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An outport is the term given for a small coastal community in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador other than the chief port of St. John's. Originally, the term was used for coastal communities on the island of Newfoundland, but the term has now been adopted for those on the mainland area of Labrador as well.

History
Outports are some of the oldest European settlements in Canada. Giovanni Caboto (known by his English sponsors as John Cabot) visited Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island in 1497; and news spread quickly that Cabot had caught cod by simply lowering and lifting a weighted basket. Gaspar Corte-Real of Portugal visited Newfoundland in 1500, and by 1506 the catch from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland encouraged the King of Portugal to impose a ten percent import tariff to protect local fishermen. The first recorded French fishing boat on the Grand Banks was in 1504, Basque whalers arrived in 1527, and Spanish fishermen followed by 1540.

A lot of fishing boats also known as dories would sail in April or May and return in September. The seasonal fresh catch of "wet" fish were initially returned to Europe to be densely salted and air-dried for preservation until later use, but drying fish in Newfoundland outports allowed each boat to bring back a more valuable cargo of already dried fish from each voyage.  The westbound Atlantic crossing carried an expanded crew including a shore party. While the normal crew fished from boats, the shore party felled trees to construct a small wharf or fishing stage and platforms of brush and small boughs upon which the fish would be dried about three feet above the ground.  The boats returned to the fishing stage where they threw their catch to be gutted and split by the shore party, who then lightly salted the split fish and arranged them to dry on the platforms.  The drying fish were covered with sailcloth every night and during fog or rainy weather, and rearranged periodically for several weeks until they hardened and could be stacked like boards.  The dried fish were then stored in sheds until the expanded crew and cargo were loaded for the eastbound Atlantic crossing.

During the fishing and drying season, members of the shore party were able to increase their profits for the voyage by trading with First Nations residents bringing furs to the outport. As Grand Banks fishing increased, the best outport locations might be secured for future use if part of the shore party would volunteer to winter-over in the outport and keep the fishing stage, drying platforms, storage sheds, and small boats in good repair. Surviving a winter in the outport was easier for men who found friendly Mi'kmaq to teach them to find and preserve the local berries to prevent scurvy. Some outport caretakers returned to Europe after wintering over, while others "went native" and remained in Newfoundland Jacques Cartier was offered furs by indigenous residents of Chaleur Bay in 1534, indicating previous experience with European fur traders; and Cartier found members of the Montagnais First Nation engaged in fishing for a French Captain Thiennot. On his return voyage in 1536, Cartier left one of his larger ships' boats at Renewse Harbor, Newfoundland, indicating the outport was already in use as a used boat exchange for fishing vessels needing boats for inshore fishing, but not wanting to transport them across the Atlantic.

Both the First Nations and Europeans considered these outport communities temporary facilities of the fish trade.  European populated outports initially depended upon the good will of the local First Nation; and historians often consider the outports as First Nations settlements until well after colonization authorized by European monarchs. The pattern of small isolated settlements was reinforced by actions of the Parliament of England to make permanent settlement of Newfoundland illegal.  Seventeenth century English fishermen and fish merchants wished to avoid competition from a local population gaining control of the most productive fishing locations as the New England colonies had done in the Gulf of Maine.  The questionable legal status of Newfoundland's clandestine settlements discouraged the type of infrastructure investments found in the Maritime Provinces.

On the island of Newfoundland, residents of the capital city of St. John's are frequently referred to as townies, whereas those not from St. John's are referred to as baymen or bay wops, that is from around the bay.  This usage originates from the time before reliable land transportation on the island, when most travel was by boat and settlements were located on the coast.

The railway construction in the 1890s resulted in the creation of inland communities that relied on land-based natural resources.  The outports began to see wholesale depopulation following cutbacks to ferry services and construction of roads throughout the island during and after the Second World War.  Following Confederation in 1949, the government of premier Joey Smallwood pursued a policy of forced/encouraged resettlement of residents from outports to central inland communities where provision of schools, health care and other government services could be achieved more cheaply.

Farley Mowat was among the critics of the resettlement program who noted that it resulted in what was likened to a "cultural genocide" as rural Newfoundland society became decimated.  The cod moratorium of 1992 was another blow to the outport communities, whose entire economies were based on the ocean and its resources.  Throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, outports have voluntarily agreed to depopulate as government required 100% agreement among residents for resettlement, prior to agreeing to close a community.  In March 2013, Newfoundland & Labrador Finance Minister Jerome Kennedy announced that households agreeing to resettle from some isolated communities will be given lump-sum payments of up to CAD $270,000.

Only a small proportion of the provincial population remains in outports along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador. With no highway access, limited economic growth due to declines in the fishery, and ongoing depopulation as young people move to larger urban centres, the outport is an endangered phenomenon.

A 1969 CBC radio documentary by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould called The Latecomers profiled Newfoundland outports.

See also
Fishing stage
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
Resettlement (Newfoundland)
Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador

Notes

External links
 Fisheries Heritage

Outport

Types of populated places

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Jo Freeman Reviews - The Book of Gutsy Women by Hillary Rodham Clinton and Chelsea Clinton
In the 1980s and 1990s, when I read women's history on my own, I realized that there were important and prominent women in every decade, but they disappeared when the history books were written. Women were like sand castles; men were like rocks. The waters of time washed over both and wiped out the women. The Clintons — mother and daughter — are helping to remedy that. By telling the stories of 103 Gutsy women, they want to raise the sand from the beaches and fuse the particles into solid quartz. more »
Scout Report: Climate, Design and Build, Engineering, Alexis de Tocqueville, Mnemosyne, Journalism, White Lies True Crime, Audio Storytelling
Media attention to climate change has been increasing over the past several years, but not all articles on the subject are entirely accurate, and it can sometimes be difficult for non-expert readers to separate the wheat from the misleading chaff. To help with this quandary, Climate Feedback reviews high-profile climate change articles from a wide variety of publications, then annotates and verifies or rebuts their claims; STEM teachers looking for a hands-on unit to pique their students' interest in engineering may want to check out this activity available through TeachEngineering; Instructors of US history, civics, or social studies may be interested in this set of three lesson plans from EDSITEment, the National Endowment for the Humanities' online collection of free teaching resources ... and more. more »
Weekly Legislative Update and Meetings: "Taking Military Domestic Violence Out of the Shadows;" A Bill to Require Federal Law Enforcement Agencies to Report On Cases of Missing or Murdered American Indians
A bill to improve obstetric care in rural areas; a bill to establish a National Commission on Fibrotic Diseases; A bill to ensure the safe use of cosmetics, and for other purposes; A bill to amend the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 relating to determinations with respect to efforts of foreign countries to reduce demand for commercial sex acts under the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; A bill to require federal law enforcement agencies to report on cases of missing or murdered Indians, and for other purposes; A resolution expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding the relationships between firearm violence, misogyny, and violence against women and reaffirming the importance of preventing individuals with a history of violence against women from accessing a firearm. more »
Kay Nielsen's Enchanted Vision: The Kendra and Allan Daniel Collection
"Nielsen's illustrations are mesmerizing when seen in print, but this exhibition provides an exceptionally rare opportunity to see his original works of art, which are breathtaking with their powerful imagery and extraordinary detail," said Meghan Melvin who organized the exhibition. Among the highlights of the exhibition are 10 illustrations from a compilation of Norse tales poetically titled East of the Sun and West of the Moon, Old Tales from the North (published 1914), which are considered the bedrock of Nielsen's legacy. more »
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: List of techniques to evaluate limits? I'd like to make a complete list of techniques to evaluate a limit.

*

*Definition of the limit

*Continuous functions

*Algebra of limits

*Addition, multiplication, division

*Composition

*Inverse function

*Showing inequalities

*Squeeze theorem

*Rewriting, try to factor out common factors in numerator and
denominator

*Rationalizing the denominator

*Substitutions, in particular the $1/t$ substitution.

*Use of derivatives, l'Hôpital's rule and Taylor series.

*If $\lim_{x\to a} f(x)=1$ and $\lim_{x\to a} g(x)=\infty$ then $$\lim_{x\to a} f(x)^{g(x)} = e^{\lim_{x\to a} g(x)[f(x)-1]}$$

*for $$0^0\quad and\quad \infty^0 \quad form \implies $$
$$\lim_{x\to a} f(x)^{g(x)}=e^{\lim_{x\to a}[g(x) \log_e{f(x)}]}$$
However the list seems so short. Are there any other good strategies or techniques to solve limits?

A: The list of techniques to evaluate a limit that you have given above covers most of the non-elementary limit problems. Below I have given a few results that will be helpful in evaluating certain limit problems$:$
$ \bullet \ $ Assume that $f:(-a,a) \setminus \{0\} \rightarrow \Re \ $. Then $\lim_{x\to0}f(x)=l \ $ if and only if $ \ \lim_{x\to0}f(\sin(x))=l. $
$\bullet \ $ Assume that $f:(-a,a) \setminus \{0\} \rightarrow \Re \ $ . If $ \lim_{x\to0}f(x)=l \ $ then $ \lim_{x\to0}f(\left \vert {x} \vert \right) = l. $
$\bullet \ $ $ lim_{x\to \infty} \left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)^x = e$
$\bullet$ $ lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^\frac{1}{x} = e $

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


WikiLeaks has released new information on CIA programs aimed at monitoring Apple device owners. Has the CIA redirected iPhone shipments to its own facilities to infect them with spyware?
What has the CIA been up to?
According to the documents, CIA's Embedded Development Branch (EDB) implants malware called NightSkies 1.2, a "beacon/loader/implant tool" that apparently allows the CIA to "gain persistence" (spy) on the device. Notably, this program has been in use since 2008. WikiLeaks also describes a project called "Sonic Screwdriver", which allows spies to remotely hack a Mac computer from a USB accessory plugged into the machine. The release also contains details of other malware products with striking names such as "DarkSeaSkies", "DarkMatter", "SeaPea", "Triton", "Dark Mallet" and "DerStake".
How is the malware installed?
According to the CIA documents, NightSkies 1.2 is physically installed by a CIA operative on "factory fresh iPhones", or handsets that users haven't yet interacted with.
The two key words here are "physically" and "factory fresh". The malware cannot be installed remotely, which means the CIA agent needs to get their hands on their target's phone to install the program. This brings to mind a Hollywood-style manoeuvre where the operative would somehow pickpocket the target, install the malware with a USB, and return it to the unsuspecting iPhone owner who will never realise they're being tracked.
"While CIA assets are sometimes used to physically infect systems in the custody of a target, it is likely that many CIA physical access attacks have infected the targeted organization's supply chain including by interdicting mail orders and other shipments (opening, infecting, and resending) leaving the United States or otherwise".
Is the CIA infecting Apple products en-masse, or are they only intercepting, infecting and re-sending specific phones that have been ordered via mail by persons of interest?
Does the CIA visit the factory floors of Apple's suppliers to install the malware?
He attacked two police officers as he tried to enter the building, fatally stabbing Keith Palmer before he was shot. Five people, including the attacker, died, and at least 50 people have been injured.
On Thursday evening, a candlelit vigil was held in Trafalgar Square. In what was a moving tribute to those affected, the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, addressed the crowd to much applause and a minute of silence was observed.
An outbreak of H7N9 avian flu that has been described as the worst in seven years is dramatically impacting the poultry industry across China, Japan and South Korea.
The outbreak has been linked to over 140 human deaths in China in January and February, along with enormous stock culls including 30 million chickens in South Korea alone.
Chinese poultry imports are expected to grow by 10%.
Starbucks will open 12,000 new cafes globally by 2021, including 3,00 new stores in the U.S.
The new stores will require a workforce of 240,000, with the company planning to hire 25,000 military veterans and military spouses.
Starbucks has also announced it would hire 10,000 refugees in response to Donald Trump's executive order calling for an immigration ban.


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Close to home but a world away with Onefinestay
The living room at Onefinestay's Park Avenue Mansion in New York City. Photo Credit: TW photo by Christina Jelski
Despite having lived in New York City for nearly a decade, traveling to Manhattan's Upper East Side for a mid-week staycation still felt a little like traveling to a different country.
The well-heeled neighborhood -- with its ornate pre-war buildings, uniformed doormen and elite prep schools -- certainly has a knack for making one of more modest means feel slightly out of place.
I had made the trip via subway from Queens to spend two nights at a private accommodation, courtesy of Onefinestay. The company, founded in 2009 and acquired by Accor in 2016, specializes in luxury vacation rentals, promising travelers "the finest homes and villas in the most desirable destinations" and a high level of personalized, professional hospitality.
Although I had scrolled through a few photos of my rental home prior to my arrival (and was also aware of its roughly $1,700-per-night price tag), I wasn't able to truly grasp just how lavish my accommodations were until I arrived at the address, which, curiously, didn't include an apartment or floor number.
Turns out, no apartment number was necessary.
Set on a particularly tony block on Park Avenue, the home took up the entire stretch of a six-floor 19th century townhouse, comprising a total of five bedrooms and six bathrooms. An in-law suite-style accommodation, complete with bedroom, kitchenette, sitting area and patio, made up the ground floor, while the basement floor just below housed an exercise and yoga space. On the first floor was a beautiful, well-equipped kitchen, which connected to a terrace and grilling area, and an elegant dining room with a table for 10.
The dining room at Onefinestay's Park Avenue Mansion in New York City. Photo Credit: TW photo by Christina Jelski
The upper floors featured a living room and various bedrooms, including an incredibly charming children's room featuring four bunk beds, a basketball hoop and even a built-in rock-climbing wall. The master bedroom, perched atop the uppermost floor, offered creature comforts like a walk-in closet, spacious ensuite bathroom, no fewer than three skylights and access to a rooftop terrace.
While I was able to enlist a few local family members to come fill some of the home's extra bedrooms during my stay, the townhouse had more room than we knew what to do with.
In fact, the sheer amount of space was the most luxurious part of the stay. As a city dweller accustomed to tiny apartments, writing in complete silence on one floor as my family watched a basketball game at full volume three floors below was a novel experience, and one I could certainly get used to.
Out of curiosity, I wondered just how much it would cost to live full-time in the Upper East Side townhouse. It was, according to Onefinestay, currently for sale. Prior to my stay, the company had alerted me that a realtor could potentially show the house during my booking period.
I typed the property's address into StreetEasy, and it instantly popped up. The home's selling price had recently been reduced by $745,000, so really, it was a steal -- a mere $9.25 million.
https://www.travelweekly.com/Blogs/Dispatch/Close-to-home-but-a-world-away-with-Onefinestay


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Chris Cuomo Troubles Increase After Sexual Misconduct Allegations Surface
There doesn't appear to be much upside for Chris Cuomo at the moment.
In a move that was surprisingly appropriate for CNN, Chris Cuomo's employment has been terminated.
The network, which merely suspended one of its other contributors after he masturbated on a Zoom call with his colleagues, opened an investigation into allegations that Cuomo used his media resources to aid his brother, former New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo, as he grappled with approximately a dozen credible accusations of improper sexual behavior.
It is now being revealed that these siblings had a lot more in common than previously thought.
A former co-worker of Chris Cuomo made a sexual misconduct allegation against the former CNN anchor, who was fired Saturday for misleading the cable network about the extent of the role he played trying to mitigate the sexual harassment accusations that took down his brother, former Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
A well known employment lawyer who represents the accuser contacted CNN Wednesday to tell them of the allegation, according to The New York Times.
The incident did not occur within the CNN company.
The woman who leveled the unknown accusations against Chris Cuomo, 51, was a former "junior colleague" at another news network, according to Debra Katz, the accuser's lawyer, the paper said. The allegation was reportedly not connected to the cascade of accusations that led Andrew Cuomo to resign from office in the face of impeachment four months ago.
The younger Cuomo had attempted to downplay his pre-termination suspension from CNN as "embarrassing" during an episode of his personal podcast last week.
US State Pushes to Make Mask Mandates Permanent
Trump Makes Major Fundraising Haul for Social Media Platform
Major Conservative Personality Flips on 45: 'Trump is Done!'
Are they really this out of tough with the Republican Party?
On the right side of the aisle, there are few storylines as trite and tawdry as that of former President Donald Trump's potential bid for reelection in 2024, and all of the strange circumstances that go along with it.
First, Trump is battling a number of challenges to his political career. There is not only the January 6th select committee, that appears to be aiming their efforts at having Trump prosecuted in the coming months, but there is also the New York State Attorney General, who is investigating the Trump Organization and attempting to attack the former President through the targeting of his children.
But now there are other issues for Trump, particularly as Florida Governor Ron DeSantis appears to be posturing himself for a run at the GOP nomination himself. Trump has been quoted as wondering why DeSantis won't simply support his own efforts, and the Sunshine State lawmaker has responded brutally.
This has led one of America's most recognizable conservative pundits to speak up.
Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is predicting the end of Donald Trump's hegemony in the GOP, saying the former president "is done."
"Trump is done," Coulter, a onetime Trump booster turned critic, wrote in an email to The New York Times. "You guys should stop obsessing over him."
Coulter's comments came in an article published in the Times on Sunday about the mounting tensions between Trump and Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) amid speculation of a potential showdown for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination.
This wasn't the first time that Coulter has attacked Trump in recent days.
Coulter pounced on Trump over those comments in a tweet last week calling the former president a "liar and con man."
"EXCLUSIVE: Trump is demanding to know Ron DeSantis's booster status, and I can now reveal it," Coulter wrote. "He was a loyal booster when Trump ran in 2016, but then he learned our president was a liar and con man whose grift was permanent. I hope that clears things up."
While this certainly may make it seem as though Trump is facing some sort of serious threat to his potential nomination, polls have nearly universally shown him as the odds-on favorite for the 2024 nomination, besting even DeSantis by a vast number of points.
On the right side of the aisle, there are few storylines as trite and tawdry as that of former President Donald Trump's potential bid for reelection in 2024, and all of the strange circumstances that go along with it. First, Trump is battling a number of challenges to his political career. There is not only the January 6th select committee, that appears to be aiming their efforts at having Trump prosecuted in the coming months, but there is also the New York State Attorney General, who is investigating the Trump Organization and attempting to attack the former President through the targeting of his children. But now there are other issues for Trump, particularly as Florida Governor Ron DeSantis appears to be posturing himself for a run at the GOP nomination himself. Trump has been quoted as wondering why DeSantis won't simply support his own efforts, and the Sunshine State lawmaker has responded brutally. This has led one of America's most recognizable conservative pundits to speak up. Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is predicting the end of Donald Trump's hegemony in the GOP, saying the former president "is done." "Trump is done," Coulter, a onetime Trump booster turned critic, wrote in an email to The New York Times. "You guys should stop obsessing over him." Coulter's comments came in an article published in the Times on Sunday about the mounting tensions between Trump and Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) amid speculation of a potential showdown for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination. This wasn't the first time that Coulter has attacked Trump in recent days. Coulter pounced on Trump over those comments in a tweet last week calling the former president a "liar and con man." "EXCLUSIVE: Trump is demanding to know Ron DeSantis's booster status, and I can now reveal it," Coulter wrote. "He…
UFC Chief Laments Lack of Available Monoclonal COVID Treatments
This, just days after Florida accused the federal government of hoarding the life-saving treatments.
If you were to ask the government about the options that we have for defeating the coronavirus pandemic, you are likely to hear but one side of the story: Vaccines.
The Biden administration has been unwavering in their support of these inoculations, even going so far as to attempt to install a constitutionally unsound vaccine mandate that took only two months for the Supreme Court to gut.
But there are other options too, induing the widely popular and effective monoclonal antibody treatments. And, despite the government's insistence on pushing vaccines on the masses, the Biden administration has also appeared to corner the market on these life-saving medicines…and they're being awfully stingy with them.
"I bet I could get some f*****g pain pills quicker than I could get monoclonal antibodies," UFC President Dana White said in regards to the rationing of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19 during a press conference on Saturday following the UFC 45 Vegas in Las Vegas, NV.
MMA Weekly asked White about a left-wing censorship campaign targeting Joe Rogan under the auspices of "misinformation" involving an "open letter" from assorted medical professionals and academic calling on Spotify, the distributor or Rogan's eponymous podcast, to "take action" against what they described as "mass-misinformation" which is "medically and culturally dangerous."
The exchange was lively to say the least.
MMA Weekly asked, "I was wondering what your thoughts were with the 200-plus doctors trying to put pressure on Spotify saying that Joe's a menace."
White replied, "Are they really? Well how about this, ever since I came out and said what I did, It's almost impossible now to get monoclonal antibodies. They're making it so you can't get them — medicine that absolutely works, they're keeping from us. I don't want to get too political and start getting into all this s***, but ivermectin and monoclonal antibodies have been around for a long time. Now, all of a sudden, you can't dig them up to save your life. The doctors won't give them to you."
The criticism arrives amid a flurry of complaints from Florida officials, complaining that the Biden administration simply will not ship these treatments to them, and without providing any reason as to why.
If you were to ask the government about the options that we have for defeating the coronavirus pandemic, you are likely to hear but one side of the story: Vaccines. The Biden administration has been unwavering in their support of these inoculations, even going so far as to attempt to install a constitutionally unsound vaccine mandate that took only two months for the Supreme Court to gut. But there are other options too, induing the widely popular and effective monoclonal antibody treatments. And, despite the government's insistence on pushing vaccines on the masses, the Biden administration has also appeared to corner the market on these life-saving medicines…and they're being awfully stingy with them. "I bet I could get some f*****g pain pills quicker than I could get monoclonal antibodies," UFC President Dana White said in regards to the rationing of monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19 during a press conference on Saturday following the UFC 45 Vegas in Las Vegas, NV. MMA Weekly asked White about a left-wing censorship campaign targeting Joe Rogan under the auspices of "misinformation" involving an "open letter" from assorted medical professionals and academic calling on Spotify, the distributor or Rogan's eponymous podcast, to "take action" against what they described as "mass-misinformation" which is "medically and culturally dangerous." The exchange was lively to say the least. MMA Weekly asked, "I was wondering what your thoughts were with the 200-plus doctors trying to put pressure on Spotify saying that Joe's a menace." White replied, "Are they really? Well how about this, ever since I came out and said what I did, It's almost impossible now to get monoclonal antibodies. They're making it so you can't get them — medicine that absolutely works, they're keeping from us. I don't want to get too political and start getting into…


Werribee South, Victoria – Australia 'Werribee River K Road' Photograph by Karen Robinson February 2019 Comments – A morning out with Mark (hubby) and Karen (me) with grand daughter Maddie and daughter Kelly photographing rare sighting of an Eastern Osprey water bird. Photograph featuring Eastern Osprey.
Published March 21, 2019 at 2275 × 2000 in Werribee South, Victoria – Australia 'Werribee River K Road' Photograph by Karen Robinson February 2019 Comments – A morning out with Mark (hubby) and Karen (me) with grand daughter Maddie and daughter Kelly photographing rare sighting of an Eastern Osprey water bird. Photograph featuring Eastern Osprey.
Werribee South, Victoria – Australia 'Werribee River K Road' Photograph by Karen Robinson February 2019 Comments – A morning out with hubby and me with granddaughter and daughter photographing rare sighting of an Eastern Osprey water bird. Photograph featuring Eastern Osprey.


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Autonomous Claw Could Become the World's Tiniest Surgeon
Snowflake-like robot could be used in biopsies and other procedures.
By Boonsri DickinsonFebruary 6, 2009 6:00 AM
Image courtesy of J. Randhawa (Gracias Laboratory, JHU) | NULL
Researchers have come up with many clever concepts for microdevices that could perform fine surgery or assemble tiny electronics. In December Johns Hopkins University chemical engineer David Gracias and colleagues announced a big but tiny breakthrough: They had developed a set of microgrippers that open and close in reaction to simple chemical changes. The minute machines are able to pick up and put down objects less than 1/500th of an inch across.
These star-shaped grippers, made of gold-coated nickel and no bigger than specks of dust, start out in water in the open position. When acetic acid—the substance that makes vinegar taste sour—is poured into the water, the grippers close to grasp a minuscule object. A magnet is used to move the grippers; then the addition of another chemical, hydrogen peroxide, prompts them to release their cargo. The researchers were able to use the grippers to grab and deliver glass beads, tiny wires, and tubes.
"We can pick up objects and place them down," Gracias says, "so we've achieved the most basic function of engineering, and we've done so without batteries or electricity." To eliminate the need for a human operator to move the magnet, the grippers could travel instead with the flow of a liquid. Gracias's team is now testing human-safe chemicals that would trigger the grippers during biopsies.
TechnologyScientists Create Tiny Nanomaterials By Shrinking Them
TechnologyThese Spray-on Antennas Could be the Future of Communication
TechnologyThis Device Makes You Invisible to Thermal Imaging
TechnologyA Nanotech Device Harvests Water in the Driest Places
TechnologyNew Fabric Warms or Cools Depending How You Wear It
TechnologySelf-Wrinkling Mini-Mazes Could Serve as Cybersecurity Moats


Price includes a 1-color imprint foam cup with custom artwork.
Lids are available for this item but are sold separately. Please contact us for more information.
Wrap: 8-5/8" W x 2-3/4" H - There will be a gap of approximately 1/2 - 3/4". If you need your art to wrap around the entire cup without a gap, please contact us for other options.


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What is the difference between WiMax and LTE? You may be weighing the relative pros and cons in your mind in order to obtain the best possible internet service. Both of these technologies cater to high speed internet connections. The objective for both is to enable global, high speed broadband internet access through laptops, cell phones, and other computers.
WiMax and LTE have been vying for supremacy in the 4G world.
However, aggressive competition exists between these two technologies for several reasons. Some providers choose to adopt both of these technologies, while others tend to support only one. Some of the greatest internet providers have chosen to back on or the other in the United States.
Although these technological tools compete avidly with each other, they will not become a substitute of WIFI and its indispensible benefits. WiMax and LTE offer different levels of speed and dependability.
To many providers, LTE is simply an upgrade and advancement to already existing networking methods. This advancement became available after WiMax developments, in 2010/2011. WiMax was readily available in many locations before the emergence of LTE services. WiMax happens to be more compatible with areas reliant on 3G services. However, WiMax was initially concentrated in specific, dense regions of the globe, Its broadband availability has increased, however.
3G wireless broadband connections are considered outdated, and both WiMax and LTE aim to offer higher, more reliable speeds than 3G could ever offer. Of course, one may encounter flaws ad glitches in these technologies until they have reached a state of full maturity. Some WiMax users have noted fluctuating speeds in their wireless connection. The connection speed is contingent n the provider one subscribes with as well as their relative quality.
There is no discretely defined band for WiMax wireless connections. In regions other than the United States, WiMax has aimed for speeds of at least 3.5 GHz. However, these speeds are widely used by government agencies in the United States. The average is typically 2.5 GHz in regions of the United States. In the US, however, providers of LTE services may utilize 0.7 GHz instead. The higher the frequency, the more data a particular provider can help carry from one particular course to another, aiding the spread, uploading and downloading of information. Unfortunately, the higher the frequency, the most restricted its travel is. Connections with lower frequencies can travel longer distances and are less vulnerable to sources of interference.
Although Wimax and LTE continue to wage war against one another, they can both play integral roles in future technology. In fact, they can work concurrently with one another. Although WiMax is perceived as a better backhaul technology, they both have something to contribute. Just as LTE was beginning to beat out its competitor, WiMax begin to increase their dominance in numerous markets, and provide a range of services for millions of users.
Whenever a new technology is introduced, there will be a barrage of customer complaints. However, these providers refine their technologies of time for greater levels of customer satisfaction. Therefore, LTE will achieve the same stability that WiMax worked to acquire.
Comprehend The Outstanding Wireless Broadband Technology By Wimax Broadband Fundamentals of Wimax Audi Is First Automaker To Offer 4G LTE High-Speed Broadband Do You Really Need An Amazingly Fast Broadband Connection?


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Feds Still Trying To Extract Evidence From Swallowed Thumb Drive
Six months after a New York City man swallowed a flash drive while in the custody of U.S. Secret Service agents, federal investigators are still trying to extract evidence from the storage device.
The Kingston thumb drive was consumed by Florin Necula in late-January, after he was arrested for his alleged role with a "skimming" ring that targeted ATM machine. Necula, who ingested the flash drive while being held at a Secret Service office in Brooklyn, was charged with obstruction of justice for trying to destroy the seized item.
After four days, Necula was unable to pass the four gigabyte device, so the item was removed by doctors at a Manhattan hospital. Since the extraction, the flash drive has been kept with other evidence seized from Necula and his three codefendants. In a letter to defense attorneys, prosecutors this month reported that "the thumb drive swallowed by Florin Necula on the date of his arrest" was still being analyzed by the government.
Necula is pictured above in a United States Marshals Service mug shot. It is unclear whether the photo was taken before the flash drive was ejected (though he does look a bit peaked).
flash drive, Secret Service, Florin Necula
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Home/Comics & Graphic Novels/Graphic Novels/Approximate Continuum Comics
Approximate Continuum Comics
One of the very first autobiographical graphic novels to come from France, Lewis Trondheim's Approximate Continuum Comics set the standard for the honest, often hilarious chronicling of a cartoonist's life. Trondheim''s typically graceful, confident cartooning shows him wrestling with his own demons (sometimes, in dream sequences, literally) and an often malevolent world, while trying to maintain his rising career as one of Europe''s most beloved cartoonists.
Approximate Continuum finally brings American readers the first portion of the "Trondheim autobio trilogy" that also comprises the Eisner-nominated "At Loose Ends" meditation serialized in Mome and the "Little Nothings" series of short slice-of-life stories.
This volume contains the first three chapters serialized in The Nimrod comic book (praised as "A rewarding, pleasurable and entertaining read from a fine talent ... well worth the cover price" by The Comics Reporter), the last three (never-before-translated) chapters, and a hilarious "rebuttal" section in which Trondheim''s family and cartoonist friends (including Epileptic creator David B. and Trondheim''s mom) dispute (or ruefully agree with) Trondheim''s depictions.
6.75" x 10.25"
"The simple, unadorned black-and-white line drawings are agreeably loose and deceptively casual, compelling in their humorous expressiveness and economy. Trondheim''s autobiographical departure is of a piece with the rest of his sizable body of work, not only in its whimsical intelligence but also in that the characters are portrayed as anthropomorphic animals. Fans of Trondheim''s other efforts will enjoy viewing another facet of his work, and followers of graphic memoirs will appreciate seeing a comics master turn his hand to the genre." —— Booklist
"Trondheim, a 2006 Angouleme Festival Grand Prize winner, creates autobiographical sketches with a Seinfeld-ian mania for capturing the quotidian details of normal life, particularly its irritations." — Publishers Weekly
"Trondheim suggests a French Woody Allen … Trondheim evokes, with the deft scrappiness of his agitated, angular figures, the universality of so many of our concerns and insecurities, and the completeness with which they surround us." — Boston Globe
"Trondheim … is truly at the height of his powers in Approximate Continuum Comics." — The Comics Journal
Download an EXCLUSIVE 14-page PDF excerpt (903 KB) and read Kim Thompson's informative Editor's Notes for the book! And after you read the book, read Émile Bravo's rebuttal comic.
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Where can I buy an inexpensive manual burr coffee grinder in Los Angeles? Update Cancel , What is the cheapest and best store to buy electronics in Los Angeles?
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Albuquerque is the largest city in New Mexico, located in the United States of America, on Earth; the city features the Rio Grande river accompanied by forested area called the bosque, with the Sandia Mountains to the east and the West Mesa to the west. The city's Nuevo México Spanish and Native American Pueblo character stems from its 1706 founding as La Villa de San Francisco Xavier de Alburquerque a Spanish outpost in Nuevo México after the Pueblo Revolt and later Bloodless Reconquest, to better facilitate trade and ease tensions between New Spain and the Tiwa Pueblos.
The people of the city are called the Burqueños or Burqueñas, commonly called Albuquerqueans.
Albuquerque is a location in the real-world, as the hometown of Heaven Sent Gaming it is extensively covered in our New Mexico Cultural Lexicon, as well as Heaven Sent Gaming's fictional universe created and designed by artist Isabel Ruiz Lucero and designer Mario J. Lucero. The name Albuquerque is of Latin origin, translating the Latin words albus and quercus meaning white oak, a reference to the cork oak trees found in the town of Alburuquerque.


Today we'd like to introduce you to Ashley Hay.
I have been an Oncology Nurse for over 11 years in both pediatric & adult care. After struggling for years with chronic illness, I found it increasingly difficult to meet the physical and emotional demands of bedside care, despite my undying love for the profession.
I had worked so hard for my nursing degree and experience. I wanted to find a non-clinical nursing job that utilized my vast knowledge of healthcare and diverse experience, after many hours of online searches, I finally came across an article by a fellow nurse, turned writer. The article gave me the confidence to pursue a different sector of healthcare and best of all it was coupled with my love of reading & writing.
I began by submitting an article to the largest peer-to-peer nursing website, allnurses.com. To my surprise, they loved the article so much, they asked me to sign on as a contracted writer, despite having no experience at the time. I was thrilled. From there, I landed many more gigs and ongoing clients – many thanks to connections and mentors I reached out to along the way. I found that obtaining support and guidance within your niche can bring you along much faster and give the confidence necessary to move forward, expanding your newfound career.
There's always something new to learn when starting your own business. Luckily, that's what interested me in nursing to begin with – constant change. Over a decade of nursing experience teaches you many valuable life lessons, including flexibility. This has proven helpful when pitching new clients, learning how to discuss rates, keeping track of expenses, and more.
Please tell us about AHayWriting.com.
I'm a freelance healthcare content writer and practicing pediatric oncology nurse. An RN-bylined health article, backed by over a decade of experience speaks to any educated reader and confers trust. Nursing has consistently rated one of the most trusted professions for over 15 years (http://www.gallup.com/poll/200057/americans-rate-healthcare-providers-high-honesty-ethics.aspx?g_source=Social%20Issues&g_medium=lead&g_campaign=tiles).
I pride myself on being up to date on trending & current healthcare topics, providing my clients with relevant & thoroughly researched articles. I am available for a large array of freelance healthcare writing needs including original content, copywriting, ghostwriting, editing and patient education material.
My experience as a registered nurse in many areas of both pediatric & adult oncology, include: clinical research, chemotherapy, transplant, hematology, proton therapy, surgery, wound care, post anesthesia recovery, case management and more with specialty certifications in infusion administration and a wealth of knowledge related to healthcare.
I would have reached out to mentors and online communities earlier. I was hesitant to do so for fear of bothering others who were successful in the field. I wondered if my questions were amateur or relevant. Luckily, I came to learn that nurses don't always eat their young – in fact many of them were incredibly supportive, providing me with valuable information and were more than happy to help a budding entrepreneur.


The RCS-923 is designed to provide breaker failure initiation and auxiliary protection for circuit breakers. It also can be used as the overcurrent protection of bus coupler or bus section. The RCS-923 integrates breaker failure protection, pole discrepancy protection, two stages phase overcurrent protection, two stages zero-sequence overcurrent protection and SOTF protection.
Event Recorder including 128 binary input change reports, 128 self-supervision reports and 128 operating reports.
Disturbance recorder including 128 fault reports, and 24 waveforms.
Overcurrent protection is provided in the relay for energizing a faulty bus or energizing a faulty line.
The self-adaptive floating threshold only reflects the deviation of power frequency component, thus is immune to system imbalance and system disturbance.
The data acquisition system is completely independent of electronic circuit. The DC power supply of output relay is switched on only if the general fault detector element operates so as to avoid maloperation resulting from damage of any apparatus.
The connector type can be selected as plug in/out terminal connector or crimp terminal connector. The unique plug in/ out terminal connectors from the relay rear panel to the terminal blocks on the rack or cabinet makes the on-site commissioning and replacement much easier than the traditional screw terminals when you do the commissioning.
The relay provides GPS clock synchronization, including message, second pulse, minute pulse and IRIG-B synchronization.
The relay is compatible with multiple protocols- IEC61850 and IEC 60870-5-103. It provides networking interface such as RS485, RS232 and Ethernet port.


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A Survey of Selected Coral and Fish Assemblages Near the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1997 – UHM Water Resources Research Center
A Survey of Selected Coral and Fish Assemblages Near the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1997
Project Report PR-98-03
Anthony R. Russo
In 1997, coral growth and fish abundance were monitored at stations located at and in the vicinity of the Waianae Ocean Outfall. Comparisons of results with fish surveys done in previous years showed no significant differences in the species composition or relative abundances of fish populations at Station W-2 (the sunken ship Mahi), which is located 1.2 km south of the diffuser. Fish abundance and species richness at Station W-3, which is located at the diffuser, increased from 1990 to 1995, decreased in 1996, and increased again in 1997. At Station WW, an inshore station located 0.8 km from shore, fish were abundant and speciose on the armor rock covering the pipeline. The fish species seen inshore are comparable to fish species seen in similar (boulder) natural biotopes around Hawaii. There were no significant differences in total mean coral cover at selected quadrats from 1994 to 1997 at Station W-2. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in total mean coral cover at this station from 1991 to 1997. At the diffuser, corals were seen growing on the diffuser pipe and on the riser discharge ports. In 1986, when the diffuser began operation at a discharge rate of 1.5 mgd (0.07 m3/s), no corals were seen at this location. At inshore station WW corals off the pipeline were sparsely distributed but were numerous and thriving on the armor rock over the pipeline. The inshore transect (Alpha), off the armor rock, was covered (more than 80%) with the alga Dictyopteris plagiogramma. This seaweed was also abundant at this location in 1995 and 1996. The water was clear at all stations surveyed (13 to 20 m horizontal visibility), and the surrounding sediments were clean and white. No significant deleterious effect due to outfall operation and discharge were seen on the biological community at the stations surveyed. The increase in fish diversity and abundance at the diffuser in 1997 may be due to natural fluctuations in abundance or to environmental conditions suitable to fish populations living there. To distinguish between outfall effects and natural fish population fluctuation patterns, several years of consecutive monitoring must be performed.
UHM Water Resources Research Center > Publications > Project Reports > A Survey of Selected Coral and Fish Assemblages Near the Waianae Ocean Outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1997


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La Comisión para las Políticas Integrales de la Discapacidad es una comisión parlamentaria del Congreso de los Diputados con carácter permanente y legislativa que conoce de todos aquellos asuntos relacionados con las políticas sobre la discapacidad. Actualmente la comisión está presidida por Joan Ruiz Carbonell, diputado por Tarragona.

Se creó en el año 2004 con carácter no permanente y no legislativa hasta 2008, cuando se le dio carácter permanente aunque se mantuvo como no legislativa, y así se mantuvo durante la VIII, IX y XI legislaturas. Desde la XII legislatura también tiene carácter legislativo. Como antecedente directo de esta comisión está la Subcomisión de estudio sobre la situación actual de la discapacidad, activa entre 2002 y 2003 dentro de la Comisión de Política Social y Empleo.

Presidentes

Composición actual

Referencias

Comisiones del Congreso de los Diputados
Discapacidad en España


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Remembering The Tulsa Race Riots
Tulsa Race Riots: Image courtesy of The Library of Congress
The Tulsa race riot was a large-scale, racially motivated conflict on May 31 and June 1, 1921, in which thousands of white people attacked the black community of Tulsa, Oklahoma. It resulted in the Greenwood District, also known as Black Wall Street and the wealthiest black community in the United States, being burned to the ground.
During the 16 hours of the assault, more than 800 people were admitted to local white hospitals with injuries (the two black hospitals were burned down), and police arrested and detained more than 6,000 Black Greenwood residents at three local facilities. An estimated 10,000 Black folks were left homeless, and 35 city blocks composed of 1,256 residences were destroyed by fire. The official count of the dead by the Oklahoma Department of Vital Statistics was 39, but other estimates of black fatalities varied from 55 to about 300.
The events of the riot were long omitted from local and state histories. Numerous witness accounts described airplanes carrying white assailants, who fired rifles and dropped firebombs on buildings, homes, and fleeing families. As unrest spread to other parts of the city, many middle-class white families who employed blacks in their homes as live-in cooks and servants were accosted by white rioters. They demanded that families turn over their employees to be taken to detention centers around the city. Many white families complied, and those who refused were subjected to attacks and vandalism in turn.
Property damage amounted to more than $1.5 million in real estate and $750,000 in personal property ($32 million in 2019).
Tulsa Race Riots Aftermath: Image Courtesy of The Library of Congress
The powerful black community that was created was intentional. "In 1906, O.W. Gurley, a wealthy African-American from Arkansas, moved to Tulsa and purchased over 40 acres of land that he made sure was only sold to other African-Americans," writes Christina Montford in the Atlanta Black Star. He provided an opportunity for those migrating "from the harsh oppression of Mississippi." The average income of black families in the area exceeded "what minimum wage is today." As a result of segregation, a "dollar circulated 36 to 100 times" and remained in Greenwood "almost a year before leaving." Even more impressive, at that time, the "state of Oklahoma had only two airports," yet "six black families owned their own planes."
Much like today, African-Americans' economic status would not save them from the racial hostility of their day. Greenwood survivors recount disturbing details about what happened that night. Eyewitnesses claim "the area was bombed with kerosene and/or nitroglycerin," causing the inferno to rage more aggressively. Official accounts also stated that private planes "were on reconnaissance missions, they were surveying the area to see what happened."
Black Wall Street — Full Documentary via the History Channel
In honor of Black History Month, it's important to learn and understand that which was not taught in our school's History classes. As children in the United States, we have been fed a narrative that is — for lack of a better term — white-washed version of history that is both inaccurate and obscured in our curriculum. In order for us to learn and understand our actual history, the onus is on us as individuals to search for the truth of our nation's foundation no matter how ugly it may be. It is only then that we can advance as a society by ensuring we never revisit the horrors of our past.
Tulsa Race Riot
No, Senator James Lankford, Your Apology Means Nothing, We Need Policy
William Spivey
The Many Times US Police Forces Have Sided with White Nationalists
Emily Pothast in Form and Resonance


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Q: Warning: Singleton variables: [Alice,Ben] in prolog I wrote a program in prolog.
parent(Amy,John).
parent(Bob,John).
parent(John,Ben).
parent(Alice,Ben).

I'm using SWI-Prolog on Ubuntu 12.04. When I insert my file in swi-prolog interpreter:
['example.pl']

I'm getting warnings:
Warning: /home/mazix/example1.pl:1:
        Singleton variables: [Amy,John]
Warning: /home/mazix/example1.pl:2:
        Singleton variables: [Bob,John]
Warning: /home/mazix/example1.pl:3:
        Singleton variables: [John,Ben]
Warning: /home/mazix/example1.pl:4:
        Singleton variables: [Alice,Ben]
% example1.pl compiled 0.00 sec, 4 clauses
true.

What do these mean? And what does the true at the bottom mean? How should I get rid of this warnings?

A: Identifiers starting with a capital letter are variables. If you want atoms, enclose them in single quotes:
parent('Amy', 'John').

or start them with a small letter:
parent(amy, john).

A "singleton variable" is a named variable that appears only once in its lexical scope. What this means, in practice, is that you name it, but you don't do anything useful with it, hence the compiler warning.

A: Ahh.. change all your names to lower case john, ben, etc.
Since they are upper case, prolog thinks they are variables. And since you didn't use those variables, it is warning you that you will hit problems later on.
The 'true' just means that it has loaded the module.. with warnings.  Everything you do in prolog returns true or false.. no escape from that.

A: You are using uppercase names for your relations, which indicates a variable. You should get aware of the different datatypes in Prolog. Boris already gave you the hint.
Singleton variables tells you that you are not using this variable anywhere else. true at the end tells you, that there is no contradiction in your prolog rules (because there are no rules anyhow).


The 750U Series is Panasonic's top-of-the-line 2007 plasma series; as such, it is priced slightly higher than the norm for Panasonic TVs. What distinguishes this higher-end line is the inclusion of two advanced picture modes: the Pro Setting and Studio Reference mode. The Pro Setting grants access to advanced controls to professionally calibrate the TV, while the Studio Reference mode is designed to, as Panasonic puts it, "provide the exact color reproduction of reference monitors used in film editing studios." The TH-50PZ750U is a 50-inch, 1080p model that has thin side-panel speakers and a glossy black cabinet with chrome accents.
Like many new Panasonic models, this TV sports an SD card slot through which you can display photos and view AVCHD video; it's also compatible with the GalleryPlayer system that lets you display professional photographs and works of art. This TV includes three HDMI inputs that accept 1080p/60 (but not 1080p/24), including one on the side panel for easy access.
Aspect ratio options include the ability to display a 1080i/1080p image with no overscan. The anti-reflective screen helps cut down on light reflections off the plasma glass, but there are no features to help prevent or counteract short-term image retention.
This TV is capable of producing deep blacks and solid light output for a good overall contrast ratio. It offers an excellent level of detail and rich colors, with little digital noise. The Pro setting allows you to dial in an even more accurate picture through calibration. It does not suffer from motion blur or viewing angle limitations.
A higher-end TV line should include RS-232 or at least IR connections, and this one does not. The TV does not accept 1080p/24 signals, and its film processing is only average. The sound quality of the tiny speakers is sub-par. The anti-reflective screen somewhat reduces light reflections, but this TV still isn't the best choice for a very bright, sunlit room.
When this TV first came out in mid-2007, it was one of the best-reviewed models on the market. New plasma releases from Pioneer have overshadowed this a bit, but the TH-50PZ750U offers excellent performance for a lot less money.


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GDPR: It Affects You
05/04/2018 | By Nick Cohen | Supraja John
Does your organization handle customer data? If yes, unless you exclusively cater to non-European audience, you're affected by GDPR. If unsure, then GDPR may impact you.
GDPR, or General Data Protection Regulation, requires businesses to protect the personal data and privacy of EU citizens for transactions that occur within the EU.
It is a result of four years of work by the EU parliament due to the inadequacy of older data protection rules. Safe Harbor Privacy Principles of 2000 and Privacy Shield agreements of July 2016 had privacy components in them and outline respective responsibilities. But, they were not laws.
Organizations can no longer self-certify without regulatory oversight. GDPR requires the data controller, (i.e. your organization), to have a Data Protection Officer (DPO) role. It also requires your organization as the data controller to provide notification of cybersecurity and data breaches within a set time.
Unlike its predecessors, GDPR recognizes the importance of privacy in the current era. It was created with the idea that "identity is the new currency in our world" especially in the likelihood of a future cashless society (cryptocurrency anyone?).
GDPR has three primary objectives:
Give people more control over how their personal data is used.
Provide tighter controls and tougher enforcement to improve trust in digital economy.
Give organizations clear legal environment to operate in, that is identical across EU.
When is the compliance deadline?
This regulation was adopted by EU parliament on April 15, 2016. Any organizations affected by this regulation have about 2 years to comply, making the deadline May 25, 2018.
What are the impacts of noncompliance?
Failure to comply with GDPR could have a significant impact on your finances. Should a data breach or any other form of noncompliance occur, a fine will be issued at the discretion of your business's governing body. The amount of the fine depends on a number of factors, such as your company's history, level of cooperation, data types, and more. Based on this criteria, the fine could be:
2% of annual revenue (not net profit but all global revenues or 10 million euros, whichever is higher) or
4% of annual revenue or 20 million euros (that's almost 25 million dollars), whichever is higher
There are other non-financial impacts that noncompliance can have as well. Should a breach occur, consider the effects it would have on your reputation. According to a recent survey, 29% of existing customers would discontinue their relationship with a company following a data breach. With privacy breaches occurring every single day, it is crucial to be proactive by having a crisis management plan prepared.
How can you get compliant?
Check back here soon for an upcoming blog post detailing GDPR compliance preparation from Trellist consultants Primus Poppiti (Digital Strategy) and Victoria Silow (Branding and Marketing Leadership).
For more information, please contact us at enterprisetechnology@trellist.com.
Chief Information Security and Compliance Officer
A technology consultant with postgraduate degrees from Harvard University and Boston College respectively, Nick is responsible for the direction and execution of Trellist's IT needs and serves as the go-to for assessing and vetting IT trends and offerings for client engagements.
Supraja John
A skilled web developer and team leader, Supraja is responsible for supporting and maintaining CMS platforms and email marketing programs for a number of national and global clients. Supraja is passionate about applying the latest trends in web development to improve the end customer's experience.


4.16.11 Check back in a couple of weeks for photos of our new flame stitch knit offered in five color ways! SHOP here.
4.15.11 JUST IN AND PERFECT FOR FALL. CHECK OUT OUR 6 DIFFERENT FLORAL PRINTS IN OUR SHOP .WE ARE OFFERING 3 COLOR WAYS FOR EACH DESIGN!
4.10.11 6 different printed laces just in. Three floral designs and three animal prints in various colorways.


Abstract Moisture sorption isotherms of dried and candied fruits (raisins, mango, apricot, pineapple, papaya) were investigated in this work. The experimental data fitted well with Peleg's equation. The obtained curves represented III rd type of Brunauer et al. isotherms classification. Most of them were discontinous in the water activity range of 0.4-0.6 which could be due to phase transition of sugars. It was shown that discontinuity should be taken into account for better fitting to the investigated equation.
MLA Gondek, Ewa, and Piotr P. Lewicki. "MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF DRIED AND CANDIED FRUITS." Acta Sci.Pol. Technol. Aliment. 4.1 (2005): 63-71.
ISO 690 GONDEK, Ewa, LEWICKI, Piotr P.. MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF DRIED AND CANDIED FRUITS. Acta Sci.Pol. Technol. Aliment., 2005, 4.1: 63-71.


text:
Paracheck-Pf® accuracy and recently treated Plasmodium falciparum infections: is there a risk of over-diagnosis?
Todd D Swarthout1,
Helen Counihan1,
Raphael Kabangwa K Senga3 &
Ingrid van den Broek1,2
Malaria Journal volume 6, Article number: 58 (2007) Cite this article
An assessment of the accuracy of Paracheck Pf®, a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) detecting histidine rich protein 2 was undertaken amongst children aged 6–59 months in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
This RDT assessment occurred in conjunction with an ACT efficacy trial. Febrile children were simultaneously screened with both RDT and high quality microscopy and those meeting inclusion criteria were followed for 35 days.
358 febrile children were screened with 180 children recruited for five weeks follow-up. On screening, the RDT accurately diagnosed all 235 true malaria cases, indicating 100% RDT sensitivity. Of the 123 negative slides, the RDT gave 59 false-positive results, indicating 52.0% (64/123) RDT specificity. During follow-up after treatment with an artemisinin-based combination therapy, 98.2% (110/112), 94.6% (106/112), 92.0% (103/112) and 73.5% (50/68) of effectively treated children were still false-positive by RDT at days 14, 21, 28 and 35, respectively.
Results show that though the use of Paracheck-Pf® is as sensitive as microscopy in detecting true malaria cases, a low specificity did present a high frequency of false-positive RDT results. What's more, a duration of RDT false-positivity was found that significantly surpassed the 'fortnight' after effective treatment reported by its manufacturer. Though further research is needed in assessing RDT accuracy, study results showing the presence of frequent false positivity should be taken into consideration to avoid clinicians inappropriately focusing on malaria, not identifying the true cause of illness, and providing unnecessary treatment.
In response to increased antimalarial drug resistance, the past decade has witnessed the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by many malaria-endemic countries. With the significantly higher cost of ACT over the previously used chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, there has been a strong emphasis in avoiding any unnecessary use of ACT and minimizing opportunities for the development of parasite drug resistance. Though clinical diagnosis can be very sensitive, its limited specificity can lead to inappropriate treatment [1]. As such, clinicians can no longer afford to provide treatment on the basis of clinical diagnosis alone. ACT implementation should go hand-in-hand with a greater capacity for biological confirmation of malaria diagnosis. Microscopy, still recognized as the gold standard, requires a functioning laboratory with ongoing support. Where this is not possible, an alternative is the use of a rapid diagnostic test which is simple to perform, requires no equipment or electricity and gives a result within 15 to 20 minutes.
Although there has been a marked increase in the number of RDTs commercially available, they can be roughly divided into two categories. One group of RDTs, including Paracheck-Pf® (Orchid Biomedical Systems, Goa, India), detects the histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2), a protein uniquely synthesized by Plasmodium falciparum and present in the bloodstream of an infected individual [2, 3]. Some HRP2 test kits are designed to also detect aldolase, a protein synthesized by all four human-infecting Plasmodium species. The second group of RDT detects parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH), an enzyme produced by all four human malaria species.
Although HRP2 test kits have generally shown higher sensitivity for P. falciparum and can be less costly than the pLDH alternative, studies have shown that HRP2 remains in the bloodstream for an extended time following successful eradication of the parasite, contributing to false positive results and limited specificity. A study by Humar et al. (1997) on ParaSight F (early HRP2 version utilizing IgG antibodies) showed detectable levels of HRP2 in 27% of patients 28 days following successful treatment [4]. Though HRP2 kits currently use IgM antibodies which demonstrate higher specificity, subsequent studies still show similar duration of false positive results, with a day-14 and a day-21 false positivity of 35% and 16%, respectively [5, 6]. While assessing Paracheck-Pf and two other RDTs, a 2002 study in Vietnam went further to report a strong correlation between extended duration of positivity and higher parasite density at presentation [7].
To date, no comprehensive study of persistent HRP2 antigenaemia has been published from sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, coinciding with an ACT efficacy study, the accuracy of Paracheck-Pf® was assessed, comparing RDT diagnosis to high quality microscopy during initial screening and follow-up.
Study site
This RDT assessment occurred parallel to a 28-day ACT efficacy trial that followed WHO guidelines [8]. The methodology and results of the ACT efficacy trial are described elsewhere [9]. In brief, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is Africa's third largest country with an estimated 2002 population of 53 million. Malaria is high-endemic and seasonal throughout the DRC, with peaks during the low (March to May) and high (September to November) rainy season. A prolonged civil war has lead to large numbers of internally displaced persons and degradation of infrastructure, including the health delivery systems. The study site was the small town of Shabunda in South Kivu Province, a very isolated community accessible only by plane or on foot. Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 95% of the plasmodium species in this region. Study approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the DRC National Malaria Programme and the external Ethics Review Board used by Médecins Sans Frontières.
The RDT assessment was performed from March to June 2004. After screening of febrile children six to 59 months of age, 180 children who met inclusion criteria for the ACT efficacy study (including uncomplicated clinical P. falciparum malaria confirmed by microscopy, unmixed P. falciparum infection between 2,000 – 200,000 parasites per μL of blood, no concomitant disease that could mask the response to antimalarial treatment) were recruited after their guardians provided written informed consent. Children were randomized to receive artesunate + amodiaquine or artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine. Children were followed to assess both ACT efficacy and duration of false positive RDT results, as defined by positive RDT and continued negative microscopy after ACT treatment. For the purposes of the RDT assessment, follow-up was performed by study clinicians on days 7, 14, 21, 28 post-treatment or on any other day if the child was unwell. An additional visit at day-35 was added specifically to continue monitoring RDT results.
Laboratory methods
At all sampling points, a blood smear for microscopic detection of parasites was made and stained with 10% pre-filtered Giemsa. Both asexual parasites and gametocytes were counted against 200–500 leucocytes and converted to number of parasites per volume assuming 8,000 leucocytes/μL blood. Slides were considered negative when no parasites were detected after viewing 100 microscopic fields. Microscopists unaware of treatment allocation read all slides. Internal quality control included a blind second reading of a proportion of the slides: all slides taken during day 0 and day 3; all positive slides after day 3; 20% of negative slides. All day 28 and day 35 negative slides were reread. In cases where there was discordance, the two technicians re-examined the slides together and made a collective decision on the reading. Discordance included any discrepancies in final result (i.e. negative vs. positive), difference in malaria species, or a difference in parasite density greater than 25%. External controls were conducted by a Ministry of Health government reference laboratory in the provincial capital.
Concurrent with blood smear collection, RDTs were completed with the same finger prick blood sample at time of screening and follow-up. Test kits were stored as directed by the manufacturer and quality of package desiccant was checked before use. The fresh blood sample was transferred directly to the sample pad by the provided sample applicator. All RDTs were labelled with patient ID numbers and results were recorded 15 minutes after adding 6 drops (300 μL) of clearing buffer. Presence of both the control and test lines indicated a positive result for P. falciparum and presence of only the control line indicated a negative result. In any case where the control line did not appear, the result was considered invalid and the test was repeated. The person recording the RDT result was unaware of corresponding microscopy results. Internal quality control included an immediate blind second reading of 100% of RDTs. In cases where there was discordance, the two technicians re-examined the RDT together and made a collective decision on the reading.
Data was double-entered into Excel (Microsoft XP) and transferred to STATA (version 8.0, STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) for further analyses. Data included in analysis for duration of false positive RDT results is only from children who remained slide-negative until at least 28 days after treatment.
Between March and April 2004, 358 febrile children were screened for P. falciparum infection with both RDT and microscopy (Table 1). Nine RDTs gave indeterminate results (three showed no control line and six were unclear because the blood did not clear the field) and were successfully repeated. Of the 358 children screened, 235 were P. falciparum positive by microscopy. As shown in Table 2, the RDT accurately diagnosed all 235 true malaria cases, indicating an RDT sensitivity of 100% (235/235; 95% CI 98.4–100). Of the 123 negative slides, 64 were negative by RDT, giving 59 false-positive RDT results and an RDT specificity of 52.0% (64/123; 95% CI 42.8–61.1).
Table 1 RDT and microscopy results at screening (N = 358)
Table 2 RDT Accuracy at Screening (N = 358)
At screening, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the RDT was 79.9% (235/294; 95% CI 74.9–84.4), i.e. 79.9% of the 294 positive RDT results were matched by positive microscopy results (Table 2). All 64 negative RDT results were matched by negative microscopy results, indicating a negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% (64/64; 95% CI 94.4–100).
180 children were recruited for a five-week follow-up. 68 children were removed from final analysis for the following reasons: 42 children were retreated within 28 days due to malaria recrudescence or reinfection, later confirmed by PCR; five were withdrawn from the study (two for vomiting the treatment dose twice at enrolment, one due to incorrect inclusion into the study, two for intake of non-study antimalarials during follow-up); one child was lost to follow-up due to family movement; 20 children were not able to complete a day-28 clinic visit after forced evacuation of the study team due to political insecurity in the region. This evacuation prevented an additional 44 children from having a day-35 visit. In summary, for day-28 and day-35 clinic visits, 112 and 68 children attended, respectively.
At days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after effective treatment, 99.1% (111/112; 95% CI 95.1–100), 98.2% (110/112; 95% CI 93.7–-99.8), 94.6% (106/112; 95% CI 88.7–98.0), 92.0% (103/112; 95% CI 85.3–96.3), and 73.5% (50/68; 95% CI 61.4–83.5) of the patients attending a clinical visit were still false-positive by RDT, respectively (Table 3, bottom row). Figure 1 and Table 3 show the duration and proportion of false-positive results during follow-up as a function of parasite density at screening. Day-0 parasite density (per μL) is stratified: 2,000–10,000 (n = 18 children); 10,000–20,000 (n = 22); 20,000–50,000 (n = 42) and 50,000–200,000 (n = 30). 28 days after effective treatment, 80.0% (32/40; 95% CI 64.4–90.9) of the children with lower parasite density had false positive RDT results, whereas 98.6% (71/72; 95% CI 92.5–99.9) of those with higher parasite density continued to show false positive results (Table 3). This represents a significant difference (p = 0.002).
Table 3 Proportion of children with continued false-positive (FP) RDTs, stratified by day-0 parasite density
Proportion of children with continued false-positive RDTs at clinic visit, stratified by day-0 parasite density. Legend of parasite density: ● 50–20000; ■ 20–50000; ▲ 10–20000; ◆ 2–10000
There was no significant correlation between presence of gametocytes or schizonts and duration of RDT positivity.
Results from this study show that the use of Paracheck-Pf® is as sensitive as microscopy in detecting true falciparum malaria cases in this population. This is paramount, as no true malaria cases would go untreated in this vulnerable population of children under 5 years of age. However, the frequent occurrence of false positive results can lead to a number of true non-malaria cases being treated unnecessarily. This can have several negative outcomes, including clinicians inappropriately focusing on malaria and not identifying the true cause of illness and unnecessary exposure to antimalarials. In some cases, the inappropriately treated patient may return with similar symptoms, leading the clinician to falsely report the presence of parasite drug resistance. This could lead to the clinician not trusting the efficacy of the first-line antimalarial and consequently dispensing the second-line antimalarial, increasing the cost of treatment and further delaying appropriate treatment.
While other studies have shown relatively high RDT sensitivity [7], this study showed 100% RDT sensitivity when compared to microscopy at time of screening. However, results from this study also show a relatively low 52.0% specificity. One explanation for this low specificity might include prior infection with effective treatment. That is to say, though exclusion criteria included reported malaria treatment within the previous 14 days, it is possible that some children were infected and adequately treated between 14 and 35 days prior to screening for inclusion. As study results show, the majority of these children would still have false positive RDT results.
Using PCR, Bell et al. (2005) showed that false positive results can be explained by the presence of blood samples with parasite density levels below the detection threshold for microscopy [10]. Such subpatent levels of parasites could still produce detectable levels of HRP2. However, this work was done in a community with fluctuating low parasite density. Shabunda is endemic and anecdotal clinical evidence suggests that there are very few children less than 5 years of age that carry stable subpatent malaria infections. While it is possible that some children at screening had malaria infections that were subpatent and asymptomatic, yet developing into clinical malaria, such instances are likely to be few and would not significantly change the prevalence of false positive RDTs.
These study results show that the duration of Paracheck false positivity can be more than 35 days after effective treatment. As mentioned in the introduction, past evidence strongly suggests that this is due, in large part, to the prolonged time it takes for HRP2 to be cleared from the blood following treatment of falciparum malaria. Though the mechanism of HRP2 clearance is not well understood, there are several feasible explanations for its long persistence after adequate therapy, as discussed below.
Duration of RDT false positivity has previously been correlated to higher parasite density on admission. As secretion of the protein is proportional to parasite numbers [11], a higher parasite density on admission would cause an extended period of time needed for HRP2 clearance from the blood. Results from this study further support this, showing a strong correlation between duration of Paracheck positivity and parasite density at admission. As most previous studies have been done outside sub-Saharan Africa where the parasite burdens are much lower, this may contribute to explaining the surprisingly high false positivity rate found in this study,
HRP2 is also released by early gametocytes [12] and development from young to mature gametocytes for P. falciparum requires a longer time (about 8–10 days) than for other malaria species [13]. Thus persistence of immature gametocytes in the blood after successful therapy could result in persistence of HRP2 positivity. However, this study showed no association between gametocytaemia and duration of RDT positivity.
Earlier reports suggested that persistence of HRP2 may result from a cross-reacting auto-antibody such as rheumatoid factor (RF) present in the blood [14]. However, the antibodies used in Paracheck are pre-absorbed against RF antigens which would neutralize such cross-reactivity. Further research would be needed to assess the presence of other auto-antibodies within the study population that may cause a similar cross reactivity with this type of RDT.
Persistent antigenaemia could result from slow or incomplete clearance of circulating or sequestered sensitive parasites. After treatment, some patients with relatively resistant parasites might have persistent sub-patent parasite density (<100 parasites/μl) and a recrudescence of their infection after day 28 or 35. However, late recrudescence is unlikely to have happened in such a large proportion of cases as the artemisinin-based drugs currently display near 100% efficacy. Singh and Shukla [5] found a shorter time of HRP2 test positivity after treatment with the rapid-acting artemisinin-compound artemether than after treatment with CQ or SP [15].
A duration of Paracheck-Pf false-positivity was found that significantly surpassed the 'fortnight' suggested by its manufacturer. Though other studies have shown the same trend, none have shown such a high proportion of RDTs still positive 28–35 days after parasite clearance. While further studies are needed, these results reinforce the need for medical staff to incorporate a patient's clinical history when interpreting Paracheck results. This is especially true for patients with routine clinical visits that include malaria screening and in areas with high malaria endemicity.
Amexo M, Tolhurst R, Barnish G, Bates I: Malaria misdiagnosis: effects on the poor and vulnerable. Lancet. 2004, 364: 1896-1898. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17446-1.
Howard RJ, Uni S, Aikawa H, Leech JH, Lew AM, Wellems TE, Rener J, Taylor DW: Secretion of a malarial Histidine-Rich Protein (Pf HRP II) from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J Cell Biol. 1986, 103: 1269-1277. 10.1083/jcb.103.4.1269.
Parra ME, Evans CB, Taylor DW: Identification of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in the plasma of humans with malaria. J Clin Microbiol. 1991, 29: 1629-1634.
Humar A, Ohrt C, Harrington MA, Pillai D, Kain KC: ParaSight® F test compared with the polymerase chain reaction and microscopy for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travellers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997, 56: 44-48.
Singh N, Shukla MM: Short Report: Field evaluation of posttreatment sensitivity for monitoring parasite clearance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by use of the Determine™ Malaria PF test in Central India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002, 66: 314-316.
Iqbal J, Siddique A, Jameel M, Persotum RH: Persistent histidine-rich protein 2, parasite lactate dehydrogenase, and panmalarial antigen reactivity after clearance of Plasmodium falciparum monoinfection. J Clin Microbiol. 2004, 42: 4237-4241. 10.1128/JCM.42.9.4237-4241.2004.
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Huong NM, Davis TME, Hewitt S, Huong NV, Uyen TT, Nhan DH, Con LD: Comparison of three antigen detection methods for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of malaria: a field study from southern Vietnam. Trop Med Int Health. 2002, 7: 304-308. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00869.x.
World Health Organization: Assessment and monitoring of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. WHO/HTM/RBM/2003.50. 2003
Swarthout TD, van den Broek IV, Kayembe G, Montgomery J, Pota H, Roper C: Artesunate + Amodiaquine and Artesunate + Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Democratic Republic of Congo: a clinical trial with determination of sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine resistant haplotypes. Trop Med Int Health. 2006, 11: 1503-1511. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01710.x.
Bell DR, Wilson DW, Martin LB: False positive results of a Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2-detecting malaria rapid diagnostic test due to high sensitivity in a community with fluctuating low parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005, 73: 199-203.
Desakorn V, Silamut K, Angus B, Sahassananda D, Chotivanich K, Suntharasamai P, Simpson J, White N: Semi-quantitative measurement of Plasmodium falciparum antigen HRP2 in blood and plasma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997, 91: 479-483. 10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90292-3.
Beadle C, Long GW, Weiss WR, McElroy PD, Maret SM, Oloo AJ, Hoffman SL: Diagnosis of malaria by detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2 antigen with a rapid dipstick antigen-capture assay. Lancet. 1994, 343: 564-568. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91520-2.
Smalley ME: Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis in vitro. Nature. 1976, 264: 271-272. 10.1038/264271a0.
Iqbal J, Sher A, Rab A: Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2-based immunocapture diagnostic assay for malaria: cross-reactivity with rheumatoid factors. J Clin Microbiol. 2000, 38: 1184-1186.
Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K, Conguong K, Molunto P, Thanavibul A: Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997, 52: 307-310. 10.1007/s002280050295.
We would like to thank all Congolese children and their parents/guardians who participated in this study. We gratefully acknowledge the support of local authorities and the health staff of the Centre de Santé Divine Maitre for their cooperation. Vital efforts of the study team are warmly acknowledged (Chichiri Misekuma, Jean Pierre Paluku, and Philippe Mulamba). Advisors from Paris, Amsterdam and London (Jean-Paul Guthmann, Rob Broeder and Prudence Hamade) are thanked for their helpful input. The Shabunda project received funding from MSF-Holland's donors, with ECHO as the specific donor for this study.
Médecins Sans Frontières, London, UK
Todd D Swarthout, Helen Counihan & Ingrid van den Broek
Epicentre, Paris, France
Ingrid van den Broek
AMI-KIVU Laboratories, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo
Raphael Kabangwa K Senga
Todd D Swarthout
Helen Counihan
Correspondence to Todd D Swarthout.
TDS Responsible for study design, field-implementation, supervision of the team in the field, data collection, analyses, writing of and finalising this paper. HC Responsible for supporting data analysis and writing of finalised paper. RKKS Contributed to laboratory protocol design and supported supervision of laboratory team. IvdB Contributed to study design, overall supervision of the study, and supported data analysis and writing of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Swarthout, T.D., Counihan, H., Senga, R.K.K. et al. Paracheck-Pf® accuracy and recently treated Plasmodium falciparum infections: is there a risk of over-diagnosis?. Malar J 6, 58 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-6-58
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-6-58
Rapid Diagnostic Test
Parasite Density
Rapid Diagnostic Test Result


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Q: Hiding data field name in Visio Data Graphic Displayed as Text I am using Data Graphic to format my shapes. The data field that I am using to specify data graphics is 'name' and the formatting scheme (Displayed As) I am using is 'Text'. But when I do that, it not only shows value against the shapes but also field name i.e. 'name'. I don't want field name to appear, only values. Is it possible?

A: Data -> Advanced Data Graphics -> Available Data Graphics

In Edit Data Graphics window select Edit Item

In Edit Item window select field Label position and change it value to No show
Sorry last screenshot with Russian interface :(

A: I figured it out -- basically Label field has to be made blank , by default it is [Default].


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Eugênio Frederico do Lossio e Seiblitz (Rio de Janeiro,  — Rio de Janeiro, ) foi um engenheiro e político brasileiro.

Filho de Nuno Eugênio do Lossio e Seinlitz e de Ana Bárbara Correia de Araújo. Casou com Felicidade Neves de Lossio e Seiblitz, filha de Gaspar Xavier Neves e de Maria Luísa das Dores Neves.

Foi deputado à Assembleia Legislativa Provincial de Santa Catarina na 18ª legislatura (1870 — 1871).

Bibliografia
Piazza, Walter: Dicionário Político Catarinense. Florianópolis: Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de Santa Catarina, 1985.

Deputados estaduais de Santa Catarina
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro


The breed was originally known as the "Working Collie" in the early 1900s and through selective breeding has evolved the Border Collie we see today. It is believed that the breed emerged from a mixed ancestry, including the Bob tailed sheep dog, the Bearded Collie and the Harlequin Collie. There is also some references that the collie was often crossed with the setter. This could account for the milder temperament of the Border Collie.
The first recorded import of a Border Collie into Australia was Hindhope Jed in 1901 and research has led us to believe that they were first shown in 1907. They were first shown at the Sydney Royal in 1933 as "Any Other Variety". Later, they were shown in the non-sporting group and in 1953, a separate group was formed, comprising the Australian Cattle Dog, the Australian Kelpie and the Border Collie. This was called "The Australian Working Dog Group" and it was at this time that the RAS Kennel Control classed the Border Collie as an Australian Working Dog because it was one of the main working dogs in Australia and greatly relied on in our sheep and wool industry. This classification has carried through to the present day, although other breeds were added to these in 1961 and the group was then renamed the "Working Dog Group".
The Border collie's intelligence, tractability and stamina are breed assets which have long been recognised and sought after in their sheep dog work . These same traits are now being put to good use by our "suburban" Borders in the fields of obedience, tracking and agility.


text:
Insurance company challenges compensation awarded by tribunal, ends up paying four times more
He sustained permanent injury to his head as well.The compensation awarded was challenged by the company which claimed that the auto driver Lokesh Gowda was a neighbour of Lobo and, to help them get compensation, the accident was made-up.
PTI | Bengaluru | Updated: 14-11-2022 21:02 IST | Created: 14-11-2022 21:02 IST
An insurance company which challenged the compensation of Rs 11.39 lakh awarded by a Motor Vehicle Claims Tribunal has been ordered by the Karnataka High Court (HC) to pay Rs 44.92 lakh to the victim instead.
The National Insurance Company approached the HC with an appeal against the 2015 judgment of the Motor Vehicle Tribunal which ordered it to pay compensation of Rs 11,39,340 to one Alwin Lobo, an engineer RPT engineer. Lobo was traveling with his brother on a motorbike which was involved in an accident with an auto-rickshaw. He sustained severe injuries and spent several months in hospital. He sustained ''permanent injury'' to his head as well.
The compensation awarded was challenged by the company which claimed that the auto driver Lokesh Gowda was a neighbour of Lobo and, to help them get compensation, the accident was made-up. It claimed that only the two-wheeler was involved in the accident and not the auto-rickshaw. Being the insurer of the auto-rickshaw, it was ordered to pay compensation.
Justice H P Sandesh, who heard the petition, in his recent judgment, said, ''In order to come to a conclusion that it was a case of fraud and implication of the vehicle, no ample material is placed before the Court. When such being the case, I do not find any ground to reverse the findings of the Tribunal...'' Though the victim had not appealed for enhancement of compensation, the HC invoked a rule from Civil Procedure Code. ''In an appeal filed by the Insurance Company, the Court can invoke order 41, Rule 33 of CPC, if injustice is caused to the victim or deceased while awarding compensation,'' it said. The HC found reasons to enhance the compensation, the most important being the head injury of the victim.
''While the claimant has sustained a number of injuries and the doctor is also examined before the Tribunal, the same is not accepted by the Tribunal. The petitioner has permanent physical disability at 65 per cent. But, without assigning any reason, the Tribunal has reduced the disability to 25 per cent. In a case of head injury, the disability cannot be converted as like an injury to limb and the Court has to take the actual disability,'' the HC noted.
Enhancing the compensation on various heads, the HC ordered, ''The claimant is entitled for compensation of Rs 44,92,140 as against Rs.11,39,340 awarded by the Tribunal.'' However, the interest payable for the amount from 2009 was reduced from eight per cent to six per cent taking note of the interest rate prevailing in nationalised banks.
Lokesh Gowda
Motor Vehicle Tribunal
Alwin Lobo
H P Sandesh
a Motor Vehicle Claims Tribunal
The National Insurance Company
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