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https://journals.ashs.org/search?q=nutrient+recirculation
nutrient recirculation x
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Rose Response to Nutrient Recirculation and High-pressure Sodium (HPS) Radiation
D. Sean Moodv and Douglas A. Hopper
Four cut rose cultivars (`Royalty', `Samantha', `Sonia', and `Gabriella') were exposed to supplemental radiation for 2 years of production at the W.D. Holley Plant Environmental Research Center (PERC) at Colorado State Univ. and 1 year at Jordan's Greenhouse (cultivars Royalty and Kardinal). At PERC the house was divided into two treatments: l) natural light, and 2) supplemental radiation at ≈100 μmol·m–2·s–1 (750 fc) from 1000-W high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for 10 h each night. Jordan's had a third treatment of supplemental radiation at ≈50 μmol·m–2·s–1 (400 fc). Nutrient solution recirculation was tested with one bench in each of the treatments. Each rose was counted and measured for stem length and fresh weight. At PERC, all the cultivars showed no significant differences in the weekly number of flowers produced or the total flower fresh weight when grown under nonrecirculation vs. recirculation of nutrient solution. From 1993 results, grade A production for 60 `Royalty' plants increased from 455 flowers under natural conditions to 522 flowers under lighted conditions over 7 months, a 97-flower increase (21%) due to lighting.
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal by Ornamental and Wetland Plants in a Greenhouse Recirculation Research System
Yan Chen, Regina P. Bracy, Allen D. Owings, and Donald J. Merhaut
the end of a growing season to avoid releasing nutrients back into the water, and new growth will begin the next season to continue removing nutrients from the water. A hydroponic nutrient recirculation system (NRS) was used for this study. The water
Nutrient Uptake of Single-node Cutting Rose `Red Velvet' and `Vital' by Nutritional Control in a Plant Factory
Kyung-Hwan Yeo*, Jung-Min Son, and Yong-Beom Lee
The plant factory to control growing system automatically is necessary to cultivate single-node cutting rose, which produce large numbers of uniform shoots per unit area in short cultivation. However, the recirculation of the nutrient solution in closed system leads to several problems. One of them is connected with the quality of nutrient solution and the supply of minerals. The uptake of specific nutrients depends on growth and development, or plant stage, which results in a shift in ionic ratio in the drainage water compared to the nutrient solution supplied. Consequently, the nutrient supply should be controlled to be equal to the demand of the plant to avoid disorder of nutrient solution, such as depletion or accumulation. Therefore this study was conducted to examine the effect of mineral nutritional control on nutrient uptake of single-node cutting rose `Red velvet' and `Vital' in a plant factory. The nutritional control of nutrient solution was conducted by five methods: the control of electrical conductivity (EC), N, P, and K elements (NPK), macro elements (M), macro and micro elements (MM) to target ranges in root zone, and the supplement of nutrient solution (S). In NPK, M, and MM control system, the input of nutrients was calculated as amounts of absorption by the plants compared to target values in root environment. The fertilizer supplement of N, P, and K was lower in EC control system than other control systems. In EC and S control system, the concentration of NO3 - -N and K in root zone exceed optimal range whereas P, Ca, and Mg decreased at the later stage of growth. The concentrations of each nutrient in root environment were kept at the target ranges in M and MM control system, which showed optimum yield and product quality.
The Economical Management of Recirculation Solution and Development of Automatic Controlling Program for Hydroponics
Jae-Woo Soh* and Yong-Beom Lee
Experiments were carried out to determine nutrient management system for butterhead lettuce `Omega' and leaf lettuce `Grand Rapids' in nutrient film technique (NFT), and to develop a rapid and reliable program for recirculation solution. The effects of controlling solutions with UOSL (Leaf Lettuce solution of the Univ. of Seoul, Korea; NO3 -N 10.55, NH4 -N 1.02, P 2.0, K 6.7, Ca 3.5, Mg 2.0, SO4 -S 2.0 me·L-1; Fe 2.0, Cu 0.1, B 0.5, Mn 0.3, Zn 0.3, Mo 0.05 ppm) were studied by greenhouse with managing by distilled water (DW), managing pH and EC (CM), managing by nutrient solution analysis (MN), managing by nutrient solution with leaf analysis (ML). The CO2 assimilation, transpiration rate, relative chlorophyll contents, leaf color, fresh weight and dry weight were highest in MN control in the butterhead `Omega' and in MN and ML control in the leaf lettuces `Grand Rapids'. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) was in MN ML in the butterhead `Omega' but those wasn't in the leaf lettuce `Grand Rapids'. Calculation program of adjustable solution was based on the main works by Visual Basic 5.0. The developed program could select an automatic and passive process considering the type of fertilizers, run-off rate, nutrient concentration, and water volume, for calculation. All of them were done successfully by the fast and precise calculation program.
Photosynthesis and Growth of Single-node Cutting Rose `Red Velvet' and `Vital' by Nutritional Control in a Plant Factory
Plant factory is a new plant production system that enables high quality, year-round, and planned production by controlling the environment. However, the recirculation of the nutrient solution leads to several problems because of unstable condition by nutrient uptake. The concentrations of nutrients in the recirculating solution should be kept at the required levels, since an optimum nutrition is determined by the specific concentrations of an element and mutual ratio to other nutrients in the root zone. Consequently, the nutrient solution is required adjustments based on regular analysis of the drain water and relationships among nutrient uptake, growth stage, and environmental factors for plant quality. This study was conducted to examine the effect of mineral nutritional control by five different methods on growth and photosynthesis of single-stemmed rose `Red velvet' and `Vital' in a plant factory. The nutritional control of nutrient solution was as following: the control of electrical conductivity (EC), N, P, and K elements (NPK), macro elements (M), macro and micro elements (MM) to target ranges in root environment, and the supplement of nutrient solution (S). The growth of single-node cutting rose `Vital' and `Red velvet' was higher in the M and MM than that of other control systems. Although M and MM system showed no significant difference, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were higher than those with other systems. The maximal efficiency of photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was higher in the M and MM control system, which showed the highest root activity. These results could be attributable for modelling the mineral nutritional control system, which reduces the use of fertilizers and increases the productivity of single-stemmed rose.
Using Polyacrylamide (PAM) for Reducing Sediment and Nutrient Losses from Cool Season Vegetable Fields
Michael D. Cahn and Husein A. Ajwa
Agricultural runoff is a source of nutrients and sediments in surface water on the central coast of California. Treating soils with high molecular weight anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) may reduce sediments and P lost from furrow and sprinkler irrigated fields by maintaining infiltration and stabilizing soil aggregates. We conducted column and field studies to quantify the effect of PAM on infiltration rate, run off, and sediment and nutrient (ortho and total P, NO3, K) loss from cool season vegetable fields. Column studies demonstrated a reduction in infiltration for 10 soil types when PAM was continuously applied in the irrigation water at 10 ppm. Recirculating infiltrometer studies showed that in furrow systems, PAM, applied only in the initial water at 10 ppm, had no significant effect on infiltration at four of six sites evaluated. Turbidity and total suspended solids were significantly reduced in the PAM treated water. Across all sites, treatment with PAM reduced suspended solids by 85% compared to the untreated control. Additionally, soluble and total P, and total N were reduced in the PAM treated water. PAM had no effect on nitrate or salt levels in the runoff. PAM applied through sprinklers at a 5 ppm concentration was able to significantly reduce the turbidity and the suspended solids in the tailwater. Similar to the results obtained with the recirculation infiltrometer trials, PAM reduced soluble and total P and total N in the runoff, but had no significant effect on NO3-N. Total sediment loss under sprinklers was reduced by as much as 95% using PAM.
Fertigation Strategies for Improving Water Use Efficiency and Limiting Nutrient Loss in Soilless Hippeastrum Production
Youssef Rouphael, Giampaolo Raimondi, Rosanna Caputo, and Stefania De Pascale
; Steidle Neto et al., 2014 ). The adoption of this nutrient management strategy may give encouraging results in terms of productivity and sustainability by prolonging the use and recirculation of the nutrient solution, thus minimizing nitrate loss from
The Influence of Drip Irrigation or Subirrigation on Zucchini Squash Grown in Closed-loop Substrate Culture with High and Low Nutrient Solution Concentrations
Youssef Rouphael and Giuseppe Colla
subirrigation system, the nutrient solution was pumped at the elevated end of the benches and allowed to run slowly down the trough past the pots, and the excess was drained back to the tank for later recirculation. In the drip irrigation system, the nutrient
Optimum Feeding Nutrient Solution Concentration for Greenhouse Potted Miniature Rose Production in a Recirculating Subirrigation System
Youbin Zheng, Diane Feliciano Cayanan, and Mike Dixon
The use of a recirculating subirrigation system is becoming increasingly popular in the greenhouse industry. In a survey on the status of nutrient solution recirculation in Ontario, Canada, Richard et al. (2006) found that almost half of the
Effects of the Circulation Pump Type and Ultraviolet Sterilization on Nutrient Solutions and Plant Growth in Plant Factories
Yu-Wei Liu and Chen-Kang Huang
-emitting diode (LED) or fluorescent lighting ( Ikeda et al., 1992 ). This type of facility enables for the precise control of a cultivation environment in terms of irradiance, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and composition of the nutrient


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Justia Patents Directional Or Angular DiscriminationUS Patent for Field-of-view controlling arrangements Patent (Patent # 6,443,579)
Field-of-view controlling arrangements
May 2, 2001 -
A field-of-view controlling arrangement such as a privacy screen includes a single microprism or lenticular sheet having a plurality of sets of parallel surfaces that intersect to form prisms or lenticular structures, and in which field-of-view control is achieved by (i) for sheets made up of parallel "one-dimensional" microprism or lenticular structures having at least two intersecting sets of mutually parallel surfaces, altering at least two sets of the mutually parallel surfaces, and/or portions of the at least two sets of mutually parallel surfaces, by applying a light-attenuating treatment, (ii) for sheets made up of polyhedral lenticular structures having at least three intersecting sets of mutually parallel surfaces, or at least one set of curved surfaces extending in directions transverse to directions in which the field-of-view is to be limited, altering at least one set of the mutually parallel or curved surfaces by applying a light-attenuating treatment, or (iii) for any type of microprism or lenticular sheet, including a diffusing agent in at least a portion of the sheet, and arranging the surfaces of the microprism or lenticular sheet so that light transmitted along selected optical paths is attenuated before exiting the sheet.
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This invention relates to field-of-view controlling arrangements, such as privacy screens, made up of microprism or lenticular sheets.
More particularly, the invention relates to a field-of-view controlling arrangement made up of a microprism or lenticular sheet having a plurality of sets of parallel surfaces that intersect to form prisms or lenticular structures, and in which field-of-view control or privacy screening is achieved by:
for sheets made up of parallel "one-dimensional" microprism or lenticular structures having at least two intersecting sets of mutually parallel surfaces, altering a first set of mutually parallel surfaces and at least one second set of the mutually parallel surfaces of the microprism or lenticular structures, and/or portions of the at least two sets of mutually parallel surfaces, by applying a light-attenuating treatment to the surfaces,
for sheets made up of "two-dimensional" or polyhedral lenticular structures having at least three intersecting sets of mutually parallel surfaces, or at least one set of curved surfaces extending in directions transverse to directions in which the field-of-view is to be limited, altering at least one set of the mutually parallel or curved surfaces by applying a light-attenuating treatment to the at least one set of mutually parallel or curved surfaces, and
for any type of microprism or lenticular sheet, including a diffusing agent in at least a portion of the sheet, and arranging the surfaces of the microprism or lenticular sheet so that light transmitted along selected optical paths is attenuated before exiting the sheet through a first set of surfaces while light transmitted along other optical paths is relatively unattenuated before exiting the sheet through a second set of surfaces oriented at a nonzero angle relative to each of the surfaces in the first set of surfaces,
thereby achieving a privacy screen that restricts viewing of an image from more than one side of the potential field-of-view.
The privacy screens of the invention represent an improvement over the privacy screens disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/583,731, filed Mar. 30, 2000, and 09/481,942, filed Jan. 13, 2000, (both incorporated herein by reference), which disclose privacy screens in which privacy screening is achieved by altering just one set of mutually parallel surfaces or facets of a conventional microprism sheet of the type having a single set of "one-dimensional" prisms, i.e., prisms formed by parallel grooves in the sheet, to attenuate light so as to restrict the field-of-view, for images transmitted by the sheet, to only one side of the field-of-view.
The privacy screens of the invention may be used as overlays for video displays, for example to restrict eavesdropping with respect to a computer display, or as window coverings. When used as window coverings, the privacy screens of the invention have the additional advantage that the prisms or lenticular structures that make up the screen may be used to bend incoming light and improve the view from the window. In addition, the privacy screens of the invention may, at desired angles, include embedded images or graphics, and may provide other screening functions such as attenuation of ultra-violet light or other radiation, polarization, and so forth.
2. Description of Related Art
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the privacy screen disclosed in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942 is made up of a microprism sheet 1 having multiple sets of parallel surfaces 3, 4 that intersect to form prisms defined by adjacent parallel grooves 2.
In order to provide a privacy screening effect, one set of the parallel surfaces 3 is altered by surface treatment to attenuate or scatter transmitted light in selected directions. The result of this arrangement is a simple and inexpensive privacy screen that permits viewing of an image by an observer 25 through the untreated set of surfaces 4, and that prevents viewing of the image through the treated sets of surfaces 3, the angles &agr; and &bgr; of the respective surfaces determining the range of angles in which viewing is restricted. Uses for the privacy screen described in copending application Ser. No. 09/481,942 include computer monitor overlays that prevent eavesdropping, stereoscopic viewing devices, and two-player video game arrangements such as the one illustrated in FIG. 3, in which an overlay 12 consisting of multiple sheets 6 and 7 is used to restrict viewing by the respective game players of opposite portions of an image displayed on screen 13.
Although the privacy screen described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942 is ideally suited to applications such as the one illustrated in FIG. 3, in which only one side of the field-of-view of an image needs to be restricted, applications such as eavesdropping prevention often call for restriction of viewing from at least two sides. Furthermore, it would be desirable if additional optical effects could be achieved with a single sheet, even if viewing from only one side need be restricted.
One solution to the problem of limiting viewing from more than one side of the field-of-view is proposed in the above-cited U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/583,731. According to this solution, privacy screens identical to those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942 are stacked with the treated sets of surfaces oriented in different directions to restrict the field-of-view of an image from multiple sides. While this solution is simple and effective, the present invention proposes two even simpler solutions, both involving use of a single rather than multiple microprism or lenticular sheets.
The two alternative solutions respectively involve use of surface treatment and bulk diffusion materials, and are discussed separately below.
The first alternative solution to the problem of restricting the field-of-view of an image from multiple sides is to use surface treatments similar to those described in the above-discussed U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/481,942 and 09/583,731. However, instead of altering a single set of parallel surfaces or facets of a the microprism sheet to attenuate light so as to narrow the field-of-view of images passing through the sheet, the present invention proposes to achieve privacy screening by altering at least two of the sets of mutually parallel surfaces, portions of the at least two sets of mutually parallel surfaces, or a corresponding set of identically oriented curved surfaces, and in particular by applying a light attenuating surface treatment to the sets of mutually parallel or curved surfaces. The result of such treatment of multiple sets of surfaces is a privacy screen that restricts viewing of an image from more than one side of the potential field-of-view without the need to stack multiple sheets.
As discussed in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942, it is of course well-known in general to selectively treat surfaces of a microprism or lenticular structure for the purpose of selectively attenuating light passing through the sheet. However, such treatments had always been, prior to development of the privacy screen disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942, used in a way that attenuates or scatters background light, rather than the image itself, so as to reduce glare or increase image visibility, contrast, or relative brightness. Furthermore, the prior microprism or lenticular structures had always been combined with other structures to form a rear or front projection screen, rather than being used as a stand-alone sheet or overlay used solely for the purpose of privacy screening.
The numerous prior patents disclosing treatment of microprism or lenticular surfaces to attenuate or re-direct background light for purposes of glare reduction, brightness and contrast optimization, or the like, thus tend to teach away from the invention, which involves intentional attenuation of the image itself, in certain directions. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the same surface treatments disclosed in the prior patents may also be used in connection with the present invention, albeit on different surfaces of the sheets. Potentially useful surface treatment techniques include various coating processes such as printing, vapor deposition, or sputtering of opaque or light-scattering materials, delustering, chemical or laser etching, casting, and differential polishing of previously roughened surfaces.
Many of these techniques are disclosed in the following patents directed to microprism sheets in general:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,836,096 (Brauer), 5,512,219 (Rowland et al.) 5,446,594 (Nelson et al.), 5,363,237 (Wakatake), 5,316,359 (Lansinger), 5,208,620 (Mitsutake et al.), 4,708,435 (Yata et al.), 4,309,074 (Granieri), 4,309,073 (Nishimura et al.), 4,206,969 (Cobb et al.), 3,971,051 (Baker et al.), 3,902,787 (Sherlock), and 3,718,078 (Plummer),
as well as in the following patents directed to glare reduction screens having a single treated surface arranged generally parallel to the direction of image transmission, thereby effects of background light:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,529 (Van De Ven), 4,756,603 (Ohtani), 4,165,920 (Brown), 2,909,770 (Pugsley),
in the following patents that disclose use of lenticular or microprism sheets as isotropic light diffusers in rear projection systems:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,730,897 (McKechnie et al.), 5,400,114 (Yoshida et al.), 5,457,572 (Ishii et al.), 5,581,407 (Mitani et al.), 5,760,955 (Goldenberg et al.), 6,002,829 (Winston et al.), 6,157,491 (Watanabe et al.), 6,025,897 (Weber et al.), and 6,169,633 (Watanabe), and
in the following patents directed to use of microprism or lenticular sheets to increase the field of view in nonprojection or direct sight type LCD systems:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,745,199 and 5,555,476, both to Suzuki et al.
These and other patents offer guidance on altering the properties of optical surfaces, though not for the purposes of the present invention.
Bulk Diffusion
This alternative solution to the problem of achieving privacy screening from more than one side using a single microprism or lenticular sheet involves including a diffusing agent in at least a portion or section of the sheet, and arranging surfaces of the microprism or lenticular sheet so that light along selected optical paths is attenuated before reaching the surfaces.
The use of diffusing materials for what may be thought of as "collimation" should not be confused with the use of diffusing materials for collimation in arrangements such as the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346 (Langille et al.). In the arrangement disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346, a combination of bulk diffusion and surface texturing is used to achieve the same effect as a Fresnel lens, i.e., causing light incident on the rear of the screen at a wide range of angles to exit the front of the screen in parallel. Although one effect of the present invention is also to achieve "collimation" (in the broadest sense of the word) of the transmitted image, the "collimation" provided by the multiple zone privacy screen of the invention, i.e., attenuation rather than focusing of light incident at non-parallel angles, is not to be confused with the type of collimation conventionally provided in rear projection screens. Whereas the present invention seeks to narrow the field-of-view of an image and prevent the image, or portions of an image, from being viewed at angles outside a desired range, collimators of the type used in rear projection screens seek to concentrate the light without attenuation. This may be accomplished solely by using Fresnel lens structures, with no need for any sort of diffuser, but it can also be achieved, at least according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346, by combining bulk diffusion with surface texturing to impart asymmetrical diffusion characteristics to the screen.
Thus, while the present invention shares with the projection screen described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346, an embodiment that also happens to use bulk diffusion, the functions of the respective diffusion materials differ substantially. The prior collimating diffusion structure seeks to provide a collimating lens effect in which light incident at a wide range of angles exits the screen at a narrower range of angles, while the diffusion structure of the present invention simply seeks to attenuate all light incident on the screen that is outside the narrower range of angles.
One reason for the substantial difference in function between "collimating" structures of the type disclosed U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346 and that of the present invention, is essentially that rear projection collimation of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,346 requires that the bulk diffusion material have asymmetric or anisotropic diffusion characteristics, whereas the corresponding bulk diffusion materials of the present invention may diffuse light isotropically (although anisotropic diffusion may also work), the privacy screening effect being achieved not by differences in scattering patterns, but in the lengths of the paths through which light traverses the material, resulting in an especially simple privacy screen construction that nevertheless achieves privacy screening on at least two sides of an image.
It is accordingly a first objective of the invention to provide a more versatile field-of-view controlling arrangement in which the field-of-view may be controlled or restricted from any side over any range of angles, including from multiple sides.
It is a second objective of the invention to provide a field-of-view controlling arrangement that can be used not only to restrict the field-of-view from one or more sides, but also to improve or modify images visible in the unrestricted portion of the field-of-view.
It is a third objective of the invention to provide an improved privacy screen that restricts the field-of-view of an image from at least two sides, and yet that consists of a single microprism or lenticular sheet.
It is a fourth objective of the invention to extend the range of applications for the microprism or lenticular privacy screens disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/481,942 and 09/583,732 to applications that require multiple privacy zones, without significantly increasing cost or difficulty of manufacture.
It is a fifth objective of the invention to provide a privacy screen that is suitable for use with lenticular as well as microprism sheets, the lenticular sheets offering additional possibilities of image modification or enhancement, including image magnification, while still providing privacy screening effects using a single sheet.
It is a sixth objective of the invention to provide privacy screens having increased versatility and yet that are simple to manufacture and that can easily be adapted for use in a variety of contexts.
It is a seventh objective of the invention to provide privacy screens suitable for use as a computer monitor or television overlay, and which limits viewing of a displayed image to persons situated at a specific range of angles relative to the monitor or television.
It is a eighth objective of the invention to provide privacy screens that may be applied to a window, and which not only serve as a blind, but also can be arranged to improve the view through the window, and/or to replace an undesired view with images or graphics.
These objectives are achieved by:
in accordance with the principles of a first preferred embodiment of the invention, altering at least two sets of mutually parallel surfaces of a microprism or lenticular sheet and a second set of mutually parallel surfaces of a microprism or lenticular sheet that are oriented at different angles relative to a principal plane of the sheet, and/or portions of the two sets of mutually parallel surfaces, so as to attenuate light on selected sides of the field-of-of view for an image transmitted through the sheet by applying a light attenuating surface treatment to the surfaces, or
also in accordance with the principles of the first preferred embodiment of the invention, altering at least one set of mutually parallel surfaces, or corresponding curved surfaces, of a microprism or lenticular sheet in which the microprisms or lenticular elements are formed by polyhedra or other discrete structures such as frustoconical lenticules, and
alternatively, in accordance with the principles of a second preferred embodiment of the invention, including a diffusing agent in the material of the sheet, and arranging selected surfaces of the microprism or lenticular sheet so that light along selected optical paths is attenuated before exiting the selected surfaces.
Each of the two preferred embodiments of the invention provides a privacy screen that can be adapted to restrict viewing of an image from at least one or two sides of the potential field-of-view, with some implementations offering the possibility of restricting viewing from three sides, and of achieving additional optical effects such as expansion of the field-of-view in the unrestricted directions. Furthermore, the privacy screen of each of the two preferred embodiments of the invention is made of a single sheet, which can be arranged to serve as a very simple screen overlay to prevent observers situated on different sides of the screen from eavesdropping.
In one implementation of the first preferred embodiment-of the invention, the above-described surface treatment principles may be applied to a conventional microprism sheet of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942, i.e., a microprism sheet having a plurality of v-shaped grooves forming two sets of parallel surfaces that intersect to form grooves, by surface treating both surfaces of alternate ones of the grooves.
In other implementations of the first preferred embodiment of the invention, the microprism sheets may include truncated prism structures formed by spacing apart the v-shaped grooves, lenticular sheets having v-shaped grooves and one or two-dimensional lens structures, and sheets with grooves on opposite sides of the sheet, either aligned or alternating, and either spaced-apart (to form truncated prism structures) or adjacent (to form v-shaped prism structures).
In still further implementations of the first preferred embodiment of the invention, the sheets to which the surface treatments are applied are polyhedral structures, which may include truncated tetrahedral lenticular structures, tetrahedral structures, other multifaceted or polyhedral lenticular structures, and frugtoconical or similar structures, and in which light-attenuating surface treatments are applied to at least one of the mutually parallel or curved sets of surfaces that form the discrete lenticular structures.
The surface treatments applied may consist of any surface treatments that have the effect of absorbing or scattering light and that can be applied to selected surfaces by means of a mask, control of the surface treatment tool, or use of an appropriate die, including application of opaque or light diffusing coatings, delustering, chemical or laser etching, casting, and differential polishing of previously roughened surfaces, as well as any other surface treatment methods described in the above-cited patents or patent applications, or that are known or may become known to those skilled in the art. Further, as in the privacy screens of the above-cited applications, it is also possible, in addition to surface treatments that merely block or scatter light, to add surface treatments result in the appearance of images or graphics at selected angles.
With respect to the second preferred embodiment of the invention, rather than forming a privacy screen by preventing viewing of an image in the direction of treated surfaces and permitting viewing of the image through the untreated surface (or vice versa), the same effect can be achieved by forming the microprism or lenticular sheet using a bulk diffuser in at least a portion or section of the sheet, the bulk diffuser being preferably concentrated (if not evenly distributed) in the portion or section of the sheet adjacent the light entrance side. In contrast to projection screen diffusers, which seek to collimate light by causing it to bend towards a preferred diffusion axis, the diffuser of the invention should be arranged so that the diffusion effect depends solely on the amount of diffusing material that must be traversed by a particular ray of the image transmitted by the sheet. Although the material of the bulk diffuser may be isotropic, it will be appreciated that anisotropic materials may also be utilized so long as the anisotropy causes greater attenuation in the direction of desired privacy than in the viewing direction,
In the embodiment in which the sheet is made up of parallel v-shaped grooves, the dimensions of the grooves and sheet may generally be the same as those described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,581, although the invention is not limited to particular groove dimensions. As explained in the parent application, grooves having a pitch on the order 0.12 to 0.14 inches are undiscernable by a person having normal vision at a typical distance from a screen, and thus may be appropriate for the privacy screening structure of the invention. Depending on the shapes of the prisms and the locations of the coatings, it may also be necessary to reduce the pitch and size of the grooves in order to prevent the viewer from perceiving Moiré effects resulting from the contrast between the treated and untreated portions of the sheet.
Also as in the aforementioned patent applications, and especially U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/583,731, the configuration of the microprism or lenticular sheet may itself be varied by, for example, varying the pitch, shapes, or sizes of the grooves, prisms, or lenses, or the thickness of the sheet, relative to the center or edges of the sheet, or by constructing the sheet as a curved rather than planar structure.
Finally, while the privacy screens of the preferred embodiments of the invention are especially suitable for use in restricting eavesdropping by persons situated above or below a computer monitor or television screen, the invention is not to be limited to a particular application. Instead, it is anticipated that the privacy screen of the invention may be used in any of a variety of potential applications that might involve restricted viewing of an image or scene, including applications in which the privacy screens of the invention are applied to windows to serve as blinds, and applications that involve restricting viewing of more than two sides of the image, for example by surface treating multiple sets of surfaces of a two-dimensional lenticular sheet, or by appropriate use of a bulk diffuser in such a sheet. When applied to a window, the privacy screens of the invention not only can provide privacy and restrict incoming light, but also can modify the view through the window by using the prisms or lenticular structures of the overlay to bend light is selected directions, or modify the view by adding images or graphics visible at selected angles.
FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a privacy screen of the type disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942.
FIG. 2 is a plan view, taken either from the top or side depending on the orientation of the sheet, of the a privacy screen illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a screen overlay using privacy screen of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a privacy screen having multiple privacy zones constructed in accordance with the principles of a first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a modification of the privacy screen illustrated in FIG. 4, in which tops of the prism structures are truncated.
FIG. 6 is another modification of the privacy screen illustrated in FIG. 4, which includes a lenticular structure.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of yet another modification of the privacy screen illustrated in FIG. 4, in which the privacy screen includes aligned, spaced, parallel grooves and lenticular structures on opposite sides of the sheet.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a modification of the privacy screen illustrated in FIG. 4 in which only portions of the surfaces in each set of parallel surfaces are treated to attenuate or scatter light passing through, and in which the screen includes alternating parallel grooves on opposite sides of the sheet.
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a modification of the privacy screen of FIG. 4, in which only portions of the surfaces of a structure otherwise identical to that of FIG. 4 are treated.
FIG. 10 is a plan view of a further modification of the privacy screen of FIG. 4, in which only portions of the surfaces of the microprism screen are treated, and in which the microprism sheet includes aligned, adjacent parallel grooves.
FIG. 11 is a plan view of a privacy screen constructed in accordance with principles of a second preferred embodiment of the invention, in which the privacy screen includes a bulk diffuser rather than surface treatments, the structure of the sheet otherwise corresponding to that shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 12 is a plan view of a privacy screen having, according to the principles of the second preferred embodiment of the invention, a bulk diffuser rather than surface treatment, but otherwise corresponding to the structure shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 13 is a plan view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet with a bulk diffuser according to the principles of the second preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including truncated tetrahedral structures arranged in staggered rows and having at least one treated set of mutually parallel surfaces according to the principles of a variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 15-18 are plan views of the lenticular sheet of FIG. 14, in which different surfaces are treated to control the viewing angle in different directions.
FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including truncated tetrahedral structures arranged in a grid pattern and having at least one treated set of mutually parallel surfaces according to the principles of another variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including tetrahedral structures arranged in staggered rows and having at least one treated set of mutually parallel surfaces according to the principles of another variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 25-28 are plan view of the lenticular sheet of FIG. 24, in which different surfaces are treated to control the viewing angle in different directions.
FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including truncated hexahedral structures arranged in a honeycomb pattern and having at least one treated set of mutually parallel surfaces according to the principles of another variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 45 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including tetrahedral structures arranged in a honeycomb pattern and having at least one treated set of mutually parallel surfaces according to the principles of another variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 56 is a perspective view of a privacy screen made up of a lenticular sheet including frustoconical structures having a treated surface according to the principles of another variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 57 is a plan view of the lenticular sheet of FIG. 56.
FIGS. 4-10 illustrate the principles of a version of a first preferred embodiment of the invention in which a field-of-view controlling or privacy screening effect is achieved by altering at least two sets of mutually parallel surfaces of a microprism or lenticular sheet, and/or portions of the two sets of mutually parallel surfaces, the two sets of surfaces being oriented at different angles relative to a principal plane of the sheet, so as to attenuate light in selected directions by applying a light attenuating surface treatment to the surfaces. FIGS. 11-13 illustrate a second preferred embodiment of the invention in which the microprism or lenticular sheet is made of a bulk diffusing material and the surfaces of the sheet are arranged so that light transmitted along selected optical paths is attenuated before exiting the sheet through a first set of mutually parallel surfaces while light transmitted along other optical paths is relatively unattenuated before exiting the sheet through a second set of mutually parallel surfaces oriented at a nonzero angle relative to the first set of mutually parallel surfaces. FIGS. 14-57 illustrate variations of the first preferred embodiment of the invention in which the microprism or lenticular sheet is made up of "two-dimensional" or discrete lenticular structures having at least three intersecting sets of mutually parallel surfaces, or at least one set of curved surfaces extending in directions transverse to directions in which the field-of-view is to be limited, and in which at least one set of the mutually parallel or curved surfaces is altered by applying a light-attenuating treatment to the mutually parallel or curved surfaces.
As explained above, each of the two preferred embodiments of the invention provides a field-of-view controlling arrangement or privacy screen that restricts viewing of an image from more than one side of the potential field-of-view. Furthermore, the field-of-view controlling arrangement of each of the two preferred embodiments of the invention is made of a single sheet, which can be arranged to serve as a very simple screen overlay, for example to prevent observers from viewing a screen from both above the screen and below the screen. The dimensions of the sheets are essentially determined by the technology used to form the sheets and to treat the surfaces, although the pitch of the grooves or lenticular elements is preferably made small enough to eliminate perception of the grooves or lenticular elements, and/or Moiré patterns resulting from parallel arrangement of light transmitting and diffusing surfaces. A pitch of less than ten grooves or elements per inch, and preferably less than twenty grooves per inch, will provide the best appearance most applications, although the invention is not in principle limited to particular sheet dimensions or pitches.
Turning to the first preferred embodiment of the invention, in each of FIGS. 4-10, the treated surfaces are represented by elements 20, 21, drawn as opaque or light-diffusing coatings having an exaggerated thickness so that the principles of the first preferred embodiment may be more readily understood. It is to be understood, however, that the surface treatments applied may consist of any surface treatments that have the effect of absorbing or scattering light and that can be applied to selective surfaces by means of a mask, die, tool, or the like. In addition to coatings, possible surface treatments include delustering, chemical or laser etching, casting, and differential polishing of previously roughened surfaces, as well as any other surface treatment methods described in the above-cited patents or patent applications, or that are known or may become known to those skilled in the art. For example, if the surfaces are treated by printing, graphic images may be added so that the blocked image or scene is replaced by a graphic image.
Also in each of FIGS. 4-10, the untreated surfaces are represented by surfaces 24, 25. Although referred to as "untreated," however, it is to be understood that surfaces 24, 25 may in fact be treated to enhance transmission of light through the surfaces, for example by polishing, curing, adding transparent protective coatings, and or printing of portions of the surfaces so as to superimpose graphic images on the images being viewed through the screen. The term "untreated" is intended to mean "not altered to diffuse or attenuate light."
Turning to specific implementations of the first preferred embodiment of the invention, FIG. 4 illustrates an arrangement in which the above-described surface treatment is applied to a conventional microprism sheet of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/481,942, i.e., a microprism sheet having a plurality of grooves defined by two intersecting sets of surfaces. In this implementation of the first preferred embodiment, the privacy screening effect is obtained by surface treating both surfaces 20, 21 of alternate grooves to create a louver, so that rays 22 at a first range of angles A and rays 23 at a second range of angles B are selectively attenuated or blocked.
In the implementation illustrated in FIG. 5, the standard microprism sheet illustrated in FIG. 4 is modified by spacing the grooves to form truncated prism structures, which has the advantage that all parallel surfaces in the sheet may be coated, rather than alternate parallel surfaces as in the embodiment of FIG. 4. This should have the effect of simplifying manufacture of the screen without adversely affecting its optical properties, the angles of the privacy zones created by treated surfaces 20, 21 being the same in this implementation as in the implementation of FIG. 4.
In the implementation illustrated in FIG. 6, the sheet includes untreated lenticular elements 26. Again, as in implementation of FIG. 5, the treated surfaces 20, 21 constitute all parallel groove-defining surfaces on one side of the sheet, enabling simplified manufacture of the privacy screen. The use of lenticular elements 26 permits optical effects to be added to the privacy screening effect. For the illustrated semi-cylindrical lenticular elements, the optical effect obtained is magnification of the image, although it will be appreciated that other effects could be obtained by varying the shape of the lenticular elements. The lenticular elements may, for example, include conventional one or two dimensional lenticular elements (i.e., barrel shaped or hemispherical lenses), and lens structures having concavities or other departures from the illustrated structures.
The implementation illustrated in FIG. 7 also involves lenticular structures 26, but in order to further extend the image modification capabilities of the lenticular structures, includes parallel, spaced-apart grooves on both sides of the microprism sheet, enabling inclusion of the lenticular structures 26 on either or both sides of the sheet. In the illustrated implementation, the lenticular structures 26 may, depending on their exact shape, be used for such purposes as image compression, modification, or special effects.
The implementations illustrated in FIGS. 8-10 involve partial treatment of surfaces of the various sheets. While achieving treatment of portions of the groove surfaces would appear to be technically more difficult than treatment of complete surfaces, such partial treatment permits the use of accordion-shaped sheets, i.e., sheets with alternating grooves on opposite sides of the sheet, as illustrated in FIG. 8, and/or enables treatment of each groove rather than alternating grooves without having to space the grooves apart (or truncate the prisms), as can be seen by comparing FIG. 9 with FIG. 4 and FIG. 10 with FIG. 7.
According to the variation of the first preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 14-18, the field-of-view controlling arrangement is made up of a lenticular sheet that include staggered rows of lenticular elements in the form of truncated tetrahedral structures 100 having five sets of mutually parallel surfaces indicated by reference numerals 101-105. According to the principles of this embodiment of the invention, any one or more of surfaces 101-105 may be selectively treated to provide a privacy screening effects, the range of angles of which is determined by the orientations of the treated surfaces in a manner similar to the that of the privacy screens illustrated in FIGS. 1-10. For example, in the arrangement of FIG. 15, only surface 101 is treated, while in the arrangements of FIGS. 16-18, surfaces 101 and 105; 101, 104, and 105; and 101 and 104 are respectively subjected to a light-attenuating surface treatment in the manner described above with respect to FIGS. 1-10.
FIGS. 19-23 illustrate a field-of-view controlling arrangement similar to that of FIGS. 14-18 except that the truncated tetrahedral lenticular elements 200 are arranged in a grid rather than in staggered rows. Again, any one or more of the surfaces 201-205 may be subjected to a light-attenuating surface treatment in the manner described above.
FIGS. 24-33 illustrate further variations of the field-of-view controlling arrangements of the first preferred embodiment in which the lenticular elements are non-truncated tetrahedral structures (300, 400) in staggered rows (FIGS. 24-28) or non-staggered rows (FIGS. 29-33) and in which any set of surfaces 301-304, 401-404 may be subjected to a light attenuating surface treatment, while FIGS. 34-55 show corresponding arrangements of truncated or non-truncated hexahedral structures 500, 600 forming a honeycomb pattern and in which any of surfaces 501-507, 601-606 are treated to create privacy screening effect.
Finally, FIGS. 56 and 57 show a variation of the first preferred embodiment of the invention in which the lenticular elements are frustoconical-shaped structures 700 having surfaces 701 and 702 in which the curved surface 701 which forms sides of the structure is provided with a light-attenuating surface treatment to provide a 360° privacy screening effect.
One advantage of in using staggered rows or a honeycomb pattern of lenticular elements is that it reduces the so-called "staircase" effect, which results in distortion or blurring of non-horizontal or vertical lines, caused by the quantum or discrete nature of aligned microprism or lenticular elements. In addition, nontruncated discrete elements have the advantage of providing maximal glare reduction and expansion of the field-of-view in non-restricted directions.
It will of course be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the different discrete lenticular structures illustrated in FIGS. 14-57 represent only a few of the possible geometric shapes that could be adapted to provide a field-of-view controlling or privacy screening effect according to the principles of the first preferred embodiment of the invention, and that the invention is not to be limited to the particular shapes illustrated.
In the specific implementations of the second preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIGS. 11-13, a bulk diffuser is added to sheets having shapes corresponding to those illustrated in FIGS. 5, 7, and 6, respectively. Because the optical paths 30, 31 through the diffusing material differ as a result of the orientation of the exit surfaces 32, 33, light transmitted along optical paths 30 will be attenuated more than light transmitted along optical paths 31, resulting in a privacy screening effect.
Although some differential attenuation will occur even if the bulk diffuser is even distributed throughout the sheet, the greatest difference in optical paths through the diffusing material will occur if the diffusing material is concentrated at the rear of the sheet, i.e., on the light entrance side, with the front of the sheet being relatively transparent. This is illustrated in FIGS. 11-13 by including separate reference numerals 33 and 34 for respective zones of greater an in lesser concentration of diffusing material.
In the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 14, sections 34 are preferably completely transparent in order to optimize the optical effects provided by the use of lenticular elements 35. Alternatively, in any of the implementations illustrated in FIGS. 11-13, it is possible to enhance the effect of unequal path lengths by using an anisotropic diffuser, which passes more light in one direction than in other directions.
As indicated above, the privacy screens of the invention may be used as overlays for video displays, for example to restrict eavesdropping with respect to a computer display. In addition, the privacy screens of the invention may be used as window coverings in order to achieve a variety of effects not possible with conventional mechanical blinds. For example, the privacy screens of the invention have the additional advantage that the prisms or lenticular structures that make up the screen may be used to bend incoming light and improve the view from the window and, if the view from the window does not include any scenes worth expanding, the entire view may be replaced by images or graphics.
Having thus described a number of preferred embodiments of the invention in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the invention, it will nevertheless be appreciated that numerous variations and modifications of the illustrated embodiment may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example, the illustrated microprism and lenticular sheet configurations are hardly exhaustive of all of the possible configurations for such sheets. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited by the above description or accompanying drawings, but that it be defined solely in accordance with the appended claims.
1. A field-of-view controlling arrangement made up of a single microprism or lenticular sheet having at least two sets of parallel planar surfaces that intersect to define portions of prisms or lenticular structures, and additional surfaces not included in said two sets of parallel planar surfaces,
wherein at least portions of each said surface in said sets of intersecting parallel planar surfaces are arranged to attenuate light transmitted through the sheet,
wherein said additional surfaces are transparent, and
wherein said light-attenuating portions of each of said surfaces in said sets of intersecting parallel planar surfaces thereby define privacy zones on at least two sides of a field-of-view for images transmitted through the sheet.
2. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein each said surface in said sets of intersecting parallel surfaces is arranged to attenuate light over an entire extent of the surface.
3. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein each said surface in said sets of intersecting parallel surfaces is arranged to attenuate light over only a portion of the surface.
4. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intersecting parallel surfaces and said additional surfaces respectively define alternating grooves of a microprism sheet.
5. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intersecting parallel surfaces define spaced-apart grooves of a microprism or lenticular sheet, and wherein said additional surfaces extend between said grooves.
6. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein said additional surfaces are planar surfaces extending between said grooves.
7. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 5, wherein said additional surfaces define lenticular structures extending between said grooves.
8. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intersecting parallel surfaces and said additional surfaces respectively define alternating grooves on opposite sides of a microprism sheet.
9. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intersecting parallel surfaces define spaced-apart grooves on opposite sides of a microprism or lenticular sheet, and wherein said additional surfaces extend between said grooves.
10. A field-of-view controlling arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intersecting parallel surfaces include surfaces treated by processes selected from the group consisting of coating processes, delustering, chemical or laser etching, casting, and differential polishing of previously roughened surfaces.
2909770 October 1959 Pugsley
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4309074 January 5, 1982 Granieri
4708435 November 24, 1987 Yata et al.
4730897 March 15, 1988 McKechnie et al.
4756603 July 12, 1988 Ohtani
4911529 March 27, 1990 Van De Ven
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5316359 May 31, 1994 Lansinger
5363237 November 8, 1994 Wakatake
5400114 March 21, 1995 Yoshida et al.
5446594 August 29, 1995 Nelson et al.
5457572 October 10, 1995 Ishii et al.
5512219 April 30, 1996 Rowland et al.
5555476 September 10, 1996 Suzuki et al.
5581407 December 3, 1996 Mitani et al.
5745199 April 28, 1998 Suzuki et al.
5760955 June 2, 1998 Goldenberg et al.
5836096 November 17, 1998 Brauer
5837346 November 17, 1998 Langille et al.
6002829 December 14, 1999 Winston et al.
6025897 February 15, 2000 Weber et al.
6157491 December 5, 2000 Watanabe et al.
6169633 January 2, 2001 Watanabe
Date of Patent: Sep 3, 2002
Assignees: (Irvington, NY), (Irvington, NY)
Inventor: Kenneth J. Myers (Dobbs Ferry, NY)
Primary Examiner: Mohammad Sikder
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Bacon & Thomas
Current U.S. Class: Directional Or Angular Discrimination (359/613); With Absorption Means (359/614); Glare Or Unwanted Light Reduction (359/601); With Mirror (e.g., Mirror With Glare Screen, Etc.) (359/602); Prismoidal (359/606)
International Classification: G02B/2700;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Iterating through and joining values in json I have a json file that I'm trying to iterate through to join file paths housed inside but I keep having issues:
{
  "files": [
    {
      "name": "Mississippi",
      "folder": "H:\\Data\\Mississippi",
      "zFeatures": [
        {
          "name": "Land_Use",
          "file": "MS_LandUse.shp",
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }

In this case I'd like to join file to folder so my output would be: "H:\\Data\\Mississippi\\MS_LandUse.shp". I do have hundreds of other files that also need to be joined so I need to iterate through this json.
I've tried iterating top down but that failed
with open("filoc.json", "r") as i:
    filoc = json.load(i)

for files in filoc['files']:
    for folder in files['folder']:
        for zFeatures in files['zFeatures']:
        #This is where I'm stumped, I feel like I'm already doing it wrong.

A: You're on to something. It's a shame that you didn't exactly specify what your problem is. First, let me correct that JSON data (it's corrupt):
{
  "files": [
    {
      "name": "Mississippi",
      "folder": "H:\\Data\\Mississippi",
      "zFeatures": [
        {
          "name": "Land_Use",
          "file": "MS_LandUse.shp"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Then, you can combine os.path.join and os.path.abspath to join and make sure the path is correct by doing something along the lines of:
import os, json

with open("test.json", "r") as i:
    filoc = json.load(i)

for file_info in filoc['files']:
    print(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(file_info['folder'], file_info['zFeatures'][0]['file'])))

This assume that there's only one file under zFeatures tho. If there are multiple, just do:
for file_info in filoc['files']:
    for f_obj in file_info['zFeatures']:
        print(...(file_info['zFeatures'][f_obj]['file']))

But I'm assuming this blob is per-file.
Lastly, beware of os.path.abspath - if passed a windows path on a Linux machine - it will generate a wonky path. If the paths are mixed, just skip abspath() and hope that paths aren't mixed or correct for it when they are.

A: After changing your sample json input file into valid JSON:
{
    "files": [
        {
            "name": "Mississippi",
            "folder": "H:\\Data\\Mississippi",
            "zFeatures": [
                {
                    "name": "Land_Use",
                    "file": "MS_LandUse.shp"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

Here's probably the simplest way to do what you want:
import json
import os

with open("filoc.json", "r") as inp:
    filoc = json.load(inp)

    for file_metadata in filoc['files']:
        folder = file_metadata['folder']
        filename = file_metadata['zFeatures'][0]['file']
        print(os.path.join(folder, filename))

Which prints this processing the sample input file:
H:\Data\Mississippi\MS_LandUse.shp
Since there could be more than one "zFeatures" file, you may want/need to nest another for loop inside of the for file_metadata in filoc['files']: loop to process each of them individually. Here's what I mean:
with open("filoc.json", "r") as inp:
    filoc = json.load(inp)

    for file_metadata in filoc['files']:
        folder = file_metadata['folder']
        for feature in file_metadata['zFeatures']:  # Added 'for' loop.
            filename = feature['file']
            print(os.path.join(folder, filename))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ever been stressed out by the clutter on your desk? Or when you're trying to find an important document, or a specific outfit from a messy closet? The truth is – the more stuff we have, the more difficult it is to keep them organized. The more clutter and mess we end up with as a result can lead to a stressful day, and this stress can build up over time. This has to stop.
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These are my thoughts from my soul and see if these relates to you as well. For me 2017 was a good year. I learned alot, met new people. I kind of became an outgoing person. My older daughter turned 18 this year and I kind of found myself again.


THIS IS A LARGE OTTOMAN, THERE IS IS PADDED TOP WHICH LIFTS UP TO GIVE STORAGE UNDERNEATH. THE FRAME IS STURDY. THE UPHOLSTERY IS CREAM MATERIAL, IT HAS A BUTTONED TOP. IDEAL FOR THE LIVING ROOM, CONSERVATORY OR BEDROOM. A STURDY COMFORTABLE OTTOMAN. IF YOU DONT LIKE THE COLOUR IT CAN BE RECOVERED EASILY, WOULD BE A GREAT PROJECT IF YOU WANT TO CREATE YOUR OWN LOOK!


text:
Brookhaven City Prosecutor resigns
Published 12:00 pm Thursday, February 3, 2022
By Brett Campbell
File photo Attorney Ikeecia Colenberg has resigned as Brookhaven's city prosecutor.
After just four months on the job, Brookhaven's city prosecutor has resigned the post.
Vicksburg-based attorney Ikeecia Colenberg was hired Sept. 21, 2021, by the Board of Aldermen. Attorney Cheli Durr had held the position in interim since July 2021, when the term of previous city prosecutor Greg Malta expired.
Colenberg submitted a letter of resignation to the City, saying she had enjoyed her time in the Brookhaven court system. No further explanation for the resignation was given.
Colenberg also serves as Jefferson Davis County's prosecuting attorney and the University Title IX Coordinator for Alcorn State University.
After a closed-door executive session of the Board for personnel matters during its most recent meeting, the board voted unanimously to accept Colenberg's resignation, effective immediately.
Brookhaven attorney Malta was appointed to fill the remainder of year's term for municipal prosecutor. The vote to approve Malta was 6-0, with Ward 3 Alderman Shannon Moore abstaining. His appointment took immediate effect.


text:
Pac-12 games at 9 a.m.: Five matchups that…
OpinionOpinion Advocates for ideas and draws conclusions based on the author/producer's interpretation of facts and data.
Hotline analysis: Five matchups that could be candidates for 9 a.m. kickoffs (plus a roundup of comments from head coaches)
Eight coaches have addressed early games; three are open to the idea
By Jon Wilner | jwilner@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: August 5, 2019 at 9:37 am | UPDATED: August 5, 2019 at 10:57 am
*** 10:55 a.m. update: Comments from Utah athletic director Mark Harlan have been added.
Oregon coach Mario Cristobal on Friday became the latest coach to address the possibility of 9 a.m. kickoffs and, like several of his peers, expressed concern about the demands on the players.
Early wake-up. Early meal. Early energy.
"That is a 5 a.m. pregame meal now," Cristobal told assembled reporters. "I'm going to invite all of you for that one."
(The Hotline will be there at 4:45.)
In the two weeks since commissioner Larry Scott said the Pac-12 has engaged in preliminary discussions about kickoffs at 9 a.m. on west coast campuses (10 a.m. for Mountain Time schools), key voices across the conference have gone public on the matter.
Those key voices are the head coaches and athletic directors.
According to Scott, early kickoffs would fall outside the range allowed in the TV contracts:
FOX, which has created the noon (Eastern) broadcast window for this season, would need consent from the participating schools before plugging a Pac-12 game into the slot.
"Fox can't dictate that we play at noon … but it's something I've encourage schools to consider as a creative way to maybe think about relieving some of the burden from markets where night-time games have been tough," Scott said.
"And maybe we'll see that's a great window. I think we'll have some schools interested, and schools won't be."
The Hotline's plan, published two months ago, called for 9 a.m. kickoffs in future seasons — and for schools to receive advanced notice (months or years) in order to maximize the marketing opportunities on campus.
But Scott indicated a preference for 9 a.m. kickoffs this season, which would mean limited notice: The games would be part of the 12- and six-day selection process for FOX.
To the best of our knowledge, Colorado's Rick George and Utah's Mark Harlan are the only athletic directors to publicly address early kickoffs on the record, but eight coaches have commented on the topic.
Three are in favor or open to the possibility.
Five are non-committal, skeptical or opposed.
Here's the public record to date:
Coach Herm Edwards (per Cronkite News): "If a college student, there's still Friday night, what do they do on Friday nights? Are they available Saturday morning at 9? After Friday night? You go from tailgate and hot dogs, barbeque to waffles and pancakes. I get why they're talking about that because you get that East Coast presence now watching them. But how is it going to affect the stadium? I don't know that."
Coach Justin Wilcox (to the Hotline): "Let's do it … I would side with (what's best for the) fans at the end, but we're open to going at 9 or 9:30. I don't like waiting around all day."
Athletic director Rick George (via Denver Post): "I wouldn't anticipate that you'll see a home football game at 10 a.m. (this season). I can almost guarantee that."
Coach Mario Cristobal (per Oregonlive): "It's a challenge. I think it's interesting. I don't judge until it's done. You might say, 'Hey I'll play them at home; make somebody come here and we'll play at 9 a.m.' It's very new. It's uncharted waters. Probably a little bit difficult, but I'm no one to judge and I'll hold judgement on that. That is a 5 a.m. pregame meal now. I'm going to invite all of you (media) for that one. I'm going to make sure you're all there and then you're going to write about how you feel about the 9 a.m."
Coach David Shaw (via Yahoo): "I don't think it's a good idea. I think our guys need a full night sleep. I like to let them sleep in on game day. We've had a lot of late-night games, which aren't great, either. So managing that has been difficult. I think early-morning games are worse than late-night games. To have a 5:30 wake-up on game day to try and get them a good meal at 6 o'clock in the morning and then get the most of them for a three-plus hour stretch, where they have to be at their best physically, mentally and emotionally, cutting down on sleep is the last thing that we should be doing."
Coach Chip Kelly (via CollegeFootballTalk): "They could kickoff at 6 a.m. The hardest thing if you're a college football player, is when you wake up and have to wait until 7 o' clock at night. We don't control our schedule and when we kickoff so tell us when we're kicking off and where it is, and we'll be there. If he wants us to play at 9 a.m., we'll play at 9."
– Coach Kyle Whittingham (via 247sports): "Would love it. The only thing better than 10:00 a.m. is 9:00 a.m. or 8:00 a.m. The sooner we can get the ball in the air, that's great … We'd adjust. We've played those games before. It's been few and far between, but we've had those 10:00 a.m. kickoffs in the past. Jump at the chance for that."
– Athletic director Mark Harlan (via 1280thezone): "The question is whether it makes sense for the individual institution that's hosting it. I don't have any problem having the dialogue and thinking through it. Obviously, the Mountain schools have a little bit of a benefit with it being a 10 a.m. start, but I still think we need to ponder what it would mean. So on the positive side, if it's on Big Fox, that's a brand opportunity for your program, for your university — that's pretty special. It automatically takes you off the night slot … And then a lot of programs, not necessarily Utah, are practicing in the morning. And then you've got to think about the fans. What does that mean for them and what does that do to tailgating … Right now, the best way to say it is, we're looking into it. I haven't shut it off. I haven't turned it on, either. Both schools would have to agree to it … I don't see anything imminent, but it's certainly something I'm looking into."
Coach Chris Petersen (via the Seattle Times): "OK, don't get me started. I have (experienced it). I've been one of those guys. We kicked off against San Jose State at 9 a.m. It was miserable. You get your players up at 4 a.m. to go play. And I get what we're trying to do – be creative. I do. And maybe we do that. But it's hard on the guys. So now, OK, you're just going to get them up on Saturday at 4 a.m.? That doesn't work like that. You've got to get them into a routine, so you're trying to get them up all week at 4 a.m. and do this practice thing. So that starts with the players. Fans, are they going to get up to get here?"
Coach Mike Leach (via the Spokesman-Review): "Well, I'm against 9 o'clock kickoffs … No part of it makes any sense to me … If you do anything, you first ask yourself, is it good for the players? And it's not good for the players because they have to get up at 4 or 4:30 in the morning and I don't think there's anything good about that. The NCAA limited how early you can get players up to practice and I think they recognize 4 and 4:30 is too early. So it certainly is for a game."
From this vantage point, it seems the level of buy-in could depend, to a certain extent, on the details:
* How much notice is given to accommodate fans?
Some schools might be more willing to play an early game on the road, so they aren't disrupting constituents for a home game.
* How far from campus is the fan base located?
Washington State and Oregon draw a higher percentage of fans from long distances than does, for example, Arizona.
* Is the game in the Mountain or Pacific time zone?
The 10 a.m. local (MT) kickoff could be ideal for the experiment. And once November arrives, the Pac-12 will have that option on four campuses.
* What are the travel requirements for the visitor?
The previous week's schedule would be part of the calculation.
Oh, and there's this:
FOX wants premium matchups for the early window — you won't see the dregs from any conference at 9 a.m. — so the pool of potential Pac-12 games available for selection in the second half of the season.
(Also off the table, we assume: Homecoming/Parents Weekend games.)
Given all the parameters and the comments above from Pac-12 coaches/ADs, the Hotline identified five games that could be candidates for early kickoffs:
Oct. 19: Arizona State at Utah. Potentially alluring matchup on several fronts, short flight and extra hour for the visitor, and the likelihood that Utah fans would show in force at any hour, any day.
Pac-12 football: Imagining a postseason PR blitz
Pac-12 training camp: South division preview
Pac-12 training camp: North division preview
The Pac-12 considers 9 a.m. kickoffs: Examining the impact on attendance
Nov. 9: USC at Arizona State. If USC's season doesn't implode early, this could be a coveted game for FOX. Trojans would be coming off a home date, and the 10 a.m. kickoff in Tempe (once the weather turns sane) might be deemed palatable for fans.
Nov. 16: USC at Cal. Easy trip for the Trojans, who would be home Saturday afternoon to get ready for UCLA the following week. Cal fans throughout the Bay Area would have traffic-free drives into Berkeley at dawn. (One possible issue: If USC's game the previous week, in Tempe, is at night.)
Nov. 16: UCLA at Utah. FOX would be keenly interested if Kelly and the Bruins are relevant. Both coaches expressed willingness to play early, and both teams have open dates the previous week.
Nov. 23: Utah at Arizona. Kickoff would be 10 a.m. in Tucson against another Mountain school. Potentially appealing matchup (Khalil Tate against a ranked opponent in the playoff discussion) and perhaps slight competitive benefits for the Wildcats for the following week: While they're showered and dressed by 2 p.m., ASU might be playing at night against Oregon with the Territorial Cup looming.
Why we need your support: Like so many other providers of local journalism across the country, the Hotline's parent website, mercurynews.com, recently moved to a subscription model. A few Hotline stories will remain free each month (as will the newsletter), but for access to all content, you'll need to subscribe. I've secured a rate of 16 cents per day for a full year or 21 cents for six months. Click here to subscribe. And thanks for your loyalty.
*** Send suggestions, comments and tips (confidentiality guaranteed) to pac12hotline@bayareanewsgroup.com or call 408-920-5716
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Pac-12 Football
Jon Wilner
Jon Wilner has been covering college sports for decades and is an AP top-25 football and basketball voter as well as a Heisman Trophy voter. He was named Beat Writer of the Year in 2013 by the Football Writers Association of America for his coverage of the Pac-12, won first place for feature writing in 2016 in the Associated Press Sports Editors writing contest and is a five-time APSE honoree.
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More in College Sports
Hotline newsletter: On the bright side, the NFL exodus could have been worse
*** The Pac-12 Hotline newsletter is published each Monday-Wednesday-Friday during the college sports season and twice-a-week in the summer. (Sign up here for a free subscription.) This edition, from Jan. 20, has been made available in archived form. Early-Entry Fallout: Limited The list of Pac-12 players who declared for the NFL Draft would form the backbone of an impressive lineup....
Pac-12 hoops takeaways: NET matters, USC's rise and more
The Trojans rallied to beat Stanford and take over first place after three weeks of conference play. But USC's toughest test is this week: a showdown at Oregon.
CFP cash count: Pac-12 stays competitive in the revenue race
The conference has only sent two teams to the playoff in six years. But because of the revenue distribution process, it hasn't fallen far behind in cash collected.
No. 3 Stanford women return to winning ways — but barely
The Cardinal fell behind 13-2 but steadied itself to win a nip-and-tuck game against the 8th-ranked Oregon State Beavers.


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Q: How to remember visited links when links are dynamic? We are using struts in our application. On one of the jsp pages, we display a table with the list of items retrieved from the database. Inside the table, we have a column with hyperlinks, to view the additional details about the specific line item.
Now a new requirement from the customer is that webpage should remember the links visited by the user. However, unlike the static links, in our case these are dynamic links, generated every time upon loading of that page. Due to this, the links always appear as fresh/unread, even if user may have already viewed the details about the item.
Need advice on how to achieve the above requirement.
Thanks!

A: The solution depends on your implementation type. Assuming, it is an authenticated page then you can probably have database table that will keep track of the links visited by this user and on page load you can use this table data to highlight the links as visited or not visited.


One of the most powerful signs of the manifestation of a forthcoming Golden Age is the discovery of the Crystal Skulls. Most of the Crystal Skulls, which are believed by researchers to be quite old (at least several thousands of years), have been unearthed from ancient ruins primarily in Mexico and Central America. In addition, there have been unconfirmed rumors of some Crystal Skulls existing in South America as well. These skulls range from marble-size to human-size and larger. The Crystal Skulls are made of various types of quartz crystal, thus making them able to endure for perhaps centuries and to remain one of the world's greatest mysteries.
In this lecture, Joshua Shapiro, co-author of the book Mysteries of the Crystal Skulls Revealed and of the new book to be released later this year (2008), Journeys of the Crystal Skull Explorers, will explain what the Crystal Skulls are and their importance in the current spiritual transformation occurring in our world. Through slides and photographs, he will show a number of what are considered to be ancient human-sized and -shaped skulls. It has been demonstrated through numerous lectures given by the co-authors of this book that the energy of these sacred artifacts can be experienced through any facsimile of them, including photographs, slides, videos, or molds. You will have an opportunity to feel their energy and as well as view some of the crystal skulls that will accompany Joshua and his partner, Katrina.
Also, Joshua will discuss some of his personal experiences in the presence of various crystal skulls and his search for a Blue Skull in Peru and the trip he made to this country in 2002. He will discuss different theories offered within the crystal skull community that attempt to explain what the purposes of the Crystal Skulls may be and how they were manufactured (since some of these ancient Crystal Skulls still cannot be duplicated, even using our most sophisticated modern equipment). More and more Crystal Skulls and other crystal artifacts continue to be discovered as the ancient's knowledge begins to resurface in preparation for the manifestation of the Golden Age. Lastly, Joshua will discuss the on-going scientific research that is being conducted around the crystal skulls working with the World Mystery Research Center.
To view the current schedule of Crystal Skull Events, click here.
The public's awareness of UFOs has been growing exponentially within the last few years. Now, almost every week there are new movies and documentaries being shown on television and in the theaters which either share information or tell a story about a UFO. Many people feel that very soon, the true nature of this phenomenon will be publicly exposed.
Join author, lecturer, and explorer Joshua Shapiro as he shares with you the most fascinating UFO-related information he has collected on his networking travels around the world during the last ten years, including information from Internet -- the "Information Superhighway". He has the author the book UFOs, Space Brothers and the Aquarian Age. Also he has spoken to many contactees and UFO researchers in order to compare notes and find some answers. Joshua will attempt to link together many different aspects of this mystery from some of the tangible, physical proof to the spiritual connection related to the UFOs.
Included in the lectures will be slides and video that show conclusively that UFOs are real and that there is a purpose to our world being visited. He will also discuss the role of the UFOs involved in the transformation of our world into the Age of Aquarius. Other topics that will be discussed include the Hollow Earth Theory, the dimensional nature of some of the Space Beings who visit us, the channeled information received from the extraterrestrials, the connection between the Crystal Skulls and UFOs, the sightings in South America, and the Star People.
Mr. Shapiro feels that our connection with the UFOs is a pivotal part of the unfolding changes that have been prophesied for our world. Thus, it is important to understand the role that UFOs play in our lives so that you will not deal with this phenomena with fear. Also may we suggest you visit our elaborate UFO and Roswell Section for more information about this subject matter.
One of the most fascinating places on our Earth today is Peru. From a modern perspective, Peru is a very pure country that is constantly struggling for survival. Yet, when you visit there, you sense that you are in the midst of a land that contains incredible mysteries about the origins of Man and Universal Knowledge.
Join Joshua Shapiro , as he takes you on a sacred journey through the land of Peru. Joshua has been numerous times to Peru, throughout the country since 1990. Via this discussion, including video and slides taken during various trips there, Joshua will share why so many people feel drawn to travel to this special place and make their own connection.
The lecture will include a discussion of several of the ancient Inca cities which still remain as ruins. Some of these places are fairly well known and some are not. Each city has its own magic and story; for example, we will look at Machu Picchu and discuss its stories and legends. Near Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Inca, is a place known as Sacsayhuman, which contains three long, winding stone walls composed of huge boulders that have not even a hairline of space between them.
We will look at the lines of Nasca and discuss who might have carved the symbols and lines there. In addition, we will pay a visit to Dr. Cabrera, who has found a cavern of stones near Inca. This cavern has been dated to be millions of years old and depicts an advanced race of men who used space craft as well as pyramid energy and co-existed with dinosaurs. We will look at the mysteries of Lake Titicaca, the highest elevated lake in the world, where many UFOs are sighted. We will also look at the gigantic stone carvings of animals and people from all around the world at the site called Marcahuasi.
Through the slides and video shown, you will have a chance to experience for yourself the energy of these sacred places. You will understand why Peru, and really all of South America, holds such mysteries and sacred knowledge, which will be used once again during this time of great transformation of our Earth. We are fortunate that places like Peru exist, where much of Man's ancient knowledge and heritage has been preserved and where it is common to see UFOs or know people who have had contact.
In our fast-paced society, we have all heard of the term networking. There are large television networks that span our globe, as well as a large network of phone lines. Related to computers, companies are using existing technologies to network computer equipment in order to share information and resources all over the world. Many specialized networks have formed as well, to create a place where people interested in a common subject or business matter can meet to exchanges ideas, information and services. And then we have today the "Information Superhighway", including such computer on-line systems as the Internet and Compuserve.
So, we have many forms of networking around us, and we can see that this process can connect people in our world very quickly and efficiently. Even the best-selling book by John Nesbitt, Megatrends, listed the process of networking as one of the ten most powerful trends in our world to create change.
Join fellow New Age Networker Joshua Shapiro as he discusses how to use the process of networking to expand your life, find the things you desire, and assist the Mother Earth and others in joining hands to become the Global Family.
Joshua has been traveling in the U.S. and South America for the past 12 years using the networking process to collect information to write his books, as well as to help others find the New Age resources and contacts they seek. He has collected about 20,000 names of various New Age individuals and organizations. In addition, he's the author of the book Journeys of an Aquarian Age Networker. Joshua will share some of the tricks of the trade, such as how to be an effective networker and how to use your natural, spiritual awareness to guide you along the way.
Lastly, Joshua has had a dream for the last ten years to create a computer system that could expand networking to the next level. The name of this system is NA NET (New Age Network), and Joshua envisions this system helping local communities and cities to completely link the various New Age resources available to them. He hopes that this system can help connect people all over the world and interface with some of the other computer systems which exist. He will give a demonstration of this system during the presentation.
Today, we live in the time of times!!! Many prophecies of future changes to our world abound. The knowledge of the ancients and the true history of Mother Earth is coming forth. But what is really occurring in our world? The purpose of this class is to share information relating to channeling, discoveries of artifacts from ancient civilizations, sightings of UFOs, and having contact with extraterrestrials, as well as discussing the implication of our lives.
INTRODUCTION TO THE AQUARIAN AGE: Definition of what the term the Aquarian Age means.
THE CRYSTAL SKULL/UFO CONNECTION: What are the Crystal Skulls, what role do they play in the manifestation of the Aquarian Age, and what is their connection with UFOs?
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT THE UFO PHENOMENA: We will discuss information shared within the last fifty years related to the physical manifestation of UFOs. In addition, we will talk about people who have had contact, either directly or via telepathic, or channeling, communication. We will also look at Peru and the events there, the Hollow Earth Theory, Underground Civilizations, Star People and Wanderers.
PROPHECY/POLE SHIFTS: There have been many prophecies of great change to our world; we shall review some of them and determine if these warnings are true, as some prophecies have not been fulfilled.
CROP CIRCLES & THE BIBLE CODE: Two other subjects that provide to humanity messages and information supporting the idea that a transformation is close at hand.
NEW AGE NETWORKING/AQUARIAN PHILOSOPHIES: What is networking and how can this simple but powerful process help with personal and global transformation? How can we live using Aquarian principles to help ourselves and others? How do we use our own inner awareness to receive life guidance?
The classes also include a guided meditation, so that we can help Mother Earth by sharing Light and Love energies with all life on the planet. In this time of fast changes, the Mother Earth needs it the most.


Disneyland 1998 - Jeremy gets Baboonzled by Rafiki!
Thank you to Vanesa (Jer's 8th grade/Freshman year girlfriend!) for providing me with these six pictures below.
I had not seen them until just a few weeks ago. Thank you!


In League With Robots is a live music promotion organisation formed by Cath Roberts and Dan Paton. Both graduates of the Masters in Jazz Performance at Guildhall, they enjoy a range of sound worlds incorporating folk, songwriting, electronica, hip hop, groove music and much more.
Collisions, our first live music venture, aims to present adventurous and innovative music in friendly, welcoming surroundings. We also hope it might, in its own modest way, challenge some of the preconceptions and stereotypes surrounding how live music should be experienced. Whilst it is now much easier to hear new music (thanks at least in part to developments in technology), musical worlds have become increasingly fragmented, and it is sometimes hard to find common ground or connections between different forms of music.
Admirers of top quality and adventurous writing in the rock and songwriting worlds are sometimes actively discouraged from trying out what might be termed contemporary jazz, even when it is clear there is common ground between musical styles. The London jazz scene offers plenty of high quality inventive music that might appeal to admirers of Squarepusher, Björk, Dirty Projectors or Deerhoof - yet it remains extremely hard for improvising musicians to reach those audiences. Conversely, the jazz scene can sometimes be perceived as a closed world, developing its own language and rituals that might appear alienating to outsiders.
It often feels as if small scale live music in London is a choice between niche but loyal scenes and poorly programmed multi-band extravaganzas with little thought given to developing an audience. The best contemporary improvised music (which London has in abundance due to a creatively thriving and supportive scene) is thrilling and urgent regardless. The best songwriting develops new ways in which words and music can combine to strong emotional impact. The best folk music finds new ways of presenting timeless melodies and established forms and the best rock music displays the same values of adventure and invention as present in jazz composition. Nevertheless, it is hard to experience these things together, particularly in the media.
A Collisions night, therefore, hopes to offer an experience that is unpredictable and logical at the same time. We will attempt to pair together artists that will provoke thought and discussion, and hopefully leave the audience wanting to investigate new areas further. A Collisions gig might pair a folk songwriter alongside an improvising vocalist, or an electronic producer alongside a solo instrumentalist but, in doing so, we hope to show that great music is simply great music, beyond limitations and classifications. A Collisions night might be about unusual reactions and strange juxtapositions, or it might be about finding the shared space between different artists.
Collisions 1 - our launch night – is on 28th May at The Albany (doors – 8:00pm, show starts – 8:30pm) and features two creative and exciting singers operating in different musical worlds. Whilst Babelfish, featuring the outstanding talent of Brigitte Beraha, certainly draw liberally and intuitively from the jazz tradition, there are also strong hints of British folk music and the influence of classical composers in their sensitive and evocative music. The group's central working partnership, between Beraha and pianist Barry Green, is now one of 12 years standing, and Babelfish offer a depth of exploration and experience to be savoured and enjoyed.
Babelfish will be paired with outstanding young folk singer-songwriter Raevennan Husbandes. Based in Lowestoft, Raevennan is the winner of the Future Radio Next Big Thing 2012, and her natural, relaxed performing style and warm, engaging stage presence make her an instant hit with audiences around the country. Raevennan is a singer-songwriter of great empathy and presence and has battled back from hard times (a serious illness left her temporarily deaf and blind) with infectious positivity and enthusiasm. She has recently supported Newton Faulkner and worked with Mercury nominated folk ensemble The Unthanks. Hers is undoubtedly a star on the rise, and we're grateful that she is able to play at our very first night.
We have an exciting range of acts in the pipeline for future events. July's gig - 30th, again at the Albany - will be a rather different combination of improvised music duos featuring Ti/Om (Tim Fairhall and Tom Ward), and Colin Webster and Mark Holub, so that will be a unique experience not to be missed!
Advance tickets for May's very first Collisions event are available HERE / In League With Robots website.
Really relate to what you say here Dan. Mixing genres together is the way forward - for me at least. Hoping to get in to town on May 28th for your first night. Well done to you and Cath for setting it up and good luck - hope it's a big success!


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In fisica con il termine dispersione si indica il fenomeno associato ad alcuni mezzi di propagazione, detti appunto dispersivi, nei quali un'onda, durante la sua propagazione, subisce un allungamento nello spazio della propria forma d'onda ovvero del suo fronte d'onda o inviluppo dell'onda per effetto della dipendenza dell'indice di rifrazione del mezzo stesso dalla frequenza. Come ulteriore effetto conseguente si ha la contrazione dello spettro in frequenza della perturbazione e la dispersione nello spazio dell'energia associata all'inviluppo stesso con conservazione globale dell'energia totale.

Descrizione

L'esempio fisico più evidente è la cosiddetta dispersione della luce.

Sono possibili anche dispersioni negative con effetto opposto di accorciamento del segnale nel dominio del tempo e nello spazio e allungamento nel dominio della frequenza.

Il termine è distinto invece dai mezzi cosiddetti dissipativi dove invece l'attenzione è concentrata su fenomeni di attenuazione dell'energia o ampiezza dell'onda durante la propagazione.

Nelle comunicazioni ottiche la dispersione è funzione diretta della distanza e della larghezza spettrale della sorgente di emissione ed è misurata dal coefficiente di dispersione D, dimensionalmente pari ad un tempo su lunghezza moltiplicata per larghezza spettrale.

Fenomeni di propagazione solitonica contrastano invece la dispersione consentendo la propagazione inalterata del segnale anche su tratte di migliaia di chilometri.

Voci correlate
 Velocità di fase
 Velocità di gruppo
 Attenuazione

Fisica

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia