The role holder will support Christian Aid's humanitarian response in the North East with special focuses on operations.
He/she will be responsible for leading the team responsible for procurement, logistics, human resources and administration within the humanitarian response to enable the team to function smoothly and effectively.
Proactively taking responsibility for making things work, for example managing the relationship and performance of external suppliers and service providers and ensure that sub offices function optimally.
She/he will support Christian Aid's funded programmes which are implemented by Christian Aid and its partners in Borno and other northeast states.
The role holder will be representing Christian Aid in sector working groups meetings/activities and engage in the right networks. The role reports to the Business Systems Manager.
The role is positioned in the Business Administration, HR & IT role family. Based within the humanitarian response, the focus of the role is to ensure core business systems function within the humanitarian response including sub offices.
The role will be working closely with the Business Systems Manager to coordinate the human resource, administrative, logistics and procurement activities in the humanitarian response.
It manages CA property, sources and secures various contracts (with suppliers, service providers, consultants).
It is the custodian of assets and responsible for all health and safety issues pertaining to staff and visitors.
Systems Manager to implement new policies and systems across the humanitarian response as they are rolled out.
The role will be involved in recruitment of new staff and ensures that staff are properly inducted.
The role also oversees, leads, line manages and builds the capacities of other staff members within the team.
The role is fundamental to creating a conducive working environment for all staff in the humanitarian response.
Compliance with Christian Aid policies, procedures and standards especially in the areas of IT, Information Management, Administration and general operational systems.
Effective and efficient business operational systems in place throughout the humanitarian response and sub offices and for managing relationships with partners and external suppliers.
High quality advice and support provided to staff and to the Humanitarian Response Manager.
Accurate maintenance of data relating to office administration and operations including monthly, quarterly and annual reporting and fulfilment of all Christian Aid procedural requirements.
Working closely with the Humanitarian Response Manager, ensures the office is properly registered (including renewal of licensing) and in compliance with local Legislation (including labour and operational laws in Borno State).
External: Build strong relationships with partners, networks, donors, stakeholders and community beneficiaries.
Internal: Build strong relationship with program departments, FSL/WASH Staff, MEAL officers, program managers, M&E units and all in-country and global staff.
Make decisions in order to manage team effectively, from recruitment of volunteers and program staff to day to day management of team members.
Also providing technical input and overall leadership on all logistics, administration and procurement issues.
Day to day decision to ensure adequate support to projects are running effectively and higher levels decisions on supporting the projects informed by Christian Aid's strategy and strategic focus areas.
Works on complex specialist/ technical issues. Problems and issue, risks and benefits may have implications across several departments.
Required to develop new ways of doing things to better meet program goals requiring substantial creative or analytical ability.
Has direct responsibility for developing, coaching and motivating a team or teams of colleagues/project team members. Focus will be on advising and guiding project leads on policy issues/high level procedures.
The post holder should have a first Degree in any of the Social Sciences - Business Administration, Public Administration, Economics, with 5-7 years' experience of working in humanitarian response with local and/international partner organizations.
Strong positive attitude and ability to manage a wide range of issues of complicated issues, indicated by 5-7 years learning period.
Post graduate degree and membership of relevant professional body.
At least a 5 years humanitarian response experience especially in the areas of administration, procurement and logistics.
Familiar with office operations in the Northeast Nigeria context.
Ability to communicate fluently in Hausa and English language.
I think you may be interested in this position - Job Vacancies at Christian Aid (CA). This is the link: https://www.myjobmag.com/job/107488/senior-operations-coordinator-christian-aid?utm_source=email_friend. Copy and paste link on browser if link is not working. Check it out!


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Vintage Hein Gerick Leather Motorcycle Jacket. In excellent condition. Size 44. $95.00. This motorcycle jacket sold for $299.99 when new. Original price tag is in the pocket. This is a very cool retro jacket.
Call 715 645-038zero E Mails will not be answered. Also please no texts.


text:
Christ the King students spend spring break serving at shelter
by Antonio Guzman, for the Sooner Catholic
Hidden in the midst of a poor neighborhood, a Carmelite-run shelter serves as a beacon of hope for the 29 children, ages 1-14, who reside there. The Spanish name for the shelter, Refugio Infantil Santa Esperanza or RISE, roughly translates to Children's Shelter of Hope.
This safe haven was founded in 2001 after the parish priest and Carmelite sisters saw the need to provide a refuge to the children who were homeless, orphaned or were at risk in their own home.
During Spring Break this past March, teenagers who attend Christ the King in Oklahoma City traveled to Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, as part of a mission trip to work at the shelter.
Before embarking on the mission trip, the high school missionaries from Bishop McGuinness Catholic High School, parents and a number of parish ministries collaborated to put on a fish fry fundraiser to donate to RISE's catholic education fund.
The missionaries' goal was three-fold: to establish a greater life of prayer through daily Adoration and Mass, to serve the children of RISE selflessly and to build fraternity with those on the mission trip. The missionaries spent time helping the RISE children with homework, reading with them and playing games.
On three of the days, missionaries helped with debris clean up, cleaning out a storage closet, installing a donated cabinet and watering plants.
In the midst of serving the children of RISE, the high school missionaries and chaperones had the opportunity to learn the stories behind some of the children's arrival to RISE.
Father Rick Stansberry, pastor of Christ the King, said, "The story that impacted me the most was of the three little boys, all siblings, who had arrived the week prior to our arrival to RISE. The boys were having a hard time adjusting to their new home. The boys were picked up and brought to RISE because a concerned neighbor said there were children that were left alone in a home and that the parents had not been back in a few days.
The boys were neglected. When authorities arrived, the boys were dirty, had no food or shoes, and the home did not have electricity. Upon arrival to RISE the children were fed, bathed and given clean clothes and shoes. The boys were so excited to have shoes because they had not had any before. After the boys finished eating, one of them asked if they were going to eat again the next day. The lady who prepares the meals told them that they were and that they were going to eat again later that day. The boys could not believe that they were going to have food twice in one day."
Professor Jorge Hubeto-Ayala, who oversees education and tutoring for the children, said it was helpful to have the high school missionaries interact with the children because the three newly arrived boys really needed the human interaction. He also said that he was grateful because the children needed young people who can keep up with them and play, interact and simply give attention.
Jenson McPherson, a freshmen high school missionary said, "The kids changed my perspective on life. Their happy hearts in such a tough situation was something to admire. I'm so thankful for the opportunity to meet those sweet kids and I will never forget them!"
As the mission trip ended, one child ran along the Los Mango's Library gate, following the bus and waving good-bye.
"The memories made and the deepening of faith due to the time spent in Mexico are a few of the things that my peers and I will not forget. I would not have wanted to spend my spring break any other way," said Luke Chansolme, a sophomore high school missionary.
Learn more about RISE at www.risepv.com.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Ruskin Collection, known officially as the Collection of the Guild of St George was created by John Ruskin (1819-1900), an influential Victorian writer.
Throughout the mid 1800s, Ruskin gained fame by writing about art, architecture, geology and landscapes.By the 1870s Ruskin's interest had turned to social policy, and he founded the Guild of St George with the aim of making England a better place for the everyday worker. With the help of his Guild, Ruskin put together this collection to display in Sheffield as a creative and educational tool for Sheffield's metalworkers.
The collection is an eclectic mix that reflects Ruskin's many interests. Early renaissance art, gothic architecture, Albrecht Dürer and JMW Turner's engravings, mosaic decoration, Japanese cloisonné enameling, illustrations of birds, flowers, insects and landscapes all have their place. In addition, Ruskin added collections of geology and coins, and a library of illustrated books and medieval manuscripts. The Guild of St George has since added to the collection with drawings and paintings, late Victorian photographs and pieces from the Ruskin Linen Industry.
Most of the drawings and watercolours in the collection were carried out by Ruskin's assistants, who carefully copied paintings by Italian painters of the late 1400s and, made detailed records of gothic architecture and byzantine mosaic using pencil, watercolour and plaster cast. Other pieces come via Ruskin's own collections of nature drawing, engraving and books. Few watercolours are by Ruskin himself, but everything he included was given with a set purpose to educate and inspire.
The Ruskin Collection is still owned by the Guild of St George, but is maintained and displayed by Museums Sheffield.
You can search the collection online here, find out more using the menu on the left of this page, or visit the permanent exhibition at the Millennium Gallery - click here for details. Please note that whilst the permanent exhibition frequently rotates items from the Ruskin Collection, it is not possible to display all of the collection at any one time.
Show Objects
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1234..122123
Date Made/Found
Times Viewed
'Angels in Adoration' from the Medici Riccardi Chapel, after Benozzo Gozzoli CGSG01649 Ruskin Collection 1884-1885 64225
'Apostle and Bay of Lower Arcade', Façade, Notre Dame-la-Grande, Poitiers, France CGSG01148 Ruskin Collection 1883 22949
'Arch from the Facade of San Michele, Lucca': Plate from 'The Seven Lamps of Architecture' CGSG00071 Ruskin Collection 1848-1849 36560
'Arch Masonry', Study towards 'The Stones of Venice', Volume I CGSG00011 Ruskin Collection about 1851 48904
'Arundel Castle on the River Arun, Sussex' after Turner CGSG00535 Ruskin Collection 1891 68130
'Aspen, Unidealized': Plate from 'Modern Painters', Volume IV CGSG00303 Ruskin Collection late 19th Century 28154
'Aysgarth Force, Richmondshire', after Turner CGSG00537 Ruskin Collection about 1880 21178
'Balcony in the Campo San Benedetto, Venice': Plate from 'The Seven Lamps of Architecture' CGSG00625 Ruskin Collection 1849 19861
'Ben Arthur, Scotland', from 'Liber Studiorum' CGSG01005 Ruskin Collection 1819 16169


text:
Looks Like George Floyd, Not Derek Chauvin, Killed George Floyd
11 July 2020 by Larry Johnson 31 Comments
The transcript from the body camera worn by J. Alexander Kueng shows clear evidence that George Floyd was suffering respiratory distress before police laid hands on him. He died from a Fentanyl overdose, not from being choked out by Minneapolis police. This news will not bring joy to the crazed, leftist mob screaming to lop off the heads of the Minneapolis police officers who stand accused of "murdering" George Floyd and little attention has been paid to the transcript since its release on July 7. I hope to correct that oversight.
First a note about Officer J. Alexander Kueng. He also is a black man. He was adopted shortly after birth by a white woman and single mother. Can't have that story out there. Simply does not promote the meme that white Americans are inherently and irredeemably racist. How can a racist white woman be a loving mother to a black child? Racists don't do that.
Officer Kueng and George Floyd
Once you read the transcript you will understand why the Minnesota Attorney General withheld the video evidence from the public and why the defense attorneys are trying to get the information out–it exonerates the police.
Here's the link to the full transcript.
The incident starts with a store manager reporting that George Floyd had just given him a counterfeit bill.
The two officers (Kueng and Thomas Lane) go outside and begin the investigation by trying to get George Floyd out of his car:
Floyd was not cooperative. He was disoriented and not acting rationally. Floyd was accompanied by another black man. In contrast to Floyd, the other gentleman followed police instructions:
George Floyd was not passive nor cooperative despite media claims to the contrary. The video that fueled outrage across America tells a very misleading story. The words of the transcript are not lies.
In the next relevant bit of conversation, Floyd concedes that he passed a bad bill to the shop owner who called the police and admits he was not following police instructions.
On page 12 of the transcript we get the first evidence that Floyd is high on something and is "foaming" at the mouth. Officer Kueng is very concerned about Floyd's erratic behavior:
Floyd claims he was "hooping" earlier. According to the Urban Dictionary, "hooping" refers to smuggling/transporting something that is inserted in one's rectum.
Floyd's erratic behavior escalates as Officer Kueng and Lane try to put him in the police car:
Pages 15-21 of transcript record the futile effort of the Officers to get Floyd into the police car and Floyd's drug-induced frenzy and paranoia.
On page 22 of the transcript Floyd starts to claim that he cannot breath. He has not been placed on the ground. In fact, he ASKS THE POLICE TO PUT HIM ON THE GROUND. Cops are not Docs. They do not have magical powers to diagnose whether or not someone is actually having a medical emergency or faking it. Up to this point in their interaction with George Floyd, they had little evidence to trust anything Floyd said:
You can finish reading the transcript for yourself. But the bottomline is clear–Floyd's respiratory crisis was caused by the Fentanyl he had ingested before the police showed up on the scene. That evidence is quite clear in the autopsy report. Those who have rushed to judgment in condemning the Minneapolis Police Department will have to do some major mea culpas.
Mark Logan says
"Hooping" more commonly, and in this context clearly, playing basketball.
John from Michigan says
Do you really think the truth matters ?
fakebot says
I don't think Chauvin will be exonerated, but there is no question advocates of the racist police brutality narrative are ignoring facts.
The conclusion of the private autopsy requested by the family was wrong. They didn't know the results of the toxicology report. One of the experts hired by the family, who kept making television appearances (including on Hannity), didn't even look at the body. To the best of my knowledge, this man only saw the video and ruled it a homicide on that basis alone. Another expert hired by the family saw the body, but again she didn't see the toxicology report. The lawyer for the family, Ben Crump, is an ass for calling the toxicology report a red herring.
The fact is when the store clerks called the cops, they said Floyd appeared drunk. He was clearly inebriated or intoxicated. The fact he handed off an obviously fake $20 bill suggests he wasn't all there. There is no denying the toxicology report which does prove he was intoxicated. And the police were right to apprehend him. This Floyd was inebriated or intoxicated while sitting behind the wheel of a car, so he clearly represented a danger if he began to drive.
With all that being said, despite the fact he had trouble breathing beforehand doesn't exclude that the manner he was being detained had contributed to his death. The second autopsy (I'm not talking the private one, but the official second autopsy) officially did rule his death a homicide because the manner he was held down was deemed a contributing factor in his death.
In my personal opinion, I think there is a case to be made that Chauvin did recognize Floyd and deliberately kept Floyd on his stomach, with his face pointed downward, so that Floyd wouldn't recognize Chauvin. Maybe Chauvin was also trying to pass Floyd out or induce Floyd to vomit something he may have swallowed to hide from the police, who knows, but the manner Floyd was held down, even if it is considered accepted albeit rare procedure, will not hold in front of a jury. Procedures aside, there has to be common sense.
fakebot
A conviction will be appealed on the basis of a willful disregard of evidence, and then the situation will get interesting.
fakebot:
There is no question Chauvin's actions were excessive and he should be disciplined for that. However, unless his actions were the primary cause of death it is not murder. It is all a moot point though. Everyone on that jury knows if they vote to acquit their life and livelihood will be at risk as well as those of their close family members. Hopefully there will be at least one courageous juror with integrity but I doubt it.
JerseyJeffersonian says
Mark Logan,
Here is the top definition of this slang term at Urban Dictionary:
https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Hooping
So not in this context os it a reference to playing basketball. And do you really think it likely that this overweight guy with circulatory problems, a long time drug user, and by his own claim just coming off of a dose of WuFlu was recreating himself playing basketball earlier on?
This strains credulity.
JM Gavin says
If the police officers are acquitted in a state trial, they will be found guilty in a federal civil rights trial. These four officers are going to spend years in prison, as will the officer in Atlanta. The politicians, POTUS included, will be happy to ensure this outcome.
It would be better if the officers were turned over to the mob, shot to death, and then set afire. The mob can drag their charred remains through the street, chanting slogans, and then hang their remains from a bridge. There's a great bridge on the outskirts of Fallujah that served this purpose in the past.
Things are what they are, not what they should be.
JM Gavin
According to a poster in another blog comment section, "hooping" can also refer to ingesting drugs by means of an enema, actually an effective way to absorb them into the body. Millions of AIDS sufferers (and sufferers from other STDs) can't be wrong! This area is a weak link in the body's defenses against intruders, whether viral, bacterial, or chemical. Besides, ingestion via enema avoids problems such as visible track marks (awkward to explain to LEOs or parole officers), and being found in possession of "works", i.e., syringes, spoons for "cooking" with a lighter, or hydrating the drugs into an injectable form.
As a long term convict, I am sure George was quite familiar with secreting items in his rectum, so an enema would be child's play.
fakebot,
"There is no question Chauvin's actions were excessive?" His actions appear to be consistent with his training and MPD policy, and yet you've figured out that the actions were excessive?
Every elected official who claimed the police killed Floyd and every media report that claimed the police killed Floyd, and everyone who republished this claim need to be sued- slander per se, false accusation of a crime.
I assume there will be no problem claiming damages, and even punitive damages due to willful intent to defame, by all the wrongly accused police officers.
This lynching of the police officers was media defamation of the Covington Catholic Kids…… on steroids.
JamesT says
By charging him with murder and not manslaughter, the DA was intentionally putting Chauvin into a good position to get off. I'm no BLM supporter, but watch the tape and tell me that Chauvin is not guilty of manslaughter.
fakebot, "homicide" means a person died, and that it did not initially appear to be a suicide. However OD by drugs could be called a suicide. We also have the cruel phenomenon of "suicide by cop" where someone sets up a scenario to die at the hands of a police officer, or a passing train, or motor vehicle.
You are reading way more into this incident than supported by the facts in evidence. Why is that? Or even supported by the facts in evidence when the toxicology report first came out. It was not clear from that point forward how in fact Floyd died.
Now that the embers have died down, vicious political lines drawn, the Nation convulsed, the additional bodies counted, and the damages assessed to the point the Minnesota Gov is now begging for a federal bailout, it is a strange time to finally officially release this contemporaneous and potentially exculpatory evidence.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSr0YJm34CU
The take from the CBC TV reporters is G. Floyd said he couldn't breathe many times with the implication the officers deliberately ignored it.
Eric Newhill says
I mostly agree. First, the hold that Cauvin used was, as you have noted, is approved by department policy. It would have been used to keep both Floyd and the cops safe. It might look terrible to the untrained eye and present as the ultimate archetype in a paranoid ink blot test, but it is a safe and effective means of controlling someone when used properly. I demonstrated to some friends recently by having my wife (125 pounds +/-) apply the hold to me (200 + pounds, mostly muscle). I could not get up or thrash too much. I was a controlled, yet unharmed. The assumption has been from the beginning that Chauvin was applying his total weight to Floyd's neck. With one knee on the ground, the amount of pressure applied by the other knee, to the neck, can be completely regulated and need not be excessive. Anyone can verify this by simply trying it instead of repeating what they have been told by the media. If you are worried about hurting a partner, try it on an inanimate object. Everyone is so into "science", but then unwilling to test a basic hypothesis before virtue signaling away.
Where I think Chauvin screwed up is in not giving Floyd CPR, etc once he stopped breathing. However, that is not murder. The excessive charges are a set up for subsequent riots; probably worse than the first round, when Chauvin is acquitted at trial or on appeal. Maybe that is intentional.
Terence Gore,
The problem is that people resisting arrest often say things like, "I can't breath". Often enough that cops see it as crying wolf. Besides, what were the cops supposed to do with someone who is thrashing and resisting arrest and saying he can't breath? Let him thrash and hurst himself and/or cops? All they could do was control Floyd for safety while waiting on the EMTs.
Oilman2 says
Based on the comments ahead of me, there will be no resolution of this matter that is not democratic – in other words, a compromise both sides hate.
The 'racism' narrative never did fit; their previous work history together is not spoken of at any length; their former employer and the background of that establishment is also very interesting.
Multi-racial myself, this entire BLM things is fueled more by wealth or opportunity disparity than anything else. It's a game many of us just refuse to play any longer, but nobody can fix stupid – it has to fix itself.
Understood, I was trying to make the point MSM is not taking a deeper look the is at the issue.
"Some drugs produce undesirable effects with an oral application. With rectal administration, a person who typically feels nauseous from taking a certain substance orally may be able to avoid that feeling. A person may also want to experience the "high" more quickly in certain situations. For example, a person may seek social competence and emotional awareness associated with MDMA when at social gatherings, and may want to produce the effects of it more quickly than usual. Or a person who wants the relaxed and calm feelings associated with alcohol may want to orally administer it to have the effects of it while not emitting the smell on his breath.
This is a trend becoming more and more popular with teens as a way to get the desired effects while hiding (at least for a while) the evidence of abuse. Whatever the reason a person may rectally abuse substances, there are blatant side effects ranging from mild to severe."
https://www.rehabcenter.net/dangers-rectally-administering-drugs/
I would think the average jury would find Pluggin/hooping a very risky behavior
Bobo says
Floyd was inebriated from his drug ingestion and once apprehended needed to be restrained due to his impairment. Once on the ground, his suggestion, Chauvin applied a restraint to Floyd's scapula and repeatedly applied pressure in a throttling manner. Was it the neck and not the scapula, that's in the eye of the viewer and camera angle. Never believe what you think you see as there always Is another angle. Oh, yes he did slip it to the neck but for how long time will tell.
He applied the restraint way to long, he did not allow the body to be turned as suggested and reacted poorly to the growing crowd. A professional law enforcement trainer of restraint holds could answer most questions and will in court but with the quick condemnation by law enforcement agencies answers most questions. Homicide 1st or 2nd degree only in Minneapolis.
Congratulations to Keith Ellison, former congressman, former vice chair of the DNC, and current Attorney General of Minnesota. Suppressing this evidence was essential in ensuring the myth of George Floyd was spread around the world before even a flicker of fact emerged.
"We found a weed pipe on him, there might be something else with it. Might be like, PCP or something."
Tomas Lane, Minneapolis PD. That's the "systemicly racist" police department in that city run by the Democratic Farm Labor party, which, like the Attorney General's office of the State of Minneapolis, has been in charge for half a century or more.
Congratulations Democrats. You have shown the world that you believe that individual idenity must be rejected in favor of group identity, guilt for things done in the past is inheritable, and only one group has lives that matter. History must be replaced with the new reality, the Democratic party's belief that America was founded on racism, it's institutions, codes of law, and culture must all be swept asside to be replaced with the ideals of the "democratic socialist" wing of the party.
Chaz, Chop and CNN couldn't frame a better narrative to run for election on in 2020. Better get some Covid cover stories going lest people start asking why men and women are fined or arrested for trying to open barber shops, walk without a face burka in public, or otherwise excercise freedoms yet looters, arsonists, and destroyers of public monuments walk free; along with tens of thousands of criminals who were released from prison. Certainly no one wants to know why FISA abuse has gone unpunished, why DOJ lawyers can make up evidence, withhold other material from defendants – repeatedly, yet none are arrested or otherwise held to account. We certainly don't want to know what Joe Biden and his boss were doing those 8 years they were in office; or all the other years Joe spent in the House and Senate.
Charile Wilson says
Fentanyl and other opioids do NOT cause respiratory distress or shortness of breath. They generally depress all activity of the brain and especially the area that control respiration. In a large enough dose you first pass out and then stop breathing. That is why most opiate overdoses are simply found dead. A guy foaming at the mouth, agitated and wanting to lie down is sick, and should be treated as such. He should not be cuffed with his hands behind his back (also a stress position which impedes the motion of the chest and hence effective breathing), made to lie prone (also an impediment to ability to breathe) with a knee on the back of the neck which will compress the upper airway. This guy may have been a SOB and a MOFO but did not deserve this for any reason let alone passing a bad $20 bill. It was not murder in the first, but some blame needs to be allocated.
Out of the way, it's a busy day
I've got things on my mind
For want of the price of tea and a slice
The old man died
"Us and Them", Pink Floyd
Thomas Sears MD, FACC says
First, let me explain that I am a retired Cardiologist (ABIM Certified in both Internal Medicine and Cardiology). As such, have on thousands of occasions helped in the ER's when people come in on drugs….and I have seen the panic in their eyes and the physiologic changes that occur (severe hypertension, Adrenalin release, heart attacks, strokes).
When I read the available reports from Floyd's autopsy I was struck by the fact this fellow had ingested a large quantity of dangerous drugs; combinations of stimulants and opioids (fentanyl…one of the most dangerous drugs on the street…we even have to be careful with it in the hospital). He wasn't able to react appropriately to the circumstances and those officers aren't doctors. The officers were trapped. The only decision they could make was to control the subject and try to prevent him from injuring himself or them…or someone else. From what I read in the Minneapolis PD manual the use of the neck restraint (as they used it) was trained and approved.
Factually, this probably didn't cause an injury. I think the defense will probably utilize this; perhaps they will get a 'slap on the hands'…but they did what they were trained to do with a large, strong, resisting subject. I am worried that it will result in a ' Rodney King' response with riots and destruction. I don't see a good 'end' here.
I am reminded of a piece by Art Buchwald, in which, he quoted the response of a governor of Illinois to a prison riot: " we need a better class of prisoners."
I suppose we need a healthier and more responsible-acting class of miscreants, who could endure incidents of police brutality and not inconviently dying and besmirching the sterling reputation of the police – causing riots among the feeble-minded population.
Charlie Wilson, why the intentional misinformation campaign when we all have search engines at our fingertips?
"……..According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, this powerful drug is 100 times more potent than morphine and 50 times more potent than heroin. Along with targeting the opioid receptors in the brain that control pain, the opioid receptors that control breathing and heart rate are also affected. This can lead an individual to stop breathing all together if too much Fentanyl is taken………
EMT was called, he was being symptomatically treated. He did not die because of a bad $20 bill. He died because from the moment he woke up that day he made one fatal decision after another, all bad. Including buying cigarette with his bad $20 bill, when he claimed on tape he had "post-covid breathing" problems. He set his own fate in motion.
Might want to wait for the start of the woke NFL season before doing any more Monday morning quarterbacking.
CHF is associated with cardiomegaly which is associated with SOB
(shortness of breadth)
From the autopsy
A. Arteriosclerotic heart disease, multifocal, severe
B. Hypertensive heart disease
1. Cardiomegaly (540 g) with mild biventricular
2. Clinical history of hypertension
1. Fentanyl 11 ng/mL
2. Norfentanyl 5.6 ng/mL
3. 4-ANPP 0.65 ng/mL
4. Methamphetamine 19 ng/mL
5. 11-Hydroxy Delta-9 THC 1.2 ng/mL;
Delta-9 Carboxy THC 42 ng/mL; Delta-9 THC 2.9 ng/mL
6. Cotinine positive
7. Caffeine positive"
https://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2020/07/08/the-medical-examiners-report-of-george-floyds-death/
Methamphetamine most often causes a general feeling of wellness (euphoria) that is most often called a "rush." Other symptoms are increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and large, wide pupils.
If you take a large amount of the drug, you will be at higher risk for more dangerous side effects, including:
Coma or unresponsiveness (in extreme cases)
Irregular or stopped heartbeat
Very high body temperature
Kidney damage and possibly kidney failure
Severe stomach pain
Long-term use of methamphetamine can lead to significant psychological problems, including:
Extreme paranoia
Major mood swings
Insomnia (severe inability to sleep)
Other symptoms may include:
Missing and rotted teeth (called "meth mouth")
Repeated infections
Severe weight loss
Skin sores (abscesses or boils)
The length of time methamphetamines stay active can be much longer than for cocaine and other stimulants. Some paranoid delusions can last for 15 hours."
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/methamphetamine-overdose
"Common signs of opiate or stimulant overdose are:
foaming at the mouth or a foam cone
difficulty or stopped breathing
Overdose causes foaming at the mouth because organs like the heart and lungs can't function properly. Slowed heart or lung movements causes fluids to gather in the lungs, which can mix with carbon dioxide and come out of the mouth like a foam."
https://www.healthline.com/health/foaming-at-the-mouth#causes
Eric Newhill,
"The excessive charges are a set up for subsequent riots; probably worse than the first round, when Chauvin is acquitted at trial or on appeal. Maybe that is intentional."
I thought this the moment I heard the charges were bumped up from 3rd to 2nd degree murder. IMHO, this was also unquestionably a prime motive for the Atlanta DA to rush to charge that officer with felony 1st degree murder. I don't know how a prosecutor could prove to an impartial jury that this was first degree, pre-meditated murder, given the indisputable facts of the case.
I firmly believe both of these cases have been deliberately set up to fail in prosecution in order to effect a truly cataclysmic round of domestic unrest upon the results of the trials. The need the system to fail in order to prove their contention that it is inherently racist. These people want power at all costs. They do not care one bit about the citizenry of their municipalities who undoubtedly will suffer mightily once these trials play out to acquittal or at best a hung jury.
The tape reveals most importantly the high degree of professionalism of the police officers; and a window into what they are asked to go up against every day. Sympathies accrue to the police officers, who stayed calm and neutral, and compassionately carried out their assigned duties.
There is no other conclusion that can be reached, after listening these presented contemporaneous facts. When do we get the partisan howls the tapes were fake or doctored?
Will another OJ-type jury find the police officers guilty? It could happen. You could read the body language of the OJ jury from first prosecution witness forward – OJ was going to get off. Preserving our system of checks and balances as best we can against the mob, becomes a sacred task.
Trust me on this. Playing basketball is what he meant and what the officers at the scene thought he meant. If they had thought he was referring to smuggling drugs the officers would have asked him straight away what kind of drugs, as they would have had an unsolicited admission of an illegal act.
Eric, AK, Deap:
The thought these police officers will be acquitted is false hope. As I said earlier, any juror who votes to acquit is literally putting his life and livelihood on the line. Perhaps a retiree with courage and integrity will be on the jury and do the right thing, resulting in a hung jury. If this causes more extreme rioting, so be it.
Tidewater says
For Charlie Wilson,
Brown sugar had a sweet behind.
A little bit loose was the old caboose,
But the downlow crew thought it was fine,
And better than his nose for snorting a line.
He'd squeeze on the lube, slide in the tube,
Then give forth a tremendous shout!
I am hoopin' it up now and I going to cruise,
So bring me out my old dancing shoes!
I done gone and lit off the fuze!
When he count to a hundred and three,
He could outrun the Robert E. Lee!
j. casey says
Well said, Mr. Newell. Perfect setup for later chaos. I also wondered how an autopsy that doesn't mention homicide as cause of death can be used to bring murder charges of any sort. Can a prosecutor file murder charges without an ME finding of homicide?
Stephen Richter says
is Chauvin still being held in jail? Just terrible that he has been vilified by politicians ranging from Trump to BLM advocates.


If you're struggling with an overloaded mail server, or mail getting quarantined as spam, take a look at what's going out and if it's bulk marketing or transactional email we can help.
I've lost count of the number of times I've been told that 'the mail server is low on disk/memory capacity', or 'if we do anything else we'll have to upgrade the email server' and my ourbound email is getting caught in a smap filter.
Often you can squeeze a bit more life out of the current platform and improve delivery times through the outbound email route if you remove marketing emails from the main traffic routing. In fact you should really only be using your business email server for general business email not for email marketing (that's newsletters) or automated notifications.
I hear you saying that you can't do that because you or your client uses an internal CRM and they send bulk email through the main email server. You can probably setup a new connector or SMTP relay (even on the CRM host) to route this high volume traffic via a service like MailGun or SendGrid.
A better way to do this, with the added benefit that your public IP address is less likely to get blacklisted because of those mail campaigns going out, is to use an outbound email marketing platform like Campaign Monitor which has the added benefit of campaign reporting which the sales and marketing people will love.
Spam detection is now a complicated task, not just looking at content, but looking at frequency, latency between similar emails and many more parameters. The first 'marketing' emails outbound from your email server may pass all of the content tests by a 1-2% of the overall score but subsequent emails score another 3% because the system has seen many of them and rapidly so the filter triggers.
Here at Cleartext Systems we've been using (we're using it now!) and reselling Campaign Monitor for many years and can help with end user training, campaign setup and reporting, web site integration and much more.
We also practice what we preach using SendGrid for outbound SMTP traffic from our own CRM and from any systems we deliver that don't have a uman sitting at a maibox to send email.
If you're currently struggling with an overloaded mail server or email delivery rates take a look at what's going out and if it's bulk marketing, or transactional email give me a call, we can help.
A common cause of email getting filtered as spam in error is an overload of 'spammy' things in the email. Make sure the HTML is technically good and not 'broken' , avoid multiple font types, font colours and sizes. Reduce the number of web links and dodgy sales terms like 'Wordls Best!', 'Special Offer!!'' in the wording.


text:
Mennonites and the Holocaust: "Neighbors, Killers, Enablers, Witnesses"
Posted on March 17, 2018 by JoelHNofziger
Bookending Doris Bergen's lecture "Neighbors, Killers, Enablers, Witnesses: The Many Roles of Mennonites in the Holocaust" was the call for more scholarship. Her talk, the keynote of the Mennonites and the Holocaust Conference and convocation for Bethel College, focused on the challenges of doing Holocaust scholarship. Bergen—who is Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor of Holocaust Studies at the University of Toronto—explored five specific challenges, increasing in difficulty, with the note that "like those nesting dolls", each opens new issues even as the resolve others.
The first challenge looked at insider/outsider scholarship, including its costs and benefits. Mennonite scholars come with some advantages–they have access to some sources, especially oral memories–that could not be found by outsiders. Insiders also make special note of details others might miss: Bergen recounted being at a talk about the nature of the guards at Auschwitz, and in the general spreadsheet of place of origin and other statistics was a column on religion; one Mennonite was listed. "As an insider you notice and care," noted Bergen. However, insiders face disadvantages. She singled out the push and pull of mythologies, especially "the myth of Mennonite innocence," as a factor that can lead scholars to attack, defend, or censor themselves.
The second challenge was the question of definitions, specifically "what is a Mennonite" and "what is the Holocaust?" For the former she gave two guidelines. First, a warning to avoid "the temptation to define to distract" where you become so caught up in the words that you lose sight of the matter at hand. Second, she stressed the importance of having a functional definition of identity, not one based on fluid individual identities, but one that accounts for accounts for all ages and genders, covers communal bonds and how Mennonite identity can be constructed. She also included an admonition not to forget the women, "as defining, narrating, and performing Mennonitism has largely been the work of women." For the latter, she noted that a proper definition of the Holocaust would consider a chronological range, encompassing both the prewar years and the immediate postwar period, as well as being constructed by the identity of the perpetrators not the victims.
Bergen's third challenge was to maintain a clear focus on the way Jews maintained a particular place of destruction in the Holocaust, being mindful of anti-Semitism. It is especially important for Mennonites to examine how Jews and anti-Semitism are built into our narratives. As one example, she recounted hearing how "Mennonites were [like] Jews" being told as the description of their experience; an inversion common across genocides where people take on the identity of victims "as a way of erasing their memory of their roles as victimizers." She also noted how in Mennonite literature, especially in texts in the 1920s and 1930s, Jews become narrated as villains. The solution to this held up by Bergen was to incorporate literary scholars into the research to help analyze texts deeply, as opposed to taking them at face value. She also highlighted the need to have multiple sources, not just Mennonite and German ones, but Jewish, Roma, and more as well.
The fourth challenge was the questions "how do we avoid writing scholarship that is moralistic or judgemental?" Bergen's response was to start by noting that studying genocide does not imply that she would personally have done better had she lived in a genocidal context, but "scholarship is about analyzing and understanding–how could people like us behave certain ways?" She also warned against the tendency to use avoiding judgement as a way to avoid discussion. This also gets caught up with the maintenance of Mennonite mythology. One solution given was to use the tools of genocide scholarship, which use comparison. "Mennonites were not unique, though distinctive, many of the issues we explore have been and are being confronted by many other people," said Bergen, "These can be humbling and extremely liberating."
The final challenge, as articulated at the beginning, was the need for more scholarship, particularly work "that will contextualize the topic, that will be discipline, that will look for unknown unknowns" an use a broad range of sources and tools. While this is an impossible task for an individual, it becomes possible if many become involved. Specific topics of research named included the Stutthoff concentration camp (situated among Mennonite communities), interactions between Mennonites and Roma, pre-war relations with Jews, and the role of singing and music.
Professor Bergen's research focuses on issues of religion, gender, and ethnicity in the Holocaust and World War II and comparatively in other cases of extreme violence. During the keynote, she confided that she had not grown up with an innate interest in Mennonite history–indeed she actively avoided it–but it found her nonetheless via the topics she researched; at every turn, Mennonites popped out of the archive. Bergen's books include Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich (1996); War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (2003); The Sword of the Lord: Military Chaplains from the First to the Twenty-First Centuries (edited, 2004); and Lessons and Legacies VIII (edited, 2008).1
http://history.utoronto.ca/people/doris-bergen ↩
This entry was posted in Events, Research & Writing and tagged Conferences, Holocaust, Mennonites and the Holocaust Conference by JoelHNofziger. Bookmark the permalink.
About JoelHNofziger
Joel Horst Nofziger is director of communications for the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society. He also serves as the coordinating editor for Anabaptist Historians, a collaborative blog dedicating to bringing the Anabaptist past into the digital future. A native of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, his research interest lies in understanding how Mennonites in the United States have constructed and perpetuated their identity through the stories they tell themselves. He has a B.A. in History and Peacebuilding and Development from Eastern Mennonite University. He and his wife, Eileen, attend Pilgrims Mennonite Church in Akron, Pennsylvania, and Keystone Friends Monthly Meeting (Ohio Yearly Meeting Conservative).
View all posts by JoelHNofziger →
2 thoughts on "Mennonites and the Holocaust: "Neighbors, Killers, Enablers, Witnesses""
Lisa Schirch on March 19, 2018 at 12:40 pm said:
I hope one of the historians and scholars working on this will present the history of MCC complicity in all of this at the 100 year anniversary: https://mccintersections.wordpress.com/mcc-at-100-call-for-proposals/
gerhardsjourney on April 12, 2018 at 4:20 pm said:
You can read about MCC complicity in my blog http://www.gerhardsjourney.com. It's the story of my Mennonite father as he transits from gulag to Wehrmacht to Canada.


This was your first step into editing with Audacity. We dissected digital voice waves, learned how to navigate in the timeline, and use basic functions in Audacity, such as playback, rewinding, fast forwarding, selecting portions of the voice track, and setting up your Audacity screen to display your entire project on the screen.
You even cut, copied, pasted, trimmed, deleted, adjusted volume levels, and silenced portions of audio in your sample project. These are the the basics that you can apply to almost any audio editing that needs to be done after a recording session.


When I first tried Almond Milk years ago, it did take some time to adjust to the different taste and enjoy it. I remember it being so new you couldn't find it at just your regular grocery store. Now, it's everywhere, different brands, flavors, half-gallon, and even at Costco.
Things changed when I made my own Almond Milk. The flavor is different, richer, and so yummy! It's also very easy to make. When you make Almond Milk you want to get started the day before you want to start enjoying it.
First, it all starts with Almonds. With about 2 cups of Almonds, soak them in a bowl with enough water to cover them entirely. Let them soak for a good 10-12 hours. The best time to do this is in the evening, so they can be ready when you get up in the morning. If you don't have time in the morning, soak them in the morning, so you can make your milk in the evening.
After the Almonds are soaked, they'll be plump and swollen. Drain the water and put your Almonds in a blender. Add 4 to 5 cups of water in the blender (if you like your almond milk to be somewhat thick use the 4 cups). Add in some salt, use a good sea salt or himalayan pink sea salt, about 1/8 tsp.
To sweeten up your milk, add in 2-3 pitted dates. Blend it!
It's amazing how it all turns white and looks like milk. Prepare a strainer with 2 layers of cheese cloth and a Bowl to catch all the milk. Pour the milk in the strainer slowly, so it can go through the cheese cloths. I use two strainers, just so I can have my hands free while pouring out the milk.
Once all the milk is poured out, pull up a side at a time of the cheese cloth, so any liquid that stuck in the pulp can drain out. Once all the milk has been strained, wrap your cheese cloth together and squeeze out all the liquid in the pulp.
Now, you have home-made fresh Almond Milk!! Pour the milk in a glass mason jar or a carafe with a lid. It's ready to enjoy!!
You can pour it over your home-made granola. That's a next recipe I'll be posting soon.
So, now you have all this pulp left in your cheese cloth. Do not throw it away! There's so many great recipes you can make with that pulp, even your own Almond Flour. Stay tuned, and I'll be showing you how easy it is to make your own Almond Flour. Store the pulp in the refrigerator in a sealed container or bag until you are ready to use it.


Here is a beautiful Muwaththaq (Reliable) ḥadīth that tells a story about twelve dirham that was given to the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم). This allows us to see the great akhlāq (manners) of the Messenger of Allāh (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم).
And the Messenger of Allāh (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم) went to the market to purchase a shirt with four dirham, he wore it, and praised Allāh (عَزَّ وَ جَلَّ). (on his way back) He saw a man naked and he (the man) said: 'Allāh will clothe with the garments from heaven whoever clothes me'. And the Messenger of Allāh (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم) removed his shirt that he had bought and clothed the beggar.


I just thought this was cool. Found this at a McDonald's across from the Buffalo International Airport. An after-hours walk-up window. I guess this is handy for all the local hotel guests with late night cravings but no cars.


text:
Jason Cassidy's Blog: The holiday 'break' and welcoming new recruits
From THN.com:
...hockey is a game about improving your team relative to those in the league. And if other schools are bringing in quality talent, you've got no choice but to follow along and take those risks if you stand any chance of winning.
Categories: Jason Cassidy 1 comments
Tommies end 2009 on a high note
The Tommies sent the Varsity Blues back to the Big Smoke winless against Fredericton competition. Kenton Dulle and Matt Eagles each had two points to pace STU to a 3 to 2 victory.
The first period was scoreless with the Tommies going 0 for 3 on the PP which was ineffective all afternoon. Toronto would score first on the PP at 9:40 when Kyle Paige missed on his original shot but a large rebound was pushed past Ben MacFarlane just inside the post. Mike Reich would reply on some hard work by Tyler Dietrich when he kept the puck in at the Toronto blue line and made a nice pass to Reich, who buried the opportunity. Shortly thereafter at 12:18, Kenton Dulle found the top shelf on a good pass from Matt Eagles. STU would score their third of the afternoon shorthanded at 15:09 when Matt Eagles intercepted the puck in the Blues end and saucered a pass to a streaking Alex Labonte for the eventual game winner.
Andrew Kizito would narrow the lead to one at 5:23 of the third on a shot from the left wing circle that MacFarlane would certainly like to have back. St. Thomas ended the game being out shot 25 to 23 with Matt Eagles picking up the Tommies' player of the game award. STU went 0 for 7 on the PP and Toronto went 1 for 3.
Next game for the Tommies is Saturday night January 2nd against UPEI, 7PM at the LBR. According to one source UPEI has lost defenseman Bret Nasby who has left the team.
Remembering Mike Power
In today's Daily Gleaner, Dave Ritchie remembers his co-worker and friend Mike Power who left us all to early back in May of this year. We know that women's hockey in the city of Fredericton miss Mr. Power greatly because as Dave points out, "It didn't seem to matter whether it was high school or university, girls or boys, summer or winter. He was interested, as much, it seemed, in the people involved than the sport they represented. "
Thank you Mike, you will be remembered. David Ritchie: 2009: Remembering our former colleague and his love of local sports
Tommies feeling the Holiday Blues
Speaking of the blues, tune in to 95.7 The Wolf for your daily blues fix. As for the game tonight at the LBR, Moncton scored two goals in the first period and two in the third en route to a 4 to 3 victory over the Tommies.
Erick Tremblay scored two second period goals at 14:55 and 18:47 to even the score at 2 -2. Jason Cassidy would give STU a short lived lead early in the third period. Guillaume Miszczak got the start and played well despite the loss, facing 31 Moncton shots. STU fired 21 the other way.
With his two goal performance Erick Tremblay was named the Tommies' player of the game. STU will play the loser of tonight's UNB - U of T matchup. Game time will be 3 PM at the Aitken Centre if UNB wins and 7 PM if Toronto emerges victorious.
UPDATE: The Squirrels defeated U of T 5 - 1, so STU will play Toronto at 3pm at the Aitken Centre on Wednesday. Daily Gleaner: Todd give U of T the Blues (Hey, if you like the Blues check out 95.7 The Wolf for all the Blues you can handle) UNBHockeyfans story
Daily Gleaner: Soucy does in Tommies with late game heroics
Tombits
Lady Tommies update: With any luck we should see a full Tommies squad for the first time this season in the New Year. The flu reeked havoc with the team but has made its way through most of the players.
Kayla Blackmore should also be returning to the line-up in the New Year. It will be the first action Kayla has seen in almost a year. Coach Murphy expects to use her in special team opportunities the first weekend and reevaluate from there.
STU Olympian preparing for Vancouver: Lucrece Nussbaum has made it through the first set of cuts at the Swiss Pre-Christmas camp. She leaves for their second camp today (Dec 28th). The Swiss name their team Dec 31st and there are apparently two more players to be cut but it looks like they will be forwards, so we should get the good news soon.
Lukie will return to STU Jan 11th after playing in the MLP cup. She will then leave Feb 1st for the Olympics and will return the day after Switzerland plays their final game in Vancouver.
Suspensions settled: You win some, you lose some. The AUS has ruled that Corey Banfield will not be suspended for 1 game but in their wisdom have upheld the one game suspension to Kenton Dulle. Kenton will miss the January 8th game against the Squirrels.
Interesting quote: "I'm never going to talk a kid out of that (going to University) because I played in that league and I coached in that league. Unless you figure you're going to make it to the NHL, you can't retire on American League money. At some point in your life you're going to need to get an education in order to get a job." Malcolm Cameron, coach of the Florida Everblades of the ECHL.
The same coach that signed Justin Bowers and Jadran Beljo. Things that make you go hmmm??? Source
Categories: Tombits 2 comments
Tommies prepare for second half
With only one point separating 7th place Dalhousie from 6th place St. Thomas, every game becomes important from here on in. STU takes to the ice in exhibition action Tuesday at 5 PM versus Moncton at the LBR in the annual Pete Kelly Cup hosted by UNB. The Blue Eagles are only 4 points behind the Tommies in the standings and defeated STU on November 20th 4 to 1.
Coach Eagles hasn't landed any new bodies for the roster at this time but points out the return of some familiar faces.
Tommies head coach Mike Eagles is hoping defenceman Bryan Main (concussion) and forwards Max Chamberland and Corey Banfield will be ready to play.
Main has been sidelined for more than two months. He was spilled into the boards in an Oct. 24 game against Dalhousie.
"Bryan was feeling a lot better when he left (for Christmas)," Eagles said. "Max and Corey should be fine, but we won't be 100 per cent sure until we practise (Monday)."
Eagles won't take a chance on goaltender Charles Lavigne, however. Lavigne suffered a groin injury Nov. 7.
Although he's played since, he still hasn't fully recovered, leaving Ben MacFarlane and Guillaume Miszczak to mind the fort.
Daily Gleaner Article
Happy Holidays from STUTOMMIES.com
With all of the beautiful white snow falling today in Fredericton we wanted to take this opportunity to wish everyone the best for the Christmas season and a joyous and prosperous 2010.
Thanks to all our student athletes, coaches, and volunteers that make STU hockey so great. We sincerely hope that your Christmas holidays are the best ever.
To our loyal Tommies faithful, AUS fans, and local media we appreciate your support and look forward to hearing from you in the new year.
Former Tommie Tony Carlisle killed in crash
It is with deep regret that we mention the passing of former Tommies' defenseman Tony Carlisle. (STU Tommies 89-92) Tony was 41 years old. We offer our condolences to his family and friends. Tony Carlisle 1968 - 2009
Former Tommie doing well: The Daily Gleaner catches up with Eric Bissonnette and his new business venture.
"They asked me if I was interested in coming to school here, and I just said "Yes!" said Bissonnette. "I could barely speak English." He said he had to get a map to find out where it was.
"I didn't expect to be here after my first year," said Bissonnette, chuckling. "I was a bit of a lost soul. I played major junior and I was never an academic at all. I really thought I was just going to come for a year and play hockey and see what it was all about."
The rest, as he says, "is history."
He spent five years on campus, earned his Bachelor of Education degree, and found himself in the process.
"I fell in love with the school and the city...it was really good for me. It gave me a direction in life," he said.
FULL GLEANER STORY
STU may return to Chatham? - It looks like it is possible.
The provincial government and the federal MP for Miramichi say they're on board with the idea of St. Thomas University setting up a campus in Miramichi.
The university's board of governors has agreed to pursue a campus based out of St. Michael's Basilica convent in the former town of Chatham.
Daily Gleaner - Province backs creating STU campus in Miramichi
Bowers CHL player of the week - A little bit late but Justin Bowers was named the Central Hockey League's player of the week for November 23 to 29. Allen Americans' story


Is it possible to enforce the "Lock on session end" on all machines?
Yes, it is possible. Just Click Options on main window of TeamViewer, later open Advanced tab and finally find an option "Advanced connections settings with other machines". There is an option "Lock remote machine" that is set to automatic by default. Then just change it to never and you are done. I hope it helps you.
did not work. whay might that be?
You can also set the setting in the advanced options on Always to always lock the remote computer on session end.
This will only apply for sessions started from your device.
If you would like to roll out this setting to all devices in your company, you can do it via the MSI package (only incl. in the Corporate license). An enforcement via the TeamViewer policies is not possible.


When running a script step-by-step stop on all screens you may sometimes see the window below that was not recorded as part of the script which causes an error. Follow the steps below to avoid this SAP GUI Security window from appearing after checking with your internal SAP security team.
Open the SAP GUI Logon pad and click on the SAP icon at the top left corner, and select Options.
Open Security , click on Security Settings and then click on Open Security Configuration .
Click on 'Apply' and 'OK' to exit the window. Click on 'OK' again to close the Options window.
The pop-up will now not appear for any SAP system on that machine.
See the current version of 'Security Guide SAP GUI for Windows' for further details.


text:
Home > AN ECO-EVOLUTIONARY DANCE THROUGH DEEP TIME
Conversation : LIFE
AN ECO-EVOLUTIONARY DANCE THROUGH DEEP TIME
A Talk with Scott Sampson [6.16.04]
How did the world of dinosaurs differ from our own? Since we live in a miniscule snapshot in time, most people can't relate to a thousand years, let alone millions, or billions of years. So how do we get our minds wrapped around Mesozoic timescapes? And once we're there, how do we then recreate the world of dinosaurs?
Introduction by John Brockman
Over the past few years, Edge has published several pieces on Stewart Brand's "long now" idea, the most recent concerning the installation Danny Hillis' 10,000-year clock on a mountain in Nevada. If Brand is identified with the "long now", then Sampson, a University of Utah paleontologist, is the champion of the "long then". His work on dinosaurs is concerned with new ideas involved in negotiating the "eco-evolutionary dance through deep time".
Sampson, the host of Discovery Channel's "Dinosaur Planet", is "most fascinated by the Late Cretaceous, in particular the last 15 million years of the Mesozoic (80-65 million years ago), just before a giant asteroid (or whatever it was) slammed into the planet. We know more about dinosaurs from this time than from any other. Similarly, the place I'm most interested in is western North America, because we know more about the dinosaurs from this region than from any other. Now we can begin to consider questions like, what role did dinosaurs play in their ecosystems? How did they relate to their environments, and what were these environments like? With often gigantic sizes, dinosaurs pushed the envelope of what it is to be a land-living animal; how were they able to do that? Perhaps most importantly, how did evolution and ecology converge to drive the various dinosaur radiations, and why were these oversized reptiles so successful for so long? In short, how did evolutionary and ecological processes combine to drive changes in dinosaurs? Paleontologists are only beginning to take this eco-evolutionary perspective, with important new insights."
AN ECO-EVOLUTIONARY DANCE THROUGH DEEP TIME [1]
Like many kids, I was into dinosaurs at a young age. Unlike most kids, I never grew out of it. It's been very interesting watching the evolution of dinosaur paleontology. When I was a kid, dinosaurs were generally regarded as sprawled, sluggish, dim-witted, and lizard-like—in short, not very interesting. That view held sway for most of the last century. Then, in the late 1960s, Yale paleontologist John Ostrom proposed that dinosaurs were very bird-like and that birds may be the direct descendants of dinosaurs. Although the bones on museum shelves remained unchanged, paleontologists suddenly began to look at dinosaurs differently. Virtually overnight, these prehistoric beasts became supercharged—smarter, faster, warm-blooded, and more complex. Now more like birds than lizards, evidence was found for such behaviors as parental care and cooperative hunting. Ultimately, we started to question whether this new view was real. Nevertheless, all of this dynamism within the science sparked a whole new generation of children (of all ages) with a passion for dinosaurs.
People often forget that paleontologists are extremely limited in the data they have access to. For the most part, we only have bones and teeth to work with, so it's really the ideas that drive the science. And the ideas, of course, are driven by the biases of that particular moment. Dinosaur paleontology went from a lizard bias to a bird bias, and now the pendulum is swinging back toward the middle. For example, the top speeds of many dinosaurs have been slowed somewhat, and the assumption of warm-bloodedness has shifted toward talk of a range of metabolic strategies concentrated between those of reptiles on the one hand and birds and mammals on the other.
Like their object of study, dinosaur paleontologists have undergone a major transformation in recent decades. In the 1800s, paleontologists were trained largely as biologists, with a strong grounding in anatomy. During most of the 20th century, there was a shift in emphasis and most practitioners were trained as geologists. This subject duality reflects the schizophrenic nature of the field, sitting on the cusp of two major disciplines: biology and geology. With a geologic focus, many paleontologists rarely considered the biology of their study organisms. That situation is changing, moving back toward the biological end of the spectrum.
These days, there's a variety of new, often high-tech tools being applied to paleontology. Let's say you find a virtually complete, intact dinosaur skull. Of course, there is much to be seen from the outside, yet a tremendous amount of anatomical data is locked within, obscured by the rocky matrix. Typically, this sediment can't be removed, because the process would damage the specimen. However, we can run such specimens through a high resolution CT scanner that enables us to look inside the skull (or whatever) and reconstruct important features like brain size and shape. We can estimate which portions of the brain were most developed, which in turn permits hypotheses about sensory abilities, standard head position in life, and even aspects of behavior.
Another very different tool, yet one also dependent upon technology, is a widespread method of reconstructing the historical relationships of organisms. Known as phylogenetic systematics, or cladistics, this technique enables biologists to assess the distribution of shared, specialized features within a group of study organisms. Large datasets, sometimes involving dozens of different groups and hundreds of characters, are processed using high-speed computers, which can sift through hundreds of thousands of branching alternatives in search of the simplest one(s), requiring the fewest number of evolutionary steps. Generally depicted as branching diagrams, or trees, these hypotheses are effectively estimates of evolutionary patterns of descent. Cladistics has become standard operating procedure throughout paleontology, and biology generally, revolutionizing our ability to determine organismal relationships.
An understanding of these relationships turns out to be prerequisite to most other kinds of studies within evolutionary biology. For example, there are well over 100 shared, specialized morphological characters now that link dinosaurs to birds. This is strong evidence supporting the notion of a close evolutionary bond between these groups. Within dinosaurs, the evidence indicates that birds show the greatest affinity with small, carnivorous dinosaurs, informally known as "raptors." Until recently, feathers were the quintessential feature of avians, associated only with flight. Now, thanks to an amazing fossil locality near Liaoning, China, we have specimens of feathered raptor dinosaurs that clearly did not fly. This tells us that feathers evolved prior to flight, meaning that they must have first evolved for some other reason—perhaps for controlling body temperature, or for use in display. The point is that, until we understood the evolutionary relationships, we couldn't make an argument as to the progression, or evolution, of feathers. These are the types of hypotheses currently being tested that would have been impossible 15 or 20 years ago, because we simply didn't have the computing power to assess alternative hypotheses.
Another growing trend within paleontology (actually a re-emergence of earlier methods) is to use detailed studies of living animals in order to investigate the physiology, anatomy, and behavior of dinosaurs and other extinct organisms. Much of this work is directed toward reconstructing soft tissues, since bones are in many ways simply the framework used by vertebrates to anchor their other varied tissue types. So let's say you're interested in assessing the maximum running speed of Tyrannosaurus rex, the largest carnivore ever to walk the Earth. It's been argued that this predatory behemoth, weighing in at about 6,000 kg, was capable of running at jeep-chasing speeds in excess of 40 mph. Others have claimed such excessive speeds to be nonsense.
How can we test this idea? Given that you can't observe the behavior of T. rex directly, you might create a biomechanical model based on engineering principles. Yet any such models would be limited by the accuracy of its parameters. So there is a need for relatively high-resolution biological data. Since bones are the only tissue type for which we have good information, you might look at the cross-sectional properties of the hind limb elements. Yet even this is not sufficient, since we need some idea of the muscles involved. For muscles, we can turn to closely-related living animals, such as birds and crocodiles. If a particular soft tissue is found in one or both groups, its presence can be inferred with some confidence in the common ancestor, and thus in dinosaurs as well. This "phylogenetic bracket" method, pioneered by Larry Witmer, allows us to reconstruct not only muscles, but, at least in some cases, blood vessels, nerves, and other structures. These soft tissues often leave bony marks, or "osteological correlates", in the form of scars, holes, grooves, and the like.
An exceptional young scientist named John Hutchinson, then a graduate student at UC Berkeley, recently employed just this combination of methods—an engineering model and muscle reconstructions—in order to test the locomotory abilities of Tyrannosaurus rex. John was able to model a bipedal, six tonne dinosaur predator and determine how much muscle mass would be necessary in the hind limbs to propel the animal at a speed of 40 mph. He concluded that such high running speeds would have required that T. rex devote something on the order of 80% of its body mass to hind limb muscles! Clearly this was not the case, so we've slowed those animals down somewhat. And lest you jump to the conclusion that the dinosaurian tyrant king must therefore have been a lowly scavenger (as has been argued), it is important to add that its likely prey were likely still significantly slower than this giant meat-eater.
Reconstructing soft tissues works best if we can use living close living relatives to reconstruct the anatomy of extinct forms. But what if the structure in question isn't present among extant relatives? For example, let's say you've got an eight-foot long skull of a Triceratops-like dinosaur adorned with horns over the nose and eyes, and an elongate bony frill sticking out behind. Traditionally, it was thought that such bizarre structures functioned first and foremost in defense against predators. Alternatively, others have suggested that these bony bells and whistles functioned in control of body temperature, in part by increasing the animal's overall surface area. More recently, the "in vogue" hypothesis has been mate competition, with the horns and related features used either to attract members of the opposite sex or to intimidate same sex rivals. How could you assess these alternatives? In this case, you might turn not to close living relatives, but to extant analogues—that is, animals with similar kinds of structures. This is exactly what I did in a previous research project.
Many living animals have horns or hornlike organs; the list includes antelope, deer, chameleons, birds, and even ants. In virtually all these instances, these features function primarily in the competition for mates, either in display or in actual physical encounters. Importantly, species within these groups tend to be distinguished mostly or solely on the basis of these same characteristics. In other words, we are distinguishing species based on the same features that they themselves are using. This pattern holds for the dinosaurs as well. Whether it's horned dinosaurs, crested duck-billed dinosaurs, plated stegosaurs, or dome-headed dinosaurs, paleontologists identify different species largely by these bizarre structures. Moreover, in both the living and the fossil examples, these structures tend(ed) to develop fully only as the animal's approach(ed) sexual maturity and adult size. Together, this and other evidence strongly supports the mate competition hypothesis. It also underlines the importance of using living animals—for which we can examine more anatomy and observe actual behaviors—to assess the biology of extinct animals. Certainly much of the best paleontology done today synthesizes data from the modern and fossil realms.
Nevertheless, despite all the new perspectives, innovative technological applications, and revealing comparisons with living forms, it's my concerted opinion that dinosaur paleontology (and indeed evolutionary biology generally) is currently sitting on the cusp of an entirely new era of discovery, one focused on connections. The great majority of current work within paleontology, and vertebrate paleontology in particular, is devoted to investigating patterns—for example, determining which animals lived where and when, as well as their interrelationships. While such work is obviously critical, it falls within the realm of alpha level science. Moreover, the underlying paradigm guiding this work emphasizes unique, historical events rather than common processes, let alone laws.
As many readers of Edge are aware, there is a strong trend within the physical, natural, and social sciences away from the traditional reductionist paradigm that has reigned over science for centuries. The new paradigm looks instead at the bigger picture of interrelationships among systems. Places like the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico encourage scientists of various ilk to come together, learn to speak a common language, and concoct new ways of thinking about the world. This trend is just beginning to trickle down evolutionary biology, with increasing movement toward cross-disciplinary research programs. Consequently, the field is becoming much more interesting and dynamic, with collaborations bringing together, for example, paleontologists, ecologists, paleoclimatologists, and geologists.
The resulting questions, and thus the answers, tend to differ under this complexity-based paradigm. How did the world of dinosaurs differ from our own? Since we live in a miniscule snapshot in time, most people can't relate to a thousand years, let alone millions, or billions of years. So how do we get our minds wrapped around Mesozoic timescapes? And once we're there, how do we then recreate the world of dinosaurs? What role did dinosaurs play in their ecosystems? How did they relate to their environments, and what were these environments like? With often gigantic sizes, dinosaurs pushed the envelope of what it is to be a land-living animal; how were they able to do that? Perhaps most importantly, how did evolution and ecology converge to drive the various dinosaur radiations, and why were these oversized reptiles so successful for so long? In short, how did evolutionary and ecological processes combine to drive changes in dinosaurs? Paleontologists are only beginning to take this eco-evolutionary perspective, with important new insights.
It turns out that the Mesozoic Earth was both very different from and extremely similar to the world we know today. This was a time lacking in polar caps, tropical rain forests, and grasslands. Yet habitats functioned in exactly the same way as those we are familiar with. Nutrients and chemicals cycled through ecosystems. There were primary producers in the form of plants and bacteria. There was a diverse array of consumers, both herbivores and carnivores, and this of course is where the dinosaurs came in. Completing the cycle were numerous decomposing organisms. For example, paleobiologist Karen Chin has described evidence from the fossilized feces of dinosaurs demonstrating that dung beetles existed during the Mesozoic. As with their living descendants, these dung beetles metabolized fecal material, recycling components so they could be reused by other organisms. Another recent discovery has been the influence of bacteria on fossilization. It appears that many remarkable kinds of fossils, including the rare examples with preserved soft tissues such as skin and feathers, are due in large part to bacterial activity. Indeed it may be that bacteria are pivotal to the formation of fossils in general, something we hadn't really thought much about previously.
Once we better understand the ecological role of a given morphological structure, we can then contemplate its evolutionary implications. For example, I noted above that closely related species of various dinosaur groups are often distinguished solely on the basis of structures interpreted as mate signals. It is remarkable how conservative these animals are in other aspects of their anatomy, including the teeth, limbs, and vertebral column. It's as if these groups settled on a successful design and evolution then tinkered with the window-dressing.
We see the same thing today in birds, fishes, and other groups. There's the oft-cited example of cichlid fishes in the East African great lakes, one of the greatest vertebrate radiations of all time. These animals identify members of their own species largely based on color patterns. These designs enable them to determine, "you're one of mine and you're not. I can mate with you but not you." Recently, deforestation and subsequent erosion have been rampant along the margins of these lakes. Erosion transports abundant soil into the lakes. The water becomes murkier, and the fish can no longer see each other as well as they could before; certainly they can't discern colors nearly as well. All of a sudden, they start to mate with individuals from different species because they can't recognize members of their own kind any more. The species boundaries turn out to be quite fragile, with the cross-species unions actually generating viable offspring. This pattern underlines the importance of mating signals, which are often the very first things to change when new species form.
Increasingly, biologists point to two distinct factors necessary for the origin of species in macro-sized vertebrates like dinosaurs. First, there must be persistent isolation of sub-populations of a given species, so that interbreeding cannot occur, or at least is severely limited. Second, the genetic make-up of those sub-populations must differentiate to the point that individuals of one group can no longer reproduce successfully with those of the other. Recognizing these minimal requirements, we can explore the process of evolutionary radiations rather differently. Let's take an example from dinosaurs.
I'm most fascinated by the Late Cretaceous, in particular the last 15 million years of the Mesozoic (80-65 million years ago), just before a giant asteroid (or whatever it was) slammed into the planet. We know more about dinosaurs from this time than from any other. Similarly, the place I'm most interested in is western North America, because we know more about the dinosaurs from this region than from any other.
It turns out that there was a great deal of environmental change going on in North America during the Late Cretaceous. Increased plate tectonic activity translated into rampant volcanism, which in turn pumped abundant CO2 into the atmosphere. Global climates responded with increased warming and higher sea levels, which in turn resulted in flooding of most major continents. The climate even at high latitudes during much of this period was warm and equable year-round, described by one investigator as "wall-to-wall Jamaica." One of these continental seaways extended from the today's Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, splitting North America in two. Exquisite beachfront property could have been had at this time in Colorado, Montana, or Utah. The adjacent seaway wasn't static but rather expanded and contracted over time. During times of expansion, or transgression, the animals living on the western North American landmass were sandwiched between the seaway to east and a rising mountain chain, the Cordilleran thrust belt, to the west. The flowering plants, or angiosperms, literally blossomed during this interval, forming dense, closed canopy forests.
Amidst this dynamic environmental backdrop, various groups of dinosaurs underwent dramatic radiations, with apparently rapid rates of both speciation and extinction. Now, it may be coincidence, or it may be that the environmental changes were key factors driving this evolutionary change. Certainly the transgressing seaway would have reduced available habitat on land, likely fragmenting populations. Another factor in this regard may have been the increased abundance of angiosperm forests. Once populations became fragmented and isolated, evolution apparently targeted mating signals, likely driven, at least in part, by sexual selection.
Ecologically speaking, once two closely related species differing only in reproductive structures (e.g., horns, frills, crests, etc.) come back into contact, it's unlikely that both will persist for very long, since they will be doing the same thing to make a living. The geologic record of North American dinosaurs appears to support this pattern—that is, one of the daughter lineages lives on while the other goes extinct. So here we have the makings of an evolutionary scenario that combines a dense fossil record with physical and biological environmental changes to postulate an integrated hypothesis of change over time.
A similar eco-evolutionary problem I have been pursuing, one that also involves Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from North America, is the evolution of gigantism in large carnivores. How does evolution generate a 6,000 kg carnivore like T. rex? Few other predatory dinosaurs approached such incredible masses, and no other group of terrestrial carnivores has come close before or since. In general, when confronted by such problems, the tendency within evolutionary biology has been to focus on single-cause explanations. But Nature is rarely so simple; typically it's necessary to consider multiple causal factors. So I got together with some paleontological colleagues of varying expertise— Mark Loewen, Jim Farlow, and Matt Carrano—to tackle the question of giant dinosaur carnivores. We set out to consider not only those forces that might drive animals to gigantic sizes, but, equally important, forces that would limit the attainment of such sizes.
Ultimately, we outlined several factors that, depending on their timing and combination, could limit or promote gigantism in terrestrial carnivores. First, we argued that the largest carnivorous dinosaurs likely had intermediate metabolic rates—that is, metabolic requirements higher than those of ectothermic (cold-blooded) lizards but significantly below those typical of endothermic (warm-blooded) mammals and birds. A low maintenance metabolism appears necessary, since, in order to keep its hot-blooded furnaces stoked, a lion-sized endotherm must consume several times more food than an ectothermic lizard of the same body mass. Calculations of estimated daily caloric intake suggest that a T. rex-sized endothermic carnivore is highly improbable, since it is very unlikely that it could have consumed enough food to maintain its six tonne body mass.
Yet a low maintenance metabolism was not enough to result in the evolution of gigantism. Over the entire 160-million-year duration of dinosaurs, it was only during the Late Jurassic, and particularly the Cretaceous, that Mesozoic ecosystems were inhabited by truly giant meat-eating dinosaurs. So what was going on earlier? We postulate that geography plays an important role. Gary Burness, Jared Diamond and co-authors have argued that geographic area dictates maximal body sizes in terrestrial vertebrates. They were able to establish that the larger the land area, the larger the maximal body mass. These authors found somewhat different regression lines for warm-blooded carnivores, cold-blooded carnivores, warm-blooded herbivores, and cold-blooded herbivores. The regression lines were highly predictive as well, such that you can accurately estimate the shrinkage in body size that a mammoth species, for example, would ultimately undergo if marooned on an island of a particular size. Moreover, this and other studies show that, in order to maintain populations sizes large enough to stave off extinction, large warm-blooded carnivores such as lions require vast, continent-sized species ranges. Humans, of course, have restricted the movements of virtually all large animals, but such extensive ranges were the norm traditionally.
Given the remarkable, virtually law-like consistency of this relationship among living and recently extinct vertebrates, we assumed that geography must also have been a major factor governing dinosaur body sizes. We further postulated that T. rex-sized carnivorous dinosaurs, whether warm- or cold-blooded, would require vast species ranges. An examination of the fossil record bears out this prediction; the largest carnivorous dinosaurs occur only on continent-scale landmasses.
Yet this pattern in the fossil record raises a fundamental question. When the dinosaurs originated in the Late Triassic, about 230 million years ago, all of the continents were united as the supercontinent Pangaea. Given this proposed relationship between maximal body size and landmass area, you would expect the largest carnivorous dinosaurs to occur when all the continental landmasses were connected. But that's not what we find. It's only during the Cretaceous, after most of the continental fragmentation was completed, that the largest forms, such as T. rex, existed. Clearly, then, intermediate-grade metabolic rates combined with vast species ranges were insufficient to provoke the evolution of meat-eating titans. We realized that at least one other ingredient was necessary.
Next we turned to competition, a dominant concept in evolutionary biology, yet one that has fallen out of favor somewhat in recent years. Over the past two decades or so, paleobiological hypotheses founded on competition have been brought into question, and there has been much emphasis—rightfully so I think—on the role of cooperation and symbiosis. Yet in this case we argue for interspecific competition as a limiting factor.
When all of the continents were united as Pangaea, and even during the initial phases of fragmentation, virtually every terrestrial ecosystem for which we have good data indicates the presence of multiple, perhaps two to four, kinds of large carnivorous dinosaurs, in the range of 750-2000 kg. Given the extensive continental connections, this was a time when terrestrial animals were able to move around much of the planet. It is also why we find remains of dinosaurs on every continent. They didn't need to fly or swim across major marine barriers—they simply walked from landmass to landmass. With all of this faunal mixing, it is not surprising that we find multiple species of large carnivores in most ecosystems.
Unlike living carnivorous mammals, which often have highly specialized teeth and jaws for particular diets (meat, bone marrow, etc.), large carnivorous dinosaurs apparently lacked such ecological diversity. So, given that they were all doing pretty much the same thing to make a living, it seems reasonable to postulate that inter-species competition would have limited the maximal body size for any one species. It's highly unlikely that a given lineage could have evolved to be a giant of five or six tonnes when several other species were in direct competition in the same ecosystem. As the continents split apart, dinosaurs and all other parts of the terrestrial biota went along for the ride on these giant rafts of continental crust, setting sail on independent different evolutionary courses. We postulate that it was only after all the continents broke apart that opportunities arose for a single species to dominate an ecosystem and grow to T. rex proportions.
Indeed the evidence suggests that this is exactly what happened with the tyrant king himself. About 75 million years ago, when North America was divided into two landmasses by a seaway, several smaller-bodied tyrannosaurs such as Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus lived alongside one another. These animals were large, about 1,000 to 2,000 kg, and no doubt menacing, yet a fraction the size of their subsequent relative, Tyrannosaurus rex, which lived about 67-65 million years ago. In contrast to its predecessors, T. rex lacked the direct competition with other large carnivores. For whatever reason, all other tyrannosaur lineages died out. Almost simultaneously, the seaway receded for good, reconnecting east and west America for the first time in 25 million years and effectively doubling the geographic area for North American dinosaurs. The additional area allowed Tyrannosaurus to increase in body size while maintaining population densities high enough to avoid extinction, at least for awhile. Thus, according to this hypothesis, at least three factors—intermediate metabolism, reduction in interspecies competition, and dramatic increase in geographic area—were necessary to allow Tyrannosaurus rex to pump up to record-breaking body sizes. It is important to note that integrative hypotheses like these result in testable predictions that can be falsified or supported by future observations.
Yet why, you might be thinking, should we bother with fossils at all, given that the record of ancient life is sporadic and limited, whereas the modern record is so much denser? Part of the answer is deep time. Evolution unfolds not during human life spans, but over thousands, millions, and billions of years. Despite what geneticists may argue, any understanding of evolutionary mechanisms will be grossly incomplete without a consideration of processes operating over deep time. In other words, if your window is restricted to the present, you will by necessity have a myopic view of life. By analogy, how could you really understand a given person if you knew nothing of their past? Paleobiology, by making use of the fossil record, has the ability to gaze backward and watch evolution play out over vast time spans.
Although there have been outstanding exceptions, like George Gaylord Simpson and Elizabeth Vrba, most of the theory work in paleobiology has been conducted by invertebrate, rather than vertebrate, paleontologists. This is in part because invertebrate sample sizes are typically so much larger than those available to fossil vertebrate workers. Nonetheless, because of their sheer size and propensity for fossilization, the record of dinosaurs (and mammals) is reasonably dense. So I think vertebrate paleontology will have much to add to this discussion in the coming years.
There is much to learn from a connections-based perspective, both in terms of the contingency of unique events (i.e., bifurcation points) that history provides, and the general rules that guide long-term change in natural systems. From this vantage point, the unfolding of life can be viewed as a tapestry in which every new thread is contingent upon the nature, timing, and interweaving of virtually all previous threads. This is an extension of the idea that the origin of new life forms is fundamentally contingent upon interactions among previous biotas. As Stephen J. Gould described it, if one could rewind the tape of life and let events play out again, the results would almost certainly differ dramatically. The point of distinction here is a deeper incorporation of the connections inherent in the web of life. Specifically, the origin of new species is inextricably linked both to evolutionary history and to intricate ecological relationships with other species. Thus, speciation might be aptly termed "interdependent origination."
For example, it is often said that the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago cleared the way for the radiation of mammals and, ultimately, the origin of humans. Yet the degree of life's interconnectedness far exceeds that implied in this statement. Dinosaurs persisted for 160 million years prior to this mass dying, co-evolving in intricate organic webs with plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae, as well as other animals, including mammals. Together these Mesozoic life forms influenced the origins and fates of one another and all species that followed. Had the major extinction of the dinosaurs occurred earlier or later, or had dinosaurs never evolved, subsequent biotas would have been wholly different, and we almost certainly wouldn't be here to contemplate nature. An equivalent claim could be made for any major group at any point in the history of life.
While a few investigators, such as Stuart Kaufmann and Niles Eldredge, have begun to work around the problem from different angles, we still seem to be a long way off from a synthesis of ecology, which focuses on matter-energy transfer systems, and evolution, which emphasizes genetic (information) change over time within complex adaptive systems. At this point, we are beginning to discern the steps in this eco-evolutionary dance, yet the music eludes us. Ultimately, if a true synthesis is to come, it will be accomplished only by combining insights from the modern realm—for example, through genetics, biochemistry, microbiology, and ecology—with those from the deep past. To my mind, this search for law-like properties amidst the numerous patterns in Nature is one of the principle challenges facing evolutionary biologists and ecologists alike in this century. All indicators suggest that we are approaching an exciting time of discovery.
[1] https://www.edge.org/conversation/scott_sampson-an-eco-evolutionary-dance-through-deep-time


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Q: Dual Boot Ubuntu 20.04 on Windows 11 without USB Driver I have a laptop windows preinstalled. I upgraded it to Windows 11 and I installed Ubuntu 20.04. Each time I reboot computer, it is automatically booting in Windows. I tried to change UEFI options but it did not work. Eventually, it worked when I plugged the USB driver which has been created by using Rufus. Is it possible to choose what I would like to use as OS after turning on the computer? If it is, how could I do this? Thank you in advance.
P.S. When with USB ubuntu is booting, it is not asking my password which I created for one ubuntu user and I realized every time it is creating a new ubuntu@ubuntu user. Because is asks me too install ubuntu and I click no then desktop appears and the changes I made before has gone totally new user "ubuntu@ubuntu". I'm totally sure I installed ubuntu because I can see in the installation section, it asks to remove all files in ubuntu and create new one. But I simply I cannot access to my ubuntu user which I created firstly. Does anyone struggle this ?

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