This study investigates the impact of dynamical processes in the neutral atmosphere on the high-midlatitude ionosphere during two sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. For this purpose, the reanalysis meteorological data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and UK Met Office (UKMO) were used in addition to that from the high-midlatitude chain of Russian ionosonde stations. The results show that the ionospheric response to the SSW events at high-midlatitudes depends on the position of the ionosonde stations relative to the stratospheric circulation pattern. Two well-pronounced effects were detected in this study. The first effect, observed in January 2009, was a negative effect in critical frequency (foF2) and a positive effect in F2 layer maximum (hmF2) above the border of a stratospheric cyclone and an anticyclone with northward flow direction. During a 6-day period, the ionosphere exhibited a sharply inhomogeneous longitudinal structure when ionosondes, displaced at a longitude of approximately 20°, showed differences of approximately 1 MHz in foF2 and more than 50 km in hmF2. The second feature, which was clearly observed in January 2013, implied a positive effect in foF2 up to approximately 2.5 MHz and a negative effect in hmF2 at approximately 10 km above the center of the stratospheric cyclone. We conclude that these effects were caused by upward transport of molecular gas to the lower thermosphere for the first case and a pulldown forcing of molecular species above the low-pressure zone inside the cyclone for the second case. Changes in the O+/N2 ratio in the lower thermosphere altered the O+ recombination rate and the corresponding variations of ionosphere parameters.
The middle atmosphere dynamical regime in winter is dominated by a large-scale dynamical structure known as the circumpolar vortex (CPV). This structure is a region of high atmospheric vorticity that forms with the establishment of the winter stratospheric polar jet. The physical mechanisms responsible for CPV acceleration are cooling and lowering of the atmospheric gas during polar nights and transformation of the gas gravity potential to kinetic energy of the vortex. The CPV is unstable due to planetary wave (PW) activity, and the interaction of PWs with the CPV zonal flow can alter the middle atmosphere dynamics dramatically, which occurs in sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. Modeling shows that this interaction changes the structure of the CPV and induces downward circulation in the stratosphere, which caused adiabatic heating and upward circulation in the mesosphere, in turn causing adiabatic cooling (Liu and Roble 2002).
Recent studies have clearly identified large perturbations of the ionosphere, particularly in the ion drift measured at Jicamarca, and total electron content at low latitudes during SSW events (Chau et al. 2009; Goncharenko et al. 2010a, b). The global spatial (latitude and altitude) structure of the mean ionospheric response to SSWs was investigated for the first time by Pancheva and Mukhtarov (2011), who studied SSW events during the winters of 2007 to 2008 and 2008 to 2009. To elucidate the effects of SSWs on the ionosphere, FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite foF2 and hmF2 data in addition to electron density data at fixed altitudes have been analyzed, the results of which indicated negative responses to the SSW temperature pulses at high latitudes. Similar responses were found for diurnal variability of the COSMIC electron density. These effects were confined to low and middle latitudes.
These ionospheric observational results were facilitated by the appearance of strong SSW events in 2008 and particularly those in January 2009 in addition to very low levels of solar and geomagnetic activity. Such conditions are ideal for studying vertical coupling between different atmospheric regions, allowing for unambiguous determination of the ionospheric effects related to forcing from below. Because the SSWs are related to rapid enhancement of stationary PWs (SPWs), tides, and circulation changes, the observed ionospheric variability could be related to these dynamical processes.
The basic objective of this paper is to trace out the coupling between stratospheric dynamics and ionosphere response at high midlatitudes during two major SSW events occurring in January 2009 and December 2012 to January 2013. The present study uses the ground-based high-midlatitude chain of Russian ionosonde data, which enables investigation of the ionospheric response just above the CPV main stream with a longitudinal resolution of approximately 20°.
For analysis of the stratosphere dynamics, we used the database of the UK Met Office (UKMO) and reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR; Saha et al. 2013). The ground-based ionospheric observations were obtained by Russian ionosonde stations in Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Norilsk, Yakutsk, and Paratunka.
The UKMO dataset was used to examine the features of the anomalies in the winter troposphere-stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. This dataset is the result of assimilation of in situ and remotely sensed measurements into a numerical forecast model of the stratosphere and troposphere. A description of the 3D-variational system was described by Swinbank and Ortland (2003). The outputs of the assimilation are global meteorological fields of daily temperature, geopotential height, and wind components at pressure levels from the surface up to 0.1 hPa. The daily data fields have global coverage with 2.5° and 3.75° steps in latitude and longitude, respectively. We used UKMO data because they effectively represent the global daily features of stratospheric dynamics. Moreover, these data were used for calculating the amplitudes and phases of SPWs with zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2, i.e., SPW1 and SPW2. To investigate the development of the SPWs, we used the UKMO geopotential height data. We defined the amplitude and phases of SPW1 and SPW2 by using a least squares best fit approach applied in a 3-day window that moved through the time series with steps of 1 day. This algorithm was developed in a previous research by Pancheva and Mukhtarov (2011); its results were used as a time-marker of stratosphere warming development.
To analyze the common properties of the two SSW events considered in this study, we present the results in two columns in Figure 1 in which the left and right represent winters of 2008 to 2009 and 2012 to 2013, respectively. Upper and middle plots display the amplitudes of SPW1 and SPW2 in meters, respectively; bottom plots show the zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N.
The results of common properties of the two SSW events. Left column shows SPW1 amplitude (upper plot), SPW2 amplitude (middle plot), and zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N (bottom plot) calculated from the UKMO data for winter 2008 to 2009. Right column shows the same characteristics for winter 2012 to 2013.
The development of both SSWs includes two phases. The first is an increase in SPW1 before events, which indicates a shift of circumpolar vortex from the pole. The second is an increase in SPW2, indicating a vortex division on couples of cyclones and anticyclones that are persistent for 6 to 10 days before weakening. The end of the SSW event is marked by an abrupt decrease in SPW2. The reverse of zonal wind coincides with the increase in SPW2.
The events considered in this study differ by absolute values of parameters, which can be estimated from the color scales to the right of the plots in Figure 1. In the winter 2008 to 2009, the absolute values of SPW1 and zonal wind before the event were lower but existed longer. In the winter 2012 to 2013, these values were higher and shorter. The amplitude of SPW2 was higher in the winter 2008 to 2009 and lasted longer.
To illustrate the circulation structures in the stratosphere, we used NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for horizontal wind. In principal, NCEP/NCAR and UKMO data are equivalent; we used NCEP/NCAR data here only because of the availability of the plotting program, which was previously adopted for this format.
Figure 2 shows the CPV structure for both SSWs before and after the splitting derived from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The left column presents these structures for 8 January 2009 (upper plot) and 24 January 2009 (bottom plot). The right column shows CPV structures for 30 December 2012 (upper plot) and 5 January 2013 (bottom plot). Arrows show the jet stream direction, and colors indicate total velocity. It is evident that the jet streams in both events had abrupt borders, and the wind structure after CPV splitting was inhomogeneous along the latitudes. The positions of Russian ionosondes, indicated on the bottom maps, were situated under different zones of stratospheric circulation.
The CPV structure for both SSWs before and after the splitting. Left column shows CPV structures for 8 January 2009 (upper plot) and 24 January 2009 (bottom plot). Right column shows CPV structures for 30 December 2012 (upper plot) and 5 January 2013 (bottom plot). Arrows show the direction of jet streams, and colors show total velocity. Points on bottom plots show positions of Russian ionosondes.
To investigate the ionospheric response to SSW events at high-middle and high latitudes, we used data from the chain of Russian ionosonde stations usually situated under the CPV jet stream. We considered the temporal variability of the following main ionospheric parameters: critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) and the F2 layer maximum height (hmF2) measured by ionosonde stations in Yekaterinburg (56.5°N, 60°E), Novosibirsk (54.6°N, 83.2°E), Norilsk (69°N, 88°E), Irkutsk (52°N, 104°E), Yakutsk (62°N, 129.7°E), and Paratunka (53°N, 158°E). The longitudinal coverage of this chain is about 100°. For each SSW event described in this paper, we investigated the ionospheric response over different zones of stratospheric circulation. The longitudinal resolution of the ionosonde chain was about 20°, which is better than resolution of the COSMIC data on these latitudes used earlier for analyses of ionospheric response to SSW events (Pancheva and Mukhtarov 2011).
Chau et al. (2009) determined that the ionospheric response to SSWs is caused mainly by variability of the vertical plasma drifts due to the disturbed wind system. Together with influence from the upper atmosphere, the wind system in the lower thermosphere is shaped largely by tides forced from below. The ionospheric response can be connected with enhancement of tides during the SSWs, which leads to changes in the diurnal variability of the ionospheric parameters. Hence, we selected average characteristics of the ionosphere that do not depend on the short time scale irregularities presented in the winter ionosphere.
To investigate the day-to-day variability of the ionosphere at different geographical points, we averaged the foF2 and hmF2 data over 6-h intervals in the vicinity of local noon and local midnight at each site. The typical time resolution of the ionosondes is 15 min; thus, 24 data points during the day and night were averaged. Poor data quality resulted in the absence of 3% to 30% of data at different sites. The standard deviation of the plots presented below characterizes the variability of parameters in the considered time intervals. For both events presented in this study, we considered ionosonde data for a time interval of 1 December to 31 January. Data from an auroral ionosonde in Norilsk were used for control of geomagnetic activity.
Observatories in Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Norilsk are equipped with modern DPS-4 ionosondes, and their software can provide the actual height of maximum hmF2. Observatories in Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Paratunka use old-generation ionosondes; this equipment in standard mode provides the virtual height of only the F2 layer (i.e., h'F2) determined from ionograms. This difference is not critical for the purpose of the present study because we focus on the variations of these parameters. However, the absolute values of h'F2 on plots may differ from those of hmF2. We used hmF2, implying h'F2 for old-generation equipment.
During both SSW events, the auroral ionosonde in Norilsk did not show blackout ionograms in the daytime that occur during geomagnetic disturbances. Therefore, we concluded that the geomagnetic activity could be considered as undisturbed. Figures 3 and 4 display geomagnetic and solar activity variations for SSW 2008 to 2009 and SSW 2012 to 2013, respectively. The upper and bottom plots indicate a summary of Kp and F10.7 indices, respectively.
Geomagnetic and solar activity variations for SSW 2008 to 2009.
Geomagnetic and solar activity variations for SSW 2012 to 2013.
The SSW in December 2008 to January 2009 developed during very low solar and geomagnetic activity, which provided the best conditions for analysis of atmosphere-ionosphere coupling. As shown in Figure 3, the geomagnetic activity during this event was quiet. The summary Kp did not exceed 25, and the solar activity index F10.7 was less than 70.
Figure 5 shows variations of the averaged daytime foF2 and hmF2 from five high-midlatitude Russian ionosondes for SSW 2008 to 2009. Placed on plot in accordance with their longitudes, these ionosondes include Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Paratunka; their positions are also shown in Figure 2. Vertical dashed lines show the time interval in which the CPV shifted from the pole, divided in pairs, and decayed. Figure 6 shows the same type of variations of foF2 and hmF2 at nighttime. As shown in these figures, even the averaged daytime and nighttime ionospheric parameters show significant day-to-day variations due to tidal activity and geomagnetic variations. We averaged the ionospheric foF2 and hmF2 parameters around noon and midnight local time for each site; we suggest that the tidal and geomagnetic variations must be approximately identical for every site in the chain. Hence, for investigating the SSW-induced variations, we focused on dynamics that differ among site. Moreover, we determined that 6-h averaging significantly reduces the influence of gravity waves with periods of 0.5 to 2 h.
Variations of the averaged daytime f o F2 and h m F2 from five high-midlatitude Russian ionosondes for SSW 2008 to 2009.
Same as Figure 5 but for averaged nighttime variations.
Variations of foF2 at daytime (Figure 5) demonstrate obvious longitudinal difference when eastern stations of Paratunka and Yakutsk show negative variations with minimums near day 55 (24 January). In Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Irkutsk, positive response occurred before day 55, and the negative effect occurred in days 55 to 60. The ionosonde in Yakutsk also showed an increase in hmF2 in the main phase of the event. A problem with the DPS-4 antenna in Yakutsk before 15 January resulted in the availability of only a few data points in day and night, which is shown by large error bars in the plots.
Nighttime variations (Figure 6) show slight increases in foF2 in Novosibirsk and Irkutsk and decreases in Yakutsk and Paratunka. The differences in nighttime hmF2 variations were more pronounced with negative response in Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Irkutsk and high positive response (at 50 to 60 km) in Yakutsk during the 6-day period; no clear response was shown in Paratunka. Such abrupt longitudinal irregularity of the ionosphere in midlatitudes during quiet geomagnetic conditions was unexpected and may be explained only by the dynamics of the neutral atmosphere below. We used a classical approach (Rishbeth 1998) for explanation of ionospheric variations by changing the molecular gas density in the lower thermosphere. In diffusion equilibrium conditions, if some process transports molecular gas to the lower thermosphere, it then results in a decrease in foF2 and an increase in hmF2. If the molecular gas density in the lower thermosphere decreases, the reverse is true.
The left bottom panel in Figure 2 shows that highest variations of ionospheric parameters appear above the region in which stratospheric cyclones and anticyclones collide and move poleward together. This active region is usually a zone of stratospheric heating and can likely generate internal gravity waves (IGW) that can propagate to higher altitudes. The IGWs can induce vertical transport of atmospheric constituents in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region (e.g., Gardner and Liu 2010) and may have fountain effects that include movement of molecular gas to the lower thermosphere. However, the local increase in hmF2 by 50 to 60 km in Yakutsk during the 6-day period is an excessively large effect to be explained by influence of IGW activity.
Moreover, a relatively short decrease in hmF2 both in day (Figure 5) and night (Figure 6) was observed over the center of the stratospheric cyclone in Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk and partially in Irkutsk (days 53 to 55) when an increase in hmF2 was observed in Yakutsk. Classical works (e.g., Gill 1982) show that the low-pressure region in the center of an atmospheric cyclone involves molecular particles of circulation from the center to the jet stream. Atomic oxygen and nitrogen in the lower ionosphere do not participate in this volumetric process due to the absence of molecular viscosity. Hence, pulldown forcing occurs above the center of a stratospheric cyclone. This process decreases the density of the molecular species in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, which results in a decrease in hmF2 and an increase in foF2. Because the positions of stratospheric circulation patterns change slightly from day to night, the Irkutsk ionosonde shows day-to-day variations that correlate at different times with those of Yakutsk and Novosibirsk.
The SSW in December 2012 to January 2013 developed during a higher solar activity period than that of SSW 2008 to 2009. As shown in Figure 4, the geomagnetic activity during this event was quiet. The summary Kp did not exceed 25 during the event, and the solar activity index showed an increase in solar flux from approximately 100 to approximately 160 observed by all ionosondes as a gradual increase in foF2 in the daytime.
SSW 2012 to 2013 appeared as a significant shift of the circumpolar vortex from the northern pole that created the two-vortex structure (Figure 2). Figures 7 and 8 present day-to-day variations of the ionosphere parameters in the same manner as those in Figures 5 and 6.
Variations of the averaged daytime f o F2 and h m F2 from five high-midlatitude Russian ionosondes for SSW 2012 to 2013.
Same as Figure 7 but for averaged nighttime variations.
During the main phase of this event (1 to 9 January), a cyclonic cell formed over Yekaterinburg. Variations of daytime foF2 at this site were largest of all ionosondes in this study (Figure 7). On 4 January, a sharp decrease in foF2 (approximately 1 MHz) and an increase in hmF2 (approximately 30 km) occurred that were not observed at the other stations. Subsequently, an increase of more than approximately 2 MHz foF2 was observed during a 3-day period with an insignificant decrease in hmF2. The effects of daytime foF2 increases and small hmF2 decreases were observed in all sites except Paratunka. Variations of nighttime foF2 (Figure 8) were positive in Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and Irkutsk and negative in Yakutsk and Paratunka. Moreover, the decrease in nighttime hmF2 observed in Yakutsk with simultaneous lowering of foF2 was highly unusual.
The growth of foF2 in the SSW 2012 to 2013 event in particular can be attributed to increases in solar radiance during this period, which is evident in F10.7 index variations (Figure 4). However, this effect must be the same for all sites. More reasonable explanation of uneven longitudinal structure of the ionosphere can be determined from analysis of the atmosphere pressure distribution, which can be estimated from UKMO geopotential height data. Figure 9 shows variations of 10 hPa pressure level heights, hereinafter referred to as 10 hPa height (in meters), along 55°N latitude. A zero value corresponds to undisturbed height at approximately 31 km. Large (low) 10 hPa height indicates a low-pressure (high-pressure) area representing a stratospheric cyclone (anticyclone). Plots in the figure shows 10 hPa height for 30 December (blue line) just before the SSW event, 3 January (red line) during the event, and 20 January (black line) during relatively normal conditions. Additional dashed lines in the figure represent longitudes of ionosondes.
Variations of 10-hPa pressure level heights along 55°N latitude. Dashed lines represent longitudes of ionosondes.
We suggest that the altitude distribution of molecular gas is exponential and that spatial variation of pressure in the stratosphere produces similar spatial variation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. It is obvious that the Yekaterinburg site has favorable conditions for involving molecular species from the lower thermosphere, which leads increases in foF2. This effect was weaker at Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, and Yakutsk and minimal at Paratunka. Variations observed during SSW 2012 to 2013 may be the combined effect of F10.7 increase and CPV division. Increases in solar radiation flux effects generally appear at daytime; neutral atmosphere circulation only modulates this process on latitudes. At nighttime, dynamics similar to those observed during SSW 2008 to 2009 occur with positive (negative) foF2 effects above the cyclone (high-pressure zone) at Yekaterinburg (Yakutsk and Paratunka).
The two SSW events occurring in winters of 2008 to 2009 and 2012 to 2013 are powerful events that were registered in epochs of well-developed instrumental observations of the middle atmosphere and ionosphere. These phenomena allowed for joint analyses of neutral atmosphere and ionosphere parameters. However, satellite data for ionosphere parameters such as FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data cannot replace ionosonde chain data when the investigated phenomena require good spatial resolution. When preparing experimental data for this study, we attempted to obtain ionosonde data from American/Canadian sectors and we were surprised by the absence of high-midlatitude stations in these regions. For the present study, the fact that some observatories use old-generation equipment was unimportant; rather, the critical factor was that the Russian ionosonde chain is continuous.
The main conclusion of the present study is an obvious dependence between stratospheric circulation structures and ionosphere dynamics. The midlatitude ionosphere in winter may be affected by large-scale stratospheric processes, and its longitudinal structure may be significantly uneven during a period of several days.
From the results of the present study, we were unable to definitively determine the stratosphere-mesosphere-ionosphere transport processes responsible for the observed ionosphere-neutral atmosphere coupling. To make a definite conclusion, analysis of the mesosphere data on vertical drift and IGWs is required.
The effect of foF2 increases above the center of a cyclone can be explained by pulldown forcing, which is in agreement with classical theory of atmospheric dynamics. However, the effects of local enhancement of hmF2 in Yakutsk for a few days during SSW 2008 to 2009 differed significantly from usual ionospheric variations observed in other atmospheric and geomagnetic conditions. If the effects are similar to the fountain effect, the mechanism for its explanation should be determined. If the effects are similar to those of IGW forcing, it is necessary to explain why these waves are highly localized and do not propagate to other latitudes or longitudes, which is usually observed in ionospheric experiments.
In any case, the results of this study require additional investigations of SSW phenomena involving new experimental data on the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The latitudinal chain of ionosondes can be also extended by including European ionosonde stations.
The work was conducted in the frame of the joint Russian-Bulgarian project 'Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling during Sudden Stratospheric Warming.' This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grants RFBR No. 13-05-00292 and 14-05-00259). We are grateful to the UKMO and the BADC for providing access to the data on http://www.badc.rl.ac.uk/data/assim. We also thank E. Sutyrina for providing a graphical presentation of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.
BS carried out the joint ionosonde data processing and drafted the manuscript. DP and PM provided UKMO data processing and helped draft the manuscript. VK organized the coordinated observation on ionosonde chain and helped draft the manuscript. MC was responsible for NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data presentation. The ionosonde chain team provided data from SG - Yekaterinburg; AB - Novosibirsk; KR - Irkutsk, Norilsk; AS - Yakutsk; and VB - Paratunka. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


I can't recall the last time a fantastic modern Italian restaurant opened in the heart of Sydney's CBD. The recent restaurant openings seem to fall into three categories – Modern Australian, French or Asian. Lot 1 is an overdue and welcome addition. We decided to visit #sydney's newest addiction on a girl's night out to see what all the hype was about and addicted we quickly became.
Lot 1 is a funky three level cafe, restaurant and bar with a buzzing Merivale type atmosphere. It has a winning formula of fantastic food (designed by celebrity chef Adam Swanson), stunning sandstone and ironbark timber interiors and a bustling atmosphere.
We opted for the 7 course sharing menu for $90pp in order to sample all the signature Italian dishes suggested by our very friendly and knowledgable waitress. Two of my favourite gluten free courses came out first – creamy gooey burrata affumicata with herb oil, smoked leek and tomato followed by scallops with cauliflower, pistachio granola and prosciutto. Both dishes were outstanding. The seasonal produce was of the highest quality and both dishes were crammed with authentic Italian flavours.
Our winter warmer beef cheeks served with chianti, carrot and radicchio were hearty and comforting but the meltingly tender slow cooked lamb shoulder was the clear winner at our table. I guess it always helps when you have a side of crispy polenta chips with pecorino and aioli to mop up the intensely flavoured jus.
To finish I enjoyed a light and refreshing strawberries and cream dessert with basil ice cream (savoury ice cream seems to be a 'thing' right now) whilst my gluten enabled friends devoured the signature tiramisu which they advised was one of the best they had ever eaten. At this point I was very jealous but so full and deeply satisfied that I didn't mind too much.
Perfect for a city business lunch or night out with a group of friends, Lot 1 will appeal to all types and will be a permanent fixture on the Sydney social scene. Don't forget to kick on after dinner at the uber cool underground bar which may persuade you to stay out later than planned. We will definitely be back.
Stand out dish Creamy burrata affumicata with herb oil, smoked leek and tomato and slow cooked lamb shoulder.
Gluten Free Friendly? Plenty of gluten free options to choose from. The staff are very knowledgable and can make modifications to dishes if required.


The Industrial Technology Centre provides testing services to industry recognized standards and specifications, including the standards listed below. Click the organization link to go directly to the collection of interest.
This Division of Section VIII provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig. Such pressure vessels may be fired or unfired. Specific requirements apply to several classes of material used in pressure vessel construction, and also to fabrication methods such as welding, forging and brazing.
This Section contains rules relating to the qualification of welding, brazing, and fusing procedures as required by other BPVC Sections for component manufacture. It also covers rules relating to the qualification and requalification of welders, brazers, and welding, brazing and fusing machine operators in order that they may perform welding, brazing, or plastic fusing as required by other BPVC Sections in the manufacture of components.
Further information on these and other ASME standards can be found on the ASME web site.
These test methods cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.
This specification covers carbon steel chain for such applications as railroad cars, construction, industrial uses, load binding, and general purposes other than overhead lifting.
This specification covers weldless chain suitable for applications where a light and flexible chain is required. The material may be steel, brass, or bronze.
This specification covers welded carbon steel machine chain and coil chain. Although these chains are not intended for pocket wheel use, they can be used for pocket and sprocket wheel use. This chain shall never be used for overhead lifting applications.
This test method describes the torsion (or twist) testing of metallic wire.
This practice covers the apparatus, procedure, and conditions required to create and maintain the salt spray (fog) test environment. Suitable apparatus which may be used is described in Appendix X1.
This specification covers round, zinc-coated, steel core wire with two classes of zinc coating for use in overhead electrical conductors. This specification covers wire of diameter from 0.0500 to 0.1900 in. or 1.27 to 4.82 mm, inclusive.
These test methods cover the tension testing of wrought and cast aluminum- and magnesium-alloy products, excepting aluminum foil , and are derived from Test Methods E8, which cover the tension testing of all metallic materials.
This test method determines the flatwise tensile strength of the core, the core-to-facing bond, or the facing of an assembled sandwich panel. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
This test method covers determination of the core shear properties of flat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of the sandwich facing planes. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).
These test methods cover the determination of the adhesion strength between plies of fabric bonded with rubber or the adhesion of the rubber layer in articles made from rubber attached to other material. They are applicable only when the adhered surfaces are approximately plane or uniformly circular as in belting, hose, tire carcasses, or rubber-covered sheet metal.
These test methods cover procedures for testing the static adhesional strength of rubber to rigid materials (in most cases metals).
Method A—Rubber Part Assembled Between Two Parallel Metal Plates.
Method B—90° Stripping Test—Rubber Part Assembled to One Metal Plate.
Method C—Measuring Adhesion of Rubber to Metal with a Conical Specimen.
Method D—Adhesion Test—Post-Vulcanization (PV) Bonding of Rubber to Metal.
Method E—90° Stripping Test—Rubber Tank Lining—Assembled to One Metal Plate.
This practice covers the evaluation of the degree of rusting on painted steel surfaces. The visual examples which depict the percentage of rusting given in the written specifications form part of the standard. In the event of a dispute, the written definition prevails. These visual examples were developed in cooperation with SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings to further standardization of methods. The photographs can be used to estimate the percentage of other coating defects on various substrates. This standard does not include evaluation of rust propagation around an initially prepared scribe, score, or holiday.
This test method employs photographic reference standards to evaluate the degree of blistering that may develop when paint systems are subjected to conditions which will cause blistering. While primarily intended for use on metal and other nonporous surfaces, this test method may be used to evaluate blisters on porous surfaces, such as wood, if the size of blisters falls within the scope of these reference standards. When the reference standards are used as a specification of performance, the permissible degree of blistering of the paint system shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.
These test methods cover the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272.
This test method covers the determination of the comparative peel or stripping characteristics of adhesive bonds when tested on standard-sized specimens and under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, and testing machine speed.
This test method covers the treatment of previously painted or coated specimens for accelerated and atmospheric exposure tests and their subsequent evaluation in respect to corrosion, blistering associated with corrosion, loss of adhesion at a scribe mark, or other film failure.
This test method is primarily intended for determining the relative peel resistance of adhesive bonds between flexible adherends by means of a T-type specimen.
This test method covers twelve types of rubber hardness measurement devices known as durometers: Types A, B, C, D, DO, E, M, O, OO, OOO, OOO-S, and R. The procedure for determining indentation hardness of substances classified as thermoplastic elastomers, vulcanized (thermoset) rubber, elastomeric materials, cellular materials, gel-like materials, and some plastics is also described.
This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for xenon-arc exposure of plastics conducted in accordance with Practices G 151 and G 155. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions best suited for plastics, and the evaluation of test results.
This test method covers the determination of indentation hardness of both reinforced and nonreinforced rigid plastics using a Barcol Impressor, Model No. 934-1 and Model No. 935.
This test method is intended to complement Test Method D 1002 and extend its application to single-lap shear adhesive joints of rigid plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastic surface treatments can be compared.
This test method is intended to complement Test Method D 1002 and D 3163 and extend its application to single-lap-shear adhesive joints employing plastic adherends. The test method is useful for generating comparative shear strength data for joints made from a number of plastics. It can also provide a means by which several plastics surface treatments can be compared.
This test method covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness.
This test method covers the determination of the resistance of plastics to breakage by flexural shock, as indicated by the energy extracted from standardized pendulum-type hammers, mounted in standardized machines, in breaking standard specimens with one pendulum swing. The result of this test method is reported as energy absorbed per unit of specimen width.
This test method describes a lap shear test for use in measuring the bonding characteristics of adhesives for joining fiber reinforced plastics to themselves and to metals. The method is applicable to random and fiber oriented FRP.
This test method covers the determination of flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to rigid and semirigid materials. However, flexural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer fibers. This test method utilizes a four point loading system applied to a simply supported beam.
This test method determines the compressive strength and stiffness properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) (1) test fixture. This test method is applicable to general composites that are balanced and symmetric. The specimen may be untabbed (Procedure A) or tabbed (Procedure B), as required. One requirement for a successful test is that the specimen ends do not crush during the test. Untabbed specimens are usually suitable for use with materials of low orthotropy, for example, fabrics, chopped fiber composites, and laminates with a maximum of 50 % 0° plies, or equivalent (see 6.4). Materials of higher orthotropy, including unidirectional composites, typically require tabs.
This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in xenon arc devices conducted according to Practices G151 and G155 . This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results.
This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D 5379/D 5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D 5379/D 5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D 4255/D 4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also in contrast to Test Method D 4255/D 4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
This practice describes the nondestructive measurement of the dry film thickness of nonmagnetic coatings applied to the surface of ferrous metals using magnetic gages and the nondestructive measurement of the dry film thickness of electrically nonconductive, nonmagnetic coatings applied to the surface of nonferrous metals using eddy current gages. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers' instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting (optimizing) the equipment, describes a frequency for measuring the thickness of the coating(s) and lists the reporting recommendations.
These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.
These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X2), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).
These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles.
This test method covers determination of the indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
This test method covers determination of the Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials, the verification of Knoop and Vickers hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized Knoop and Vickers test blocks.
These test methods cover establishment of procedures for conducting tests to determine the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners, washers, direct tension indicators, and rivets.
Further information on these and other ASTM standards can be found on the ASTM web site.
D1.1 spells out the requirements for design, procedures, qualifications, fabrication, inspection and repair of steel structures made of tubes, plate and structural shapes that are subject to either static or cyclic loading.
This code covers the welding requirements for any type structure made from aluminum structural alloys, except for aluminum pressure vessels and pressure piping.
This code covers the welding requirements for AASHTO welded highway bridges made from carbon and low-alloy constructional steels.
Covers requirements for welding stainless steel structural assemblies/components (excluding pressure vessels or pressure piping) using gas metal arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, and stud welding.
This specification provides standards for producing structural welds used in the manufacture of earthmoving, construction, and agricultural equipment.
Further information on these and other AWS standards can be found on the AWS web site.
This Standard describes zinc-coated steel wire strand suitable for use as guys, suspension strand, span wires, and overhead ground wire strand. Overhead ground wire strand for electric power transmission is produced free of wire joints. Included are requirements for Grades 800, 1100, 1300, and 1500 (110, 160, 180, and 220). Zinc coatings for all grades include hot-dip Class A and electro-galvanized Class A, B, or C. Construction features include strands containing 7, 19, or more than 19 wires.
This Standard specifies requirements for two types of hot-rolled deformed carbon steel bars, designated regular (R) and weldable (W). The designation R is used for specifying, ordering, and communication only and is not rolled onto the bar. The designation W is rolled onto the bar (see Clauses 5 and 15). The two types are distinguished by their chemical composition requirements (see Clause 7). The bars can be in cut lengths or coils. Plain bars (Type R only) are also included in this Standard.
This Standard outlines the requirements that apply, unless otherwise specified in a purchase order or individual standard, to structural quality steel plates, shapes, sheet, sheet piling, cold-formed channels, hollow sections, Z sections, and bars conforming to the requirements of CSA G40.21. Tables 11(a) to (h) of CSA G40.21 provide information on the dimensions and mass (weight) per unit length of structural shapes and sections commonly used in the construction of steel buildings and bridges.
This Standard provides the requirements for the certification of companies engaged in the fusion welding of steel and the qualification of their personnel and welding procedures. Notes: (1) Certification may be mandatory or voluntary. (2) This Standard is not intended for applications governed by codes such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and codes of the American Petroleum Institute (API).
This Standard provides the requirements for the certification of companies engaged in the fusion welding of aluminum and for the qualification of their personnel and welding procedures.
Note: This Standard is not intended for applications governed by codes such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and codes of the American Petroleum Institute (API).
This Standard applies to: (a) the design, fabrication, and inspection of welded connections utilizing deformed reinforcing bars and to the certification of companies involved in such work; (b) welding of deformed reinforcing bars (except for pre- stressing steel or for bar or rod mats for which the welding is covered by the manufacturing specification) either directly to each other or through splice members; and, (c) welding of deformed reinforcing bars to structural steel members used as anchorages in precast or cast-in-place concrete construction either in the fabricating shop or in the field.
Further information on these and other CSA standards can be found on the CSA web site.
This standard establishes requirements for the retention of windows other than windshields in buses, and establishes operating forces, opening dimensions, and markings for bus emergency exits. The purpose of this standard is to minimize the likelihood of occupants being thrown from the bus and to provide a means of readily accessible emergency egress.
This standard specifies burn resistance requirements for materials used in the occupant compartments of motor vehicles. Its purpose is to reduce deaths and injuries to motor vehicle occupants caused by vehicle fires, especially those originating in the interior of the vehicle from sources such as matches or cigarettes.
*Further information on these and other FMVSS standards can be found In the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 – Transportation.
This standard provides general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of the methods of exposure described in detail in subsequent parts. It also describes and recommends procedures for determining irradiance and radiant exposure.
This standard specifies methods for exposing specimens to xenon-arc light in the presence of moisture to reproduce the weathering effects (temperature, humidity and/or wetting) that occur when materials are exposed in actual end-use environments to daylight or to daylight filtered through window glass.
This standard specifies a procedure for exposing paint coatings to artificial weathering in xenon-arc lamp apparatus, including the action of liquid water and water vapour. The effects of this weathering are evaluated separately by comparative determination of selected parameters before, during and after weathering.
Further information on these and other ISO standards can be found on the ISO web site.
This SAE Standard pertains to automotive vehicles and off-road, self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agriculture, forestry, and specialized mining machinery. This standard does not address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Purpose This test method is intended for burning rate measurement of polymeric materials used in the operator and passenger compartments as specified by the applicable standard. SAE J369 is technically equivalent to ISO 3795, ASTM D 5132 and FMVSS 302.
This SAE Standard covers the mechanical and material requirements for inch-series steel bolts, screws, studs, sems, and U-bolts used in automotive and related industries in sizes to 1-1/2 in inclusive. The term "stud" as referred to herein applies to a cylindrical rod of moderate length threaded on either one or both ends or throughout its entire length. It does not apply to headed, collared, or similar products which are more closely characterized by requirements shown herein for bolts. The mechanical properties included in Table 1 were compiled at an ambient temperature of approximately 20 °C (68 °F). These properties are valid within a temperature range which depends upon the material grade used and thermal and mechanical processing. Other properties such as fatigue behavior, corrosion resistance, impact properties, etc., are beyond the scope of this document and responsibility for ensuring the acceptability of the product for applications where conditions warrant consideration of these other properties must be borne by the end user.
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for free-spooling may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control free-spooling, but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even though they may be supplied or recommended by the winch manufacturer, are not considered a part of the winch so far as this document is concerned, except to whatever extent they are a part of the brake system.
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document establishes performance requirements for headlamps.
This SAE Recommended Practice provides headlamp beam pattern test points for harmonized low and high beam headlamp beam patterns that incorporate elements of European, Asian, and U.S. photometric tables. These photometric tables are optional for those found in SAE J1383.
Further information on these and other SAE standards can be found on the SAE web site.


"Enjoy these celebratory brownies, great for when you're feeling festive."
Preheat oven to 325 degrees F and line a 8" x 8" square pan with non-stick aluminum foil.
Combine cupcake mix, egg yolks, melted butter, water, and corn syrup. Transfer batter to prepared pan.
Bake for 35 minutes or until toothpick inserted into pan comes out clean.


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text:
Cloverdale Curling
Pressure grows for disability support
A B.C. Liberal MLA has joined opposition calls for an overhaul of services to developmentally disabled people.
Oct. 17, 2011 3:00 p.m.
Premier Christy Clark and Social Development MInister Stephanie Cadieux are under fire over growing caseloads and turmoil at Community Living B.C.
VICTORIA – A B.C. Liberal MLA has joined opposition calls for an overhaul of services to developmentally disabled people, as the provincial agency responsible struggles with a growing and aging caseload.
NDP MLAs called in the legislature Monday for an outside review of Community Living B.C., the agency responsible for developmentally disabled people once they are adults. B.C. Liberal MLA Randy Hawes rejected the NDP motion as "too simplistic," but said his constituents need more help than they are getting.
"There are people who have looked after their kids forever, and they're aging out," Hawes told reporters after an emotional debate in the legislature. "They're 80 years old with 50- and 60-year-old children who need to have some service, and we never knew they existed."
The board of directors of Community Living B.C. fired CEO Rick Mowles on Friday, after a series of controversies including the announced closure of a work program for developmentally disabled people at a recycling facility in Maple Ridge. CLBC has been phasing out some group homes as facilities and residents have aged, moving to home-share arrangements with contracted caregivers.
During legislature debate, Hawes described one family whose developmentally disabled son grew to more than six feet tall and became violent as he reached his 20s. He was put in a home-share but that lasted only two weeks.
"It was a fight, a real hard fight, to find a space for him," Hawes said. "Definitely, he has to be in a group home."
Surrey-Panorama MLA Stephanie Cadieux was appointed social development minister in September, replacing Burnaby-Lougheed MLA Harry Bloy in the ministry responsible for CLBC. Cadieux said Monday she supports the CLBC board's decision to make changes, and she does not agree with the NDP's demand for an outside review of the agency's operation.
"That's my job as minister, to dig in and see what's going on," Cadieux said. "I'm doing that."
In question period, NDP MLAs continued to hammer the government over the closure of 65 group homes and the growing wait list for CLBC services. Developmentally disabled children receive support from the Ministry of Children and Families until they turn 19, and then must apply to CLBC.
Hawes described one constituent, a man in his 70s with a developmentally disabled son in his 50s. His wife now suffers from Alzheimer's disease, and the man told Hawes his three days of respite care are no longer enough.
Surrey school meal programs suffering
Province moves to raise gas tax for TransLink
Surrey Board of Trade fears SkyTrain expansion will impede other transit needs
'We need transit improvements in all of Surrey,' Anita Huberman says
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I have very clear ideas - BUT - come on what is the solution - How would you GET us into the play offs ?
can we just put in the fishing emoji now and close this thread?
Oh I am being totally serious. If you don't have a feckin answer then stop posting criticism.
There isn't a master stroke SA - and perhaps even you could chip in with a believable solution for once - I suspect that you may even be capable.
Most successful teams have a way of playing, be it a settled team, formation or tactics. For the last few seasons, it's hard to know which way we are going to play from game to game, is it going to be long ball, play narrow through the middle or stretch the opposition back line by playing wide. You could say if we don't know, the opposition won't know, and it could be to our benefit, but it's not working. In my opinion, we play better and have more success with widemen. We create loads more chances when we can get behind their defence and put balls into the box, and if we stretch their back four as wide as possible by hugging the touchline, we will create space for our attacking midfielders to exploit. Players then need to know the system and where to slot in if a regular is out injured or suspended. We need to work on a settled system in training and sign players to play that system and let the other teams worry about our attacking ability. The players at the moment seem to be lost as to where and what they are supposed to be doing. I have no idea what formation we were supposed to be playing in the second half against Partick and neither did the players it seemed. I know it has a lot to do with the quality that we have at our disposal now, but I am a firm believer that if you set your team up well, you can give anyone a run for their money.
Great post Juggernaut and I am almost 100% in agreement. Does anyone disagree ? Lets just go for another pisss off about this forum. Loads of criticism BUT when was the last time that we had a pre-match thread talking about what formation and what team that we should play. It rarely happens these days. I suspect that no poster actually knows their first eleven ? So lets start at he back - 3 or 4 - Who would your first choice be and who would your back ups be ?
If the goalie and back 4 are fit then the only choice to make is whether to play Rooney or McKay at right -back. I'd go for Rooney because he's more a threat going forward. It's clearly an area we need to strengthen in - teams have been targeting us down that side all season, though you'd like to think Donaldson moving to right centre-back would make us more solid there. With McCart looking decent, I don't see any reason to consider a back 3.
We should forget the play offs and if we did get there great but we aren't in a position I feel to win promotion and certainly not got the basis of a squad that could even stay there - we'd end up recruiting over paid jobbers just to try. The remainder of the season needs to be giving youth and playing time and developing experience and tactics based on who we have for next year.
If everyone's fit, then there are decisions to be made in the midfield. Robbo started the season with a lopsided 4, and has returned to it over the past few games - with a wide-man on the left (preferably Walsh but Doran was good there last week) and Polly tucking inside from the right leaving space for Rooney's runs. My problem with this shape until now is that it stunts Polly - I've seen him drift out of games there although I hear he was good at Ayr in what I assume was that position. The other problem with it is that Chalmers and Welsh (who I think are both playing to the top of their capabilities) are not creative enough to start attacks from the centre.
I prefer the 4-2-3-1 that we've been playing with for most of the season, just because it gives Polly more freedom. But I can see why it just isn't an option without Walsh's pace. The way injuries have kicked in recently, I think Robbo's had to tweak things according to the personnel at his disposal. Hence we ended up with Brad bombing forward on the right today and Joe out the left for a spell. Sounds awful but that's where we are. Well-positioned for a play-off spot in spite of it all. Well done Robbo!
We have only a mid-table wage budget and given that constraint we are certainly not doing any worse than we should expect. Out transfer activity consists of fishing in small ponds rather than the lochs and rivers we enjoyed for many years, and as a result we have the lowest quality squad of players we have had this century.
However, there is still enough quality there to get us into the playoffs as evidenced by the fact that our really strong away record shows that these players have enough technical ability and organisation to be one of the very best teams in the league.
Our failing is our atrocious home form. The squad has the capability to win far more of these matches, but the fact that they can win away but not at home surely points largely to the manager - tactics, selection and motivation.
I've no idea. I've never posted much about tactics, formations and such in all the years I've been on here. Simply because I don't feel I know enough about it to offer a competent opinion. The level that I'm at just now is my daughter's primary school team coach which is probably my level.
That said whatever we're doing at the moment clearly isn't working. We should have had a good confidence boost beating Ayr however that 1st half performance today was among the most haphazard, listless dirge I've ever had the misfortune of watching. Lack of any discernible shape or width. Players looked disinterested and were second to most balls. Second half was a bit better but aside from our goal did we even have a shot on target?
Anyway yes the fans are poor, quiet and overly whiney but when they've seen, what 2 wins all season, your players look like they're going through the motions and are 2 down at home to a team that I don't think have won away from home for like 8 months it's not surprising.
We look like a team bereft of confidence, ideas or belief. I've absolutely no idea how to sort that.
Our poor home form points to an inability to break teams down when they don't show the initiative. All of our creative players (all 3 of them) seem to need a bit of space to produce, and every team in the division is happy to leave Inverness with a point.
Ridgers if fit. Donaldson and Mccart in CB, Rooney & Tremarco. Mid would be Polworth, Chalmers and possibly rotate Welsh with Trafford. Controversial I know.... Up top, I'm old fashioned and would have Walsh (if fit obvs), and either Macauley or Dorian with Jordan or Fash. Ideally I'd have Wilson Robertson, Ray Mackintosh and Billy Urquhart up top but we must not live in the past...... Honestly for me our best football - not necessarily results mind - have been when we have width and I think we always play badly when we are narrow. Interesting to see all the thoughts and obvs a formation must be fluid to match the circumstances on the day.
What's the point in reaching the playoffs.anything gained from it will be sold off and used to pay Ritchie foran in his new business venture.i won't be back until the board start telling the truth about the shambles that's going on behind closed doors.
Whats the point in reaching the play offs ? Good feckin question. I honestly do not think that we expected to and this was going to be a year of consolidation - mainly in a financial sense - and that is why we have the current Board. I am however beginning to want the "books" to be explained. There has to be a clear, albeit rigid business plan in place. Some fine posts on this thread. I think that it must be obvious who the first choice back five should be - Ridgers, Rooney, Donaldson, McCart and Tremarco. I feel a bit sorry for Brad MacKay as he has needed to fill in a few positions this season. He also appears to have become the scapegoat and the main target of crowd derision. Polly can make a mistake or two in a game but a defender cant. BUT what can Robbo do when he has Ridgers, Donaldson and Tremarco out at the same time. Me I might have considered putting the old head of Welsh into the central defence. I also feel that Robbo does have a point about the home crowd although that is not the main reason for the poor home form. Would I be right in saying that our away record has often surpassed our home record over a period of years ? Midfield I feel is a first choice of Polworth, Chalmers, Welsh and Walsh. But again it is the dilemma of who to play when we lose one of them. At the moment we are missing Walsh and his probable first choice replacement Doran. I would have hoped that we could be giving the likes of McGregor and Daniel McKay (where is he up to ?) and it puzzles me as to the loan signing of McDonald. Only time will tell but it appears that he was hooked and that will not do his confidence any good. Is he too lightweight for the Championship ? (Now that could be a bad bit of business). I have no doubt that McCauley will start the next game but in what position. He sounds very, very much like Walsh to me. Have we signed him as an out and out forward and a replacement for Oakley ? And who do we put up front with him. I really don't know. Do we go height and pace or pace and pace. Oh and finally remember that to begin with yesterday Robbo did NOT have Ridgers, Donaldson, Tremarco, Walsh, Doran or Danny McKay available. I bet that most posters would have at least 4 of them starting every week.
Out transfer activity consists of fishing in small ponds rather than the lochs and rivers we enjoyed for many years, and as a result we have the lowest quality squad of players we have had this century.
Disappointed that you didn't carry on to say that C(o)unty and United are fishing in the North Sea.
. I have no doubt that McCauley will start the next game but in what position. He sounds very, very much like Walsh to me.
He's a big physical player, not speedy and nimble like Walsh. Didn't seem to have the pace to take the RB on the outside and tended to cut in. Trying to think what big wingers he reminds me of. Physically he's like Gazza.
We could easily use them on both wings though. Walsh was brilliant against C(o)unty when he switched to the right. McCauley might also do as a striker. In his 25 mins at Falkirk he was all over the left side and the centre and got one or two shots in.
Do we go height and pace or pace and pace.
We don't have enough pace for pace and pace.
Even our height is handicapped by being rooted to the deck.
Oh no your gonna have Gregor aka Jordan hunting u down beware!!
Madness Noel Gallagher and soon to be announced kaiser chiefs playing inverness why o why are the board not cashing in on this.one thing comes to mind mismanagement.
Indeed. Many a successful football empire has been built on hosting gigs during the summer months.
A valid point. There is an view that the pitch has been deteriorating ever since the under soil heating went in and it is now at a stage where major work needs to be done or we may suffer multiple postponements due to a waterlogged pitch. Whilst not a great fan of artificial surfaces, there is no doubt that they are far better than they used to be and an artificial surface would lend itself far better to the venue being used for a range of other events. There must be a significant potential in the Inverness area for one-off events which require seating for well over 1000 customers and there may be a real opportunity for the club here.


Home Prints Lieut. Governor John Wentworth.
Creator(s) B.W. Thayer & Co.
Title Lieut. Governor John Wentworth.
Publishing details Boston : B.W. Thayer & Cos Lith.
Physical Description 1 print : lithograph, b&w ; image 8.3 x 7.7 cm., sheet 23.8 x 14.4 cm.
Summary A portrait of John Wentworth. B.F. [Bromfield Fund?] May 1911. #1102. #70562.


When doing DNA origami to form lots of atomically precise nanoscale parts with different shapes/topologies there's the need to mix a lot of different combinations of a lot of different DNA oligomeres.
AFAIK currently for such large scale mixing projects robotic pipetting systems are used that are not easily accessible.
Microfluidic systems may have the potential to replace such huge and expensive robotic pipetting systems.
Here's some new work investigating in how far cheap FDM printing can be used for microfluidics.
and I now think that this technology will pretty much for certain play a major role in the development towards HT-APM.
Maybe a cost level can be reached that is affordable even for hacker-spaces.
The main remaining cost point are the "vitamins" around the passive channel structures (like among many others pumps).
Beside reducing the costs significantly microfluidics also increase operation speed by several orders of magnitude.
This makes unguided bottom up construction of larger nanosystems much more realistic.
By now there are lost of videos demonstrating microfluidic principles (bubble handling) on youtube. Very interesting!
Step 1a) Start with N streams of DNA oglionucleotides (= short DNA snippets) and mix them into the accumulating droplets of M droplet streams. (The droplets grow very pretty big and essentially become stream-segments). For each steam M_i some N_j are retained (How?) the rest passes and mixes.
Step 1b) The M resulting streams (that deliver consecutive long stream-segments) then are routed through long individual circuits for first internal mixing and then following annealing.
Step 3) Extract the product assemblies and analyze the results.
discrete element microfluidic designs that where presented in the papers  and  (linked below) to OpenSCAD.
2) print the systems components even on cheap FDM printers (which can be tuned to be sufficient for the job as shown in paper ).


text:
Trump says Cohen asked 'directly' for a pardon, lied to Congress about it
Home 2019 March 8 Trump says Cohen asked 'directly' for a pardon, lied to Congress about it
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March 8, 2019, 4:58 PM UTC
By Jonathan Allen
WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump said Friday that his former fixer Michael Cohen directly asked him for a pardon, in contradiction of statements Cohen made under oath before a House committee last week.
"Bad lawyer and fraudster Michael Cohen said under sworn testimony that he never asked for a Pardon," Trump tweeted on his way to visit tornado-devastated Alabama. "His lawyers totally contradicted him. He lied! Additionally, he directly asked me for a pardon. I said NO. He lied again! He also badly wanted to work at the White House. He lied!"
March 7, 201906:56
Trump and his allies have been trying to undermine the credibility of Cohen, his onetime friend and personal lawyer, who pleaded guilty last year to lying to Congress about his efforts to secure a Trump development project in Moscow and campaign-finance violations stemming from hush-money payments he made in relation to allegations that Trump was unfaithful to his wife.
The Trump Moscow project has been an item of interest for special counsel Robert Mueller and congressional investigators looking into links between the Trump operation and Russia.
Cohen fired back on the same platform, invoking the names of two women who received money in exchange for their silence.
"Just another set of lies by @POTUS @realdonaldtrump. Mr. President…let me remind you that today is#InternationalWomensDay," Cohen tweeted. "You may want use today to apologize for your own #lies and #DirtyDeeds to women like Karen McDougal and Stephanie Clifford."
White House press secretary Sarah Sanders did not immediately respond to a request for comment about where, when and how Cohen asked Trump "directly" for a pardon.
Cohen attorney Lanny Davis said Thursday that Cohen, through his lawyer at the time, had inquired about the possibility of a pardon when he was still part of the president's orbit — before deciding on July 2, 2018, to leave a "joint defense group" and pursue a legal strategy that involved making allegations against the president.
"During that time period, he directed his attorney to explore possibilities of a pardon at one point with Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani as well as other lawyers advising President Trump," Davis said in a statement.
But last week, when he testified before the House Oversight and Reform Committee, Cohen said he never asked Trump to let him off the legal hook. He made the assertion as part of an opening statement in which he sought to persuade his audience that, while he had been convicted of lying to Congress, he no longer had any inclination to do so.
"For those who question my motives for being here today, I understand," he said. "I have lied, but I am not a liar. I have done bad things, but I am not a bad man. I have fixed things, but I am no longer your 'fixer,' Mr. Trump."
Cohen added, "I have never asked for, nor would I accept, a pardon from President Trump."
Cohen also testified that he did not want to work in the White House — a point of contention between him and Trump, who says that Cohen sought employment there after the 2016 election.
Jonathan Allen is a Washington-based national political reporter for NBC News who focuses on the presidency.
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Home / o a p / What You Don't Know About Tboss And Bisola! The Big Brother House Mates
What You Don't Know About Tboss And Bisola! The Big Brother House Mates
tycoonsupdates 21:39:00 o a p Edit
Tboss has been all over my timeline. There's a passionate campaign from women I actually like- Amanda and Olaide, to accumulate as many votes as humanly possible to keep the woman in the Big Brother house.
With the passion they have invested in this, I think it is right to call her Tbuzzzzzzz.
Buzzzzzzing all over social media.
Curiosity won! I check in on #BBNaija every Sunday, in the last two weeks to watch the eviction show. Unfortunately I missed all the kisses, the bare breasts, sexual assault and Ebuka's bulge (*coughs)...
But what I have not missed watching the updates and you tube moments is the profound level of disgust and deep seated hate and/or envy Bisola has for Tboss.
And like a typical woman, she manages to amass support for her well camouflaged but firmly established discomfort for another woman by turning the tables ever so often to the direction of her bitterness by making the other woman (Tboss) the centre of every hate discussion, every hostile comment, every resentful speech, every mocking rumour/whisper...
Because Bisola thinks she can hide her own inadequacies and insecurities and possible shame under the froth of contempt she is creating around Tboss.
But like every lather, it will finally perish. And the rest of the world (at least the discerning, albeit a few) will be able to see what dirty water lurks beneath. Whitewash.
Just in case you don't understand where I'm headed...
I hate women like Bisola. I have spent the last two years deleting them from my life.
What she represents is everything I have despised for years.
I am indifferent about Tboss. But I will survive lunch and a movie and easy friendship with her.
Bisola? I will dine with a shark instead.
Bisola has a bigger chance to win this money. Because Bisola represents the kind of woman Nigerians can tolerate.
Tboss, on the other hand, makes y'all uncomfortable, uneasy. We just don't like people who are different from what we see around us- idiosyncracies and all.
"She's fake," one (other) customer at a salon screamed as #BBNaija was on.
"Why?" I asked, "Because she reminds you of something you like to admire from a distance?"
"Who told you she is beautiful!" She screamed louder.
"Who told you I was speaking of beauty?!" I screamed back.
You hate her because she doesn't remind you of anyone you know. You want her to dance. You want her to sing. You want her to sit around and do stuff like everyone else.
And the woman has refused to fit into your tiny Nigerian box.
What can be realer than that?
Tboss will leave eventually, but let it be known... she is beautiful just the way she is.
And the rest of you can have your typical meal for lunch.
Written By Joy Isi Bewaji


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Klasyczny promień elektronu – stała fizyczna znana również jako promień Lorentza lub długość rozpraszania Thomsona. Wartość opiera się na klasycznym założeniu, że masa elektronu pochodzi z energii jego pola elektrostatycznego. Jego wartość wynosi:

gdzie:
  – ładunek elektronu,
  – masa elektronu,
  – prędkość światła w próżni,
  – przenikalność elektryczna próżni.

Historia
J.J. Thomson zauważył w roku 1881, że pole elektromagnetyczne poruszającej się ruchem jednostajnym z prędkością  cząstki naładowanej niesie energię kinetyczną równą:

gdzie  jest promieniem cząstki, zaś  pewną stałą rzędu jedności, zależną od rozkładu ładunku elektrycznego wewnątrz cząstki. Pole zachowuje się więc, jakby miało masę bezwładną

Cząstka naładowana będzie się więc zachowywała, jakby jej masa była sumą jej "własnej" masy  i obliczonej powyżej "masy elektromagnetycznej"

Kuszące teoretycznie było w tej sytuacji założenie, że cała masa elektronu (który wówczas jeszcze był obiektem hipotetycznym – "atomem elektryczności") jest pochodzenia elektromagnetycznego, czyli postawienie w ostatnim wzorze  Znając, zmierzone później, masę i ładunek elektronu, i pomijając stałą f otrzymano wyrażenie na promień elektronu, które do czasu rozwinięcia teorii kwantów uważano za poprawne, co do rzędu wielkości, oszacowanie jego rozmiarów.

Znaczenie
Wprawdzie obecnie wiadomo, że obliczony tak "promień elektronu" ma niewiele wspólnego z jego rzeczywistymi rozmiarami, a elektron (a ściślej rozkład ładunku w elektronie) eksperymentalnie wydaje się być punktowy, to ta szczególna kombinacja stałych fizycznych pojawia się w wielu wzorach (np. na rozpraszanie Comptona). Dlatego pojęcie klasycznego promienia elektronu nadal funkcjonuje w fizyce, a wartość tej stałej jest mierzona i tablicowana.

Stała ta wyznacza także skalę odległości poniżej której pola elektronu nie można już traktować jak pola klasycznej cząstki, a musimy traktować je kwantowo.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Stałe fizyczne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Do you ever feel like you are struggling to communicate with your child? Are constant tantrums challenging your daily routine or interfering with your child's ability to learn and function?
In this big, fast-paced world full of distractions and frustrations, it is easy to forget that everything can look and feel so much bigger to a child. What happens when we don't have the tools we need to cope with big feelings and challenges? When we don't understand these feelings or the environment and its triggers? When we aren't able to communicate what we feel or think or need appropriately? Now, conversely, imagine something wonderful happens, but you are unable to share it because you lack the communication skills. This has the potential to turn an exciting moment into a frustrating one.
Several years ago, I received a referral to provide therapy to a young boy diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This was my first referral to work with a child with ASD. I quickly realized that my mental health license and my training in play therapy were missing something to fully and effectively work with this child and his family. I began searching for established ASD treatments I could learn and incorporate into my work with this young person and other clients struggling with similar issues. Along this journey I eventually integrated models and evidence-based practices to create a protocol for mental health therapists and especially play therapists called AutPlay® Therapy. This was satisfying in my individual clinical work, but I still felt somewhat isolated in terms of a profession identity and accountability regarding my work with ASD.
Do you find yourself telling your adolescent child "You Need An Attitude Adjustment"? For decades we have been told that cranky teens are just part of life. Know that this condition is treatable. Most bad dispositions and chronic fatigue can be treated with neuroplasticity techniques. "Brain Games!" Not the kind that your child has been playing on his or her tablet or phone. These are scientifically developed brain exercises that stimulate the frontal lobe to achieve maximum brain function.
Today, Discovery Cove, in conjunction with the International Board of Credentialing and Continuing Education Standards (IBCCES), announced the completion of a staff-wide autism sensitivity and awareness training as well as an onsite review of the park property and guest experience. The completion designates Discovery Cove as a Certified Autism Center (CAC) as distinguished by IBCCES. The certification follows sister parks Sesame Place, the first theme park in the world to reach this accreditation, and Aquatica Orlando, the first water park in the world to be accredited.
Pertaining to children with autism, we're going to take a look at the task-negative mode and task-positive mode areas of the brain. These are located in the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and are important to focus on patients with autism. Why? Because studies have shown that the corpus callosum in patients with autism has decreased in size (meaning a decrease in commissural fibers, axons that go from the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere of the brain) and they have more projection fibers (this being axons within the brain that go from the back of the brain to the front of the brain). This is important to identify as it shows how the projection fibers are in abundance within certain areas which results in over-stimulation of areas within the brain and also under-stimulation of crucial pathways that exist that the commissural fibers run through.
OrlandoVacation.com has earned the Certified Autism Center designation and is only the second vacation home rental organization to do so in the country.
The Certified Autism Center (CAC) designation demonstrates the organization's commitment to ensuring individuals and families with children on the autism spectrum have the best possible experience when traveling. Parents with children on the spectrum often find vacationing and visiting new places to be a challenge due to sensory needs, dietary restrictions and safety concerns. With this certification, guests can rest assured staff are prepared to help all families, regardless of their needs.
Today, Aquatica Orlando in conjunction with the International Board of Credentialing and Continuing Education Standards (IBCCES), announced the completion of a staff-wide autism sensitivity and awareness training as well as an onsite review of the park property and guest experience. The completion designates Aquatica Orlando as a Certified Autism Center (CAC) as distinguished by IBCCES — the first water park in the world to receive such a distinction. This accreditation follows sister park Sesame Place, which became the world's first Certified Autism Center theme park last April.
The results of our annual Special Education Survey are in: Over 400 respondents – special education administrators, teachers and other professionals – from all over the country weighed in on a range of topics related to special needs education.
Although Autism-specific training and resources continue to be a primary focus, one of the largest increases was seen in the area of student mental health.
In light of these recent findings, IBCCES is hosting the 2019 Space Summit in Houston, TX on May 3rd, and mental health will be a primary focus of this unique one-day event. Located on-site at the Houston Space Center – an IBCCES Certified Autism Center – this symposium will feature TED style talks by some of the leading authorities in the areas of Autism and mental health. Attendees will benefit from sessions led by global experts on autism, cognitive disorders, mental health concerns, and innovation in these areas. These topics affect ALL students and adolescents, as well as many educators themselves.


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The Obama Legacy: Inequality, Corporate Trade Deals, Worldwide War
President Barack Obama rests his head on his hand as he listens to his advisors. April 14, 2010. (Wikimedia Commons / White House / Pete Souza)
An undocumented transgender woman interrupted the White House LGBT Pride celebrations last week, highlighting a rift between those who praise President Barack Obama's accomplishments after two terms in office, and those who see a decline in freedoms and a rise in inequality as the real legacy he'll be leaving behind.
The division between the perception of Obama's achievements and the reality extends far beyond immigration and the LGBT community. Obama's presidency has seen destructive Bush-era policies grow more entrenched, and new forms of repression have been added to American life.
With the Supreme Court legalizing marriage for all regardless of gender, many perceive an increase in equality for LGBT people as one of the main legacies of Obama's presidency. But last Wednesday, Jennicet Gutiérrez interrupted Obama at one of the White House's annual Pride Month festivities to demand better treatment for an overlooked portion of the community.
"President Obama, stop the torture and abuse of trans women in detention centers!" shouted Gutiérrez, who is an undocumented transgender Latina immigrant, before continuing: "President Obama, I am a trans woman. I'm tired of the abuse."
Read moreThe Obama Legacy: Inequality, Corporate Trade Deals, Worldwide War
US Still Bans, Suppresses Books Despite The First Amendment
File: A library in Malmö, Sweden. (Flickr / Susanne Nilsson)
Just how free is free speech in the United States? Even though the First Amendment protects freedom of speech and freedom of the press, government authorities and other powerful interests still find ways to suppress the truth.
"Open societies are also no stranger to the censorship of contentious novels and historical accounts of controversial events," Abby Martin said last year on her show, "Breaking the Set."
"Now, of course, the First Amendment prohibits the outright banning of books by the federal government, but there are many less insidious ways that 'dangerous content' is kept off American bookshelves."
Read moreUS Still Bans, Suppresses Books Despite The First Amendment
False Feminism: Hillary Clinton And Her Financial Backers Are No Friends To Women
Hillary Clinton speaks at a podium during a campaign appearance in West Des Moines, Iowa. January 24, 2016. (Wikimedia Commons / Gage Skidmore)
In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton wants to make history as the first female president of the United States. But just as the election of the first black president hasn't left black people better off eight years later, can the world's women really count on Clinton's support?
Voters understandably look to Clinton to support women's rights in the U.S. at a time when many feel these rights are under attack, and she's been happy to deliver feminist-friendly rhetoric. In April, she offered a rousing pro-woman speech at the Women in the World conference in April.
Yet a study of Clinton's record paints a different picture. Donors from Saudi Arabia gave millions to the Clinton Foundation, a nonprofit operated by Clinton and her husband, former President Bill Clinton, despite Saudi Arabia's appalling record on women's rights. In return for their financial support, Hillary Clinton helped Saudi Arabia obtain billions in military equipment from the U.S.
Read moreFalse Feminism: Hillary Clinton And Her Financial Backers Are No Friends To Women
John McCain And Endless War: Best Friends Forever
John McCain smiles during a 2008 presidential campaign appearance on June 4, 2008. (Wikimedia Commons / dsb nola)
Modern American politicians are often criticized for their willingness to bow to popular opinion, changing their professed beliefs from moment to moment based on what they think the public wants to hear. Yet one senator rises above all that through his unabashed love of war — a stance that's remained consistent regardless of what party sits in the White House and how many civilian lives could hang in the balance.
That senator is John McCain, a Republican from Arizona, who currently leads the Senate Armed Services Committee. In February, as the White House asked for authorization to use military force against the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), McCain appeared on NBC's "Meet the Press" in support of the idea that there should be no limits on the president's ability to make war.
"I think we should not restrain the president of the United States," he said on the show, explaining that to do so would be "unconstitutional and frankly leads to 535 commander-in-chiefs."
McCain has ensured U.S. support for all sides of the conflict in the Middle East. In 2012, he joined South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham in calling on America to arm the Syrian rebels, many of whom later joined ISIS. Years after helping arm the Syrian rebels, he admitted to Sean Hannity that he'd met ISIS and knew them "intimately."
Read moreJohn McCain And Endless War: Best Friends Forever
Did Prison Officials Single Out Political Prisoner Barrett Brown For Solitary Confinement?
Barrett Brown stands with his arms crossed. (Wikimedia / Free Barrett Brown)
According to reports from supporters on social media, Texas Department of Criminal Justice officials moved imprisoned journalist Barrett Brown into solitary confinement last week.
Brown is an outspoken and controversial journalist who worked closely with Anonymous during the peak of that movement in the early years of this decade. The government noticed this collaboration and targeted Brown for prosecution during their campaign against the hacktivist group Lulzsec, a high-profile subgroup of Anonymous, which also resulted in the imprisonment of political prisoner Jeremy Hammond.
Brown was sentenced to 63 months in prison in January. In addition, he must pay about $800,000 in restitution to Strategic Forecasting, the corporate intelligence agency based in Austin, Texas, that was a target of Lulzsec hacking.
Read moreDid Prison Officials Single Out Political Prisoner Barrett Brown For Solitary Confinement?
Combating Islamophobia At PorcFest: How Muslims For Liberty Is Changing Libertarianism
Will Coley and a Muslims for Liberty volunteer serve attendees at Porcfest. (Photo: M4L)
Posted in Archive, Journalism, and MintPress News
Originally published at MintPress News. LANCASTER, New Hampshire — Thousands of Libertarians will share a Ramadan meal of halal Indian food in the forests of…
Read moreCombating Islamophobia At PorcFest: How Muslims For Liberty Is Changing Libertarianism


Beautifying your room with hanging plant indoor decorating, this also can make your home more relaxing. Of course, the option will vary according to your personal taste. They can be more sober, happy, modern combinations, depending on how you want your space to look. If your intention is to have a vibrant place, contrast with bright colors will be a good option. Here browse through images of living here to your space from the design ideas.
However, there is no need to restrict these options to a single environment. Explore the possibilities offered by your creativity and personality to make it work in your room. An ideas can be the real new innovation of home decorating ideas or taking from the old ideas and be modify as the new fresh idea with the creative look. Surely, it will be an even more interesting space.
Finally, we hope that may be useful and could be a reference to design your dream home. Furthermore, check out more about the latest design on the site, or you can view by category below.


Austin-based singer/songwriter David Ramirez will be releasing a new full-length album, Apologies on Aug. 28. Though he has released a number of recordings over the past ten years, Apologies might be his most personal, affecting collection of songs to date. So much so that Ramirez even admits to feeling apprehensive about revealing so much of himself on the record.
Listening to Apologies, one feels as if they are being given candid look at the most vulnerable parts of Ramirez's soul. It's country-tinged songs are almost alarmingly descriptive, with brutally honest lyrics that bring new meaning to some of life's most difficult questions.
Apologies won't be released officially until tomorrow, but you can listen to a sneak peak of the entire album below.