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $\ell$
for $N=2$, with the different symbols and error bands as explained in \fgn{signf0}.}
\eef{signf1}

We  use the four values of $z_i$ for $N=2$ in \tbn{rmta} to obtain
$\Sigma_i(\ell)$ from \eqn{sigil}.  In \fgn{signf1}, we show the
$\ell$ dependence of $\Sigma_i$.  Unlike the $N=0$ theory, we do
not see an asymptotic plateauing of the condensate even at the
largest $\ell$ we were able to simulate.  We have shown the fits
of the data to \eqn{sigcond} by the solid lines in the same plot
for the different values of $i$. From these extrapolations, we
estimate the condensate at infinite volume for  $i=1,2,3,4$ to be
0.0030(4), 0.0039(4), 0.0042(4), 0.0042(4) respectively.  We find
the condensates estimated from different eigenvalues to converge
to significantly non-zero values at $\ell=\infty$.  As in the case
of $N=0$, these extrapolated values of $\Sigma_i$ from $i=2,3$ and
4 agree within errors. But, the extrapolated central value of $\Sigma_1$ is
30\% lower than the others, but still significantly larger than
zero. We think this is due to the difficulty in tuning the Wilson
mass to obtain exactly massless fermions. One can rectify this in
a future study with overlap fermions. Taking the average over the
estimates of $\Sigma$ from all the four low-lying eigenvalues, the
condensate per color degree of freedom for $N=2$ is
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Sigma}{N_c} = 0.0019 \pm 0.0002;\quad N_c=2,
\end{equation}
with the error being purely statistical. Taking the spread in the
estimated values of $\Sigma_i/N_c$, a conservative estimate of the
systematic error is 0.0006.  Note that the value condensate mesured
in units of 't Hooft coupling is lower by a factor of $10$ compared
to the one in the 't Hooft limit.

\subsection{$N=4$}\label{sec:n4}

\bef
\includegraphics[scale=0.76]{sigma_nf2_lin.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.75]{sigma_nf2_log.pdf}
\caption{ Plots of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $\ell$
 for $N=4$ in linear scale (left panel) and in log-log scale (right
 panel).  The analysis on the left panel assumes the presence of a
 non-zero condensate in the infinite volume limit, and hence
 explicitly sets $\gamma_m=2$. The error bands for the infinite
 volume extrapolations are shown along with the data in the left
 panel.  The analysis on the right panel assumes the absence of a
 condensate, and hence uses a $\gamma_m\ne 2$.
A possible $\ell^{-2+\gamma_m}$ scaling behavior, with $\gamma_m\approx
0.6$, is seen in the large $\ell$ we simulated.
}
\eef{signf4}

\bef
\includegraphics[scale=0.765]{sigma_nf4_log.pdf}
\includegraphics[scale=0.765]{sigma_nf6_log.pdf}
\caption{ A log-log plot of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a function of $\ell$
 for $N=8$ and $12$.  They clearly show a power-law behavior with
 the exponent $\gamma_m < 2$. This suggests $N=8$ and 12 are
 scale-invariant theories.
}

\eef{signf4-12}

For $N=4$, we again use the four corresponding values
of $z_i$ in \tbn{rmta} to obtain $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ from \eqn{sigil}.
From the third panel of \fgn{chinf} which shows the $\chi^2/{\rm
DOF}$ as a function of $\gamma_m$ for $N=4$, we find a wide range
of values of $\gamma_m$, including $\gamma_m=2$, that fits the data
well.  Therefore, we analyze the data first assuming the presence
of non-vanishing condensate, in which case we force $\gamma_m=2$
and extrapolate the condensate to infinite volume using \eqn{sigcond}.
This procedure is shown on a linear scale on the left panel of
\fgn{signf4}. This leads to the values 0.0015(6), 0.0026(6),
0.0030(5), 0.0032(5) for $\Sigma_1,\Sigma_2,\Sigma_3$ and $\Sigma_4$
respectively in the infinite volume limit.  We stress that
this analysis involves a prior assumption that $\gamma_m=2$, and
with this assumption we find a possible non-zero condensate. However,
on the right panel of \fgn{signf4}, we again show $\Sigma_i(\ell)$
as a function of $1/\ell$, but on a log-log plot; a power-law
behavior will be seen as a straight line on this scale with the
slope being the scaling exponent. Now we can see a possible scaling
behavior setting in for $\ell > 13$.  Assuming a perfect
$\ell^{-2+\gamma_m}$ behavior for $\ell>13$, we find $\gamma_m\approx0.60$
if the theory is scale-invariant.  Thus, the two different analyses
leads to two different conclusions.  A more careful analysis, using
even larger values of $\ell$ than we have used, could place this
theory on either side of the critical value $N^*$.

\subsection{$N=8$ and $12$}\label{sec:n4-12}

Having found an indication of transition from scale-broken to
conformal phase at $N\approx 4$, we studied $N=8$ and 12 to see if
we find strong evidence for a scale-invariant behavior. In
\fgn{signf4-12}, we show the behavior of $\Sigma_i(\ell)$ as a
function of $\ell$ in log-log plots.  For both $N=8$ and 12 we find
an asymptotic power-law behavior setting in for $\ell > 4$.
Incorporating the $1/\ell$ and $1/\ell^2$ corrections in \eqn{sigfit},
we find the values for $\gamma_m$ to be 0.38(8) and 0.48(6)  for
$N=8$ and 12 corresponding to the first minima of the two seen in
the last two panels of \fgn{chinf}. The fits to the data with these
exponents are also shown along with the data in \fgn{signf4-12}.
Thus $N \ge 8$ clearly lie in the scale-invariant phase. Even though
there is strong evidence for the presence of $\gamma_m\ne 2$, we
nevertheless performed an analysis assuming the presence of non-zero
$\Sigma_i$ using \eqn{sigcond}. We find the extrapolated values of
the condensates, after averaging over the four different estimates
$\Sigma_i$, to be $0(2)\times 10^{-6}$ and $0(7)\times 10^{-6}$ for
$N=8$ and 12 respectively, and hence consistent with a scale-invariant
behavior.

\subsection{Combined analysis of condensate}
\bef
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{sigma2_nfdep_all.pdf}
\caption{ A plot of the condensate $\Sigma_2(\ell)$, as determined
from the second smallest eigenvalue, shown as a function of fermion
flavor $N$ at different fixed $\ell$, as labelled by the side.  The
open symbols correspond to the value
 of condensate determined at finite $\ell$, as defined in \eqn{sigil}.
 The black solid symbol corresponds to the extrapolated value of
 condensate at infinite $\ell$. The points are connected by lines
 to aid the eye.
}
\eef{sig2}

We consolidate our results on the condensate from different flavors
in \fgn{sig2}. For the sake of clarity, we have only shown the data
for the second eigenvalue.  The plot shows the condensate at finite
$\ell$ as we have defined using \eqn{sigil}. In the same plot, we
also show the expected value of condensate at infinite volume, with
the starting assumption that there is no non-trivial scaling dimension
present, which forces $\gamma_m=2$. As we have explained, this
is a good assumption for $N=0$ and 2, and we find a non-zero
condensate in these cases. While this is a bad assumption for $N=8$
and 12, the extrapolated values of the condensate in these cases
is nevertheless consistent with zero. However, our results are
inconclusive about the $N=4$ case; analyses assuming $\gamma_m=2$
as well as $\gamma_m < 2$ are consistent with the data. Thus, we
have shown a non-zero value of condensate in \fgn{sig2}. We could
not study any critical $\Sigma(N)\sim |N-N^*|^\Delta$ behavior near
$N^*\approx 4$ given the access to only two scale-broken integer
number of dynamical flavors.

\bef
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.85]{gamma.pdf}
\caption{The flow of $\gamma^{(i)}(\ell)$ as defined in \eqn{gammapdef}
to its asymptotic value $\gamma_m$ in the infinite volume limit for $N=0,2,4,8$ and 12.
The different colored error bands correspond $i=1,2,3,4$.
The dashed vertical lines correspond to the value of $1/\ell$ for the largest $\ell$ we have the data for,
at each $N$.
}
\eef{flow}

\subsection{A flow from UV to IR}
As explained in the beginning of this section, we used \eqn{sigfit}
to describe the data and also to find the value of $\gamma_m$ that
best describes the asymptotic finite-size scaling behavior of the
low-lying eigenvalues. Once we have fit the data using \eqn{sigfit},
we can define an $\ell$ dependent $\gamma_m$ as
\begin{equation}
\gamma^{(i)}(\ell)\equiv 2+\frac{\partial\log\left(\Sigma_i(\ell)\right)}{\partial \log(\ell)},
\label{gammapdef}
\end{equation}
which will flow from $\gamma^{(i)}=0$ in the UV limit $\ell\to 0$,
to $\gamma^{(i)}=\gamma_m$ in the IR limit $\ell\to\infty$ for all
$i$.  In \fgn{flow}, we show this flow for all $N$.  As expected
the value of $\gamma^{(i)}(\ell)$ increases from values closer to
zero in smaller volumes as $\ell$ is increased. For $N=0$ and $N=2$,
in the infinite $\ell$ limit, the values of $\gamma^{(i)}$ converge
to values around 2, thereby showing the presence of condensate for
these smaller values of $N$. For $N=8$ and 12, $\gamma^{(i)}$ clearly
flows to asymptotic values smaller than 1, indicating the presence
of non-trivial mass anomalous dimension characteristic of infra-red
fixed points in these theories. For $N=4$, $\gamma^{(1)}$ seems to
flow to value less than 1, but $\gamma^{(i)}$ from larger $i$ flow
to values around 1.5 at $68\%$ confidence. However, at 94\% confidence
levels, the flow to $\gamma=2$ is also possible. So, this plot sums
up our restricted knowledge of the $N=4$ theory.  In order to give
confidence in the extrapolations to $\ell\to\infty$, in the different
panels, we have separated the range of $\ell$ where we have the
data from the range of larger $\ell$ where we do not.  The flow to
infinite $\ell$ which is extrapolative, is smooth and well-behaved.
In all the panels, in the range of $\ell$ where we have the data,
the values of $\gamma^{(i)}(\ell)$ from different $i$ do not in
general agree.  But $\gamma^{(i)}$ for $N=0,2,8$ and 12 converge
to values consistent with each other in the infinite $\ell$ limit
thereby giving confidence in the conclusions drawn in these cases.

\section{Conclusions}

We have performed a numerical analysis of three dimensional $SU(2)$
gauge theory coupled to an even number of massless fermions in such
a way that parity is preserved. We used Wilson fermions instead of
overlap fermions to reduce the computational cost.  The price to
pay was the absence of the full $Sp(N)$ flavor symmetry away from the continuum
limit but this did not prevent us from extracting the critical
number of fermion flavors.

We studied the finite volume behavior of the low lying Dirac spectrum
in a periodic finite physical volume of size $\ell^3$ using two
different forms, namely, \eqn{sigfit} and \eqn{sigcond}. The first
one has the anomalous dimension, $\gamma_m$, as a parameter that
we varied to find the best fit.  We found that the data clearly
favored $\gamma_m=2$ for $N=2$ and $N=4$ and the data clearly favored
$\gamma_m < 2$ for $N=8$ and $N=12$. Given the numerical limitations
in obtaining results at arbitrary large values of $\ell$, our data
showed it did not favor $\gamma_m=2$ for $N=4$. The presence of a
non-zero bilinear condensate for $N=0$ and $N=2$, and the absence
of one for $N=8$ and $N=12$ remained true when the data was analyzed
using \eqn{sigcond} which did not have the freedom of choosing a
$\gamma_m$ away from integer values. Analysis of the $N=4$ data
using \eqn{sigcond} suggests a small value for the bilinear condensate.

We therefore conclude that the critical number of flavors is somewhere
between $N=4$ or $N=6$ and we are not able to exclude $N=4$ using
the analysis presented in this paper. Having narrowed down the
critical value of the number of flavors to one of two integers, the
next step is to study the $N=4$ and $N=6$ theories using
overlap~\cite{Karthik:2016ppr} or domain-wall
fermions~\cite{Hands:2015dyp,Hands:2015qha}.  Since the $U(N)$
flavor symmetry as well as the larger $Sp(N)$ global symmetry
will be exact in the lattice theory, the behavior
of all low lying eigenvalues can be used in the numerical analysis
with equal confidence. Furthermore, one can also study the propagator
of scalar and vector mesons and extract the behavior of their masses
in finite volume.

The analysis presented in this paper clearly shows that one can use
$SU(2)$ gauge theories with massless fermions in three dimensions
to numerically study the transition from scale invariant behavior
to one that generates a scale using continuum finite volume analysis.
It will also be interesting to test the predictions for symmetry breaking
in~\cite{Komargodski:2017keh}

\acknowledgments
All computations in this paper were made on the JLAB computing clusters
under a class C project.  The authors acknowledge partial support
by the NSF under grant number PHY-1515446.
N.K. also acknowledges partial
support by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract No. DE-SC0012704.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Survey the early career of iconic detective Jane Tennison—the role played by Helen Mirren in Prime Suspect. The drama rewinds to 1970s London, when Jane (Stefanie Martini) is a young probationary officer in an environment where sexism is the norm.


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This Is Major: Notes on Diana Ross, Dark Girls, and Being Dope
Shayla Lawson
From poet Shayla Lawson, director of creative writing at Amherst College, comes a collection of personal essays on the richness and resilience of black girl culture. In a narrative that is part memoir and part social history lesson, the author blends her own story with black women's broader cultural histories.
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Shayla Lawson, the director of creative writing at Amherst College and author of three poetry collections, seeks to look beyond the notion that Black girls are magic. This Is Major: Notes on Diana Ross, Dark Girls, and Being Dope not only spotlights the nuances of Black womanhood but also rejects the claim that their power is rooted in an inherently superhuman or supernatural disposition ... Whether she's discussing the politics of Twitter popularity, the pitfalls of interracial dating, the ever-shifting cultural definition of 'black' or the reality of gentrification, Lawson is a master of her craft. Her keen poetic sensibilities sharpen topics that may seem amorphous or expansive. She doesn't present herself as the representative of all Black girls, but she seamlessly blends deeply personal memories with overarching moments in history and pop culture. The result is a sense of familiarity between the writer and the Black women who pick up this book ... Lawson's voice can be smooth like honey or cut to the quick. This essay collection is a necessary study of self-enlightenment and the unique power of Black girls: We contain multitudes.
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My research interest is in didactics defined as teachers' professional science. Within this framework I develop conceptual models that education researchers and teachers can use for analysis in planning, realizing and assessing lessons with regard to content, methods and the student group taught. My research is mainly within the field of school science education, but many of the models developed are more general and have been adopted for other subjects, educational levels and areas. Together with schools and fellow researchers I have advanced models to (a) help analyzing how the interactions in the classroom translate into the learning of specific content (practical epistemology analysis), (b) how students and teachers can organize the continuity between the different classroom activities and purposes to support the progression of student learning (modeling organizing purposes), and (c) how teachers can support and aid the constitution of students' interest for the subject taught (modeling the aesthetics of the subject). The models are tried out together with teachers to make them more useful.
I am director of Science Education research at the Department of Mathematics and Science Education (MND), coordinator of the Graduate Research School in Subject Didactics for teachers in collaboration with municipalities in the Stockholm region, and coordinator of the Graduate Research School Didactic Modeling in Science Education financed by the Swedish Research Council.
Hamza, K., Palm, O., Palmqvist, J., Piqueras, J., & Wickman, P.-O. (in press). Hybridization of practices in teacher-researcher collaboration. European Educational Research Journal.
Hamza, K., Piqueras, J., Wickman, P.-O. & Angelin, M. (in press). Who owns the content and who runs the risk? Dynamics of teacher change in teacher-researcher collaboration. Research in Science Teaching.
Ünsal, Z., Jakobson, B., Molander, B.-O. & Wickman, P.-O. (in press). Language use in a multi-lingual class: A study of the relation between bilingual students' languages and their meaning-making in science. Research in Science Education.
Andrée, M., Wickman, P-O. & Lager-Nyqvist, L. (2017). Remembering as instructional work in the science classroom. In Å. Mäkitalo, P. Linell, & R. Säljö (Eds.) Memory practices and learning: Experiential, institutional, and sociocultural perspectives. (Book series: Advances in cultural psychology: constructing human development) (pp. ). Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, NC.
Anderhag, P., Wickman, P.-O., Bergqvist, K., Jakobson, B., Hamza, K. & Säljö, R. (2016). Why do secondary school students lose their interest in science? Or does it never emerge? A possible and overlooked explanation. Science Education, 100(5), 791-813.
Arvola Orlander, A., Todd, S. & Wickman, P.-O. (2015). Becoming a woman and a man in secondary school practice. Nordic Studies in Education, 35(3-4), 233-250.
Jakobson, B. & Wickman, P.-O. (2015). What difference does art make in science? A comparative study of meaning-making at elementary school. Interchange, 46(4), 323-343. DOI 10.1007/s10780-015-9262-6.
Anderhag, P., Wickman, P.-O. & Hamza, K. M. (2015). How can teaching make a difference to students' interest in science? Including Bourdieuan field analysis. Cultural Studies of Science Education,25(2), 377-380.
Ingerman, Å. & Wickman, P.-O. (2015). Towards a teachers' professional discipline: Shared responsibility for didactic models in research and practice. In Burnard, P., Apelgren, B.-M. & Cabaroglu, N. (Eds.) Transformative Teacher Research: Theory and Practice for the C21st (pp 167-179). Sense Publisher, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Jakobson, B., Lundegård, I. & Wickman, P.-O. (2014). Lärande i handling: en pragmatisk didaktik. Studentlitteratur, Lund.
Östman, L. & Wickman, P.-O. (2014). A pragmatic approach on epistemology, teaching and learning. Science Education, 98 (3), 375-382.
Johansson, A.-M. & Wickman, P.-O. (2013). Selektiva traditioner i grundskolans tidigare år: Lärares betoningar av kvalitéer i naturvetenskapsundervisningen. Nordic Studies in Science Education, 9(1), 50-65.
Wickman, P.-O. (2012). L'expérience esthétique dans l'enseignement des sciences: Apprentissage et production de sens comme discours situé et action. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Kelly, G.J., McDonald, S., & Wickman, P. -O., (2012). Science learning and epistemology. In K. B. J. Fraser, K. G. Tobin & C. J. McRobbie (Eds.), Second International Handbook of Science Education (pp. 281–291). Dordrecht: Springer.
Wickman, P.-O. (2012). A comparison between Practical Epistemology Analysis and some schools in French didactics. Education & Didactique, 6(2), 145–159.
Wickman, P.-O. (2012). Using pragmatism to develop didactics in Sweden. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft, 15,483–501.
Wickman, P.-O. (2012). How can conceptual schemes change teaching? Cultural Studies of Science Education, 7, 129–136.
Wickman, P.-O, Liberg, C. & Östman, L. (2012). Transcending science: scientific literacy and bildung for the 21st century. D. Jorde & J. Dillon (Eds.) Science Education Research and Practice in Europe (pp. 39–61). Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.
Johansson, A.-M. & Wickman, P.-O. (2011). A pragmatist approach to learning progressions. In Hudson, B. & Meyer, M. A. (Eds.) Beyond Fragmentation: Didactics, Learning, and Teaching in Europe, pp. 47–59. Leverkusen, Germany, Barbara Budrich Publishers.
Wickman, P.-O., & Ligozat, F. (2011). Scientific literacy as action: consequences for content progression. In: Linder, C., Östman, L., Roberts, D.A., Wickman, P.-O., Erickson, G. & MacKinnon, A. Exploring the Landscape of Scientific Literacy, pp. 145-159. New York: Routledge.
Wickman, P.-O. (2006). Aesthetic Experience in Science Education: Learning and Meaning-Making as Situated Talk and Action. New York: Routledge.
Wickman, P.-O. (2004). The practical epistemologies of the classroom: a study of laboratory work. Science Education, 88, 325-344.
Wickman, P.-O. & Östman, L. (2002). Learning as discourse change: a sociocultural mechanism. Science Education 86, 601-623.


AddDǽdlicere practicae, i. actualis, An. Ox. 994.
Toller, T. Northcote, and Joseph Bosworth. "dǽd-lic." An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth : Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921. 143.


Violent Divine is recording | Violent Divine Louder Than Love OUT NOW!
Yes it's true! Violent Divine is recording the final 5 tracks for the upcoming album in the "Cabin In The Woods" studio. Read all about the mess being created in the blog and expect frequent updates.
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Kamala Harris' Bold New Plan for Teacher Pay
The average American teacher would earn $13,500 or 23% more per year under an ambitious plan proposed by Senator Kamala Harris (D-California).
EdSource's Louis Freedberg explains how it work:
...Harris would assign the U.S. Department of Education to work with each state education agency to set a base salary "goal" for beginning teachers in that state. The goal would be to get teacher salaries equal to those earned by "similarly educated professionals.
The plan will be paid for by increasing the estate tax on the top 1 percent of taxpayers and eliminating loopholes that "let the very wealthiest, with estates worth multiple millions or billions of dollars, avoid paying their fair share," she wrote in an op-ed piece in the Washington Post. It would also provide a 3 to 1 federal match to state contributions to narrowing the wage gap.
This is by far the most progressive proposal on teacher pay from a presidential contender so far. It would represent a massive expansion of federal education spending.
The Democratic presidential candidate announced the proposal during a March campaign event in Houston. It comes with a hefty federal price tag of $315 billion over 10 years.
"The teacher pay gap is a national failure that's holding America back," Harris' campaign said in a press release. "From city schools in major urban centers, to rural schools like those in South Carolina's 'Corridor of Shame,' we've failed to give teachers the respect and resources they deserve. It's time for a bold, national response."
Harris' campaign says the average teacher in most states earns less than the living wage for a family of four. Politifact has rated that claim as "mostly true" but points out that teachers may have higher benefits than workers in other sectors and that pay is higher if they choose to work 12 instead of 10 months out of the year.


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Ixalidium bicoloripes är en insektsart som beskrevs av Boris Petrovich Uvarov 1941. Ixalidium bicoloripes ingår i släktet Ixalidium och familjen gräshoppor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gräshoppor
bicoloripes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia