Levina is from the village of Kangirsujuaq (Inuktitut: ᑲᖏᖅᓱᔪᐊᖅ) and is passionate about helping children and teens. She works at the community youth centre, spending countless hours connecting with and listening to young people, to help them feel valued and have fun activities to participate in.
Levina is excited to participate in Daughters of the Vote, to be a voice for the challenges her small northern community faces and to learn from others.


Meet the smallest member of the Livingponds lineup - the Savio Livingponds Filter 070.
A small filter with big backyard appeal, the '070' is a filter for a pond up to 700 gallons or the perfect intermediate-size filter to complement a Savio Skimmerfilter for ponds up to 2,200 gallons. Ready to keep your water clear, while creating a beautiful waterfall, this Livingponds filter comes equipped with two medium density filter pads and ceramic media. Finished with a 16" spillway, heavy duty media grate and 3" Inlets on either side.
Copyright © 2011-2019 Mud Monsters. All rights reserved.


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(7012) Hobbes ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 11. Februar 1988 vom belgischen Astronomen Eric Walter Elst am La-Silla-Observatorium (Sternwarten-Code 809) der Europäischen Südsternwarte in Chile entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid ist nach dem englischen Mathematiker, Staatstheoretiker und Philosophen Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) benannt, der in seinem Hauptwerk Leviathan eine Theorie des Absolutismus entwickelte und der deshalb als Begründer des aufgeklärten Absolutismus gilt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden

Weblinks
 Asteroid Hobbes: Discovery Circumstances gemäß dem Minor Planet Center der Internationalen Astronomischen Union bei dem Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
 Asteroid Hobbes in der Small-Body Database des Jet Propulsion Laboratory der NASA bei dem California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Vesta-Familie

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Richard Barnett allegedly carried stun gun into Capitol during riots
Max Bryan
Richard Morris Barnett, the man from the Gravette area who was photographed inside House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's office during the failed insurrection attempt Jan. 6, allegedly had a stun gun with him during the riots.
The stun gun revelation came during a Zoom hearing Tuesday by Western District of Arkansas Judge Erin Wiedemann. Barnett faces charges including knowingly entering or remaining in a restricted building or grounds without lawful authority while carrying a dangerous weapon.
Barnett was photographed lounging behind Pelosi's desk and filmed telling a New York Times reporter he took a letter from her office.
He is also charged with violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds along with theft of public money, property, or records from the riot. He faces up to 11 years and six months in prison and up to $355,000 in fines, Wiedemann said during the hearing.
He is set for a detention hearing via Zoom at 12:30 p.m., Friday.
Barnett was arrested by the FBI on Jan. 8 after he self-surrendered at the Benton County Sheriff's Office, according to Little Rock field office spokesperson Connor Hagan.
Before the riots, Barnett was an active supporter of law enforcement in rural northwest Arkansas. He identified himself as a former Memphis firefighter in an interview dated Oct. 11.
Following the riots, Gravette-area residents including the mayor largely condemned Barnett's actions.
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Home » Television & Web
How I Met Your Mother: 5 BEST Episodes Ranked & You'll Never Be Able To Guess What's At No. 2
Yes, many complained How I Met Your Mother had FRIENDS' hangover but isn't it a good thing?
Umesh Punwani
The journey of nine seasons and 208 episodes of How I Met Your Mother ended by leaving a bittersweet feeling to many. Yeah, a story about five friends residing in New York having a fixed place to hangout sharing their lives together sounded similar but this one came with an altogether different angle.
Yes, many complained it had FRIENDS' hangover but isn't it a good thing? The Legendary Barney, a hopeless romantic Ted, Let's Go To The Mall with Robin Sparkles, inventor of board games Marshall and our very own Lilypad – these characters have stayed with people who gave How I Met Your Mother a chance despite loving FRIENDS.
Let's take a brief look at the Best Episodes Of How I Met Your Mother:
5. The Ten Sessions (Season 3, Episode 13)
Remember how even the king of romance Shah Rukh Khan took Ted's idea of a romantic date in his film Dilwale? The Ten Sessions proves how romance has always been an integral part of the show. Ted's idea of a 120-seconds date was not just brilliantly written but also beautifully executed.
4. Slap Bet (Season 2, Episode 9)
Where it all started! Robin was no longer just some news anchor turned close friend after the gang exposes the dark secret she has been keeping since years (no Barney, not pornography!). Yeah, Barney thinks she's a pornstar whereas Marshall thinks she's married and this gives birth to *inserts Barney's evil laugh* the epic which went on to be known as Slapsgiving.
From Mirzapur To Sacred Games – 7 Indian Web Series That Drove The Audiences INSANE!
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3. Bad News (Season 6, Episode 13)
Apart from the lovey-dovey stuff and all the comedy, there are times when How I Met Your Mother tears right through your heart. One of such moments was when Marshall gets to know about his dad dying of a heart attack. Now, simple news wouldn't have done so much emotional damage but the fact that he just gets to know about this as he calls his father to inform him that his 'sperm is fine'. Fun trivia: The heartbreaking finale scene of this episode was shot in one take and we were 'not ready for this' (I'm still crying!).
2. Last Forever Part Two (Season 9, Episode 24)
The final episode of How I Met Your Mother is the most talked about the episode as it finally completed the beautiful story but also happens to be the most controversial one because of its ending. This episode takes a time jump and it gives closure to all the storylines in the series (we still don't know about that Pineapple though ). It's not important whether you liked the ending or no but what's important is that it makes you THINK and you makes you realise the thing that you're often searching for is often hiding right in front of you… in plain sight…
1. How Your Mother Met Me (Season 9, Episode 16)
It is a very special episode as it marked a landmark 200th episode for the sitcom. The episode was quite unique as for the first time in the series it wasn't Ted who was telling us this story… In this episode we see the entire series from her perspective and realise that there were so many instances where they could have met but "timing is a bitch". At the end of the episode, we finally see Ted and Mother in on frame (Sort of) with a hauntingly beautiful rendition of La Vie En Rose and will almost make you teary-eyed.
Among these 'Best Episodes Of How I Met Your Mother,' which is your favourite?
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After Shutting Down The Government, Trump's Getting Even Less Wall Money Than Democrats Originally Offered
Trump blasted the deal Tuesday but also said he does not expect another government shutdown. He'll have to sign off on the deal by Friday to avoid one.
By Paul McLeod
Paul McLeod BuzzFeed News Reporter
WASHINGTON — After months of turmoil that included the longest government shutdown in American history, Congress has reached a government funding deal that would give President Trump even less money for a wall than what Democrats had originally offered him.
The bill is on track to pass through Congress before another partial shutdown would be triggered at end-of-day Friday. Trump said Tuesday he is "extremely unhappy" with the deal, but stopped short of saying he would veto it.
In December Trump demanded $5.7 billion for 200 miles of border barriers, and triggered a shutdown when Congress agreed to only $1.6 billion for 65 miles of barriers. The new deal contains less than what was on the table originally — $1.375 billion for 55 miles of barriers along the Rio Grande.
"So we shut down the government for 35 days, we put America through this crisis, we jeopardized our economy, and for what?" said Democratic Sen. Dick Durbin.
The barriers come with certain restrictions and cannot be built with concrete. This has Democrats referring to it as "fencing" while Republicans tend to use more robust words.
"I guess we're going to have an argument now about what's a wall," said Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.
Ahead of a cabinet meeting at the White House Trump said he does not expect to see another shutdown. "I'm not happy about [the deal]" he said. "It's not enough, it's not doing the trick. But I'll add some to it." In practice, Trump will have no opportunity to add anything. Congress negotiated the deal without Trump and, if passed, his only choices will be signing the bill or vetoing it and triggering yet another shutdown.
The text of the bill is still being written, allowing all sides to hedge their support on needing to see the details. But Republican leadership is already urging Trump to sign it and Democrats are all-but-daring him to say no. "We're the ones who do spending bills. If the White House doesn't like it, fine, veto it," said Sen. Patrick Leahy, one of the key Democratic negotiators.
Rep. Mark Meadows, chairman of the the hardline conservative House Freedom Caucus, said of the wall funding "obviously this is not a number I support or believe should be supported." But he said he expects Trump to begrudgingly sign the deal and there's likely nothing that can be done about it. "I don't know that the Freedom Caucus has any leverage to go to the mats on it," he said, given that Democrats now control the House.
Negotiations briefly got tied up over detention beds for undocumented immigrants captured in the United States, but that battle was fought to a draw. Democrats sought a cap on the number of people that could be detained, while Republicans sought money for more beds. There are currently 49,000 people being detained. In the end the status quo prevailed, but Republicans say Trump will have the power to "reprogram" funds from anti-drug programs to detention beds.
Some Republicans said they believed Trump could also reprogram unspent funds from other anti-drug programs to build more border barriers. The total amount of funds available ranged from around $2 billion to over $5.7 billion depending on who you ask, but Democrats are already warning that this applying this method would spark legal challenges.
Over the past two years Trump has repeatedly pressed for more border wall funding and each time been rebuffed by Congress. His chances got significantly worse this month as Republicans ceded control of the House of Representatives to Nancy Pelosi.
This has led Trump to publicly mull ways to circumvent congressional approval. Another option he's discussed is declaring a state of emergency to open up discretionary funds he can put towards a wall.
Republicans have warned Trump against this course of action, saying it would be challenged in the courts through to the end of Trump's first term. Congress could also pass a resolution of disapproval to block a national emergency declaration, potentially leading Trump to issue his first veto; it's unclear if Congress would have the votes to override it. Senate Republicans also expressed concerns about setting a dangerous precedent with a national emergency, and they may have reason to worry.
Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy told BuzzFeed News that Republicans should be "very scared" of Trump vastly expanding the scope of presidential emergency powers.
"I can't wait for the next Democratic president to issue a health care national emergency and immediately transfer our system to Medicare for All," he said.
"I am kind of joking, but certainly if he were to do this it would absolutely open the door to a Democratic president declaring a health care emergency, an immigration emergency, a climate change emergency. Once the horse runs out of the barn on expansive national emergency powers, nobody's putting it back in."
If this deal gets signed into law the government would be fully funded for 2019, putting off the threat of another shutdown until next year at the earliest.
The Government Shutdown Is Over — For Now — As Trump Gives In On Wall Funding Paul McLeod · Jan. 25, 2019
Donald Trump's State Of The Union Bipartisan Dreams Were Divorced From His Own Reality Tarini Parti · Feb. 6, 2019
Governors Are Pulling Their Troops From The Border, Saying There Is No "Crisis" Adolfo Flores · Feb. 11, 2019
Paul McLeod is a politics reporter for BuzzFeed News and is based in Washington, DC.
Contact Paul McLeod at paul.mcleod@buzzfeed.com.


Angie Norman is a truly talented guide and a dedicated researcher on the history of London in general and the Jack the Ripper crimes in particular.
As with several, of our guides. Angie grew up in the east End of London, being raised in Hackney, not far from the streets of Whitechapel and Spitalfields that she would get to know intimately and about which she would become an acknowledged and dedicated authority.
She first became aware of the Jack the Ripper crimes at the age of nine, and her first encounter with them is seared into her memory and imagination to this day.
"I remember when I first came across him. It was by accident, I was leafing through a magazine when I encountered the photograph of Mary Jane Kelly.
I clearly remember the shock of it, it made me jump and I still think to this day it is one of the worst photo's I have ever seen.
Spurred on by this gruesome encounter, Angie began spending time in the local libraries ferreting out as much information on the Whitechapel murders as she possibly could, and, in so doing, she gained a terrific understanding of all aspects of the world's most infamous murder mystery.
She came to know the streets, as they were at the time of the murders. She got to understand the problems that the police faced in trying to hunt the killer down in one of the Victorian capital's most densely populated and crime-infested quarters.
But, above all, she gained a true understanding and sympathy for the plights of the poor women who were the victims of Jack the Ripper – not to mention a genuine respect for them that is instantly apparent to those who join her for a tour.
"Back then there was no internet, but that did not stop me trying to find out all I could about him. I just could not let it go and the name Jack the Ripper sounded so fearsome and still does. And he thrills and frightens me in equal measure.
I have always been interested in history and have focused throughout my life on various era's; but it is the Victorian era that, as an adult, is my special interest.
With this in depth knowledge, and life long passion for the subject, it was, perhaps, inevitable that Angie would find her way into guiding tours around the East End, and dedicating herself to uncovering more and more information about the Whietchapel murders in particular.
"I think it was inevitable that I became a Ripper tour guide and it's something I love doing. It's a big story and it takes energy to tell it and I hope my enjoyment of telling the story and details about it is reflective in the tour I give.
Indeed, when Angie isn't conducting her acclaimed jack the Ripper tour, she guides at the ultimate Victorian Valhalla – Highgate Cemetery.
If you have enjoyed Angie's Jack the Ripper tour, then why not see how much you remember by taking her quiz? The challenge, should you choose to accept it, is to answer five questions of the Whitechapel murders. The questions require wither multi-choice, or true or false, answers.


In heart wrenching news, Todd Tucker's, of Real Housewives of Atlanta, mother Sharon passed away Tuesday evening (Dec. 2) after suffering from a stroke.
Our condolences go to the Tucker family and friends. Keep them all in your prayers.


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Putin Critic Alexi Nalvany Sentenced to Nine More Years in Prison
March 23, 2022 Topic: Putin Region: Russia Blog Brand: The Buzz Tags: Alexei NavalnyPutinMoscowRussian PoliticsCivil Society
Navalny's new sentence comes amid a broader crackdown on freedom of expression in Russia.
A Russian court has sentenced opposition leader Alexei Navalny to an additional nine years in prison on charges of embezzlement and contempt of court. Many outside observers described the sentencing as a sham trial intended to remove a high-profile political opponent of Russian leader Vladimir Putin from the public sphere.
Judge Margarita Kotova, who delivered the sentence, accused Navalny of systematically engaging in "the theft of property by an organized group." Russian state prosecutors had accused Navalny of stealing roughly $5 million from the Anti-Corruption Foundation, the non-governmental organization he led from 2011 until its state-forced dissolution in June 2021.
Prior to his conviction on the current fraud charges, Navalny had been imprisoned for a separate fraud case in relation to his alleged use of campaign contributions, collected while running for mayor of Moscow in 2013, for personal use. The sentence was suspended at the time of his conviction, but after Navalny returned from medical treatment in Germany in January 2021 after surviving a Kremlin-linked poisoning attempt, he was imprisoned for violating his parole conditions, which stipulated that he could not leave the country.
Navalny's sentence is more lenient than the prosecution's recommendation of thirteen years. Moreover, the time he has served on his earlier sentence will be applied against the new one, meaning that he will only need to serve seven years in prison. However, Kotova ordered that he be transferred from the Pokrov penal colony, where the dissident has been imprisoned since 2021, to a maximum-security prison, where living conditions are typically far worse. She also ordered him to pay a fine of 1.2 million rubles or roughly $12,000 at the ruble's current value.
Navalny and his associates have condemned the charges against him as politically motivated. They also criticized the authorities for holding the trial within a makeshift courtroom at the Pokrov penal colony rather than in a public courtroom in Moscow, where Russian media outlets and other observers could attend and opposition leaders might be allowed to protest.
Navalny's new sentence comes amid a broader crackdown on freedom of expression in Russia in the aftermath of its invasion of Ukraine. Following the passage of a law forbidding criticism of Russia's armed forces, more than 13,000 Russian citizens have reportedly been detained for protesting the war.
Shortly after the sentence was announced, Navalny's lawyers were arrested.


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L'Escala de Jacob és una escala que porta al paradís que segons narra la Bíblia (Gènesi 28, 11-15) el patriarca Jacob va veure durant un somni.

Gènesi
Judaisme
Cristianisme


Both sessions of the very popular Brunch with Santa are at capacity. We are not able to add more people than the room allows; however, we've created a waiting list. If a group cancels, we may be able to add people from the list.
If you'd still like to attend, email [email protected] or add your name to the waiting list here. Please be sure to include the names of all desired attendees and what age group they would fall into (adult: 12 and up, child: 2-11 or infant: under 2), your Muirfield street address, the time you desire, and a good contact phone number and email address so we can contact you if space opens.
As a reminder, if you've already purchased reservations, the latest you may request a refund or change is Friday, December 7 at 5:00 p.m. Please direct all questions and requests for refunds or changes to [email protected].
One of the many Muirfield Village Garden Club (MVGC) activities in 2017 was to decorate the Coffman Homestead for the holidays, and they were selected as first place winner in the category "Decoration of a Historic Building" by National Garden Clubs, Inc. for their inspired designs! Scroll down for photos.
The MVGC will be taking their skills to the next level this year! Come and view their decorating expertise for yourself at the Coffman Homestead. There will be a preview on Thursday, November 29 from 5:00 - 6:45 pm in conjunction with the City of Dublin Tree lighting celebration at Coffman Park. The barn and first floor of Coffman House will be open for visitors.
Then, plan to visit the Candlelight Open House on Sunday, December 2 or 9 from 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. The twinkle of candles, the aroma of hot cider and the sounds of the season will put you in the holiday spirit. Tour the two-story 1860s era home dressed up with festive period decorations created by The Muirfield Village Garden Club. Enjoy musical entertainment, hot cider and cookies. Visit the replica one room school house. Capture a memory with a photo by the sleigh or by the large picturesque wreath at the Homestead's barn.
Admission is only $5.00 and is free for ages 10 and younger. Coffman Homestead is located adjacent to Dublin City Hall at 5200 Emerald Parkway. For more information or to purchase tickets, visit http://dublinohiohistory.org/old-fashion-christmas-success/. View the official flyer here.
Congratulations to the Muirfield Village Garden Club on their first place decorating award!
Since winter is finally here, our crews have turned off the tennis court lights for the season. They will be operational again in the springtime.
The City of Dublin is still collecting leaves, but due to bad weather, they have fallen slightly behind schedule. Leaves in Muirfield should have been picked up last week, however, due to the delays, some may be picked up this week.
The final scheduled pickup will be the week of December 3 - 7. Have leaves at the curb no later than 7 a.m. on December 3 to ensure pickup. If you miss this pickup, you may bag leaves and set them out for yard waste pickup on any Monday. Read more on the city's site.


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Trade Among Tribes: Commerce on the Plains before Europeans Arrived
Samuel Western
In the spring of 1934, an aging cowboy and stockman wrote some recollections to the editor of the Lusk Free Lance, a newspaper then published in Niobrara County in eastern Wyoming. In his letter, Addison A. Spaugh detailed his extensive life in the Wyoming cattle business, including a discovery he made in 1880 while driving cattle up the Muddy River drainage in the foothills of the Laramie Range.
"It was on this trip up the Muddy I discovered the Spanish Diggings. Thinking I had discovered a Spanish gold mine, I reported the fact to Mr. Manville [Hiram S. Manville, co-owner of the Converse Cattle Company] and he reported it to Adams and Glover, two drug store men in Cheyenne …"
The name, Spanish Diggings, stuck. Assumptions about its origins did not. Archeologists and geologists were the first to call Spaugh's assumptions into question. In 1894, University of Wyoming Geology Professor Wilbur C. Knight examined the quarries and estimated that "aborigines" excavated "hundreds of thousands if not millions of tons," of quartzite.
Knight made no reference to the Spanish or any other European settlers.
Eventually, archeologists would confirm that Spanish Diggings is a 400 square-mile series of Paleo-Indian quarries, dating to 10,000 years ago. As Gene Gade, president of the Vore Buffalo Jump Foundation, notes, "It was slowly accepted that the 'Spanish Diggings' were, in fact, the work of groups of hunters that had lived in the region and quarried the stone for projectile points, knives, scrapers, and other tools."
Trade among tribes of the Plains
A general misperception of Native American enterprise and trade continues today. On the Wikipedia page on Indian Trade, the discussion centers on Native American interactions with the English at the Jamestown colony in Virginia, general information about tribes involved in the Canadian-Missouri fur trade, and explains how some California tribes gathered slaves for the Spanish. The page omits any references to or examples of tribe-to-tribe trade.
Indians of the southern and northern Plains traded with each other for thousands of years. Flint points 13,000 years old, chiseled from the Texas quarries, have been found in eastern New Mexico. Quarried stone from the Obsidian Cliffs near Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyo. in Yellowstone Park, traveled to the the Ohio River Valley around 100-350 CE.
While archeological objects abound in Wyoming, the artifacts alone don't tell the story of pre-settlement trade among nomadic Plains tribes. Moreover, even before the advent of Europeans, tribal boundaries fluctuated with weather, game populations and alliances with other tribes. For example, the Comanche, one of the most entrepreneurial of tribes, once were part of the Shoshone tribe and lived largely in what's now Wyoming. In the middle 18th century they split from the Shoshone and moved south to rule the plains of Texas and Oklahoma.
Archeological artifacts do suggest, however, that native-to-native trade expanded over time. Emory Dean Keoke and Kay Marie Porterfield, authors of the Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World, say that the Hohokam tribe, centered in present day Arizona, traded seashells, which they had acquired from the Mojave tribe, for buffalo hides from various southern Plains tribes. "By between 500 and 200 B.C., North American Indians had established a vital network of trade."
Those networks weren't equally distributed, however, on the central plains.
Wyoming's role in tribal networks
The center of Wyoming, close to modern-day Lander, is isolated and roughly 800 miles equidistant from the three major pre-settlement trading centers for tribes: The Dalles, where the Chinookan tribes gathered along the Columbia River in what's now Oregon; Taos Pueblo in present New Mexico, which serviced the tribes of the southwest; and the Mandan/Hidatsa trade center, where the Knife River joins the Missouri River in modern-day North Dakota, where northern Plains tribes came to trade (see map).
There were also trade centers further south along the Missouri in what's now South Dakota– the Arikara Center and the Dakota Rendezvous – that attracted mostly tribes from the southern Plains.
It would be reasonable to assume that entrepreneurial tribes inhabiting Wyoming faced the same obstacles as a modern Wyoming business in creating a trade hub: distance to markets, lack of a critical mass of customers, and inclement weather. That may be true.
Wyoming, however, was home to at least two enterprising tribes, the Crow, and particularly the Shoshone, who had their own trade fair, the Shoshone Rendezvous.
We know little about this event, including its exact location. The recognized authority on the Shoshone Rendezvous, Smithsonian ethnologist John C. Ewers, wrote in the early 1950s that the most likely location was in "in the river valleys of southwestern Wyoming west of the South Pass—"a description that would also fit the later, better-known fur trade rendezvous of 1825-1840.
Ewers's main source is Canadian fur trader M. Charles McKenzie's narrative, "The Mississouri [sic] Indians. A narrative of four trading expeditions to the Mississouri, 1804, 1805, 1806, for the North-West Company."
Tribes, aiming for handsome profit, would buy items from the either the Mandan/Hidatsa Center or the Dakota Rendezvous and transport them to southwest Wyoming each spring.
Relying on McKenzie, Ewers notes that in June 1805, the Crow traded 250 horses to the Hidatsa, who offered 200 guns in exchange. The next year the Hidatsa offered 200 guns to the Cheyenne, hoping to receive at least that many horses in exchange. Normal markups were 100 percent; the Crow sold horses to the Mandan and Hidatsa at twice the price they had paid at the Shoshone rendezvous. The river tribes doubled the prices again when trading with others, like themselves, on the upper Missouri.
W. Raymond Wood, professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Missouri,said that long before the advent of Europeans the Shoshone Rendezvous served as a trade link between tribes of the Pacific Coast and tribes of the upper Missouri.
"Crow Indians," writes Wood, "carried goods to this rendezvous from the northern plains; Utes brought goods to it from the Southwest; and the Shoshone, Nez Perce, and Flatheads brought goods from the Great Basin and Plateau."
The Shoshone Rendezvous eventually gave way to the Green River Rendezvous, generally credited as an invention of Rocky Mountain Fur Company co-founder, William Ashley.
Although there is no direct connection between the two, Ewers says its "probable" that Ashley's rendezvous "was an adaption of the pre-existing Shoshoni trading rendezvous, at the same season of the year and the same region, in the advantage of white trappers."
"We think that the Shoshone were among the great Indian traders in the interior West," said Dudley Gardner, professor emeritus of history and political science at Western Wyoming Community College in Rock Springs. "Jim Bridger's trading post location"—on the Black's Fork of the Green River in what's now Uinta County, Wyo.—"in the Dove Eater Band of the Shoshoni was no accident."
Tapping Wyoming's resources
In his 1907 Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, anthropologist and archaeologist Fredrick Webb Hodge lists 13 tribes that included Wyoming in their historical range. Half of those spent a significant amount of time in this region: Arapaho, Cheyenne, Crow, Shoshone, Ute and later, the Sioux.
These tribes tapped Wyoming's abundant natural resources for desired trade goods: quartzite or obsidian for knives, scrapers and arrowheads; buffalo for robes, dried meat, pemmican and hides; soapstone for bowls; elk or deer for tanned hides; and horn, particularly from the bighorn sheep, for making bows, which were highly desired.
Again, the Shoshone were prominent. "One other specialty practiced by Sheepeaters, recognized by all other Shoshoni," recorded Maine-born trapper Osborne Russell, who worked the Rocky Mountain fur trade in the 1830s, "was the manufacture of very powerful bows from the horn of a mountain sheep. The bows were beautifully wrought from Sheep, Buffaloe and Elk horns secured with Deer and Elk sinews and ornamented with porcupine quills and generally about 3 feet long."
The Shoshone, it seems, traded with everyone, including northwest and southwest tribes. Other Rocky Mountain and central Plains tribes also took goods to the Missouri River valley to trade for corn, pumpkin, squash and native-grown tobacco (Nicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh). Their primary trading partners were the Mandan and Hidatsa of what is now North Dakota and, to a lesser degree, the Arikara, who were located north of the Grand River in present South Dakota. In his journal, William Clark of Corps of Discovery fame noted that the Arapaho conducted business with the Mandan, while the Cheyenne and Sioux traded with the Arikara.
Corn also appealed to former woodland tribes. "For the Sioux, corn was more important than blood," says James P. Ronda, professor of Western American History at the University of Tulsa. In August, "as in every other late summer and early fall, Sioux bands flocked to the Arikara towns, bringing meat, fat, and hides from the plains and European-manufactured goods from the Dakota Rendezvous."
Similarly Ewers notes that the Crow and Cheyenne, "both of which tribes had formerly been horticulturalists, seem to have been particularly fond of corn … while the Cheyenne found it difficult to go without this vegetable."
Probably one of the best descriptions of Plains tribes trade fairs comes from the journal of François-Antoine Larocque, a trader from the Montreal-based Northwest Company. Larocque spent the summer of 1805 with the Crow and earned a place in Wyoming history by being the first European-American clearly to describe them and their homelands in the Bighorn Mountains and along the Yellowstone River and its tributaries. He wrote his notes in English.
On June 25, 1805, Larocque described a band of 654 Crow warriors dressed in buckskins and carrying painted rawhide shields riding into a Hidatsa and Mandan village on the banks of the Knife River. After making a display meant to show off their wealth and power, the Crow returned to their tipis, set up west of the Hidatsa and Mandan settlements. Their hosts followed, "carrying a quantity of Corn raw and cooked which they traded for Leggings, Robes, and dried meat."
Early post-settlement trade
When Larocque and Lewis and Clark encountered each other at the Hidatsa and Mandan villages in 1804 and 1805, there had already been white traders there for at least a decade. But when, 600 miles further west in what's now western Montana, the Corps of Discovery encountered a group of Lemhi Shoshone, the white men were the first the Shoshone had seen.
After the first white-Indian contacts, European-tribal trade was not always quick to develop, however. Wyoming State Archeologist Greg Pierce notes in his doctoral thesis that on the northern Plains, stone tools and weapons, including bows and arrows, "remained in use from the 17th through the 19th century."
Art is not anthropology or archeology. Still, artists who visited the upper Missouri and Rocky Mountains in the 1830s noticed tribes hanging onto traditions or only selectively using European goods.
German artist Karl Bodmer made a sketch for his painting Indians Hunting the Bison, on Oct. 11, 1833, on a trip through the West with Prince Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied. They were near Fort Union, in what's now North Dakota, close to the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers.
Nearly half a century after the introduction of the gun to the Plains tribes, Bodmer shows warriors riding horses with only skins for saddles, no European bridles or reins, and felling their prey with a traditional bow and arrow. All the items they used, except for the horses, were gained through self-acquisition or inter-tribal trade, not necessarily through commerce with Europeans.
In another Bodmer engraving from the same trip, "The Interior of the hut of a Mandan chief," we see a mix of possessions, most of them native but also what may be a metal bowl at right and spears with what probably are metal spearheads.
fur-trade-wyoming-paintings-alfred-jacob-miller" class="alinks-link" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller, an American-born, European-trained artist also documented the tribes' habit of selective use of what Europeans offered. Here, in Miller's 1837 sketch, "Crossing to the North Fork of the Platte River," we see Sioux in possession of guns and blankets but little else from the white culture.
As noted, these manufactured goods didn't necessarily come into Indian hands directly from white traders. For example, Larocque met some of the Shoshone—whom he calls the Snakes—at these Knife River trade fairs and noted how they acquired goods, explaining in great detail how Indians could have European items through indirect trade:
The Snakes dwell east of the Flat heads upon the same range of mountains and on the head of rivers that have likewise a southerly course. They say there is much beaver on their lands and that they partly dress with it, they are all on good terms with the Rocky Mountains with whom they carry on such a trade as the Flat Heads. This nation is very numerous & each tribe has different names. The more southern tribes have dealings with the white of New Mexico from whom they get thick striped Blankets Bridles & Battle axes in exchange for Buffaloes robes and Deer Skins, but it is probable that this trade of the Snakes is carried on at a second or third hand and that they themselves have no direct trade with the Spaniards.
Horses, guns and disease
Tribes may have kept their distance from Europeans and stuck to their own ways, but contact with whites invariably altered tribe-to-tribe trade patterns. The horse, which came from the Spanish in the mid-17th century, allowed tribes to to expand their territories and become more efficient hunters and traders.
"The high tide in typical Plains culture seems to have come in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries," Clark Wissler writes in his often-quoted 1914 essay about the introduction of the horse to the Plains tribes. "While this was the era of trade, yet the horse increased the economic prosperity and created individual wealth with certain degrees of luxury and leisure; also it traveled ever ahead of the white trade and white trader."
Yet modern-day scholars warn against assuming the horse totally rearranged trading patterns.
"This process of 'indigenizing' the horse may have resulted in the acceleration or intensification of traditional native activities, such as raiding and bison hunting, or cultural practices related to social and political stratification," writes Wyoming State Archeologist Pierce. "However, there appears to be no reordering of indigenous worldviews as a result of the horse."
The gun was another story. Until the invention of the repeating rifle, tribes preferred to hunt bison with traditional bows and arrows. They used guns in warfare, however. The gun, first introduced to Plains tribes in the early 18th century—Swagerty calls the exact date of its advent to the Plains tribes "fragmentary"—left the tribes dependent on Europeans for ammunition, gunpowder and repair.
"When the gun got to the tribes, it created problems," says Gardner. "It created a dependency, including maintaining the rifle itself. That required a blacksmith."
European-tribal trade also brought disease. Smallpox may have altered post-settlement Indian trade more than the gun or the horse. The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic killed thousands people along the Missouri. Hardest hit were the Mandan. Historian Paul Carlson says that at the height of the culture, the Mandan had 15,000 people. After successive epidemics, ending with the smallpox epidemic of 1837, "only 138 people remained."
The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade
As white intrusion became more common, the area that is now Wyoming played a more important role in Indian-to-European trade. The fur trade, which in Wyoming ran roughly from 1805-1840, involved numerous tribes. In 1824, Jedediah Smith, on a tip from the Crow, crossed South Pass and began trapping beaver on the Green River. Fort Laramie, built in 1834 at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers, served as a fur trading post. The same year, Antonio Montero built a trading post on the middle fork of Powder River about 11 miles east of present Kaycee.
The Green River Rendezvous, first held in 1825, attracted not only the Shoshone, but the Nez Perce, Ute, Flathead and other tribes. When the Oregon Trail started attracting significant emigrant traffic in the 1840s, local entrepreneurs—Indian and white—began doing business with the travelers. Veteran mountain men Jim Bridger and Louis Vasquez founded their trading post in 1843 on the Black's Fork of the Green River—in the heart of Shoshone territory—to sell goods, livestock and blacksmithing services to the travelers. Bridger married Little Fawn, the daughter of Chief Washakie. Fort Bridger became for a time a large Shoshone community, with many eastern Shoshone spending much of the year in the area.
By 1854, there were small posts along the Oregon/California trail every 12 or 15 miles across what's now Wyoming. These were mostly run by French-speaking men with native wives and families—predominantly Lakota Sioux in what's now eastern Wyoming, Shoshone to the west.
The older tribe-to-tribe trading patterns, altered by disease, market hunting and the fur trade, began to fade away. In 1851, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Luke Lea promulgated a doctrine calling for the Indians' "concentration, their domestication, and their incorporation." The reservation period had begun. Still, many held on to old ways. Swiss-born artist Rudolf Friedrich Kurz made reference to the Hidatsa trading corn to the Crow as late as 1851.
Trading–or at least the image of trading–hasn't totally disappeared among tribes. In the movie Smoke Signals, written by Sherman Alexie, who grew up on the Spokane Reservation in northeast Washington State, characters Thomas Builds-the-Fire and Victor Joseph trudge along a highway, hoping for a lift. Two women from the reservation stop their car, asking if the men need a ride. "Yeah," says Thomas Builds-the-Fire enthusiastically. One of the women in the car hesitates, then demands: "What are we goin' to trade for it? We're Indians, remember? We barter!"
Burpee, L.J., ed. Journal of Larocque from the Assiniboine to the Yellowstone, 1805. Publications of the Canadian Archives, no. 3. Ottawa, Canada: Government Printing Office, 1910. Accessed Feb. 19, 2016, at https://archive.org/stream/journaloflarocqu00laro/journaloflarocqu00laro_djvu.txt.
Gardner, Dudley, Interview, February 2, 2016
Kurz, Rudolph Friederich. 1937. Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz, ed. J. N. B. Hewitt, trans. Myrtis Jarell, Bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology, no. 115 , page 198. Washington, 1937.
Lea, Luke. Cited in a 1948 US Department of the Interior document, Handbook of Federal Indians Laws, edited by Felix Cohen, Page 14. Accessed April 6, 2016 at: https://books.google.com/books?id=n8tGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=Commissioner+of+Indian+Affairs+Luke+Lea,++domestication&source=bl&ots=GMWchXQqCr&sig=INpTiCdxrcPOg6MtFJUF-YVzC9A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjorvqnnPrLAhXCmoMKHdsxAdIQ6AEIOzAG#v=onepage&q=Commissioner%20of%20Indian%20Affairs%20Luke%20Lea%2C%20%20domestication&f=false
Wood, W. Raymond, and Thomas D. Thiessen. Early fur trade on the Northern Plains: Canadian traders among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738-1818 : the narratives of John Macdonell, David Thompson, François-Antoine Larocque, and Charles McKenzie. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, 221-296.
Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: Or, Nine Years in the Rocky Mountains, 1834-1843, 31. Accessed March 16, 2016, at https://books.google.com/books?id=49HTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Niobrara County Library. "Roundup of 1884, by Addison A. Spaugh," Lusk Free Lance, May 17, 1934, 1. Accessed Feb. 19, 2016, at http://www.niobraracountylibrary.org/history/?id=142. This newspaper can also be accessed at Wyoming Newspapers at http://newspapers.wyo.gov.
Wood, W. Raymond, professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Missouri. Email to the author, February 6, 2016
Carlson, Paul. The Plains Indians. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M University Press, 1998, 8.
Davis, Leslie B., Stephen A. Aaberg, James G. Schmitt and Ann M. Johnson. The Obsidian Cliff Plateau Prehistoric Lithic Source, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Accessed Feb. 19, 2016, at http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/cr_publications.Par.85037.File.pdf.
Ewers, John C. 1954. "The Indian Trade of the Upper Missouri Before Lewis and Clark: An Interpretation." Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society 10 (4):429-446.
Gade, Gene. "The Spanish Diggings." Vore Buffalo Jump Foundation. Accessed March 16, 2016 at http://www.vorebuffalojump.org/pdf/VBJ-Spanish%20Diggings.pdf.
Hodge, Fredrick. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Volume 1, Volume 30, Part 1. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C.,1907.
Keoke, Emory Dean and Kay Marie Porterfield. Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovation. New York: Checkmark Books, July 2003, 3.
Knight, Wilbur, C. "Prehistoric Quartzite in Central Eastern Wyoming." Science.7, no. 166 (1898): 310.
Pierce, Greg. Re-examining Contact on the High Plains and Rocky Mountain Regions of the West, Ph.D. diss., University of Wyoming, 2015.
Ronda, James P. "The Arikara Interlude." Lewis & Clark Among the Indians, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expdition. Accessed April 19, 2016 at http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=lc.ronda.01.03.xml.
Swagerty, William. Indian Trade in the Trans-Mississippi West to 1870. In the Handbook of North American Indians: History of Indian-White Relations, ed. by William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, 286, 353.
Wikipedia. "Indian Trade." Accessed Feb. 19, 2016, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trade.
Wissler, Clark. "The Influence of the Horse in the Development of Plains Culture."
American Anthropologist, 16, no. 1 (January-March, 1914): 1-23.
Wood, W. Raymond. Prologue to Lewis and Clark: The Mackay and Evans Expedition. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003, 26.
Wilbur Knight's 1894 photo of Spanish Diggings is from the Samuel H. Knight Collection at the American Heritage Center via Wyoming Places. Used with thanks.
The Indian trade map was created by Dr. Raymond Wood, professor emeritus of anthropology, University of Missouri, for his book, Anthropology on the Great Plains, which he edited with Dr. Margo Liberty. Used with his kind permission.
Karl Bodmer, Indians hunting the bison. Tableau 31, is found in Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's Maximilian Prince of Wied's Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834; Translation H. Evans Lloyd; Achermann & Comp., London 1843–1844. This image is from Wikipedia. Used with thanks.
The image of Karl Bodmer's aquatint, "The interior of the hut of a Mandan Chief" from Maximilian, Prince of Wied's book, Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834 is from Wikipedia. Used with thanks.
The image of Alfred Jacob Miller's sketch of the two Sioux warriors from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. Used with thanks. Patron William Walters commissioned Miller to do a series of 200 watercolors of Rocky Mountain life; Miller based them on sketches he had made on his 1837 trip to the fur trade rendezvous on Green River. "At these crossings," Miller writes in his caption, "our goods were placed on Bull Boats ... A number of Sioux were watching our operations all this time, statue-like on the banks, and although we offered them strong inducements to help us, nothing would move them. We fancied we saw an expression of contempt on their faces. The trappers, becoming enraged, launched at them the choicest anathemas in French. 'Nursing their wrath to keep it warm.' Luckily for the poor Indians, they understood not a word of these nice expletives, and certainly so far as quiet dignity was concerned, they had the best of it."
Lusk Free Lance prints cowboy Addison Spaugh's recollections of the 1880s discovery of the Spanish Diggings east of Glendo, Wyo.
Samuel Western is a Sheridan-based freelance writer focusing on the economic and demographic history of the West and western communities and locavore food issues. His latest book, Canyons, will be released in August 2015 by Fithian Press
indian trade
crow tribe
shoshone tribe
mandan tribe
hidatsa tribe
arapaho tribe
comanche tribe
cheyenne tribe
sioux tribe
shoshone rendezous
dakota rendezvous
addison spaugh
jim bridger
spanish diggings
The Fur Trade in Wyoming
The Vore Buffalo Jump
Pictures on Rock: What Pictographs and Petroglyphs Say about the People Who Made Them
More about Fort Bridger at Wyoming Places
More about Horse Creek at Wyoming Places
Fort Bridger State Historic Site is located approximately 30 miles east of Evanston, Wyo. From Interstate 80, take Exit 34 and follow signs, traveling three miles to the site.
The grounds are open year-round from 8:30 a.m. until sunset as weather permits. Exhibit buildings are open June 1-Labor Day; visitor center and museum are open April 1-October 31, but on weekends only in April and October by appointment. Other facilities are a gift shop, picnic area and trails, including the Volksmarch trail. Restrooms and drinking water are available. Most facilities and trails are handicapped accessible. Camping is prohibited. Artifacts or natural resources must not be removed and plant life must not be disturbed.
For more information on hours and fees, contact the Fort Bridger Office at (307) 782-3842.
The Vore Buffalo Jump is located halfway between Sundance, Wyo., and Spearfish, S.D. From Sundance, head east on Interstate 90. Take Exit 199 and turn left. Travel under the interstate and turn right onto the next access road (old U.S. Highway 14); continue three miles to the site, located just south of the access road.
The site is open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. June 1 through Labor Day. There is an admission fee of $7 per person with a $20 maximum per family. Guides take visitors through the site, which is handicapped accessible. Restrooms are available. School groups tours are welcome off-season
For more information contact the Vore Buffalo Jump Foundation at (307)266-9530 or info@vorebuffalojump.org.
Spanish Diggings is a 10 by 40-mile area northeast of Glendo Reservoir near the junction of the Platte, Goshen and Niborara County lines, where for thousands of years native peoples quarried quartzite that then was traded throughout much of North America. In the 1880s, early cowboys mistakenly thought the sites had been mined by Spanish conquistadors; hence the name.
For maps and more information, visit Wyoming Places at http://wyomingplaces.pbworks.com/w/page/12716373/Spanish%20Diggings or see a video produced by the University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-PoVHbXirI.
Obsidian Cliffs
Obsidian was quarried at Obsidian Cliffs, now in Yellowstone National Park, as long as 11,000 years ago and, thanks to trade among the continent's early peoples, has turned up at ancient sites across North America from western Canada to the Ohio Valley.
Visitors to the park will find the cliffs on the Great Loop Road between Mammoth and Norris. For more information, visit the National Park Service web page linked above.


When using Ornatrix' built-in ray tracer or rasterizer shadows aren't cast from hair to other objects. This is one of the restrictions of rendering hair as non-geometric primitives. However the ray tracer does utilize a self-shadowing algorithm, as well as accepts shadows from other geometry in the scene. To complete the occlusion mechanism external shadowing algorithm is used to cast shadows from hair onto any other scene objects.
Shadow mapping is used by Ornatrix shadows to quickly and effectively compute both the object-object and hair-objects shadows. Standard shadow map parameters such as ray bias, map size, and filter kernel are available. You can also control the density of hair shadows (simulating hair translucency) through a shadow coefficient.
Hair thickness is inherited from the strands that are being used for shadows. You will need to add a render settings modifier somewhere in your hair stack to control the thickness. However if custom hair thickness isn't available a default value is used. Note that you have the option of including all scene hair objects or just selective ones. Therefore certain lights can be used as hair-only lights and only cast hair-object shadows.
Sets the 'opacity' value for every hair strand. This controls how much light is allowed to pass through each hair strand.
Determines how much offset is applied to scene geometry and hair objects to prevent them from shadowing themselves.
Dimensions of the shadow map. For example, a value of 512 means a 512x512 map is generated. Bigger maps usually result in sharper detail, but conserver more memory.
Controls the 'bluriness' and smoothness of the shadows. This is required for smaller maps to prevent aliasing.


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Oshwal Academy is a private, co-educational institution situated in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya, which is owned and managed by Oshwal Education and Relief Board (part of a community of Kenyan-Indians practising Jainism), which also owns four private schools and hostels in Nairobi, Kenya.

Its curriculum follows the British National Curriculum of General Certificate of Education
(GCE), although it replaced the O Level system to IGCSE from the 2012/2013 academic year.

The original building was sold and the school relocated to the exclusive Nyali region of Mombasa in 2005.

Facilities

The new  campus includes:
Kindergarten School
Primary School
Junior School
Senior School
3 ICT laboratories
6 Science laboratories
Cafeteria
Administration block
Library
Staff room
Book store
2 Art rooms
Music room
Band room
Swimming pool, and
Basketball field.

The campus has a multi-purpose hall (which caters for indoor games such as badminton, basketball, handball, table-tennis and volleyball. It can host assemblies, examinations and entertainment events. The campus also includes sporting facilities, as follows: 25-metre swimming pool and toddlers pool, Full-sized football pitch (also can be used for hockey and rugby), 400 metre track field, Tennis courts, Common rooms, and Gardens.

Schools
The Kindergarten section in the school is a co-educational institution for children between the ages of 2 and 5. The section has a separate building, with a separate playing area.

Junior School caters for students between the ages of 6 to 11 which follows the British educational system of Key Stage.

Senior School is divided into an IGCSE section and an A Level section. Year 7 to 11 concentrate on the IGCSE examinations, after which students sit on their pre-university examinations during Year 12 and 13, modelled after the British Advanced Level system.

Activities
Some of the clubs and activities available are:
'Music, dance and theatre',
Expedition,
Model United Nations,
Student council,
President's Award Scheme,
Art and Craft,
Chess,
First Aid,
Girl Guides,
Interact,
Journalism,
Public speaking and drama,
Science,
Scouting,
Smart Cookies,
Wildlife,
Young Farmers,
Book and Media club,
Taekwondo, and
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

References

External links
Oshwal Junior High website (http://www.oanjuniorhigh.ac.ke/)
Oshwal Primary website (http://www.oanprimary.ac.ke/)
Oshwal Nursery website (http://www.oannursery.ac.ke/)
LAMDA (www.lamda.org.uk)
GAHA Kenya (www.intaward.org)

Asian-Kenyan culture
Indian-Kenyan culture
Jainism in Kenya
Schools in Mombasa


text:
Atarazanas Boutique Hotel
Exe Astoria
Home > Things to do > Unusual things to do > Gerald Brenan in Malaga
Gerald Brenan in Malaga
Gerald Brenan was 1 of the greatest Hispanists and had strong connections with Malaga. In this blog post, we go off the beaten track to Churriana to visit the house and part of the legacy of Gerald Brenan in Malaga.
The house has been converted into a cultural centre and acts as a base for the celebration of Gerald Brenan's life in Malaga. Regular conferences, concerts and symposiums are held here, all based broadly around the writer and his friends and acquaintances. These included Ernest Hemingway, Virginia Woolfe and Bertran Russell. You can check out the up-coming events on the Facebook page.
Before Malaga
Born in Malta in 1894, Gerald Brenan discovered Spain when he received an inheritance and was rich enough to support himself. He arrived armed with a suitcase and record player in Galicia and walked his way through Spain to the Alpujarras where he settled in the tiny (and remote) village of Yegen. Here he wrote his famous novel South of Granada and lived for 11 years before he returned to the UK in 1930.
In the UK he met the American poet Gamel Woolsey and married her. Gamel was horrified at the idea of life in Yegen with no mod-cons so the couple began their search for somewhere suitable to live. They chose Churriana because of its proximity to Malaga, Torremolinos (already a favoured holiday spot among British intellects and writers) and Gibraltar.
They bought a house on Calle Torremolinos, now a quiet street in the centre of Churriana and then the main road from Malaga to Gibraltar.
READ ABOUT THINGS TO SEE IN MALAGA
They lived here for 34 years before moving to nearby Alhaurín el Grande. The house was bought by Malaga council in 2014 and extensively restored. Today, although the layout of the rooms is slightly different and the garden smaller, you still get a good idea of what it was like when the Brenans lived here.
The main exhibit room includes two lifesize figures of Gerald and Gamel plus a few objects from the time in the house together. According to the director of the Gerald Brenan Foundation, Silvia Grijalbo, most of the objects were donated by a family friend in the village.
You can see a small library of books owned by Brenan (many were gifts to Churriana residents), a selection of postcards he and Gamel sent to the housekeeper and gardener, his record player and the typewriter he used to write his most famous work, The Spanish Laberynth.
Downstairs are also two rooms dedicated to Rafael Pérez Estrada, a Malaga poet and artist. His works line the walls in both rooms.
For legal reasons, Malaga council was unable to recover the garden in its entirely. You get a good idea of its extension from upstairs in the house – the garden walls go back a long way and house big fruit trees. Apparently it was more like a park when the Brenans lived here.
Today, there's a large central fountain with a few bourgainvilleas and palm trees. However, it's a lovely quiet space – perfect for celebrating events around the life of Gerald Brenan in Malaga.
READ ABOUT PARKS IN MALAGA
This is the hub of the cultural centre with a conference room. We loved the large photos of Gerald Brenan here – pictures of him in Yegen, in the garden in Churriana, dining al fresco with Hemingway and a family portrait with Gamel and Brenan's daughter, Miranda.
Brenan was famed as a womaniser, particularly during his time in the Alpujarras. According to Neka, this reputation lived on while he lived in Churriana and is remembered by people in the village today.
"Do not believe those persons who say they have never been jealous. What they mean is that they have never been in love."
SEE WHAT'S ON IN MALAGA
The Spanish Civil War for Gerald Brenan in Malaga
We were privileged enough to be shown the office at the top of the house (usually closed to the public). The views from this second storey room are stunning and take in the Guadalhorce River Valley, the mountains to the east of Malaga and the Mediterranean. Our guide Neka told us that Gamel and Brenan watched the bombing of Malaga by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War. The scenes were the inspiration for Gamel's Malaga in Flames: An American woman's eyewitness account of the Spanish Civil War.
For his part, Brenan refused to take sides – part of his success as a Hispanist was due to his objective vision of both arguments as he depicts in The Spanish Laberynth. During the early days of the Civil War when Malaga was in the hands of the Republicans, he gave refuge to the owner of his house (a Nationalist supporter), an act that was heavily criticised in the village.
The final resting place for Gerald Brenan in Malaga
Fittingly Gerald Brenan is buried in Malaga, the place he called home for 52 years. His grave is at the English Cemetery, the oldest non-Catholic cemetery in Spain and home to other illustrious Malaga residents.
The English Cemetery, 1 of the more unusual things to do in Malaga, is an oasis of calm in the busy city and a short walk from the bullring in the Malagueta. Open Tuesday to Sunday 10am to 2pm. Admission €3.
Visiting Gerald Brenan's House
As well as a main centre for cultural events in Malaga, Gerald Brenan's House is also open for visits. Guided tours are available (currently only in Spanish). The House is open 4 to 9pm on Wednesdays and Thursdays, and 11am to 2pm and 4 to 9pm on Fridays. Free admission.
How to get to there
This is off the beaten track in Malaga, but you can still get there easily on public transport. Take the No 9 bus from the Alameda Principal and get off in Churriana at Maestro Vert (stop number 1041 – see the EMT bus app for more information). From here it's a short walk to the Gerald Brenan House. The journey takes just over half an hour. (Or you can get into the spirit of Gerald Brenan and walk – Gerald Brenan walked regularly from Churriana to Yegen and the journey (170km) reportedly took him just a day and a half!)
READ MORE ABOUT GETTING AROUND IN MALAGA
If you're planning a visit to Malaga take a good look round our website for lots of suggestions and tips. All information comes bang up-to-date and all recommended venues are tried and tested. What's not to love?
SEE MORE THINGS TO DO IN MALAGA
Sol Guadalmar


He started his career in 2001 at Hout Bay Gallery where 25 works sold in 6 weeks. To date Scott has produced over 5000 artworks with 3500 painting sales, 1000 in print sales and 2500 sketches. Scott's work has appeared on the auction circuit with 25 catalogued auction sales.
Scott works prolifically with in acrylic on canvas, print, sketch and sculpture. Scott also works in ceramic and spray paint.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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/* This work is part of OpenLDAP Software <http://www.openldap.org/>.
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#include "ldif.h"

static volatile sig_atomic_t gotsig;

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{
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#endif
	(void) SIGNAL( SIGINT, slapcat_sig );
	(void) SIGNAL( SIGTERM, slapcat_sig );

	if( !be->be_entry_open ||
		!be->be_entry_close ||
		!( be->be_entry_first || be->be_entry_first_x ) ||
		!be->be_entry_next ||
		!be->be_entry_get )
	{
		fprintf( stderr, "%s: database doesn't support necessary operations.\n",
			progname );
		exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
	}

	if( be->be_entry_open( be, 0 ) != 0 ) {
		fprintf( stderr, "%s: could not open database.\n",
			progname );
		exit( EXIT_FAILURE );
	}

	thrctx = ldap_pvt_thread_pool_context();
	connection_fake_init( &conn, &opbuf, thrctx );
	op = &opbuf.ob_op;
	op->o_tmpmemctx = NULL;
	op->o_bd = be;

	if ( !requestBSF && be->be_entry_first ) {
		id = be->be_entry_first( be );

	} else {
		if ( be->be_entry_first_x ) {
			id = be->be_entry_first_x( be,
				sub_ndn.bv_len ? &sub_ndn : NULL, scope, filter );

		} else {
			assert( be->be_entry_first != NULL );
			doBSF = 1;
			id = be->be_entry_first( be );
		}
	}

	for ( ; id != NOID; id = be->be_entry_next( be ) ) {
		Entry* e;
		char textbuf[SLAP_TEXT_BUFLEN];
		size_t textlen = sizeof(textbuf);
		const char *text = NULL;

		if ( gotsig )
			break;

		e = be->be_entry_get( be, id );
		if ( e == NULL ) {
			printf("# no data for entry id=%08lx\n\n", (long) id );
			rc = EXIT_FAILURE;
			if( continuemode ) continue;
			break;
		}

		if ( doBSF ) {
			if ( sub_ndn.bv_len && !dnIsSuffixScope( &e->e_nname, &sub_ndn, scope ) )
			{
				be_entry_release_r( op, e );
				continue;
			}

			if ( filter != NULL ) {
				int rc = test_filter( NULL, e, filter );
				if ( rc != LDAP_COMPARE_TRUE ) {
					be_entry_release_r( op, e );
					continue;
				}
			}
		}

		if( verbose ) {
			printf( "# id=%08lx\n", (long) id );
		}

		rc = entry_schema_check( op, e, NULL, 0, 0, NULL,
			&text, textbuf, textlen );
		if ( rc != LDAP_SUCCESS ) {
			fprintf( ldiffp->fp, "# (%d) %s%s%s\n",
				rc, ldap_err2string( rc ),
				text ? ": " : "",
				text ? text : "" );
			fprintf( ldiffp->fp, "dn: %s\n\n", e->e_name.bv_val );
		}

		be_entry_release_r( op, e );
	}

	be->be_entry_close( be );

	if ( slap_tool_destroy() )
		rc = EXIT_FAILURE;

	return rc;
}


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← Immigrants are a benefit to N.C.
For President Obama, the North Carolina poll results are a good news, bad news story.
The bad news is that his approval rating is 37% among registered voters in North Carolina, according to the latest Elon University Poll.
Politics — The split is stark: 71% of Democrats approve of how he's handling his job vs. 31% of Independents and only 4% of Republicans. The percentages are consistent with polls in September and February, although he has lost some Democratic support.
Gender — His approval rating among men is 35%; among women, 39%. These figures, too, are consistent with September.
Race — He has lost support among African Americans since September. His approval rating among blacks is 75%; whites, 24%. Last September, 83% of African Americans approved of his work.
Age — His approval rating is highest among 31-40 year-olds at 41%; lowest among 51-65 year-olds at 33%.
Explanation: Nationally, President Obama's poll numbers are sinking, primarily credited to — or blamed on — the stumbling Affordable Health Care rollout. His approval numbers among North Carolina registered voters are in line with the national numbers.
While the president doesn't have to worry about re-election, he does want to keep his party strong in this state in particular. The loss of Democratic support and African American support put to lie the idea that those groups will follow him anywhere. They are beset by the same economic and health care problems as everyone else. That should alarm him. And Democratic candidates across the state.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged President Obama. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
The Sumpter Valley Railway, Middle Fork (John Day River) Spur, near Bates, Oregon, was built in 1916.  Also known as the Oregon Lumber Company Railroad, it was designed by engineer Joseph A. West.  A linear historic district including 16.2 miles out of 23 original miles on the spur, from near Bates, Oregon, to the Mitchell Tract, historic end of the railroad, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The listing included three contributing structures:  the roadbed, the Davis Creek Bridge, and a water tower at Big Boulder Creek.

The National Register's NRIS database recorded the name as Sumpter Valley Railway, Middle Fork-John Day River, which seems garbled, but is echoed in various internet webpages.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1916
Grant County, Oregon
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Oregon


text:
首页 > News > Latest News
20 projects win national science awards
The 2019 National Science and Technology Award ceremony was held in Beijing on Friday. Twenty Shenzhen projects carried out by 22 universities, research institutions and enterprises in Shenzhen won at the awards.
The Shenzhen-based projects won in three award categories at the ceremony: one won in biological technology, five in technology inventions and 14 in scientific progress.
Five high-tech fields were involved in the projects, namely electronic information, advanced manufacturing, civil construction, biological medicine, and resources and environment.
Fifteen of the awards were won by Shenzhen enterprises, accounting for 75 percent of the city's total awards. The awardees list included big name enterprises such as Huawei, ZTE, Han's Laser, Shennan Circuits, China Construction Science and Industry, and Unilumin as well as well-known enterprises within the industries including Beike Biotechnology, Zhaowei, Kunda and CCDI.
Huawei has won the awards for 13 consecutive years. This year, the smartphone giant earned three prizes.


Doughboys Doughnuts – Street View.
Out comes a tray of fresh doughnuts, he grabs one and dips it into the orange zested vanilla icing. He places it on a cooling rack and gently sprinkles crushed pistachios over the top. He places it carefully into the box and calls my name. The box is exchanged with a nod of the head and a smile. I remove the doughnut from the box and take my first bite. The warm doughnut and incredible balance of flavour immediately warms my heart. It is devoured within minutes. I think I'm in love.
Doughboys Doughnuts – From left: Pistachio, Lime Coconut.
Doughboys doughnuts is a pop-up shop that make fresh gourmet doughnuts and great coffee every morning of the working week. The doughnuts are made to order and 'dipped on demand.' Your doughnut is crafted before your very eyes, which definitely adds to the excitement.
Doughboys Doughnuts – Doughnuts dipped on demand.
According to their website they are looking to hire some new bakers for summer which hopefully means they will stick around for a few more months. Fingers crossed. The sad thing about pop-ups, are that they don't stick around forever so you sort of have to eat these fresh doughnuts every morning until they finish up to avoid severe doughnut remorse. This is where the magic happens. Doughnuts in the making.
Doughboys Doughnuts – Doughnuts in the making.
It's temporarily located at Mr Nice Guy Thai which is on Little Lonsdale Street (between King & William) but you enter though Healeys Lane. The place is funky and kitsch with the colourful mismatched tiles and oil stained mirror along the wall.
The flavours are original and unique (and most importantly, delicious!). They alternate each day so sometimes they have different doughnuts available. I'm pretty sure they are all yum so it doesn't matter which day you go.
Doughboys Doughnuts – Doughnut Display.
We got a box of four. We tried the Cinnamon Apple, which was burnt cinnamon and torched apple on a vanilla bean glaze Y-U-M! there was also Lime Coconut, which was lemon and lime zested icing with toasted coconut, Choc Nut – Dark Monsieur Truffe cocoa with crushed walnuts and hazelnuts and Pistachio – orange zested vanilla icing with crushed up pistachio. All the doughnuts were really good. Plus they serve good coffee (Market Lane coffee) which is a bonus. Overall, it was a very good day.
Doughboys Doughnuts – Cinnamon Apple, Pistachio, Choc Nut, Coconut Lime.
I really want to try the salted caramel one and also the maple bacon. My advice is to go early to avoid disappointment (I'd say preferably before 9am) because these doughnuts are a best seller and often sell out. I walked out of there with pep in my step, ready to take on the week (and the world). It's the perfect start to the day.
Adriano Zumbo Patisserie – Melbourne.
Adriano Zumbo is a well-known Australian patissier who creates unique desserts that are playful and executed with perfection. He was deemed ' the dark lord of pastry' and the 'sweet assassin' on MasterChef for his inventive and complex desserts. So when he opened his first store in Melbourne, tucked away in a narrow street in South Yarra, there was no surprise that there would be people queuing up everyday to purchase his extraordinary desserts.
Adriano Zumbo Patisserie – People in queue – Worth the wait.
As expected there was a line out the front but it only took about 20 minutes for us to move to the front of the line. It takes about that long for you to decide what you want to order anyhow, so it works well. They have full sized cakes, mini cakes, macarons, chocolates and pastries. The flavours sound interesting and spark your curiosity. Sweet tooth's beware, you may want to order everything.
Adriano Zumbo Patisserie – Shop Front.
I was excited to try the 'Zonut,' and as expected, it was absolutely delicious! Finally we have a 'cronut' in Melbourne that is worthy of the craze. The layers of pastry pulled apart delicately like a croissant and the golden deep fried goodness and round holed shape like a doughnut make the Zonut a winner. It was light and fluffy, really delicious! There is jam and cream between the layers of pastry, jam on one side and cream on the other. Oh my! And if that wasn't enough, it is then topped with pink icing. Zumbolicious!
Max had his hungry little eyes on the Zonut too. Sorry Max, it's not for dogs. And plus Zonuts are not for sharing either they are too yummy.
We also tried a range of Zumbarons. Zumbarons are macarons, Zumbo style. There were mountains and mountains of zumbarons to choose from. Some of the unusual flavours that we tried were coconut and lychee (surprise lychee gel in the centre), salted butter popcorn (deliciously buttery), strawberry, wasabi & green tea (didn't like it), bread and butter pudding (tastes just like it) and finger bun (my fave!) The flavours taste exactly as their description. Zumbo's detail to flavour is impeccable.
Zumbo Patisserie – Cherry Coconut Zumbaron.
It's more of a take away patisserie, the store is quite small and there are not many seats around. The seats kind of deter you from sitting down anyway because they are funny looking. I can see the potential in the concept of white and pink vintage chairs covered with melting scoops of ice cream, the idea is fun but they are absolutely hideous. Just saying. No matter, it's not about the chairs, it's about the sweets, and the sweets are amazing!
Adriano Zumbo Patisserie – Melting Ice-cream Chairs.
We also tried the lemon meringue tart, which is a tart with a mound of lemon gel and lemon curd crowned with a piped rose of Italian meringue. It was yummy however each bite I took made my jaw zing with the strong tang of lemon. Good though. We also tried the BBB, which was Blackberry jelly, Blackberry caramel with Buttermilk ganache contained in a rectangular box of malt crumble. Blackberry Bonanza!
Adriano Zumbo Patisserie – Cakes.
They had a range of cakes on display, which looked deceivingly simple from the outside but had layers upon layers of different flavours and technique. For example there was the annoying orange cake, which is a flourless chocolate cake with orange caramel, olive sable, chocolate & clove mousse and orange & white chocolate jam. Another one available was the famous V8 vanilla cake, which was featured on MasterChef with eight intricate layers of deliciousness.
Just a side note, they also have sausage rolls, pies and quiches in case you want something savoury to eat aside your box of sweets. It's great to have an Adriano Zumbo Patisserie in Melbourne. Creative and quirky desserts made with precision.


text:
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Facebook launched it's Messenger Kids App in Canada and Peru on June 22nd, 2018. The Messenger Kids Product Development Team talking to parents in Vancouver, BC and other Canadian cities last week.
Facebook launches new Messenger Kids app in Canada. The product development team was in Vancouver, BC and other Canadian cities to talk about the app.
Messenger Kids product development team showing key features of the new app to Vancouver parents.
Vancouver moms testing Facebook's new Messenger Kids app.
Vancouver moms watching a demo of Facebook's new Messenger Kids App.
Messenger Kids Product Development Manager talking to Vancouver parents about the app in Vancouver, BC.


Toshali Sands Puri is one of the most beautiful four star resorts in Puri. It is one of the favorite holiday destinations of the tourists. The resort is beautifully located on the Konark Marine drive to bring you an enriching experience of Balighai Beach and being nearby to the Balukhanda Reserve Forest you also get to experience the rare sight of the forest reserve from the resort.
Toshali Sands is counted among the best luxury hotels in Puri. You get the finest world class facilities and services all available under the single roof. Be it the cosiest accommodations, round the clock room services, guest friendly staff. Apart from this the beautiful restaurant and the bar makes sure to serve you the finest flavours of the food and drinks. So if you are a foodie and like exploring delicious variety of cuisines then this is just the right place for you. The bar is well equipped with best quality liquor range manufactured by the leading Indian and foreign brands. Some of the other eye catchy features of Toshali Sands are Ayurvedic Massage, Yoga, Gym, Swimming Pool, Sauna, Children's Park, Pool Table, Tennis and Badminton Courts.
It is always nice to make your advance booking to avoid last moment inconvenience and rush. To book Puri hotel room online all you need is a working internet connection. Once you are connected with the internet you can book your desired room with easy to follow steps. If you are planning to visit Puri in your next vacations make sure to experience the best of times with your family and friends in the luxuries of Toshali Sands.


text:
Bird of prey conservation and research
The threats facing bird of prey populations around the world are numerous. A majority of species are under pressure to a lesser or greater extent. Apart from local and/or species specific threats, widespread threats include:
poisoning;
habitat modification and loss;
direct and indirect persecution;
the regulated and unregulated use of chemicals toxic to birds of prey and other animals;
the proliferation of infrastructure associated with energy (such as wind turbines);
and an unsustainable trade in wild birds of prey.
The combined impact of these and other threats presents a poor prognosis for many species. The conservation actions used to defend against these threats are varied and often innovative, but must be based on the results of focused research. As a result, the operational philosophy of the Hawk Conservancy Trust is one of evidence-based conservation management. This is reflected in the variety of projects undertaken by the Trust and this includes a number of research projects.
Save vultures from extinction!
Vultures are the most endangered group of birds in the world and, if nothing is done, populations in Africa could go extinct within 50-60 years.
The Hawk Conservancy Trust's conservation work in the UK aims to generate net positive outcomes for populations of British birds of prey.
The International Vulture Programme (IVP) is a multi-partner initiative that focuses efforts on the research and conservation of six vulture species in eight countries.
On-site projects aim to maximise the conservation value of the Trust in terms of living collection and site biodiversity as well as developing and implementing novel methods of husbandry and welfare improvement for birds of prey.
National Bird of Prey Hospital™ and rehabilitation work
Opened by the Duke of Gloucester, the Hawk Conservancy Trust's National Bird of Prey Hospital™ can receive and treat more than 200 sick, injured or orphaned birds of prey each year.
Members of the Hawk Conservancy Trust team regularly author and co-author research published in a range of prestigious academic journals.
Donations are a vital source of funding and go directly towards our conservation, education, rehabilitation and research work


He curses a lot, so don't ever watch a CT Fletcher video at work or in front of your small children.
But damn if he isn't super inspirational!
Pick you up? Yeah, I thought it would.
I just got this and thought I'd pass it on to you – the best outdoor activities for building strength, endurance, and muscle.
Getting outside is a sure way to improve your mind, body, and spirit.
Plus, you need the Vitamin D!
So get outside, while you still can.
I can tell you with 100% certainty that a) you need to eat good healthy fats to burn bodyfat and b) sleep and stress cause a whole lot of issues.
So get those in order if you want to build lean muscle and strip off bodyfat.
For most people, 7 to 9 hours of uninterrupted sound sleep is sufficient.
Is it optimal? I don't know. Let your body be your guide. Listen to what it's telling you.
For #5, I know this works – for any resistance exercise.
In fact, if you can't even do an assisted dip or pullup, do the negative!
When I first started weight training, one of the exercises I wanted to do but couldn't was the parallel bar dip. I could not press up from the down position. So I used my 12 year-old ingenuity, and rather than give up, I improvised.
Now, I didn't know WTF I was doing, but it worked.
I knew I could lower myself, if even just six inches. But doing so, for reps, built my strength. Soon enough I could lower myself to the fully-stretched position.
Of course, I still couldn't push myself back up.
But over time, I got stronger and was soon able to do one full rep! YAY!
When I wanted to do one-arm pullups, of course, I couldn't. So I went back to the (knowledge) well and did what I did with dips: I started in the up position, doing a pullup with both arms, then I let go with one and held it (isometrics), then lowered myself as slowly as possible.
In time, I was able to complete not just one one-armed pullup (with either hand) but several.
It works. You have to outsmart gravity and the exercise apparatus.
Start with the negative! You will get positive results.
And before I forget – you can get 30 fitness books for less than a penny here.
Over your sugar high yet?
I love it because candy.
I hate it because – like everything else in my life – I over do it.
So I'm paying for it today.
The best part about the iron life? I get to work it off today!
Today is leg day, so I'm sure I'll burn off those calories and build some strength today.
Plus, I love doing HIIT training on the bike after a hard leg workout. I sweat like a beast!
What do you do to correct your weaknesses?