It was a different kind of service for members of the Unitarian Congregation in Saskatoon in February. They brought in speakers and held events dedicated to reconciliation.
The month of deep thought, discussions, and inward understanding came from a statement from the Canadian Unitarian Council submitted at the final national Truth and Reconciliation Commission event in 2014 in Edmonton, Alta.
"First of all it was acknowledging the truth of what had happened, but one of the commitments we made in the statement was that we would educate ourselves, that we had a responsibility to do that," Rev. Karen Fraser Gitlitz, Developmental Minister at the Unitarian Congregation of Saskatoon, said.
She is part of the Unitarian Social Action group that formed after the TRC event to address and take action on the commitments. On top of developing a curriculum for children and adults around reconciliation, the group declared February a month of reconciliation for Unitarian congregations across Canada.
"We want to educate ourselves with the gain, at some point, to be more effective allies because we realize that as allies, we need to have a deeper understanding of what was going on," Gitlitz said.
To take steps towards that goal, the Saskatoon congregation brought in three speakers - a surgeon, a residential school survivor, and a former residential school teacher.
Gitlitz said the survivor was able to bring the congregation into what it was like to live through the Residential School era and demonstrate the intergenerational trauma left behind. The surgeon spoke about how the medical system fails Indigenous people by not understanding their culture or traditions. The former teacher spoke about how she was slowly coming to terms with her role in the dark chapter in Canada's history.
After the services, the congregations gathered to discuss what had been learned.
The congregation has planned more events involving guest speakers, book clubs, movie nights, and introducing the curriculum they've developed. Gitlitz said her advice for other faith groups is to recognize that people are often at a different understanding and openness when it comes to their journey with reconciliation. But she said it's important as people work through the different entry points that the understanding continues.
"We have a chance to make a difference," she said.


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Lionel Messi will have his own Theme park by 2020
Goalsquad football fanzone - The best in Premier League and La Liga football news, gossip, analysis and stats.
By Aditya Bhatkal
You heard that right. Messi is slated to have his very own theme park soon to come in the year 2020! Take That Museum director Cristiano Ronaldo who has his own museum named after him!
The most exciting part about this is that it won't be located in his home-country Argentina in South America, neither will it be constructed in North America. So it must be Europe then. Barcelona may be? Where Messi has glorified the club and vice versa for years now?
Nope, it'll be constructed in *drum rolls*… Nanjing, China- The emerging super power with a work force as brutal and determined as Harry Kane's intentions of making the big move to Real Madrid (Yes that may happen too. But we'll get to that in another article. For now, the Lionel Messi theme park)
Here some of the basic facts you may want to know about the deal:
The theme park will open for business by the year 2020.
The project is, headed up by Mediapro Exhibitions – A Barcelona based company specialized in the creation of exhibition and museographic projects, from conceptualization to execution. There's your European connect!
Leo Messi Management (LMM) will be a key part of the project too.
Talk to me money? Sure. Phoenix U-Art will be bankrolling the deal.
The theme park will be based on the new-age, post-millennial, uber-cool concept of an 'experience park'. May be you'll see a paor of VR glasses that take you to the training grounds of Nou Camp too. Woah! The heart just skipped a beat!
IT IS NOT A SPACE FOR SELF PROMOTION. Messi is the lesser of the egoistic kinds of the two greatest players in the world, remember? The other being Cristiano Ronaldo.
Project cost: €170m. Slightly cheaper than Neymar Jr. himself. Nope that wasn't a dog at PSG. Or was it?
Expected visitors: 4-5 million Chinese visitors.
Michael Jordon has already marked his Chinese territory as the most valuable sporting brand in the Asian subcontinent. Slam Dunk to that!
The price of the entrance ticket will be similar to that of Disneyland Shanghai.
There will be about 20 odd attractions based on the Barcelona forward at the theme park.
Expect a lot of augmented reality and Virtual reality thrown in the mix.
Chinese broadcaster Phoenix Group will also lend a helping hand in running the theme park. Now ain't that sweet of them?
Messi hopes that this will encourage a new wave of young generation footballers to take to the game at an earlier age. You go Messi!
There is bound to be a lot more on the progress of the theme park as time progress. There will be a lot more clarity on the nature of the proclaimed cutting edge technology that is going into the making of the theme park.
Till then, you'll are going to have to make do with the Ronaldo Museum in his hometown Madeira in Portugal.
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Some beauty solutions make sense. Your skin is dry? Add some moisturizer and try to drink more water. Maybe your face is breaking out. It probably needs a good cleaning. If your skin is dull, brighten it up by exfoliating away some of what's weighing you down. However, some beauty solutions just don't make any sense. For example, let's talk about face oils.
If your skin is already problematic, why in the world would you ever add more oil? Because face oils are amazing, that's why! When I first started seeing Donna for cupping (you can read more about that here), I had a few trouble breakout spots that just would not go away. No matter what I tried. She recommended I use tamanu oil on my trouble spots. Within weeks my breakouts had diminished and are now gone. After having such great results, I was ready to expand my face oil knowledge and see what else was out there.
Although it sounds like adding more oil onto your face could turn you into a giant oil slick, I have experienced the opposite. My skin has never been softer or more clear. Plus, using fancy oils before bed just adds such a wonderfully fancy and frivolous feeling step to my nightly skincare routine.
Of course, different oils do different things. So I have several options in my product collection. I think a great way to try out face oils is with a sample pack like this one from Herbivore. With three different oils for $29, you're sure to find something you love. Unsurprisingly, Orchid is my normal go-to. It smells divine and is supposed to improve your glow while increasing anti-aging and and hydrating properties. However, Phoenix is a great choice for regeneration and a pick me up. Lapis has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, but it's my least favorite smell of the three.
Another great face oil option is Drunk Elephant's Marula Oil ($40). Marula oil is great for dryness, fine lines, and uneven skin tone. It has very little (if any) smell.
Honestly, I have been surprised by how well face oils work and how easy it was to incorporate them into my life. I love the smooth silky texture and it's a nice way to end my bedtime routine. Plus, Herbivore and Drunk Elephant are both Clean skincare brands. You can read more about my thoughts on Clean skincare here.
Of course, there are a few important things to remember with face oils. First up, your face oil will always be the last step in your beauty routine. Oil can penetrate lotions and other products. Lotions and other products cannot penetrate oils. So don't waste all of your money and effort by layering your products incorrectly. Finally, pat your oils into your skin. Don't rub. It feels weird, but just trust me. It makes a difference.


KSiteTV started a thread "Snow Pack" LIVE Discussion Thread! in #5-19: "Snow Pack"
Talk about the April 23 episode of The Flash here!
The Sith hits the fan!
KSiteTV started a thread "All About Eve" Countdown/LIVE Discussion Thread! in #4.17 "All About Eve"
Hi ryan. I'm trying to friend all the moderators of the forum. Can you help, pretty please?
I actually love it a lot! Well I am biased though haha, whats your favorite song? Mine are "Only the Young" and "Right Behind You"
Brandon's concert was amazing, his CD is going to be awesome! He did Losing Touch which was different and then he did his amazing acoustic version of When You Were Young...woohooo!!
I see you liked Inception as much as I did!! One of the best films I've seen since TDK!
Smallville, Supernatural, Prison Break, Heroes. Music.


I got this little Cosmopolitan brow palette from feelunique.com a while ago. I really had love-hate relationship with it. First I didn't like it – the stencils didn't work for my brow shape/face, I hated the quality of the brush – soooooooo cheap looking. Also the eyeshadows looked too shimmery and not pigmented at all. However, after a while I decided to give it another try. I must say it's okay if you use a better brush. What I like, when you do your brows the shimmer disappears and everything looks matte. I usually use the darker color for the 'inner' parts of my brows, and then for the 'brow tail' I apply a nice matte chocolate brown from my Sephora palette.
To sum it up, it's an okay brow palette for around $10, but you'll need to buy a proper brush. Also if you have darker hair/brows, this stuff is not for you – the colors are not too pigmented. But if you are blond, this palette will probably match your eyebrow shade.


text:
\section{\bf \normalfont \normalsize \scshape Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
\setlength{\parskip}{1.5ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.5ex}
This paper deals with the construction of initial data for black hole
collisions on a high resolution Cartesian adaptive mesh. The problem
of black hole collisions is an important problem of the dynamics of
spacetime, and has applications to future observations of
gravitational waves by gravitational observatories on Earth and in space.

The problem of black hole collisions is highly
nonlinear and can only be solved numerically.
A solution must be obtained within a large computational domain in
order to follow the outgoing gravitational waves far enough from the
source. At the same time, very high resolution is required near the
black holes to describe the nonlinear dynamics of spacetime.
Integration of the collision problem on a three-dimensional uniform
mesh requires enormous computational resources, and this remains one
of the major obstacles to obtaining an accurate solution.

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) can be used to overcome these problems
by introducing  high resolution only where and when it is required. AMR
is widely used in many  areas of computational physics and engineering.
It has been applied in a more limited way in general relativity
\cite{bib:1}. There are several types of AMR. In a grid-based AMR, a
hierarchy of grids is created, with finer grids overlayed on coarser
grids if a higher resolution is required \cite{bib:2}. An unstructured
mesh  approach uses meshes consisting of cells of arbitrary shapes and
various sizes \cite{bib:3}. A cell-based approach to AMR uses
rectangular meshes that are refined at the level of individual cells.
This approach combines high accuracy of a regular mesh with
flexibility of unstructured AMR \cite{bib:4}. The new
introduced fully threaded tree (FTT) structure, which we use here,
leads to an efficient, massively parallel implementation of a
cell-based AMR \cite{bib:5}.

The first step in  solving the black hole collision problem is to
construct the initial data. The widely used conformal-imaging approach
has been proposed in \cite{bib:6},\cite{bib:7},\cite{bib:8} and
developed in \cite{bib:9},\cite{bib:10}. Another approach to the
construction of initial data was recently proposed in \cite{bib:11}.
Approaches for constructing initial data for certain specific cases of
black hole collisions were proposed in \cite{bib:12},\cite{bib:13},
\cite{bib:14}. The conformal-imaging approach
\cite{bib:6},\cite{bib:7},\cite{bib:8},\cite{bib:9},\cite{bib:10}
consists of constructing the extrinsic curvature (momentum constraints
equations) using an imaging technique  and then solving a nonlinear
elliptic equation for the conformal factor (energy constraint) with
an appropriate mirror-image boundary condition. This approach is
adopted in this paper.

A  numerical technique for obtaining initial data for black hole
collisions on a uniform Cartesian grid using conformal-imaging
approach is described in \cite{bib:10}. Two major problems with
this approach mentioned in \cite{bib:10} are the low resolution of
a uniform grid near black holes, and low-order accuracy and
programming complexity of the inner boundary conditions at the black
hole throats. In \cite{bib:10}, first-order accurate boundary
conditions were implemented. The goal of this paper is to construct
initial data for black hole collisions on a high resolution, Cartesian
FTT adaptive mesh. In the process of realizing this goal, we found
that the accuracy of the solution critically depend on the accuracy of the
numerical implementation of the inner boundary condition. We developed
a simple second-order accurate algorithm for boundary conditions to
deal with this difficulty.

The paper is organized as follows. The next Section \ref{sec:2}
presents the formulation of the problem and the equations solved.
Section \ref{sec:3} describes the FTT technique, the finite-difference
discretization of the problem, and the numerical solution
techniques. Section \ref{sec:4} presents the results of the solutions for
various  configurations of two black holes configurations and compares
these with existing solutions.

\section{\bf \normalfont \normalsize \scshape
Formulation of the problem}
\label{sec:2}
The ADM or 3+1 formulation  of the equations of general relativity
works with the metric  $\gamma^{ph}_{ij}$ and extrinsic curvature
$K^{ph}_{ij}$ of three-dimensional spacelike hypersurfaces embedded in
the four-dimensional space-time, where $i,j = 1,2,3$, and the
superscript $ph$ denotes the physical space. On the initial
hypersurface, $\gamma^{ph}_{ij}$ and $K^{ph}_{ij}$ must satisfy the
constraint equations \cite{bib:6}. The conformal-imaging approach
assumes that the metric is conformally flat,
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:1}
   \gamma^{ph}_{ij} = \phi^4 \gamma_{ij}\quad,
\end{equation}
where $\gamma_{ij}$ is the metric of a background flat space.
This conformal transformation induces the corresponding transformation
of the extrinsic curvature
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:2}
          K^{ph}_{ij} = \phi^{-2} K_{ij} \quad.
\end{equation}
With the additional assumption of
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:3}
         tr K = 0 \quad,
\end{equation}
the energy and momentum constraints are
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:4}
\nabla^2 \phi + {1\over 8} \phi^{-7} K_{ij} K^{ij} = 0 \quad,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:5}
D_j K^{ij} = 0\quad,
\end{equation}
respectively, where $\nabla^2$ and $D_j$ are the laplacian and covariant
derivative in flat space.

A solution to (\ref{eq:5}) for two  black holes with masses $M_\delta$,
linear momenta ${\bf P}_\delta$ and angular
momenta ${\bf S}_\delta$, where  $\delta=1,2$ is the black hole index,
is \cite{bib:9}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:6}
K_{ij}({\bf r}) = K^{lin}_{ij}({\bf r}) + K^{ang}_{ij}({\bf r})\quad,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:7}
\begin{split}
K^{lin}_{ij}({\bf r}) &=
3 \sum_{\delta=1}^2 \left(
{1\over 2R_\delta^2} \left( P_{\delta,i} n_{\delta,j} +
P_{\delta,j} n_{\delta,i} - \right. \right.\\ &\quad \left. \left.
\left( \gamma_{ij} - n_{\delta,i} n_{\delta,j} \right)
P_{\delta,k} n_\delta^k \right)
\right)
\end{split}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:8}
\begin{split}
K^{ang}_{ij}({\bf r}) &=
3 \sum_{\delta=1}^2 \left(
{1\over R_\delta^3}
\left( \epsilon_{kil} S_\delta^l n_\delta^k n_{\delta,j} +
\right. \right. \\
&\quad
\left. \left. \epsilon_{kjl} S_\delta^l n_\delta^k n_{\delta,i} \right)
\right) \quad.
\end{split}
\end{equation}

In (\ref{eq:7}) and (\ref{eq:8}), the  comma in the subscripts
separates the index of a black hole from the coordinate component
indices and is not a symbol of differentiation, $R_\delta=M_\delta/2$
is the black hole throat radius, and
${\bf n}_\delta = ( {\bf r} - {\bf r}_\delta )
/ \vert {\bf r} - {\bf r}_\delta \vert$ is the unit vector directed
from the center of the $\delta$-th black hole ${\bf r}_\delta$
to the point $\bf r$. We work in units where $G=1,~c=1$.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=figure1.epsi, width=5cm, angle=270}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize This figure shows schematically the
computational domain  used in the computations. The computational
domain is a cubic box of size $L$. Two black holes with
throat radii $R_1$ and $R_2$ are positioned on the X axis in the
XY plane ($z=0$) at equal distances from the origin, O, of the
coordinate system.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{figure*}

The inversion-symmetric solution to (\ref{eq:5}) can be obtained from
(\ref{eq:6}) by applying an infinite series of mirror operators
to (\ref{eq:6}), as described in \cite{bib:9}. Note, that before
applying the mirror operators to $ K^{ang}_{ij}$, this term must be
divided by 2 since the image operators will double its value.
The series converges rapidly, and in practice only a few terms are
taken. In this paper we take first five terms (for details see
\cite{bib:15}).

After the isometric solution for $K_{ij}$ is found, (\ref{eq:4}) must
be solved subject to the isometry boundary condition at the black
hole throats
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:9}
n_\delta^i D_i \phi = -{\phi \over 2 R_\delta}\quad,
\end{equation}
and the outer boundary condition $\phi \rightarrow 1$ when
$r \rightarrow \infty$. This boundary condition is represented by
\cite{bib:9}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:10}
{\partial \phi\over \partial r} = {1-\phi\over r}
\end{equation}
where $r$ is the distance from the center of the computational domain to the
boundary.
\section{\bf \normalfont \normalsize \scshape Numerical method}
\label{sec:3}
We work in the Cartesian coordinate system in the
background flat space and find the solution
within a cubic computational domain of size L. Figure \ref{fig:1}
shows the schematic representation of the computational domain.
Centers of the throats of black holes are located in the XY plane
$z=0$ on the line $y=0$ at equal distances from the origin.
The space inside the black hole throats is cut out. The inner boundary
condition (\ref{eq:9}) is imposed at the surface of the two spheres,
and the outer boundary condition is imposed at the border of the
computational domain.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
a) \begin{minipage}[b]{6cm}
\epsfig{file=Figure2a.epsi, width=5cm}
\end{minipage}
b) \begin{minipage}[b]{7cm}
\epsfig{file=Figure2b.epsi, width=6cm}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize A cut of a computational domain along the XY plane
($z=0$) showing an adaptive mesh. The resolution increases near the
black holes. Internal cells are unshaded while boundary cells are
shown shaded.}
\label{fig:2}
\end{figure*}

Figure \ref{fig:2}
shows the cut of the computational domain through the $z=0$ plane and
gives an example of an adaptive mesh used in computations. The values of all
variables are defined at cell centers. Figure \ref{fig:2} shows that
coarse cells are used at large distances from the black holes, and the
finest cells  are used near the throats where the gradient of $\phi$
is large. The grid is refined to achieve a desired accuracy of the
solution as described below.

There are three types of cells. The first type are internal cells that are
actually used in computations (these cells are white in Figure
\ref{fig:2}). The layer of boundary cells which is one cell wide
along the outer border of the computational domain is used to
define the outer boundary conditions. The layers of boundary
cells inside the throats, two cells wide, are used to define the
inner boundary conditions. A cell is considered as located inside
a throat if its center is located inside. Boundary cells are indicated
as shaded on Figure \ref{fig:2}.

We solve (\ref{eq:4}) as follows. Similar to \cite{bib:11}, we introduce
a new unknown variable
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:11}
u = \phi - \alpha^{-1}\quad,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:12}
\alpha^{-1} =  \sum_{\delta=1}^2
\left( R_\delta\over\vert {\bf r} - {\bf r}_\delta \vert \right) \quad.
\end{equation}
The reason for using this transformation is that $u$ varies
slower than $\phi$ near the throats, and is more convenient for numerical
calculations (see Section \ref{sec:41}). In Cartesian coordinates,
(\ref{eq:4}) then becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:13}
\nabla^2 u + F(u) = 0\quad,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:14}
F(u) = { \beta \over \left( 1 + \alpha u \right)^7 }\quad,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:15}
\beta = {1\over 8}\, \alpha^7 K_{ij} K^{ij}\quad.
\end{equation}

Equation (\ref{eq:13}) is a nonlinear elliptic equation.
Below we describe the numerical
procedure of finding its solution. First consider a cell of size $\Delta$
which has six neighbors of the same size. Let us number this cell and its
neighbors with integers from 0 to 6, respectively. Then the discretized
form of (\ref{eq:13}) is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:16}
{u_1 + u_2 + u_3 + u_4 + u_5 + u_6 -6 u_0 \over \Delta^2} + F(u_0) = 0
\end{equation}
A finite-difference form of (\ref{eq:13})
is more complicated for cells that have
neighbors of different sizes and may involve larger number of neighbors
in order to maintain second order accuracy. This is described in
Appendix \ref{ap:A}.
In general, for every internal cell, the finite-difference discretization
may be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:17}
f(u_0,u_1,u_2,..., u_n ) = 0 \quad ,
\end{equation}
where $u_1,...,u_n$ are the values of $u$ in $n$ neighboring points chosen
to represent the finite-difference stencil of a cell. In the particular case
of a cell with all equal neighbors,
$f$ is defined by the left-hand side of (\ref{eq:16}).
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=figure3.epsi, width=5cm, angle=270}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize An example of the computation of outer
boundary values.
Outer boundary cells are the three cells located at the top of the
figure. Cell 1 is an outer boundary cell, with center at point C.
Point A is the point located one cell size away from the C on the line
connecting point C with the center of the computational domain. Point
A is located inside cell 2, which is an internal cell centered on point B.
The value of $\phi$ at point A, to be used in the outer boundary
condition, is interpolated from point B with second order accuracy
using the derivatives evaluated at point B. These derivatives depend
on $\phi$ at Cell 2 and it's neighboring cells, including outer
boundary cells.}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure*}

We solve the set of (\ref{eq:17}) by the Newton Gauss-Seidel method
\cite{bib:16}, that is, we obtain a new guess of $u_0^{new}$ using
Newton iteration with respect to the unknown $ u_0$
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:18}
u_0^{new} = u_0 - f(u_0,...)
\left( {\partial f(u_0,...)\over\partial u_0} \right)^{-1} \quad .
\end{equation}
Then we accelerate the convergence by using a successive
overrelaxation (SOR)
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:19}
u_0^{new} = \omega u_0^{new} + (1 - \omega ) u_0 \quad,
\end{equation}
where $\omega$  is the overrelaxation parameter.
For a simple case of all equal neighbors, (\ref{eq:18}) can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:20}
u_0^{new} &= u_0 +\\
&{\left( u_1 + u_2 + u_3 + u_4 + u_5 + u_6 - 6 u_0 \right)\over 6 -
\Delta^2 \left(dF(u_0)\over du_0\right) } +\\
&\qquad {\left(\Delta^2 F(u_0)\right)
\over 6 - \Delta^2 \left(dF(u_0)\over du_0\right) } \quad .
\end{split}
\end{equation}
For stencils with non-equal neighbors the discretization of equation
(\ref{eq:13}) is given in Appendix \ref{ap:A}, from which the
expressions for the Newton Gauss-Seidel iterations in those cases can
be written explicitly.

We select the value of $\omega$ from the interval $[1,\omega_{max}]$
by the method described in \cite{bib:17}. The value of $\omega_{max}$ is
initially set to  $\omega_{max} = 1.995$.
If the solution begins to diverge during the iterations,
$\omega$ is reset to 1, $\omega_{max}$ is decreased by 2\%,
and the relaxation is continued allowing $\omega$ to increase up to the
new $\omega_{max}$ or until the solution starts to diverge again.
Iterations are terminated when
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:21}
{u^{new}_0 - u_0 \over u_0} < \varepsilon
\end{equation}
for all $u_0$, where $\varepsilon$ is a predefined small number.
In this paper, we do not attempt to accelerate the iterations using, for
example, a multigrid or other sophisticated techniques since the initial
value problem must be solved only once.

The procedure described above assumes that the values of $u$ are known at
all neighbors. For internal cells that are close to a boundary, these
values are substituted with the values of $u$ in boundary cells.
Now we describe the procedure of assigning values of $u$ to boundary cells.
A similar technique was used for fluid flow simulations about complex
bodies \cite{bib:18}.

Figure \ref{fig:3} illustrates the process for the outer boundary.
In this figure, cell 1 is a boundary cell. We need to define a new value
$u^{new}_C$ in its center, point C. We find another point, A, which is
located at a distance $\Delta$ (equal to the size of cell 1) from point $C$
along the line that connects $C$ with the center of the computational
domain. The value of $u_A$ is found by the second order interpolation
using the values of $u$ in cell 2 and all of its neighbors. The
interpolation involves old values of $u$ in both internal cells and
boundary cells. Then $\phi_A$ is computed using equation (\ref{eq:11})
with $\alpha^{-1}$ evaluated in point A. The finite-difference
expression of (\ref{eq:10}) can be written as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:22}
{\phi^{new}_C - \phi_A\over\Delta} =
{ 1 - ( \phi^{new}_C + \phi_A)/2 \over ( r_C - \Delta/2 ) } \quad ,
\end{equation}
and then solved for $\phi^{new}_C$. The value of $u^{new}_C$ is then
finally found using equation (\ref{eq:11}) with $\alpha^{-1}$
calculated at point C.
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\epsfig{file=figure4.epsi, width=5cm, angle=270}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize An example of the computation of inner boundary
values. Cell 1, centered on point C, is the inner boundary cell.
Point A is the point located outside of the black hole throat on the line
between the center of the black hole throat and point C that has the
same distance to the boundary as point C. Point A is located inside cell 2,
centered on point B. The value at point A, to be used in the inner
boundary condition, is interpolated from point B with second order
accuracy using the derivatives evaluated at point B. These derivatives
depend on the value of Cell 2 and it's neighboring cells, including
inner boundary cells.}
\label{fig:4}
\end{figure*}

Figure \ref{fig:4}
illustrates the process of defining $u$ for the inner boundary.
Cell 1 is located inside a throat, and we need to define a new value
$u^{new}_C$ in its center, point C. The point $A$ is a point outside
the throat that has the same distance to the inner boundary as $C$,
along the normal to the throat passing through point C. Let us denote
the distance between C and A as $\Delta_{AC}$. Again, the value of
$u_A$ is found by second-order interpolation using old values of
$u$ in cell 2 and its neighbors, and $\phi_A$ is calculated using
equation (\ref{eq:11}). Then the boundary condition (\ref{eq:9}) becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:23}
{ \phi^{new}_C - \phi_A  \over \Delta_{AC} } =
         { \phi_A + \phi^{new}_C \over 4R_{\delta} } \quad,
\end{equation}
which can be solved for $\phi^{new}_C$; $R_{\delta}$ is the radius of
the throat that contains point C. As before the value of $u^{new}_C$ is
then finally found using equation (\ref{eq:11}) with $\alpha^{-1}$
evaluated at point C.

After all inner and outer boundary points are defined, the next iteration
(\ref{eq:21})  is performed for internal cells and so on, until the
iterations converge. The advantage of the method described above is
that the new method applies the same numerical algorithm to all cells,
and that this algorithm is second-order accurate. The method described in
\cite{bib:10} required  77 different numerical stencils corresponding to
different relative positions of the boundary and interior cells,
and was only first-order accurate.

The computational domain used by the FTT is a cube of size $L$. It can be
subdivided to a number of cubic cells of various sizes
$1/2,~1/4,~1/8,...$ of $L$. Cells are  organized in a tree with the
direction of thread pointers inverted. These pointers are directed
from children to neighbors of parent cells, as described in \cite{bib:5}.
The most important property of an FTT data structure is that
all operations on it, including tree refinement and derefinement,
can be performed in parallel. A computer memory overhead of FTT is
extremely small: two integers per computational cell. All coding was
done by using the FTTLIB software library \cite{bib:5} that contains
functions for refinement, derefinement, finding neighbors, children,
parents, coordinates of a cell, and performing parallel operations.

We characterize an FTT mesh by the minimum and maximum levels of
leaves (unsplit cells) present in the tree, $l_{min}$ and $l_{max}$.
We construct an adaptively refined mesh by starting with one computational
cell representing the entire computational domain and then by subsequently
subdividing it by a factor of two until we reach the level $l_{min}$.
We find a coarse solution for two black holes at level $l_{min}$ using
$u=1$ as an initial guess. After this solution is obtained, we
identify the regions that require more refined cells. These regions
are then refined once, and a new converged solution is obtained. The
old coarse solution is used as an initial guess for the new one. The
procedure is repeated until the level of refinement reaches $l_{max}$.

\section{\bf \normalfont \normalsize \scshape Test results}
\label{sec:4}
\subsection{\bf \normalfont \normalsize
\it One Schwarzschild black hole: one-dimensional test}
\label{sec:41}
Before presenting the results of three-dimensional test computations on an
FTT mesh, we will discuss the accuracy of our numerical method using a
simpler one-dimensional test problem. A single Schwarzschild black
hole at rest has an analytic solution for the conformal factor
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:24}
\phi = 1 + { R\over r}\quad,
\end{equation}
where $R$ is the throat radius and $r$ is the distance in the background
space from the center of the black hole throat. The one-dimensional
test was performed on a uniform grid in order to assess the influence
of our treatment of boundary conditions (\ref{eq:22}) and
(\ref{eq:23}), and the effects of changing the variable $\phi$ to a
new variable $u$ (\ref{eq:11}) on the accuracy of the solution. In
these calculations, we used a uniform one-dimensional grid consisting
of $n=16$, $32$, and $64$ cells. Cells $2$ through $n-1$ were interior
cells. Cells $1$ and $n$ were the inner and outer boundary cells,
respectively. The computations were performed for the grid size
$L=10$, throat radius $R=1$, and using convergence criterion
$\varepsilon= 6\times 10^{-15}$. The throat was located between the
first and second cell centers at a distance $\Delta r$ from the center
of the border cell~1. Three values of $\Delta r = 0.05\Delta$,
$0.5\Delta$, and $0.95\Delta$ were considered, where $\Delta$ is the
cell size. When $\Delta r = 0.5\Delta$, the throat is located exactly
in the middle between the points A and C in (\ref{eq:22}), and the
inner boundary condition (\ref{eq:22}) becomes second-order accurate
regardless of the order of interpolation that is used for finding
$u_A$. For $\Delta r = 0.05\Delta$ and $0.95\Delta$, the overall
accuracy of the inner boundary condition depends on the interpolation
used for finding $u_A$.

Numerical solutions were obtained using three different methods:
{\it (a)} solving the finite-difference form of (\ref{eq:4}) for the
original unknown variable $\phi$ and using {\it first order}
interpolation to find $\phi_A$ (the rest of the boundary condition
procedure was identical to that described in Section \ref{sec:2}),
{\it (b)}  solving for the original variable $\phi$ but using second order
interpolation, and finally, {\it (c)} using both the second order
interpolation and solving for the new unknown $u$ as described in
Section \ref{sec:2}.
\begin{table*}[ht]
\begin{center}
{\itshape Accuracy of one-dimensional computations.}\vspace{0.2cm}\\
\begin{tabular}{|lllll|} \hline
Method& $\Delta r / \Delta$ & n= 16 & n=32 & n=64 \\ \hline
& 0.95    & $-2.9\times 10^{-1}$ &  $-7.2\times 10^{-2}$  &
$-1.8\times 10^{-2}$ \\
(a)&0.5   & $-6.1\times 10^{-2}$ &  $-1.7\times 10^{-2}$  &
$-5.0\times 10^{-3}$\\
&0.05  & $-3.8\times 10^{-1}$ &  $-4.6\times 10^{-1}$  &
$-4.7\times 10^{-1}$ \\ \hline
&0.95  & $-2.9\times 10^{-1}$ &  $-7.0\times 10^{-2}$  & $-1.7\times
10^{-2}$ \\
(b)&0.5   & $-6.1\times 10^{-2}$ &  $-1.7\times 10^{-2}$  &
$-5.0\times 10^{-3}$ \\
&0.05  & $-3.0\times 10^{-1}$ &  $-1.2\times 10^{-1}$  & $-4.2\times
10^{-2}$ \\ \hline
&0.95  & $-3.4(3.5)\times 10^{-1}$ &  $-8.7(8.8)\times 10^{-2}$  &
$-2.2(2.2)\times 10^{-2}$ \\
(c)&0.5   & $-7.4(9.8)\times 10^{-2}$ &  $-2.1(2.4)\times 10^{-2}$  &
$-5.7(6.1)\times 10^{-3}$ \\
&0.05  & $-9.9(9.8)\times 10^{-4}$ &  $-1.4(2.4)\times 10^{-4}$  &
$-5.7(6.1)\times 10^{-5}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize Relative accuracy of the numerical solutions of
(\ref{eq:4}) for a Schwarzschild black hole obtained using three
different methods ({\it a,b,c}), different resolutions ($n$), and
different location of the throat relative to a grid ($\Delta r$).
Numbers in parentheses for the method ({\it c}) is the accuracy
estimate based on the consideration of the error introduced by
the inner boundary condition (see Section \ref{sec:41}).}
\label{tab:1}
\end{table*}
Table \ref{tab:1} compares the numerical and analytical solutions for these
three cases by showing the maximum relative deviation of the numerical
solution from the analytical solution for the interior points of the
grid. As can be seen from Table \ref{tab:1}, the accuracy varies with
the grid resolution ($n$), the method of interpolation, and the choice
of the unknown variable ($\phi$ or $u$). It also depends on the exact
location of the throat relative to grid points ($\Delta r/\Delta$).
As we expect various relative locations of the throats relative to
grid points in three-dimensional calculations, we need a numerical
procedure that provides a second-order accuracy in all cases.

Results using method {\it (a)} show that the accuracy of
the solution using first order interpolation for $\phi_A$
is unacceptable. The third row of Table \ref{tab:1} shows
that the accuracy does not improve with increasing number of cells.
Results using method {\it (b)}  show that second order interpolation
for $\phi_A$ (method {\it (b)}) leads to the overall second-order
algorithm. The accuracy of the solution increases roughly by a factor
of four when the grid resolution is doubled. Results for method
{\it (c)} shows that the accuracy is further improved for small $\Delta r$.

It is possible to give an analytical estimate for an error
introduced by the numerical inner boundary condition (\ref{eq:22}) for the
Schwarzschild black hole case. In this case, the general solution of
(\ref{eq:4}), limited at infinity, is $\phi = c + b/r$. Let us assume
that the numerical outer boundary condition does not introduce any
error, and the solution in interior points is found exactly. Thus,
the numerical approximation of the inner boundary condition is a
unique source of numerical error. Then the numerical solution would have
the form $\phi = 1 + b/r$. The difference between $b$ and $R$ in
(\ref{eq:24}) then will determine the overall error in the solution.
We can find $b$ by substituting $\phi = 1 + b/r$ into (\ref{eq:22}).
The estimate of the relative error then is
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:25}
{\rm Relative~error} = {R-b\over R} = \left(\Delta r \over 2
R\right)^2 \quad .
\end{equation}
The estimate of the error using (\ref{eq:25}) is given in Table
\ref{tab:1} in brackets for the method {\it (c)}. The comparison with
the numerical error indicates that for method {\it (c)}, the error in
the solution is second-order and is determined by the accuracy of the
inner boundary condition rather than by errors of numerical
calculations for internal cells.

\subsection{Time-symmetric initial data for two black holes.}
\label{sec:42}
Next, we consider the case of two black holes with
${\bf P}_\delta = {\bf S}_\delta =0$ that have masses $M_1 = 1$,
$M_2=2$ and located (positions of the centers of their throats) at
${\bf r}_1 = (-4,0,0)$, ${\bf r}_2 = (4,0,0)$ with finite separation
$\vert {\bf r}_1 - {\bf r}_2 \vert = 8$. The size of the computational
domain is $L=64$. Numerical solutions were obtained using FTT
adaptive meshes with different increasing resolutions near the black
hole throats. We characterize the resolution by specifying the minimum
and maximum levels of cells in the tree, $l_{min}$ and $l_{max}$.
The cell size at a given level $l$ is $\Delta_l = L \cdot 2^{-l}$.
The computations were performed on meshes with $l_{min} = 4,5,6$ and
$l_{max} = 6,7,8,9,10,11$. The refinement criterion for this case was
the requirement that
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\label{eq:26}
\eta &= {\Delta \over \phi^4} \left(
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial x\right)^2 +
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial y\right)^2 +
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial z\right)^2
                             \right)^{1/2} \\
&< 0.05
\end{split}
\end{equation}
in every cell, where partial derivatives in (\ref{eq:26}) are determined by
the numerical differentiation. We used $\varepsilon = 6\times 10^{-7}$
in (\ref{eq:21}) to terminate iterations.

The mirror-image symmetric analytic solution for two time-symmetric
black holes is given in Appendix \ref{ap:B} (for details of derivation
see \cite{bib:15}). Table \ref{tab:2} gives the comparison
of the numerical solutions with fixed $l_{min} = 5$ and varying
$l_{max} = 5-11$ with the analytical solution. The table shows the
maximum deviation of a numerical solution from the analytical one.
It also shows the level of a cell where the maximum error was
found. From the table we see that the accuracy of the solution
increases approximately linearly with increasing $l_{max}$, and that the
maximum error is located at maximum level of refinement  near the throats.
When we compare solutions obtained on different meshes on which the
resolution was increased on all levels simultaneously
(Table \ref{tab:3}), we observe better than linear convergence, as
it should be expected.

The computations performed on an adaptive mesh allow us to save a
significant amount of computational resources. For example, our solution
obtained on the $l_{min} = 5$, $l_{max} = 11$ adaptive mesh
used $6\times 10^5$ computational cells. An equivalent uniform-grid
computation with the same resolution  near the throats would have required
using a $2048^3$ uniform Cartesian grid with $\simeq 8\times 10^9$
cells. That is, in this case the computational gain was $\sim 10^4$.
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
{\itshape Accuracy of two black
hole time-symmetric computations.}\vspace{0.2cm}\\
\begin{tabular}{|cll|} \hline
$l_{min}~-~l_{max}$ & Max. error & $l_{err}$ \\ \hline
5 - 5 & $3.3\times 10^{-2}$ & 5 \\
5 - 6 & $4.8\times 10^{-2}$ & 6 \\
5 - 7 & $2.9\times 10^{-2}$ & 7 \\
5 - 8 & $1.0\times 10^{-2}$ & 8 \\
5 - 9 & $1.2\times 10^{-2}$ & 9 \\
5 - 10 & $3.9\times 10^{-3}$ & 10 \\
5 - 11 & $8.9\times 10^{-4}$ & 11 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize The table shows the maximum relative
deviation of the
numerical solutions for the two Schwarzschild black holes
(Section \ref{sec:42}), and the level of cells $l_{err}$ where the
maximum error is located for computations with different maximum
resolution.}
\label{tab:2}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
{\itshape Accuracy of two black hole time-symmetric
computations.}\vspace{0.2cm} \\
\begin{tabular}{|cl|} \hline
$l_{min}~-~l_{max}$ & Max. error \\ \hline
4 - 8 & $3.6\times 10^{-2}$  \\
5 - 9 & $1.2\times 10^{-2}$ \\
6 - 10 & $3.7\times 10^{-3}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize The table shows the maximum relative
deviation of the
numerical solutions for the two Schwarzschild black holes
(Section \ref{sec:42}) for computations where both minimum and maximum
resolutions were increased simultaneously.}
\label{tab:3}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
{\itshape Accuracy of computations of two black hole with non-zero linear and
angular momenta.}\vspace{0.2cm}\\
\begin{tabular}{|cll|} \hline
$l_{min}~-~l_{max}$ & Max. error & Avg. error \\ \hline
5 - 5 & $1.1\times 10^{-1}$ & $1.1\times 10^{-2}$ \\
5 - 6 & $6.5\times 10^{-2}$ & $9.0\times 10^{-3}$ \\
5 - 7 & $1.6\times 10^{-2}$ & $1.8\times 10^{-3}$ \\
5 - 8 & $1.7\times 10^{-2}$ & $2.1\times 10^{-3}$ \\
5 - 9 & $5.3\times 10^{-3}$ & $6.4\times 10^{-4}$ \\
5 - 10 & $7.5\times 10^{-4}$ & $6.7\times 10^{-5}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize Comparison of coarse solutions to the finest
solution on the $l_{min}=5$, $l_{max}=11$ mesh. The table gives the maximum
relative deviation (Max. error) and the average relative deviation
(Avg. error) of the numerical solutions computed in Section \ref{sec:43}.}
\label{tab:4}
\end{table*}
\subsection{Two black holes with linear and angular momenta}
\label{sec:43}
Cook et al. \cite{bib:10} considered the initial conditions for
two black holes of equal mass $M_1=M_2=2$ with non-zero linear and angular
momenta (case A1B8 in Table 3 of \cite{bib:10}). In our coordinate system
(Figure \ref{fig:1}), the components of linear and angular momenta of
the black holes
for the case A18B are ${\bf P}_1=-{\bf P}_2=(0,0,-14)$, and ${\bf
S}_1=(280,280,0)$ and ${\bf S}_2=(0,280,280)$, respectively.
The throats are located at ${\bf r}_1 = (4,0,0)$ and
${\bf r}_2 = (-4,0,0)$ with a relative separation equal eight.
We computed the A1B8 case using the same size of the computational
domain, $L=28.8$ as that used in \cite{bib:10}, and using
a series of refined meshes with increasing resolution near the throats,
$l_{min} = 5$,  $l_{max} = 5-11$. We used the same  value of $\varepsilon$
as in Section \ref{sec:42} but used a modified mesh refinement criterion
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:27}
\begin{split}
\eta &= \max \left(
     {\Delta \over \phi^4} \left(
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial x\right)^2 +
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial y\right)^2 + \right.\right. \\
&\qquad \left.\left.
     \left(\partial\phi^4\over\partial z\right)^2
                             \right)^{1/2}, \vert K_{ij}\vert \right)~< 0.05
\end{split}
\end{equation}

Table \ref{tab:4} compares coarse solutions $l_{min}=5$,
$l_{max}=5-10$ with the finest solution obtained on the  $l_{min}=5$,
$l_{max}=11$ mesh. It shows that both the maximum and the average
deviation of the solutions decreases by more than two orders of
magnitude when the maximum resolution near the throats is increased
by a factor of 32. The solutions in \cite{bib:10} did not show
improvement with increasing resolution (see their Table \ref{tab:3}).
\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
a)\begin{minipage}[b]{6cm}
\epsfig{file=figure5a.epsi, width=5cm}
\end{minipage}
b)\begin{minipage}[b]{6cm}
\epsfig{file=figure5b.epsi, width=5cm}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\footnotesize A comparison of $\phi$ for the A1B8 case
presented in
\cite{bib:10} (their Figure 4.) (b) and our computations with resolution
$l_{min}=5$ and $l_{max}=8$ (a). Differences are not visible on the
scale of these graphs, except for the fact that we have better
resolution near the holes which is why we have higher values close
to the holes.}
\label{fig:5}
\end{figure*}
Figure 5 shows the comparison of $\phi$ on the line passing through
the centers of the throats computed in this paper with resolution
$l_{min}=5$, $l_{max}=8$ with the results presented in \cite{bib:10}
(their Figure 4). In our computations, finer cells
cluster near the throats where the gradient in the solution is larger,
whereas in \cite{bib:10}, cells have the same size and are uniformly
distributed in space. This combined with the overall second-order
accuracy of our method is the reason why the adaptive mesh refinement
solution improves when the mesh is refined (see Table \ref{tab:4}).
\section{Conclusions.}
\label{sec:5}
In this paper, we applied a new adaptive mesh refinement technique, a
fully threaded tree (FTT), for the construction of initial data for
the problem of the collision of two black holes. FTT allows mesh to be
refined on the level of individual cells and leads to efficient
computational algorithms. Adaptive mesh refinement is very important
to the problem of black hole collisions because a very high
resolution is required  for obtaining an accurate solution.

We have developed a second-order approach to representing both
the inner boundary conditions at the throats of black holes and the
outer boundary conditions. This allowed us to implement an approach to the
solution of the energy constraint that is formally second-order accurate.
We presented results of tests for two black holes that demonstrated a
good improvement of the accuracy of the solution when the numerical
resolution was increased.

The FTT-based AMR approach gives a gain of several orders of magnitude
in savings of both memory and computer time (Section \ref{sec:42}),
and opens up the possibility of using Cartesian meshes for very high
resolution simulations of black hole collisions. A second-order
boundary condition technique similar to that developed in this paper
can be applied for the integration of initial conditions in time. We
plan to use these techniques for time integration of the black hole
collision problem.

{\it Acknowledgments.}
This paper is based in part on the Master Thesis of Ms. Nina Jansen
\cite{bib:15}. We thank J. Craig Wheeler, Elaine S. Oran and Jay P.
Boris for their support, encouragement, and discussions, and
Almadena Yu. Chtchelkanova for help with FTT. The work was supported
in part by the NSF grant AST-94-17083, Office
of Naval Research, DARPA, Danish Natural Science Research Council
grant No.9401635, and by Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
through its support for the establishment of the Theoretical
Astrophysics Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Time to get ready for what's coming next. For the last 25 years business has largely been defined by baby boomers. From startups in garages to the executive suite, those born from 1946 to 1964 have had the reigns of business, in British Columbia, Canada and beyond. But a shift is happening. A new generation of business leader is on the rise. And that would be us — the young executives and entrepreneurs who you might call the post-baby-boomers. We hope to help shape, define and lead the next generation of business.


This past month has been hectic, but we are finally back with a focus on Lacuna Passage.
Some of you had concerns about TIMEframe being a distraction for us last month so this month we want to talk about all the tangible ways that it has positively impacted our continued development of Lacuna Passage.
First and foremost has been the refinement of our dynamic music system, Song Seed. We have been building Song Seed over several iterations in the last year or so specifically for use in Lacuna Passage. The demo we previewed at PAX East was the first public implementation of our dynamic soundtrack and it worked really well for us, but there was still a lot that needed to be done. We realized a long time ago that this system would be very beneficial for other developers as well, so after PAX East we began working harder on the public version which worked well with the timing of our updated release of TIMEframe. Music is a huge part of TIMEframe so we were able to use it as a real-world test of the system. In fact, in addition to our own implementation in TIMEframe, we have just opened up a beta test of the Song Seed Unity plugin. So if you are a Unity developer interested in helping us improve this tech that will be a big part of Lacuna Passage please let us know (and check out the example video above). Soon after testing we will be releasing the plugin on the Unity Asset Store at a modest price. The proceeds from this will all be funneled straight into Lacuna Passage development as well.
Another benefit of working on TIMEframe that cannot be stressed enough has been learning the ins and outs of Steam integration. Lacuna Passage has always been our priority, but it has also been our first foray into commercial game development. We had no experience with integrating with Steam until now. After working on TIMEframe we now have a much firmer grasp on what that integration requires. Store page setup, game package installation, authentication, achievements, trading cards, cloud saves, DLC… the list goes on and on. We have used TIMEframe as our test bed for these features and this has given us invaluable experience as we now implement many of these features in Lacuna Passage. We are now looking forward to a tentative release date of June 30th for TIMEframe which will give us even more experience in running an active product and managing customer relations. Once again, all the proceeds will directly benefit Lacuna Passage development. (And as a reminder, all Lacuna Passage Kickstarter backers will be receiving a free copy of the game and the original soundtrack).
Last but not least, we have been experimenting with new features that have been added to Unity in versions 4.6 through 5.0. We have not updated Lacuna Passage past 4.6.2, but with our work on TIMEframe we have had a chance to see how these more recent updates might affect Lacuna Passage. The new user interface features in Unity might drastically improve the way that we handle the rendering of the datapad for example. There have also been several performance enhancing changes that could positively impact our open-world memory management. We have been able to evaluate these new features in TIMEframe on a smaller scale without any disruption to our Lacuna Passage project management. It would have taken us orders of magnitude more time to even test these options in Lacuna Passage itself.
These are only a few of the most direct benefits we have experienced while working on TIMEframe, and as we move forward into this next chapter of Lacuna Passage development we feel much more confident in our ability to deliver on our original promises. Game development is not a straight path. There will always be bumps and detours, but we work extremely hard to ensure that every decision we make benefits our ultimate goal of delivering the best Mars exploration narrative experience that we possibly can. Over the next few weeks we will have more regular updates with the art and design of Lacuna Passage.
This tutorial demonstrates a simple method for loading text files from the Resources folder that we are using in our game Lacuna Passage. In this case the resulting text strings can be parsed and used for displaying subtitles or captions timed with your game dialogue. You can even trigger other events to coincide precisely with the audio.
Lacuna Passage - Devlog #3 - What the heck is Lacuna Passage?
Over the last couple of weeks I went into some detailed breakdowns of the terrain in my upcoming game Lacuna Passage. But I realized that I only briefly touched on what Lacuna Passage as a game will actually be. So, this week I'm going to take some time to do a breakdown what the game is really all about.
You are Jessica Rainer, the only survivor of the crashed Heracles Mars expedition, sent to investigate the mysterious disappearance of the very first Mars expedition, Hermes.
Exploration. Lacuna Passage is an open-world adventure. 25 square miles of treacherous Martian terrain littered with clues about the disappearance of the Hermes Mars Expedition.
Investigation. Photograph and document your journey. Follow the clues and piece together your own explanation to the events that unfolded on the red planet. Perhaps you can even find a way home. Share your discoveries, photo journals, and theories with other players online.
Navigation. Pay close attention to your instruments and keep track of your surroundings. The game will not hold your hand with arbitrary objective markers and many key locations will need to be manually recorded for reference. Careless explorers are sure to get themselves lost.
Survival. Food, water, and oxygen are in short supply on the planet's surface. Even sleep is important in maintaining your stamina (and your sanity). Depicting a realistic passing of time is also important to the general theme of survival. Essentially the player is faced with defining their own goals. You can try to see how many days you can survive alone on Mars or you can try to see how fast you can solve the mysteries of the planet. Death in itself is not necessarily a fail condition in the game. Depending on your experience it may be a perfectly suitable ending to the story you have crafted for Jessica Rainer.
Of course, all of this conceptual content would be nothing without some substantial prototyping. Over the last few months I have been working hard on some crucial systems that will stand as the foundation for the experience inherent to Lacuna Passage.
There is a full day/night cycle with some beautiful atmospheric effects that emphasize the scale and the emptiness of the planet. We started with the base Unistorm Unity package and heavily modified it to fit the atmosphere of Mars.
Those space suits are heavy, and the goal of the camera is to help the player feel some of that weight. Especially as your stamina begins to fade and movement becomes more labored. We already have some great camera movement in the prototype courtesy of a modified Ultimate FPS Camera Unity package.
Every inch of the environment is lifted directly from real Mars terrain data provided by NASA satellites. Some of the features are composited together and scaled down to provide the player with more varied landscapes to explore. Find about more about the methods used for the terrain in our first two devlog posts.
Taking "screenshots" is directly incorporated into the story via the main character's desire to investigate the disappearance of the Hermes crew with photography. Sometimes you will need to examine your photographs to gain clues about where to explore next. The goal here is to also encourage sharing stories online and collaborating on theories to some of the game's more obtuse clues by having all in-game photos also saved out to the player's harddrive.
I'm excited with how far the game has come, but we also have a long ways to go. If Lacuna Passage is a game that interests you then I hope you continue to follow our progress on this blog or on Twitter. Cheers!


Whether you're looking to hire your first employee or 100th employee, there is always a lot of resumes, faces, and a process that can sometimes blur your vision in selecting the candidate that will be the best fit employee for your business. Here are a few tips to keep in mind that may benefit you through the interview process.
Who is the candidate? Are they trainable or only have the key skills that you're looking for?
There are plenty of eager job candidates in the market looking to learn new skills and really develop themselves and help prospective businesses grow as well. Great candidates know that they have the opportunity to grow along with the business and treat it as a career rather than a job that's going to cover the bills. If you're looking to hire someone who simply has experience in desired programs, you may be hiring someone who is looking only for a paycheck and may jump ship as soon as they're bored or another opportunity is presented.
What kind of person are they outside of the office?
There are approximately 210 million users on Facebook alone in the US and Canada as of Q1, 2015. Plenty of these users are also on other social platforms as well. Your candidate can be fairly easily Googled or searched on various social media platforms. You may want to evaluate or at least take into consideration their posts and profile. If you're hiring for a sales position, someone who has a very active social life may be of particular interest.
LinkedIn is great to view a candidate's professional side, but if you can track them down on Instagram, Vine, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, or any other of the many social networks, you can take a peek at who this person is outside of their career past and path.
What does their resume physically look like (aside from the content, achievements, etc.)?
Are you interviewing a recent university graduate in marketing or graphic design and the resume is blocky and uses a single font size and serif typeface? There are subtle hints that you can pick up on by the visual appearance. The resume content may state that they have extensive knowledge of Adobe CS, but if their resume looks like it was written using a typewriter, this may be a red flag.
Are they the right fit for your corporate culture? What dynamic will they add to your office?
If the candidate thrives in a more free environment where they can get their work done remotely or make their own schedule there may be a disconnect if your company doesn't foster this environment. If your company's work environment is strict, fast-paced with hard deadlines, regardless if this person is a quick adapter, they may be a bad fit and will ultimately lead to another number in company's turnover rate.
What are your expectations? Keep in mind that you won't keep 100% of all your hires.
Life is life and it's best to always expect the unexpected. When you hire someone, there's always a chance that an unforeseen situation may arise or they may dislike a specific job duty. Maybe you will have immediate regrets and need to terminate the employee. It happens but a good rule of thumb is to follow the mantra of "hire slow, fire fast".


The 2019 Fred Morgan New PR Professional Scholarship is presented to Carolyn Stephen from President Christy McGee, APR and Fred Morgan, APR, Fellow PRSA.
Fred Morgan, APR, Fellow PRSA presents his namesake scholarship to Elyse Jones with then National Chair Jane Dvorak, APR, Fellow PRSA and Chapter President JP Arnold, APR.
Are you a public relations professional with just one to five years experience? We want to let you know about a great opportunity to get your membership dues paid for PRSA. This is a $300+ offer.
Below is the application for the scholarship. Deadline is September 15, 2018. Completed applications can be emailed to PikesPeakPRSA@prsa.org.
FRED MORGAN is the senior member of PRSA's Pikes Peak Chapter, having joined the Society in 1971. He's a retired public relations practitioner who is currently serving as chapter treasurer and accreditation chair.
He was the 2002 president of the Pikes Peak Chapter, the 1997 president of PRSA's New Mexico Chapter and served as a member of PRSA's national board of directors during 1998 and 1999. During his time with the New Mexico Chapter, he earned four PRSA Chapter Excellence Awards--one in 1994, one in 1995 and two in 1997--and was awarded the chapter's 2003 Vista Award for outstanding lifetime achievement in the field of PR. In 2009, he received the Pikes Peak Chapter's Pinnacle Award for outstanding lifetime achievement in public relations. He's an accredited member of the Society (1973) and was inducted into its College of Fellows in 1996.
Since 2002, the Pikes Peak Chapter has managed the Colorado Springs Crisis Communications Network (CCN), a group of public affairs people who would have to respond to a community-wide crisis. He facilitated the writing of the group's public affairs/operations plan, and has served as CCN's administrator and meeting facilitator for 14 of the past 15 years.
Morgan was an affiliate faculty member for Regis University (2004-2005), teaching public relations courses to undergraduate adult students in Colorado Springs.
He served as manager of public affairs for Jacobs Engineering Group in Albuquerque, N.M., from 1993 to 1998. In that capacity, he was responsible for providing comprehensive public relations support to the U.S. Department of Energy for its oldest, largest, and most successful environmental cleanup project.


Today is a great day! It's raining so a great excuse to craft ;) And I finally got my Tim Holtz distress markers!!!! I was really excited about using them... so forget about the idea of emptying the wardrobe and changing the clothes... it's cold today anyway... so why put the summer clothes out right?!? Who's with me on that... lol any excuse to craft instead!
And of course my picture is crooked... :( But I don't want to take the time to take another one because that will be cutting down craft time! The beautiful digi image is April Showers from Paper cupcake. I used my distress markers to color the dress and the umbrella. I added liquid pearl for the bow and some glossy accent for the raindrop. The doily is made with a quick cuts die.
Just love your card!! The rain looks great!! Thanks for joining us at Get Hippity With Ippity!! Blessings!!
Thanks for joining us at TMITA-Paper Cupcakes. Good Luck!
I so love this image too! You have done such a beautiful job creating with it and I really love the colours particularly the blue that pops from the other shades. I have yet to see the new TH Markers in person but they look like they colour beautifully. Thanks so much for joining us at TIMITA.
Perfect card for our theme!! Very cute image too!!
Lovely card. Thanks for playing at GHWI.
Nice job on the rain! Very cute card. Thanks for playing with us at Get Hippity with Ippity.
Lovely job using the image! Great colors!
Really sweet card. Great "Spring interpretation. Thanks for joining us at The Hybrid Chick this time around. Hope to see you again!
Your card is really cute, great coloring. I have not seen the TH markers, but you have done a super job with them. Love the liquid pearls you used on the bow. I am with you, if it is cold outside, don't worry about getting the summer clothes out. :) Thanks so much for joining us in the Paper Cupcakes/There's Magic in the air.
Lovely creation!!! Thanks for joining Get Hippity With Ippity!


NAS: is upon you. So they did according to the word of Moses.
KJV: [is] upon you. And they did according to the word of Moses.
NAS: You shall do [it] according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: come: as thy servant said, so it is.
NAS: and went [their way] according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: to depart, according to the word of the LORD.
NAS: and had [some] left over, according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: and left [thereof], according to the word of the LORD.
NAS: them with blindness according to the word of Elisha.
KJV: them with blindness according to the word of Elisha.
NAS: for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD.
NAS: him into the property, according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: him into the plat [of ground], according to the word of the LORD.
NAS: had commanded according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: commanded according to the word of the LORD.
NAS: did as Memucan proposed.
NAS: I will do as the king says.
KJV: to morrow as the king hath said.
NAS: to Nineveh according to the word of the LORD.
KJV: unto Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD.


Built by Close to You Foundation, WISE is all about bringing do good travellers and local social enterprises together, to benefit both. In addition, this online travel agency gives you better prices and donates the entire profit to charity!
Imagine that a traveller from the US can choose to travel to Barcelona. Buying a hotel from WISE.travel as well as museum tickets means the entire profit is donated to charity. But…can we take this to another level?
How about showing John, the traveller from the US, that in Barcelona, around his hotel he has interesting social businesses that bring happiness in the local community. On the brand page of each social enterprise, you can see the Global Goals it is currently working on, and the milestones achieved on that matter, next to volunteering opportunities or paid experiences.


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Prosecutors: Fugitive sex offender arrested in Mississippi
HATTIESBURG, Miss. (AP) – The U.S. Marshals Service says a sex offender who left Iowa without notifying authorities has been apprehended in Mississippi.
A criminal complaint this month says Antonio Earl Satcher was required to register as a sex offender after his conviction in Black Hawk County, Iowa, of lascivious acts with a child – solicitation.
During a months-long search for Satcher, authorities received tips that he was staying with relatives in Jasper County, Mississippi. He was eventually apprehended in Clarke County, Mississippi, last week.
Court records list no lawyer for Satcher who could be reached for comment.


During the lumber boom of the early 1900's Donald Carson packed up his family in Bracebridge and headed west for Parry Sound. The Carson Family settled in at 33 Church Street, when Frank Carson was just a toddler. He and his brothers, Bill and Gerald were introduced to the game of hockey at an early age. Their early interest in hockey would one day take them from playing on Georgian Bay to starring in the NHL.
wing star" of the Stratford Midgets in the OHA Jr. Hockey. He played for the Stratford Junior, Intermediate and Senior Teams from 1919 – 1925.
In 1921 the Stratford Midgets, led by Frank Carson and Howie Morenz won the OHA Championship. They advanced to the Memorial Cup only to be defeated 10-9 by the Winnipeg Falcons in the two-game total series.
In 1926, Carson signed as a free agent with the Montreal Maroons of the NHL. After their second season in the NHL, the Montreal Maroons captured their first Stanley Cup defeating the Victoria Cougars. A young Frank Carson was a big part of that championship team. Frank played two more years with the Maroons before being sent to the Stratford Nationals and the Windsor Bulldogs of the Can Pro and the IHL.
He was team-scoring champion in 1927-28 and in 1929-30. In 1928-29 the line of Carson-Neville-Emms brought Windsor their first professional hockey championship. It did not seem to matter which team Frank played on, or at what level, he was always a scoring leader in both goals and assists.
In 1930 he was named to the IHL First All Star Team when he topped the international League scoring with 53 points. He was then traded to the New York Americans in the NHL with Hap Emms, Red Dutton and Mike Nevelle for a total of $35,000.00. The Detroit Falcons secured Frank for the 1931-32 season. In 1932 the Detroit Falcons changed their name to the Detroit Red Wings. On November 10, 1932 Frank once set his footprint in professional hockey when he scored the first goal in Detroit Red Wing History and the first game winner in Detroit Red Wing History in a 3-1 win over Chicago Blackhawks.
American Division of the NHL. Frank then retired after sixteen brilliant seasons of professional hockey.
He coached the Windsor Mic-Macs in 1935 before finally hanging up his skates as an active participant in professional hockey.
Upon his retirement he worked for Industrial Acceptance Corporation, Chatham/Windsor, and deftly stickhandled his way through ledgers and account books instead of a rough and tough defense.
and soccer player. His untimely death at age 55 in 1957 shocked the local community. Frank was a determined competitor and a consummate team player. He was a smooth and graceful skater and possessed great puck handling skills. He never took or invited too many penalties. He was somewhat of a philosopher and looked upon hockey as a lot of fun and a good trade. He was always held in very high regard for his integrity and perseverance from all those who had contact with him.
Frank Carson's outstanding achievements and dedication to hockey and to his professional career make him a deserving and valued inductee of the Bobby Orr Hall of Fame. He joins his brother Bill as the second of three Carson brothers to be inducted in the Bobby Orr Hall of Fame.
▪ Signed as a free agent by Montreal Maroons, January 26, 1926.
▪ 1925-26 Montreal Maroons playoff totals includes series against Ottawa and Pittsburgh.
and Red Dutton for $35,000, May 14, 1930.
▪ Traded to Detroit by NY Americans with Hap Emms for Bert Mclnenly and Tommy Filmore, December 29, 1931.
▪ Officially announced retirement, October 15, 1934.


New York, 1997, 1st edition, 1st printing. [The first edition of this book, and most Random House books, states "First Edition" with the lowest number of printing being a 2] 293 pp, b/w photos, maps. See the example and explanation below. Hardcover with dust jacket. Fine condition.
On May 10, 1996, eight climbers, some paid guides, some clients, died on Mount Everest. It was the most sensational event in mountaineering history since Everest and Annapurna were first climbed.
This is the copyright page of a true first edition of Into Thin Air. The unique way of omitting the number 1 is common to all Random House books, possibly including Random House, Knopf, Times Books, Bantam, Dell, Crown, Clarkson Potter, Broadway, Doubleday, Anchor, Schocken, Vintage, Ballantine, and about a dozen other publishing names.
The following morning, he learned that six of his fellow climbers hadn't made it back to their camp and were desperately struggling for their lives. When the storm finally passed, five of them would be dead, and the sixth so horribly frostbitten that his right hand would have to be amputated.
Into Thin Air is the definitive account of the deadliest season in the history of Everest by the acclaimed journalist and author of the bestseller Into the Wild. On assignment for Outside Magazine to report on the growing commercialization of the mountain, Krakauer, an accomplished climber, went to the Himalayas as a client of Rob Hall, the most respected high-altitude guide in the world. A rangy, thirty-five-year-old New Zealander, Hall had summited Everest four times between 1990 and 1995 and had led thirty-nine climbers to the top.
Ascending the mountain in close proximity to Hall's team was a guided expedition led by Scott Fischer, a forty-year-old American with legendary strength and drive who had climbed the peak without supplemental oxygen in 1994. But neither Hall nor Fischer survived the rogue storm that struck in May 1996.


July 19, 2018 in BuzzWorthy Promotions, Commentary, Entertainment Buzz, Industry Buzz, Soaps, Stations, Television Buzz, Television Series.
July 7, 2018 in BuzzWorthy Promotions, Commentary, Entertainment Buzz, Industry Buzz, Soaps, Stations, Television Buzz, Television Series.
July 4, 2018 in BuzzWorthy Promotions, Commentary, Entertainment Buzz, Industry Buzz, Soaps, Stations, Television Buzz, Television Series.


Dr. Mindy Lipson Aisen, MD has been the Chief Medical Officer of Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center since 2009. Dr. Aisen has extensive leadership, healthcare and research expertise to Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center. Dr. Aisen's professional experiences include CEO of the Cerebral Palsy International Research Foundation; Adjunct Professor of the Department of Neurology at Georgetown University School of Medicine; Director of Technology Transfer and Director of Rehabilitation Research and Development at the Department of Veterans Affairs; Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Cornell University Medical College; Neurorehabilitation Fellowship Director at Burke Rehabilitation Hospital; Director of Spinal Cord, Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy Service; Director of MIT-Burke Collaborative Rehabilitation Engineering Research Program; Attending Neurologist at The New York Hospital; Preceptor for The New York Hospital residents in the departments of Neurology and Physiatry; Attending Neurologist in the Electromyography Laboratory at The New York Hospital; Attending Neurologist of the Multiple Sclerosis Research and Training Facility at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Attending Physician at the Hospital of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine; and Assistant Professor of Neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Aisen is Principal Investigator of the Spinal Cord Injury Model System, a prestigious designation awarded to Rancho's Spinal Cord Injury Program by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (2011-2016). She is an accomplished researcher with numerous peer reviewed journal publications, editorials, and books and chapters and has presented to various scientific, medical and academic organizations on topics such as cerebral palsy, advances in neurological rehabilitation, emerging technologies in neuroplasticity, spinal cord injury regeneration, engineering research advances, emerging technologies for persons with disability, advances in clinical management of multiple sclerosis, treatment of chronic pain, etc. She co-chaired the American Scientific Organizing Committee Israel Rehabilitation Medicine Society, was a member of the NIH Council - National Institute Child Health, elected fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, member of the ex-officio Board of American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, and member of the National Leadership Board VHA and honorary fellow of the Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America. She received her Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and her Doctor of Medicine from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. She completed her residency in Neurology at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. Dr. Aisen is board certified in Neurology and Neurorehabilitation.


Since 1998, as an executive search firm, Dwight Cribb Personalberatung GmbH focuses on the recruitment of senior executives with strong digital backgrounds – across all industries, from venture funded startups to global leaders and everything in between. As one of the first specialist executive search firms in this segment Cribb offers many years of experience in a constantly changing business environment.
Cribb advises companies on how to set up their executive team for digital transformation, how to attract the best digital people and what skills a Digital Leader needs to successfully drive the company's digital transformation. They support our customers, for instance, in finding the right Chief Digital Officer, in establishing a Digital Advisory Board or in evaluating the management board with regard to Digital Leadership.
Dwight Cribb Personalberatung GmbH commits to AESC's rigorous Code of Professional Practice. Business leaders worldwide can be assured that AESC Members are able to serve as trusted advisors for their most important engagements.


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Robert Persons
Director Robert Persons on General Orders No. 9
Much can be made of duration. The long stretches of time presaging the releases of Stanley Kubrick's Eyes Wide Shut or, more recently, Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life, lent each film a preordained measure of value. Yet, those films were helmed by directors with celebrated careers and reputations for being perfectionists. So it comes as an anomaly that General Orders No. 9, premiering at the reRun Gastropub Theater on June 24th, took first-time filmmaker Robert Persons 11 years to make. General Orders No. 9 is a person-less documentary about Georgia's ongoing process of urbanization. A synthesis of voiceover, music, […]
by Daniel James Scott on Jun 24, 2011
General Orders No. 9 — A Hammer to Nail Review
(General Orders No. 9 is being distributed theatrically by Variance Films. It opens at the reRun Gastropub in New York City on June 24, 2011. Visit the film's official website to learn more.) Deer trail becomes Indian trail becomes County road. General Orders No. 9 is one of those films where the adjectives used to describe it—dense, meditative, reflective, confounding—are intended as compliments, yet they will be mistaken by many for pejoratives. And while it would be stubborn and ignorant to think that everyone will respond to it with open arms, its refusal to speak to anyone except itself is […]


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Home Uncategorized Want a better workout? Find a good buddy.
Want a better workout? Find a good buddy.
Even in social races like the Spartan Super, having a partner makes staying motivated much easier
Christine Van Dusen
Sam and I after completing the Spartan Super
Photograph courtesy of Spartan
"Shove my butt!"
I've got my upper body over the lip of this high metal wall, but my lower body is dangling, and I can't seem to hoist it up and over. Sam has her hands on my rear end, one palm on each cheek, and she is pushing with all her considerable might. She's also laughing, because I will not stop shouting, "Shove my butt!" and people are watching. A very handsome dude walks up and gives me a last boost—by my feet.
"I wish you'd come along earlier," I uselessly flirt at the guy, with mud in my hair and probably in my teeth. But in truth, I'm very glad Sam was my partner that day at the Spartan Super, an 8.6-mile obstacle course race in Conyers that was a mix of trail running, wall climbing, heavy lifting, rope pulling, and dunking ourselves in freezing, muddy water. It was awesome, in large part because she went through it all with me.
A study by the Society of Behavioral Medicine found that people who work out with a partner are more likely to be motivated and, often, exercise longer. There are even apps that help you find someone to work out with in your own city or an unfamiliar one. Activvely, based in Atlanta, follows Tinder's swiping model to pair users who want to run, rock climb, weight-lift, and whatnot.
"There are a lot of ways working out with a partner can help you. Your partner can spot for you and otherwise make your workout safer. They can check your form and make sure you're not letting it slip as you fatigue," says coach Doug Dupont, of fitness site Breaking Muscle.
For some workouts, I've found that a partner definitely makes a big difference. Take running, for instance. No really, take it, because I kind of hate it. Yet I do it, and have done it, every week for about 20 years now. I just find that it gives me the cardio results I need. So when I run alone, I try to distract myself from the monotony and discomfort by listening to music and imagining what I'd have my bridesmaids wear if I got married this year instead of back in 2003 (sorry for those cookie-cutter red gowns, ladies). When I run with a friend, the distractions come easily, and the time goes by faster.
Events like the Spartan races are somewhat social, with participants cheering each other on, giving advice on how best to get through an obstacle, and giving shorties like me a lift when they need it. But these folks come and go throughout the race, moving faster or slower, so it's great to have a buddy whose pace and strength largely match your own.
Christine (left) and Sam (right) lug sandbags in the Spartan Super
Sam and I met through our a cappella singing group, Best to Burn, and realized—during a rehearsal where we both broke out into yoga moves when no one asked us to—that we shared an interest in fitness. And not just any fitness, but super-challenging, somewhat-cuckoo fitness. She did a 15-mile trail run that was pretty much all uphill. And I did an 11-hour overnight endurance event with no sleep. So we were a match made in exercise hell.
Never mind that I'm (gulp) 20 years older than she is. She's an old soul with a dry wit who falls asleep at parties. I have the sense of humor of a 14-year-old boy and would probably still be out at the bars on the weekends if I didn't have two kids. So we meet nicely in the middle. In the Spartan, I typically ran faster, but she was stronger at a lot of the obstacles (that girl can hold on to a monkey bar—me, not so much), so it evened out.
When it came time to go shoulder-deep in a frigid, muddy water pit and then swim under a wall to the other side, she was there to yell, "Don't think about it—just go!" and then helped me get out of the muck. And when, 3 1/2 hours later, it was all over, she said the magic words: "Let's do this again." That's my kind of partner.
work outs
Spartan Super
Test Drive: Buckhead's Cycmode Fitness aims to make cycling more immersive
Digital detox: How to break your screen habit
Sleep-care is the new self-care. Here's how to get better rest.


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This little girl has a very rare disease you probably don't know about
Noonan syndrome causes growth deficiency., heart abnormalities, characteristic facial features, and mild intellectual disability.
Noonan syndrome is genetic disorder so rare that only one in 1,000 - 5,000 children has it, and three-year-old Ellie Madigan is part of that tiny fraction of children.
Known to cause heart abnormalities, characteristic facial features, and for some children mild intellectual disability, Noonan syndrome causes a growth deficiency.
That's why Ellie's uncharacteristically small for her age.
"She is in the third percentile for weight and measures below 0.3 percentile for height," said a Mama Mia article. "When she was just four months old, Ellie weighed 300 grams less than her birth weight."
Living in a small town in Western Australia, Ellie's condition took a year and a half to diagnose.
"While Ellie is fortunate with her diagnosis, there are so many other children out there with varying degrees who are severely mentally disabled," her mom Natalie told Mama Mia.
After being in and out of the hospital since she was six weeks old, Ellie has grown accustomed to being fed by a naso-gastric tube.
In fact, she only recently started chewing and eating proper meals.
Her mother adds:
"Ellie undergoes constant Physio and Occupational Therapy to try and gain greater control over her muscles, as she suffers from low muscle toning. It's a side effect of Noonan's syndrome, making everyday tasks, like walking and sitting, difficult.
"She is affected by global developmental delay (GDD), being 18 months behind her peers on the developmental side, therefore she doesn't know how to interact with other children her own age."
Despite her condition, Ellie continues to brighten the world of her family.
She is described by her mother as a "bright and happy three-year-old." She even started with swimming lessons this year. She also plays with her two brothers.
She may appear small, but Natalie says her daughter is a strong fighter.
If you have any insights, questions or comments regarding the topic, please share them in our Comment box below or check out theAsianparent Community for more insightful parenting news and tips .
James Martinez
disability rare disease Noonan syndrome develolpmental delays global developmental delay childhood disorders side effects of syndromes mentally disabled naso-gastric tube rare childhood diseases
What is monkeypox: Everything you need to know about this rare disease
This little girl has the most gorgeous "Disney princess eyes"


Within the legal industry, blockchain is being evaluated as a mechanism for minimizing disputes regarding property rights. Property rights are a division of law that establish the responsibilities which come with owning an asset. Property ownership rights include the right to use or profit from an asset. They also include the right to profit from an asset, transfer the asset to someone else, and control who can use the asset. Tax liability for the asset, maintenance and repair costs, or payment for injuries caused by unsafe or defective conditions of the asset can also be applied.
Ownership for a particular asset may be transferred in whole, or in part. As a result, property rights or obligations attached to a particular asset may belong to several different entities at the same time. For example, if you purchase a plot of land, you have the right to use that land. However, the usage of the land is most likely limited by the government. The right to use the land may be taken away from you by foreclosure if you do not pay property taxes. Similarly, your right to use the land is limited to permitted uses per that areas' zoning laws. It is unlikely that you will be allowed to operate a pesticide manufacturing plant in the middle of a residential neighborhood. If you lease out the plot of land, your right to use the property is transferred to the tenant, but you are still able to sell the plot of land to another landlord while the lease is active.
Companies may use blockchain technologies to record ownership rights and responsibilities. Specifically, governments have put land registry records on blockchain. Companies have also put intellectual property registration and ownership on blockchain. Intellectual property includes copyright, trademark, and patents. To legally protect ownership rights in these, one registers their production, or invention, or otherwise proves when the work was established, and that they are the origin of the work.
Companies with a strong brand value in particular, such as the fashion industry and luxury good providers, are interested in more efficient ways to protect their intellectual property. When data is added to a blockchain, it can provide an immutable, secure, timestamped record for the creation of intellectual property, and any changes to the data can be easily detected. Blockchains establish this in a variety of ways.
A blockchain may record a hash of a document. As an example, photographers could place a hash of their unique digital photographs on the blockchain. The hash of a digital photograph will be constant so long as the photograph file has not been altered. Therefore, the blockchain can control and track the distribution of the photograph, detect the introduction of counterfeit images, and be used to resolve disputes as to who first introduced the image. By placing a hash of intellectual property documents on the blockchain, a party can publicly demonstrate data ownership, and prove the existence of certain documents at a given moment in time, without revealing the actual data. In addition to the hash, you may also choose to store the location of the file in the blockchain, which could be used for retrieval.


text:
function [outIm,whatScale,Direction] = FrangiFilter2D(I, options)
% This function FRANGIFILTER2D uses the eigenvectors of the Hessian to
% compute the likeliness of an image region to vessels, according
% to the method described by Frangi:2001 (Chapter 2).
%
% [J,Scale,Direction] = FrangiFilter2D(I, Options)
%
% inputs,
%   I : The input image (vessel image)
%   Options : Struct with input options,
%       .FrangiScaleRange : The range of sigmas used, default [1 8]
%       .FrangiScaleRatio : Step size between sigmas, default 2
%       .FrangiBetaOne : Frangi correction constant, default 0.5
%       .FrangiBetaTwo : Frangi correction constant, default 15
%       .BlackWhite : Detect black ridges (default) set to true, for
%                       white ridges set to false.
%       .verbose : Show debug information, default true
%
% outputs,
%   J : The vessel enhanced image (pixel is the maximum found in all scales)
%   Scale : Matrix with the scales on which the maximum intensity
%           of every pixel is found
%   Direction : Matrix with directions (angles) of pixels (from minor eigenvector)
%
% Example,
%   I=double(imread ('vessel.png'));
%   Ivessel=FrangiFilter2D(I);
%   figure,
%   subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I,[]);
%   subplot(1,2,2), imshow(Ivessel,[0 0.25]);
%
% Written by Marc Schrijver, 2/11/2001
% Re-Written by D.Kroon University of Twente (May 2009)

defaultoptions = struct('FrangiScaleRange', [1 10], 'FrangiScaleRatio', 2, 'FrangiBetaOne', 0.5, 'FrangiBetaTwo', 15, 'verbose',true,'BlackWhite',true);

% Process inputs
if(~exist('options','var')),
    options=defaultoptions;
else
    tags = fieldnames(defaultoptions);
    for i=1:length(tags)
         if(~isfield(options,tags{i})),  options.(tags{i})=defaultoptions.(tags{i}); end
    end
    if(length(tags)~=length(fieldnames(options))),
        warning('FrangiFilter2D:unknownoption','unknown options found');
    end
end

sigmas=options.FrangiScaleRange(1):options.FrangiScaleRatio:options.FrangiScaleRange(2);
sigmas = sort(sigmas, 'ascend');

beta  = 2*options.FrangiBetaOne^2;
c     = 2*options.FrangiBetaTwo^2;

% Make matrices to store all filterd images
ALLfiltered=zeros([size(I) length(sigmas)]);
ALLangles=zeros([size(I) length(sigmas)]);

% Frangi filter for all sigmas
for i = 1:length(sigmas),
    % Show progress
    if(options.verbose)
        disp(['Current Frangi Filter Sigma: ' num2str(sigmas(i)) ]);
    end

    % Make 2D hessian
    [Dxx,Dxy,Dyy] = Hessian2D(I,sigmas(i));

    % Correct for scale
    Dxx = (sigmas(i)^2)*Dxx;
    Dxy = (sigmas(i)^2)*Dxy;
    Dyy = (sigmas(i)^2)*Dyy;

    % Calculate (abs sorted) eigenvalues and vectors
    [Lambda2,Lambda1,Ix,Iy]=eig2image(Dxx,Dxy,Dyy);

    % Compute the direction of the minor eigenvector
    angles = atan2(Ix,Iy);

    % Compute some similarity measures
    Lambda1(Lambda1==0) = eps;
    Rb = (Lambda2./Lambda1).^2;
    S2 = Lambda1.^2 + Lambda2.^2;
    % TODO
%     c = max(S2(:))/2;

    % Compute the output image
    Ifiltered = exp(-Rb/beta) .*(ones(size(I))-exp(-S2/c));

    % see pp. 45
    if(options.BlackWhite)
        Ifiltered(Lambda1<0)=0;
    else
        Ifiltered(Lambda1>0)=0;
    end
    % store the results in 3D matrices
    ALLfiltered(:,:,i) = Ifiltered;
    ALLangles(:,:,i) = angles;
end

% Return for every pixel the value of the scale(sigma) with the maximum
% output pixel value
if length(sigmas) > 1,
    [outIm,whatScale] = max(ALLfiltered,[],3);
    outIm = reshape(outIm,size(I));
    if(nargout>1)
        whatScale = reshape(whatScale,size(I));
    end
    if(nargout>2)
        Direction = reshape(ALLangles((1:numel(I))'+(whatScale(:)-1)*numel(I)),size(I));
    end
else
    outIm = reshape(ALLfiltered,size(I));
    if(nargout>1)
            whatScale = ones(size(I));
    end
    if(nargout>2)
        Direction = reshape(ALLangles,size(I));
    end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The study of science allows us to understand better the history of the natural world and how the natural world is working, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. It is done through observation of natural phenomena and through experimentation that tries to simulate the natural processes under controlled conditions. The applied science will then apply these scientific knowledges to develop practical applications for the advancement of humanity, such as new technologies or inventions.


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