text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}
\input{sections/introduction.tex}

\section{Description of Model} \label{sec:model_description}
\input{sections/description_of_model.tex}

\section{Simulation Study}\label{sec:analysis}
\input{sections/results.tex}

\section{Discussion and Conclusion} \label{sec:conclusion}
\input{sections/conclusion.tex}

\input{sections/acronyms.tex}

\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
  \newpage
\fi

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

\subsection{Agent Based Modeling Framework}
We first define the fundamental terms used in ABM.
\begin{definition}[Agent]
An autonomous computational object with particular properties and capable of
particular actions is called an agent.
\end{definition}
\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{Figures/agent_description}}
  \caption{Each agent can interact with the environment or other neighbors in
    its neighborhood. Agents also have a set of static and dynamic attributes
    storing the properties of the agent and its knowledge about the surrounding
    agents and the environment. The simple rules that an agent is following are
    encoded in the methods.}
  \label{fig:agent_description}
  \vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}
Agents are completely autonomous entities in their decision making. As shown in
Figure \ref{fig:agent_description}, every agent has a set of attributes and
methods that define how and with whom it can interact. This defines the
topology of an ABM system. Not all the agents are connected with each other;
instead an agent is connected with a particular set of agents, called
\textit{neighbors}, who influence its localized decision making.
\begin{definition}[Environment]
A set of entities that influence the behavior of an agent constitute the
environment for an agent.
\end{definition}
Figure \ref{fig:agent_description} shows that agents interact not only with
other agents but also with the environment.

To model a problem using \ac{ABM}, we have to define the agents, the environment
as well as associated methods and interactions in a way that reflects the
original problem. It should be noted that the goal of our \ac{ABM} approach is
not to optimize the system, but to model the system as accurately as possible.
The goal is to model the distributed optimization mechanisms that would converge reasonably to optimized solution by modeling the interactions of a
decentralized system such that the complexity remains manageable.

\subsection{Road Traffic ABM Model}
In order to explain the model (i.e., the agents and the environment
of the \ac{ABM} model), we start with the single intersection of roads. The
visualization of this model is shown in Figure \ref{fig:oneIntersection}. The
environment of our model is represented by the road. The agents in our model
are:
\begin{itemize}
\item sensors
\item traffic lights
\item vehicles
\item \ac{DM}
\end{itemize}
This single intersection model contains 20 sensors. The sensors are represented
by the black dots surrounding the perimeter of the roads. There are four traffic
lights. These can be seen as the red/green dots near the center of the image.
The yellow squares in Figure \ref{fig:oneIntersection} symbolize vehicles
traveling on the road.\footnote{It should be noted that the vehicles follow UK and
Ireland driving conventions and travel on the left-hand side of the road.} The
blue square in the upper right section of the image represents a central
\ac{DM} that will be responsible for managing the timing of the traffic lights
in the model.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/One_Intersection}}
  \caption{The sensors are represented by the black dots surrounding the
    perimeter of the road. The green and red dots are traffic lights. The
    vehicles are represented by yellow squares, and the \ac{DM} is represented
    by a blue square in the upper right section.}
  \label{fig:oneIntersection}
  \vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

The interaction between the sensor agents and the environment (the road) is
modeled by the collection of traffic measurements. Those measurements represent
the number of vehicles approaching the intersection. Once a sensor observes a
vehicle approaching the intersection it tries to transmit this information to
the \ac{DM}.

The \ac{DM} controls the timing of the four traffic lights with the aim of
optimizing the waiting time of the vehicles traveling through the intersection.
It is important to notice that we do not focus on the optimization algorithms
related to the vehicle traveling time, we rather focus on the analysis of the
communication aspects of the sensor network that collects the information about
the traffic. In Figure \ref{fig:oneIntersection}, the traffic lights appear red
and green in colour. The red colour symbolises that traffic should stop when it
reaches the traffic light. The green colour represents that the vehicles are
free to move past the traffic light.

\begin{algorithm}[t]
\caption{Model}\label{alg:model_flow}
\begin{algorithmic}[0]

  \State $T_{c} \gets \textit{Current Tick number}$
  \State $T_{max} \gets \textit{Tick number limit}$
  \MRepeat
  \State $\textit{Set tick\_number to 0} $
  \For {$\textit{each existing vehicle}$}
  \If {$\textit{no car in front and green light}$}
  \State $\textit{Move forward}$
  \EndIf
  \EndFor
  \If {$\textit{random\_number $<$ probability of new vehicle}$}
  \State $\textit{Create new vehicle}$
  \EndIf
  \While {$\textit{$T_c < T_{max}$ \textbf{or} Transmission not succ.}$}
  \State $\textit{Sensor attempt to transmit}$
  \State $\textit{Increment $T_c$}$
  \EndWhile
  \If {$\textit{$T_c == T_{max}$}$}
  \State $\textit{DM make decision}$
  \EndIf
  \EndRepeat
\end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

The model description is outlined with the Algorithm \ref{alg:model_flow}. The
tick number limit ($T_{max}$) is a user defined parameter, that allows us to
define the upper time limit for the sensor transmission attempts and at the same
time the decision making interval of the \ac{DM} agent. One tick is equivalent
to a transmission time slot on the \ac{MAC} layer. Since we dedicate one tick to
the movement and generation of the vehicles and one additional tick for the
\ac{DM} decision making function, the number of ticks that is dedicated for the
transmission of the measurements ($T_{trans}$) is calculated as:

\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:transmission_interval}
  T_{trans} = T_{max} - 2
\end{equation}

As shown in Algorithm \ref{alg:model_flow}, each car that is currently on the
grid will attempt to move one space forward in each simulation iteration (one
iteration takes $T_{max}$ ticks). For simplicity sake, the vehicles will always
travel in a straight line. If there is already another vehicle in the space a
certain car intends to move to or the space in front of that, it will not be
allowed to move forward. This prevents vehicles from colliding with each other
or travelling too close to each other. Vehicles are also prohibited from moving
if they are close to a traffic light in their trajectory and the traffic light
is red.

Each simulation iteration involves the creation of new vehicles on the
grid. The number of vehicles added to the grid depends on the user defined
parameter ($\textit{prob. of new vehicle}$). Vehicles will only be initialized
on the edges of the grid either traveling north, south, east or west. The
initial position of the newly generated vehicles is chosen randomly (i.e.,
uniformly sampled from a list of all available positions). If there is already a
vehicle currently blocking the placement of the newly generated vehicle, the
newly generated vehicle will be discarded.
Once the vehicles are placed on the grid and the existing vehicles move
according to the above mentioned rules, the sensors collect the vehicle
position information and attempt to convey those measurements to the
\ac{DM}. The sensors detect stopped vehicles by remembering the grid space where
vehicles were detected in the previous cycle. If this grid space is still
occupied by the same vehicle in the current cycle, that means that the vehicle
has stopped moving. On the other hand, if the grid space is no longer occupied,
the vehicle has moved on. We model the \ac{MAC} layer protocols (i.e., TDMA,
slotted Aloha and CSMA/CA) for the communication between the sensors and the
\ac{DM}s, and in the case of multiple intersections we also model the
communication between the \ac{DM}s (TDMA like scheduling). It is important to
keep in mind that the implemented model is discrete (the time is divided into
slots of equal duration). Each sensor can only transmit at the beginning of a
slot. The chosen \ac{MAC} protocol defines how to deal with potential
collisions. A collision happens in case a sensor attempts to transmit in the
same slot as one of its neighbors. A neighboring sensor is the one that is in the
selected sensor's Moore neighborhood. The Moore neighborhood represents the 8
grid spaces surrounding the selected sensor's grid space. Hence, a sensor
transmission is affected by the transmission of sensors in all directions,
including diagonals.

In our analysis we consider three \ac{MAC} protocols for the communication
between the sensor nodes and the \ac{DM}s, i.e., slotted Aloha, TDMA and
CSMA/CA. Slotted Aloha deals with collisions by introducing back-off time,
meaning that in case two neighboring sensors try to transmit at the same time,
both transmissions will be unsuccessful and the sensors will choose a random
back-off time to retry the transmission. The Aloha protocol also introduces a
timeout time, which in case it is reached without a successful transmission
implies that the packet should be discarded. As opposed to the Aloha protocol
which does not involve any type of synchronization between the nodes and
therefore, potentially leads to packet collisions, the TDMA protocol is
implemented by allowing the \ac{DM} to assign each sensor a specific time slot
for packet transmissions. The centralized coordination, results in a collision
free environment, if only one \ac{DM} exists (i.e., the single intersection of
roads scenario). In case multiple \ac{DM}s are managing the communication of
their sensors (i.e., Figure \ref{fig:four_intersection_model}), we have to
introduce some type of coordination between the \ac{DM}s to avoid potential
packet collisions. The CSMA/CA protocol, like Aloha, is an opportunistic
approach. If a sensor has information to send, it first checks if any of its
neighbours is currently using the spectrum resource. If the resource is
currently being used, a back-off time will be computed. If the resource is not
being used, the packet will be transmitted collision free and the \ac{DM} will
send an acknowledgment packet back to the sensor node to confirm the reception
of the packet. It should be noted that the model assumes that there are no
hidden nodes. Therefore, all potential collisions will be successfully sensed
before transmission.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.19]
      \tikzstyle{every node}+=[inner sep=0pt]
      \draw [black] (36.5,-12.2) circle (3);
      \draw (36.5,-12.2) node {$State\mbox{ }0$};
      \draw [black] (27.4,-25.5) circle (3);
      \draw (27.4,-25.5) node {$State\mbox{ }1$};
      \draw [black] (46.5,-25.5) circle (3);
      \draw (46.5,-25.5) node {$State\mbox{ }2$};
      \draw [black] (38.3,-14.6) -- (44.7,-23.1);
      \fill [black] (44.7,-23.1) -- (44.62,-22.16) -- (43.82,-22.76);
      \draw [black] (49.18,-24.177) arc (144:-144:2.25);
      \draw (53.75,-25.5) node [right] {$T<T_2$};
      \fill [black] (49.18,-26.82) -- (49.53,-27.7) -- (50.12,-26.89);
      \draw [black] (24.552,-26.406) arc (315.3831:27.3831:2.25);
      \draw (20.03,-24.3) node [left] {$T<T_1$};
      \fill [black] (24.95,-23.79) -- (24.73,-22.87) -- (24.03,-23.58);
      \draw [black] (35.177,-9.52) arc (234:-54:2.25);
      \draw (36.5,-4.95) node [above] {$T<9$};
      \fill [black] (37.82,-9.52) -- (38.7,-9.17) -- (37.89,-8.58);
      \draw [black] (34.6,-14.8) -- (29.07,-23.01);
      \fill [black] (29.07,-23.01) -- (29.94,-22.63) -- (29.11,-22.07);
      \draw [black] (29.09,-23.02) -- (34.81,-14.68);
      \fill [black] (34.81,-14.68) -- (33.94,-15.05) -- (34.77,-15.62);
      \draw [black] (44.7,-23.1) -- (38.3,-14.6);
      \fill [black] (38.3,-14.6) -- (38.38,-15.54) -- (39.18,-14.94);
    \end{tikzpicture}
    \caption{Traffic Light Finite State Machine describes the transition of
      the traffic lights between the three predefined states.}
    \label{fig:TLFSM}
    \vspace{-1.5em}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

As shown in Algorithm \ref{alg:model_flow}, the final time slot of each cycle is
reserved for the \ac{DM} entity to make a decision. The \ac{DM} analyzes the
information received from the sensors and based on that controls the timing of
the traffic lights. The traffic lights follow a strict set of rules, that
can be summarized with the finite state machine shown in Figure \ref{fig:TLFSM}.
The traffic lights can be configured to be in one of three different states -
State 0, State 1 and State 2. Figure \ref{fig:oneIntersection} shows the system
in State 1, allowing cars traveling eastwards and westwards to pass. In State 0,
all traffic lights are red, and hence no vehicles are allowed to pass through
any traffic lights. State 2 allows only vehicles traveling northbound or
southbound to pass. The \ac{DM} determines how long the traffic lights stay in a
certain state, i.e., the \ac{DM} based on the collected sensor information
calculates the values of $T_1$ and $T_2$ in Figure \ref{fig:TLFSM}. Figure
\ref{fig:TLFSM} also shows that between each transition of State 1 and State 2,
a period of 9 cycles in State 0 takes place. This period allows all traffic that
has recently passed through the traffic lights to safely clear the intersection,
preventing collisions with vehicles coming from other directions.

As previously mentioned, if we consider a more complex scenario (i.e., the
four neighboring intersections scenario), we have to introduce coordination
between the \ac{DM}s. Again, our focus is not the coordination of the decision
making functionalities of the \ac{DM}s in order to optimize the traffic flow.
Therefore, the states of the traffic lights are completely independent from each
other. We focus on the optimization of the communication aspects of this
scenario, meaning that the \ac{DM}s coordinate the transmission time slots for
their sensors in order to minimize the number of collisions. As shown in Figure
\ref{fig:four_intersection_model}, each intersection has 20 sensors, 4 traffic
lights and one \ac{DM}. The vehicles can now be generated in more locations
compared to the basic model (i.e., one intersection model). We also define a
neighbor radius set, that defines the distance between two sensors within which
their transmissions could result in collisions.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \centerline{\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/Four_Intersections}}
\caption{A four intersections model, showing all the sensors (black), traffic
  lights (red and green), vehicles (yellow) and decision makers (blue) that are
  part of our model.}
\label{fig:four_intersection_model}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

In order to coordinate the transmissions for neighboring intersections we
introduce a higher \ac{MAC} layer, that schedules \ac{DM}s in a TDMA like
manner. Each \ac{DM} gets its own dedicated time slot for the communication with
its own sensors. We also introduce a relation between the higher and lower
\ac{MAC} layer time slot lengths. One slot on the higher \ac{MAC} layer is the
equivalent of 20 slots on the lower \ac{MAC} layer. The lower \ac{MAC} layer
protocols are described previously (i.e., slotted Aloha, TDMA and CSMA/CA),
whereas the higher \ac{MAC} layer uses one of the following three approaches to
coordinate the communication amongst multiple \ac{DM}s: (1) Centralized Decision
Maker, (2) Decentralized L-MAC and (3) DESYNC.

\subsection{Centralized Decision Maker}

The approach that involves a \ac{CDM} entity assumes that this centralized node
has all the information needed to control all involved \ac{DM}s. The centralized
node needs to know how many time slots should be assigned to each \ac{DM} and
how to synchronize the activation of all \ac{DM}s. As mentioned previously, our
approach schedules 20 time slots, using a selected protocol - either TDMA,
slotted Aloha or CSMA/CA, per \ac{DM} in a round robin fashion.

\subsection{Decentralized L-MAC}

This approach allows us to coordinate the transmission among multiple \ac{DM}s
by implementing a decentralized TDMA schedule by using the L-MAC protocol
outlined in \cite{fang2013decentralised}. Each \ac{DM} defines a probability
vector of length $C$ where $C$ is the available number of time slots in a round.
Initially, each \ac{DM} chooses a transmission slot with equal probability.
Based on the success and failure rate of transmission for the chosen
transmission slot, the probability vector for each \ac{DM} gets updated to allow
a more intelligent choice of slots in the next round. The result of this is a
collision-free schedule, provided that the number of \ac{DM}s is less than $C$.

\subsection{DESYNC}

The \textsc{Desync} algorithm is described in \cite{degesys2007desync}. Each
\ac{DM} initializes a slot for the communication with its sensor nodes. Each
\ac{DM} also listens for messages that are transmitted by other \ac{DM}s and
stores the timestamps of transmissions that occurred before and after its own
slot. This information is used by the \ac{DM}s to adjust their own slot, by
computing the midpoint between the previous and next slot. The method described
in \cite{degesys2007desync} is concerned with a continuous model. We had to
adapt this in order to fit our discrete model. The midpoint ($T_m$) between the
previous ($T_p$) and next ($T_n$) time slot is computed as,
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:midpoin}
  T_m = \Bigl\lfloor {\frac{T_p + T_n}{2}} \Bigr\rfloor
\end{equation}
Equation (\ref{eq:midpoin}) was further adapted to deal with the periodic nature
of our timestamps (i.e., time cycles). For example, let us assume that the round
time is $T_r = 10$, $T_p = 8$, and $T_n = 2$. The midpoint slot ($T_m$) calculated for
the next round should be equal to 10. However, using equation (\ref{eq:midpoin})
it results in $T_m = 5$. Therefore, if $T_p$ or $T_n$ is greater than the current
firing slot number, the following equation should be used:

\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:midpoint_modified}
  T_m = \Bigl\lfloor {\frac{T_p + T_n + T_r}{2}} \Bigr\rfloor
\end{equation}
This ensures that each \ac{DM} will position itself in the midpoint slot between
the \ac{DM}s transmitting before and after it, resulting in a collision free
TDMA schedule.

\subsection{Uncoordinated Scenario}
\label{sec:uncoordinated_scenario}

The uncoordinated scenario assumes that the \ac{DM}s are not aware of each
other's scheduling decision, meaning that increasing the number of neighboring
intersections will lead to an increase in the number of collisions, due to the
lack of coordination between the neighboring \ac{DM}s.

Figure \ref{fig:accuracy} shows the average value of the accuracy of information
gathered over $10^4$ simulation steps for the single intersection of roads
scenario. The neighbor radius is set to 15, meaning that sensors that are within
15 hops away can potentially interfere with each other.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.43]{Figures/Error}
\caption{Accuracy of Information for the single intersection of roads scenario.
  The neighbor radius is set to 15.}
\label{fig:accuracy}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:accuracy} highlights that the choice of protocol and level of
traffic affect the accuracy of information received by the \ac{DM}. Regardless
of traffic level, the model using the TDMA protocol make transmissions with zero error,
resulting in highly accurate results. In a single intersection model, each
sensor is allocated its own time slot to send. Therefore, there are no
collisions of packets in a slot, resulting in highly accurate data
transmission to the \ac{DM}. Thus, the \ac{DM} is always aware of exactly how many
vehicles are currently waiting.

When there is low traffic, the model using the slotted Aloha protocol is seen to
have a number of positive errors. The positive errors are due to backed off
sensor packets being transmitted when they no longer reflect the state of the
system (i.e., a collision happens, all involved sensors decide to retransmit the
packets and in the meantime, the traffic lights change state and the number of
vehicles waiting changes). The \ac{DM} is not aware that the received
information is stale and therefore continues to control the timing based on
inaccurate information. The accuracy of information for the slotted Aloha
protocol changes as the number of vehicles waiting grows. This is due to the
fact that with the increasing number of waiting vehicles the number of sensors
trying to transmit their measurements increases. The increased number of
transmissions results in an increasing number of collisions, leading to the case
in which the \ac{DM} does not have the information about a significant number of
vehicles waiting on the lights ($N_{DM} << N_S$).

The model using the CSMA/CA protocol does not suffer from any negative errors.
As expected the number of positive errors increases with the increasing level of
traffic. The reason for this stems from the increased number of sensors
attempting to transmit packets when there is a higher traffic level. When the
traffic lights change state, there is a sudden reduction in the amount of
packets competing for spectrum access as the vehicles begin to move. This leads
to an increased amount of packets reaching the DM with inaccurate information
($N_{DM} >> N_S$).

As previously mentioned, we also calculate the spectrum utilization as shown in
equation (\ref{eq:spectrum_utilization}). The results in Figure \ref{fig:su} are
obtained over $10^4$ simulation steps on a two intersection model. Considering
the uncoordinated nature of the scenario (2 \ac{DM}s that are not aware of each
others scheduling decisions) 40 ticks are assigned for the sensors to transmit
the vehicle detection information per cycle. We up-scaled the model (from one to
two intersections) in order to increase the range of neighboring radii. We vary
the neighbor radius from 5 to 25. All the scenarios assume an intermediate
traffic level, i.e., a 0.5 probability of a car being generated each cycle.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.33]{Figures/spect2}
\caption{Spectrum Utilization - showing how much of the available information in
the system is actually transferred to the DM in order to make a more informed
decision about traffic light system.}
\label{fig:su}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:su}, as expected, shows that TDMA exhibits the lowest spectrum
utilization. However, it is not affected as much by neighbour radius. When
the neighbour radius is large, there is a low probability that two sensors from
different intersections within the same neighbour radius would be scheduled for
the same tick, both having vehicles waiting at them. Hence, the
spectrum utilisation for the TDMA protocol remains fairly constant regardless of
the neighbor radii. CSMA/CA displays the greatest spectrum utilisation in all
variations of neighbor radii. This is due to the \say{sensing first -
  transmitting if available} policy of the CSMA/CA protocol. This allows sensors
to avoid collisions of packets by sensing the collision before it occurs and
backing off for a random period of time. In comparison to this, slotted Aloha
demonstrates a relatively high spectrum utilization when the neighbor radius is
low. The increase of the neighbor radius leads to the increasing number of
collisions (due to lack of coordination and sensing), which results in lower
spectrum utilization.

\subsection{Coordinated Scenario}

The coordinated scenario assumes that the \ac{DM}s are aware of each other's
scheduling. As previously explained, in order to coordinate the scheduling
mechanisms of the \ac{DM}s, we introduce a higher MAC layer. The coordination is
achieved by either a \textit{Centralised Decision Maker},
\textit{\textsc{Desync}} or the \textit{L-MAC} protocol. The operation of the
\textit{Centralised Decision Maker} is obvious - manually configured time slots
for each \ac{DM}. Therefore, we are going to explain in more detail how the
\textsc{Desync} and L-MAC protocols achieve the best time slot assignment on the
higher MAC layer.

\subsubsection{Desync Algorithm}
\textsc{Desync} algorithm relies on the fact that each node in the system
performs a task periodically. Depending on the length of the cycle, the
convergence of the system can display different behavior. Figure
\ref{fig:DeSyncFour} depicts a simple scenario in which four \ac{DM}s
coordinate their communication periods. The ring represents the value of $T$,
the total time taken for a full round to be completed. A colored circle with a
number in the middle represents the \ac{DM}, that assigned a time slot. An empty
circle represents a slot where no \ac{DM} is assigned and therefore remains
idle. A round time of four is chosen for this simulation. Each node is given a
unique starting point. The system executes the \textsc{Desync} algorithm.
However, since the nodes are already maximally spaced apart, no further movement
takes place.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.55\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/DeSyncFour}
   \caption{}
   \label{fig:DeSyncFour}
\end{subfigure}

\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.55\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Figures/DeSync8}
   \caption{}
   \label{fig:DeSync8}
\end{subfigure}

\caption[Two numerical solutions]{\textsc{Desync} (a) T=4  (b) T=8}
\vspace{-1.3em}
\end{figure}

A round time of 8 is chosen in the next example. Figure \ref{fig:DeSync8} shows
that all the nodes representing the \ac{DM}s start close to each other in a
round. The \textsc{Desync} algorithm allows the nodes to rearrange themselves
around the ring so that they are maximally spaced apart, and that is when the
system converges (last image in Figure \ref{fig:DeSync8}).

The next example is configured with a round time of 6 (Figure
\ref{fig:DeSync6}). Theoretically, there is no possible configuration to ensure
maximal spacing between the \ac{DM} time slots. Therefore, the system never
converges. Figure \ref{fig:DeSync6} shows that the nodes continue to rearrange
themselves in such a way that a circular pattern emerges. The nodes rotate
counter-clockwise around the ring. This implies that a round time should be chosen such that the number of \ac{DM}s
is a factor of the round time.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{Figures/DeSync_6}
\caption{\textsc{Desync} T=6}
\label{fig:DeSync6}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{L-MAC Protocol} The method used by the L-MAC protocol to implement a TDMA schedule is quite
different from the \textsc{Desync} protocol. Initially, the \ac{DM}s choose a
random slot in the schedule with equal probability. This is in contrast to the
\textsc{Desync} protocol where nodes are assigned a starting point. If there is
a collision in a slot, the \ac{DM} will choose a slot again in the next round
with updated probabilities. If the \ac{DM} is successful in a slot, it will
choose the same slot again in the next round with a higher probability.

Figure \ref{fig:LMAC4} shows the convergence of the system to a collision free
configuration. Each node that experiences collisions continues to rearrange
itself, until a collision free schedule is reached. In Figure \ref{fig:LMAC4},
if we take a closer look at \ac{DM}3, we see that due to a collision free
assignment in a previous slot, the node decides to stick with the chosen slot
even after it experiences collisions.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.55\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.23]{Figures/LMAC4}
   \caption{}
   \label{fig:LMAC4}
\end{subfigure}

\begin{subfigure}[b]{0.55\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.25]{Figures/LMAC6}
   \caption{}
   \label{fig:LMAC6}
\end{subfigure}

\caption[Two numerical solutions]{L-MAC (a) C=4 (b) C=6}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

As proven in \cite{fang2013decentralised}, the system can converge with any
round time that is greater than the number of available \ac{DM}s. For the sake
of comparison with the \textsc{Desync} protocol, in Figure \ref{fig:LMAC6}, we
show that the L-MAC protocol can converge with a round time of 6. However, the
L-MAC protocol does not consider the spacing of the nodes around the ring.

Increasing the round time leads to an increasing number of idle slots, which implies that the probability of a node initially choosing slots without collisions
increases as well. That results in a shorter convergence time. Though
very unlikely, it is still possible that the \ac{DM}s randomly choose a collision
free schedule on initial selection with any number of slots in a round greater
or equal to the number of \ac{DM}s.

Similar to the approach adopted to analyze the uncoordinated scenario, we will
focus on the analysis of the accuracy of information and the spectrum
utilization for the coordinated scenario. The coordinated scenario can be
implemented by using any of the abovementioned high layer MAC protocols. The
number of time slots available on the higher MAC layer is set to four, meaning
that all mentioned higher level MAC protocols would converge to the same
arrangement. We used L-MAC in our simulations. The higher-lower MAC level time
slot length has the ratio of 1:20, meaning that for every higher level MAC time
slot allocated to a \ac{DM}, the equivalent of 20 lower MAC ticks for sensor
transmissions is available. Figure \ref{fig:ae-co} shows the absolute error
(absolute value of the accuracy of information). The data used in Figure
\ref{fig:ae-co} is obtained from simulations of the four intersections model.
The traffic level is set to medium, i.e., a vehicle will be generated with the
probability 0.5 in each cycle. The neighbor radius is set to 10. Figure
\ref{fig:ae-co} depicts the average spread of the absolute error observed over
10 simulations with 5000 simulation steps each. The absolute error is used in
this case as it is not our intention to imply a median error close to zero. The
TDMA results are not shown in Figure \ref{fig:ae-co}, because TDMA results in an
average spread of zero for both uncoordinated and coordinated scenarios.
The data in Figure \ref{fig:ae-co} is shown in the form of a box plot. The upper
extreme of the error bars show the average maximum absolute error, the lower
extreme of the error bar shows the minimum average absolute error. The upper
lines of the boxes in the graph represent the upper quartiles, the lower lines
represents the lower quartiles. The lines in the centers of each box represents
the median values of the absolute error.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{Figures/ABSOLUTE22}
\caption{Absolute Error - the data is obtained from simulations of the four
  intersection model; traffic level is set to medium; the neighbor radius is set
to 10.}
\label{fig:ae-co}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:ae-co} shows that the introduction of the higher MAC layer can
greatly reduce the average absolute error for both CSMA/CA and slotted Aloha.
The introduction of coordination reduced the average maximum absolute error from
3.9 to 1.1 for CSMA/CA and from 4 to 2.6 for slotted Aloha. The average median
absolute error was also reduced from 0.3 to 0 for CSMA/CA and from 0.5 to 0 for
slotted Aloha. The reason for the reduction in the absolute error lies in the
influence of the higher MAC layer scheduling procedures. Sensors can only
transmit data to the target \ac{DM} when the target \ac{DM} is selected by the
higher MAC layer. This decreases the problem of stale data. Since the \ac{ABM}
approach allows us to analyze each time step of the discrete simulation, the
analysis of the log files shows that the majority of stale data is received
immediately after a car moving step, mostly affecting the earliest ticks in each
cycle. When a higher MAC layer is introduced, stale data primarily affects the
first \ac{DM} that is selected after a movement step. Previously, all four
\ac{DM}s would be affected by this stale information. The stale information will
indeed only affect the sensors' packets that are being sent to the first \ac{DM}
selected after a movement step, as the selected \ac{DM} will reject all other
sensor packets being transmitted to other \ac{DM}s. Because each \ac{DM} is
allocated its own slot, the interference from sensors transmitting to other
\ac{DM}s is decreased, and thus the accuracy of information received by the
\ac{DM}s is improved.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{Figures/Spectrum_Utilisation_co22}
\caption{Spectrum Utilization - comparison between the coordinated and
  uncoordinated scenario, showing how much of the available information in the
  system is actually transferred to the DM.}
\label{fig:su-co}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:su-co} shows the comparison between the spectrum utilization for
the coordinated and uncoordinated scenario. The results are gathered from the
simulations of the two intersection model over $10^4$ simulation steps. The
traffic level is again configured to be medium. This is the same configuration
that was used to obtain the spectrum utilization of the uncoordinated model
shown in Figure \ref{fig:su}. The L-MAC protocol is used with a round time of
two, and a higher to lower ratio of 1:20. Therefore, after convergence these
should be no idle slots in the higher MAC layer. This choice of parameters
ensures fairness between the uncoordinated and coordinated scenarios. Two higher
MAC layer ticks in the coordinated scenario with the ratio of 1:20 results in a
total of 40 time slots for the communication between the sensors and the
\ac{DM}s. In the uncoordinated scenario, 40 time slots are assigned for sensor
transmissions in each cycle.

The results obtained from these simulations are overlaid with the results
obtained from the uncoordinated model as shown in Figure \ref{fig:su-co}. It
should be noted that Figure \ref{fig:su-co} is not a stacked bar chart, meaning
that the ratio between each scenario and the total spectrum is being analyzed.
As shown in Figure \ref{fig:su-co}, the spectrum utilisation is reduced when
coordination is introduced. This is due to the limitation that only sensors
transmitting to the selected DM are able to send in each slot. The neighbor
radius has a similar effect on the slotted ALOHA and CSMA/CA protocols in the
uncoordinated and coordinated scenarios (i.e., the spectrum utilization
decreases with increasing neighbor radius). Again TDMA is not affected by the
neighbor radius. As previously explained, in the coordinated TDMA scenario, each
\ac{DM} is assigned its own higher MAC TDMA slot to transmit where each sensor
will then be given its own lower level MAC tick to transmit. The spectrum
utilization of TDMA in the coordinated scenario is approximately half the
spectrum utilization achieved in the uncoordinated scenario. This is due to the
rejection of packets attempting to transmit to \ac{DM}s that are not selected by
the higher MAC layer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Hello to the repository of the Morses's blog. Here you can ask for some modification on a post.

### About the theme 1

This blog is a modification of the Kactus theme for Jekyll

Kactus is a port of [Cactus](https://github.com/koenbok/Cactus)'s default theme for Jekyll.
Feel free to fork, change, modify and re-use it. Copyright (c) 2015 [Cactus Authors](https://github.com/koenbok/Cactus/blob/master/AUTHORS) -  Released under the MIT License.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This Sweet Pepper certainly has no heat; what it does have is an intensity of flavour and colour possibly not seen or tasted before. The slender 6" - 8" (15 - 20 cm) long fruits mature to a gorgeous, almost luxuriant, deep red colour with a sweetness all of their own. These are perfect for using in the conventional way you would any other pepper, yet this variety was in fact bred for drying and making into Paprika due its very thick flesh - this really is a 'meaty" pepper.
Whether you choose to use it for Paprika, adding deep colour to stir fry's and salsas, roasting and using to top bruschetta, or preserving in oil, we really cannot recommend this variety enough (and we haven't even mentioned its even more sublime flavour when its smoked).


On Tuesday, the government submitted to Parliament a new, more rigorous Stop Soros legislative package in response to a call for measures to safeguard Hungary's security and tighten regulations to counter illegal migration. The new Stop Soros legislative package puts forth a more rigorous response by declaring illegal immigration a grave threat to Hungary's national security. Anyone involved in aiding or abetting illegal migration would be committing a criminal offense.
The comprehensive package includes amendments to the Police Act, the Penal Code, the Act on Asylum, the Act on the State Border and the Act on Misdemeanours. If passed (hopefully by the end of the spring session of Parliament, June 20), the penal code will state that arranging asylum status for an illegal immigrant or enabling someone who has entered Hungary illegally to acquire residence rights will be seen as facilitating unlawful immigration, a crime punishable by a custodial sentence of 5-90 days.
Committing such offences on a regular basis, providing financial support for illegal immigration or assisting illegal immigration in exchange for money will constitute felonies, and as such will be punishable by prison sentences of up to one year. Examples of this include publishing or distributing information material with the aim of promoting illegal migration or organizing border monitoring along Hungary's external border.
In addition, the Stop Soros package equips the courts with tools to keep people who would engage in the aforementioned activities away from the 8-kilometer area inside the Hungarian border. If perpetrators are foreign nationals, courts may also rule to expel them from the country if they commit offences such as human trafficking, illegal border crossing, damaging the border barrier, preventing construction works on the border barrier and facilitating illegal migration.
Ultimately, according to the proposed legal framework, Hungary will not accept asylum requests from people who are not subject to persecution and are not in grave danger.
These new rules – through an amendment to the Fundamental Law – underline two important points. They emphasize that the issue of migration falls exclusively within the authority of the national government, affirming our rightful national sovereignty on this issue. The Stop Soros package also attempts to close existing loopholes through which so-called civic organizations were aiding illegal migration and human trafficking under the name of humanitarian assistance.


The peer-reviewed JENdA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies has just published Issue 30 on African and African Diasporan Writers. This issue on African Literature in JENdA is an exploration that features conversations with writers discussing their work and inspiration. This issue is for anyone. For those teaching literature, the issue is a great asset, and it comes with the added benefit that these cross and trans-continental dialogues ask us to consider that local and global can and does occupy the same space.


text:
Johannes Olsen "Johs" Jordell (ur. 24 czerwca 1879 w Arendal, zm. 23 sierpnia 1958 w Oslo) – norweski strzelec, olimpijczyk.

Uczestnik Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1912, na których wystartował w dwóch konkurencjach. Zajął 35. miejsce w karabinie małokalibrowym w dowolnej postawie z 50 m i 41. pozycję w karabinie wojskowym w trzech postawach z 300 m (startowało odpowiednio 41 i 91 strzelców).

W latach 1913–1914 był przewodniczącym Norweskiego Związku Piłki Nożnej. Zajmował się też produkcją nart – posiadał patent na narty wykonane z kilku warstw materiału.

Wyniki

Igrzyska olimpijskie

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Norwescy strzelcy
Norwescy olimpijczycy (Sztokholm 1912)
Norwescy działacze sportowi
Działacze piłkarscy
Strzelcy na  Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1912
Ludzie urodzeni w Arendal
Urodzeni w 1879
Zmarli w 1958

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Schools across the F–M area are competing to be more sustainable with the Plastic Bag Challenge.
According to the Plastic Bag Task Force, the average person uses 250 bags each year, and that's something they want everyone to cut back on.
"Introducing these ideas when they're kids… it's something they bring up to their parents, something they talk about, something that'll hopefully follow them as the years progress," Darla Lewandowski with the Clay County Plastic Bag Task Force said.
Fifth graders will bring in as many plastic bags as they can, and whichever school brings in the most will get a prize.
"We're super excited to have this opportunity, because kids recycle everything here. It is the kids who lead it. There's pop bottles, paper, cardboard, they're like, 'let's take it to the recycling bins,'" Carla Smith, principal at Horizon Middle School West, said.
The winning school will get a bench made from recycled materials engraved with the school's name. The challenge even aligns with education standards.
"Environmentalism and the impact of human beings on the environment is part of that curriculum K–12," Smith said.
Instead of putting your recyclables in plastic bags, the MinnKota recycling facility says you should take those cans directly to the recycling bins and save them the trouble of having to separate the plastic.
"When they come to our facilities our guys actually have to go through and open every single one of the bags before they can be run though. It creates a lot of problems, gets caught up in the equipment, and just delays the process," Mary Aldrich, sales manager for MinnKota, said.
Plastic bags should not be put in trash cans or recycling bins.
"That gets down to dollars and cents so let's use our sense and make sure we're not sending any recyclables in bags," Aldrich said.
Plastic bags can be taken to grocery stores to be recycled, and people are encouraged to use reusable bags.
As for the Plastic Bag Challenge, the task force is aiming to reach 100 pounds. They say one trash bag stuff full of plastic bags is about six pounds.
"If mom and dad are putting the stuff in the recycling, getting it out to the bin, or taking it to a local recycling center, that's where they learn it. So this is another opportunity here at school for us to reinforce that," Smith said.
The Plastic Bag Challenge will run from February 1st to the end of March. Winners will be announced during Earth Week in April.


text:
late winter
the treetops aren't quite as grey anymore
this is still some of the best news in a very long time --- can we imagine a world w/o hummers?
dna analysis has proved that dogs trace their lineage to grey wolves --- and also how they evolved after that
Archaeological studies suggest that ancient (dog) remains found in Belgium, Germany and Western Russia, which date to 13,000-31,000 years ago, were most similar in body size to the Great Dane, while those from the Middle East dating to about 12,000 years ago were most similar to a small terrier. . . .
tornado repair redux
nearly two years after the 2008 tornado, repairs to the westin are still not complete, but at least it's underway and the cornice of the carnegie building is repaired
solar progress report
the sun is moving on north, entering the plaza phase of the solar cycle
first crop of the season
wanna buy a nice old bank and a big ol' parking lot?
the history center has apparently put margaret's back forty up for sale again, their deal from a couple of years ago having fallen through i guess ---- i really like the old fulton federal bank (c. 1958), especially the excellent brickwork ----
business is slow
ku kluxing south georgia
500 attended a kkk rally in nahunta in southeast georgia --- these people will never go away ---
the pointy hats don't do anything for their cause
camellia paradise
they will be better next weekend, but massee lane garden was an excellent destination for the afternoon --- thnx andrew & greg
robert's balcony
Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven,
Whiles, like a puff'd and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads
And recks not his own rede.
late winter evening
curling is cool
a very wierd sport, but then the scots invented haggis ----
it doesn't feel like winter today
even if i have had to spend most of it going through receipts and what not, preparing for the taxster
hyde farm
filling the void
cb2 coming in "late summer" at 1010 --- the loew's hotel across the street is finished, furnished, and decorated, but not opening until the spring --- the dreaded nightclub on the opposite corner still hasn't gotten it's permits and every decision is being appealed by some people in the neighborhood who really really really don't want it to open ----the top two floors of the office tower are built out and occupied but i can't tell that anybody is in the condos yet --- 1010 might be 25% occupied ---- one of these days the area might be like a real city
da vinci high
the recreation of da vinci's famed sforza horse is purty impressive --- 26' tall ---but it's resin and if he had been able to actually cast the thing, it would've been more detailed --- war with france made it impossible to get the metal and french soldiers destroyed his full-scale clay model by using it for target practice
sam restored
samuel spencer was the first president of the old southern railway---this statue of him was done by daniel chester french in 1910 and used to sit in front of terminal station until they tore it down in 1972---then he was moved to p'tree and w'ptree downtown until they tore up and redesigned that intersection for the olympics, when he was moved to a very cramped and awkward location at brookwood station--- now he's been conserved and set up in front of norfolk southern's hdqtrs at 1200 p'tree
he looks real nice there --- maybe he will stay put for a while
the after party
entitled "when good beads go bad"===h/t apw
skeery politician
and then you have john "let's tunnel under the atlanner mud people" oxendine exposing himself for the mendacious fool, and very possibly our next governor, that he is ---- thanx a lot apw for brightening my day with this news
words fail
this utah state senator wants to "double up" and have a holiday honoring "gun pioneer" john moses browning on mlk's birthday!!!
"I see them as complimentary," [Madsen] said. Browning is known for developing a variety of guns, including the gas-operated machine gun.
wingnuts gone wild
guess who else used to put his feet on that desk?
michael douglas as liberace --- matt damon his young lover
i really can't imagine douglas in this role
39 great images
the national snowscape
every state except for hawaii has some snow cover ---
"an endless stream of random strangers all over the world" --- and a major time waster --- but where else can you, e.g., chat with chileans about grapes and pinochet
cold and flowers
the atl bot garden's orchid daze is an excellent complement for the snow
everything is all sparkly this morning
a beautiful snow
and the streets haven't quite turned to crap yet
RICHMOND, FEB. 9 — The House of Delegates is scheduled to vote Wednesday on a bill that would protect Virginians from attempts by employers or insurance companies to implant microchips in their bodies against their will. It might also save humanity from the antichrist, some supporters think.
what makes virginia so crazy?
dallas snow event
dallas set a record with over a foot at dfw --- these are views of cousin cathi's yard
and something like 200,000, including herself, are w/o electricity
atlanner snow event
started snowing downtown just after lunch, which provoked the big people to close the office at one---snowy walk home
fruitless . . .
from a fox news poll:
What Is the Tea Party Movement About?
Small government and fiscal responsibility 21% (22,282 votes)
Exposing Democrats' socialist agenda 2% (1,779 votes)
Voicing outrage at out-of-touch politicians 9% (9,653 votes)
Fruitless mix of racism, conspiracy theories 68% (73,939 votes)
Other (add your comment) 1% (866 votes)
Total Votes: 108,519
enjoying the air
but sure was cold walking home
easy answer
community bookcases
little lending libraries on the sidewalk, operating on the honor system----of course, that's in socialist europe
real entertainment
after that dreadful super-bowl half-time show, i'm going to the puppy bowl
sunday in the park
it's still winter no doubt, but we're on the down-hill slide and there was some sunshine today---plus the camellia are nice, the helleborus are budding, and the elms are thinking about it
restoring the park
the parking lot at the park drive entrance to the park is no more----pavement is all gone and it's going back to something more parky
live from the biltmore
nice image of the biltmore with wsb's antennae in place between the two towers---the city's first radio station and first tv station, wsb, broadcast from the biltmore until 1956---dances at the biltmore were broadcast live
growing the voice
looks like sovo will be reborn as gavo, georgia voice
"I can tell you with certainty that if the ban were lifted tomorrow -- no year of preparation -- life would go on exactly as it did before."
that's from a navy submarine officer
she died last week, the last member of a tribe that had inhabited the adaman islands in the indian ocean for 65,000 years----the language and culture die with her----
the article also mentions the sentinelese, who inhabit another small island:
"Officials believe the group is probably the world's only surviving Paleolithic people without contact with any other community. They said the Sentinelese are very hostile and never leave their Island. Very little is known about them."
building atlanner
i used to hate portman until he got over his 70s fortress architecture, but like him or not, i can't think of any other one person who has had such an impact on downtown
a day out of the office
speaking for the yahoos . . . .
why do we have to keeping having senators who are bigoted idiots?
At the Senate Armed Services Committee hearing today on the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, Sen. Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) expressed his concern that repealing the rule would pave the way for allowing "alcohol use, adultery, fraternization, and body art" in the military -- and that the army must "exclude persons whose presence in the armed forces would create unacceptable risk to the armed forces' high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion."
restoring good government
i think it's slowly dawning on a lot of people who have been somewhat disappointed in obama's progress, including myself, that he is doing what he has to do to restore a functioning government after eight years of republicans doing all they could to destroy it----
Like I said – it's called governance. After eight years without it, I realize I've forgotten what it looks like and, no matter how frustrating, it feels like the right course of action. And, I'm a big gay democrat, who has wanted the ban ended for over twenty years. Increasingly, I'm seeing this with just about everything the administration does and no matter the bumps in the road (and the periodic moments of cable-news-induced panic), I think I'm beginning to get it. Obama is governing. It's hard work. It's incremental. And, it's working.
it's about time. . .
"No matter how I look at the issue, I cannot escape being troubled by the fact that we have in place a policy which forces young men and women to lie about who they are in order to defend their fellow citizens," Adm. Mike Mullen, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told the Senate Armed Services Committee. He said it was his personal belief that "allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly would be the right thing to do."
party purification in process
kos polled 2,000 republicans---everything from will you vote this year (80%+ yes) whether or not genesis should be taught in schools as the explanation for how god created the world (77% say yes)----
"a nation of racist dwarfs"
how do these places continue to exist? this is right up there with the duvaliers in haiti---
Here are the two most shattering facts about North Korea. First, when viewed by satellite photography at night, it is an area of unrelieved darkness. Barely a scintilla of light is visible even in the capital city. (See this famous photograph.) Second, a North Korean is on average six inches shorter than a South Korean. You may care to imagine how much surplus value has been wrung out of such a slave, and for how long, in order to feed and sustain the militarized crime family that completely owns both the country and its people.
d or r?
this would be a surprise if you only got your news from the teevee and a real shocker if faux news is your only source
"Despite the modest shift toward a decreased affiliation with the Democratic Party and an increased affiliation with the Republican Party in 2009 compared to 2008, the United States remained a Democratically oriented nation last year," said Gallup pollster Jeffrey Jones.
he may be having an awful time with health care, but at the epa, all levels of interior, and all over the gummint, he is staffing agencies with professionals, not political hacks----
In her first year on the job, Jackson has not only turned the page on the industry-friendly and often illegal policies of the Bush era, but has embarked on an aggressive campaign to clean up the nation's air and drinking water. . . . Taken together, Jackson's efforts represent a sweeping attempt to revitalize an agency that was gutted during the Bush years.
"kudzu college"
scad is booming---they've already outgrown the old equifax bldg----even in the middle of this recession
wanna buy a nice old bank and a big ol' parking lo...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Buck & Hare wooden keyring with engraved logo.
50mm long by 30mm wide by 3mm thick approximately.
With a removable key attachment.
Use coupon code Keyring for free shipping on this item, allow up to five days.


text:
Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Austria and the Government of the Republic of Germany and of the Free State of Bavaria Concerning the Donaukraftwerk-Jochenstein-Aktiengesellschaft
(Danube Power-Plant and Jochenstein Joint-Stock Company)
Concluded on 13 February 1952; in force, 13 February 1952
The Government of the Republic of Austria and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the Free State of Bavaria, desiring to promote the joint development and utilization of water power on the frontier section of the Danube, have agreed as follows:
ARTICLE 1. The Rhein-Main-Donau-Aktiengesellschaft (Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company) of Munich, as an undertaking of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the Free State of Bavaria, and the Osterreichische Elektrizitdtswirtschafts-Aktiengesellschaft (Verbundgesellschaft) (Austrian Electric Power Joint-Stock Company (Consolidated Network Company)) of Vienna, as fiduciary for the Republic of Austria, shall establish, as principal shareholders, the Donaukraftwerk-Jochenstein-Aktiengesellschaft (Danube Power-Plant and Jochenstein Joint-Stock Company). This company shall construct a dam on the Danube at Jochenstein and utilize it as efficiently as possible for the production of power. In so doing it shall at its own cost and in good time take every precaution to avoid any material obstruction of navigation.
Construction and operation of the dam
ARTICLE 2. (1) The Jochenstein dam shall consist of:
(a) As a power-plant installation, a river power-plant together with a weir, drainage facilities and the other power-plant facilities auxiliary thereto;
(b) As a navigation installation, two sluices having a minimum breadth of twenty-four metres each, shore works and the other facilities necessary thereto.
(2) Beyond the common-frontier section of the Danube, the area of the dam shall include:
(a) On the German side, above the Krauelstein bridge, the section of the Danube as far as the Kachlet power-plant, with a total height of fall at mean water of about 2.0 metres, and the corresponding section with the result that the backflow of the dam at mean water ends at the Kachlet plant.
(b) On the Austrian side, below the mouth of the Dandelbach, a section of the Danube long enough to ensure an auxiliary height of fall of 1.20 rnetres at mean water on the sinking of the tail water at the power-plant.
(3)The Danube Power-Plant and Jochenstein Joint-Stock Company shall prepare the construction plans on the basis of the preliminary work already jointly carried out by the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company and the Consolidated Network Company; in the case of the plans for the navigation installation and the hydraulic works required for the power-plant installation, it shall obtain the approval of the competent Federal Ministries on both sides.
(4) The power-plant installation referred to in paragraph 1 shall also include a pump storage station connected with the river power-plant, should such a station be constructed by the Company in agreement with the competent Ministries of the two sides, the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company and the Consolidated Network Company.
(5) If the pump storage station referred to in paragraph 4 is not constructed, the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company or the Consolidated Network Company shall be entitled to construct a pump storage station connected with river power-plant for the purpose of increasing their shares of the power produced (see article 14). The other side shall not thereby be placed at an economic disadvantage.
ARTICLE 3. (1) The Company shall construct the power-plant installations as its own property and the navigation installation as the property of the Federal Republic of Germany or the Republic of Austria in accordance with the situation of those installations in relation to the German-Austrian frontier.
(2) The Contracting Parties shall, to the extent necessary for the construction and operation of the dam place their property and property rights at the disposal of the Company without special compensation.
(3) The Contracting Parties shall authorize the Company to acquire on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany of the Republic of Austria, property and property rights required for the construction and operation of the navigation installation, to administer the property and rights so acquired and to conduct all business relating thereto. Under the terms of this authorization, the Company shall be permitted to engage in legal transactions with itself.
(4) All other business shall be transacted by the Company on its own behalf.
(5) The entire cost of construction of the dam shall be borne by the Company.
ARTICLE 4. (1) On completion of the dam, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Austria shall assume responsibility for the operation, maintenance and replacement of those installations which belong to them (see article 3, paragraph (1)).
(2) Before the completion of construction, a set of operating instructions shall be prepared or approved:
(a) For the navigation installation by the German and Austrian Federal Ministries having jurisdiction over the operation thereof;
(b) For the weir by the Competent German and Austrian authorities on the recommendation of the Company.
(3) The Company shall bear the cost of operating and maintaining the power-plant installation and, until such time as the assumption of responsibility provided for in paragraph (1) has become effective, the cost of operating the navigation installation.
(4) As from the date on which the assumption of responsibility provided for in paragraph (1) becomes effective, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Austria shall bear the costs of those navigation installations which belong to them; provided that the Company shall each year reimburse the costs attributable to:
(a) The operation, maintenance and replacement of the sluice installations;
(b) Necessary ice-breaking services;
(c) The maintenance of the control section below the dam (see article 2, paragraph (2) (b)), to the extent that they are occasioned by the artificial deepening thereof.
Legal status of the Company
ARTICLE 5. (1) The Company shall be established as a joint-stock company under German law on the basis of the annexed articles of association.
(2) Amendments to the articles of association other than of a drafting nature shall require the approval of the Contracting Parties.
ARTICLE 6. (1) The voting capital stock of the Company shall be taken up in equal parts by a German and an Austrian group of shareholders.
(2) In addition to the founders, only the following may be shareholders of the Company:
(a) On the German side:
The Federal Republic of Germany, the Free State of Bavaria and the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company;
(b) On the Austrian side:
The Republic of Austria, Federal Lander, the Consolidated Network Company (see article 5 of the Second Nationalization Act, BGBI. No. 81/1947), special companies (see article 4 of the Second Nationalization Act) and Land companies (see article 3 of the Second Nationalization Act).
(3) The Company may issue preferred shares without voting rights to persons other than those named in paragraph (2) in accordance with the regulations governing joint-stock companies. The Contracting Parties shall ensure that the holders of preferred shares are not granted voting rights under article 116, paragraph (2), of the Joint-Stock Companies Act.
ARTICLE 7. The German and the Austrian sides shall each endeavour to ensure that the members of its group of shareholders shall at the general meeting grant the consent required under article 6, paragraph (2), of the articles of association for the transfer of shares of a member of the other group as constituted under article 6, paragraph (2), sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), of this Agreement if the other side so requests.
ARTICLE 8. The board of management and the board of directors shall be made up of an equal number of representatives of the German and the Austrian voting shareholders.
ARTICLE 9. (1) The provisions of article 23 of the articles of association shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the internal auditors, the special auditors and the annual auditors.
(2) The auditors appointed by the Austrian Audit Office shall have the same authority with respect to the Company as the annual, internal and special auditors.
(3) In addition, at the request of the Austrian Audit Office, orders shall be given, by virtue of article 23, paragraph (2) of the articles of association, by agreement between the German Federal Minister of Transport, the Bavarian State Ministry of Finance and the Austrian Audit Office.
ARTICLE 10. (1) Either the German or the Austrian side may ask that the Company be dissolved if essential provisions of this Agreement have been seriously infringed by the other side or if dissolution is advisable for other compelling reasons.
(2) In such a case, the Contracting Parties shall jointly consider whether the purpose of the Agreement can be achieved by amending or supplementing the existing provisions thereof.
(3) If the Company is dissolved, an agreement, in which the interests of the Contracting Parties and the shareholders are taken into account, shall be reached concerning the continued operation of the undertaking as a whole.
ARTICLE 11. If the majority required in the board of directors or the general meeting for the adoption of a decision on an important company matter is not obtained, the Contracting Parties shall arrange a settlement.
ARTICLE 12. (1) The long-term ratio of the Company's internal financing to its external financing shall be 1 : 2.
(2) The two groups of shareholders as defined in article 6, paragraph (2), sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), shall each contribute to raising half of the external financing which the Company itself is unable to raise. The obligations of the Contracting Parties shall be governed by the provisions of article 23, paragraph (2).
(3) The Contracting Parties undertake to give the Company and the two groups of shareholders all possible assistance in obtaining financing. The competent authorities of each of the Contracting Parties shall do everything possible to ensure that, where necessary, a State surety is provided for that part of the Company's external financing raised by its group of shareholders.
ARTICLE 13. The two groups of shareholders as defined in article 6, paragraph (2), sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), shall contribute equally to the fulfillment of the Company's purpose. The criteria for determining whether such contributions are to be regarded as equal shall be established by agreement between the two groups of shareholders. In establishing such criteria, account shall be taken of price and wage rates in the two States and of all other factors relevant to an evaluation of the contributions.
ARTICLE 14. (1) The Company shall supply the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company and the Consolidated Network Company, as consumers, each with one-half the generable power corresponding to the natural water yield at any given time less the power needed for the dam ex transformer station. If the technical facilities of the Company are unable to provide a direct equal distribution of power, the Consolidated Network Company shall ensure by power exchange that so far as possible the two consumers receive the amount of power to which they are entitled in relation to the natural water yield. Any costs occasioned in this connexion shall be determined and charged off. The Contracting Parties shall ensure that the agreements necessary for the exchange of power can be concluded and executed and that the necessary transmission installations in their territory, to the extent that such exist, are made available.
(2) If the delivery of power to one consumer is terminated by the Company because of non-fulfilment by that consumer of its obligations, the Company shall offer to the other consumer the power thus made available and shall charge off the proceeds against the obligation for the reimbursement of production costs which is still incumbent upon the consumer to which delivery has been terminated.
(3) If a group of shareholders as defined in article 6, paragraph (2), sub-paragraphs (a) and (b), raises less than 50 per cent of the required external financing, the Company shall, as a temporary departure from the provisions of paragraph (1), deliver a quantity of current corresponding to the actual share of financing that has been raised. Further details shall be set out in an agreement between the Rhine, Main and Danube joint Stock Company and the Consolidated Network Company.
(4) The Company shall be reimbursed in advance by each consumer for the financing charges on loans credited to the share of financing raised by the relevant group of shareholders (see article 12, paragraph (2)) and for the taxes and charges levied in the territory of the relevant consumer's State; in addition, the company shall receive from each consumer 50 per cent of its other production costs, including an appropriate rate of interest on its capital resources. The crediting of the aforementioned loans shall be decided upon by the board of directors at the time when the loan is approved.
(5) As a general principle, each consumer shall make payment in the currency of its State to the branch of the Company in its State. So far as possible, the Company shall allocate its production costs in such a way that they are payable half in German marks and half in Austrian schillings.
(6) The voting shareholders, by a majority representing at least three quarters of the voting capital stock, outside the general meeting, lay down procedures for the determination of production costs and may suspend the payment of interest on the Company's capital resources.
Administrative provisions
ARTICLE 15. The administrative authorities shall apply the laws in force on the German and on the Austrian side in the manner most conducive to the accomplishment of the Company's tasks.
ARTICLE 16. (1) The Contracting Parties shall, to the extent of their jurisdiction, ensure that the water rights and water-right permits which, on the basis of the construction plans (see article 2, paragraph (3)) and in pursuance of the relevant water-rights proceedings of the two sides, are found to be necessary for the construction and operation of the Jochenstein dam are granted or, where they have expired, are, upon request, renewed. They shall not grant to third parties, except by mutual agreement, water rights or water-right permits relating to the area of the Jochenstein dam or the area below it which would be disadvantageous to the dam.
(2) The water-rights proceedings shall be carried out on the German and on the Austrian side independently in accordance with the legislation in force, but on a basis of mutual consultation and, so far as possible, mutual support.
(3) The Water-right permits granted by the two sides shall be as equal in scope as possible, be non-conflicting and, if possible, be issued simultaneously; in particular, neither side may claim reversionary rights, water taxes or water-use charges. Claims by the Rhine, Main and Danube Joint-Stock Company for compensation on account of the blocking of the Danube power-plant at Kachlet (see article 2, paragraph (2), subparagraph (a)), shall be settled in accordance with the water-rights procedure.
(4) The Contracting Parties shall proceed as provided in paragraphs (1) to (3) if one of the shareholders as defined in article 6, paragraph (2), sub-paragraph (a) or (b), constructs a pump storage station in pursuance of article 5.
(5) The provisions of paragraphs (1) to (4) shall apply, mulatis mutandis, to all other administrative proceedings relating to the construction, maintenance and operation of the Jochenstein dam, in particular proceedings relating to navigation rights.
ARTICLE 17. (1) The Company shall be taxed in accordance with the legislation of each State, on the basis of the following provisions.
(2) For the purposes of taxation, the Company's assets and trading capital shall be considered to be divided equally between Germany and Austria.
(3) For the purposes of taxation on each side, income shall be considered to comprise the Company's total income minus the income falling to the other side. Half of the income shall fall to the German and half to the Austrian side. However, any excess in the payments made by the consumer of one side in pursuance of article 14 shall be regarded as income only in that consumer's State, and the additional tax liability so equalized shall be regarded as an operating expense only in that State.
(4) For the purposes of turnover taxes, the production and delivery of electricity shall be deemed to have taken place in the State in which the power is consumed.
(5) No company tax and no purchase tax, including surtaxes, shall be levied on property acquired for the construction of the Jochenstein dam. In addition, each of the two sides shall grant the Company the tax allowances permissible under its legislation.
(6) The Contracting Parties shall, in accordance with the legislation in force on the two sides, impose no import or export duties on goods to be used for the construction, operation, maintenance or replacement of the dam. The Contracting Parties shall ensure that any necessary import or export licences are issued. The customs authorities of the two sides shall take the necessary control measures in consultation with each other.
(7) The Contracting Parties shall assist each other in the determination and assessment of taxes and shall allow the other side to carry out tax audits in their territory.
ARTICLE 18. (1) The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to make available as soon as possible the exchange-control permits necessary for giving effect to this agreement.
(2) With a view to the fulfilment by the Company of its purposes and the transfer of any profits, exchange-control restrictions shall be relaxed by the German and the Austrian side wherever possible. This shall also apply to the exchange-control treatment of persons frequently crossing the frontier.
(3) If shares or interim certificates are issued by the Company, steps shall be taken to make possible the transfer to Austria of the relevant documents belonging to the Austrian group.
ARTICLE 19. Wherever possible, the necessary residence, employment, entry and exit and other similar permits shall be granted, on the German and the Austrian side, to all persons needed for work in connexion with the construction and operation of the Jochenstein dam.
ARTICLE 20. So far as the interests of the Company and the provision of financing permit, the German and the Austrian side shall be given equal consideration in the letting of contracts and similar matters. As a matter of general principle, the German and the Austrian side shall share equally in the hiring of employees by the Company. The Company shall transmit the necessary information to the labour authorities of the two sides.
ARTICLE 21. Hunting and fishing rights shall be governed by the legislation applicable in each of the States concerned.
ARTICLE 22. This Agreement shall be without prejudice to the agreements reached concerning the course of the State frontier.
ARTICLE 23. (1) The Contracting Parties shall take steps for the immediate establishment of the new Company and, to the extent of their jurisdiction, shall further the activities of the Company in every possible and permissible way.
(2) Where the Agreement entails rights and obligations which the Contracting Parties cannot directly exercise or fulfil, they shall take steps to ensure that the rights are exercised and the obligations fulfilled by the other parties concerned to the extent of their powers with respect to such parties.
ARTICLE 24. If, for compelling reasons, and in particular as a result of legislative action by either of the States concerned, it should become necessary to modify or supplement the arrangements provided for in this Agreement in order to protect the interests of the States concerned as established in those arrangements, such modifications or additions shall be agreed on immediately in a spirit of trust and co-operation.
ARTICLE 25. (1) If a difference of opinion arises between the German and the Austrian side concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement, the matter shall, at the request of either side, be settled through arbitration by an arbitral tribunal.
(2) The arbitral tribunal shall also, at the request of either side, make arrangements for the continued operation of the undertaking as a whole which take into account the interests of the Contracting Parties and the shareholders , if an agreement on the matter as provided in article 10, paragraph (3), is not reached within a period of six months from the time the Company is dissolved.
(3) The arbitral tribunal shall for each dispute be constituted through the appointment by each side of two qualified persons from among its nationals as arbitrators and the selection by both sides of a national of a friendly third State as umpire. Both sides reserve the right to agree in advance and for a specified period of time on the person to be appointed umpire in a given case.
(4) If the umpire is not selected or the arbitrators appointed within three months after the difference of opinion has been made known, the President of the International Court of justice at The Hague shall, in the absence of other agreed arrangements, be requested to make the necessary appointments.
(5) The umpire shall be the chairman of the arbitrat tribunal. The arbitral tribunal shall reach a decision by majority vote. The decision shall be binding.
(6) In the first dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall meet in the territory of the respondent side, in the second dispute in the territory of the other side, and so on in rotation in the territory of one or the other side, and at a place fixed by the Contracting Party concerned. This Party shall provide the premises and the secretarial and other staff required by the arbitral tribunal for its work.
(7) The German and Austrian sides shall agree in individual cases or on a permanent basis on the form of proceedings to be adopted by the arbitral tribunal. In the absence of such agreement, the arbitral tribunal itself shall determine the form of its proceedings. The proceedings may be in written form if neither of the Contracting Parties objects; in such a case the provisions of the foregoing paragraph need not be applied.
(8) With respect to the summoning and hearing of witnesses and experts, the authorities of each of the Contracting Parties shall, in response to request by the arbitral tribunal to the Government concerned grant the same legal assistance as it would at the request of a domestic civil court.
ARTICLE 26. This Agreement shall not affect the laws in force in the territory of the Contracting Parties.


When you pay the minimum, you're only paying a small amount off your balance each month. By checking your latest statement, you'll be able to see how much interest you've been charged and from paying the minimum, how much you're clearing from your balance.
The best way to decrease the amount of interest you're paying each month is to increase your monthly payment – this will also reduce your balance quicker.
To view how paying more can help reduce your balance, you can use an independent calculator at www.cardcosts.org.uk as a guide. You'll just need your latest statement to hand with your balance and current interest rate.


You may refer to the step-by-step guide on how to forward a text on your Galaxy S6 Edge at the bottom part of this content. Text messages are sent with weird characters Problem: �Hello.
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text:
Robert GlasperVerified
• 16 Upcoming Concerts
The Vermont Hollywood
The Guild Theatre
City Winery Boston
Show More Events (16)
Send a request to Robert Glasper to play a show in your city
Live Photos of Robert Glasper
Fuck Yo Feelings [2 LP]
Black Radio
Covered (The Robert Glasper Trio Reco...
Everything's Beautiful
Better Than I Imagined (Feat. H.E.R. ...
Double Booked [2 LP]
In My Element
Canvas [2 LP]
ArtScience
Great show! While many may have come to hear him play the R&B songs they hear on the radio, I came anticipating his jazz influences. Robert and his band (a trio plus a DJ) did not disappoint. All three are excellent musicians, keenly listening to one another to take their improvisation to the highest heights. The polyrhythms the drummer imposed on top of the songs were amazing. The bassist's style incorporated Flamenco and played a major role in one song where you would have thought there was a guitarist on the stage, but there wasn't. But don't get it mistaken, his grooves was solid. The DJ added an atmospheric element to many songs weaving sounds and effects in and out without being obtrusive. Also, because Robert didn't have with him all the guest artists that sing on his records, the DJ would play samples of the chorus or a key line/lyric of the song, while the band played it as an instrumental. Robert Glasper's playing draws you in. From his rich chordal piano playing to his soaring single note, multi-bar phrases and riffs during his solo, he entertains with his playing as well as the humorous things he'd talk about between songs. But wait, there's more! They even busted out into a 9/8 groove during a solo section, that was funky and suspenseful. Overall, a great show that seemed to go by so quickly even though it was a two hour gig.
Chicago, IL@City Winery Chicago
Amazing concert. Great venue and Robert was great as always! Derrick Hodge and Chris Dave killed it! Notable tracks: no one like you, how much a dollar cost, maiden voyage/everything in its right place. All around great show!
London, United Kingdom@Lafayette London
Jerad
Robert makes beautiful music and I liked adding to dj to add an extra layer to the songs. While I don't think there was anything transcendent during the show it was generally quite good. My complaint would be the preshow dj added nothing, a jazz club is the wrong environment for a solo dj, and I was at the bar which in blue note turns out to be a horrible place to watch a jazz show, it's loud, crowded, with terrible sight lines. Next time will get a table.
New York, NY@Blue Note Jazz Club
Snarky Puppy
Lalah Hathaway
Eric Roberson
Hiatus Kaiyote
Dwele
About Robert Glasper
"Real music is crash protected," state the liner notes of Black Radio, a landmark album by the Robert Glasper Experiment that boldly stakes out new musical territory and ...
Jazz Fusion, Hip Hop Fusion, Hip Hop & Rnb, Jazz-funk
Damion Reid (drums)Robert Glasper Experiment: Robert Glasper (keys), Casey Benjamin (saxophone, Mark Colenburg(drums), Derrick Hodge (bass), Robert Glasper Trio: Robert Glasper (piano), vocoder), Vicente Archer (bass)


The Christmas lights of Boston are currently putting a little warmth into the hearts of residents and visitors. Alex and I believe Christmas lights and Christmas markets were created to make people feel happy in the days leading up to the shortest day of the year. And they certainly offer a pleasant distraction on cold dark days. In the US, Christmas markets are harder to find compared to many European cities, but beautiful light displays are plentiful. The origins of lighting a Christmas tree date back to upper class homes of Germany in the 18th century, where residents lit their trees with candles.
If you are in Boston over the holidays, take a stroll down Newbury Street. Newbury St. has several high end shops and restaurants and is very pretty to take in the holiday spirit. It's also worth popping into one of several commercial art galleries that dot one of Boston's most exclusive streets. And you can further warm up over a nice coffee and pastry at a lovely cafe like Thinking Cup.
Boston Public Gardens are always beautiful, regardless of the season, and at the moment the main path from Newbury St. through Boston Common is lit up with lights and feels magical. Boston Common was established in 1634 as America's first public park and the adjacent Boston Public Gardens were founded in 1837 as America's first public botanical garden. In summer you can take swan boat rides in the public gardens, but for now, just enjoy the lights!
Boston Common offers beautiful views of the city skyline, and particularly when there's a light sheet of snow, the contrast with the Christmas lights is dazzling. The Frog Pond is great for ice skating among the holiday lights, but can be a little crowded this time of year. In summer we love packing a picnic or just grabbing some Vietnamese banh mi sandwiches in nearby Chinatown and enjoying them in the Common or on the pond of the Public Gardens.
Historic Faneuil Hall Marketplace, which dates back to 1743 has a light show too. Blink! is a state of the art light and sound extravaganza featuring music from the Boston Pops. We didn't make it down there to take photos, with the wind chill creating below freezing temperatures this past weekend, this was the best that could be documented this year. For Christmas itself we're escaping to Florida to spend time with family, friends and some warm sun!
What are some of your favorite things to do in Boston over Christmas or in your neck of the woods?


NSDL has enabled holding of mutual fund units [represented by Statement of Account] in dematerialised form for its demat account holders. You can use your existing demat accounts for converting your mutual fund units in dematerialised form.
Obtain Conversion Request Form (CRF) from your DP.
Submit the CRF alongwith the Statement of Account to your DP.
After due verification, the DP would send the CRF and Statement of Account to the Asset Management Company (AMC) / Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA).
The AMC / RTA after due verification will confirm the conversion request executed by DP and the mutual fund units will be credit in your demat account.
You can subscribe for mutual fund units through your Stock Broker using the Stock Exchange platform. Upon subscription, your Stock Broker i.e., Clearing Member will credit the Mutual Fund Units into your demat account.
You can redeem your mutual fund units held in dematerialised form through two different modes i.e., through your DP or stock broker.
Obtain Redemption Form (RF) from your DP.
Fill-up the RF form and submit it to your DP.
After due verification, your DP will execute electronic redemption request, which will be electronically forwarded to the AMC / RTA.
The AMC / RTA will verify the redemption request and if in order, confirm the electronic request and make the payment as per your bank account details available in your demat account.
NSCCL / BOISL will credit the requisite funds in your Stock Broker's Clearing Bank account through usual settlement process for onward payment to you.


The Capitals enter tonight's home finale in a tight divisional battle with two games left in the regular season. The Panthers hold a four-point lead over the Caps in the Southeast Division standings. A regulation loss or overtime win/loss will deny the Caps the division title for the first time since 2007 when the Atlanta Thrashers put up 97 points on the season.
Washington is currently in 8th in the Eastern Conference and holds the tiebreaker over the Buffalo Sabres, who are on their heels in the 9th spot. A win by the Capitals and a regulation loss by Buffalo tonight will clinch a playoff berth for Washington.
The Capitals lead the season series against Florida 3-2 and outscored the Panthers 7-0 in Florida's two visits to Verizon Center this season. Former Capital Tomas Fleischmann has been on a tear as of late, tallying five points in the last four games for Florida.
After being named the NHL's 'Third Star' of the Week for the week ending March 25th, Alex Ovechkin has been quiet the past four games, with his only points having come through his two assists in Boston one week ago.
– Jose Theodore and Tomas Fleishcmann are in the Panthers starting lineup tonight.
– The Panthers broadcast called Fleischmann the player to watch for Florida tonight. I agree.
– Jay Beagle puts the Caps on the board. 1-0 lead 5:42 into the 1st period. Troy Brouwer and Matt Hendricks get assists on the goal.
– A marriage proposal here at Verizon Center. She said yes.
– Stephen Weiss gets two minutes for holding. Caps on the power play.
– Scary series of events in front of Michal Neuvirth. He manages to pull the puck in and get a faceoff going.
– Matt Hendricks sent to the penalty box for interference at the 15:20 mark.
– Caps lead the Panthers 1-0 after one period.
– Marco Sturm fell on Neuvy's knee. Braden Holtby's about to come in.
– Holtby enters the net to a loud ovation and a light "Holtby! Holtby!" chant.
– Hell of a series of hits between both teams. The game getting very physical all of a sudden.
– "Theodooooorrrrre" chants have started in the upper deck of the arena.
– Brooks Laich puts the #Caps up 3-0 at the 9:49 mark in the period.
– Theodore is take out of the game and replaced by Scott Clemmensen.
– Just kidding. Theodore is back out on the ice.
– Michelle Kwan is in attendance here tonight.
– I don't know how there wasn't a hooking or tripping on Ovechkin there.
– Just a couple minutes after Buffalo scores on the Flyers, the Panthers score on the Caps. Here comes that feeling again.
– The Panthers score 42 seconds into the period thanks to Ed Jovanovski.
– Caps heading to the Power Play with 3:06 to go.
– Unleash the Fury time here at Verizon Center.
– Caps can clinch a playoff berth with a win.
– Semin seals it. 4-2 Caps.


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