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Etymology: The Anime!
Nope, no magical powers. Not a historical anime, either.
It's the story of a modern linguistics post-grad who gets hired onto the staff of a great Japanese multi-volume dictionary, similar to the Oxford English Dictionary. He finds true love and life while researching words.
It's the new Noitamina anime for this season. Unfortunately nobody knows whether it will be licensed or not. But it starts October 13, 2016.
Fune wo Amu. The name means something like "The Great Ship," because a dictionary is like a ship.
UPDATE:Actually, the name Fune wo Amu means "To Build a Ship" or "To Assemble a Ship." Oh, the irony of getting this wrong about a dictionary story!
Where did the false info come from? I forgot that there is already a 2013 movie about this story. (I haven't seen it, but it's supposed to be very good. It doesn't seem to be on any of the streaming services, though.) In its US release, this movie Fune wo Amu was called The Great Passage (because that's the translation of the name of the fictional dictionary, the Daitokai). Both the movie and the anime are based on a 2011 novel, Fune wo Amu, by Shion Miura.
Miura's novel references a real Japanese dictionary of this sort called the Daigenkai, which literally means "The Great Ocean of Words." It was edited by Otsuki Fumihiko, whose first and widely successful dictionary was called the Genkai, or "Sea of Words." The big chunky Daigenkai came out in four volumes that appeared after the death of its editor in 1928.
(But he lived a long life; he was born in 1847 to a samurai scholar family** and had fought in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi, on the losing side of the Tokugawa shogunate. So yet another real-life character who could easily have appeared in Rurouni Kenshin.)
So the idea is that the new (fictional) dictionary would be a ship (fune) that would take the reader on a journey (tokai) across the ocean of words (genkai). Not what I was thinking below in the comments, but pretty cool.
(Since Otsuki was a Western studies guy, his titles may also have been referencing Noah Webster. Japanese scholars love wordplay.)
The movie adaptation seems to have focused on the love story in the novel, but the series will give more time to the friendships between the main character and other members of the dictionary staff.
** Otsuki Fumihiko's grandfather, Otsuki Gentaku, began the tradition in his family of being scholars of "Dutch studies" (Rangaku), by learning Western science, technology, and arts from Dutch books obtained in Nagasaki. Otsuki Gentaku was a physician and writer who wrote Steps toward Dutch Studies (Rangaku Kaitei), the first Dutch grammar book in Japanese. He also founded and ran Shirando, the first private school for Dutch studies, which was located in Edo (Tokyo), and promoted honoring Hippocrates as the father of Western medicine. (And when I say "honor," I mean "like another Shinto god or hero," in some cases.)
He is best known today for his sensible challenge to various Japanese misconceptions about African people. For whatever reason, the Japanese believed then that Africans acquired a black skin color through too much exposure to water, but that as a result Africans were abnormally good swimmers, as intrinsically unintelligent as Japanese fisherfolk, and just as intrinsically lowborn. Gentaku contended that Africans were just like every other human group, full of "the noble and the lowly… the wise and the foolish." He also helped write a famous book, Kankai Ibun, which recounted the experiences of the survivors of a Japanese ship who ended up in Russia, the Straits of Magellan, and Hawaii. The book includes a woodcut illustration of the Japanese standing by the famous St. Petersburg statue of Tsar Peter the Great.
Otsuki's great-grandfather was Otsuki Genryo, a Western-trained physician who was the official chief surgeon of the Sendai domain and chief physician to the Ichinoseki han.
Filed under Cartoons/Animation/Video
Pre-Vatican II Hats in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Hungarian ladies wearing wreaths to Mass, at the 1866 coronation of Franz Josef I as King of Hungary. These were fashionable in the 1860's all over Europe. You'll see similar ones in pictures of Queen Victoria standing under Prince Albert's Christmas tree with the kids.
(Modern pictures of Hungarian ladies wearing traditional embroidered headbands and crown-like hats.)
Here's a rare picture of Austro-Hungarian ladies wearing veils, from the coronation of Franz Josef I as Holy Roman Emperor. These are the same kind of fashionable veils worn by Queen Victoria in the late 1840's.
Filed under Pre-Vatican II Hats
Blessed Alexander of Lugo, Dominican Martyr
Giacomo Baldrati was born in Lugo, Italy, on September 26, 1595. His parents (Cesare Baldrati and Lucia de Bianchi) supported his boyhood piety, and he joined the local Dominicans on January 15, 1612, taking the name "Alessandro", or Alexander.
The Order sent him to study in Faenza and Naples. The friar was then ordained a priest and sent to the University of Bologna as a teacher, where people said he devoted half his time to God and half to his neighbor, leaving no time for himself. He collapsed into sickness from overwork and was sent to Venice to recover.
The interesting bit is that he may have ended up with some kind of mental illness too, which is very unusual in a saint. Some saints are very eccentric, but they tend to be saner than most. Alessandro had been known to be a particularly cheerful person all his life, but now he became depressed and prone to wild anger. He also began to fear his fellow friars (some of whom apparently teased him at this point) as persecutors. His biographer from the 1700's from Chios, Leone Allacci, says that he went to Venice without permission from his superiors, and that he definitely was on the run when he took ship from Venice to Constantinople, and from there to Pera. He reported in at the Dominican friary at Pera. They decided to send him to Smyrna, because the archbishop of Edessa and co-adjutor of Smyrna was a particularly wise and holy Dominican, Venerable Giacinto Subiani di Arezzo. Friar Alexander was filled with fear again, but the monks of Constantinople assured him that Smyrna was "not a place where they beat up foreigners."
Things must have gone well in Smyrna, because Archbishop Giacinto decided to send him to the small monastery of St. Sebastian on the Greek island of Chios — which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, and ruled by Muslims. With no other duties, Friar Alexander decided to spend all day preaching in the little Christian towns. Archbishop Giacinto later testified that he harvested "abundant fruit of souls" among his fellow Christians.
Then his Italian brothers sent a letter inviting him to come back. Friar Alessandro had a relapse into his fears, and was sure the letters were a trap. At times he seemed to go catatonic. At other times, he ran around town, crying out his sadness and fear. Strangely, he kept saying that people were going to burn him at the stake.
Politics and human drama ensued. Since a couple of prominent churchmen (including Archbishop Giacinto) arrived at Chios at about the same time to change ships, some local Muslims spread rumors that the Christians were planning to take back the island. Taking advantage of the hostile atmosphere, a guy named Aga Cuzaim, a Chios Muslim who had once been Christian and who disliked Friar Alexander (nobody knows why) decided to report him to the local Ottoman authorities as an apostate Muslim.
And of course we all know that the sharia law penalty for forsaking Islam is death.
Under the Ottoman Empire, sharia law ruled in most matters. Alexander was hauled into court by the Muslim governor. Here's the strange thing. Now that he was really being persecuted and was really in danger of his life, Friar Alexander became himself again, fearless and articulate as a Dominican preacher should be. He protested again and again that he was Christian, had never been anything but Christian, and never intended to be anything but Christian. (One source seems to think that he may have apostatized during his screaming fits, some of which happened near Cuzaim's house; but Allatios doesn't seem to believe it.)
The Dominicans and the visiting churchmen were threatened for having concealed an apostate Muslim. They fired back that Friar Alexander was a Christian and never had been anything else. Eventually they were let go, and sent messages to Alexander to stand firm. Archbishop Giacinto ordered all his churches to keep a 24-hour prayer vigil for their fragile brother.
When Alexander was brought to court again, the judge told him that he would be executed for apostasy unless he embraced Islam again. He told them once again that he was a Christian who had never been anything else. He also told them for good measure, "Your Prophet is a prophet of lies; your law comes from the Father of Lies." He was almost lynched then and there. But he was not afraid; he was calm and happy to die for Jesus' Name, and professorial in his defense of Christian doctrine.
After all his fears, and possibly because they were known, he was indeed condemned to be burned at the stake for his "blasphemy." He wasn't even shaken, now that it was real. So they threw in some torture over the next few days. Prisoners and guards agreed that Friar Alexander fasted the whole time, prayed prostrate in his cell as was one of the Dominican customs, never complained, and was constantly penitent over his sins but in control of himself. When they came to execute him, he was serene and calm. He was led through the streets as a frightening example; but the streets were lined with Christians eager to honor their martyr, Catholics and Orthodox alike.
After he had been led out and bound to the stake with chains, the governor tempted him one last time. "Lift one finger to show that you believe in the God of Mohammed, the one true God, and your life will be spared."
Alexander lifted three fingers. "The One God is the Holy Trinity!" Then he blessed the crowd with those fingers, "In the Name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit!"
They lighted the fire — but the flames refused to touch him. They added wood, and the wood rolled away from him.
The Muslim crowd shot him, hacked him to pieces, then blew up his body with gunpowder. It was February 10, 1645.
Relics were saved from the mess and were sent around the world by the Dominicans, including to his hometown of Lugo.
February 10 is his memorial. His symbol is a martyr's palm and a chain.
Blessed Alexander of Lugo, pray for us!
Here's his biography:
Vita e morte del p.f. Alessandro Baldrati da Lugo, fatto morire nella citta di Scio da' Turchi per la fede cattolica li 10. di febraro 1645. by Leone Allacci, Rome: Francisco Moneta, 1657. And here it is on Google Books.
The author is also known as Leo Allatius or Leo Allatios (1586-1669), and he was indeed a Greek born on Chios. He was also one of the Vatican Library's head librarians, from 1661-1669, and was responsible for a lot of its Greek and Syriac acquisitions. On the side, he was a trained physician. He fought hard to heal the schism between Catholics and Orthodox, and wrote several important works about it. He translated St. Methodius of Olympus' Banquet of the Ten Virgins into Latin, and refuted the urban legend of Pope Joan by consulting Greek records. He is a major source for opera history, since he listed all the operas put on in a city in his book Drammaturgia. He also wrote about Greek folklore in his De Graecorum hodie quorundam opinationibus. Most of his 150 volumes of manuscripts have never been published… but he published and edited hundreds of books during his lifetime. So yeah, Leo was an interesting guy.
Filed under Church, History, Mental Illness Saints, Saint Stories
CIA Director John Brennan Admits Communist Past
And we wonder why the CIA can't catch moles.
Yes, the CIA Director used to be a Commie, voting Communist during the Cold War. And he revealed this. And they still hired his pathetic butt.
And what's worse — he passes it off as a funny story.
And no, he doesn't have some kind of dramatic Whitaker Chambers-style conversion story, or even a realization that he was being a juvenile tool. Nope, it's a funny story. Laugh, proles, laugh.
Our news media is ridiculous.
Filed under History, Politics
A Great Book You've Never Heard of
When I was growing up, my dad had a huge tome with a mysterious title stuck among the "big kids" children's books that were just barely too old for us. Eventually I did tackle the big book, and found a whole new world opening before me.
Our edition was called Dickon of the Lenni Lenape.
(The original 1938 edition was called Dickon among the Indians. It's now available on Kindle and in paperback, and being called The Indians of New Jersey: Dickon among the Lenape, by Professor Mark Harrington. It's a little pricey, but the gorgeous drawings are there, and the book is otherwise unobtainium.)
Basically, it's a fictional version of a capture narrative. It was very common for people who survived being captured by Indians to write down the story of their experience, and to include a lot of anthropological information as part of the story. Professor M.R. Harrington, an anthropology guy, just decided to present his Lenape collection of legend and lore with the capture narrative as a frame.
In this case, Dickon is a kid who gets shipwrecked in New Jersey's wild wilderness. The Lenape (often called Delaware) capture him, mistreat him for a bit, and then decide that they should let a childless old woman adopt him, in order to provide her with a servant. But since Dickon is a kid who is brave and quick to learn, most of the tribe gradually starts treating him like a Lenape. (Which is not unrealistic, depending on the tribe.) He makes friends, gets sent on a spirit journey, and learns the skills of a Lenape man. (And since this is being written by an anthropologist, of course Dickon finds out quite a bit about the women's way of life too, courtesy of working for his old lady "mother.") There's even a little touch of teenage romance.
There is a lot of survival knowledge presented in this book, too. (Albeit there may be better ways to do some of these things; but what's presented is is the Lenape way of the period.)
Kids love this book. Some teachers in New Jersey used to read it to their fourth graders, apparently. But it's good for adults too. You will learn a lot, and it's great for knowing how Algonkian/Woodland tribes lived. If you read about other Woodland tribes or about the Lenape in other places and times, this will give you a wonderful foundation, so you'll know what the heck people are talking about.
Now, here's the amazing part. There's a sequel! I never knew there was a sequel!
The Iroquois Trail: Dickon among the Onondagas and Seneca by Professor M. R. Harrington brings Dickon back, on a quest to find his Lenape brother, Little Bear, who has been captured and carried off by a raiding party. Yup, it's those darned Iroquois Confederacy guys. (The seven tribes of the Confederacy basically tried to take over all the European fur trade, on the provider side, by killing or driving out all the tribes that lived in the Northeast, from the coast to Ohio and Kentucky. They tended to do a lot of long-term torture and had other unlovely attitudes toward outsiders, so you can see where they don't have a good rep with other tribes. Having a great system of government doesn't really show in the day to day experience of people with them.) They spoke languages that weren't related much to Algonkian; their closest "relatives" were the Dakota/Sioux out west. They also had totally different lifeways and beliefs, but incorporated a lot of the "Mississippian" stuff that had come north from Mexico, and which was also seen in ancient Cahokia, and down south among the Creeks and other tribes.
I haven't read this book, but I expect that it is also amazing. The Confederacy was not all bad, after all, and they were a great inspiration to early American writers. Iroquois people have done some great stuff since they accepted Christianity and gave up all the torture magic. But I suspect that just as the characters will now be older teenagers or adults, the age for reading this book will have to be older too.
Lenape, Onondaga, and Seneca stores online sell these books with pride. So it's not just me recommending them!
Filed under History, Recommendations
Royal Catholic Bridesmaids Wearing Hats
To avoid making people scroll down for the hat portion of my post on the imprisoned Queen of England, morganatic marriages, and the PITA in-laws you got if you married into the Austro-Hungarian imperial family, I'm going to repost the hat portion here.
Here's a picture of the marriage of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to Countess Sophie Chotek, a Hungarian noblewoman of high birth. Because of their unequal (though high) rank, their marriage was severely opposed by Emperor Franz Josef. After most of the crowned heads of Europe and the Pope interceded for the couple, the Emperor finally acceded, but only under the condition that it be a morganatic marriage where Sophie would never become empress and the children could not succeed to any titles.
The Emperor refused to attend or let most of the relations attend, so the Nuptial Mass was celebrated in the tiny Reichstadt Castle chapel. But the celebrants were the parish priest with two friars as deacon and subdeacon. So they got a Nuptial Mass said for them (a sign that there was no scandal in God's eyes), the Mass itself was in full splendor, and everything showed that the Church regarded it as a true marriage of equals with nothing morganatic about it.
The picture comes from an illustrated journal of the day, The Sphere. (Note that the Catholic archduchesses all wore hats to Mass.)
Caption: "THE WEDDING OF THE ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND AND THE COUNTESS SOPHIE CHOTEK AT REICHSTADT."
"The Archduke Franz Ferdinand duly wedded the Countess Sophie Chotek, the choice of his heart, at the Imperial castle of Reichstadt in Bohemia last Sunday week. The service was conducted by the parish priest, assisted by two Capuchin friars The little wedding procession, consisting of thirty-one persons, proceeded from the Archduchess Maria Theresa's drawing room through the billiard room, where the Emperor Franz Josef and the Czar Alexander II met in conference in 1876, to the little chapel, to which no one else was admitted. First in the procession walked the bridegroom with his stepmother the Archduchess Maria Theresa, and his two half-sisters, the Archduchesses Maria Immaculata and Elizabeth, and his two sisters; and after then the bride, accompanied by her uncle, Prince Löwenstein, and Count Charles Chotek, head of the family. The Countess wore a white silk dress trimmed with myrtle blossoms, and on her forehead a diamond coronet, a wedding gift from the Archduke. Behind her came her brother, her sisters, and their husbands, and two or three court dignitaries. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand's brothers were not present. From Reichstadt the bride and bridegroom proceeded to Konopischt Castle in Bohemia, a favourite estate of the Archduke's, where they are passing their honeymoon. Our picture is by the one artist present (a Viennese)."
Filed under Church, History, Pre-Vatican II Hats
Project 2996: Dora Marie Menchaca
Dora Marie Menchaca died on Flight 77, the airplane that hit the Pentagon.
She was 45 years old, and she worked for Amgen, Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California, developing and testing better drugs to fight cancer and pneumonia. In fact, she was their associate director of research. Her home was in Santa Monica.
She was one of six siblings. Her heritage was Hispanic. She came from a poor background but worked hard and was smart. She attended Providence High School, a Catholic school in San Antonio, but she had to go to Central Catholic for calculus. She went to Notre Dame for her bachelor's and master's, and was the first in her family to attend college.
I found some info that she had a first husband but later divorced, but that might not be trustworthy or it might be about another Dora Menchaca. (There seem to be a few out there!)
She met her husband, Earl Dorsey, in grad school at UCLA, while working on her doctorate in epidemiology. They fell in love and got married, and lived happily ever after.
Her job and field made her urge her husband to get a prostate cancer test. He finally gave in and got one, and was shocked to find out that he had it. Early treatment made the difference for him. Unfortunately she wasn't able to save her dad from the same disease; he joined her after a month after her death.
She once helped a man she occasionally played soccer with, giving him grocery certificates to help the family and a beautiful note. Her husband never knew until after her death; she kept her small charities and kindnesses secret.
She had been in DC for hearings with the FDA on a new prostate cancer drug. Her meetings ended a day sooner than expected, so she changed her tickets to standby to fly home to California quicker, to her husband and their two kids, Imani and Jaryd. Her oncologist colleague, Dr. Scott Fields, also changed his tickets, but he flew United. He asked her to come along, but her frequent flyer miles were on American, and it made no financial sense. He says he will always wonder if he should have argued harder, and if he could have changed her mind. (But of course, it was just chance that the terrorists didn't fly his United flight, too.)
When she made it onto the plane, she left her husband a voicemail. It had been prearranged that she should do that, in order not to wake up their toddler son who slept with his dad when Mom was away from home.
In her last minutes alive, she wrote her husband a note. It miraculously survived the crash and the burning of the Pentagon.
Here's a video of her brother John Menchaca, remembering her. Another video of John Menchaca at a memorial service for her in San Gabriel.
A high school friend from San Antonio, Texas remembers her.
Amgen honored her memory with a reflection garden at their headquarters (featuring her favorite roses) and a patient care center wing at UCLA's hospital.
A list of Notre Dame alumni who died on September 11.
Dora Marie Menchaca: wife and mother, scientist and businesswoman. She saved lives. May she rest in peace.
Never forget.
Filed under 2996
Project 2996: Fifteen Years After
May the souls of the faithful departed rest in peace. May we pray with them for solace for all those who mourn, and for all survivors.
May God's justice and mercy prevail on earth, as it does in heaven. May God give the grieving comfort and peace.
Memorials from previous years for The 2996 Project:
Myrna Yaskulka.
James P. O'Brien.
MORI Sanae, aka Sanae Mori.
AOYAMA Seima David, aka David Seima Aoyama.
Brian E. Martineau.
Ss. Nunilo and Alodia, pray for us.
St. Lawrence of Brindisi, pray for us.
Martyrs of Otranto, pray for us.
St. James, pray for us.
Martyrs of San Bernardino, pray for us.
Fr. Hamel, pray for us.
Our Lady, Help of Christians, pray for us.
All you holy men and women, pray for us.
Filed under 2996, History
How to Embarrass Your Parents, by Natalie Barney
Natalie Barney was one of those "poor little rich girls" who decide to do stupid things. She had all her money from a streetcar company in Dayton, Ohio, which apparently did not suit her self-image.
In her case, she decided to become a lesbian, which obviously was not the thing to do in 1900. But she and a bunch of other American heiresses were running around doing just that. (And to be fair, a lot of the trouble may have been the expensive French boarding school where a lot of these American heiresses were sent. It seems to have turned out a lot more lesbians than is statistically believable, and they all seem to have "discovered" their sexual orientation at exactly the time they went there; so one suspects that there was a culture of female pedophilic abuse present.)
Also to be fair, her parents were apparently not all that. Her dad had a nasty temper and thought himself too good to follow the family business; he didn nothing but live it up and chase women. Her mom was a good artist but a flighty kid, who ditched true love with Sir Henry Morton Stanley (of Stanley and Livingstone fame) while Stanley was away on an expedition to Africa. (Without telling him, or even sending a letter, or even bothering to read his letters for that matter. The poor guy found out when he got back, all ready to marry her as agreed. He read a news story about how his fiancee had just had her first kid with her husband. Yeah.)
But also to be fair, a 24 year old American woman in 1900 was more than old enough to know better, or at least to pick a broader life goal than just "be a lesbian in Paris and nothing else." There were a lot of other things she could have done. (Her mother was flighty but also public-spirited; she achieved a lot, and did a lot of good for theater and the arts. She raised money for charity, and let her homes be used as an office by many good causes. Natalie, not so much.)
But she didn't run off to do it. Oh, no. She was taken to Paris by her mother, Alice (a whisky heiress who had married Albert Barney, a streetcar heir), to study French culture, while her sister Laura got surgery on her leg. But since Natalie spoke and wrote French and Alice didn't much, and since Alice was busy improving herself with intense painting classes while Natalie made a lot of female friends, apparently she didn't notice.
Then Natalie wrote and published (through an expensive vanity printer) a book of sonnets in French. Apparently she told her mother that they were just "sonnet portraits of women," like the title of her book said. Mom's French (or her suspicions) didn't reach to understanding that it was all lesbian poetry.
She conned her mom into doing illustrations for the book.
(Perfectly blameless art-deco illustrations, of course, because of course her mom didn't know! And actually, her mom did some gorgeous work for her not-so-loving daughter. The rumor is that Natalie was having affairs with all the women she asked her mom to paint for the illustrations, including a Folies Bergere dancer named Liane de Pougy. As far as Mom knew, they were just French friends who'd agreed to be models.)
Then Natalie Barney made sure that her book got into the hands of sophisticated American reviewers.
Well, if she was looking for attention, she got it. The papers all talked about it. Her dad stormed over from Dayton by train and ship, bought up all the remaining copies of her book, and had the French publisher destroy everything connected to it, including the art plates of Mom's art.
Mr. Barney died in 1902. Natalie Barney went off with the money she inherited and lived a dissolute life in Paris.
Natalie's sister Laura, who was also dragged into all this scandal, went religious; but as far away from everything American as she could get. She became a Baha'i. You can hardly blame her. What's startling is that she actually stayed friendly with her sister, and that Mom forgave Natalie.
Natalie Barney's book on how to embarrass your parents is called Quelques Portraits-Sonnets des Femmes. She wrote it under the name "Natalie Clifford," since Clifford was her middle name. This is apparently an annotated photo reprint of a surviving copy of the original edition.
If you look around on the Internet, you can learn more about Barney's special snowflake lifestyle and all her special snowflake friends in Paris. It's not very edifying, unless you want to know how a lot of Midwestern millionaires got disappointed by their kids.
Before and during WWII, Barney stayed in Paris despite persistent rumors that her family was Jewish. (If she had Jewish ancestors, they were a ways back. Her granddad was a staunch Baptist, and her mom's family were Episcopalians.) But she wavered back and forth between describing fascism as tyranny, and following the progressive line of her friends by praising Hitler. On the other hand, she did help a Jewish couple get out of Italy and get passage to the US. So maybe she did have a tiny bit of energy to help others.
She died alone in 1972.
Natalie only set foot in Dayton a very few times in her life; she was really a native of Washington, DC; NYC; and Bar Harbor, Maine. But all this gossip history is memorialized on an extremely gaytimonious historical marker, in the park right next to the main Dayton Library downtown. I now realize that this was because of the book. But the once-lovely Cooper Park is now mostly the property of extremely drunk or mentally ill homeless men, so it's not a great choice for glory and remembrance.
Meanwhile, the Folies Bergere dancer married a prince. After the death in WWI of her son from her first marriage, she became a tertiary order Dominican living in community, working to help children who had birth defects. She may have lived a pretty shocking life at times, but in the end she knew that life wasn't all about her.
Filed under History


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Google play music Applications Android standard account users can upload 50,000 songs without a single penny. For more info read our disclaimer page. Even when you have not connected also you can download your favorite movie and you can watch from anywhere. Jio Phone Whatsapp App Download For JioPhone Rs 1500 Recently, Reliance industries Chairman Mukesh Ambani has announced big new service Jio at In the 41st Annual General Meeting of Reliance industries in which included Jio Giga tv, Jio Gigafiber, Jio phone 2 and jio Monsoon Explosion Offer etc. Similar is the purpose of this app. The four files I listed, which compose the Google Services backbone, can be downloaded onto your Android device based on architecture, e. Using the application, users can take photos, record videos, add text and drawings, and send them to a controlled list of recipients.
Replaying a snap Snapchat allows for a feature in which you can see a snap one more time in a day after you have seen it for the first time. Front-facing flash Now, this might not be the most efficient of things that we have on the list, but is a must try. In the Meantime, you can also share this article with your friends and family in Facebook and Whatsapp and it will help us in a positive way. But what about the other Play Store apps? Books Once upon a time, we have to walk miles to read books. You can also view your active 4G plan and its validity, check all the details of your calls, voice or text messages, data, for the last 6 months. Then type the paid games in the search word.


All currently enrolled Eastfield College students are members of the Student Government Association. As such, you may attend meetings, serve on committees, and vote in general elections held each Fall and Spring.
If you would like to serve on one or more of these committees, please contact the SGA Vice President. All SGA elected members have mailboxes in the Office of Student Life, Room C-141. Should you have any issues you would like to share with SGA, please do so by contacting members via their mail boxes and your concern will be referred to the appropriate committee.
Constitution Committee is responsible for reviewing the SGA Bylaws and making recommendations for amendments when necessary.
Elections Committee is responsible for overseeing the Fall and Spring elections.
Jurisprudence Committee is responsible for interpreting the SGA Bylaws and ensuring proper process is being followed.
Club Funding Committee is responsible for awarding Student Life funding to officially recognized student clubs and organizations according to the guidelines in the Club Handbook.
Campus Activities Board: Charged to plan social, educational and cultural events for Eastfield College students that complement the academic mission of the college.
Beautification Committee: Charged to recommend suggestions for making our campus look more attractive and kept clean.
Local Issues: Charged to investigate issues relating to local ordinances and DCCCD policies that affect Eastfield College students.
Health and Safety Committee: Charged to review issues and policies that affect the health and safety of Eastfield College students. Members of this committee are responsible for serving on the Campus Police Appeals Committee.
Instructional Committee: This is a campus committee requiring student representation on issues involving instructional and academic policies.
Strategic Planning Committee: This is a campus committee requiring student representation on issues involving insight, preparation and planning for national, state, and local policy and procedure changes that affect the day to day operations of the college.
Marketing Committee: Charged to promote the purpose and activities of SGA.
Fundraising Committee: Charged to raise funds to offset expenses for general operations of SGA such as materials, supplies, and travel expenses.
Social Committee: Charged to plan appropriate team building activities and community service opportunities for SGA members.
Pleasant Grove Committee: Charged to maintain communication between the Main Campus and the Pleasant Grove location.
Set Up/Clean Up Committee: Charged to oversee the preparation and organization for general meetings.


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HomeReportsHuman Rights Reports...Custom Report - 36b5010101
Costa Rica is a constitutional republic governed by a president and a unicameral legislative assembly directly elected in multiparty elections every four years. On April 1, voters elected Carlos Alvarado of the Citizen's Action Party (PAC) as president during a second round of elections. In legislative elections on February 4, the governing PAC formed a coalition to gain control of the presidency of the legislature for one year. All elections were considered free and fair.
There were no reports of egregious human rights abuses.
The government investigated and prosecuted officials who committed abuses.
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.
The constitution prohibits such practices. Abuse by prison police was a recurring complaint, according to the Ombudsman's Office, but very few of the accusers followed through and registered their complaints with the authorities. The government investigated, prosecuted, and punished police responsible for confirmed cases of abuse.
Prison conditions were harsh due to gross overcrowding, inadequate sanitary conditions, difficulties obtaining medical care, and violence among prisoners.
Physical Conditions: As of July the prison population exceeded the designed capacity of prisons by 32 percent, according to official statistics. Prison overcrowding made security and control difficult and contributed to health problems. Poor conditions included inadequate space for resting, deteriorated mattresses on the floor, and inadequate access to health services. Illegal narcotics were readily available in the prisons, and drug abuse was common. The Ministry of Justice was responsible for the prison system, while the Immigration Office ran the facility holding illegal migrants until they were deported or regularized their immigration status.
The San Sebastian, Gerardo Rodriguez, La Reforma, San Rafael, San Carlos, Limon, Pococi, Puntarenas, Liberia, Perez Zeledon, and Centro Adulto Joven (at La Reforma) prisons remained overcrowded, with the population in pretrial detention experiencing the most overcrowding. Authorities held male pretrial detainees with convicted prisoners on occasion. In San Sebastian, where most of these prisoners in pretrial detention were held, 770 prisoners lived in unsanitary conditions in a facility with a planned capacity of 556.
In February the Judicial Investigative Organization (OIJ), the principal investigative law enforcement agency, recognized prison overcrowding as a problem. Overcrowding at the San Sebastian pretrial detention center resulted in some pretrial detainees being held in OIJ facilities.
On July 26, a new detention center for undocumented migrants in Los Lagos, Heredia, opened to replace a facility that had problems with overcrowding and poor ventilation.
Security and administrative staffing were insufficient to care for the needs of prisoners, including ensuring their personal safety. The Ministry of Justice's Social Adaptation Division reported 13 deaths in closed regime centers as of August 21. Four of these deaths were homicides resulting from prisoner-on-prisoner violence.
Administration: Prisoners could submit credible allegations of mistreatment to the Ombudsman's Office, which investigated all complaints at an administrative level.
Independent Monitoring: The government permitted independent monitoring of prison conditions by international and local human rights observers. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the government ombudsman monitored detention conditions, with UNHCR visiting monthly and the ombudsman preparing annual reports.
Improvements: In June the Ministry of Justice agreed to expedite urgent requests for prisoners to obtain an electronic bracelet monitor, which normally could take several months. The Ministry of Justice's Social Adaptation Division constructed a health unit at the Vilma Curling women's correctional center and opened health units at the correctional facilities in San Rafael de Alajuela, Perez Zeledon, and Pococi. The Social Adaptation Division strengthened telemedicine services at La Reforma, Gerardo Rodriguez, and Cartago prisons.
The constitution prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention and provides for the right for any person to challenge the lawfulness of his/her arrest or detention in court, and the government generally observed these requirements.
The country has no military forces. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the 13 agencies that have law enforcement components, including the judicial branch's Judicial Investigative Organization. The Ministry of Public Security is responsible for the uniformed police force, drug control police, border police, air wing, and coast guard. The Immigration Office is responsible for the immigration police. The Ministry of Public Works and Transportation supervises the traffic police, the Ministry of Environment supervises park police, and the Ministry of Justice manages the penitentiary police. Several municipalities manage municipal police forces. The government has effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse. There were no reports of impunity involving the security forces during the year.
The law requires issuance of judicial warrants before making arrests, except where probable cause is evident to the arresting officer. The law entitles a detainee to a judicial determination of the legality of detention during arraignment before a judge within 24 hours of arrest. The law provides for the right to post bail and prompt access to an attorney and family members. Authorities generally observed these rights. Indigent persons have access to a public attorney at government expense. Those without sufficient personal funds are also able to use the services of a public defender. With judicial authorization, authorities may hold a suspect incommunicado for 48 hours after arrest or, under special circumstances, for up to 10 days. Special circumstances include cases in which pretrial detention previously was ordered and there is reason to believe a suspect may reach an agreement with accomplices or may obstruct the investigation. Suspects were allowed access to attorneys immediately before submitting statements before a judge. Authorities promptly informed suspects of any offenses under investigation. Habeas corpus provides legal protection for citizens against threats from police; it also requires judges to give a clear explanation of the legal basis for detention of and evidence against a suspect.
Pretrial Detention: Lengthy pretrial detention was a problem. According to the Ministry of Justice, as of July 31, persons in pretrial detention constituted approximately 23 percent of the prison population, compared with 16 percent in 2017. In some cases delays were due to pending criminal investigations and lengthy legal procedures. In other cases the delays were a result of court backlogs.
The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence and impartiality. The legal system experienced significant delays in the adjudication of criminal cases and civil disputes and a growing workload.
The constitution and law provide for the right to a fair and public trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right.
All defendants have the right to the presumption of innocence, to be informed promptly and in detail of the charges, and to trial without undue delay. All trials, except those that include juvenile defendants, are public. Trials that involve victims or witnesses who are minors are closed during the portion of the trial in which the minor is called to testify. Defendants have the right to be present during trial and communicate with an attorney of choice in a timely manner or to have one provided at public expense. Defendants enjoy the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare a defense and free assistance of an interpreter as necessary. Defendants may confront prosecution or plaintiff witnesses and present witnesses and evidence on their own behalf. Defendants have the right not to be compelled to testify or confess guilt. Defendants, if convicted, have the right to appeal.
An independent and impartial judiciary presides over lawsuits in civil matters, including human rights violations. Administrative and judicial remedies for alleged wrongs are available to the public. Individuals and organizations may appeal adverse domestic decisions to regional human rights bodies.
The constitution prohibits such actions, and there were no reports the government failed to respect these prohibitions.
The constitution provides for freedom of expression, including for the press, and the government generally respected this right. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to promote freedom of expression, including for the press.
The government did not restrict or disrupt access to the internet or censor online content, and there were no credible reports the government monitored private communications without appropriate legal authority. The International Telecommunication Union reported that 72 percent of the population used the internet in 2017.
The constitution provides for the freedoms of peaceful assembly and association, and the government generally respected these rights.
The constitution and law provide for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights. The government cooperated with UNHCR and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to refugees, asylum seekers, stateless persons, or other persons of concern.
Access to Asylum: The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status, and the government has an established system for providing protection to refugees. The law requires authorities to process the claims within three months of receipt, but decisions took an average of 14 months and an additional 12 months for the appeals process.
The number of persons seeking asylum increased significantly. The Immigration Office handled a growing number of migrants requesting refugee status, the majority from Nicaragua. According to immigration authorities, from April to September, Nicaraguans filed 8,000 claims and authorities gave migrants more than 15,000 more appointments to file their requests, up from fewer than 100 applications from Nicaraguans in all of 2017. The government leased additional office space and opened a call center to process appointments and disseminate information better.
As of August the Appeals Tribunal, which adjudicates all migration appeals, had a backlog of 476 asylum cases. UNHCR provided support to the Refugee Unit and the Appeals Tribunal to hire additional legal and administrative personnel to assist with reduction of the backlog.
Employment: Refugee regulations provide asylum seekers an opportunity to obtain work permits if they have to wait beyond the three months the law allows for a decision on their asylum claim (which occurs in virtually all cases). On August 10, the Labor Ministry, the Chamber of Commerce, and UNHCR launched a program to assist asylum seekers and refugees to find jobs.
Access to Basic Services: By law asylum seekers and refugees have access to public services and social welfare programs, but access was often hampered by lack of knowledge about their status in the country and feelings of xenophobia among some service providers. For example, asylum seekers without employers (who constituted the majority of asylum seekers) faced restrictions when enrolling voluntarily as independent workers in the public health system.
Asylum seekers received provisional refugee status documents legalizing their status after appearing for an interview with the General Directorate of Immigration, for which the estimated wait time was eight months. Provisional refugee ID cards do not resemble other national identity documents, so while government authorities generally accepted them, many private citizens did not. Upon receiving refugee status, which typically took another nine months, refugees could obtain an identity document similar to those used by nationals at a cost of 39,000 colones ($68), renewable every two years.
Durable Solutions: The government continued to implement a "Protection Transfer Arrangement" in coordination with UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration for refugee resettlement in third countries. The government was committed to local integration of refugees both legally and socially and to facilitating their naturalization process. In partnership with UNHCR, on April 23, the government awarded "Living Integration" certifications to 20 public and private organizations to help refugees and asylum seekers earn a livelihood.
Temporary Protection: There were no programs for temporary protection beyond refugee status. Due to low recognition rates (approximately 8 percent of applicants received asylum during the first six months of the year), UNHCR had to consider a number of rejected asylum seekers as persons in need of international protection. UNHCR provided support and access to integration programs to individuals still pursuing adjudication and appeals. The individuals requesting refugee status were mainly from Nicaragua, Venezuela, El Salvador, and Colombia; the majority were male adults and extended families.
STATELESS PERSONS
There continued to be problems of statelessness of indigenous children and children of seasonal workers in the border areas with Panama and Nicaragua derived from the difficulties linked to birth registrations. Members of the Ngobe-Bugle indigenous group from Panama often worked on Costa Rican farms and occasionally gave birth there. In these cases parents did not register Ngobe-Bugle children as Costa Rican citizens at birth because they did not think it necessary, although the children lacked registration in Panama as well. Approximately 1,200 children were affected. Government authorities worked together with UNHCR on a program of birth registration and provision of identification documents to stateless persons known as "Chiriticos." Mobile teams went to remote coffee-growing areas for case identification and registration. The National Civil Registry appointed a permanent officer in the regional offices of Coto Brus, Talamanca, and Tarrazu to provide follow-up services. From May 27 to June 3, authorities from Costa Rica and Panama collaborated to register citizens from the southern area of Punta Burica as part of the Chiriticos project. UNHCR and the National Civil Registry continued a project along the northern border for individuals of Nicaraguan origin to facilitate procedures for late birth registration.
The constitution and laws provide citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage.
Recent Elections: On April 1, voters elected PAC's Carlos Alvarado president during a second round of elections, after no candidate achieved 40 percent of the first-round vote. Presidential and legislative elections are simultaneous. In legislative elections, the National Liberation Party (PLN) gained the most seats, but it did not achieve majority in the National Assembly. On May 1, the governing PAC formed a coalition with four other parties–the PLN, Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Broad Front, and Republican Social Christian Party–to gain control of the presidency of the legislature for one year. In 2016 municipal elections, PLN and PUSC gained control of 62 of 81 municipalities. Observers considered the elections free and fair.
Participation of Women and Minorities: No laws limit participation of women and/or members of minorities in the political process, and they did participate. Women and persons of African descent were represented in government but indigenous persons were not. On May 8, Epsy Campbell Barr became the country's first woman of African descent to be elected as vice president, and she served concurrently as minister of foreign affairs. In 2016 the Supreme Elections Tribunal imposed strict gender quotas for political parties, reaffirming existing regulations that all political parties must guarantee gender parity across their electoral slates and confirming that gender parity must extend vertically. The electoral code requires that a minimum of 50 percent of candidates for elective office be women, with their names placed alternately with men on the ballots by party slate. As a result, female legislators held 26 of the 57 seats in the National Assembly.
The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, and the government generally implemented the law effectively. There were isolated reports of government corruption during the year.
Corruption: In 2017 authorities began investigating allegations of corruption and influence peddling in a case (known locally as "Cementazo") related to loans and policies benefiting cement importer Juan Carlos Bolanos. The case prompted the dismissal and resignation of several justices and prosecutors. On July 16, Chief Justice Carlos Chinchilla requested his early retirement after the full Supreme Court suspended him, together with two associate justices and a substitute justice of the Criminal Appeals High Court, for inappropriate dismissal of the "Cementazo" case. On July 10, the Supreme Court also suspended former deputy attorney general Berenice Smith for inappropriate conduct. On April 10, the National Assembly removed Associate Justice Celso Gamboa from the bench by a majority vote for interfering with judicial cases related to the cement importer. In 2017 former attorney general Jorge Chavarria retired, following his suspension for requesting the Criminal Appeals High Court to dismiss the "Cementazo" case.
Financial Disclosure: Public officials are subject to financial disclosure laws that require senior officials to submit sworn declarations of income, assets, and liabilities. The law requires income and asset disclosure by appointed and elected officials. The content of the declarations is not available to the public. The law stipulates administrative sanctions for noncompliance and identifies which assets, liabilities, and interests public officials must declare. Officials are required to file a declaration annually and upon entering and leaving office.
A number of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were often cooperative and responsive to their views.
Government Human Rights Bodies: The Ombudsman's Office reviews government action or inaction that affects citizens' rights and interests. The ombudsman is accountable to the National Assembly, which appoints the person to a four-year term and funds office operations. The ombudsman participates in the drafting and approval of legislation, promotes good administration and transparency, and reports annually to the National Assembly with nonbinding recommendations. International institutions and nongovernmental organization observers recognized the Ombudsman's Office as an independent and effective instrument for promoting human rights.
A special committee of the National Assembly studies and reports on problems relating to the violation of human rights, and it also reviews bills relating to human rights and international humanitarian law.
Rape and Domestic Violence: The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape and domestic violence, and provides penalties from 10 to 18 years in prison for rape. The judicial branch generally enforced the law.
The law prohibits domestic violence and provides measures for the protection of domestic violence victims. Criminal penalties range from 10 to 100 days in prison for aggravated threats and up to 35 years in prison for aggravated homicide, including a sentence of 20 to 35 years for persons who kill their partners.
According to the Ombudsman's Office, during the first months of the year, the number of femicides increased in spite of the efforts of the government and civil society to fight this problem. The killing of two female tourists on August 4 caused authorities on August 7 to declare the reduction of violence against women as a "national priority" not only to raise awareness, but also to implement coordinated actions among public institutions in areas with a higher incidence of violence.
On July 2, President Alvarado enacted a restorative justice law but simultaneously asked the National Assembly to reform some of its provisions to prevent victims of sex crimes and domestic violence from negotiating with perpetrators and aggressors, after the attorney general and the minister of women's issues expressed their concern.
Sexual Harassment: The law prohibits sexual harassment in the workplace and educational institutions, and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security generally enforced this prohibition. The law imposes penalties ranging from a letter of reprimand to dismissal, with more serious incidents subject to criminal prosecution.
Coercion in Population Control: There were no reports of coerced abortion or involuntary sterilization.
Discrimination: Women enjoy the same legal status and rights as men. The law prohibits discrimination against women and obligates the government to promote political, economic, social, and cultural equality. The law requires women and men receive equal pay for equal work.
Birth Registration: Citizenship is obtained from birth within the country's territory or can be derived if either parent is Costa Rican. Birth registration was not always automatic, and migrant children were especially at risk of statelessness since they did not have access to legal documents to establish their identity if their parents did not seek birth registration for them.
Child Abuse: The autonomous National Institute for Children reported violence against children and adolescents continued to be a concern, but there was no increase in the number of cases of child violence or abuse. The institute implemented a prevention strategy against child abuse during the year.
Early and Forced Marriage: The minimum legal age of marriage is 18. The law establishes penalties for sex with minors and prohibits child marriage. The crime carries a penalty of up to three years in prison for an adult having sex with a person under age 15, or under 18 if the age difference is more than five years. The law bans marriage for anyone under 18.
Sexual Exploitation of Children: The minimum age of consensual sex is 18 years. The law criminalizes the commercial sexual exploitation of children and provides sentences of up to 16 years in prison for violations. The law provides for sentences of two to 10 years in prison for statutory rape and three to eight years in prison for child pornography. The government identified child sex tourism as a serious problem.
International Child Abductions: The country is a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. See the Department of State's Annual Report on International Parental Child Abduction at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html.
The Jewish Zionist Center estimated there were between 3,000 and 3,500 Jews in the country. There were isolated reports of anti-Semitic comments on social media.
The constitution and law prohibit discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental disabilities. The law also establishes a right to employment for persons with disabilities and sets a hiring quota of 5 percent of vacant positions in the public sector. The government did not effectively enforce the law, however.
Although the law mandates access to buildings for persons with disabilities, the government did not enforce this provision, and many buildings remained inaccessible to persons with disabilities. The government policy on education and the national plan for higher education aim to increase educational opportunities for students with disabilities.
The Supreme Elections Tribunal took measures (voting procedures, facilities, materials, and trained personnel) to provide for fully accessible elections for all persons with disabilities. During the February national elections, the Organization of American States Observation Mission lauded the country for facilitating voting for seniors and persons with disabilities, including accessible voting booths and technological tools to promote participation in the electoral process.
The constitution establishes that the country is a multiethnic and multicultural nation. According to the Ombudsman's Office, however, the country lacked an adequate legal framework to ensure adequate mechanisms to combat discrimination, facilitate the adoption of affirmative action for individuals who suffer discrimination, and establish sanctions for those who commit discriminatory acts. On August 1, Vice President and Foreign Affairs Minister Campbell Barr appointed a presidential commissioner for Afro-Descendant Affairs.
Land ownership continued to be a problem in most indigenous territories. The law protects reserve land as the collective, nontransferable property in 24 indigenous territories; however, 38 percent of that land was in nonindigenous hands.
On March 6, the government finalized a consultative process in response to a mandate from International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169, requiring governments to engage with indigenous peoples on measures that directly affect them. The consultative mechanism consists of an eight-step process for gathering input from indigenous communities, from project inception through final monitoring. The mechanism recognizes the duty of the government to obtain prior and informed consent for large-scale development projects affecting indigenous communities but does not give them veto power. The executive order authorizing the consultative mechanism was issued in March, but as of October it had not yet been carried out.
The constitution establishes that all persons are equal before the law and no discrimination contrary to human dignity shall be practiced. Discrimination against persons based on sexual orientation and gender identity is prohibited by a series of executive orders and workplace policies but not by national laws. On May 17, President Alvarado appointed a lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) commissioner in charge of coordinating efforts between civil society and the presidency to promote LGBTI issues.
Transgender individuals faced barriers to legal gender recognition until, on June 28, President Alvarado signed an executive order that instructed all public entities to modify records of transgender individuals who requested the change.
There were cases of discrimination against persons based on sexual orientation, ranging from employment, police abuse, and education to access to health-care services. LGBTI individuals experienced discrimination within their own families due to their sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and sex characteristics. LGBTI organizations operated freely and lobbied for legal reforms. Reports of discrimination and violence against the LGBTI community increased after the Inter-American Court of Human Rights publication of its advisory opinion on same-sex marriage, which was issued one month before the first round of national elections. By February the LGBTI community reported 32 cases of physical and verbal abuse, and several legislators and political leaders expressed their opposition to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights opinion and its implementation.
Although the law prohibits discrimination based on HIV/AIDS in health care, housing, employment, and education, some discrimination was reported.
Labor discrimination towards HIV patients continued; some persons reported losing their jobs due to discrimination, their deteriorating health, or both.
The law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions, bargain collectively, and conduct legal strikes. The government respected these rights. The law prohibits antiunion discrimination and provides for reinstatement of workers fired for union activity. Unions must register, and the law provides a deadline of 15 days for authorities to reply to a registration request. Restrictions on the minimum number of employees (12) needed to form a union may have hampered freedom of association in small enterprises. The law permits foreign workers to join unions but prohibits them from holding positions of authority within the unions, except for foreign workers who are married to citizens of the country and have legally resided in the country for at least five years.
The labor code stipulates that at least 50 percent of the workers in an enterprise must vote to support a strike. The law, however, adds that, if there is no union at the enterprise or if the union lacks the support of 50 percent of the workforce, a strike can still be initiated if 35 percent of the workers call for a vote, under a secret ballot. The law restricts the right to strike for workers in services designated as essential by the government, including in sectors such as oil refineries and ports that are not recognized as essential services under international standards.
The law also permits two other types of worker organizations unique to the country: "solidarity associations," legal entities recognized by the constitution that have both management and employee membership and serve primarily to administer funds for severance payments; and "permanent committees," enterprise-level bodies made up of three workers elected to negotiate "direct agreements" with employers. Both entities may coexist and share membership with labor unions. The law also requires that permanent committee members be elected freely by secret ballot without intervention of the employer.
The law requires employers to initiate the bargaining process with a trade union if more than one-third of the total workforce, including union and nonunion members, requests collective bargaining, but the law also permits direct bargaining agreements with nonunionized workers. The law prohibits solidarity associations from representing workers in collective bargaining negotiations or in any other way that assumes the functions or inhibits the formation of trade unions. Although public-sector employees are permitted to bargain collectively, the Supreme Court held that some fringe benefits received by certain public employees were disproportionate and unreasonable, and it repealed sections of collective bargaining agreements between public-sector unions and government agencies, thus restricting this right in practice.
The government generally enforced applicable laws, although procedures were subject to lengthy delays and appeals. While the law does establish sanctions (fines and fees) for infractions, only the judiciary has the authority to apply such sanctions. The amount of fines and fees is determined by the severity of the infraction and is based on the minimum wage. Penalties were not sufficient to deter violations, in light of the lengthy process to resolve cases. To reduce delays, a 2017 reform to the labor code replaces written procedures with oral hearings, requires labor claims to be processed within two years, and sets up a special summary procedure for discrimination claims. The reformed labor code also strengthens protections for labor union members, including protections against discrimination based on labor affiliation and special protections via special expedited proceedings. In 2017 the government also approved three regulations related to the labor code on labor dispute resolution, union workers voting to authorize strikes, and determining union membership to bargain collectively. The Labor Inspection Office implemented related actions to the labor code during the first six months of the year, including a new organizational structure, training for staff, and systematization of processes.
Labor unions reported that improved protections for union organizing during the first year of the reformed labor code facilitated recruitment of members in the private sector. The new expedited labor courts forced private-sector employers to reinstate workers who had been dismissed for joining unions.
Freedom of association and collective bargaining were generally respected. Labor unions asserted that solidarity associations set up and controlled permanent committees at many workplaces, which in turn conducted negotiations and established direct agreements. Labor unions also asserted that employers sometimes required membership in a solidarity association as a condition for employment. To the extent that solidarity associations and permanent committees displaced trade unions, they affected the independence of workers' organizations from employers' influence and infringed on the right to organize and bargain collectively. In recent years the ILO reported an expansion of direct agreements between employers and nonunionized workers and noted its concern that the number of collective bargaining agreements in the private sector continued to be low when compared with a high number of direct agreements with nonunionized workers.
In some instances, employers fired employees who attempted to unionize. The Ministry of Labor reported one case of firing a labor leader and three complaints of antiunion discrimination from January to July. There were reports some employers also preferred to use "flexible," or short-term, contracts, making it difficult for workers to organize and collectively bargain. Migrant workers in agriculture frequently were hired on short-term contracts (five months) through intermediaries, faced antiunion discrimination and challenges in organizing, and were often more vulnerable to labor exploitation.
The ILO noted no trade unions operated in the country's export-processing zones and identified the zones as a hostile environment for organizing. Labor unions asserted that efforts by workers in export-processing zones to organize were met with illegal employment termination, threats, and intimidation and that some employers maintained blacklists of workers identified as activists.
The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor. The law establishes criminal penalties for trafficking in persons crimes, including forced or compulsory labor with sentences of between six and 10 years in prison. The penalty increases to between eight and 16 years if the crime involves aggravating circumstances. These penalties are proportional to the severity of the crimes and were sufficient to deter violations. On May 8, the government adopted amendments to Articles 172 and 189 (bis) of the criminal code to align the law's definition of trafficking more closely with international law by removing the requirement of movement. In 2017 the Attorney General's Office made two accusations of trafficking for forced labor exploitation and reported two convictions for labor exploitation.
The child and adolescence code prohibits labor of all children under the age of 15 without exceptions, including the worst forms of child labor; it supersedes the minimum working age of 12 established in the labor code. Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 may work a maximum of six hours daily and 36 hours weekly. The law prohibits night work and overtime for minors. The law prohibits children under the age of 18 from engaging in hazardous or unhealthy activities and specifies a list of hazardous occupations. The government generally enforced child labor laws effectively in the formal sector but not in the informal sector.
Child labor occurred primarily in the informal economy, especially in the agricultural, commercial, and industrial sectors. The worst forms of child labor occurred in agriculture on small third-party farms in the formal sector and on family farms in the informal sector. Forced child labor reportedly occurred in some service sectors, such as construction, fishing, street vending, and domestic service, and some children were subject to commercial sexual exploitation (see section 6, Children).
While the Ministry of Labor is responsible for enforcing and taking administrative actions against possible violations of, or lack of compliance with, child labor laws, the Prosecutor's Office intervenes in cases regarding the worst forms of child labor. As with other labor laws, the authority to sanction employers for infractions lies solely with the judiciary, and the law requires labor inspectors to initiate legal cases with the judiciary after exhausting the administrative process. The amount of fines and fees is determined by the severity of the infraction and is based on an equation derived from the minimum wage. Penalties were generally sufficient to deter violations.
The government continued to implement programming to eliminate illegal child labor and the worst forms of child labor by providing individual assistance through visits, interviews, and inspections to schools and workplaces. In 2017 the Labor Ministry provided protection to 434 working minors referred by different departments within the Labor Ministry and other government agencies. Of these 434 cases, 313 received a scholarship through an agreement between the Labor Ministry and the Welfare Institute, intended to help students stay or return to school. During the first six months of the year, the Labor Ministry reported 25 minors working in dangerous activities–17 in agriculture and eight working more than six hours a day. The ministry removed the minors from their jobs and gave them a study allowance to return to school.
Also see the Department of Labor's Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor and List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor at www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/ .
The laws and regulations prohibit discrimination regarding race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national origin or citizenship, social origin, disability, sexual orientation and/or gender identity, age, language, HIV-positive status, or other communicable diseases status. The labor code prohibits discrimination based on age, ethnicity, gender, religion, race, sexual orientation, civil status, political opinion, nationality, social status, affiliation, disability, labor union membership, or economic situation. The government effectively enforced these laws and regulations, and penalties were sufficient to deter violations. The Labor Ministry reported 13 cases of discrimination from January to June. The ministry implemented a gender-equality perspective into labor inspections to identify areas of vulnerability. The Labor Ministry detected 23 infractions during the first six months of the year.
Discrimination in employment and occupation occurred with respect to persons with disabilities and the LGBTI population. Discrimination against migrant workers occurred, and there were reports of instances of employers using threats of deportation to withhold their wages.
The wage council of the Ministry of Labor sets the minimum wage scale for the public and private sectors twice a year. Monthly minimum wages for the private sector ranged from 183,939 colones ($322) for domestic workers to 644,689 colones ($1,130) for university graduates since January 1. According to INEC, in 2016 the poverty line was 107,769 colones ($189) in urban areas and 82,950 colones ($145) in rural areas. The national minimum wage applied to both Costa Rican and migrant workers. The law sets workday hours, overtime remuneration, days of rest, and annual vacation rights. Workers generally may work a maximum of eight hours a day or 48 hours weekly. Workers are entitled to one day of rest after six consecutive days of work, except in the agricultural sector, and annual paid vacations. The law provides that workers be paid for overtime work at a rate 50 percent above their stipulated wage or salary. Although there is no statutory prohibition against compulsory overtime, the labor code stipulates the workday may not exceed 12 hours, except in the agricultural sector when there is "imminent risk of harm…to the harvest" when work cannot be suspended and workers cannot be substituted.
The government maintains a dedicated authority to enforce occupational safety and health (OSH) standards. The OSH standards are appropriate for the main industries in the country, per the National Council of Occupational Safety and Health. The Labor Ministry's National Council of Occupational Health and Safety is a tripartite OSH regulatory authority with government, employer, and employee representation. According to labor organizations, the government did not enforce these standards effectively in either the formal or the informal sectors.
Workers can remove themselves from situations that endanger health or safety without jeopardizing their employment. According to the Labor Ministry, this is a responsibility shared by the employer and employee. The law assigns responsibility to the employer, including granting OSH officers access to workplaces, but it also authorizes workers to seek assistance from appropriate authorities (OSH or labor inspectors) for noncompliance with OSH workplace standards, including risks at work.
The Ministry of Labor's Inspection Directorate (DNI) is responsible for labor inspection, in collaboration with the Social Security Agency and the National Insurance Institute. The DNI employed labor inspectors who investigated all types of labor violations. The number of labor inspectors, 87, was likely insufficient for the size of the workforce, which included more than two million workers. According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching one inspector for every 15,000 workers in industrializing economies, the country should employ approximately 150 inspectors. According to the Ministry of Labor, inspections occurred both in response to complaints and at the initiative of inspectors. The DNI stated it could visit any employer, formal or informal, and inspections were always unannounced.
The Labor Ministry generally addressed complaints by sending inspection teams to investigate and coordinate with each other on follow-up actions. As with other labor laws, inspectors cannot fine or sanction employers who do not comply with laws on acceptable conditions of work; rather, they investigate and refer noncompliance results to labor courts. The process of fining companies or compelling employers to pay back wages or overtime has traditionally been subject to lengthy delays.
The Ministry of Labor generally enforced minimum wages effectively in the San Jose area but less effectively in rural areas, particularly where large numbers of migrants were employed, and in the large informal sector, which comprised 44 percent of employment as of August. The ministry publicly recognized that many workers, including in the formal sector, received less than the minimum wage.
According to INEC, 44 percent of the economically active population in the nonagricultural sector was in the informal economy. The Ministry of Labor, through the National Program in Support of the Microenterprise, provided technical assistance and access to credit for informal microentrepreneurs to improve productive and labor conditions in the informal economy.
Observers expressed concern about exploitative working conditions in fisheries, small businesses, and agricultural activities. Unions also reported systematic violations of labor rights and provisions concerning working conditions, overtime, and wages in the export-processing zones. Labor unions reported overtime pay violations, such as nonpayment of wages and mandatory overtime, were common in the private sector and particularly in export-processing zones and agriculture. There were reports that agricultural workers, particularly migrant laborers in the pineapple industry, worked in unsafe conditions, including exposure to hazardous chemicals without proper training. Early in the year, workers from a private pineapple-producing company organized a labor strike urging their employer to comply with basic labor laws, including paying minimum wage and recognizing their right to unionize.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Board of Getinge intends to set the subscription ratio and subscription price in the planned rights issue to 1:9 and SEK 83,50 respectively
Not for release, publication or distribution, directly or indirectly, in the United States, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong or Japan Press release November 14, 2008
Press releases | 2008-11-14
The Board of Directors of Getinge AB ("Getinge") has, as previously announced, convened an Extraordinary General Meeting ("EGM") to be held on November 14, 2008, ahead of which the Board has proposed that the EGM shall authorize the Board to resolve to issue new shares with preferential right for Getinge's shareholders.
Provided that the EGM authorizes the Board according to the above, the Board intends to set the following principal terms for the rights issue:
• Subscription ratio: one (1) new Class A share and Class B share for each nine (9) existing Class A shares and Class B shares held, respectively
• Subscription price: SEK 83,50 per share
The rights issue, if fully subscribed, will raise proceeds to Getinge amounting to approximately SEK 1,990 million before deduction for costs related to the rights issue. A formal resolution on the rights issue will be adopted by the Board once the authorization by the EGM has been registered with the Swedish Companies Registration Office (Bolagsverket).
It is expected that the prospectus in respect of the rights issue can be made public at the end of November with the subscription period to be in December.
Getinge's main shareholder, Carl Bennet AB, representing 18.0% of the capital and 48.8% of the votes in Getinge, has declared that the company will undertake to subscribe for its portion of the planned rights issue as well as all shares not subscribed and paid for by other shareholders.
Financial and legal advisor
SEB Enskilda is financial advisor to Getinge. Mannheimer Swartling is legal advisor.
Getinge, November 14, 2008
Getinge AB (publ)
Johan Malmquist, CEO
Ulf Grunander, CFO
The information is such that Getinge AB must disclose in accordance with the Swedish Securities Market Act and/or the Financial Instruments Trading Act. The information was submitted for publication on November 14, 2008, at 08:00 a.m. CET.
wkr0003.pdf


We refinished the rails on this beautiful Golden West Pool Table and it looks like new. The customer had some contracting work done in the basement and we were called in to disassemble the table while the work was done and reassemble the pool table at a later date. After reassembling the pool table, it was damaged while moving some items/furniture in the room. The rails had some really deep scratches and the wood was completely exposed in several places. Well, it is all fixed now and we have another satisfied customer.


Bad breath, also referred to as halitosis, can be caused by an astonishing number of things. From poor gut health to a sinus infection, your bad breath can be the result of more than just morning breath. To determine what may be causing your halitosis, here a guide of the different types of bad breath.
Bad breath can be caused by tonsil stones or tonsillitis, occurring with chronic or recurrent forms of tonsillitis. The two small pads of tissue on either side of the back of your throat are your tonsils. As part of your immune system, they allow white blood cells to attack the germs festering in your mouth. Bacteria, food debris, mucus, dead cells and other substances can get trapped in the creases of your tonsils, causing build-up that can start to smell and emit bad breath.
Caused by lung infections and other conditions including tuberculosis, pneumonia and bronchitis, bad breath can be an indicator of something far worse than just poor oral hygiene. Lung cancer, for example, creates a distinct odour that can be an early indicator of the disease. People who suffer from asthma likely also suffer from dry mouth, which allows bacteria and food particles to build up in the mouth, producing bad breath.
Bad breath can be caused by microbial buildup, bacteria growth or infection within your sinuses. Sinusitis can be a short term infection that causes inflammation or a long term condition that can affect your quality of life. Either way, the increase in moisture and mucus in the tight space of your nose can lead to halitosis.
You can experience bad breath as a result of your gut, as it's an indication that there's an imbalance somewhere in your digestive system. This imbalance can refer to gastroesophageal reflux disease, constipation, bloating, gas or burping.
If your breath smells of fruit and nuts or acetone, then it's likely because you're on a low carbohydrate or ketogenic diet. These diets force the body to burn fat for fuel, producing various chemicals known as ketones. Those chemicals are released through your breath, creating an odour.
People with diabetes burn fat and produce ketones due to their body's inability to produce insulin. They're prone to experience the same breath issues as mentioned above. However, bad breath can also be caused by chronic kidney failure, but the scent will be fishier or smell like ammonia instead of acetone.
Many medications that tend to dry out the mouth can also cause bad breath. Medications that treat depression, anxiety, nasal congestion, obesity, acne, allergies, pain, epilepsy, asthma, and hypertension are among the worst prescriptions to cause halitosis. As these medications are essential to your health, talk to your dentist about how to combat the side effects.
At Dentistry in Newmarket, our family dentists are proud to offer customized treatments to every patient, new and old. With dental services that include cosmetic dentistry, general dentistry, dental implants, emergency dental care and more, call us to book your appointment with one of our Newmarket dentists today.


text:
Do Carbohydrates Turn Into Fat?
By Jessica Bruso
Calories From Starch vs. Sugar
What Percentage of Your Calories Should Come From Fat on a Low Carb Diet?
In What Part of the Body Does Digestion of Starches & Lipids Begin?
Does the Body Break Down Fat If You're Not Eating Enough Calories?
Fast Carbohydrates, Slow Carbohydrates & Diets That Speed Up Your Metabolism
While carbohydrates don't magically turn into fat on their own, your body turns any excess calories you consume, whether they come from carbohydrates, protein or fat, into body fat as a way to store them for future times of need. To avoid this, either consume fewer calories or exercise more to balance your daily energy needs with the amount of calories you consume.
Carbohydrate Digestion
Sugars, starches and fiber are all carbohydrates. Starches and fiber are formed by combining multiple sugars. Once you consume carbohydrates, enzymes in your body break them down into glucose or other sugars that can be turned into glucose, except for fiber. People don't have the proper enzymes to break the bonds plants use to form fiber, so this type of carbohydrate passes through your digestive tract mostly undigested and thus isn't turned into fat.
Carbohydrate Use
Carbohydrates are your body's preferred source of energy since they are more quickly digested than proteins or fats. Glucose molecules can pass through your intestinal walls and into your liver and bloodstream, making them easily accessible for use by your cells. Although fiber doesn't provide energy, it helps keep your digestive tract functioning properly and may lower your risk for Type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Carbohydrate Storage
Your liver can store extra glucose in small amounts, but only about what you would use in a day or two. Any carbohydrates consumed above this amount are turned into body fat as a way to store them more long term. Should your body run short of fuel, it can break down this fat to provide it with energy.
Choosing Healthy Carbohydrates
Between 45 and 65 percent of your calories should come from carbohydrates, according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Opt for whole grains instead of refined grains and fruits and vegetables instead of sweets. If you choose mainly carbohydrates that are low in energy density, meaning those that don't have a lot of calories per gram, you'll be able to fill up on fewer calories and be less likely to consume too many calories. As long as you don't consume excessive amounts of calories, the carbohydrates you consume are unlikely to be turned into fat.
Diabetes Forecast: How the Body Uses Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats
MayoClinic.com: Carbohydrates: How Carbs Fit Into a Healthy Diet
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Low-Energy-Dense Foods and Weight Management: Cutting Calories While Controlling Hunger
Based in Massachusetts, Jessica Bruso has been writing since 2008. She holds a master of science degree in food policy and applied nutrition and a bachelor of arts degree in international relations, both from Tufts University.
What Is the Daily Value for Carbohydrates?
How Many Grams of Carbohydrates for a 1,500-Calorie Diet?
What Is Required for the Emulisification of Fats?
Total Daily Carbohydrate Intake for a Low-Carb Diet
35 Carbs Equals How Many Calories?
Digestion of Nonfat Milk Vs. Whole Milk
How Big of a Calorie Deficit Is Needed to Lose Weight?
What Is the Main Fuel Source for Aerobic Workouts?
How Many Calories Are in an 8-Ounce Filet Mignon?
1 What Is the Daily Value for Carbohydrates?
2 How Many Grams of Carbohydrates for a 1,500-Calorie Diet?
3 What Is Required for the Emulisification of Fats?
4 Total Daily Carbohydrate Intake for a Low-Carb Diet


Foodies in search of creative spots to indulge are in luck. Farmingdale has everything from American favorites to Vietnamese delicacies. Consider these five spots the next time you are making dinner arrangements.


This great branch is used in large vases and even can be weaved into a bouquet armature for an rustic wedding.
Branches should be kept in cool environment in minimal water. Cut about 1″ off the bottom upon arrival and place into water with standard hydration solution. They are great dried as well.


For those interested in academic or faculty positions in our department, please follow this link to the University of California, San Francisco AP recruitment page to find up-to-date listings and to apply for academic positions.
Employment opportunities for staff positions within the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences are listed at UCSF Human Resources Careers website. Select Search openings and then type in ob/gyn into the Keyword field.