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Cowbells for Forget-me-not
Grays prescriptionist. A treatise on the art of reading and compounding physicians prescriptions
Green Grove Cemetery
Words from the Heart
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LANGUAGE WORKS
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An introduction to the history of the science of politics.
Babies without tears
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Physical chemistry for premedical students
The Cretaceous System in the western interior of North America, edited by W.G.E. Caldwell
Theories of problem solving and decision making.
Explanation of Canadian tax reform.
Measuring Indias progress on the Millennium Development Goals
The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy by Linda Finlay
Published February 1999 by Stanley Thornes Publishers .
Occupational therapy,
Psychiatry,
Psychology,
Medical / Nursing,
Allied Health Services - Occupational Therapy,
For National Curriculum Key Stage 4 & GCSE,
Download The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy
Download PDF Download RTF Download FB2 Download EPUB
Designed to provide readers with the most up-to-date information on the clinical applications of psychosocial occupational therapy, the thoroughly revised Third Edition of PSYCHOSOCIAL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: AN EVOLVING PRACTICE is an important addition to any occupational therapy by: 1.
Since the second edition of this text was published insignificant developments have taken place within occupational therapy in the mental health context. In this new edition, Linda Finlay addresses and reflects on these changes, including those brought about by the National Service Framework for Mental d with a more evidence-based approach, this discussion Reviews: 1.
Buy The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy (Mental Health Nursing & the Community) 3Rev Ed by Finlay, Linda (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders/5(5). While occupational therapists can certainly use this material for providing direct services and being part of a team, Cara and MacRae's Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice, Fourth Edition is also an invaluable resource for defining and explaining psychosocial occupational therapy, and in supporting our roles in 2/5(1).
This book examines the occupational therapy paradigm (its focal viewpoint, core constructs, and values) as well as the role of complexity/chaos theory as a scientific framework for occupational therapy research and practice.
The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy book. Read reviews from world's largest community for readers. New chapters have been added to cover oc /5(6). Psychosocial Occupational Therapy uses evidence-based models to help you provide effective Occupational Therapy for people diagnosed with mental health conditions.
With a clear and logical organization, the book begins with theories and concepts and follows with in-depth coverage of OT interventions in both individual and group : Buy Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice 3 by Cara, Elizabeth, MacRae, Anne (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.4/5(11). Get this from a library. The practice of psychosocial occupational therapy. [Linda Finlay] -- "Since the second edition of this text was published insignificant developments have taken place within occupational therapy in the mental health context.
In this new edition, Linda Finlay. An excellent resource for coursework in psychosocial occupational therapy, this revised edition focuses on the clinical applications of psychosocial occupational therapy to prepare the reader for working with actual clients in real-life contexts/5(7).
: Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice () by Cara, Elizabeth; MacRae, Anne and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices/5(9).
Psychosocial Occupational Therapy uses evidence-based models to help you provide effective Occupational Therapy for people diagnosed with mental health conditions.
With a clear and logical organization, the book begins with theories and concepts and follows with in-depth coverage of OT interventions in both individual and group contexts. The Practice of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy describes the basic theory and practice of occupational therapy applied in psychiatry.
The author analyses the occupational therapy process and then goes on to provide a guide to occupational therapy practice, and stimulate debate on a range of occupational therapy/mental health issues. PrefacePart One: Theory For Occupational Therapy Practice 1.
Occupational Therapy: Role Challenges & Opportunities2. 2Mental Illness: Listening To User's Experience3. Occupation & Activity For Therapy4. Occupational Therapy Theory & Modules5. Psychological Theories & ApproachesPart Two: Occupational Therapy Process6.
The Therapeutic Relationship7. Description: This update of a book on psychosocial occupational therapy practice incorporates some important developments, specifically the recovery perspective. Purpose: The purpose is best captured by the subtitle of "An Evolving Practice," reflecting the dramatic changes that have occurred in mental health : $ Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy.
Edward Duncan. Jul Psychosocial Occupational Therapy. Nancy Carson. Nov * Elsevier is a leading publisher of health science books and journals, helping to advance medicine by delivering superior education, reference information and decision support tools to doctors, nurses.
^>PDF Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice @>BOOK Elizabeth Cara. This book is a succinct and practical guide for students and practitioners applying occupational therapy models in the field.
It provides an overview of the common models in practice and bridges the gap between theoretical texts on conceptual models and the immediate demands of practice. Dedication. Acknowledgments. About the Author. Preface. Introduction. Chapter 1 Introduction to the Profession of Occupational Therapy.
Chapter 2 Practice in Mental Health and Psychosocial. Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice: Cara, Elizabeth: : Libros/5(10). This book examines the occupational therapy paradigm (its focal viewpoint, core constructs, and values) as well as the role of complexity/chaos theory as a scientific framework for occupational therapy research and practice.
Unlike other current OT texts, this book uses clinical case examples to illustrate application of proposed changes to make procedures consistent with the. Occupational Therapy: Principles and Practice illustrates the OT process within various practice settings, including the acute care hospital, public school, and home health practice.
Other topics include current and prospective issues in the field, the U.S. health care system, influences/implications of managed care on the profession, and the. Book Review | Janu Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Practice in a Pluralistic Arena American Journal of Occupational Therapy, JanuaryVol.
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Occupational Therapy eBooks/Books Search this Guide Search. Occupational Therapy: eBooks/Books Psychosocial Occupational Therapy by Elizabeth Cara; Anne MacRae ISBN: Best practice occupational therapy for children and families in community settings by Winnie Dunn.
Call Number: DUN Author: Pam Thornton. Psychosocial Occupational Therapy 3rd Edition PDF Free Download E-BOOK DESCRIPTION Designed to provide readers with the most up-to-date information on the clinical applications of psychosocial occupational therapy, the thoroughly revised Third Edition of PSYCHOSOCIAL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: AN EVOLVING PRACTICE is an important addition to any.
Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice, 3rd Edition () Occupational Therapy In Health Care: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. Author: Amy Frey Gerney. Request PDF | Psychosocial Conceptual Practice Models in Occupational Therapy | This book examines the occupational therapy paradigm (its focal.
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To address this need, Cara and MacRae's Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice,Fourth Edition is completely revised and reorganized. Relevant information from previous editions, including assessments, techniques, diagnoses and specialized programs are interwoven throughout the text with a new emphasis on social issues and Brand: SLACK, Incorporated.
Purchase Psychosocial Conceptual Practice Models in Occupational Therapy - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBNThe second edition of Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: A Clinical Practice by Elizabeth Cara and Anne MacRae is an excellent resource for students and clinicians alike.
The second edition incorporates the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (AOTA, ) into its organizational structure and its use of language/5(4). The Occupational Therapy Handbook reflects modern day occupational therapy practice and education. The editors have created a current user-friendly text book specifically in relation to Practice Education, particularly in light of the developing role of.
The book describes, explores and discusses both the potential and ramifications of role emerging practice on the occupational therapy profession and offers a vision for the future of the profession that reflects current occupational, social and health needs/5(2).
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AOTA has identified Rehabilitation, Disability, and Participation as a key practice area in the 21st century.
Rehabilitation is at the core of occupational therapy and addresses the needs of persons with injuries, illnesses, or deficits in occupational performance due to other causes. Designed to provide readers with the most up-to-date information on the clinical applications of psychosocial occupational therapy, the thoroughly revised Third Edition of PSYCHOSOCIAL OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: AN EVOLVING PRACTICE is an important addition to any occupational therapy library/5(8).Free Ebook Psychosocial Occupational Therapy: An Evolving Practice, by Elizabeth Cara, Anne MacRae.
Nevertheless, some individuals will seek for the best seller book to read as the initial recommendation.
Develop the psychosocial skills you need to treat clients with any diagnosis in any setting! Psychosocial Occupational Therapy uses evidence-based models to help you provide effective Occupational Therapy for people diagnosed with mental health conditionsPages:
9957 views Thursday, November 19, 2020


Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was born on June 23, 1948. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the only African-American currently on the court. He is also the second African American to ever serve on the court. The only other African American was Thurgood Marshall. During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment. Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991.
Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. His father left his family when he was only two years old. He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old. This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.
Clarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather wanted him to become a priest. Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah. In 1968 he transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University.
After Yale he returned to Missouri and worked for State Attorney General, John Danforth. in 1977 Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate. Thomas became a corporate lawyer for the Monsanto Company. Two years later he became Danforth's legislative aide in Washington, D.C.. President Ronald Reagan offered Thomas a job as the assistant secretary for civil rights in the U.S. Department of Education. He then became the chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. In 1991, Thurgood Marshall retired from the Supreme Court. Bush nominated Thomas to replace him.
He had a hard time getting approved so that he could become a Supreme Court justice. This was partly because one of his former employees, Anita Hill, claimed that he sexually harassed her. Thomas said that was not true. The Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 52-48. All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "Clarence Thomas". The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
↑ "Clarence Thomas Biography". Bio. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
↑ 7.0 7.1 "Alumni Success Stories". College of the Holy Cross. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
↑ Horvitz, Paul F. (16 October 1991). "Senate Confirms Thomas, 52-48, Following a Final, Bitter Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
This page was last changed on 3 October 2018, at 00:40.


Back in the 80's it was virtually impossible to describe any Volvo car without using insanely high number of superlatives. The MOST safe, the MOST reliable, the MOST comfortable... Still, they were puzzled on how to reach to a young drivers' hearts, creating the MOST interesting vehicle out there. Volvo design at the time, or better to say lack of design, attracted people like pensioners, military members, librarians and, generally speaking, all the people youngsters avoid talking to. It seemed that Swedish designers were continuously finding their inspiration in a pack of cigars with a box of matches placed on top. They were so excited about it - they didn't change this approach for years. It was either that, or the lead designer passed away back in the 60's, and for some strange reason they kept him in a fridge, cancelling all his meetings under the excuse he was creatively enthusiastic.
And then in 1986 Volvo 480 happened. It was completely different, not only than anything else on this company's offer, but generally in the whole car market. Muscular sport line, high aerodynamics, 4 separated seats and low chassis profile - it all spelled success. Or at least that's what Volvo believed and hoped for. Unfortunately, at the time, driving a Volvo was not even nearly cool enough, so this fabulous vehicle never had it going, even though it absolutely deserved it, at least in my opinion. Roughly 75.000 of them were sold - way less than expected, thus making the company abandoning the segment. When the last Volvo 480 went off the production line, back in the 1995, it left a hole in the Volvo range, one that was gaping for more than a decade.
And then, when we all stopped hoping, the tiny C30 showed up, a reincarnation of the unique 480, ready to challenge Audi A3, Golf, Focus and rest of the ruling class of the European C segment. This car was actually part of the same family of models together with the S40 and the V50. They all shared same engines, complete front and a very interesting interior. What it didn't share, luckily, was their pretty conservative design of the exterior and that's exactly what made it so special. It was developed as a "Shooting Break", capable of carrying four adults with some modest luggage space of 250 liters, all seats up.
Its, relatively small, dimensions did not compromise its safety not even a bit, so it reached the top of its class when it comes to EuroNCAP result, but other agencies' results as well, primarily the American IIHS which assigned it the highest mark - "good".
For this occasion I chose to highlight the face-lifted variant powered by the Peugeot/Ford 2.0 HDi 136 PS engine which produces 340 Nm of torque at its peak. Face-lifted, because it moves further away from its close relatives, while the DW10 engine makes a good balance between performances and economy. This power-train is an evolution of the original Peugeot/Citroen HDi, with the difference in the camshaft that now held 16 instead of only 8 valves. A variable geometry turbo replaced the fixed one as well. All this brought a significant increase in power and torque, but enforced usage of all those hateful systems with a lot of D and F letters in their names.
For your information, those systems are the ones that break down frequently, but at least they're very expensive to repair. They became inevitable nowadays, especially with the large diesel power-trains such as this one, and the C30 is no exception there. If you're bothered with that and you travel less than 15.000 kilometers per year it is worth considering a 2.0 petrol version which, thanks to the excellent Mazda engine powering it, proved extremely reliable, strong enough but a bit thirsty.
Maybe that movie is pure rubbish, but remember how all the girls went nuts for that anemic guy with the suspicious looking dark circles under his eyes. OK, you might not own a glass house in the middle of a forest, pointed fangs and pale tan as if you slept in a water mill, but what you actually could have is - a Volvo C30! Not that he was driving a 2.0 diesel, but nevertheless.
That's about the closest it gets when describing my perfect car! Just imagine, you get all the quality, safety and comfort of a Volvo, but you are not invited to a chess game automatically when you pull over next to a park. This car is, when you think about it, quick enough, sporty enough and just as impractical to make a perfect choice for your upcoming middle age crisis.
Considering that barely 200.000 of those went off the production line, you will be in possession of a relatively rare car which, as an interesting old-timer, will be getting more and more expensive by time. That way you actually invest safely. When I say safely, I mean it's never going to be stolen, because - what the hell would thieves do with it?!
So what exactly would be the conclusion here? Well, let's just say that things sometimes should be observed from another, fresh perspective. Some cars that might be less represented should also be given a chance, especially when they come with a fair price. Besides, if Volvo were brave enough to unfreeze their lead designer so that they could, finally, present an attractive car intended for young people and us who feel young, then why can't you wash in flour, put on your artificial fangs and start out your very own C30 adventure.


← Should elearning be the answer for all training?
We all know the basics of structuring a story so it has a beginning, middle and end and some sort of plot, challenge or problem. But what is the difference between a story that misses it's audience and a story that resoundingly connects with people enough for them to take on the story and even make changes because of it?
I've been inspired by Nancy Duarte's Ted talk that simply explains common features of great communicators and how they connect and with their audience. In short Nancy explains how people are brought on a journey gradually. She idenifies a formula of flitting between the present truth and future possibility and how this toing and froing can move people towards accepting and adopting the ideas to work towards the future state of bliss.
This technique could work not only for training, it could also work for coaching conversations or even in personal situations helping someone to move forward to change.
I hope her Ted talk inspires you as much as it has me. I can think of multiple ways to use this model both for training and learning and for beyond.
I'd love to hear your thoughts – follow me to hear more of mine.


Biological systems are complex, but finite in size. They are usually organized in a hierarchical and heterogeneous fashion. Functionally relevant events occur at almost all temporal and spatial scales. These unique features present new challenges to the physical methods required to study such multiscale phenomena. The traditional methods are often found to be insufficient. Therefore, new conceptual frameworks and investigation techniques are needed.
In this proposal, we plan to bring together a set of leading experts in the field of biophysics to address several important biophysical problems. Typical topics are ruggedness and funnel-like behavior of the landscape at the molecular and cellular network levels, and multiscale simulation techniques for studying complex biological systems.
A hopeful outcome of the workshop is a unified picture of this emerging field, so as to stimulate more research in various frontier directions. Of particular importance is the identification of important biological questions in addition to exchanging ideas of methodology development.


At first light, I scale the arid hillside, my feet skidding on crumbling rock. Breathless and exhausted, I finally stop on a flat roof. I gaze skywards, scrutinizing the mountain ridge like a famished falcon, the valleys and plains around me hushed and deserted. There, I wait for savage inhabitants of some of the world's most revered summits – the birds of prey of the High Atlas.
These North African peaks are home to formidable aerial predators – falcons, eagles, hawks and vultures. Abrupt, crimson cliffs provide perfect lodgings for birds that nest only in the most unreachable clefts of the sheerest precipices. Add vast kilometers of plains between the Atlas range and fruitful hunting ground, and they're in perfect territory.


After its second straight weekend sweep, Quinnipiac men's ice hockey has picked up two more weekly awards as was announced the ECAC league office in a press release. Odeen Tufto took home the ECAC player of the week after a three goal and three assist weekend against the Maine Black Bears. Tufto had a monster game on Friday when he had three goals and two assists and followed the game with an assist on Ethan de Jong's goal on Saturday night. Tufto leads Quinnipiac with 18 points on 9 goals and 9 assists after a 41 point freshman season a year ago. This is the second ECAC player of the week for Tufto who won the award last season for the week of January 16, 2018 when he was also named the rookie of the week as well.
A week after Wyatt Bongiovanni took the ECAC rookie of the week award, it was another Quinnipiac freshman claiming the award this week in Ethan de Jong. The North Vancouver, B.C. native had two goals and one assist in two games over the weekend. He is riding a three game point streak (2 goals, 2 assists) and has 10 points (3 goals, 7 assists) in 13 games played on Quinnipiac's top line this season. Congrats to both Odeen and Ethan on their ECAC weekly awards.


text:
AmorePacific Menu
Global Headquarters, Contemporary Classic
An Open Space of Past Memories and Future Possibilities Coexisting A Hall of Beauty reflecting Amorepacific's ambitious dream of reaching the world with innovation created through collaboration and communication.
Headquarters,
Contemporary Classic
An Open Space of Past Memories and Future Possibilities Coexisting
Global Headquarters is a Hall of Beauty reflecting Amorepacific's ambitious dream of reaching the world with innovation created through collaboration and communication. It is a place open towards the world and a space representing the past, present and future of Amorepacific and its previous headquarters building.
For all who work here and for the many who visit for various reasons, Global Headquarters is an opening of imagination towards the future and will provide memorable moments.
There is a strength that comes from simplicity. Global Headquarters' square structure is like a blank canvas. Creativity comes from such a space of open and equal interaction. It is a space that asks the members of the Amorepacific community to look far into the future, to think of new and strange things. It is in this way a creative office.
Global Headquarters carries the memory of its previous building that stood in the same spot for 60 years. It connects the stories of our past, present and future through moments that comprise the stories we tell. It not only remembers the past but also opens up a future of possibilities, offering a place of sharing today's vision.
Creative Office and Innovation
Creative Space of Open Thinking and Innovation
Open Space of Creative Innovation, Communication and Connections
Because new creative things come about through collaboration and communication, it is imperative that our workplace be open. This deliberate sense of displacement, of being foreign to one's environment, is central to the culture of Amorepacific. It allows our attention to wander, to different people, products and places. It is created as a place for creativity that yearns new things by integrating tradition and innovation.
Terrace garden of the dreams and vision of Amorepacific
Architecture naturally blends into peoples' lives. Global Headquarters is in itself an 'objet' and also a 'city' of relationships. Global Headquarters encompasses the order and knowledge of a creative society and is built for a creative organization, a horizontal organization. It not only remembers the past but also opens up a future of possibilities.
Trust and Collaboration
A space of interaction, bringing together the diverse citizenry of the Amorepacific world.
Trust, Collaboration,
Creativity and Tenacity
New things come about through collaboration and communication based on trust. Amorepacific pursues open culture. It is imperative that people have ownership of the spaces they work together in as making creative and reliable products lies in the hands of the people. It is natural that the space where people gather to seek beauty should also be beautiful.
Global Headquarters is a beautiful space that enables trust and interaction as well as providing a good working environment. It is made to be a space with the value of commonality where different moments converge through collaboration that accepts differences based on trust and the journey of tenacity in making creative ideas into a reality.
An open atrium lobby of interaction, bringing together the diverse citizenry of the Amorepacific world
The Amorepacific World,
We build for the people and it is the people who have ownership of architecture. This is the philosophy behind this space where communities of individuals and organization are created with interactions and relationships expanded.
The Creativity Collaboration
A Space of Thinking and Sharing New Beauty
Common Value,
Amorepacific's Vision
Amorepacific seeks to share the beauty of diversity and differences with the world. Architecture interacts with the brand to form a creative process connected to the latter's evolution. The value of commonality is instilled in Global Headquarters architecture to enable Amorepacific's vision and value as Asian Beauty Creator to be shared with the society.
The Amorepacific Museum of Art that will become the center of Amorepacific culture
FOOTER MENUS
© Since 1945 Amorepacific, All Rights Reserved.

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Bryan Kasenic probably deserves an award for his contributions to New York techno. When he threw the first Bunker party in 2003, Mayor Rudy Giuliani had already knocked the wind out of the city's afterhours culture with strict policies aimed at cleaning up the city. As a DJ and a promoter, Kasenic survived the decade-long dry spell that followed, when indie rockers and party photographers ruled the nightlife landscape. 15 years later, the rest of the scene has finally caught up, and The Bunker is now at the center of an explosive resurgence that's put New York back on the map.
If you're into heady electronics, The Bunker is arguably the city's best party. The nights tend to sell out without compromising on adventurous bookings. More than international acts, however, it's known for a ridiculously solid crew of resident DJs and regulars—a list that includes Mike Servito, Derek Plaslaiko, Eric Cloutier and Patrick Russell. Meanwhile, the record label is nearing its 30th release, and Kasenic is finally getting his due as a DJ, with gigs at big-time clubs and festivals across Europe and Asia. He and The Bunker are now at a crossroads, positioned somewhere between global recognition and local legend. RA staff writer Max Pearl stopped by his apartment in Bed-Stuy, Brooklyn to talk in depth about the past, present and future of the institution.
The Bunker New York founder, label head, resident DJ.


text:
Opinion: greater community focus spurs Detroit Symphony revival
In Thursday's (4/18) Detroit News, columnist Daniel Howes writes, "Two years after a debilitating strike pushed the Detroit Symphony Orchestra to the brink of its storied existence, the band is back. It is establishing a presence in suburban markets filled with loyal patrons, and its free webcasts are reaching the largest online audience of any orchestra in the world. Next month, it will return to New York's Carnegie Hall after a 17-year hiatus, signaling a revival through hard work and innovation that could be subtitled DSO 2.0. 'Things have gone better than I thought or hoped,' Haden McKay, a cellist and member of the orchestra's bargaining committee during the strike, said in an interview Wednesday. 'Overall, the orchestra has stabilized. There's been an effort on all sides to rebuild relationships.' … 'If you don't figure out how your orchestra meets the needs of the city whose name you bear, your death is at the door,' says Paul Hogle, executive vice president of the DSO. … The DSO's online push to extend the orchestra's brand and artistic cred at home and overseas already is paying dividends. Twenty-two free webcasts this season, sponsored by the Knight Foundation and the Ford Motor Co. Fund, are expected to reach 250,000 listeners worldwide, up from 120,000 last season, thanks in part to simulcasts by established classical music sites based in Paris and Russia."
Previous: The man who's making Carnegie Hall history
Next: Nashville Symphony appoints interim COO


text:
Q: c# how do I turn this data into a cookie? I'm making a wrapper for a forum API, one function returns this, which is meant to provide enough information for you to set a cookie to log the user in with:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<ApiResponse>
 <ErrorCode>0</ErrorCode>
 <ErrorDescription/>
 <ResultData recordcount="1">
  <Record>
   <Username>Gullanian</Username>
   <UserID>4</UserID>
   <CookieName>WWF9sLID</CookieName>
   <CookieKey>UID</CookieKey>
   <CookieData>Gullanian-CD45-ZCB-D72Z-AAC6</CookieData>
   <CookiePath>/scirranew/forum/</CookiePath>
   <ForumPath>http://127.0.0.1/scirranew/Forum/</ForumPath>
  </Record>
 </ResultData>
</ApiResponse>

I've got as far as this:
public class WebWizCookie
{
    public string Username { get; set; }
    public int UserID { get; set; }
    public string CookieName { get; set; }
    public string CookieKey { get; set; }
    public string CookieData { get; set; }
    public string CookiePath { get; set; }
    public string ForumPath { get; set; }

    ///
    /// Loads this cookie so user is logged in with this cookie data.
    ///
    public void LoadCookie(double MinutesExpiry)
    {
        HttpCookie Cookie = new HttpCookie(this.CookieName);
        Cookie[this.CookieKey] = this.CookieData;
        Cookie.Domain = this.CookiePath;
        Cookie.Expires = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(MinutesExpiry);

        HttpContext.Current.Response.Cookies.Add(Cookie);
    }

It's returning all the values fine, but I'm not being logged into the site when I call this function.  Does anyone know if I'm doing anything wrong here?  Forgetting to set something, or setting it incorrectly?
Edit, printing out values
After setting the cookie, if I print out the values:
HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("Cookie[" + this.CookieKey + "] = " + this.CookieData + "
");
HttpContext.Current.Response.Write("Cookie.Domain = " + ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["MasterDomainRoot"] + "
");

I get:
Cookie[UID] = Gullanian2-4B9B-9D5-27E2-A413
Cookie.Domain = http://localhost/ScirraNew
UID

And in google chrome the developer tools says there is a cookie:

A: First step is to determine if the cookie is being properly created. Have you checked? (You can use the web developer toolbar for Firefox to do this).

A: Your Cookie.Domain is wrong. See HttpCookie.Domain on MSDN - it should merely contain the domain (e.g. "localhost") not the full path ("http://localhost/ScirraNew"). There is a Path property if you want to restrict a cookie to only certain parts of your site, but that is a rarely-used feature (I've never come across a reason to do it).
By the way, you don't need to set the Domain property - by default, cookies are shared by all pages that are in the same domain. You really only need to set it if you have to share cookies between different subdomains (e.g. www.mysite.com and secure.mysite.com, you'd need to set Domain to "mysite.com")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Kiwi Hellenist
Modern myths about the ancient world.
The dates of Jesus. 1. The dates
§1–§3. The dates | §4–§5. Calendars and prophecy | §6. Christmas and Easter | §7–§8. Sources
The dates of Jesus' life are approximate. Encyclopaedias put his birth date variously in 4 BCE, 7–5 BCE, 7–2 BCE, or '6–7 BCE' (for that last one he went backwards in time, I guess?), and his death date in 30 CE, 33 CE, or 30–36 CE (Britannica, Citizendium, Encyclopedia.com, Wikipedia).
These dates are weirdly disconnected from what we read in ancient sources. They give birth dates ranging from 4 BCE to 6 CE, and they normally put the death date in 29 CE. Same ballpark, but ... disconnected. The more sensible modern write-ups avoid specific dates, or they hedge their bets, using 'perhaps' or 'no universal agreement' (e.g. New Pauly, Wikipedia).
I'm not about to pin down Jesus' dates: we don't have good enough evidence anyway. What I can usefully do is give an easily accessible summary of what the early sources say, along with some discussion of how their ideas developed over time. This is a complex subject, so even though I'm trying to distil it, I'm still splitting it into four episodes:
what the sources say, and trends over the centuries
technical problems in reading the sources
the dates of Christmas and Easter
details about the ancient sources; bibliography
(Note: episodes 2 and 3 were originally conceived as a single episode. After they were written I split them to keep each episode around 2000 words. Please note that this isn't a tactic to increase advertising revenue! Kiwi Hellenist has no advertising revenue.)
A depiction of Jesus' birth: a publicity still for The nativity story (2006), starring Keisha Castle-Hughes and Oscar Isaac
§1. The dates
See Episode 4, §7, for references and discussion of the sources. Since this was first put online, some corrections have been made.
Baptism, start of ministry
Death, resurrection
Matthew (ca. 70–90 CE?) 4 BCE or earlier Passover (no year specified)
Luke 1 (ca. 100?) 4 or 3 BCE (conception)
Luke 2 6 or 7 CE (birth)
Luke 3 Oct. 3–Oct. 1 BCE Oct. 28–Oct. 29 CE (in conjunction with Luke 22) Passover 29 or 30 CE
John (ca. 80–110?) Passover, more than 2 years after start of ministry
Thallos (late 00s–early 100s), Phlegon of Tralles (130s?) see §3 below
Josephus (90s),
Tacitus (110s),
Justin Martyr (150s) during Tiberius' principate
Irenaeus (180s) 4 BCE during Tiberius' principate during Claudius' principate
Clement of Alexandria (ca. 200) 'genesis' on 28 May 2 BCE or
19 or 20 April (year unspecified) (ambiguous meaning; see §6) 10 Jan. 28 CE or
6 Jan. 28 CE 21 March 29 CE or
20 April 29 CE or
14 April 29 CE
Tertullian (ca. 200–220) 4–3 BCE and
2 BCE 25 March 29 CE (death)
Julius Africanus (220s) 3/2 BCE (between midsummers) 'parousia' in 29/30 CE (unclear meaning: ministry, death, or both?) not 24 Nov. 29 CE (rejects date)
Hippolytus, paschal table (220s–230s) 2 April 2 BCE ('genesis') 25 March 29 CE (resurrection)
Hippolytus, commentary on Daniel (first half of 200s) 25 Dec. 2 BCE (birth) 25 March 32 CE (regnal year),
25 March 29 CE (consuls) (death)
Origen (first half of 200s) 1 BCE 29 CE during Tiberius' principate
pseudo-Cyprian (243) 28 March 2 BCE 30 CE
Lactantius (313–316) 23 March 29 CE (death), 25 March 29 CE (resurrection)
Eusebius (310s–330s) 1 BCE/1 CE 30/31 CE
Chronography of 354 (336–354) 25 Dec. 1 CE or
25 Dec. 1 BCE
John Chrysostom (second half of 300s) December (year unspecified)
Epiphanius (377) 6 Jan. 2 BCE 8 Nov. 28 CE 31 CE
§2. Vagueness before 200 CE, precision afterwards
The sources closest to Jesus' lifetime are the gospels Matthew and Luke. (Paul's letters are earlier, but Paul isn't helpful about dates.) When we look at them, and compare them to other 1st–2nd century sources, two things leap out:
The gospels give multiple incompatible chronological markers, which disagree with each other (or at least appear to disagree) by a decade. For ancient history that isn't actually too bad, but still, it isn't precise. The main thing we can safely extract is that Jesus' ministry and death were sometime during Tiberius' principate (Lk. 3.1–3). That's a 23 year range, 14–37 CE.
The only thing Josephus, Tacitus, and Justin can tell us is that Jesus died during Tiberius' reign and Pilate's governorship. Irenaeus is slightly different: he gives the same vague date for Jesus' baptism, but he dates Jesus' birth to 4 BCE, the year of Herod's death, and he thinks Jesus lived into his 40s. But they give no information that isn't already in the gospels. The mention of Tiberius comes from Luke 3; Herod is the one chronological marker that appears in both gospels' birth narratives (Mt. 2.1, Lk. 1.5).
On the differences between the two gospels' nativity stories, I gave a reasonably detailed account here last year.
The point is that the gospels are the only primary sources for Jesus' dates. The other 1st–2nd century sources are secondary: all their information came from the gospels.
But then, starting with Clement around 200 CE, the sources suddenly get very very specific. They date Jesus' death to 29 CE — and usually to the exact day. In the table above there are two problems at the bottom where the sources give markers that are a few years apart, but even there, there's enough information to see that the discrepancy comes from badly synchronised calendar-era systems, not from different information (see §7).
By comparison, our 1st and 2nd century sources are vague. Really vague.
And the teacher that we have for these things, and who was born for this, Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pontius Pilate, which happened in Judaea in the time of the ruler Tiberius Caesar ... (Justin, First apology 13)
[Marcion said that] Jesus came from the Father, who is over the god that created the cosmos, and that he came to Judaea in the time of Pontius Pilate's rule, who was Tiberius Caesar's procurator ... (Irenaeus, Against heresies 1.27.2)
But if Christ only began to exist at that time when he performed his advent as a mortal, and if the father remembered to take thought for mortals only from the time of Tiberius Caesar onwards ... (Irenaeus 4.6.2)
For Christ came not just for the sake of those people who believed him in the time of Tiberius Caesar ... (Irenaeus 4.22.2)
I won't quote Josephus and Tacitus: their references to Jesus tend to provoke shouting matches about textual corruption. Anyway, they're vague too.
It's pretty transparent that when Josephus, Tacitus, Justin, and Irenaeus say Jesus died during Tiberius' reign (or Claudius' reign, in Irenaeus' case), they say that because it's all they knew. And in all likelihood, even that information only existed because that's what Luke 3.1–3 says. Irenaeus is repeatedly trying to make a point about the people of Jesus' time, but all he can say about that time is the emperor's name. It's clear that that's all he had.
The exact dates in later sources must be driven by increasing Christian interest in chronography and the calendar. We start to see signs of that interest in the 150s, with the Quartodeciman controversy, when different churches disputed which date Easter ought to be observed. Clement, a few decades on, is where we start to see the fruits of that interest.
The upshot is that precise dates only emerged at the end of the 2nd century because that's when Christian liturgical practice began to want precise dates. The exact dates in 3rd century sources were arrived at because of contemporary Christian practices.
Does that imply that those precise dates are wrong? Well ... yes, yes it does. If independent oral traditions about Jesus' dates existed, we'd have to postulate that Justin, Irenaeus, and so on just never heard of them. For some reason. Not exactly widely disseminated oral traditions, then.
The most realistic scenario is that there was no secret knowledge. Later Christians 'found' the details when they needed them. The question then is: where did they 'find' the 29 CE date?
§3. Getting precise: the solar eclipse of 29 CE
By itself Luke 3.1–3 and 3.23 could have been enough to pin Jesus' ministry and death to 29 CE. So why are 1st–2nd century sources so coy about giving that date? I don't think we can be totally sure. I suspect it's because they realised the contradictions in Matthew 2 and Luke 1, 2, and 3, and also perhaps because they were aware that the gospel of John seems to indicate a ministry lasting multiple years. The definiteness in Clement and later sources is in spite of the gospels, not because of them.
Whatever the reason, they eventually arrived at precise dates. To do that, they needed something outside the gospels. That something ended up being a solar eclipse.
They quickly realised an eclipse is actually a terrible way of dating Jesus' death. But by the time that was decided, it seems it had already given enough of a confidence boost to start giving precise dates.
According to the synoptic gospels, there was a darkness for three hours at Jesus' death (Mk. 15.33, Mt. 27.45, Lk. 23.44–45). From the 2nd century onwards sources start to connect this incident with eclipses in general. A specific eclipse, which took place in 29 CE, became known thanks to a report in a pagan chronographical work, the Olympiads by Phlegon of Tralles (BNJ 257 T 16a, b, c, d, e).
Here are the relevant sources. Phlegon's work survives only in second-hand reports, as does another key source, Thallos; Julius Africanus survives in excerpts.
Luke (date uncertain, probably early 2nd century) 23.45 is explicit that the incident was a solar eclipse. Modern Bibles are very coy about translating this accurately: we'll come back to that.
Thallos (date uncertain), BNJ 256 F 1. Julius Africanus (F93 ed. Wallraff) tells us that Thallos explained the darkness at Jesus' death as a solar eclipse.
Tertullian (ca. 200), Apologetic 21, states that people who were unaware of biblical prophecies perceived the darkness as a purely astronomical event, namely an eclipse.
Julius Africanus (220s), Chronographies F93 ed. Wallraff. Africanus cites Thallos for the notion that the darkness was an eclipse (see above), and cites Phlegon of Tralles as having reported an eclipse during Tiberius' reign. But Africanus firmly rejects the eclipse interpretation, pointing out that Passover takes place at full moon, while solar eclipses occur at new moon. He goes on to claim that Phlegon described the eclipse as starting at midday and lasting three hours. This is certainly contamination from the gospels: the contamination indicates that Africanus was relying on a second-hand report of Phlegon, not Phlegon himself.
Origen (ca. 250), Against Celsus 2.33 and 2.59. Origen cites Phlegon as reporting an eclipse during the reign of Tiberius. He, too, makes it clear that he hasn't personally read Phlegon's report: he isn't sure which part of Phlegon's work reported the event, and he calls Phlegon's book the Chronika instead of its correct title, Olympiads.
Eusebius (early 300s), Armenian chronicle p. 213 ed. Karst = Jerome's Latin p. 256 ed. Fotheringham. According to Eusebius, 'Flego'/'Phlegeon' reported an eclipse at midday in the 4th year of the 202nd Olympiad, that is 32/33 CE. (In Karst, the comment below the tabulation gives the date as Ol. 203,4, but the tabulation puts it in Ol. 202,4.)
(If you're doing research on this, you'll often see a passage in Georgios Synkellos cited: that's the Africanus excerpt mentioned above.)
Now, Phlegon's eclipse was a real historical eclipse, which passed over the Levant in 29 CE; and 29 CE is exactly the year that most sources give for Jesus' death date, pinning it to the consulship of Rubellius Geminus and Fufius Geminus. So it's extremely likely that Eusebius' date of Ol. 202,4 (202nd Olympiad, 4th year) was already an error for Ol. 201,4, the actual year of their consulship. That error could in part be responsible for the confusion between 29 CE and 32/33 CE that we see in Hippolytus and the Acts of Pilate (see §7).
Tertullian and Julius Africanus argued that a natural eclipse had nothing to do with Jesus' death, and in this they were perfectly correct. We know more about the eclipse than they did, and it turns out it's even sillier than they thought. (1) As Africanus points out, Passover takes place at full moon; a natural solar eclipse implies new moon. (2) The real eclipse took place in November; Passover is in spring. (3) The path of totality passed about 700 km north of Jerusalem. (4) Totality lasted just under 2 minutes, not 3 hours. Phlegon's report evidently didn't mention any of these things. In addition, the eclipse took place in the consulship that we see cited in Christian sources, the consulship of Rubellius Geminus and Fufius Geminus; but the Olympiad year runs from midsummer to midsummer, so November 29 actually fell in Ol. 202,1, not Ol. 201,4. None of the surviving writers knew Phlegon's book firsthand, as we've seen. (They didn't have direct access to consular fasti either: they invariably misspell the consuls' names, in several different ways.)
Note. Some modern Christian apologists make out that when the gospels refer to the sun darkening at midday, they're somehow actually talking about a lunar eclipse. That idea plays no part in ancient discussions of Jesus' dates, so fortunately we don't have to address it here.
Some of our earliest witnesses for the 'eclipse' interpretation, Tertullian and Julius Africanus, already reject it. Africanus explains exactly why it can't have been a normal eclipse. The eclipse interpretation was in circulation before their time — not just in Thallos, but also in the gospel of Luke.
And it was now about the 6th hour, and darkness came over the whole earth until the 9th hour because of a solar eclipse ...
Luke 23.44–45 (tr. Gainsford)
The last phrase, 'because of a solar eclipse', is my translation of τοῦ ἡλίου ἐκλιπόντος: more literally, 'upon the sun being eclipsed'. Modern Bible translations are very prissy about this phrase, because the translators are well aware that it can't possibly have been a normal solar eclipse. They dodge the problem by conveniently forgetting the normal meaning of ἐκλείπω and replacing it with other, vaguer, definitions. Never mind that the meaning is absolutely standard in documentary Koine Greek. Never mind that if you're talking about the sun and you use the verb ἐκλείπω, there's only one meaning it's ever going to have. (Hint: take a guess which Greek word 'eclipse' is derived from!) And never mind that the correct meaning is present in dictionaries of New Testament Greek, often specifically citing this verse (Souter, Abbott-Smith, Gingrich) — though some other dictionaries quietly remove the definition and pretend it never existed (Robinson, Green, Hickie, Mounce, Newman).
Ancient readers got nervous about the verse too, once they realised the problem. And like the modern translators, they solved it by quietly changing the text. The earliest copies we have, P75, the codex Sinaiticus, and a report in Origen (Against Celsus 2.33; Homilies on Luke fr. 83; all 200s–300s CE), give the 'eclipse' text, and that's what's printed in modern critical editions. But manuscripts from the 5th century onwards alter it to a vaguer phrase, ἐσκοτίσθη (δὲ) ὁ ἥλιος 'and the sun was darkened', following the phrasing in Mark and Matthew, and agreeing with Tertullian and Africanus that it can't have been a natural eclipse. Many modern translations use this altered reading instead of the original.
In Episode 2 we'll look at some technical problems in interpreting what the ancient sources say, and Episode 3 will go into the modern debate over how Christmas and Easter developed in early Christianity.
Posted by Peter Gainsford at 16:57
Labels: ancient religion, Christianity, chronography
Location: Wellington, New Zealand
Leonicos 1 December 2021 at 23:18:00 GMT+13
Excellent; Thank you
I like you mode of argumenting. I'm just translating into New Greek Quintus Smyrnaeus, and I am planning to do it for Tryphiodoros too, if God permits, Ia am 77 only!
Unknown 25 December 2021 at 01:23:00 GMT+13
May I use your photo of the Nativity on my Instagram account?
Peter Gainsford 29 December 2021 at 15:04:00 GMT+13
Hi, the picture isn't mine - it's a publicity still from the film, as I said: I must have swiped it from here or somewhere similar. Given that it's for publicity purposes, I doubt the copyright owner would have much objection to its use as long as it's properly credited, but your mileage may vary.
Peter Gainsford is a classicist based in Wellington, New Zealand. He is the author of Early Greek Hexameter Poetry (Cambridge, 2015) and has written articles on many aspects of Greek language, literature, and myth.
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text:
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Afghan troops are filmed laying down arms as US general overseeing NATO exit says he's shocked by how quickly they've surrendered to the Taliban and 1,000 are caught fleeing the country
The Afghan army is collapsing across the country, with videos posted by the Taliban showing troops laying down their US-made weapons and handing over the keys to their Humvee armoured cars
The US left Bagram Airfield last week - its fortress in the country for nearly 20 years - by slipping away in the night without telling the base's new Afghan commander who discovered they had gone the next morning
However, General Austin Scott Miller, commander of US and Nato troops in Afghanistan, said he was shocked by how quickly the Afghan National Army had surrendered to the resurgent jihadists
'I don't like leaving friends in need,' he told ABC on Monday. 'We should be concerned. The loss of terrain and the rapidity of that loss of terrain has to be concerning. You look at the security situation, it's not good'
More than a thousand Afghan National Army soldiers fled into Tajikistan from the northern province of Badkhshan following clashes with the resurgent jihadists on Sunday
Tajikistan said that the Afghans were allowed to enter on the principle of 'good neighbourliness' but called up 20,000 reservists to bolster its border guard and prevent further flooding of the frontier
By Ross Ibbetson For Mailonline and Afp
Published: 04:59 EST, 6 July 2021 | Updated: 18:51 EST, 6 July 2021
Afghan troops have been filmed laying down their arms to the Taliban as the terror group shows off the American-made weapons it has seized after US and Nato troops beat a hasty retreat.
The Afghan army is collapsing across the country and the Taliban appear to be winning the propaganda war with videos to prove that they will welcome surrendering soldiers - as long as they hand over their state-of-the-art weapons and Humvee armoured cars.
The US left Bagram Airfield last week - its fortress in the country for nearly 20 years - by slipping away in the night without telling the base's new Afghan commander who discovered they had gone the next morning.
However, General Austin Scott Miller, commander of US and Nato troops in Afghanistan, said he was shocked by how quickly the Afghan National Army had surrendered to the Taliban.
'I don't like leaving friends in need,' he told ABC on Monday. 'We should be concerned. The loss of terrain and the rapidity of that loss of terrain has to be concerning. You look at the security situation, it's not good.
'The Taliban are on the move. War is physical, but it's also got a psychological or moral component, and hope actually matters. What you don't want to have happen is that the people lose hope.'
More than a thousand Afghan National Army soldiers fled into Tajikistan from the northern province of Badkhshan following clashes with the Taliban on Sunday.
Tajikistan said that the Afghans were allowed to enter on the principle of 'good neighbourliness' but called up 20,000 reservists to bolster its border guard and prevent further flooding of the frontier.
Taliban fighters survey armoured trucks and cars seized from an Afghan army base after they surrendered
A line of US-made Humvee armoured cars which have fallen into the hands of the Taliban
The terror group showed off piles of guns and rocket launchers which they seized from the Afghan army base
The Taliban uploaded footage which purports to show Afghan National Army troops laying down their US-made arms and surrendering
The Taliban are on the move across the country, most notably in the northern province of Badakhshan which borders Tajikistan, sending Afghan troops fleeing over the border. Meanwhile in Kandahar province to the south the jihadists are encircling their former capital city
Afghan soldiers purportedly surrendering to Taliban warlords in footage uploaded by the terror group
A Taliban fighter shows off a US standard issue M4A1 assault rifle seized from the Afghan base
Machine guns and boxes of ammunition seized by the Taliban from the vanquished Afghan forces
Taliban war chiefs show off US made weapons and ammunition seized from the Afghan National Army's Sultan Khil military base to the west of Kabul
The Taliban showed off brand new and unopened boxes of ammunition and grenades, most of which appeared to be from America, which they had seized from the surrendering Afghan troops
A Taliban chieftain welcomes Afghan National Army troops - the terror group are keen to show that they will welcome surrendering forces with open arms, taking their valuable weapons and 'forgiving' them for their 'weakness' in fighting with the US-led coalition
The Taliban appear to be winning the propaganda war with videos online purporting to show the surrender of Afghan National Army soldiers
Kabul militia surrendering with their weapons to the Taliban in Parwan Province on 16th June. pic.twitter.com/K1tp4VIlFn
— Death Symphony (@photo_military) June 19, 2021
All over Afghanistan, thousands of Afghan army troops are surrendering, with their weapons and equipment, to the Afghan Taliban.
About 1000 troops have crossed over into Tajikistan and Uzbekistan seeking asylum.
The battle for Kabul will soon begin. Hedge your bets wisely... pic.twitter.com/saVHp2Ox3s
— Zaid Hamid (@ZaidZamanHamid) July 5, 2021
As #Taliban took control of nine districts in #Badakhshan the corrupt elites and high ranked officials are rushing to escape in @BakhtarAirlines .👇 pic.twitter.com/GHTFw5qPDC
— Rahim لغماني (@RahimLaghmani) July 3, 2021
Taliban seizes 900 guns, 30 Humvees, 20 army pickups and 15 military trucks from surrendering Afghan troops
Stacks of US assault rifles seized by the Taliban from surrendering Afghan troops
The Taliban have seized more than 900 guns from surrendering Afghan soldiers in the hinterland surrounding Kabul as they continue their resurgence in the wake the US and Nato retreat.
The jihadists have been posting videos online showing how they are happy to welcome their former adversaries as long as they lay down their arms.
The propaganda appears to be working.
A Sky News report showed the Taliban proudly displaying US-made guns along with stacks of brand new ammunition and grenades still unopened in their boxes.
The commander, based in Wardak province west of Kabul, told the broadcaster his men had retrieved 70 sniper rifles, 900 guns, 30 Humvees, 20 army pickups and 15 articulated military trucks.
They also had satellite phones, grenades, mortars, bullets, many with labels on the front saying 'Property of USA Government'.
They have captured Sultan Khil military base, a key strategic site in the region formerly held by Afghan troops.
A box of rockets which the Taliban seized from the Afghan National Army
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In the capital of Badakhshan, Faizabad, video emerged which purported to show Afghan officials attempting to flee on a commercial jet as the Taliban surrounded the town of around 30,000 people.
Some civilians are trying to escape by road but many have accepted the return of the Taliban as a fact of life.
'The Taliban have cut off all gates out of the city, and there are checkpoints on all the roads, searching for government officials. Those who can have abandoned the city, by air of course,' one local resident called Abdul told The Times.
'Most districts in Badakhshan are falling without any fighting. Many believe that officials have done a secret deal with the Taliban. People are afraid of what comes next.'
Ahmad Zaman, another Faizabad resident, told the paper: 'The situation is really bad. Everyone is in fear and panic. The Taliban are gaining control without fighting. The insurgents are sending messages to Afghan forces to surrender without fighting.'
President Ashraf Ghani has promised a counter-attack and sources said that commandos had been deployed to defend the town.
The assaults across the country, from Helmand in the south to Badakhshan in the north, come just days after the bulk of US and British troops left Afghanistan.
Last week, all US and NATO forces left Bagram Air Base near Kabul - the command centre of anti-Taliban operations - effectively wrapping up their exit after a two-decade campaign that began in the wake of 9/11.
According to the Afghan army, the Americans slipped out in the night by turning off the power and leaving without telling the base's new commander - who discovered they had gone the next morning.
'We (heard) some rumor that the Americans had left Bagram ... and finally by seven o'clock in the morning, we understood that it was confirmed that they had already left Bagram,' Gen. Mir Asadullah Kohistani, Bagram's new commander said.
Before the Afghan army could take control of the airfield about an hour's drive from the Afghan capital Kabul, it was invaded by a small army of looters, who ransacked barrack after barrack and rummaged through giant storage tents before being evicted, according to Afghan military officials.
'At first we thought maybe they were Taliban,' said Abdul Raouf, a soldier of 10 years. He said the the U.S. called from the Kabul airport and said 'we are here at the airport in Kabul.'
Kohistani insisted the Afghan National Security and Defense Force could hold on to the heavily fortified base despite a string of Taliban wins on the battlefield. The airfield also includes a prison with about 5,000 prisoners, many of them allegedly Taliban.
Afghan soldiers who wandered Monday throughout the base that had once seen as many as 100,000 U.S. troops were deeply critical of how the U.S. left Bagram, leaving in the night without telling the Afghan soldiers tasked with patrolling the perimeter.
'In one night, they lost all the goodwill of 20 years by leaving the way they did, in the night, without telling the Afghan soldiers who were outside patrolling the area,' said Afghan soldier Naematullah, who asked that only his one name be used.
Within 20 minutes of the U.S.'s silent departure on Friday, the electricity was shut down and the base was plunged into darkness, said Raouf, the soldier of 10 years who has also served in Taliban strongholds of Helmand and Kandahar provinces.
The sudden darkness was like a signal to the looters, he said. They entered from the north, smashing through the first barrier, ransacking buildings, loading anything that was not nailed down into trucks.
On Monday, three days after the U.S. departure, Afghan soldiers were still collecting piles of garbage that included empty water bottles, cans and empty energy drinks left behind by the looters.
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An Afghan soldier stands guard on a security tower at Bagram airfield after US troops left
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US slipped out of Bagram base in the night without telling new Afghan commander they were off
The U.S. left Afghanistan's Bagram Airfield after nearly 20 years by shutting off the electricity and slipping away in the night without notifying the base's new Afghan commander, who discovered the Americans' departure the next day, Afghan military officials said.
U.S. military spokesman Col. Sonny Leggett did not address the specific complaints of many Afghan soldiers who inherited the abandoned airfield, instead referring to a statement last week.
The statement said the handover of the many bases had been in the process soon after President Joe Biden's mid-April announcement that America was withdrawing the last of its forces. Leggett said in the statement that they had coordinated their departures with Afghanistan's leaders.
Kohistani, meanwhile, said the nearly 20 years of U.S. and NATO involvement in Afghanistan was appreciated but now it was time for Afghans to step up.
'We have to solve our problem. We have to secure our country and once again build our country with our own hands,' he said.
A small number of troops have remained to advise the Afghan National Army who still hold all of the major towns and cities.
The US have said they will retain a 1,000-strong force to protect foreign diplomatic missions and Kabul international Airport.
British special forces sources said that a small contingent of SAS troops might also remain, with Downing Street still in talks with the top brass over the precarious situation.
There are mounting fears that the Taliban could soon march on major urban centres such as Kandahar.
Fierce clashes in Kandhar province at the weekend resulted in yet more victory for the jihadists, who overran the district of Panjwai, formerly the home of its supreme leader Haibatullah Akhundzada, it's just over 20 miles from the provincial capital.
The district could provide a platform for the capture of Kandahar, a city of 600,000, which acted as the Taliban's capital during the 1990s.
Afghan authorities on Tuesday deployed hundreds of commandos and pro-government militiamen to counter the Taliban's blistering offensive in the north.
'We are planning to launch a big offensive to retake the lost territories from the enemy,' Fawad Aman, a spokesman for the Ministry of Defence told AFP.
'Our forces are being organised on the ground for this operation.'
Hundreds of troops and pro-government militiamen were deployed in the northern provinces of Takhar and Badakshan where the Taliban have captured swathes of territory, often without any fighting.
Afghan defence officials have said they intend to focus on securing major cities, roads and border towns in the face of the onslaught.
The speed and ease of the Taliban's effective takeover of swathes of areas in Takhar and Badakhshan represent a massive psychological blow to the Afghan government.
'Afghan forces have lost their morale,' said analyst Atta Noori in Kabul.
'It is an emergency situation for the Afghan government. They need to step up their counteroffensive as soon as possible.'
Afghan commander General Mirassadullah Kohistani, who is now in charge of Bagram Air Base put on a brave front when asked about the insurgents rapid gains.
'We are trying to do the best and as much as possible secure and serve all the people,' he said.
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Warlords, jihadists and Islamic republics: the key players in Afghanistan
With US and international troops all but gone from Afghanistan and the Taliban making rapid gains, a number of players are positioning themselves for the next phase of the conflict.
Here is a rundown of what these powers, from the government in Kabul and local militias to regional nations, seek to gain or lose in Afghanistan as fighting intensifies for control of the war-weary country:
- Afghan security forces -
Thinly stretched with supply lines strained, the Afghan security forces have come under immense pressure in the final stages of the US military withdrawal.
Afghan troops are facing blistering attacks from the Taliban, including onslaughts on positions in the militants' southern strongholds and a lightning offensive in the north.
But government forces continue to maintain control over the country's cities, with most territorial losses in the sparsely populated rural areas.
'Many of the districts that have fallen were low-hanging fruit - remotely positioned and difficult to resupply or reinforce, with little strategic military value,' said Andrew Watkins, a senior analyst on Afghanistan for the International Crisis Group.
The Afghan military's ability to weather the remaining months of the summer fighting season will likely be crucial to their long-term staying power.
Crucially, the US withdrawal means Afghan forces have lost vital American air support.
'Essentially, this year the war will be the war over districts and highways,' said Tamim Asey, the executive chair of the Kabul-based Institute of War and Peace Studies.
'Next year, we could potentially see that the Afghan Taliban might focus on provincial capitals and major urban centres.'
- The Taliban -
Never has the jihadist movement appeared so strong since being toppled by US forces two decades ago.
The group has executed a successful string of offensives across Afghanistan, capturing fully or partially about 100 out of more than 400 districts at a dizzying rate since early May.
The international community blames the Taliban for stalling landmark peace talks with the Afghan government in Doha.
Instead of a political settlement, the insurgents seem focused on positioning their troops for a military takeover.
'Strategically, it makes sense that they would test the Afghan security forces in the absence of US support to see how far they can get,' said Jonathan Schroden, director of the military think tank CNA's Countering Threats and Challenges Program.
The Taliban appear to be united, operating under an effective chain of command, despite perennial rumours of splits among the group's leadership.
- President Ashraf Ghani -
Known for his academic disposition and infamous temper, Ghani is said to be increasingly isolated at a moment when he is in desperate need of allies.
He has remained defiant despite mounting pressure on his government in the face of territorial losses.
'He was the creature, the man of the Americans, but he is now considered to be uncontrollable and an obstacle to the peace process,' a Western diplomat in Kabul said.
A recent shakeup of the country's defence and interior ministries pulled his supporters closer, and may prove pivotal to his future political survival along with continued backing from Washington.
However, many of his team, who have spent years living abroad, are accused of being out of touch with the complex fabric of Afghan society.
Still, a recent trip to the White House saw Ghani secure promises of billions of dollars in security and humanitarian assistance.
- The warlords -
Afghanistan's warlords may be waiting to make a comeback as the country's security forces increasingly look to militia groups to bolster their depleted ranks.
As the Taliban battered their way through the north in June, a call for national mobilisation was sounded, with thousands taking up arms in scenes reminiscent of the 1990s civil war.
'The recent calls for such mobilisation will also likely increase fragmentation on the republic side and undermine command and control, putting civilians at increased risk,' said Patricia Gossman, the associate Asia director for Human Rights Watch.
Militia leaders may attempt to leverage their past contacts with foreign intelligence agencies to secure cash and weapons in exchange for on the ground reconnaissance.
New strongmen among Afghanistan's ethnic minorities have also begun arming and training recruits, which may further inflame the country's deep ethnic and sectarian divisions.
- Regional countries -
A new front in the region's great game is opening with neighbouring countries looking to influence momentum on the ground in Afghanistan while also courting the conflict's likely winners.
Pakistan has backed the Taliban for decades and may finally be able to cash its chips in a future government the insurgents either participate in or lead.
Islamabad's major goal will focus on preventing arch-rival India from establishing any influence and posing a threat to its western border.
Iran is also hedging its bets.
After nearly going to war with the Taliban in the 1990s, Tehran has engineered considerable clout over at least one major faction within the group.
It also retains links with warlords who fought the Taliban during the country's civil war.
'Some in Iran and Pakistan might certainly wish their favourites to get a bigger portion of the pie,' said Asad Durrani, the former head of Pakistan's formidable spy agency.
'I doubt if the Taliban will let them have their way.'
What does the future hold for Afghanistan after the US-led coalition quit?
With the United States military presence in Afghanistan effectively over, the country faces an uncertain future with Taliban attacks rampant and the threat of civil war looming.
Fears are growing that the loss of vital American air cover - massively curtailed by the closure of Bagram air base - will knock the Afghan government's ability to hold power, as multiple players circle to take advantage of the power vacuum.
Here are some of the scenarios at play:
- Will the US pullout end the war? -
While Washington's withdrawal ends America's longest war, the conflict in Afghanistan continues, with no obvious signs of a ceasefire.
The insurgents appear focused instead on a total military victory and the overthrow of President Ashraf Ghani.
They have recently made huge advances across the country, claiming control of dozens of new districts, but Afghan security forces remain in firm control of major cities.
'For now, the fighting will intensify and Afghan forces will have a hard time sustaining militarily on their own,' Afghan security analyst Bari Arez said.
A leaked internal US intelligence assessment reportedly said the Taliban could take Kabul within six months of the US departure.
Government forces and the Taliban regularly claim to have inflicted enormous casualties on each other, but independent verification is impossible.
However, the number of targeted assassinations of educated Afghans, and sticky bomb attacks against civilians, has dropped in recent weeks.
- Can Afghan forces provide security? -
That remains to be seen, with an all-out civil war looming.
US air power had been a key factor in the ongoing fight, offering vital support to Afghan security forces when they risked being overwhelmed.
In a sign of possible growing desperation, the Afghan government has made calls for civilians to form militias to fight the Taliban - a move some analysts say could only add fuel to the fire.
'This strategy has to be well-led, well-orchestrated and well-controlled or else it might backfire,' said a foreign security analyst who did not want to be named.
With warlords re-emerging, there is a risk of Afghanistan falling back into a state of civil war as security deteriorates, with armed factions entering the fray in a free-for-all power grab.
- Could there be a political settlement? -
President Ghani wants a ceasefire with the Taliban ahead of a presidential election where voters will choose a 'government of peace'. He has refused calls for an unelected interim government that includes the Taliban.
The United States favours such a caretaker government, pushing for a consensus between the warring sides at landmark talks in Doha, which have stalled.
While loose on specifics, the Taliban insist Afghanistan should return to being an emirate, run along strict Islamic lines and led by a council of religious elders.
Afghanistan has seen four presidential elections since the Taliban were overthrown in 2001, and millions of Afghans have embraced a plural, democratic system - though voting was fraught with corruption.
Now that the stage is set for the insurgents to return, analysts fear the democratic gains of the past two decades could be lost.
'The Taliban for now seem to be convinced they can take power forcefully,' political analyst Ramish Salehi said.
'This is a fight that will determine... whether democracy will prevail against ideological forces.'
- What about Afghanistan's women? -
There is palpable fear that hard-fought women's rights will be lost.
Before being deposed in 2001, the Taliban banned girls from studying and stoned to death women accused of crimes such as adultery.
With the Taliban out of power, Afghan women have become prominent politicians, activists, journalists and judges.
The Taliban insist they will respect women's rights in accordance with Islamic law, but activists note the multiple interpretations of that across the Muslim world.
'There is a general feeling of insecurity among women who think that the extremists would again imprison them in their homes,' said activist Hosay Andar.
'But they would not give up this time... there would be resistance this time.'
With the security situation deteriorating, development work will become increasingly hard to carry out across the impoverished country.
- What are the economic prospects? -
Afghanistan is one of the world's poorest countries, deeply indebted and utterly reliant on foreign aid.
While the nation boasts lucrative mineral reserves that neighbours including China and India are keen to exploit, the security situation has never been stable enough for revenues to boost state coffers.
In November, global donors pledged to offer aid to Afghanistan up to 2024, but there are concerns that with the imminent exit of foreign forces, the donors might not follow up on their commitments.
'The economy is already in a steep decline... and the already terrible unemployment rate will again hit the skies,' said analyst Salehi.
US alarmed as Afghan forces buckle under Taliban assault | World | The Times
The Taliban are making gains as US pulls out of Afghanistan - and showing off a treasure trove of armoury and ammunitions | World News | Sky News
20,000 Tajikistan troops are ordered to the border to stop Afghanistan soldiers fleeing the Taliban
Within a month, they will be back to where they we...
by Vic 3758


Bangladesh was hit on Saturday by a major power outage that brought much of normal life to a standstill, forced hospitals and garment factories to rely on back-up generators and even plunged the prime minister's official residence into darkness.
"The national grid collapsed so the whole country lost power," said Mohammad Saiful Islam, a director of state-run Bangladesh Power Development Board. "Our repeated efforts to restore electricity across Bangladesh failed repeatedly."
Poor and densely populated, Bangladesh struggles to provide power supplies to its 160 million people and its industries, including garment manufacturers, whose output account for 80 percent of the south Asian nation's exports.
"This is a big slap for my business," he said, adding that many other factory owners had also closed down for the day.
Although it exports electricity to Bangladesh, India has a power crisis itself: in the summer of 2012 hundreds of millions were cut off there in one of the world's worst blackouts.
R.P. Sasmal, operations head at India's Power Grid Corp said there were no problems on that side of the border.
"Our lines are healthy. There are two ... transmission lines. One line is still connected, for the other line we received trip command from the Bangladesh substation ... Tripping happens automatically, this is one of the safety features."


1 April 2018 at 15:30 Nigerian time at the London stadium "Emirates" will be the match 32 th round of English Premier League clubs Arsenal and Stoke city. Justify whether the gunners the status of favorites? The portal bet9ja.site offers to get acquainted with predskazaniya for this match.
After 30 rounds (the team has one game in hand), trust Wenger with 48 points and is only the 6th place in the standings. Given that the lag from ligachampion Quartet is 13 points, in the following season, the team likely will again settle for the Europa League.
In the previous five rounds of the national championship they earned only 6 points thanks to 2 wins. Scored "gunners" during this period, 9 goals, conceding own goal 2 less. Only one of the reporting matches the team played to zero, then, as she left the field, scoring twice. The leader in number of goals scored by a Frenchman, Lacazette. Now on account of his 9 goals and 3 assists. However, it is a long time not playing because of an injury.
In the last round the team took "Watford", finally ended a run of three defeats, beating the rival with the score 3:0. On 8-th minute the score was opened Mystify. After the break on 59 minutes, Aubameyang with the filing Mkhitaryan doubled the lead, but in the 77th minute of the match himself Armenian football player set the final score in the match. It should be noted that the guests also had a chance to score, but in the 62nd minute, they could not realize penalty.
In his field, "the Arsenal" in this season has played 15 matches. In 11 of them the team celebrated the victory 2 defeats and 2 draws.
"Potters", before 32-m round with 27 points coming on the penultimate 19th place in the standings of the Premier League. Backlog from saving 17-th position is 3 points. In General, the fight for survival promises to be brutal.
In the previous five rounds of the national championship team earned only three points with three draw results. However, for two rounds in a row, "the potters" are invariably losing. Only three goals were scored in the period, with 6 conceded. The most productive player of club is considered Swiss midfielder xherdan Shaqiri. At the moment he has 7 goals and 6 assists.
In 31-m round wards Paul Lambert took Everton and lost with the score 1:2. In the first half at the 30th minute the hosts were in the minority. For rough play have been deleted by Adam. After the break on 69 minutes the visitors score the first goal. But after 8 minutes, Choupo-Motin with the filing of the Joe Allen restores the balance. However, defeat to the hosts to leave and failed. The second goal they conceded 6 minutes before the end of normal time the match.
Away Stoke city have played 15 matches. Only one team managed to take all three points. In other cases it was 5 draws and 9 defeats.
Three times in their last five face-to-face encounters, the stronger was the capital players, in one case there was a draw, and in the first round of the current championship, "the potters" won a victory with the account 1:0. As for productivity, only in two cases out of five made their way TB 2.5 and had exchanged goals.
Bookmakers practically do not doubt in the victory of the "gunners". So, bet9ja on their victory offered to put with a factor of 1.34, whereas the success of guests listed as of 9.50. A draw in the match is offered for 5,60. Bookies expect at least three goals in this match, giving TB 2.5 odds of 1.45, whereas the opposite outcome is estimated at 2.76.
Both teams are highly motivated for this match. But do not forget that it will pass after a long break. Moreover, the "potters", even though they are the underdogs and play away, nothing to lose. But each new loss of points – this is a step towards relegation from the Premier League. I think this match will be very stressful and even if the owners win, the goal difference will not be as great as with "Watford".


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SAN FRANCISCO and SUZHOU, China, Oct. 9, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Innovent Biologics, Inc. (Innovent) (HKEX: 01801), a world-class biopharmaceutical company that develops, manufactures and commercializes high quality medicines for the treatment of cancer, metabolic, autoimmune and other major diseases, and Eli Lilly and Company ("Lilly", NYSE: LLY), today jointly announce […]
SAN FRANCISCO and SUZHOU, China, Oct. 9, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Innovent Biologics, Inc. (Innovent) (HKEX: 01801), a world-class biopharmaceutical company that develops, manufactures and commercializes high quality medicines for the treatment of cancer, metabolic, autoimmune and other major diseases, and Eli Lilly and Company ("Lilly", NYSE: LLY), today jointly announce that HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection), a recombinant human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody drug co-developed by Innovent and Lilly, has been officially approved by the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China for patients with diffuse large b cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in China. HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) is Innovent's fourth monoclonal antibody drug approved by the NMPA following TYVYT® (sintilimab injection), BYVASDA® (bevacizumab injection) and SULINNO® (adalimumab injection). It is also the second monoclonal antibody approved by NMPA that was co-developed by Innovent and Lilly after the approval of TYVYT®.
The clinical efficacy and safety of rituximab in CD20-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been confirmed in several large-scale clinical trials. Rituximab injection, approved by FDA in 1997, is approved for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), rheumatoid arthritis (RA),granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and moderate to severe pemphigus vulgaris (PV). The efficacy and safety of rituximab have been well recognized worldwide. HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) is a recombinant human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody drug co-developed by Innovent and Eli Lilly. The launch of HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) will provide Chinese patients with high-quality and relatively more affordable rituximab injection.
Dr. Hui Zhou, Vice President and Head of Oncology Strategy and Medical Sciences of Innovent, stated: "HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) is another example of our success with the National Major New Drug Innovation and Development Projects and the fourth monoclonal antibody drug approved by the NMPA following TYVYT® (sintilimab injection),BYVASDA® (bevacizumab injection), and SULINNO® (adalimumab injection). We hope to bring this high-quality drugs to more patients in need in China as soon as possible."
Dr. Li WANG, Senior VP of Lilly China and Head of Lilly China Drug Development and Medical Affairs Center, stated: "We're excited that Lilly and Innovent strategic collaboration has reached another success. Lymphoma is one of the malignant tumors with rapid growing incidence. However, the survival rate is also relatively higher than other tumor types when having appropriate treatment. The approval of HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) will bring a new option to Chinese Lymphoma patients, help them to improve quality of life & prolong their survivals."
About Malignant Lymphoma
Malignant lymphoma is one of the most common hematological malignancies in China. It is one of the top ten malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the incidence of malignant lymphoma has been rising. According to histopathology, lymphoma can be divided into Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), of which NHL accounts for the majority. NHL is a general term for a series of related but different lymphoid malignant tumors. Most (80-85%) originates from B cells. The rest originate from T cells or NK cells. More than 95% of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells express CD20. The incidence of NHL increases with age. The most common type of NHL in China is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), accounting for 40-50% (about 30-40% in Western countries). DLBCL is a moderately malignant to highly malignant invasive lymphoma that progresses rapidly and leads to the death of patients within a few months without treatment.
About HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection)
HALPRYZA® is rituximab injection and a recombinant human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody drug. Rituximab binds to the CD20 antigen on the surface of B lymphocytes and mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Normal and malignant B cells are targeted for destruction by the antibody, thereby achieving anti-tumor and immunosuppressive therapeutic effects.
About Innovent
Inspired by the spirit of "Start with Integrity, Succeed through Action," Innovent's mission is to develop and commercialize high quality biopharmaceutical products that are affordable to ordinary people. Established in 2011, Innovent is committed to developing, manufacturing and commercializing high quality innovative medicines for the treatment of cancer, metabolic, autoimmune and other major diseases. On October 31, 2018, Innovent was listed on the Main Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited with the stock code: 01801.HK.
Since its inception, Innovent has developed a fully-integrated multi-functional platform which includes R&D, CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls), clinical development and commercialization capabilities. Leveraging the platform, the company has built a robust pipeline of 23 valuable assets in the fields of cancer, metabolic, autoimmune diseases and other major therapeutic areas, with four products, TYVYT® (sintilimab injection), BYVASDA® (bevacizumab injection), SULINNO® (adalimumab injection), HALPRYZA® (rituximab injection) officially approved for marketing in China, four assets in Phase III or pivotal clinical trials, and additional 15 molecules in or close to clinical trials. TYVYT® has been the only PD-1 inhibitor included in the NRDL since 2019.
Innovent has built an international team with expertise in cutting-edge biological drug development and commercialization. The company has also entered into strategic collaborations with Eli Lilly, Roche, Adimab, Incyte, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Hanmi and other international partners. For more information, please visit: www.innoventbio.com.
About Eli Lilly and Company
Lilly is a global healthcare leader that unites caring with discovery to create medicines to make life better for people around the world. We were founded more than a century ago by a man committed to creating high-quality medicines that meet real needs, and today we remain true to that mission in all our work. Across the globe, Lilly employees work to discover and bring life-changing medicines to those who need them, improve the understanding and management of disease, and give back to communities through philanthropy and volunteerism. To learn more about Lilly, please visit us at www.lilly.com.
About Innovent's strategic cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company
Innovent entered into a strategic collaboration with Lilly focusing on biological medicine in March 2015 – a groundbreaking partnership between a Chinese pharmaceutical company and a multinational pharmaceutical company. Under the agreement, Innovent and Lilly are co-developing and commercializing oncology medicines, including TYVYT (sintilimab injection) in China. In October 2015, the two companies announced the extension of their existing collaboration to include co-development of three additional antibodies targeting oncology indications. In August 2019, Innovent entered into an additional licensing agreement with Lilly to develop and commercialize a potentially global best-in-class diabetes medicine in China. In August 2020, Innovent and Lilly announced an expansion of their strategic alliance for TYVYT. Its collaboration with Lilly indicates that Innovent has established a comprehensive level of cooperation between China's innovative pharmaceuticals sector and the international pharmaceuticals sector in areas such as R&D, CMC, clinical development and commercialization.
http://www.innoventbio.com
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Circa 2009 Av. Juarez, Centro Historico - Mexico City.
Cleansing ceremony at the Templo Mayor -Zocalo de la Ciudad de Mexico-- circa 2008.
Trabajador municipal en la Delegación Coyoacán - Ciudad de México.
Waiting for the crew to do their thing before boarding one for the first time in my life. A truly wonderful experience.
Dog tied to a concrete seat in front of a restaurant in Mexico City.
I have no idea what they were up to. They were simply there, and I was too.
Miembros de los 400 Pueblos protestan en el Centro Historico de la Ciuadad de Mexico.
Readying up for photo at Chapultepec Park, Mexico City.
Alex Coghe, street tog of Mexico City.
Too see with your eyes, to understand with your mind.
Young couples in love in Mexico City's downtown.
From this weekend while roaming downtown, Mexico City. A cliché moment, perhaps, but nonetheless meaningful to human experience. Margaret Meade once stated that "one of the oldest human needs is having someone to wonder where you are when you don't come home at night." It's so true, so descriptive --in part-- of the human condition.


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RCH > Kids Health Information > Fact sheets > Brain injury - How the brain works
Brain injury - How the brain works
The brain is made up of different parts including the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. The effects of a brain injury will depend on which part of the brain has been damaged, the severity of the injury and the age and stage of development of the child.
Parts of the brain
Nerve cells in the brain send and receive electrical impulses to and from the body. If you take a close look at the human brain, you'll find it has three main parts.
The largest is the cerebrum on top. The surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex. Although less than 0.5cm thick, the cerebral cortex is critical to your child's ability to move, to understand what they see and hear and to think - a complex process of making decisions, learning, remembering and planning.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves called hemispheres. The corpus callosum is an 'electric highway' of nerve fibres which connects the two hemispheres and allows information to pass between. The hemispheres are divided into smaller parts: the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes.
At the back of your brain and beneath the cerebral cortex is the cerebellum. The cerebellum coordinates skilled movement, giving your child the ability to walk without stumbling and to use their hands smoothly and precisely.
Located at the base of the brain is the brain stem, a stalk-like structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord. The brain stem takes care of basic and involuntary functions such as breathing, blinking and bowel regulation.
Figure 1 The Brain Areas
What are the effects of injury to the different areas of the brain?
In focal brain injury, just one lobe in one hemisphere may be affected. In diffuse injury, all lobes of both hemispheres may be affected. There are connections between the different areas of the brain, and damage to one area may result in dysfunction associated with other parts of the brain.
Frontal lobes
The frontal system controls many complex functions, which are referred to as executive functions. These include planning, control of impulses, initiation, attention and emotion. The back of the frontal lobe also controls movement of the opposite side of the body. Damage to the frontal system (that is, damage to the frontal lobes directly or to the connections to the frontal lobe) may cause changes in behaviour, attention, emotions and also weakness to the opposite side of the body.
Parietal lobes
The parietal lobes provide sensory information to the brain including touch, pain and temperature. Damage may cause the child to lose sensation down the opposite side of the body. This may result in the child being less aware of parts of their body. This is known as sensory neglect.
Temporal lobes
The functions of the temporal lobes include hearing, memory and learning. Damage may cause difficulties with organising what to say, and finding and using the correct words. It may also result in difficulties with short-term memory.
Occipital lobes
The occipital lobes help us understand what we see. They interpret the colour, shape and distance away of what we look at. Damage may result in a distortion of what is seen and difficulty recognising or interpreting familiar objects.
Damage to this area may result in movement becoming jerky or uncoordinated and is known as cerebellar ataxia. The child's speech may also become slurred and difficult to understand. The cerebellum has rich connections to the cerebrum. Therefore, damage to the cerebellum can result in disruption to some of the functions controlled by other parts of the brain.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain, the brain stem, the cerebellum and spinal cord.
There are different areas of the brain including the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes.
The effects of brain injury will depend on what part of the brain, and/or which connections to an area within the brain are damaged.
Functions that are controlled by one part of the brain can be disrupted when connections to it are damaged due to brain injury.
Paediatric Rehabilitation Service
E: rehab.service@rch.org.au
The Children's Hospital at Westmead Brain injury Service
Kids Health Info series of fact sheets listed under 'Brain injury'
Developed by The Royal Children's Hospital Paediatric Rehabilitation Service based on information from the Brain Injury Service at Westmead Children's Hospital. We acknowledge the input of RCH consumers and carers.
Reviewed September 2020.