text:
David Frank Graf
DIRECTOR OF THE JOINT SAUDI-AMERICAN JURASH PROECT AND THE HELLENISTIC PETRA PROJECT (JORDAN).
dgraf@miami.edu
Professor David Graf received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. He is an ancient historian and archeologist specializing of the Greco-Roman world in the Levant and Arabia, Co-editor of the multi-volume Anchor Bible Dictionary (1992), he is the author of Rome and Its Arabian Frontier from the Nabataeans to the Saracens (1997) and more than 130 scholarly articles. He has excavated in Turkey, Israel, Jordan and Egypt. and is currently directing excavations in the ancient Nabataean-Roman city of Petra in Jordan. He has been a Fulbright Scholar in Saudi Arabia (2003), a recipient of the Provost's Award for Scholarly Activity (2008), a NEH fellow in Jordan (2014), and is a Member of the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton. This past year, he was the Seymour Gitin Distinguished Professor at the Albright Institute for Archaeological Research in Jerusalem. His most recent publication is on"The Silk Road between Syria and China," in Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World, volume 3 of The Oxford Roman Economy Project.
1979 Ph.D. History Department University of Michigan
1975 Department of Near Eastern Languages The University of Michigan
1970 B.D. McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago
1965 B.A. Harding College, Searcy, Arkansas
Religion and Culture in Pre-Islamic Arabia | REL 307
Seminar in Ancient Studies | CLA/REL 505
2004 - Professor, Department of Religious Studies, University of Miami
2001 - 2003 Director, Program in Classical Antiquity, University of Miami
1995 - 2003 Professor, Department of History, University of Miami
1990 - 1995 Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Miami
1986 - 1990 Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Miami
1983 - 1984 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of History, Montana State University
1982 - 1983 Visiting Lecturer, Department of Near Eastern Studies, The University of Michigan
Honors & Acknowledgements
Member, School of Historical Studies
Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (2008)
Provost's Award for Scholarly Activity
University of Miami (2008)
Lady Davis Fellowship
Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem (2007)
Sterling Dow Fellowship
at the Center for Epigraphical and Paleographical Studies, in the Department of Greek and Latin, Ohio State University (2004, 2006).
William Fulbright Scholar Award for Saudi Arabia
Stanley J. Seeger Fellowship, Program in Hellenic Studies, Princeton University
Visiting Scholar, Selwyn College, Cambridge University
Theta Alpha Kappa Honor Society
Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society
(life-time member; chapter president, 1997-98)
Phi Beta Delta Honor Society for International Scholars
American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Grant
NEH Summer Research Grant
Senior Fellow, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
Visiting Scholar (Summer), Wolfson College, Oxford
Max Orovitz Research Grants, University of Miami
(1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994)
General Research Support Grants, University of Miami
(1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994)
Dorot Foundation, New York
(1986, 1987)
US Information Agency Grant for Instruction in the Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology at Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
(Summer, 1988)
NEH Fellow, American Center of Oriental Research, Amman, Jordan
Director, Joint Saudi-Amerrican Jurash (Asir) Project," (2008- )
Director, "Hellenistic Petra Project:, Jordan (2004-2007)
Director, "Eastern Desert Epigraphical Survey," Jordan, 1996-2000.
Director, Roman Road Project, Jordan, 1986-1995.
Epigrapher, Zeugma Archaeological Project (Turkey), Director D. Kennedy, 1993.
Survey Staff, Myos Hormos Project (Egypt), Directed by S. E. Sidebotham, l987.
Excavations, Tel Anafa (Galilee), Director S. Herbert, University of Michigan, 1981.
Excavations, Baq'a Valley (Jordan), Director P. McGovern, University of Pennsylvania, 1980.
Director, Hisma Survey (Jordan), NEH/ASOR Fellow, Amman, Jordan 1978-80.
David Graf Rome and Its Arabian Frontier from the Nabataeans to the Saracens (Hampshire, Ashgate Publishing Company. 1998).
David Graf "Royal Road" Encyclopedia of Ancient History
VIEW CV FOR MORE PUBLICATIONS


text:
The Case for Normalizing Part-Time Schedules
Robert Waring 7 years ago 2 Comments
As a country, we have spe nt the last six weeks arguing and debating and, sadly, name-calling over how women who happen to be mothers should be working. But what if we looked at the issue from a broader perspective? Would we be able to stop the judgment game and, instead, think about how to make work and family actually work for families? Author Robert Waring has written about just this issue in his book, Upside Down: The Paradoxes of Gender in the Twenty-first Century. With permission, here is an excerpt from his book that asks us to consider how we could make part-time schedules work for professional success, as well as family happiness:
Providing longer maternity and paternity leaves would be appreciated by many parents, but does not offer a real solution to balancing family and work for most women. The Scandinavian experience in offering long periods of such leave is a cautionary tale for women's career advancement, and for why periods of part-time employment must be normalized and available if women are to penetrate the upper ranks of management in larger numbers. The Swedish authors of a 2009 study found a correlation between paid parental leaves exceeding one year and slower career progress. They noted that women's representation in management is higher in English-speaking countries than in Nordic nations and suggested the length of maternity leaves as a reason.
An important lesson of the 2008 economic collapse is that the short-term focus of market forces sometimes must be redirected by longer term public policies initiated by government. Business and government employers don't seem to be recognizing the value of keeping women in the workforce. There aren't enough employers offering part-time tracks for people seeking such work. If job seekers don't have meaningful choice, there is little or no pressure on employers from market forces.
There are two steps to making part-time work accessible to all. The first is removing the considerable disadvantages often faced by part-time workers. The 1997 European Union Directive on part-time work (97/81/EC) largely did that by guaranteeing part-time employees treatment equal to full-time employees, including pro rata equal compensation and benefits such as paid leave and retirement. Law in European Union nations, New Zealand and Australia also recognizes that because most part-time workers are women who work part-time only because of family caregiving obligations, disparate treatment of any part timer in the workplace is gender discrimination.
Academia should provide extended tenure tracks, so that aspiring professors do not have to choose between having a family and meeting rigid up or out deadlines many universities impose on junior faculty. Partner track professions such as law would need to provide similar extensions. Employers also could be required to provide on ramps – reinstatement to full-time status with six months' notice from the employee. (In order to minimize disruption, employees could be limited to making a switch only once a year.)
The second step is providing actual access. One idea is the Working Families' Flexibility Act, first introduced in Congress in 2007, co-sponsored by Senators Kennedy, Clinton and Obama and modeled after similar successful laws in the U.K. and other European nations. Still dormant after three sessions, the bill would require employers to consider all workers' requests for reduced or flexible hours. (California and a few other states already require state agencies to offer "reduced work time" to "the extent feasible," and guarantee part-time workers pro rata pay and benefits.) Many European nations go a step further for caregivers and provide them with the right to part-time schedules in all jobs. However, Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands set the gold standard by providing all employees the right to work part-time, with unreasonable employer refusals subject to legal review.
Great Britain's voluntary approach requires an employer to give "serious consideration" to an employee's request for "flexible working" to care for a child or closely related adult. Businesses can refuse to honor a request for flex time, job sharing, telecommuting or reduced hours if it would, among other things, impose additional costs or reduce production, quality or performance. A 2005 survey of all requests, not just those covered by the law, found that in the preceding two years fourteen percent of employees requested flexible working, with women asking at a much higher rate than men. In spite of their power to say no, employers accepted more than eighty percent of requests. But the same survey found that less than two-thirds of workers knew of their right to ask. What is not known is how many employees wanted to make requests but feared the career consequences of doing so.
Part time work is important for another reason affecting us all. The Atlantic's widely read July 2012 cover story, Why Women Still Can't Have It All, observed that workplace structures make it almost impossible for mothers to have high pressure, long hours careers. Author Anne-Marie Slaughter wryly noted that, "In Washington, 'leaving to spend time with your family' is a euphemism for being fired" for men, but is often the truth for women. Writer Anand Giridharadas responded that America may actually be worse off for being governed and managed by "single-minded, obsessive, fierce, hurried … self-serving [and] less-than-empathetic" alpha career types who largely "ignore their families." He rightly wondered what biases affect policymakers who "have prioritized the making of social policy over their own families."
What do you think about the idea of normalizing the idea of part-time work of flexible work rather than the "lean in" model?
Contributor Robert Waring, the grandson of a suffragist, writes about the interplay between feminism and public policy, including how current policies affect women, and how policies that empower women can improve society for everyone. His essays on part-time work have been featured in the New York Times. His other writing has covered the First Amendment, the privacy of mental health information, and how films portray law, lawyers and the legal system. He was a founding editor of Picturing Justice: The Online Journal of Law & Popular Culture. As an attorney he has worked with California's judiciary and legislature crafting laws, and has been court-appointed counsel for thousands of children in foster care, where he has seen parents at their best and their worst. He calls the San Francisco area home. Follow him on Twitter @upsidedownbook or at www.upsidedownbook.net.
Image via Amazon.com
I couldn't agree more – and have written about this quite a bit on my site – but I think we need to embrace the trade-off that comes with it – which the author lays out in Nordic countries. It is unreasonable to expect you can work part-time or take an extended maternity leave, and still reach the upper echelon of management. The most recent study out about this issue notes that while American women face the least flexibility and government support in managing career and families, American women are also at higher levels of business than their European counterparts – and the only explanation they could find is part-time. I totally agree that our government and companies need to adopt and encourage a flexible workplace structure – but I don't think it's realistic for women to expect they can have those options and be in the C-Suite. Isn't that the rub? Now let's get President Hillary Clinton in office so we can renew her interest in the Working Families Flexibility Act – and at least create a system where we keep more mothers in the workplace.
Christina Gleason @ WELL, in THIS House
I think this would make a huge difference in the employment landscape in this country. Allowing for part time schedules instead of "all or nothing" employment would reduce the awkward "employment gap" in many women's resumes when they take time off for motherhood.
Broadly Speaking
featuring an exclusive longread and our best stories for the week
"Young" Feminists, Don't Toss Out the "Old" Ones. We're Really on Your Side
I Married for Health Insurance
Fascism Facts
White Women, It's Time to Get a …
The Problem With Hillary Hate
Hillary Clinton's So-Called Likability Problem Is Our …
Freedom of the Press: Is Trump the …
Donald Trump is the "Ignorant Antagonist" Mark …
"Young" Feminists, Don't Toss Out the "Old" …
The Yellow Balloons
Ashley Madison vs. Jared Fogle: Rape, Sex …
When Did Feminist Become the New "F …
Bring Back "Made in the USA"
Pope Francis on Religious Tolerance: Do Good. …
The Broad Side Copyright © 2020.
Why I Wrote "Trumping And Drinking"
Get Over Yourselves. We're All Rory Gilmore
Six Reasons "Shake It Off" Should Be Hillary Clinton's Campaign Theme Song
A Not-So-Positive Ode to Nancy Reagan's Frothy "Just Say No" Campaign
A Case of Nixonian Deja Vu
Post-Election Munchies: What is Your Grief Snack of Choice?
Trump Reality Check, Now with Actual Facts!
Women's Elections Rights in Saudi Arabia: A Token Drop in an Abysmal Bucket & the Plight of Women Under Sharia Law
Maybe It Wasn't Rape: Emerging Matriarchy and the Altering of Women's Past Sexual Narratives
Is Paris Burning?
Dear Xi Jinping, I Am Writing to You as an American Mom of a 19-Year-Old Chinese Daughter
The Vital Voice of Hillary Clinton: Part 1
The Eyes Have It!
Ashley Madison vs. Jared Fogle: Rape, Sex and Hacking in America
That "Little Pink Pill" Isn't All It's Cracked Up to Be
Get our new weekly email
featuring our best words for the week + an exclusive longread

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
CEEP comments the position adopted by the European Parliament on the MFF
CEEP - European Centre of Employers and Enterprises providing public services
Earlier today [Wednesday 14 November 2018], the European Parliament adopted its official negotiating stance on the European Commission's proposal for the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 (MFF). Valeria Ronzitti, CEEP General Secretary, commented:
"CEEP welcomes the fact that the European Parliament, through its debates yesterday and today's vote, took a clear stance for an EU budget able to address the current challenges. We consider the support shown by MEPs for an ambitious Cohesion Policy, a more important European Investment Programme and coherent Single Market regulations, as a clear step taken in the right direction."
"However, building up on the success of the Juncker Plan, we believe that an even stronger support to an ambitious InvestEU is needed. Promoting a more modern vision of investment, we see this proposed programme as an efficient way to channel money where needed, which should as such be further boosted, especially its social window where the investment gap remains important."
"The debate on the EU added-value has highlighted the need to ensure that the EU is acting at the most appropriate level, in respect with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. CEEP believes that this EU added-value should become one of the key criteria for the successful use of EU funds and will ensure the proper functioning of the EU. "
"The ball now is in the European Council's court. In line with our joint statement with the EU social partners in March 2018, CEEP now urges heads of state and of government to agree on the Multiannual Financial Framework, at least in principle, before the European elections. Such an agreement is necessary in order to ensure political continuity for EU priorities, for the benefits of citizens."


text:
Healthcare Realty Nachrichten
HR abonnieren
Healthcare Realty Trust Releases Its Fourth Annual Corporate Responsibility Report and 2022 GRESB Assessment Rankings
25 Oktober 2022 - 11:05PM
Healthcare Realty Trust Incorporated (NYSE:HR) today released its fourth annual Corporate Responsibility Report highlighting the Company's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives and accomplishments. The report outlines the Company's progress toward its stated key performance indicators in alignment with the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals and includes expanded disclosures that align with the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board. Notable achievements include:
Reduced energy usage by 6.9%, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 22.8%, and water consumption by 13.9% in 2021 over a 2016 baseline, surpassing the Company's 10% GHG reduction goal
Implemented third-party assurance of environmental data
Added 15 new green building certifications in 2021 including IREM Certified Sustainable Properties and ENERGY STAR certifications
Added LED lighting to 1 million square feet in 2021, an increase of 23% over the prior year
Included in the U.S. Department of Energy's 2022 Better Buildings Progress Report with a case study highlighting our renewable energy program
Recognized in Nareit's 2022 REIT Industry ESG Report, featuring efforts to enhance employee health, wellbeing, and culture
Achieved stated goal of having at least one-third of our Board of Directors consist of women and/or minority group members
Added ESG performance goals to the Company's 2021 incentive program for its executive officers
"During a time of remarkable growth, I'm proud of the progress we've made to strengthen the Company's ESG program, improving the quality and integrity of our environmental data, expanding our disclosures, and taking on new initiatives. Our recent merger with Healthcare Trust of America (HTA) affords us an incredible opportunity to apply best practices across a much larger portfolio, expanding our ability to positively impact the environment," said Todd Meredith, Healthcare Realty's President and Chief Executive Officer.
Healthcare Realty was awarded GRESB's 4 Green Star ranking, earning a score of 80 on its 2022 assessment, up from 73 in 2021. The Company received GRESB's Public Disclosure rating of "A," ranking second out of a peer group of 10 healthcare real estate companies for transparency in public reporting on sustainability practices.
HTA's GRESB assessment score of 42 in 2022 provides a meaningful opportunity to drive improvement across a larger portfolio. Looking ahead, Healthcare Realty will integrate ESG data from the legacy HTA portfolio, establishing new baselines and goals for the combined company.
Healthcare Realty's sustainability reports, principles, and policies are available on the Company's website: https://www.healthcarerealty.com/sustainability/
Healthcare Realty Trust is a real estate investment trust that integrates owning, managing, financing and developing income-producing real estate properties associated primarily with the delivery of outpatient healthcare services throughout the United States. As of the closing of the Healthcare Realty-Healthcare Trust of America merger on July 20, 2022, the Company was invested in over 700 real estate properties totaling more than 40 million square feet and provided leasing and property management services to over 30 million square feet nationwide.
In addition to the historical information contained within, the matters discussed in this press release may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These risks are discussed in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission by Healthcare Realty Trust, including its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 under the heading "Risk Factors," and as updated in its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed thereafter. Forward-looking statements represent the Company's judgment as of the date of this release. The Company disclaims any obligation to update forward-looking statements.
Ron HubbardVice President, Investor Relations P: 615.269.8290communications@healthcarerealty.com
Carla BacaAssociate Vice President, Corporate ResponsibilityP:615.269.8471sustainability@healthcarerealty.com
Healthcare Realty (NYSE:HR)
Healthcare Realty Trust Announces Fourth Quarter Earnings Release Date and Conference Call
Mittwoch 25 Januar 2023 (2 Tage vor) • GlobeNewswire Inc.
Donnerstag 5 Januar 2023 (3 Wochen vor) • Edgar (US Regulatory)
Healthcare Realty Trust Announces Update of Planned Asset Sales and Joint Ventures
Mittwoch 4 Januar 2023 (3 Wochen vor) • GlobeNewswire Inc.
Mittwoch 14 Dezember 2022 (1 Monat vor) • Edgar (US Regulatory)
Weitere News-Artikel


text:
Man jailed for sickening threats
A THUG who made vile threats to kill a police officer's wife and kids and rape his dog was jailed this week.
Stirling Sheriff Court heard yesterday (Tuesday) how Robert McCormack's shocking outburst happened at the police station in the city on July 24 last year.
Fiscal depute Brent Bissett said that McCormack (27) had been taken to the police station for a matter no longer before the court when it was noted that he was spitting within the police vehicle.
On being escorted into the station, McCormack started with his threatening behaviour, making the sickening threats to one of the officers.
The court was told that McCormack was currently already serving a prison sentence, his High Court licence having previously been recalled and this now not being due to expire until July 2013.
In relation to last July's offence, McCormack pleaded guilty to acting in a threatening manner, spitting within the police vehicle, making offensive remarks and threatening violence.
Solicitor Fraser McCready said that McCormack had very little recollection of the incident as he had been drinking heavily.
Mr McCready added: "He apologises to the court for his behaviour."
Sheriff William Gilchrist jailed McCormack, whose address was Clark Street, Bannockburn, for two-and-a-half months for the offence.


Ideal for the Biotechnology & Semi Conductor industry our range of ultra smooth bore bio-pharmaceutical grade flexible hoses which are constructed from platinum cured silicone rubber materials. It is suitable for suction, delivery and vacuum applications and has been designed for specific use in Pharmaceuticals and Bio-technology manufacturing and production facilities.
PTFX Puresil Techniflex PC-SSHW hose is the preferred choice by many of our Biotechnology & Semi Conductor customers because it has a unique construction which makes this hose much more flexible than any of our competitors equivalents or alternatives.


text:
However, this website will sometimes use cookies in order to utlize specific uses from third-party sites. If you agree with these guidelines, please click the button bellow.
Or you can customize how cookies are used here : Manage your cookies
Travel Product
Relocation Guides
The Best International Schools in Prague to Enroll Your Kid In
Prague is undoubtedly a beautiful and pleasant city. One that's so underrated at that. With so many people focusing on the like of Paris, London, and Rome, Prague is nowhere near as popular. Which, for many reasons, is quite the advantage. The Czech capital is a populous city already, but with fewer tourists visiting than those in other European cities, you'll find that it's more peaceful here. This makes it a suitable place to move to, even with your entire family. And when that happens, you'll want to enroll your kids in the best schools here, right? Well, here are some of them.
American Academy in Prague
Do you know what most schools ought to give their students? Freedom. Not total freedom that the youth will just run amuck and not study or learn anything anymore. But the freedom to discover themselves. The freedom to express themselves. And the freedom to satisfy their curiosity, allowing for maximum mental and emotional growth. That's why the American Academy in Prague has become a noteworthy international school. Not only is it one of the best English-language institutions in the Czech capital, but it's also one where students get to be comfortable learning and evolving at their own pace.
International School Prague
The International School Prague (ISP) has the distinction of being the oldest institution of its kind in the Czech capital. Founded in 1948, it continues to be one of the most respected and most prestigious schools in the country. So much so that it's now accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and the Council of Independent Schools (CIS). But despite its age, the school has impressively caught up with the times as well. Having formed a strong relationship with Apple, the school boasts classrooms and facilities with the latest equipment from the world-famous company.
Park Lane International School
Prestigious doesn't even begin to describe the Park Lane International School. By its beautiful campus alone—an old palace that used to operate as an embassy—you could already get a sense of how high-brow this institution is. Add to that the fact that it follows the National Curriculum for England, one of the finest in the academic world. Though fairly new as it just opened back in 2006, the school has already garnered much attention and set up quite a name for itself. Most notably, it's taken part of the esteemed Duke of Edinburgh International Award, further solidifying its reputation as a reputable school.
Riverside International School
With four separate campuses housing its kindergarten, primary, and secondary schools, it's easy to get to the Riverside International School via public transportation. But this isn't the only ace the institution has to its name. Following the International Baccalaureate program, it has proven that it's capable of shaping well-bred students who achieve high grades in academics. And at the same time, they also offer a lot of great extra-curricular activities, from arts to athletics, to really develop the young students into well-rounded people. Kids no longer which they're better at, they can be more balanced thanks to this school.
Royal Primary School
Just by its name alone, you can already tell how exclusive the Royal Primary School in Prague is. And you're right in thinking that! Only admitting about a handful of young students each year compare to other schools, your kid would have to really be accomplished to be able to get into this institution. but don't think that just because it's an exclusive private international school that it's a snobby and snooty place to be in. The Royal Primary School takes pride in fostering a family-like environment, highlighting comfort than competition to give their students a safe space to learn nd excel on their own.
The English College in Prague
While Prague has a lot of fine Czech-language schools to offer where people can learn the native language here, The English College in Prague is a fine institution to learn English. But it's also an elite private school for kids who have the grades or the money to get admitted here. After all, with Prince Charles and the English College Foundation as its patrons, this private international institution only gets the best of the best. As already mentioned, English is a major highlight here, so as a grammar school, you won't find any as high caliber as this one.
The Prague British International School
Capping off this list is The Prague British International School. Part of the Nord Anglia Education Group and following the Adapted National Curriculum for England, there's no denying just how prestigious this institution is. With three campuses spread out across the many Prague districts, any student would be honored to study here. Especially since it has a strong art department, one that's affiliated with none other than the famous Julliard Performing Arts school in New York City. Before they graduate, students here would have realized their potential and are ready to enhance their skills, hone their talents, and take the world by storm.
Prague may not be as famous a city as many others in Europe, but when it comes to high-quality education, the Czech capital certainly doesn't fall short. These prestigious elite international schools stand testament to that!
If you're able to afford to send your kids to any of these schools, you'll also afford to choose a luxurious Prague rental as your new home in this city!
PRAGUE PROPERTY LISTING
Wenceslas Square 1 Bedroom 1 Bathroom Picasso
120 € / night
1 bedroom 1 bathroom 4
2 bedrooms 1 bathroom 6
Subscribe to our newsletter to get curated travel inspirations.
Guests services
Privacy / Disclaimer / Client Rights And Responsabilities
©2023 All Luxury Apartments. All Rights Reserved


I know it's not Friday, but whatever. Recently Blake Lively thought it'd be funny to go on instagram and post photos of herself with the caption "L.A. face with an Oakland booty". Because white women are beautiful and glamorous and live in Los Angeles while black women are ghetto and have big butts and live in Oakland.
The more I think about this, the angrier I get.
I'm tired of living in a world where people stumble into racist, anti-Black sentiments that blatantly set up whiteness to mean 'beautiful' while blackness is reduced to exotic and oversexualized body parts.
But Lively's comments up the ante even further, not only claiming beauty for whites while dismembering black bodies but also giving it a geography. Somebody needs to let the 3.8 million black people in LA know that they're living in a city synonymous with white beauty. Don't they know their place is in Oakland?
There's so much more to say on this… but for right now I'll leave you with Franchesca Ramsey and crew to talk about the pernicious evil of white beauty standards.
Presidential hopeful Hillary Clinton has said that her husband, former President Bill Clinton, would play a major role in helping to revitalize the economy in a Hillary Clinton administration.
With Donald Trump all but wrapping up the GOP presidential nomination, many voices in the political landscape have already crowned Hillary Clinton as the next president of the United States (see here and here).


text:
My Watchlist & Alerts
My IR Info
Other Energy
Diamond & Gems
Featured Stocks Profiles
Small Cap Stock Observer
Today's Hot Sheet
Small Cap Directory
Top 30 Small Caps
Past Small Caps
DJIA Value Ranked
CEO Videos
Guru Trader Tweet
Free Content & Dist.
Guru Trader Video - Today's Small-Cap Breakout Stocks
NASDAQ:
LVLT Level 3 Communications $2.23 +.03 45m YH,
COOL Majesco Entertainment $3.09 +.46 3m,
AMEX/TSX:
URZ Uranerz Energy $3.04 +.04 .3m,
TSXV:
RIO Rio Alto Mining $2.60 +.11 3m NH,
INT Intertainment Media $1.20 +.07 6m
Posted by Investors Guru at 4:55 PM 2 comments
Labels: Breakout Stocks, Chart Uptrends, Featured Stocks, Gold and Metals Plays, Guru Trader Videos, Investors Guru Videos, Market Movers, Oil and Energy Plays, Penny Stocks, Small-Cap Videos, Tech Plays
Investors Guru Small Cap Stock Observer
(Amex/TSX: URZ) Uranerz Energy – Will Uranerz Energy Be Inducted To The Russell 2000 Index Next Month?
It's interesting to observe the technical trading of certain stocks from the end of May until the end of June each year. This annual event impacts the share volumes and prices of many listed companies as fund managers, investors and traders realign their portfolios in anticipation of each company's pecking order in the family of Russell Indexes.
Some of this anticipation trading is to avoid paying higher prices, or to avoid receiving lower prices; later at the end of June as these indexes get finalized, and when index funds have to update their holdings. The balance of the higher-than-usual trading volumes may be attributed to short-term players trading the event, or longer-term investors positioning early, before the index changes are formally announced and then become more widely known.
Annual reconstitution of Russell's 25 U.S. indexes captures the 4,000 largest U.S. stocks as of the end of May, ranking them by total market capitalization. Membership in the Russell 3000, which remains in place for one year, means automatic inclusion in the appropriate Russell indexes. Russell determines membership for its equity indexes primarily by objective, market-capitalization rankings.
For large-caps the effects may only be minimal. Changes often result in inclusion on an additional index, removal from one of several indexes, or a weighting change compared to other component companies. These one-notch moves up or down are usually not significant either way.
However the effects can be a very big deal for small-cap stocks - especially when added to its first index, or when deleted from its only index! Trading volumes, and as a result stock prices, often get a major push as index funds and other players accumulate the stock of new inductees. Conversely, small caps that get bumped entirely from a family of indexes often sell-off as institutional support and trading volumes disappear.
What happened to URZ last year, when it was removed from the Russell 2000 Index?
While reviewing past (Amex/TSX: URZ) Uranerz Energy news releases I noticed that on June 14, 2010 Uranerz Energy was identified as a potential deletion from the Russell family of indexes. At that time Uranerz Energy was included in the Russell 3000 Index, the Russell 2000 Index, the Russell Microcap Index, and the Russell Global Index.
The URZ chart below indicates a decline of 41.83%, from $1.59 on May 3, 2010 to $0.91 on July 8, 2010. The Simple Moving Average SMA blue line and the Volume-Plus chart confirm a downtrend with URZ closing lower on about three times as many days as it closed up.
Notice how URZ's trading volume started building from the middle of June last year, around when they announced the company may be deleted from the Russell Indexes. Normal URZ volume this time last year was a few hundred thousand shares daily, but on June 25, 2010 the volume spiked to 4-million shares on this URZ down Friday.
Russell finalized the reconstitution of their indexes after the market closed on that day and Uranerz Energy was deleted from the Russell 2000 Index.
What happened to URZ the year before, when it was first added to the Russell 2000 Index?
Now let's see what happened to URZ the year before in anticipation of, and after, changes made to the Russell Indexes at the end of June 2009. The chart below indicates that URZ increased 49.40%, from $1.39 on April 30, 2009 to $2.13 on June 26, 2009.
Russell finalized the reconstitution of their indexes after the market closed on June 26, 2009 and Uranerz Energy was added to the Russell 2000 Index, and other Russell Indexes. Volume spiked again to over 5-million shares on that URZ up Friday.
I expect that if we looked at several small cap stocks that were either newly added or removed entirely from the Russell Indexes, that many would have similar price swings from the end of May to the end June each year. On the other hand, perhaps these swings are more the exception than the rule - I don't know, as I haven't tested this Russell Indexes addition and deletion effect on many stocks.
What does Russell say about the effects of their index changes?
From an April 2007 Russell Research Commentary, "Russell Research – Price Pressure at Russell Index Reconstitution", the Abstract explains how investor speculation, based on anticipated changes to the Russell Indexes, can materially effect stock prices.
"The transparent rules of the Russell Index Methodology allow index changes at reconstitution to be anticipated long in advance. Investors in index funds may be concerned about possible losses due to speculative trading around reconstitution. These effects are particularly pronounced in the case of the small cap Russell 2000 Index, due to its popularity and due to the impact of changes at the top end of the index.
From the Introduction, "Ranked by market capitalization (cap) values as of May-end, in essence the thousand largest U.S. common stocks become the Russell 1000 Index, and the next two thousand stocks become the Russell 2000 Index, when the indexes are reconstituted near the end of June. With knowledge of these rules, it is possible to predict with good accuracy the changes in the index constituents long in advance of the annual reconstitution. Information about the expected changes enables portfolio managers to adjust their portfolios accordingly. The growth in popularity of the indexes has led to a substantial volume of trading around the time of the reconstitution. In addition to index fund managers, active fund managers and other participants may choose to trade in anticipation of or in response to the event."
For more about the Russell Indexes Reconstitution visit:
http://www.russell.com/indexes/data/reconstitution/default.asp
What does this mean for URZ this June?
It does seem fairly clear that when Uranerz Energy has been added to, or deleted from, the Russell 2000, that URZ's trading volume has spiked - with significant price changes over a relatively short period of time. Please keep in mind these observations are based on past events and obviously there is no guarantee of a repeat performance even if URZ is added to the Russell 2000 Index again.
The question now is will Uranerz Energy be added to the Russell 2000 and other Russell Indexes this June? As I understand it, this is based almost entirely on market capitalization at the end of May. The largest 1000 companies comprise the Russell 1000, and the next largest 2000 companies makeup the Russell 2000. It's basically that simple.
What's not simple is calculating the market-caps for thousands of companies, with ever changing share prices. However for Uranerz Energy, over the past year URZ has more than doubled in price as did the company's market-cap, currently US$ 225 million.
It's hard to say exactly where the Russell 2000 market-cap cut-off line will be this year. Uranerz Energy made the cut back in 2009, when its share price and number of shares outstanding were significantly lower than now.
In other words Uranerz Energy has a much higher market-cap now than it did when previously inducted to the Russell 2000 Index. Stay tuned!
Sign-up at InvestorsGuru.com for our newsletter or URZ's News by Email. Free!
Please note that nothing in this report should be taken as a recommendation in any way, and that everything from InvestorsGuru.com is subject to the terms of our Privacy Policy and Disclaimer.
Posted by Investors Guru at 10:49 AM 0 comments
Labels: Featured Stocks, Investors Guru Newsletters, Investors Guru Reports, Oil and Energy Plays, Other Stocks
Share Our Blog
Some Of Our Small-Cap Stock Channels
Investors Guru Small-Cap Website
Investors Guru Mobile Site
Twitter's Guru Trader Tweets
Seeking Alpha's Investors Guru Pages
YouTube's Small-Cap TV Show
Facebook's Investors Guru Main Page
Facebook's Investors Guru Other Page
Google+ Investors Guru Page
MySpace's Investors_Guru Page
LinkedIn's Investors Guru Page
FeedBurner's Investors Guru Feed
Bottom Fisher Stocks (227)
Breakout Stocks (322)
Cannabis Weed (7)
CEO Videos (4)
Chart Uptrends (338)
Featured Stocks (70)
Featured Stocks Profiles (3)
Gold and Metals Plays (330)
Guru Trader Tweet (309)
Guru Trader Videos (71)
Investors Guru Newsletters (272)
Investors Guru Reports (272)
Investors Guru Videos (76)
Market Movers (319)
Oil and Energy Plays (265)
Other Stocks (223)
Penny Stocks (335)
Small-Cap Videos (75)
Tech Plays (233)
About InvestorsGuru.com
Investors Guru
Investors Guru Small Cap Stock Observer - The Ultimate Stock Research Site, Empowering Investors Since 1995.
© Copyright 1995 - 2018 InvestorsGuru.com. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy & Disclaimer


text:
Home › News › Press releases ›
San Francisco Adopts High Efficiency Standards for Municipal Buildings
Millions in Savings, Increased Productivity Expected
San Francisco – San Francisco is moving forward with construction standards that will save the City millions in operational costs. The recently adopted Green Building Ordinance, set to take effect in September, will require applicable new city construction projects, renovations, and/or building additions to follow green building design principles–helping to increase energy efficiency, promote the environment, and increase employee productivity.
"This Green Building Ordinance will translate into millions in savings on future operational costs on new construction. The ordinance is good for the City and will help improve the health of our environment and the thousands of employees that continue to provide services for this community," explains Jared Blumenfeld, director of SF Environment. "This City leads by example and together we can hope this will encourage the private sector to adopt similar building measures."
The Green Building Ordinance, sponsored by Supervisor Tom Ammiano, requires that all, city-owned facilities and leaseholds will need to achieve at least a LEED'Ñ¢ Silver certification. LEED'Ñ¢ is the green building rating system of the US Green Building Council; the acronym stands for "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design." The buildings are rated on a four-step scale from lowest to highest: LEED Certified, LEED Silver, LEED Gold, and LEED Platinum. LEED'Ñ¢ criteria evaluate a building's environmental and energy efficiency performance from a "whole building" perspective, over the course of a building's lifecycle, which provides a definitive standard for what constitutes a green building.
Green buildings are designed, constructed, renovated and operated in an environmentally- friendly manner. Resource-efficient buildings exhibit a high level of environmental, economic and engineering performance. In order for a building to qualify as green, they are analyzed under six categories: site consideration and its closeness to public transportation, water efficiency and the management of water consumption, distribution, treatment, and storage, energy and atmosphere including alternate energy sources such as energy from solar panels, materials and resources from recycled products, indoor air quality including the use of high quality cleaning and painting materials, and innovation and design.
Laguna Honda Hospital is adding a 1200 bed rehabilitation healthcare facility. The design shows that the new facility will use thirty percent less energy then the code requires, which is estimated to help save the City more than $7 million over the course of the first ten years. At least 75% of all construction and demolition debris will be recovered or recycled from this new addition. Residents of the facility will also have access to natural lighting and ventilation and views of the 62-acre forest that surrounds the facility.
California Academy of Sciences is rebuilding to be among the largest natural history museums and research center located in Golden Gate Park. The museum is registered with the US Green Building Council and is projected for the highest rating, LEED Platinum. The 370,000 square feet facility will highlight sustainable features including an environmentally friendly roof–one that will capture and reclaim millions gallons of rainwater from becoming storm run-off, floor to ceiling glass walls that will suffuse public spaces in natural light and integrate the interior space with environment of the park, solar panels, and many other benefits that maximize the areas natural resources.
There are huge advantages in having adequate indoor air quality for employers. Corporate productivity studies show natural lighting and ventilation in the office can improve employee productivity by as much as sixteen percent. These employee productivity gains include a decrease in absenteeism, improvements in the quality of work, enhance comfort and health, a reduction in liability, and minimization in turnovers and workers compensation claims.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the construction and operation of conventional buildings uses 35% of all energy the nations consumes, and are responsible for 35% of the material that goes to landfill. In addition, conventional buildings use 30% of wood and other raw materials, and contribute to 35% of the carbon dioxide produced nationwide.
Gloria Chan, 355-3733


text:
Hassan Rajab Khatib (born January 1, 1946) is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania.

References
Parliament of Tanzania

Members of the National Assembly (Tanzania)
Living people
1946 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Tanzanian politicians

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Taman Tugu
Trees at Taman Tugu
National Public Trust
Kempas
Scientific name: Koompassia malaccensis
Family name: Leguminosae
Kempas trees in Taman Tugu
The Kempas tree is an indigenous rainforest species found amongst the 4,100 trees added to the Taman Tugu site, selected in collaboration with the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia ("FRIM") and Malaysian Nature Society ("MNS"). This species was selected to attract fauna to the site as it is a popular perch for birds and other animals.
The Kempas tree is an emergent tree that can grow between 45m–60m in height with steep, thick and plank-like buttresses. Its diameter ranges from 0.60m–1.49m. It has stalked pinnate leaves arranged alternately with 5-14 leaflets each. Its leaf blades are leathery and of an oval/lanceolate shape. Its flowers are white and placed in panicles. Its fruits comprise light-weight, wind dispersed pods measuring approximately 97mm in length. They are green in colour, strongly flattened and twisted lengthwise. Each fruit contains a single flat seed that is purplish-black and shallowly wrinkled.
The Kempas timbers are good for flooring and are commonly used for heavy permanent structures, railway sleepers, dock blocks, fence posts, shingles etc. Its wood is also used for fuel and produces high quality charcoal.
These tropical trees grow in freshwater peat-swamps and sub-montane forests, usually up to 1100m in altitude. These trees are native to Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Peninsular Thailand, and Sumatra. The species epithet "malaccensis" is derived from the Latin for Melaka, where these trees are naturally distributed. Also known as Mengris, the Kempas tree is protected in Sarawak under the Wildlife Protection Bill of 1990.
<< Back to Listing Page
© 2020 Taman Tugu Project. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy


in platinum 950 and are marked with the 950 stamp,when love comes together in the present, when it expresses itself loud and clear....A ring that dares to write LEVE to conjure the spell and seal even further the strength of your feelings. . Each item FREE come with Cartier Jewellery. Red pouch & Red box & gift bag & Anti-tarnish Silver Polishing Cloth. 925 Sterling Silver Or 18CT Gold. 100% High Quality & Authentic Guarantee.


Mediation not Litigation ~ we can work it out !
Mediation is an important aspect of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Mediation is the intervention of a neutral third party in a dispute. The object is to enable the two sides to reach a compromise solution to their differences, which the mediator usually does by seeing representatives of each side separately and then together. If the mediator has power to make binding awards the process is known as "Arbitration" ; if he can only suggest means of settling the dispute it is known as "Conciliation". The main goal of any mediation is the amicable settlement of disputes.
Mediation does not aim to determine the guilty party and force it to fulfill certain obligations (as in the case of litigation), but attempts to find a compromise. By avoiding mandatory compensation, mediation retains the possibility of the parties pursuing the transaction and preserving their relationship. Mediation makes it possible to avoid litigation costs and allows the parties to find a solution based on informal agreements.
A mediator plays an impartial role in the conflict, thereby ensuring a neutral discussion of the disputed matters, even if there is mutual distrust between the parties and helps the parties think through the issue of fairness.
Joseph Gyrnbaum: "An ounce of Mediation is worth a pound of Arbitration and a ton of Litigation"
the sides agree on issues that cannot be disclosed to third parties (specially in court).
the dispute involves criminal and/or constitutional matters.
Mediation results in an official document (a protocol, plan, agreement or additional accord to the existing contract) specifying equitable, legal and practical obligations satisfactory to all concerned, developed through successful negotiations. Once a mutually agreeable solution is reached, the mediator, at the parties' option, may act as an independent observer ensuring that the sides' interests are met and resolving minor issues as they arise, thus avoiding serious consequences.
Life's too Short not to Listen !
MNL104- Mediating Work Pl. .


We are all too familiar with the setting portrayed on television news of the police chasing a driver who will not stop. The helicopter circles above, while the TV newscasters babble with foolish questions and comments, as we sit frustrated and impatient for the end to come.
Sam was born in Mexico. His mother immigrated to the Bakersfield area to work the fields. Sam never knew his father. At age 16, he hooked up with a bad crowd that got him thrown out of the house. Without money, Sam quickly found his friends were short-lived. By the grace of God, an angel came into his life at that time. Her name was Hope, an older friend of his mother. She saw some good in Sam and let him stay with her. Sam soon realized his mistakes, got it together and finished high school. Like too many young men, he fathered a child, Samantha, who now is married and a mother herself.
Sam worked for years in a Bakersfield winery, learning almost every job in the process, from picking grapes to winemaking. He moved to Oxnard with his wife and the two younger daughters, Denica and Brandy about ten years ago. Financially and personally there was a constant struggle, putting many pressures on his marriage. Employment came and went with low pay and limited security. Sam enjoyed becoming involved with the Child Development Center his daughters attended and joined the Board as a caring parent. He even attained a Medical Assistant Certificate. But recently he found himself alone after he lost his job and his wife left him.
Sam visited Catholic Charities' Oxnard office and discussed his situation with Janet DePrima. Janet was aware that the court would allow Sam to work off his fines by performing volunteer work at Catholic Charities, cleaning up, maintenance, handing out food. After working the past four months at Catholic Charities, Sam has fit in very well and has been an inspiration to all he comes in contact with. Sam has a court date to get his driver's license reinstated. He is full of hope and expects that by next year he will be gainfully employed, erasing his past debt and continuing to be involved in his daughters' education. He hopes his story will move others to recognize their own value and make positive changes in their lives.


text:
Un govern és un cos o un ens que té l'autoritat i la potestat administrativa per a fer i el poder per a executar les lleis dintre d'un grup o organització civil, corporativa, religiosa o acadèmica. En un sentit ampli, governar significa administrar o supervisar, ja sigui un estat, un grup de persones, o un conjunt d'actius; és a dir, és la forma política amb la qual un estat és governat. La paraula catalana "govern" es deriva del grec Κυβερνήτης (kyvernites). El govern d'un estat constitueix el centre des del qual s'exerceix el poder polític sobre una societat.

Encara que en la política moderna, el govern, en un sentit ampli i com a organització del poder públic de la societat, es divideix en tres branques (executiva, legislativa i judicial), als països la forma de govern basada en el parlamentarisme, la paraula "govern" sovint es refereix només a les funcions de la branca executiva de l'Estat, o a l'executiu governant (com és el cas dels governs de l'estat espanyol o el de la Generalitat de Catalunya), allò que als estats presidencialistes s'anomena l'administració o gestió, (com per exemple el cas dels Estats Units d'Amèrica on parlem de l'administració Bush o Obama).

Els governs efectius han de posseir dos atributs: autoritat i legitimitat. L'autoritat és l'habilitat per a compel·lir a l'obediència. Tots els governs utilitzen algun tipus de coacció física en la seva autoritat; per exemple empresonament, amenaces o exili. La legitimitat és l'atribut que motiva el poble a sotmetre's a l'autoritat. La legitimitat es guanya a través de l'adquisició i l'aplicació del poder d'acord amb els principis i estàndards establerts.

Origen i etimologia
El terme democràcia prové del grec antic (δημοκρατία) i va ser encunyat a Atenes al segle V a.C. a partir dels vocables δημος («demos», que pot traduir-se com a «poble») i Κράτος («krátos», que pot traduir-se com a «poder» o «govern»). No obstant això la significació etimològica del terme és molt més complexa. El terme «demos» sembla haver estat un neologisme derivat de la fusió de les paraules demiürgs (demiurgi) i geomoros (geomori). L'historiador Plutarc assenyalava que els geomoros i demiürgs, eren juntament amb els eupàtrides, les tres classes en què Teseu va dividir a la població lliure de l'Àtica (addicionalment la població estava integrada també pels metecs, els esclaus i les dones). Els eupàtrides eren els nobles, els demiürgs eren els artesans, i els geomoros eren els camperols. Aquests dos últims grups, «en creixent oposició a la noblesa, van formar el demos».

Alguns pensadors consideren a la democràcia atenesa com el primer exemple d'un sistema democràtic. Altres pensadors han criticat aquesta conclusió, argumentant d'una banda que tant en l'organització tribal com en antigues civilitzacions a tot el món hi ha exemples de sistemes polítics democràtics, i d'altra banda que només una petita minoria del 10% de la població tenia dret a participar de l'anomenada democràcia atenesa, quedant automàticament exclosos la majoria de treballadors, camperols, esclaus i les dones.

De totes maneres, el significat del terme ha canviat amb el temps, i la definició moderna ha evolucionat molt, sobretot des de finals del , amb la successiva introducció de sistemes democràtics en moltes nacions i sobretot a partir del reconeixement del sufragi universal i del vot femení durant el . Avui en dia, les democràcies existents són bastant diferents al sistema de govern atenès del que hereten el seu nom.

D'aquesta manera es comprèn la classificació de les formes polítiques existents en totes les èpoques, perquè el que caracteritza el govern monàrquic és sempre que la voluntat estàtica és la voluntat psicològica d'una persona i el que caracteritza la república és que el que es diu voluntat de l'Estat és el resultat d'un procés jurídic.

Objectius del Govern
La missió del govern és crear un sistema d'auto-protecció social per i amb les famílies que viuen a l'Estat, assegurança al llarg termini, autofinançable, de molt bona qualitat i sense corrupció. Prioritàriament assegurar el futur de la salut, educació, crèdit, propietat, pensió, habitatge.

A diferències de les ONG, l'estratègia del govern és recaptar aportacions obligatòries de tots els membres de l'Estat, fets en diners, per construir infraestructura i empreses de serveis públics.

Històricament, el primer Govern es forma a la tribu, com una forma de coordinar el ple aprofitament dels recursos humans, naturals, instal·lacions i eines, etc., d'aquesta, per a generar el màxim de satisfaccions que satisfacin les necessitats de la tribu, en alimentació, seguretat, etc.

Després, s'ha establert lExecutiu com a ens coordinador, el legislatiu com a generador de normes i lleis i el judicial com a encarregat de fer que les normes i les lleis es compleixin.

Actualment hi ha un grup d'investigadors i empreses seriosament preocupats pel fet que el govern és una organització d'autoprotecció social poc segura al llarg termini, que potser no sigui capaç d'assegurar els serveis de protecció social a futur, quan l'espècie allargui seva esperança de vida per sobre dels 100 anys. Aquests investigadors estan desenvolupant ONG alternatives.

Òrgans de govern
Se sol al·ludir que el govern es divideix en poders, però en realitat es divideix en òrgans amb diferents funcions:

 segons el seu inici: òrgans constitucionals, investits per la constitució com el poder legislatiu o subordinats, és a dir que són derivats d'òrgans constitucionals com el ministeri de treball

 segons la seva estructura: poden ser simples, com un ministeri o complexos, com el poder judicial.

 segons la seva composició: individuals, dirigit una persona com l'executiu o grupals, actuant per un conjunt de persones com el congrés.

 segons les seves funcions: equivalen als poders judicials, legislatius i executius.

Branques del govern

En la teoria política moderna, el govern està dividit en tres branques o poders principals: el poder legislatiu (poder per a fer les lleis), el poder executiu (poder per a implementar les lleis) i el poder judicial (el poder per a jutjar i castigar l'incompliment de les lleis). En les democràcies la nominació i l'elecció del govern és el dret dels ciutadans, ja sigui de manera directa (un sufragi universal directe) o indirecta (per mitjà d'un col·legi electoral o per llistes de diputats per partits polítics en la representació proporcional).

Sota les formes tradicionals de govern comunes fins fa pocs segles, com per exemple la monarquia i l'oligarquia, aquests poders eren representants o concentrats en mans d'una sola persona o un grup petit de persones. Una de les innovacions de la democràcia és la separació dels poders en aquestes tres distintes branques de govern que operen independentment en un sistema de balanç i verificació l'una de l'altra. Aquesta separació prevé la concentració excessiva de poder de manera autoritària o despòtica per una persona o un grup de persones.

El sistema tripartit de Montesquieu
L'origen del concepte es remunta al filòsof polític francès de la Il·lustració, Montesquieu. Montesquieu descrigué la divisió del poder polític entre un braç executiu, un braç legislatiu i un braç judicial. El seu model es basava en el sistema constitucional britànic, en el qual veié una separació de poders entre el monarca, el Parlament i els tribunals. Autors posteriors han apuntat que Montesquieu s'equivocà en aquest aspecte, car al Regne Unit els braços legislatiu i executiu eren molt propers i tenien lligams amb el braç judicial (tot i que hi havia independència judicial).

Formes de govern

Una forma de govern és un terme col·loquial per referir-se al conjunt de les institucions polítiques per mitjà de les quals un estat s'organitza per a exercir els seus poders sobre una comunitat política. Cal notar que aquesta definició és vàlida encara que el govern sigui il·legítim o si està incapacitat per a exercir els seus poders.

Classificació de les formes de govern

Segons el nombre de persones amb poders de govern
Les formes de govern es poden classificar d'acord amb el nombre de persones sobre les quals recauen els poders de govern:

 Autocràcia: govern en què un individu té tot el poder. Aquesta categoria inclou les monarquies absolutes i les dictadures republicanes
 Oligarquia: govern en què el poder polític resideix en un grup petit d'individus amb interessos similars. Un tipus d'oligarquia és la plutocràcia, en què un grup petit de persones poderoses està integrat pels membres més rics de la societat
 Democràcia: govern en què el poder resideix en tot el poble

Segons l'organització o règim polític
Una altra classificació es basa en l'organització o règim polític:

 Formes republicanes:
 sistemes parlamentaris: sistemes en què la branca executiva del govern es deriva i depèn de la branca legislativa
 sistemes presidencialistes: sistemes en què la branca executiva del govern és independent de la branca legislativa
 sistemes semipresidencialistes: sistemes en què la branca executiva és encapçalada per un membre de la branca legislativa per la majoria dels afers interns, i per un president electe de manera independent encarregat d'altres afers de competència general o fins i tot amb poders merament simbòlics

 Formes monàrquiques:
 monarquia parlamentària: monarquia en la qual el poder executiu recau sobre un monarca no electe amb poders limitats o cerimonials; el monarca governa per mitjà d'un primer ministre (o president de govern) que prové de la branca legislativa; en tots els aspectes, llevat de l'existència d'un monarca, les monarquies parlamentàries són idèntiques als sistemes parlamentaris.

 monarquia absoluta: monarquia en la qual tot el poder del govern recau sobre un monarca no electe amb poders il·limitats

 Teocràcia: organització d'un estat no democràtic basat en la religió d'estat en què el cap d'estat hi és elegit de la jerarquia religiosa i sovint és considerat el representant màxim de la religió en qüestió

 Sistemes unipartidistes o apartidistes: estats no democràtics en què el poder polític recau de manera absoluta sobre un partit polític únic (o organització o grup no definit com a partit polític per se) les operacions del qual estan fusionades amb la jerarquia governamental

 Juntes militars i estats sota control militar: estats en què les forces armades controlen tots els òrgans del govern i en què tots els principals funcionaris públics també són membres de l'exèrcit

 Estats en transició: estats la forma de govern dels quals no pot ser determinada amb precisió

Segons on se sustenta el poder de decisió

Atributs aristocràtics
Els governs amb atributs Aristocràtics són tradicionalment controlades i organitzades per un petit grup de les persones més qualificades, sense la intervenció de la major part de la societat, i aquest grup petit usualment comparteix alguns trets comuns.

Atributs autocràtics
Els governs amb atributs autocràtics estan dominats per una persona que té tot el poder sobre el poble d'un país. En la República Romana es van formar dictadors per a liderar en temps de guerra, i aquests dictadors romans només tenien poder durant un petit lapse de temps. En els temps moderns, la regla d'un autòcrata no s'atura per les normes de la llei, constitucions, o d'altres institucions socials i polítiques. Després de la Segona Guerra Mundial, molts governs d'Amèrica Llatina, Àsia i Àfrica estaven governats per governs autocràtics. Exemples d'autòcrates inclouen Idi Amin, Muammar Gaddafi, Adolf Hitler i Gamal Abdul Nasser.

Atributs monàrquics
Els governs amb atributs monàrquics són governats per un rei/emperador o una reina/emperadora que hereta la seva posició de la seva família, que sovint s'anomena la "família real". Hi dos tipus oposats de monarquies: monarquies absolutes i monarquies constitucionals. En una monarquia absoluta, el governant no té límits en els seus desitjos o poders. En una monarquia constitucional, els poders de la regla estan limitats per un document anomenat constitució. La constitució va ser posat en marxa per posar un xec a aquests poders

Altres classificacions modernes

Democràcia clàssica o occidental
En l'anomenada democràcia clàssica o occidental la forma de govern es basa en el predomini de la majoria, però amb respecte a les minories. El que condueix al pluripartidisme. Quant al funcionament assenyala:
 Pluralitat d'òrgans constitucionals i l'acceptació de la teoria de separació de poders.
 Constitució rígida i un control de constitucionalitat de les lleis ordinàries.
 Parlament electiu.
 Una àmplia tutela jurisdiccional dels drets públics subjectius i particularment els drets de la llibertat civil.
 Descentralització àmplia.
 Idees parlamentades.

Democràcia directa, representativa i semi directa

El govern directe és aquell segons el qual el poble exerceix directament les funcions de govern, actua realitzant actes de govern sense representants. Aquest règim no existeix actualment i pot afirmar-se que en realitat, mai es va arribar a realitzar, en cap Estat. Només ha estat possible en petites circumscripcions (municipis, cantons suïssos, etc.).

S'ha dit que a Grècia es va practicar Democràcia directa, tot i que aquesta afirmació no és del tot exacte, ja que si bé el poble es reunia a l'Àgora per a discutir i resoldre les qüestions de govern, era en realitat una aristocràcia, ja que estaven exclosos els estrangers, esclaus i dones.
En l'època moderna tots els autors citen com a exemple de govern directe els cantons suïssos. Però en realitat aquestes reunions eren esporàdiques i en elles es limitaven a votar per si o per no als projectes sotmesos a la seva consideració. El govern directe és una forma teòrica i actualment impossible de practicar, per l'augment de població dels Estats i la complexitat de la tasca governativa, cada vegada més tècnica.

El govern representatiu és aquell en el qual les funcions de govern són realitzades pels representants del poble. Actualment pràcticament la totalitat dels règims de govern són representatius. Els governants són considerats "representants" de la ciutadania i són ungits en la seva qualitat de tals mitjançant el sufragi. Aquest és l'únic contracte del triat amb l'elector, el poble només té dret d'elecció, i la relació de representació es desenvolupa a través del partit polític. El representant no pot ser revocat, perquè els seus electors no tenen cap contracte després del vot, excepte a través del partit polític. Teòricament el votant s'inclina per un partit polític per una adhesió al programa de govern que aquest propugna i vota pels candidats d'aquest partit. Per aquesta raó el representant hauria de complir amb el programa i les autoritats del partit controlar la seva actuació (es poden trobar molts exemples, de les queixes arran un incompliment).

El règim semirepresentatiu és aquell que participa i veu d'ambdós sistemes; el govern es realitza indirectament per mitjà de representants, però el poble realitza directament alguns actes de govern, és a dir que no limita la seva intervenció al sufragi, sinó que de vegades utilitza formes de govern directe: plebiscits, referèndums, iniciatives legislatives populars, etc.

Organització interna del govern
Independentment del sistema de govern estatal en funció, l'organització interna de l'estat es pot classificar en:

 estat unitari pur: estat sense cap divisió administrativa interna; el govern estatal és l'única divisió governamental
 estat unitari o centralitzat: estat dividit en regions administratives els governants de les quals hi són designats pel govern estatal de manera unilateral
 estat regional: estat amb passat centralista que progressivament ha delegat molts poders administratius a les regions internes les quals elegeixen un govern autònom i democràtic la qual cosa el converteix en un estat quasi federat en què el govern central encara conserva prerrogatives i la capacitat de reorganitzar l'estat; depenent del grau de devolució de poders els estats regionals poden ser classificats fins i tot com a estats federats de facto
 estat federat: estat format per entitats sobiranes i autònomes que han cedit algunes de llurs atribucions i poders a un govern central per formar una unió; les entitats o estats que s'uneixen a una federació perden el dret a la secessió
 estat confederat: unió de dos o més estats o entitats sobiranes i autònomes que han cedit algunes de llurs atribucions i poders a un govern central; a diferència dels estats federats, sovint els integrants d'una confederació conserven el dret a la secessió

Referències

Vegeu també

 Govern de Catalunya
 Consell de la Generalitat Valenciana
 Govern de les Illes Balears


The value of assets owned by the Appian Burlington Property Fund, whose management includes former key figures from Treasury Holdings and the National Asset Management Agency, grew more than 16 per cent last year to €45 million, its latest figures show.
Appian specialises in investing in commercial property outside Dublin city centre and has interests in offices shopping malls in urban areas such as Cork, Louth, Tallaght and Sandyford.
The investment fund's net asset value grew 16.26 per cent last year according to performance figures for 2018. Appian said at the weekend that to date it has bought seven offices and retail premises, worth €44.95 million on December 31st.
Last year's growth in the value of its assets, which the fund said was sector-leading, brought total gains on the money it has invested since it was launched in November 2016 to 20.74 per cent. Including cash, the fund's total value is close €50 million.
Appian's properties include shops at 73, 74 and 75 Patrick Street in Cork; Bank of Ireland, Drogheda, Co Louth; and, offices at Tuansgate, Tallaght and Boroimhe Shopping Centre, Swords, in Dublin.
John Bruder, formerly chief executive of the John Ronan and Richard Barrett-controlled Treasury Holdings, is managing director of Burlington Real Estate, which advises Appian on property investment and provides management services.
Appian recently appointed John Moriarty, Nama's former head of asset recovery, as the fund's chairman. Ann Hargaden, investment director at Lisney, has joined him on the board.
Nama and Treasury clashed in the High Court in 2012 when the State agency appointed receivers to assets owned by the property investment company.
Appian Asset Management manages the fund, which is preparing to make its first investments in industrial property, and is looking primarily at logistics and distribution centres. Up until now it has concentrated on offices and retail.
Appian Asset Management chief executive Patrick Lawless said the organisation was pleased with 2018's performance and the fund's potential to scale up and buy more properties.
"The fund's chosen locations and chosen sectors have performed well and we look forward to the progress we have made continuing in 2019 and beyond," he added.
Mr Lawless said Appian would continue to offer investors medium- to long-term opportunities in the post-Brexit climate.
Burlington Real Estate's Mr Bruder noted that the outlook was good for the properties Appian was targeting.
"Dublin suburban office and industrial property values are still below their replacement cost and our view is there is still considerable upside in these sectors.
"We are also actively targeting retail units on a selective basis in prime provincial and suburban locations where rents are still less than half of their peak level," he said.
He added that with the strong economy, retail was an attractive opportunity in the right locations.
Appian typically spends between €5 million and €15 million on individual properties. It is a qualifying investor fund with a minimum investment of €100,000.
The Chrysler Building is for sale, but does anyone want it?


text:
35 Years Ago: Arnold Schwarzenegger Becomes 'The Terminator'
Tyler Sage
With his second film, The Terminator, James Cameron established himself as perhaps the premiere action director of his generation. Released on Oct. 26, 1984, the movie also radically changed the career trajectory of Arnold Schwarzenegger, turning him from a muscle-bound meathead with an Austrian accent into a cinematic icon.
Cameron reportedly wrote the script's first draft following a dream in which a mechanical monstrosity pursued him across his kitchen floor. At first, the director struggled to draw interest in the film, possibly due to the fact that his only other feature film was the low-budget flop Piranha II: The Spawning. But he's nothing if not a man who accomplishes what he sets his mind to. Case in point, in 2012, driven by his fascination for the undersea world, he became only the second human being to pilot a submersible into the Pacific Ocean's Challenger Deep, the deepest known spot on Earth.
Given this inherent determination, finding financing and actors for a movie about a robot sent back in time to kill the mother of a future resistance leader may not have presented much of a challenge. Cameron pitched the project by having actor Lance Henrickson (whom he would later cast as a cop in The Terminator) dress up like a Terminator and precede him into a producer's office. He also managed to nab Schwarzenegger, who was initially disdainful of the project, thinking that it was his role as Conan the Barbarian that would make him a huge star.
After Schwarzenegger signed on, Cameron refined his script until it was a tight, straight-line chase narrative and put together the rest of a pitch-perfect cast. This included Michael Biehn and Linda Hamilton, whose role as Sarah Connor would become equally as iconic as Schwarzenegger's. As if to confirm his eye for spotting talent, Cameron also cast Bill Paxton, Rick Rossovitch, Brian Thompson and Paul Winfield in various smaller roles.
The result is an immensely entertaining film. For the first 15 minutes or so, the audience has no idea of the stakes involved. Two men, or what we think are men, appear in the streets of Los Angeles naked and begin to look for Sarah Connor. Slowly we realized that one, Schwarzenegger's Terminator, is trying to kill her while the other, a solider from the future named Reese (played by Biehn), is trying to save her.
But how do you stop a futuristic cyborg with only the weapons of the present? Reese and Connor alternatively try to run away, and figure out ways to destroy the Terminator, including throwing pipe bombs at him and blowing up the gas tanker truck he's driving. None of it works. Eventually, the Terminator is reduced to nothing more than his metal frame. After that, he's brought down to simply a metal torso with arms. And yet still he drags himself after the wounded Connor (and fulfilling, at the end of the film, the dream Cameron had that initiated the project.)
Watch the Teaser Trailer for 'The Terminator'
In the end, it is only Connor's determination that saves her. Through the course of the movie, we watch her grow from an ordinary young woman working as a waitress to a steely heroine who knows she's destined to give birth to, and then train, the man who will save humanity. In this way, the film makes a surprisingly strong feminist statement. Several years later, with Aliens, Cameron would explore this same arc with Sigourney Weaver's character Ripley, who goes from uncertain participant in a space exploration to a bad-ass who takes on the queen alien with guns, grenade launchers and, ultimately, a metal exoskeleton.
But the most iconic element of The Terminator is Schwarzenegger's titular character. What the industry had considered to be limitations up until then – his ridiculously sized muscles, blunt facial features, accent and rudimentary acting skills – became in a single movie a set of tropes that he could play with, and off of in a humorous way, for the rest of his cinematic life.
His most famous line from a career full of them -- "I'll be back" -- comes from this film. He returns by smashing a car into the police station and then parading through it with a long gun in each hand, killing every cop he sees. And it was a line that almost never existed – in a 2012 interview, he noted that at the time of filming he still had trouble pronouncing "I'll" in English and suggested to Cameron that the line might be better as "I will be back." It would not have been.
Beyond this line, though, there is a menace in the Terminator character that's so striking it might almost be a swagger. "It can't be reasoned with, it can't be bargained with. It doesn't feel pity or remorse or fear and it absolutely will not stop," the character Reese aptly says of the cyborg. But at the heart of this unstoppable force lies an almost arrogant disdain for, and even amusement with, the puny humans it must kill. This hubris makes the Terminator something more than a machine, and it allows Schwarzenegger a subtlety in exploring the character's depth.
The ability to project this feeling of sly implacability has served Schwarzenegger well in later life, both as an actor and as a public figure who was elected as the governor of California. After The Terminator it always felt like there was something inevitable about his longevity. And Reese's assessment that it "absolutely will not stop," serves as a nice summation not only of Schwarzenegger's career, but Cameron's too, as well as the franchise he started.
'Terminator' Films Ranked
Next: Guns N' Roses' Biggest Movie and Soundtrack Moments
Source: 35 Years Ago: Arnold Schwarzenegger Becomes 'The Terminator'
Filed Under: Arnold Schwarzenegger


text:
Manuscript/Mixed Material Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to the bishops of Mexico, Guatemala, and Antequera [Oaxaca]
Download: PDF JPEG (225x315px) JPEG (450x631px) JPEG (900x1263px) JPEG2000 (51.2 KB) TIFF (1.1 MB)
Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to the bishops of Mexico, Guatemala, and Antequera [Oaxaca]
The King [Charles I of Spain]
Valladolid, August 23, 1538
- Latin America--History
- Indians, Treatment of--New Spain
- New Spain--Politics and government
- Dioceses--New Spain
- Catholic Church--Clergy--Appointment, call, and election
- Food Supply--New Spain
- Catholic Church--Buildings
- Education--New Spain--Artisans
- This is a reply to the petitions presented by the bishops in item 19A. This reply, however, was apparently made on the basis of a slightly later copy of the bishops' letter. The King refers to their letter of December 10, 1537, while item 19A was dated December 4, 1537...
3 leaves
Hans Peter Kraus collection of Spanish American documents, 1433-1877
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss31013.mss31013-02000
View Hans Peter Kraus Collection of Spanish American Documents Finding Aid
Hans Peter Kraus Collection of Spanish American Documents, 1433 to 1877 (237)
Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier (389)
Appointment, Call, and Election
Indians, Treatment of
New Spain
The materials in Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse.
Credit Line: Library of Congress, Parallel Histories: Spain, the United States, and the American Frontier.
The King Charles I Of Spain. Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to the bishops of Mexico, Guatemala, and Antequera Oaxaca . Valladolid, 1538. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/mss31013-02000/.
The King Charles I Of Spain. (1538) Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to the bishops of Mexico, Guatemala, and Antequera Oaxaca . Valladolid. [Manuscript/Mixed Material] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/mss31013-02000/.
The King Charles I Of Spain. Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to the bishops of Mexico, Guatemala, and Antequera Oaxaca . Valladolid, 1538. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/mss31013-02000/>.
Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal cedula to Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain
Contributor: The King [Charles I of Spain]
Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal cedula to the audiencia and treasury officials of New Spain
Hans Peter Kraus Collection: Royal letter to Juan de Zumárraga, bishop of Mexico
The nature and scope of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests and deacons in the ...
Sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests and deacons in the United States, 1950-2002 "February 2004". "Report is based upon surveys provided by 195 dioceses and eparchies of the United States and its terroritories, representing 97% all diocesan priests in the United States and 142 religious...
Contributor: John Jay College of Criminal Justice - Catholic Church. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
Sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests and deacons in the United States, 1950-2002 PDF acquired via web archiving "February 2004". "Report is based upon surveys provided by 195 dioceses and eparchies of the United States and its terroritories, representing 97% all diocesan priests in the...
La invasión europea de América : Abya yala sojuzgada
Contributor: Rossi, Juan José
Historia y pedagogía del Seminario Conciliar en Hispanoamérica, 1563-1800 / Includes bibliographical references(p. [249]-259). Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
Contributor: Vergara Ciordia, Javier
The Spanish conquest in America : and its relation to the history of slavery and to ... Based upon the author's "The conquerors of the new world and their bonds men," London, 1848-52. Includes index. LAC ael 2020-10-15 update (1 card)
Contributor: Helps, Arthur - Joseph Meredith Toner Collection (Library of Congress)


text:
Most requested revival, 'Sylvia' returns to Florida Rep
Michelle Damato is doggone good in Florida Rep's 'Sylvia'
Meet 'Sylvia' actor Carrie Lund
A.R. Gurney's Sylvia returns to the historic Arcade Theatre on October 24 in a production that The Wall Street Journal called "clever and cute in all the right ways" when the show debuted in 2011.
Sylvia follows empty nesters, Greg and Kate, who find themselves at a crossroads – his career is winding down and hers is ramping up. Now living in a Manhattan apartment, Kate thinks the dog phase of her life is over, but when Greg brings a street-smart labradoodle named Sylvia into their home, all bets are off. Love and laughter are unleashed as Sylvia quickly becomes a bone of contention, testing their marriage to hilarious and touching effect.
Carrie Lund plays the part of Kate.
Carrie is a co-founder, company member, and Associate Producer of Florida Rep, and has acted in over 90 productions in Southwest Florida. Carrie has been in all nine Florida Rep shows reviewed by The Wall Street Journal: The House of Blue Leaves, The Cocktail Hour, One Slight Hitch, Arsenic and Old Lace, The Little Foxes, God of Carnage, Sylvia, You Can't Take It with You, and Dancing at Lughnasa. Other selected credits include Florida Rep's Becky's New Car, The U nexpected Guest, Dividing the Estate, Tribes, Heart Song, Clybourne Park, Rumors (2002, 2011), August: Osage County, Noises Off (1998, 2010), The Last Romance, Enchanted April, Rabbit Hole, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Tale of the Allergist's Wife, All My Sons, and Private Lives.
Lund produced and acted on Sanibel Island from 1984-1998 at the Pirate Playhouse and on Captiva Island with Carrie Lund Presents. She taught theatre at Florida Gulf Coast University in its early years, produced theatre companies in her hometown of Erie, PA and New York City, and performed in regional theatres in NY, VT and NC, as well as the Three River Shakespeare Festival, Pittsburgh Playhouse, and American Ibsen Theatre in Pittsburgh, PA.
In 1987, the Sanibel-Captiva Chamber of Commerce awarded her the Distinguished Citizen Award and the Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. In 2012, she was named Best Actress and one of the "Power Women of the Year" by Florida Weekly.
Married to Robert Cacioppo, she enjoys the accomplishments of their best productions: Matt, graduate of UCF and Julia, a proud FSU alumni.
'Sylvia' play dates, times and ticket info
John Ottavino plays Greg in 'Sylvia'
Meet 'Sylvia' actor David Breitbarth


text:
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management
J.A. Catford, C.C. Daehler, H.T. Murphy, Andrew Sheppard, B.D. Hardesty, D.A. Westcott, M. Rejmánek, P.J. Bellingham, J. Pergl, C.C. Horvitz, P.E. Hulme
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts a hump-shaped pattern between community diversity and disturbance, and is central to understanding patterns of species diversity. Here, we examine IDH in the context of alien plant invasions. IDH can offer insight into the role of disturbance in facilitating plant invasions and the effect of these invasions on floristic diversity.
Early stages of succession are most susceptible to invasion because resources and colonisation opportunities are elevated after disturbance. This trend is accentuated by human-mediated dispersal, a bias towards early successional species in the alien species pool, the tendency for fast-growing species to profit most from enemy release, and increased disturbance levels in human-modified habitats. Human disturbance, coupled with plant introductions, extends the diversity–disturbance curve and shifts peak diversity towards higher disturbance levels. However, invasive aliens can reduce native diversity at the community scale, especially in mid succession where competitive interactions structure communities. Certain invasive plants may have higher impacts because they overcome some life history tradeoffs as a result of their association with humans or novel evolutionary histories, e.g. enemy release. This may directly or indirectly (e.g. through plastic reallocation of resources from defence into growth) enable invasive plants to colonise earlier or persist into later stages of succession. By modifying disturbance regimes, invaders that transform the environment may also interfere with succession and precipitate low diversity communities. Low introduction rates of late successional species may currently limit impacts of aliens under infrequent disturbance.
IDH is a useful framework for understanding ecological communities. However, because of the novel evolutionary histories of alien species and the anthropogenic context in which they invade, disturbance levels that maximise total diversity in invaded communities can differ from those that maximise native diversity. Joint consideration of IDH and alien invasion patterns suggests a range of strategies can be used to manage diversity.
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
Dive into the research topics of 'The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Earth and Planetary Sciences 100%
Plant Earth and Planetary Sciences 100%
Species Immunology and Microbiology 83%
Succession Earth and Planetary Sciences 66%
Humans Agricultural and Biological Sciences 66%
Concentration Chemistry 50%
Introduced Species Earth and Planetary Sciences 33%
Impact Earth and Planetary Sciences 33%
Catford, J. A., Daehler, C. C., Murphy, H. T., Sheppard, A., Hardesty, B. D., Westcott, D. A., Rejmánek, M., Bellingham, P. J., Pergl, J., Horvitz, C. C., & Hulme, P. E. (2012). The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 14(3), 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
Catford, J.A. ; Daehler, C.C. ; Murphy, H.T. et al. / The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions : Implications for species richness and management. In: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 2012 ; Vol. 14, No. 3. pp. 231-241.
@article{917022b7a71d455aab2603d0bd148bd7,
title = "The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management",
abstract = "The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts a hump-shaped pattern between community diversity and disturbance, and is central to understanding patterns of species diversity. Here, we examine IDH in the context of alien plant invasions. IDH can offer insight into the role of disturbance in facilitating plant invasions and the effect of these invasions on floristic diversity. Early stages of succession are most susceptible to invasion because resources and colonisation opportunities are elevated after disturbance. This trend is accentuated by human-mediated dispersal, a bias towards early successional species in the alien species pool, the tendency for fast-growing species to profit most from enemy release, and increased disturbance levels in human-modified habitats. Human disturbance, coupled with plant introductions, extends the diversity–disturbance curve and shifts peak diversity towards higher disturbance levels. However, invasive aliens can reduce native diversity at the community scale, especially in mid succession where competitive interactions structure communities. Certain invasive plants may have higher impacts because they overcome some life history tradeoffs as a result of their association with humans or novel evolutionary histories, e.g. enemy release. This may directly or indirectly (e.g. through plastic reallocation of resources from defence into growth) enable invasive plants to colonise earlier or persist into later stages of succession. By modifying disturbance regimes, invaders that transform the environment may also interfere with succession and precipitate low diversity communities. Low introduction rates of late successional species may currently limit impacts of aliens under infrequent disturbance. IDH is a useful framework for understanding ecological communities. However, because of the novel evolutionary histories of alien species and the anthropogenic context in which they invade, disturbance levels that maximise total diversity in invaded communities can differ from those that maximise native diversity. Joint consideration of IDH and alien invasion patterns suggests a range of strategies can be used to manage diversity.",
author = "J.A. Catford and C.C. Daehler and H.T. Murphy and Andrew Sheppard and B.D. Hardesty and D.A. Westcott and M. Rejm{\'a}nek and P.J. Bellingham and J. Pergl and C.C. Horvitz and P.E. Hulme",
note = "Imported on 12 Apr 2017 - DigiTool details were: month (773h) = June, 2012; Journal title (773t) = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. ISSNs: 1433-8319; ",
doi = "10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002",
journal = "Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics",
publisher = "Urban und Fischer Verlag Jena",
Catford, JA, Daehler, CC, Murphy, HT, Sheppard, A, Hardesty, BD, Westcott, DA, Rejmánek, M, Bellingham, PJ, Pergl, J, Horvitz, CC & Hulme, PE 2012, 'The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management', Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 231-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions : Implications for species richness and management. / Catford, J.A.; Daehler, C.C.; Murphy, H.T. et al.
In: Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, Vol. 14, No. 3, 06.2012, p. 231-241.
T1 - The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions
T2 - Implications for species richness and management
AU - Catford, J.A.
AU - Daehler, C.C.
AU - Murphy, H.T.
AU - Sheppard, Andrew
AU - Hardesty, B.D.
AU - Westcott, D.A.
AU - Rejmánek, M.
AU - Bellingham, P.J.
AU - Pergl, J.
AU - Horvitz, C.C.
AU - Hulme, P.E.
N1 - Imported on 12 Apr 2017 - DigiTool details were: month (773h) = June, 2012; Journal title (773t) = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. ISSNs: 1433-8319;
N2 - The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts a hump-shaped pattern between community diversity and disturbance, and is central to understanding patterns of species diversity. Here, we examine IDH in the context of alien plant invasions. IDH can offer insight into the role of disturbance in facilitating plant invasions and the effect of these invasions on floristic diversity. Early stages of succession are most susceptible to invasion because resources and colonisation opportunities are elevated after disturbance. This trend is accentuated by human-mediated dispersal, a bias towards early successional species in the alien species pool, the tendency for fast-growing species to profit most from enemy release, and increased disturbance levels in human-modified habitats. Human disturbance, coupled with plant introductions, extends the diversity–disturbance curve and shifts peak diversity towards higher disturbance levels. However, invasive aliens can reduce native diversity at the community scale, especially in mid succession where competitive interactions structure communities. Certain invasive plants may have higher impacts because they overcome some life history tradeoffs as a result of their association with humans or novel evolutionary histories, e.g. enemy release. This may directly or indirectly (e.g. through plastic reallocation of resources from defence into growth) enable invasive plants to colonise earlier or persist into later stages of succession. By modifying disturbance regimes, invaders that transform the environment may also interfere with succession and precipitate low diversity communities. Low introduction rates of late successional species may currently limit impacts of aliens under infrequent disturbance. IDH is a useful framework for understanding ecological communities. However, because of the novel evolutionary histories of alien species and the anthropogenic context in which they invade, disturbance levels that maximise total diversity in invaded communities can differ from those that maximise native diversity. Joint consideration of IDH and alien invasion patterns suggests a range of strategies can be used to manage diversity.
AB - The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts a hump-shaped pattern between community diversity and disturbance, and is central to understanding patterns of species diversity. Here, we examine IDH in the context of alien plant invasions. IDH can offer insight into the role of disturbance in facilitating plant invasions and the effect of these invasions on floristic diversity. Early stages of succession are most susceptible to invasion because resources and colonisation opportunities are elevated after disturbance. This trend is accentuated by human-mediated dispersal, a bias towards early successional species in the alien species pool, the tendency for fast-growing species to profit most from enemy release, and increased disturbance levels in human-modified habitats. Human disturbance, coupled with plant introductions, extends the diversity–disturbance curve and shifts peak diversity towards higher disturbance levels. However, invasive aliens can reduce native diversity at the community scale, especially in mid succession where competitive interactions structure communities. Certain invasive plants may have higher impacts because they overcome some life history tradeoffs as a result of their association with humans or novel evolutionary histories, e.g. enemy release. This may directly or indirectly (e.g. through plastic reallocation of resources from defence into growth) enable invasive plants to colonise earlier or persist into later stages of succession. By modifying disturbance regimes, invaders that transform the environment may also interfere with succession and precipitate low diversity communities. Low introduction rates of late successional species may currently limit impacts of aliens under infrequent disturbance. IDH is a useful framework for understanding ecological communities. However, because of the novel evolutionary histories of alien species and the anthropogenic context in which they invade, disturbance levels that maximise total diversity in invaded communities can differ from those that maximise native diversity. Joint consideration of IDH and alien invasion patterns suggests a range of strategies can be used to manage diversity.
U2 - 10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
DO - 10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002
JO - Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
JF - Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
Catford JA, Daehler CC, Murphy HT, Sheppard A, Hardesty BD, Westcott DA et al. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions: Implications for species richness and management. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 2012 Jun;14(3):231-241. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2011.12.002


Historically, race is an unavoidable and sometimes uncomfortable subject. Topics here are not afraid to delve into past and current matters impacting all shades of the human race.
Is Saying #AllLivesMatter Instead of #BlackLivesMatter Better?
Should Washington State's flag be redesigned to have Booker T. Washington's likeness instead of George Washington?


Everything you needed to know about the Deerfield swim sectional Saturday was written on the faces of Gillian Morris and Cori Denison.
Morris, a Deerfield junior, was in stunned disbelief at missing the state qualifying cut in the 100-yard butterfly. And Palatine senior Denison was elated after she swam a 54-second split in helping her team win the 400 freestyle relay and the meet.
Palatine qualified in 11 events for next weekend`s state finals at New Trier, scoring 300 points to 219 apiece for Deerfield and Fremd. Barrington was fourth with 212.
While the conference meets are the big ones for most swimmers, where the girls rah-rah it up for their teammates who will not have a chance to go to state, the state meet is the only one that counts for the handful of elite swimmers who train all year to peak during those two days.
But it is the sectional meet-where they must make the state qualifying cutoff time-that determines the fate of swimmers in between.
Morris shouldn`t have been one of those. She finished sixth in the fly last year, but she sat in the corner choking back tears Saturday after missing the state qualifying time of 1:01.39 by .25. Teammate Jillian Randell failed to make the cut also, qualifying only by virtue of finishing first.
''We didn`t shave (Morris). We gambled, and it backfired,'' said Deerfield coach Sheri Meyer.
Better times were ahead for Morris when she helped Deerfield qualify for two relays. Sophomore Ellen Fraumann, one of two individual double-winners in the meet, vindicated her team by winning the breaststroke (1:08.64) and the individual medley (2:12.26). Both of those times were under the state qualifying marks.
Palatine also had to take the good with the bad. There was nothing more wrenching than the sight of senior Nancy Ropinske with tears streaming down her face after she missed the cutoff time of 1:10.99 in the breaststroke by .29, having earlier coming up short by .25 in the IM.
Richardson hedged on what his team might do next weekend. Senior Debbie Luhmann, the meet`s other individual winner and a qualifier in the 100, 50, and two freestyle relays, took a page from the coach.