Our ministers—both trained counselors and laymen who have accepted the call to serve—are available to talk to you by phone or in counseling sessions. They have specialized training in the areas of depression, anxiety, grief and loss, marriage and relationship issues, parenting, sexual abuse, family therapy, premarital counseling, identity issues, codependency, blending family issues, divorce adjustment and spiritual issues. Please reach out to us whenever you need us.
Dr. Barney Self is a graduate of Baylor University and holds Master of Religious Education and Doctor of Education degrees in psychology and counseling from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Since 1984, Barney has worked with individuals, couples and families in providing therapeutic assistance. His areas of specialization are depression, anxiety, grief and loss, marriage and relationship issues, parenting, sexual abuse, family therapy, premarital counseling, identity issues, codependency, blending family issues, divorce adjustment and spiritual issues.
He is a member of The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, The American Association of Christian Counselors, Tennessee Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Society for Christian Psychology, and The Nashville Area Association of Christian Counselors.
Barney is an ordained minister. He and his wife, Cathy, have two grown children who are married. He enjoys playing with his grandchildren, viewing sports events, reading, and traveling with his wife.
For members of Forest Hills Baptist Church, there is no charge for the first two counseling sessions. After the first two sessions (and for non-members), session costs are based on a sliding scale that takes into account the number of individuals in the household and their annual family income. For information on these costs, click on one of the links below.
Our commitment to you: No one will fail to receive the help they need based on an inability to pay for services.


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Герасим Бранковић се може односити на:
 Герасим (световно Никола Радоња) Бранковић, светогорски монах и син севастократора Бранка (умро 3. децембра 1399)
 Герасим (световно Гргур) Бранковић, светогорски монах и син Вука Бранковића (умро 13.03. 1408)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
I love science because…
We developed a social media campaign with Irvine Bay Regeneration company and The Royal Society of Edinburgh to inspire the next generation of scientists in Scotland. Short films featured Scotland's leading scientists, innovators and creatives, including Minecraft developer Chris Van Der Kuyl, astronomer Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell, forensic anthropologist Professor Sue Black, writer Ian Rankin and television presenter and geologist Professor Iain Stewart. These short videos were designed to be shared across Twitter, Facebook and YouTube and were built around the question: Why do you love science?
Posted in Ads & Campaigns, Education	| Tagged Chris Van Der Kuyl, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell, education, Ian Rankin, Irvine Bay, Minecraft, Professor Iain Stewart, Professor Sue Black, Royal Society of Edinburgh, schools
info@jamesalcockfilms.co.uk
Copyright 2019 James Alcock Films. Company No. SC315622.
Privacy Policy | Website by Submarine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Galaxy Public is located in Gyaneshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal and educates over 2,500 students. Established in 1986, it offers education across levels of Kindergarten to School Leaving Certificate level, along with 10+2 in Science and Commerce specialization.

A common curriculum made up of moral education, English, Nepali, mathematics, science, environmental science, social studies, arts & crafts, and computer studies are taught in all the classes. Pre-school consists of two levels: Prep I and Prep II. The minimum age for admission into Prep I is three years. For Prep II it is four years. Informal education is imparted to students in pre-school. The children are made to do a lot of oral work, indulge in various kinds of activities, play games, do simple practicals, go for excursions, and observe different phenomena. Teachers use several audio-visual aids in order to demonstrate the lessons. The aim of the curriculum at this stage is to make children creative and innovative. To develop good toilet habits, to encourage children to eat healthy foods, and to make them aware of the benefits of good health. The minimum age for admission to the Kindergarten class is 5 years. Formal education starts from this class. Apart from oral work, activities, games, practicals, and excursions children are introduced to subjects like English, Nepali, Maths, Science, Social Studies, and Computer Studies.

Residential hostel and dormitories
The school hostel provides students residing outside Kathmandu valley with an opportunity to study. The hostel is under the direct supervision of the Principal, and is looked after by hostel wardens and matrons. The school tries to draw inspiration from the Gurukul system of education where the students live inside the school premises to grasp traditional Hindu values under the able guidance of the gurus.

The school has several hostels where students learn to live together, learn together and play together. The students follow a fixed time table on all days of the week. Their day begins at 5:30 a.m. and ends at 8:30 p.m. Study classes are held in the mornings and evenings. The time table ensures that all students get ample opportunity to take part in co-curricular activities.

Medical facilities
Children's health is supervised by a medical team. The school has a 10-bed infirmary under the charge of a nursing sister. The children undergo routine medical check-ups. In case of emergency, they are taken to specialists at major city hospitals.

There is a sick room, every students are allowed to visit sick room if they feel they are unwell. Sick room consists of health advisors and if case is serious the guardians are called and transportation are managed by the school to close hospitals.

References

Schools in Kathmandu
1986 establishments in Nepal


Many Capitol Hill homes are over 100 years old, yet most were built with freshwater piping systems that have a relatively short life expectancy. There is no question that replacing piping in walls, floors, and ceilings is an expensive hassle.
Piping and use of plumbing systems, a key functional component to modern living, were developed in the Old World, but the technology was lost and forgotten for many centuries. Today we are still working out the development of optimal plumbing systems.
On Capitol Hill, our prolific historic galvanized piping is a perfect example of a weak point in the overall building system. Most Capitol Hill homes were built with lead and galvanized steel freshwater pipes. These two materials were predominantly used in the area when Capitol Hill was developed into the city neighborhood it is today. While Americans became aware of the dangers of lead piping years earlier, it wasn't until 1991 that the US passed the Safe Drinking Water Act, which limits the use of lead pipes.
Today we are aware of the dangers of lead piping. Yet we still have many lead service lines, although most interior lead pipes have been removed and replaced with galvanized steel piping or copper.
Lead piping freshwater distribution systems were largely superseded by galvanized steel piping. Galvanized piping is steel freshwater piping that has been dipped in hot zinc. The zinc is the galvanization, a thin coating that helps to prevent corrosion and oxidation on the outside of the pipe. This was superseded by copper piping.
Most houses built between 1970 and 2010 have copper piping freshwater distribution systems. However, most of the Hill was built before that time, and here we often still have the old galvanized or lead pipes. Lead pipes may hold up well, considering their age. But galvanized pipes installed at the time of original construction in most cases have significant deterioration and are at great risk of failure or rupture.
Copper has stood the test of time and lasted for generations in a great many houses, but there are still challenges. For example, installation is slower because fittings must be flame soldered, and, as Marzullo noted, copper is simply an expensive material.
Nowadays, while copper pipe is still used far and wide across the industry, there have been further technological changes with the introduction of PEX, crosslinked polyethylene. PEX is a lower-cost alternative to copper, cheaper from both a materials and a labor perspective.
PEX is flexible tubing that can get around some of the rigid constraints of wall framing, so some advantages are obvious. But Marzullo is still a bit skeptical of the technology. "See, I haven't forgotten about polybutylene." Polybutylene was used for freshwater distribution in millions of homes during the 1970s-90s, and the fittings often failed within the first several years to first decades.
PEX and polybutylene are not the same, but much of the industry has good cause to be skeptical of new technologies in piping and tubing, hence a bit of circumspection may be warranted regarding the adoption of PEX.
Accelerated-life testing methods are widely used in the construction industry to extrapolate and make predictions about required maintenance and product service life expectancy. In simple terms, industry and ingenuity seldom wait to see if a new material or technology will withstand 50 years of wear, so tests are done under vigorous conditions to predict if a product will last longer under gentler conditions. In even simpler terms, reasonable people like Marzullo might not trust a new method of piping, yet the new technology may stand the test of time. Copper piping has stood the test of time, but polybutylene did not.
Galvanized piping is also not standing the test of time, causing big problems for homeowners. Replacing these pipes requires tearing out walls, ceilings, floors, cabinets. Old galvanized pipes may have partially deteriorated if they are not already leaking and dripping in concealed locations. As well, they are more susceptible to freezing and bursting or leaking than other pipe types.
Kelly Pletsch, of Pletsch Plumbing LLC, a DC plumbing repair and service contractor, has been working in the repair and service business for over 30 years, and the Pletsch family's experience goes back even further. Pletsch has extensive experience replacing and repairing galvanized fresh waterpipes. "It is … common to find galvanized supply pipes in beautiful and expensive homes all over the city and of course including Capitol Hill." Pletsch has even been called to repair these pipes in the homes of heads of state. It's amazing who are our neighbors here in DC, and of course no secret that these homes are at the top of the real estate market.
Pletsch's experience and work are unique. Not many plumbing contractors are willing to get involved in the messy work of selective repair and replacement, so Pletsch and team often find themselves left dealing with some of the toughest repair jobs.
Impurities can be trapped in the interior walls of the pipe.
Deteriorating pipe walls swell like a clogged artery and restrict the flow of water.
Deteriorating materials can infect the freshwater running through the pipes.
Eventually the pipes will leak or even burst, resulting in water damage or flooding.
Nickel in color, not much different than a nickel coin. If you lightly scratch the surface with a tool, the metal will look a bit shinier in a grayish silver color.
Zinc ages and becomes duller over time.
A magnet will stick to a galvanized pipe, because there will be steel (magnetic) under the galvanized coating.
It is good for a homeowner to know these basics about plumbing and the options and alternatives. As Pletsch points out, since a home is such a valuable investment, these otherwise hidden components are important, especially in the case of galvanized piping, which has a much shorter timetable for replacement than the most of the surrounding building systems.
Gary Barnhart is a Capitol Hill contractor with over 20 years of experience in historic restoration and hands-on building construction. He is a certified Building, Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical Inspector. Gary's firm, GL Barnhart Construction, is based and focused on Capitol Hill and is licensed and insured in both residential and commercial construction and certified residential and commercial roofing. You can find detailed resources related to the history, upkeep, and renovation of Capitol Hill homes at www.glbarnhart.com.


Don't let its compact size fool you— the Tribit XSound Go provides sound that's larger than life. Dual 6W high-performance drivers and a premium passive bass radiator create soaring highs, electrifying mids, and rich bass. Your music will be smooth and clear, even when cranked to maximum volume!
No outlet? No problem. A powerful, rechargeable lithium ion battery offers up to 24 hours of non-stop use. It's the perfect speaker for traveling, camping trips, barbecues, or anywhere else you might need a little ambience.
At only 13oz, this featherlight portable speaker is easy to carry from place to place. Throw it in your backpack, purse, or beach bag for music on the go. We've also attached a convenient carrying strap for maximum portability.
With top of the line IPX7 waterproofing, water won't slow you down. It's perfect for the pool, the shower, the backyard, and everywhere in between.
Advanced bluetooth 4.2 technology provides a completely wireless connection with an amazing 66ft range! Pairing is simple— Just enter your device's bluetooth settings, click on "Tribit XSound Go", and enjoy.
The Tribit XSound Go is compatible with all bluetooth enabled devices. Pair it with your iPhone, Samsung, Amazon Echo/ Echo Dot, laptop and so much more. A 3.5 mm audio cable (not included) can be used to play audio from desktop computers, TVs, MP3 players.
Here at Tribit, we are committed to providing the highest quality products on the market. That's why we protect your purchase with an 18 month replacement warranty, a 30 day money back guarantee and lifetime customer support.
If you have any questions about this product by Tribit, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.


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Q: What kind of ranking Facebook provides when using their search API? Facebook provides search using queries with  different object types, any idea what is the ranking that Facebook imposes on the results, or is there a way to influence that ranking (i.e. by number of likes or shares etc)
Also I didn't find a way to specify the object type 'photo' by looking at the API provided below, is there a way to specify the 'photo' as a object type to search?
https://developers.facebook.com/docs/reference/api/search/

A: One can reasonably assume that Facebook's relevance algorithm is not a simple across-the-board solution. Rather, its likely different for each person. If a lot of my friends like a page, I'd be more likely to see it in results than you are. That's where the access_token comes into play.
To answer your 2nd question: Post objects have a type parameter. Obviosuly if you POST to Photo endpoint, etc, it'll obvious that its a photo. I'm not 100% sure, but one can reasonably assume that qhen you POST to /me/feed endpoint, facebook will figure out what "main" action surround. If there's a link involved, its probably a link. If its a checkin with a photo, its probably all a checkin. Etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


3ds Max software provides a comprehensive 3D modeling, animation, rendering, and compositing solution for games, film, and motion graphics artists. 3ds Max has tools for crowd generation, particle animation, and perspective.... 3d Max Learning Free Pdf Books (or "free 3d Max Learning Free Pdf Books downloads") is a software selection of 12 downloads, that can be described as: 3d Max Learning Free Pdf Books. It includes 500 Rhythm Guitar Licks, Davar.
Malayalam Computing Tutorials ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????
Corporation in the United. D In the list that appears, click Microsoft Office Excel 2007.Autodesk 3ds max 2012 comprehensive guide pdf winavi video converter 8.


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Sansevièria (Sansevieria) conforma un gènere de plantes herbàcies, perennes i rizomatoses pertanyents a la família de les Ruscaceae. Tradicionalment aquest gènere ha estat inclòs en la família de les Liliaceae. El gènere conté unes setanta espècies que són originàries d'Àfrica i d'Àsia. Algunes d'elles s'usen en jardineria.

Morfologia

Són plantes acaules, rizomatoses, de fulles rosulades, carnoses planes, còncaves o cilíndriques. Les flors són actinomorfes i bisexuals, petites, disposades en raïms, panotxes, espigues o fascicles, amb els peduncles articulats. El perigoni està compost per sis tèpals, units a la base, formant un tub cilíndric. L'androceu està format per sis estams, inserits en el tub del perigoni, amb els filaments filiformes i les anteres dorsifixes. L'ovari és trilocular, amb els lòculs uniovulats. L'estil és filiforme i l'estigma capitat. El fruit és una baia.

Els nombres cromosòmics citats per a diferents espècies del gènere són 2n= 40, 60, 80 i 120.

Etimologia
El nom del gènere hauria de ser Sanseverinia, ja que el seu descobridor, el napolità Vincenzo Petagna, pretenia donar en commemoració a Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, duc de Chiaromonte i fundador d'un jardí de plantes exòtiques al sud d'Itàlia. No obstant això, el botànic suec Carl Peter Thunberg que va ser qui el va descriure, el va anomenar Sansevieria, en honor del militar, inventor i erudit napolità Raimondo di Sangro (1710-1771), setè príncep de Sansevero.

Usos
Diverses espècies i varietats es conreen com a planta d'interior o exterior, si el clima és prou benigne. Altres forneixen fibres tèxtils.

L'espècie més coneguda i cultivada com a planta d'interior, molt adaptable a ambients en què altres moririen, ja que suporta l'atmosfera seca i calenta de les habitacions, llum pobra, falta de reg o de trasplantaments, és: Sansevieria trifasciata, amb tres varietats:

 Sansevieria trifasciata var. Laurentii
 Sansevieria trifasciata var. Hahnii
 Sansevieria trifasciata var. Variegata

Aquesta adaptabilitat la converteix en idònia per a aficionats amb poc temps o per decorar llocs públics.

Taxonomia
 Sansevieria aethiopica Thunb.
 Sansevieria angustiflora Lindb.
 Sansevieria arborescens Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy
 Sansevieria aubrytiana Carrière
 Sansevieria braunii Engl. & K.Krause
 Sansevieria canaliculata Carrière
 Sansevieria concinna N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook.
 Sansevieria dawei Stapf
 Sansevieria deserti N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria dooneri  N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria ehrenbergii  Schweinf. ex Baker
 Sansevieria eilensis Chahin.
 Sansevieria fasciata  Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy
 Sansevieria gracilis N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria grandicuspis Haw.
 Sansevieria grandis Hook.f.
Sansevieria grandis var. zuluensis N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce
 Sansevieria intermedia N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria kirkii Baker
 Sansevieria liberica Gérôme & Labroy
 Sansevieria longiflora Sims
 Sansevieria metallica Gérôme & Labroy
 Sansevieria parva N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria phillipsiae N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria pinguicula P.R.O.Bally
 Sansevieria raffillii N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult.f.
 Sansevieria senegambica Baker
 Sansevieria singularis N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria stuckyi God.-Leb. ex Gérôme & Labroy
 Sansevieria subspicata Baker
 Sansevieria suffruticosa N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria trifasciata Prain
Sansevieria trifasciata var. laurentii (De Wild.) N.E.Br.
 Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Willd.

Referències

Enllaços externs

Nolinòidies


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Q: How To Remove This from PCB I was wondering how I could remove the silver (chip?) from the center of this PCB. It appears to be held down by that clear substance (epoxy?). The PCB is small, 2 cm sides (Not sure if relevant but thought I would add).
I've never done this before and was wondering if anyone else had experience with this.

A: What you are looking at it the bottom of a silicon die - the silver is actually pure crystalline silicon (the un-patterned side of the original wafer) which has then been etched to add part identification markings.

Image Source
On the other side of the die from what you have photographed (actually the top of it), will be the transistors and interconnects. The very top layer of the die will have a series of bond pads. The whole thing is flip-chip bonded to the substrate/interposer either chemically or with a solder-like substance - hence the bottom of the die is on the top after mounting.
The epoxy around the edge is there simply to stop the ingress of dirt and fluids (e.g. water) that may otherwise damage the die. It may also provide some mechanical strain relief to avoid stresses on the die from vibration, etc.
Any attempt to remove it will almost certainly destroy the chip and possibly the interposer, especially as there is no way of knowing how many bond pads are underneath, and how they are bonded to the interposer.


New to your iPad with iOS11 is drag & drop (shortened to D&D.) And the great news is that drag and drop is SYSTEMWIDE, meaning that you can now move text, contacts, notes, reminders, images, URLs, maps, files, and even attachments from one app to another. All it takes is a single tap and hold (long press) to pick up your content and drag it to another app.
So go ahead and drag and drop between apps like Mail, Notes, Reminders, Maps, Contacts, Messages, even Safari.
9 Fully Apple Supported and Third Party Apps Too!
10 Want D&D on Your iPhone?
The easiest way to D&D on your iPad is by opening two apps in split-screen. For example, Photos and Messages. Open Photos and then grab Messages from your Dock and drop it to the left or right side of your iPad—keep Messages as an overlay or pull the top tab up for split-screen mode. Now that both apps are running side-by-side tap a picture from Photos and drag it to Messages, then drop it in. It's that easy!
And it doesn't stop there. iOS11's D&D (drag n' drop) also supports Multi-Touch. So you can pick up and add multiple items by tapping them. Start by dragging one item and then tap to add others.
Just like the single file example, the easiest way to drag multiple items from one app into another is by using your iPad's split-screen. In this example, let's email some contacts.
First, open your Contacts App, then using split-screen functionality, open Mail and open an email or compose a new message. Then, long press on one of the contacts you want to send. Hold that press and slightly drag it. That contact now pins to your finger. Maintain the press and tap all the other contacts you want to send. As you tap each additional contact, it updates the number of items attached to the original press.
Once you select all your contacts, drag it over to your email. As you hover over the message, a green plus sign + shows the number of attached item. To add these to your email, simply release. And the contacts populate.
There's even a spring-loading D&D feature using your iPad's Dock.
First, open an app as normal. Then tap your content. With your other hand (or finger) swipe up your Dock. Next, drag your content and hover over any D&D supported apps' icon in the Dock. If the app supports drag and drop, the app springs open. Then, tap where you want the content to go and just drop it.
Finally, something that is easy. To cancel, just let go of your drag. Or swipe totally off screen–that seems to work to!
First off, Apple really improves its Map App in iOS11. And now we can all drag and drop locations too. It's easy to send a location to your friends or colleagues by dropping that place into Mail, Messages, or any D&D supported third-party app. Working in Split Screen Mode makes this all possible. So open Maps and then open Messages side by side or have an app panel floating above and then just long press, drag, and drop that location into Messages. Easy-peasy!
Drag and Drop for Apple Maps currently only works on iPads–BUT we are really hoping it comes to iPhone, cause let's face it, most of us use Apple Maps on the go, with our iPhones!
And the other Maps improvements?
With iOS11 and an iPad, transferring drags between your fingers or hands is simple. Just maintain the long press. You can even start multiple drag sessions at once by long pressing with multiple fingers (or hands) at the same time.
Fully Apple Supported and Third Party Apps Too!
Drag and Drop fully supports most of Apple's Native Apple Apps and third-party apps are adopting it too!
To check D&D compatibility, if you see a green plus sign icon (+) when dragging into an app, that's your signal that the app supports drag and drop.
Home screen, Dock, Reminders, Calendar, Messages, Spotlight, Files, Safari, Contacts, iBooks, News, Notes, Photos, Maps, Keynote, Pages, and Numbers.
Drag n' Drop does NOT work in ANY folders labeled as deleted–such as the Recently Deleted folder in Photos. If you want to drag and drop an item from these folders, move them to another folder first.
Want D&D on Your iPhone?
For the iPhone, iOS11's Files App appears to support drag and drop fully. And we're able to drag & drop images files between My Albums in Photos.
Here's the complicated part: app to app drag and drop functionality does exist in iOS11 for iPhones—but it's mostly disabled and not accessible to users. Apple contends it disabled drag and drop because of iPhone's small screen, its lack of a Dock, AND it's current inability to split-screens or show multitasking. Plus drop and drag really needs multiple fingers or hands, so using it with an iPhone is not exactly easy.
So for now, inter-app drag and drop remains a potential feature. Perhaps in the next generation of iPhones?
App to App Drag and Drop on iPhone XS Max iOS 12.1 not working.
Is this normal? On iPad 9.7 iOS 12.1 no problem. I can select via Drag and Drop many video files in Files app. Then go to homescreen and open video player app. Add via Drag and Drop the selected video files.
At this time, drag and drop is supported on iPads only–not iPhone or iPod. That's true for the larger size iPhones as well, including the iPhone XS Max.
We really hope Apple offers this feature on the iPhones, and in particular the larger screen models, soon.
My question not answered: after latest 11.? Upgrade…, i have lost color on my lock page, its all faded away, can barely see. Please help. Why??
Please perform a forced restart on your iPad by pressing and holding both your Power and your Home buttons at the same time. Maintain this hold until you see the Apple Logo, then release.
If your lock screen is still dull, go to Settings > Wallpaper and Choose a New Wallpaper. See if that makes a difference.
If not, check your brightness by going to Settings > General > Accessibility > Display Accomodations > Auto-Brightness. Toggle this off and on. Or if you find your screen is generally too dark, toggle it OFF.
These tips usually fix most lock screen display issues.
Thanks for the in-depth discussion on drag and drop! Sounds really great and certainly should help me use my iPad Pro more like a notebook than a tablet.


Course of Action is a common question type in Logical Reasoning. These questions pop up either in the Logical Reasoning or English sections of various exams. They appear quite often in Banking & Insurance exams as well as Placement Aptitude papers.
Sometimes, figuring out the right course of action in the question might seem difficult. Just like in real life! But in reality these can be solved quite easily with the help of a logical mind frame. A course of action is generally asked to test the analytical decision making skills of the examinee. So, in this chapter, we will explore the avenues with which we can solve these questions.
A courses of Action is a step or administrative decision to be taken up for improvement or follow – up for further action in regard to the problem, policy etc. on the basis of the information given in statement.
In these types of problems, the prescribed course of action can be followed only when it satisfies two criteria. Firstly it solves (or considerably reduces) that problem and Secondly it is practically possible in the real world.
We have to keep in mind that a prescribed course of action that solves the problem, but is not practically possible is of no use and must definitely be rejected.
LearnFrenzy provides you lots of fully solved "Course of Action" Questions and Answers with explanation.


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Select Categories of your interest.
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Sunday, 19 January 2020 02:26 AM
Nagarik Shukrabar Nagarik Network
Locals give up hope for West Seti Hydropower Project
Published On: July 16, 2018 08:38 AM NPT
Arun Bam/Republica Talara area of Doti district and Dhungad area of Baitadi district are seen in this picture. These areas will be submerged if the West Seti Hydropower Project water dam is constructed.
DIPAYAL, July 15: Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli's visit to China in June had elated residents of Province 7. They hoped that the visit would be able to make some headway in implementing the West Seti Hydropower Project. Nearly a month after the visit, those residents are expressing dismay about the fate of the project. They say that their hopes for the project have wane considering the fact that the project was not discussed during the PM's visit.
"We were hoping that the PM's visit would definitely make progress in implementing the project. However, nothing substantial was reported on the issue in the media. If the project did not get any headway even during the PM's visit, there is no point in expecting the project to materialize," noted Tek Bahadur Singh, a resident, who would have directly benefitted by the project.
"As the PM failed to utter a even single word about the project, we have become pretty sure that this project is going to be dumped. They will never try it again," he added.
Locals had shown concerns after they felt that the developer of the project, China Three Gorges Corporation, was showing disinterestedness in the project. Subsequently, they had urged the government to do needful for materializing the project. Locals expected that the hydro project would greatly help them to come out of vicious cycle of poverty. The project would directly benefit residents of Doti, Dadeldhura, Baitadi and Bajhang districts.
Locals have been talking of the project since the past four decades. During this period, the government had even discussed relocation and compensation plans. However, the discussion trailed off, with no substantial headway towards implementing the project.
"Over the decades many governments have changed. During elections or after being elected, every leader from this region has promised to implement the West Seti Hydropower Project. But none of them have kept their promises. None of them were serious about implementing the project, none of the government has shown the will power to implement the project," remarked Singh.
"For us residents, it was our ticket to prosperity. We were so excited thinking of the prospects it would provide to us. This decade-long wait has taken all our excitement and now we don't think that the project will ever materialize," he added.
Another resident, Nara Bahadur Mahara also shared similar sentiments. The seventy-year-old stated that he was in his hey-days when he first heard first about the project and said it was sad to have become old without seeing the project implemented.
For us residents, it was our ticket to prosperity. We were so excited thinking of the prospects it would provide to us. This decade-long wait has taken all our excitement and now we don't think that the project will ever materialize. -Tek Bahadur Singh, Doti district resident
"I was young and strong then. They talked a lot about the prospects for us from this project. Now I am already 70 and I feel that it will be not implemented, at least while I am still alive," he said. "Even after I am gone, I am sure the politicians will never implement the project. They are not eager to do things that benefit people and the country. They only make tall promises and do things that benefit them," he fumed.
In the last four decades, the project attracted several companies including Australian company Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation and French company Sogreah.
"We were sad to know that the government was not able to reach a deal with Australian or the French company for developing the project. However, when the Chinese company expressed its interest and initiated rounds of discussions with authorities, we were once again hopeful. But now we can say nothing about it," he added.
"We do not understand the agreement that the government makes, what the government itself does and plans and why the companies abandon and walkout after some years. People like us who are largely affected by it, continue to suffer," Singh lamented. "If they declare that this is not going to happen, that would rather be better for us. We could get some direction in life. The delay and confusions have made it really difficult for us," he added.
People are unhappy also because they are not yet among those who enjoy uninterrupted power. In most of the places of the region, power is still a farfetched dream. If the project becomes a reality, it would power their houses and ensure better power supply.
"Many people here are living in darkness, there is no power supply. A whole generation that expected to see the project materialize their whole life will pass away soon without ever seeing it," remarked Singh.
CTGC and NEA forge agreement to construct West Seti Hydropower Project
KATHMANDU, Nov 16: The China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) and Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) have signed an agreement to jointly...
Locals of far west fear further delay in project execution
KATHMANDU, Jan 28: Fearing further delays in the project execution, locals of far-western region have demanded that the government takes a...
Locals blame Budiganga Hydropower Project of snatching land and kin
DOTI, August 6: Six months ago residents of Simchaur Chapartola, Bogataan Rural Municipality - 1 came to know the government...
In defense of Shiva Maya
NCP and NC inch closer to revising TJ law
Snowfall cripples life in mountain districts
Ward chair found dead in India had 'committed suicide'
Chinese, Koreans missing as avalanche hits trekking route
District authorities tightening the screw on organizing fairs in Parbat
Three Nepalis killed in Abu Dhabi road accident, 14 injured
Crossing the divide
Ward member dies in Udayapur road mishap
Virus casts shadow over China's biggest festival, but little worry at epicentre
Solu Corridor-affected locals stage demonstration demanding electricity; 11 bikes torched
Our mountains are safe and pristine: Minister Bhattarai
Unseasonal rains damage bricks worth Rs 50 million in Bhaktapur
House to elect new speaker after NA polls: Minister Pun
Complaint filed against singer Astha Raut for her 'indecent behavior'
Ukraine PM offers to resign after tape suggests he criticised president
Nadal surprised to still be on top of the game
Base camp café: A perfect blend of Nepali culture and modern trend
Taal volcano emits ash, threatening more eruption (with photos)
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Tag: glaciers
Impact Lab > glaciers
Big Problems, Photo Perspectives, Science & Technology News
Stunning Photos of the Vanishing Himilayan Glaciers
Then and now photos of the melting Himilayan glaciers.
In an effort to raise awareness of vanishing glaciers, filmmaker and mountaineer David Breashears began a project called Rivers of Ice: Vanishing Glaciers of the Great Himalaya. Breashears, inspired the the beauty of the Himalayas captured in photographs taken in the last century, has traveled to the sites where those pictures were taken to see what has changed. The diagnosis, shown in the series of photographs that makes up the Rivers of Ice project, is not good. (Pics)
Continue reading… "Stunning Photos of the Vanishing Himilayan Glaciers"
Analysis, Global Warming, Photo Perspectives, Science & Technology News
Caves Suggest Climate Change Stranger Than We Thought
Encrusted stalactites at present sea level, Vallgornera Cave, Spain.
Most scientists believe that ocean levels dropped for the past 100,000 years as Earth cooled, but a new study of these stalactites in ancient undersea caves suggests otherwise. Today's temperatures are similar to Earth's 81,000 years ago.
Continue reading… "Caves Suggest Climate Change Stranger Than We Thought"
Global Warming, Historical Perspectives, Science & Technology News
Land Rising In Alaska As Glaciers Melt
Glaciers around Juneau are receding 30 feet or more each year.
Global warming conjures images of rising seas that threaten coastal areas. But in Juneau, as almost nowhere else in the world, climate change is having the opposite effect: As the glaciers here melt, the land is rising, causing the sea to retreat.
Continue reading… "Land Rising In Alaska As Glaciers Melt"


The AV department has three Toshiba 42 inch LCD TVs. Each TV comes on its own rolling stand or cart, has 4 HDMI inputs, 2 composite inputs (yellow, red, white cable), 2 component video inputs (red, green, blue video cable with red and white audio cable) and 1 VGA input (computer cable). This TV is perfect for small meetings and presentations. A power strip with 8 slots is also included.


Female > % of total labor force: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization's definition of the economically active population.
Total: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector.
Total > Per capita: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Per capita figures expressed per 1 population.
Total per 1000: Total labor force comprises people who meet the International Labour Organization definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, but excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Figures expressed per thousand population for the same year.
"Burma Force Stats, NationMaster." 1980-2005. <http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Burma/Labor/Force>.
"Burma Force Stats", NationMaster [Internet]. 1980-2005. Avaliable from: <http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Burma/Labor/Force>.
"Burma Force Stats", NationMaster. Avaliable at: nationmaster.com. Assessed 1980-2005.


Here are some of my articles, blogs, interviews etc.
Report: Airport Expansion in Indonesia: tourism, land struggles, economic zones and aerotropolis projects. A 64-page report published jointly by TWN Third World Network and Global Anti-Aerotropolis Movement (GAAM). A massive aviation expansion drive in Indonesia is closely intertwined with schemes for tourism growth and many projects are beset with land struggles. Several airport projects are linked with Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and a number are part of broader plans for aerotropolis-stye development. The report contains maps showing the location of airport projects - preparation, under construction and planned - and two of the airport sites - Kertajati and Tanjung Lesung.
April 2017: I developed the content for a digital map, Aviation Expansion in Indonesia: tourism, land struggles, economic zones and aerotropolis projects. The interactive map includes information about 60 airports, operational, under construction and proposed. Maps are integrated with satellite imagery, photos and text.
Progressive Radio Network is a brilliant non-commercial alternative to corporate controlled media. I was interviewed on the Political Analysis Show with Steve Horn on 10th July 2014.
Manchester Airport is the UK's largest airport outside the London region. I contribute to this blog opposing expansion onto greenbelt land.


NBC News announced Friday that it will present a special series of programs and reports next week intended to "help Americans get the most out of the Affordable Care Act," according to a press release.
Timed to coincide with the rollout of new insurance exchanges, "Ready or Not, the New Healthcare Law" begins airing Monday, Sept. 30. The series will appear on such network mainstays as "NBC Nightly News" and "Today," as well as on social media and other digital outlets.
The programs will provide interactive tools "to help shed light on what the healthcare act means for [consumers] and explain how to enroll" in the new marketplaces opening on Oct. 1, according to the statement. Additionally, the series will include reporting on the Obama administration's messaging, primary-care physician shortages, changes to emergency rooms and other topics related to the law's rollout.
"How to get the most out of Obamacare". Not exactly an unbiased examination of the health care 'reform' law, warts and all. It brings to mind the George Orwell quote: "Journalism is printing what someone else does not want printed: everything else is public relations."
Comcast's news organizations, especially MSNBC, have aggressively promoted President Obama's political agenda through its biased news coverage. MSNBC's hosts have consistently gone beyond responsible journalism by manipulating news events to advance a left-wing political agenda. Comcast cable subscribers can take action against Comcast CEO Brian Roberts and his biased media empire by changing their cable TV service provider. By exercising marketplace choice, consumers can prevent their money from supporting media propaganda and paying the salaries of Al Sharpton and Chris Matthews.
It appears that we can now consider NBC News to be the major network equivalent of its basic cable cousin. Consumers are urged to vote with their feet and their pocketbooks, and pledge to switch to an alternate provider. If enough consumers express their disgust with the cronyism between Comcast, NBC and the Obama Administration, the cable provider will have no choice but to respond.


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Home»News»Godfather OTT release date: When and where to watch Chiranjeevi, Nayanthara and Salman Khan's film»
Godfather OTT release date: When and where to watch Chiranjeevi, Nayanthara and Salman Khan's film
The film, adapted and directed by Mohan Raja, is the Telugu remake of the Malayalam hit Lucifer
Last Updated: 09.43 AM, Nov 02, 2022
Godfather, the Telugu remake of Malayalam blockbuster Lucifer, starring Chiranjeevi, Salman Khan, Nayanthara and Satyadev Kancharana released in theatres on October 5. The film is directed by Mohan Raja, who has also come up with the screenplay. The political drama, jointly produced by NV Prasad and RB Chowdary under SuperGood Films and Konidela Productions, has music by S Thaman. Lakshmi Bhupal had written the dialogues for the film presented Chiranjeevi's better half Konidela Surekha.
The story takes off with the death of PKR, a political veteran and the CM of the State, who passes away under mysterious circumstances. Even before he is laid to rest, home minister Varma pitches himself as the former's successor and the next CM. PKR's daughter Satya Priya distances herself from the political turmoil but her husband Jaidev has other ideas. PKR's stepson Brahma, however, arrives on time, to take charge of the situation and sustain his father's legacy.
Netflix has acquired the post-theatrical streaming rights of Godfather. The film will drop on the OTT platform on November 19. Upon its theatrical release, the film garnered good reviews and favourable response from viewers and is well on its course to be a profitable venture for the producers. In the promotional event, Chiranjeevi had claimed that it was Ram Charan who suggested him to take up the remake of Lucifer.
Suresh Selvarajan is the art director while Nirav Shah had cranked the camera. The film's story was originally written by Murali Gopy and directed by Prithviraj Sukumaran. Sarvadaman Banerjee, Tanya Ravichandran, Sunil, Brahmaji, Shafi, Divi Vadthya, Murali Sharma, Kasthuri and Sayaji Shinde too played key roles in the film. VV Vinayak and Sujeeth were among the top contenders to direct Godfather but upon the suggestion of producer NV Prasad, Mohan Raja had come on board and made changes to the script.
Summing up the film's verdict for OTTplay, the critic, while talking about the film, said, "Chiranjeevi purely enjoys being at the centre stage and lets his 'fanboy' director and composer S Thaman do the heavy lifting. All that Chiranjeevi needs to deliver is an impactful stare or a stylishly come out of a car donning a kurta without straining his vocal cords much - the slow motion shots, the lighting and the background score take over from there."
Did Katrina Kaif and Vicky Kaushal visit Siddhivinayak Temple because they are pregnant? 8 times the couple sparked such rumours
Hunt first look poster: Shaji Kailas promises a mind bending thriller starring Bhavana
Thunivu: H Vinoth opens up on dealing with frequent requests from Ajith Kumar's fans on film's update
Somy Ali claims Salman Khan, saying, 'I am a man, and only men can cheat, not women', after catching her cheating on him
Taaza Khabar Twitter review: Netizens call Bhuvan Bam and Shriya Pilgaonkar starrer a 'piece of beauty'
Waltair Veerayya: Ravi Teja's first look from the upcoming Chiranjeevi-starrer will be unveiled on THIS date
Masooda OTT release date: When and where to watch Thiruveer, Sangitha's horror thriller
Vedha on OTT: Shivarajkumar's 125th film to start streaming on THIS date?
Stree 2: Shraddha Kapoor-Rajkummar Rao starrer takes top priority among Dinesh Vijan's horror comedy films
Mukundan Unni Associates OTT release confirmed, Vineeth Sreenivasan's film to drop on Hotstar on this date


David Knaack has done a great job setting up the Butteruino project over on google code.
I'd hoped to get an LCD library up this weekend but got bogged down in a good book; oh well perhaps next weekend.
At least I should get some stress testing done on the butterfly logger at -37 degrees C this week due to a busted thermostat on the freezer.
Just finished Neal Stephenson's CRYPTONOMICON. Great book, like the alternative reality of Finux and things like the galvanic lucifer. Anyway makes me want to post my PGP Key.


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Ensuring user authentication and data integrity in multi-cloud environment
Leila Megouache1,
Abdelhafid Zitouni1 &
Mahieddine Djoudi2
Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences volume 10, Article number: 15 (2020) Cite this article
The necessity to improve security in a multi-cloud environment has become very urgent in recent years. Although in this topic, many methods using the message authentication code had been realized but, the results of these methods are unsatisfactory and heavy to apply, which, is why the security problem remains unresolved in this environment. This article proposes a new model that provides authentication and data integrity in a distributed and interoperable environment. For that in this paper, the authors first analyze some security models used in a large and distributed environment, and then, we introduce a new model to solve security issues in this environment. Our approach consists of three steps, the first step, was to propose a private virtual network to secure the data in transit. Secondly, we used an authentication method based on data encryption, to protect the identity of the user and his data, and finally, we realize an algorithm to know the integrity of data distributed on the various clouds of the system. The model achieves both identity authentication and the ability to inter-operate between processes running on different cloud's provider. A data integrity algorithm will be demonstrated. The results of this proposed model can efficiently and safely construct a reliable and stable system in the cross-cloud environment.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines the fundamental of cloud computing as a concept for delivering a shared pool of configurable computing resources, which can be provisioned and released with minimum management effort and service provider interaction. Also, it enables convenient, on-demand network access to these resources [1].
Most companies today are increasingly interested in taking advantage of the flexibility and choice of multiple cloud offerings and adopt more than one cloud to make the best use of a variety of services [2].
Multi-cloud is a combination of multiple public clouds and private clouds [3]. Its goal is to enable cloud users to avoid vendor blocking and make the best use of multiple cloud services that can cooperate and interact with each other [4]. In 2018, the International Data Corporation predicted that more than 85% of IT companies would invest in a multi-cloud architecture and adopt it [4]. Although this new technology has many advantages, it also presents significant challenges in terms of data security [5].
Therefore, before making the transfer of the data towards multi-cloud, the company owes to classify them and choose Cloud adapted according to her needs [6]. However, organizations are very worried about how security was being guaranteed in this distributed environment [7], especially when it comes to hosting their sensitive data and critical applications in the cloud [8], and also to know how to recover their data later. For that, we can consider that the first part of the problem resides in the fact that the companies do not have adequate security policies when they access the cloud [9], in this case, the problem was repeating throughout the cloud system [10]. Moreover, human errors can generate all sorts of risks, especially when running multiple instances across cloud or multiple cloud providers.
Moreover, with the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), security attacks have increased considerably. Several methods opt for the use of machine learning [11] as a solution to solve this problem, but so far they have not brought satisfactory results, because of the different constraints of the IoT, such as distribution, scalability, and low latency. Also, many researchers have proposed solutions and ideas to solve the security problem and, in particular authentication of users in multi-cloud environments. In [12], this paper investigated authentication mechanisms used in the Cloud Computing environment; the authors show that each type of cloud has its specificities in terms of authentication, and according to their classification, they explain that only certain authentication mechanisms are valid, but their classification does not seem to take into account a multi-cloud environment. In [13], the authors of this article use the features of multi-cloud computing to enhance the authentication mechanism, and this by dividing the verification tasks on different virtual machines and generate a new password for each new connection. This solution is obsolete in the case where one of the virtual machines breaks down.
Moreover, the use of a backup server, which communicates with the storage server, is a classic solution. There are, many other solutions that use the token [14,15,16], also named the USB key, these solutions are effective but require a periodic update of the token with cloud providers; or those based on the blockchain that guarantees the security and integrity of data inside and outside smart homes [17]. Note also, that currently many systems based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the protection of privacy are widely used in many fields [18], such as secure communication, a social network, data mining, etc. Although, the multi-cloud system is spreading more and more today over the world. New errors and attacks have been discovered, for example, when users click on the spam videos/photos, shared in facebook or Twitter, they may be redirected to the spammer websites. Later, spammers may steal the user's credentials using those websites [19,20,21]. Our motivation is to strengthen the protection of applications and data stored in this environment, and the use of authentication solutions that complicate the task of malware. For that, the main objective of our research is to improve the security in the level of authentication of the users in a multi-cloud system, knowing that the authentication is the first thing to do in all the systems clouds and, which protects the user's identity and this data [22]. For that, we will use the asymmetric encryption method, used for secure data in transmission and based on the algorithm of Rivest, Shamir and Adleman (RSA) [23], which is very reliable in terms of security of data. The second goal is to maintain the integrity of the data saved in the different clouds by a hash algorithm.
In our framework, any user's need to access his data, he must first be registered in an authentication server; this server contains the information about the client, such as the username and password as well as other information. Only the user registered in this server of authentication is allowed to log in. The username and password authentication are encrypted. Dividing data across different clouds for secure ones are required. Secret information must be stored, in private clouds. A data integrity algorithm will present. The analysis and results of the proposed new model are analyzed, in relation, to security factors in cloud computing.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: In "Background" section, a brief description of security in multi-Cloud environment. "Related works" section, describes some related work in the field of security in multi-Cloud environment. In "Proposed solution" section, the authors elaborate a scheme to secure access of applications and services in the different clouds. In "Simulation and results" section, a simulation with results will be established. In "Discussion" section, the authors discuss the results and the performance of the system. Finally, in "Conclusion and futures works" section, the conclusions of this work are presented.
Until now, the researchers study the security in only one sense [24]; that is to say, the customer works with one vendor Cloud, that he gives her sensitive data [8], but what will happen if the same customer decides to work in an open and distributed system that is the multi-cloud, and how will this data be restored afterwards.
Many of the public or private cloud networks are configured to work as closed systems which are not built to communicate with one another. The lack of integration between these networks makes it a hardship on organizations to combine their IT systems inside the cloud and realize productivity gains and cost benefits [21].
Unfortunately, with the current trend of using different services from different clouds, the frequency and improvement of cyber attacks are increasing at a time, knowing that the average now resides in a victim's network for more than 200 days before being detected [9]. Today, 75% of intrusions on the network are attributed to compromised user authentication, and authentication methods known to date, are not designed for distributed environments [9, 10]. However, when migrating of our data and applications to this multi-cloud model, users need to be protected in order to access their applications without problems.
Cloud service providers require customers to store their account information in the cloud. When a customer decides to use multiple cloud services, they will need to store their password in multiple clouds [25]. In this case, the number of copies of user information will be significant, and security threats will rise for both customers and cloud service providers. For this, cloud service providers will use several authentication mechanisms to recognize their customers.
Authentication is a subdomain of security, as explained in [14]. Like security, authentication strongly depends on important aspects of confidentiality, integrity, and availability; they become obligations in the design of secure systems. As in a single cloud system, the multi-cloud must also guarantee [13, 25]:
Ease of use: The cloud services can easily be used by malicious attackers, since a registration process is very simple, because we only have one valid credit card
Secure data transmission: When transferring the data from clients to the cloud, the data needs to be transferred by using an encrypted secure communication.
Insecure APIs: Various cloud services on the Internet are exposed by application programming interfaces. Since the APIs are accessible from any-where on the Internet, malicious attackers can use them to compromise the confidentiality and integrity of the enterprise customers.
Malicious insiders: Employees working at cloud service provider could have complete access to the company resources.
Shared technology issues: The cloud service SaaS,/PasS,/IaaS providers use scalable infrastructure to support multiple tenants which share the underlying infrastructure.
During the last years, a lot of researches and implementations on authentication and security for limiting the risk of data loss and corruption had been performed.
In their publication [26], the authors have proposed a distributed system based on replication, its objective is to be able to defend against failures, in which components of a system fail in arbitrary ways. Byzantine failure tolerant algorithms must cope with such failures and still satisfy the specification of the problems they are designed to solve, but its general problems are omission failure or execution failure or lying.
In paper [27], the authors in this article present a system called "CHARON", it is a cloud storage system able to store and share data securely and efficiently, using multiple cloud providers and storage repositories to comply with the legal requirements for sensitive personal data. CHARON implements three distinguishing features: (1) it requires no trust in any entity (2) it does not require any client-managed servers, and (3) it efficiently handles large files on a geographically dispersed storage set. With a data-centric leasing protocol, resilient byzantine way. But the use of byzantine-resilient for cloud storage implies increased latency compared to a single cloud, For this solution, the addition of a biometric solution can be more effective in terms of security and, more it allows benefits of functionality, control, verification and biometric authentication.
Authors in [28]: The model proposed which is the implementation of a secured multi-cloud virtual infrastructure consists of a grid engine on top of the multi-cloud infrastructure to distribute the task among the worker nodes that are supplied with various resources from different clouds to enhance cost efficiency of the infrastructure set up and also to implement high availability feature. The Oracle grid engine is used to schedule the jobs to the worker nodes (in-house and cloud). Worker nodes will be acting like listeners to receive the job from the Oracle grid engine master node. The Client after proper authentication procedure submits the job to the grid gain engine. Access control is a key concern as attacks by hackers are of a great risk. A potential hacker can be someone with approved access to the Cloud.
Concerning user authentication framework, authors in [29]: They propose an access control mechanism to ensure confidentiality of data in the cloud. The mechanism is based on two protocols: ABE (Attribute Based Encryption) for data privacy and ABS (Attribute Based Signature) for user authentication. ABE is combined with ABS to ensure anonymity of users that store their data in the cloud. Key attributes and distribution is done in a Decentralized Manner. But several attacks have been discovered on DES and these methods are no longer effective with newer encryption algorithms due to the introduction of an avalanche effect.
Another approach has been proposed by researchers in [30]. The architecture consists of trusted client as well as three or more cloud service providers that provide Database as a Service. The Database as a service provider provides reliable content storage and data management, but is not trusted by the clients to preserve content privacy Authority. The client does not store any persistent data but stores a mapping table describing the storage of various fragments location.
In paper [31] the authors consider the existence of multiple CSPs (Cloud service providers) to collaboratively store and maintain the client's data. Moreover, a cooperative Provable data possession (cooperative PDP) is used to verify the integrity and availability of stored data in CSPs).The verification procedure is described as follows: firstly, the client (data owner) uses the secret key to pre-process the file, which consists of a collection of n blocks. It generates a set of public verification information that is stored in TTP (Trusted third parties), then transmits the file and some verification tags to CSPs, and may delete its local copy. This architecture could provide some special functions for data storage and management but these functions would increase the complexity of storage management. For example, there may exist overlap among data blocks and skipping.
In [32], the authors propose a solution for the confidentiality of recording location data. They build the structure multilevel query tree from the database to display the combination location data and access frequency, and then they add the noises to the query tree nodes and publish the new query as the end result. Which can improve protection location data.
The authors in [33] propose a data collection scheme preserving the confidentiality of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Their objective is to guarantee the confidentiality of sensory readings by preventing traffic analysis and flow tracing in the WSNs. They exploit homomorphic encryption functions (HEFs) in the collection of compressive data to thwart traffic analysis and maintain confidentiality. But the proposed scheme can only resist attacks from inside the network, but not from outside the network because an intermediate sensor node can be targeted by security attacks.
The authors in [34], have proposed a scheme which consists of three parts, namely selective HEVC video encryption, data integration in encrypted HEVC videos and data extraction. First, the content owner encrypts the original HEVC bitstream using stream cyphers before sending it to the data cache. Then the data cache integrates some secret messages in the encrypted video using the coefficient modulation method. On the receiver side, data extraction and decryption are completely separable, i.e. they can be encrypted and decrypted domains. This mechanism has not been tested in complex IT environments such as cloud computing.
The authors made a comparison of these systems (Fig. 1) to better structure the authentication problem and to identify the different approaches and solutions established by the various authors cited above, for the management of security in multi-cloud environments.
Results of the degree of the fulfillment of the system comparison characteristics
Proposed solution
Despite the work cited above, as well as several other works carried in this area, the security problem still persists, and users are always afraid of losing their data, or that their data was illegally disclosed. As we know, spammers are at 80% responsible for this [35,36,37]. For example, a spammer can steal the identity of a legitimate user and subsequently, become the owner of a stolen account Fig. 2. But as a spammer never responds to the messages [19, 20] sent by the authentication server (such as secret questions that only the legitimate user knows), the server can filter users based on their behavior. But that was not enough to guarantee security in an open and distributed system.
Spammer's attack pattern
In this section, the authors will present their scheme to secure access of applications and services in the different clouds. Our proposal framework contains three techniques: firstly, we create a private network virtual (VPN) between the customer and the provider; which minimizes the risk of data loss during its transfer, and to reduce the number of intrusions by offering a highly qualified security.
Secondly, we will use asymmetric data cryptography with the RSA algorithm [14, 38], to provide a high level of data security in transit. And finally, recover the information from several sources (clouds) by guaranteeing the integrity of the data using the hashing algorithm [22]. The Fig. 3 illustrates these three steps.
The steps of proposed solution
Create a Virtual private network
The first step to security is to create a virtual private network between the client and the host server, to ensure that only authorized users can access the network and that the data can not be intercepted by malicious software [24, 31]. Connecting to the VPN takes about 30 s to attempt to connect to the gateway. Sometimes a username and password are required to the user to login. In this step, two cases are possible: either the connection established successfully, or an error message occurs to indicate that the connection failed
Algorithm 1 presents method steps to connect vpn.
Access with authentication
The authentication mechanism plays a vital role in security controls by ensuring that only authorized users gain access to resources. Moreover, the security of any private cloud or public cloud service depends on the level of protection given to the cryptographic keys used to protect sensitive data [36].
Encryption and decryption are carried out, using two different keys. The two keys was referred to as the public key (PU) and the private key (PR) [22, 37, 38]. If the client wants to send an authenticated message to provider, he would encrypt the message with the private key, and this message would only be decipherable with the public key, that would establish the authenticity of the message. The encryption method contains four steps, which was explaining in the following. Table 1 summarizes the most common abbreviations and Fig. 4 shows the process of encryption and decryption using the RSA algorithm.
Table 1 Defines the used annotations
Process of encryption and decryption
Step-1: key generation: either the client part Ai, who wishes to send a message to another party who is Aj. The part Ai must convert its message which is: M in an encrypted form C, with the algorithm RSA: C = F (PR (A), M).
The processing steps undertaken by the second part Aj to recover M of C is:
M = F '(PR (B), C).
Now we suppose an integer M, 0 ≤ M < n, that represents our message, we transform M into another integer C who represent our ciphertext: C = Memod n and M = Cdmod n, Then: (Me)d(mod n) = Med(mod _(n)) ≡ M (mod n).
Step-2: Generate two different primes (p,q), n = p × q andΦ(n) = (p − 1) × (q − 1), Φ(n) = Φ(p) × Φ(q).
Step-3: verification: The authors ensure that n is not factorizable by one of the modern integer factorization algorithms. Select for public exponent an integer e such as that: 1 < e < Φ (n) and gcd(Φ (n), e) = 1.
The mathematical requirement on e is that: gcd(e, Φ(n) = 1(e, will not have a multiplicative inverse mod Φ(n)) & gcd(e, Φ(p)) = 1 & gcd(e, Φ(q)) = 1. Or gcd(e, p−1) = 1 & gcd(e, q−1) = 1. Small values for e, are considered cryptographically insecure.
Step-4: calculate: this step is to calculate for the private exponent a value for d from e and the modulus n. Such that: d = e − 1mod Φ(n) or d × e ≡ 1 (mod Φ(n)). Since d is the multiplicative inverse of: e modulo Φ(n), Public Key = [e, n] and Private Key = [d, n].
Once the user is registered in VPN and in the authentication server, he can translate his authorized status into several applications and allows him to transition to a dispersed application environment.
Data integrity in multi-cloud
Here, the authors consider a data storage service composing with three different entities: Granted clients, who have the authorization to access and manipulate the stored data; and Cloud service providers (CSPs), who work together to provide security services and integrity of data and have enough storage space [14, 38]. The third-party auditor must handle the errors and must monitor the activities of the cloud server. Figure 5 Demonstrates an Integrity Schema in the Multi-Cloud. Algorithm 2 presents the integrity of data method steps.
In the end, once the file has been approved by cloud,it can be downloaded by user.
An Integrity Schema in the Multi-Cloud
Simulation and results
The simulation environment was built, based on the system of the national social security fund. This environment has a calculation centre which manages confidential data on insured persons such as sickness, disability…. As well, as public data such as family benefit records, drug reimbursements, and other benefits. In this organization, a very limited number of people know the access code to the information stored in Cloud servers (public, private).
So to eliminate the risk of data intrusion, we first secured the communication tunnel through a virtual private network. Once VPN access is complete, a username and password, are requested by the authentication server. This server plays a role of filtering different users according to their information (password, name, date of last access,…). The information provided by the legitimate user is encrypted by the RSA algorithm and stored at the user database on that server. Access to the database on the various public and private clouds will be authorised or refused by this server. Confidential data will be stored on private clouds and public data will be stored on the public clouds. Let's try to apply that system to that organization.
In the proposed system, the authors use two techniques to ensure authentication and security in cloud: Secure tunnel and a cryptography authentication.
Secure with vpn: VPN can increase security. To prevent the disclosure of private information, VPNs only allow authenticated remote access using encryption techniques.
Crypted authentication: At this level the username and password of the client will be encrypted and decrypted with the public and private key that are owned by both parties Fig 6 . Illustrate the system.
An overview of the proposed system
Each function is explain as follows
Open application and connect: the client connects to the application that has been configured at home before.
Id user: a username and password will be requested by the application. An attacker in this system would only see encrypted data. Sender authentication is performed using the information provided when configuring the vpn on its own computer, such as the user name, password, and IP address.
Identification and password: When the connection is established, a web page with the following IP address http:\\ 192.168.25.2 will be opened.
Encrypt identification: in this second part the authentication will be encrypted with the RSA code.
We will now present an example based on what we have already demonstrated in the subsection 4.
we select the following two primes p, q where p ≠ q
p = 197, q = 213
n = p*q = 197*213 = 41,961
For e:
Φ(n) = 196 × 212 = 41,552
//e will also be relatively prime to 196 and 212//
Let's select e = 17 where gcd(17, 196) = 1 and gcd(17, 212) = 1
now choose d:
d = e−1 mod Φ(n), d is the multiplicative inverse of: e modulo Φ(n), inverse of 17 modulo 41,552 is 9777.
17 × 9777 mod 41,552 = 1. Then e = 17, d = 9777, n = 41,961.
In our case, the two prime numbers p and q are very large, and the product of these two very large numbers is not practically factorizable. Indeed the known efficient algorithms which make it possible to verify that a number is not prime do not provide factorization.
Check of the certificate: all the information concerning the customer is gathered in a database in the authentication server such as the name, the date of the last access, the remaining time of the contract, the password, the last operation to perform …etc., all this information is verified at every temptation to enter the client.
Authorization: either access is allowed if all the information entered is correct, or refuse if there is a lack.
Dispatching of data: if all permissions are acquired the data will be dispatched or query or update in the different clouds that is participating.
This system must ensure several parameters namely the availability of data, their integrity and the technology chosen for its organization (a centralized or decentralized management).
Availability and intégrity:
The first cloud that will receive the data (the cloud manager) of the client, he will record them on his RAID then, he diffuses them on all the other clouds of the system which will in turn save them [39,40,41]. But downloading one of the files must be check and without fail, for those CSPs must be cooperative [31]. The Fig. 4, showns this organization.
For the integrity, each cloud must verified this condition: \( \text{If} \sum\nolimits_{{i = 1}}^{n} {f_{{{\text{pi}}}} ,f_{{{\text{pi}}}} (V,(bi,pk,\beta ,ni)) = \{ 1\} } \), this verification is iterative and Proof(P,V) is valid between CPS (show in Fig. 5). Then the file is correct and complete and there is no data loss between different clouds.
Here the different providers' hard drives work with "A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks" (RAID) technology by placing data on multiple disks and allowing Input/Output operations to overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. As the use of multiple disks increases the average time between failures, redundant data storage also increases fault tolerance. With this system, if one or more drives fail, the entire system remains functional and data integrity is available [42, 43]. The RAID meets the needs of reliability but also of high performance [44].
The most widely used redundancy system in the raid 5 is the parity calculation, it is based on the logical operation XOR (exclusive OR) and consists in determining whether on n data bits considered, the number of bits in the state1 is even or odd. If the number of 1 is even, then the parity bit is 0. If the number of 1 is odd, then the parity bit is 1. When one of the n + 1 data bits thus formed becomes unavailable, it is then possible to regenerate the missing bit by applying again the same method on the n remaining elements.
Organizational levels analysis:
Various organizational levels for a better distribution of controls in terms of data security in the cloud can be presented [14, 22, 42]. This organizational model represents a network model between applications and data. Figure 7 summarizes the different forms of organizational solution. The model of organizational is divided into four stages. The Fig. 8, shown the organization of model:
Cooperation between cps
Organizational levels
Level 1: this level is characterized by completely centralized applications and data. It is an easy system to implement because there is only one governing party. Other parts are the executors of the system. The latest Internet platforms can be assigned to this level.
Level 2: there is no centralized management, so each party must manage these applications and secure that data. Here the principle of data distribution to different participants is used in order to achieve high availability; also the maintenance of cooperation and interaction between the different parties must be ensured. This approach is similar to that of peer-to-peer.
Level 3: decentralization of user data takes place. "Storage Cloud" technology is suitable for technological implementation because it allows for easy integration of user data storage into the system. Here the data is distributed and the central provider plays the role of authority and data management.
Level 4: the applications and data are moved to other clouds with centralized management. The central provider maintains a register for connecting participants to each other.
This framework can be implemented by different methods and instruments appropriate. Therefore, we will use the simulation to evaluate this system according to the results obtained.
We present our evaluation according to the criteria that we think are most important, namely: authentication and security, availability and performance, and the simplicity of its execution for the end user that we discuss in the next section.
Authentication and security level: to have a high level of security, we must have a very low probability of spammer intrusion, for this, we use the fish law, also called the low probability law, to check the credibility of our framework, this law uses two parameters:
A high number of intrusion attempts in a time interval (t) is: (N). and (p) the probability of occurrence of the event in a time interval (∆t) to give p > 10%.
Formulation with the random variable (N):
N: takes the positive value p
p: discrete, non-continuous values
λ: is a strictly positive real number
e: is the basis of the exponential (e ≈ 2718…)
$$ {\text{P(N}}\;{ = }\;{\text{p;}}\;\lambda )\;{ = }\;\frac{{\lambda^{p} \; \times \;e^{ - \lambda } }}{\text{p!}} $$
To test the validity of our simulation, we considered that there are two intrusion attempts per second (1S), and we want to know, what is the probability that there are exactly ten in 10 s?
2 by 1 s, that is 2 × 10 = 20 in 10 s
λ = 2 × 10 = 20.
$$ {\mathbf{P}}({\mathbf{10}};{\mathbf{20}}) = 1\frac{{20^{{10}} \times e^{{ - 20}} }}{{10!}} = 0.0058 $$
By this method, even if we take other values for λ, the probabilities of intrusions remain very low. Availability and performance: the distribution of data in fragments on the various clouds of the system minimizes the risk of loss and degradation of the latter. Add to that, by placing the data on multiple hard drives from different cloud providers using (RAID) technology, improving the performance of our system and also increasing our fault tolerance. The system remains functional even if a failure occurs on one of the server's.
To validate the performance of our framework, we compared its results with other existing methods in terms of detecting attackers at the user authentication level [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The results were compared based on cryptology at the identification level, and on the validity of responses to user requests.
Then, the performance of our framework is better than other; the users can see virtual networking concept is used. In the same way, authentication server that contains the identity database is sources of truth, the exit procedures are simplified, just disable the user account which reduce errors and generate operational efficiency gains [45, 46]. If the user is an attacker then attacker has to block to the authentication server.
The main criterion is the trust relationship between all eco-systems. Therefore, centralized management is the most successful variant of trust. Basically, the goal is to better control sensitive data by offering more security than it already exists [47, 48]. In this system, when the file size is large the download time of this file by n users also increases, as formulated Fig. 9. Authors may also notice that the CPU usage is reduced a bit when the virtual network concept is used Fig. 10. In the same way, the control of the integrity of files by each provider is reduced to a minimum time.
Performance of server cloud
Processor usage
The performance results are obtained by following the evolution of the authentication server about filtering, and security that it offers throughout the connection of the legitimate user. The authors also note the following classification in Fig. 11.
Performance of system
The first step vpn gives an efficiency between 90% and 72%, which reduce the risk of intrusion into the tunnel
The second step authentication with asymmetric encryption (algorithm of RSA) results in a maximum efficiency of 90% and minimal 60%.
The third step of data integrity the maximum of 80%, and the minimum of 60%.
Also, our system provides a high degree of confidence to better secure our data (90%). It is not complex (5%), responds to the budget of any organization (7%), the data remains consistent and correct (92%) with a reduced response time (8%). The authors can evaluate their system by the following diagram in Fig. 12.
Evaluation of proposed system
In fact the Researchers are not able to adapt a system without taking into account the characteristics mentioned in this section.
In this proposition of solution the two most important properties is ensured:
Resistance against impersonation attacks: Communication between the user and the AS during authentication requires knowledge of the private key of one of the parts. But the private key PR is managed by the authentication server and it is impossible to have it. As a result, identity theft attacks become impossible.
Impossibility: this property is related to the different phases of our system this is because only the user who owns the VPN application is able to generate a valid user login request. In the second part of the login phase of the user, the user communicates in encrypted form with the authentication server. And the third phase the data is segmented between different clouds. So even the risk of intrusion of the wrong-intentioned person is very low.
Note that in the case study, our company uses and generates data of different types such as text, images, video, audio…etc. Which will be stored on all the clouds in the system, this is multimedia data. Not to mention that some diagrams use the multi-level query tree to show the combination of location data and access frequency [32]. Our solution is based on the distribution and storage of data in each cloud of the multi-cloud system in a RAID type configuration, which allows to always have a copy of the original file. And with the data integration process, we can get images very similar to the original data.
Currently we can compare our system with some other mechanisms mentioned in section three, namely [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34] (see Table 2). This table compares these systems with ours in terms of data security, availability, complexity and risk.
Table 2 Comparing and contrasting of system
The challenges for all decentralized architectures as in this study are the areas of security, data availability and data integrity. In addition, a reliable and trustworthy system must to be installed. For this, the aim is to develop a system with high data security and low complexity and at the same time, the user no longer needs to worry about the security of his data but must answer questions regarding the acceptance of data and reduced complexity.
Conclusion and futures works
A new secure multi-cloud architecture, preserving the confidentiality and integrity of data has been demonstrated. When you process sensitive information such as, in social insurance, which collects personal information about people or banking data, the confidentiality and authentication of users is of paramount importance. Also, the efficiency, the security and the integrity of the data that the multi-cloud could fear are essential criteria for the acceptance of these remote services.To meet these requirements, the authors have proposed a system that uses encrypted authentication, which guarantees that only the authorized person has the right to access the data as well as an algorithm that verifies the integrity of the data between the different clouds. Fragmenting data into pieces preserving confidentiality and integrity is used to minimize the risk of intrusion. The results of our simulation show that the proposed model reduces the number of intrusions of malicious people and reduces the time needed to establish a path by establishing the virtual private network.
In the future, we are looking to test the proposed method in a complex environment to test its scalability and design a system to enhance and extend current work using multi-agent systems.
IoT:
AI:
VPN:
CPS:
Cloud provider service
TTP:
Trusted third parties
RAID:
Redundant array of independent disks
PDP:
Cooperative provable data possession
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No funding was received.
University of Constantine2-Abdelhamid Mehri, Constantine, 25000, Algeria
Leila Megouache & Abdelhafid Zitouni
TECHNE Labs, University of Poitiers, 1 rue Raymond Cantel, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
Mahieddine Djoudi
Leila Megouache
Abdelhafid Zitouni
Authors contributed in various important aspects. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Abdelhafid Zitouni.
Computing interests
They have no competing interests.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Megouache, L., Zitouni, A. & Djoudi, M. Ensuring user authentication and data integrity in multi-cloud environment. Hum. Cent. Comput. Inf. Sci. 10, 15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13673-020-00224-y
Security, Trust and Privacy for Human-centric Internet of Things


• Always store chocolate in dark, cool & dry place.
• Never store chocolate near strong smelling foods as the chocolate will take on the flavour.
• The best way to melt chocolate is over a pan of simmering water. Break into pieces and place in a heat proof bowl. Sit the bowl over a pan of simmering water, ensuring the base of the bowl isn't touching the water. DON'T OVER HEAT THE CHOCOLATE!
• To make grating chocolate easier, place the chocolate in the fridge overnight.
• Always buy good quality chocolate for cooking and remember the higher the cocoa % the darker the chocolate will be.
• Milk chocolate usually has a cocoa content of 27%-35% and when using a dark chocolate choose one that has at least 60% cocoa content.
• White chocolate strictly speaking isn't really chocolate. It contains no cocoa mass and is made with cocoa butter, sugar and oil. If using white chocolate buy a good quality chocolate as cheaper brands can be hard to melt.
These indulgent chocolate treats are great served with coffee after a meal.
• Gently melt the chocolate , in a heat proof bowl, over a pan of simmering water.
• Take of the heat and stir in the butter a little at a time, then add the cream.
• Place in the fridge to set (approx 1 ½-2 hours).
• Once set, have the melted chocolate and coatings ready.
• Take a little of the melted chocolate in the palms of your hands, and lightly roll each truffle.
• Toss the truffles into a bowl with your chosen coating.
• Place back onto some baking paper and store in the fridge.
Home made Ferreo Roche inspired chocolates.
1. Blend up the malted milk biscuits and put them into a big mixing bowl. Fold in the Rice Krispies and the Nutella.
2. Take a big pinch of the mixture and roll into balls using your hands. Place the shaped mixture on to some baking paper and chill for 1 hour.
3. Break up the chocolate and microwave it for 30 seconds, then stir. microwave for another 30 seconds stirring again, add the butter and stir until you have a smooth mixture.
• Grease and line an 18cm square brownie tin with baking paper.
• Place 200g digestive biscuits in a freezer bag and bash with a rolling pin or just the side of your fist until they're broken into a mixture of everything between dust and 50p-sized lumps. Set aside.
• In a large saucepan melt 135g butter or margarine, 200g dark chocolate and 2-3 tbsp golden syrup over a gentle heat stirring constantly until there are no or almost no more lumps of chocolate visible, then remove from the heat. Leave to cool.
• Take the biscuits, 100g mini marshmallows and up to 100g of additional ingredients (dried fruit, nuts, popcorn, honeycomb), if you like, and stir into the chocolate mixture until everything is completely covered.
• Tip the mixture into the lined baking tin, and spread it out to the corners. Chill for at least 2 hrs then dust with icing sugar and cut into 12 fingers.
• For the fruit skewers, thread pieces of the fruit, with some marshmallows alternately onto three wooden kebab skewers. Set aside.
• For the chocolate fondue, bring a small amount of water to a simmer in a pan. Suspend a heatproof bowl over the pan (do not allow the base of the bowl to touch the water). Add the chocolate pieces and Toblerone, and stir until melted.
To serve, transfer the chocolate fondue to a serving bowl. Serve the fruit skewers on a plate alongside.
• Preheat the oven to 200 c / 400 f / gas mark 6. Break the chocolate into a bowl and heat over a pan of simmering water untill melted.
• Sift the flour and baking powder into a bowl. In a separate bowl add the muscado sugar, melted chocolate,butter,milk and eggs and mix well. Carefully fold in the flour, taking care to not over mix. Stir in the chocolate chips.