text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
High redshift surveys have detected more than 400 quasars at z$>$5.7 \citep{Fan03,Mort11,Wu15, Ban17,Wang21} powered by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of about $\rm \sim 10^9 ~M_{\odot}$.  The existence of such objects within the first billion years of the Universe is still a mystery and poses the biggest challenge to our understanding of early structure formation. Various pathways  have  been proposed for the formation of black holes, which from the astrophysical point of a view can be categorized into three mechanisms: 1) remnants of   pop III stars so-called stellar mass black holes, 2) stellar dynamical processes in dense stellar clusters leading to the formation of a massive black hole, 3)  monolithic collapse of a massive protogalactic gas cloud into an intermediate mass black hole commonly known as the direct collapse black holes (DCBH) scenario. Details of these mechanisms can be found in dedicated reviews \citep{Latif16P,Woods19,In19}. Black holes  forming from the core collapse of massive pop III stars at $z \sim 30$ are expected to have about  $\rm \sim 100 ~M_{\odot}$ \citep{Sugi20,Latif22}  and are difficult to grow due to the shallow dark matter potentials of their host  halos \citep{Johnson2007,Alvarez09,Riaz18,Latif20b}. They may require multiple episodes of  super-Eddington accretion to reach the observed masses within the first billion year \citep{Lupi14, Pacucci15,Mayer15, Mayer19}. Runaway stellar collisions  during the core collapse of dense stellar clusters  may result in a very massive star which subsequently collapses into a black hole of  a  few times $\rm 10^3-10^4$ \citep{Devecchi12,Katz2015,Latif16d,Yaji16, sak17,Reinoso18a,Chon20,Das21,Ver21}, see \cite{Sch22} for more details.

The direct collapse scenario yields black holes of $\rm 10^5~M_{\odot}$ which are about two orders of magnitude more massive than in the other scenarios \citep{Latif13c,Sakurai16}.  The key requirement for the DCBH mechanism is a mass inflow rate of $\rm \sim 0.1~M_{\odot}/yr$ \citep{Hosokawa13,Schleicher13}. Such high accretion rates can be more easily obtained  thermodynamically in massive primordial  halos by quenching  $\rm H_2$ formation which results in an isothermal collapse with $\rm T \sim 8000$ K  and larger sound speeds ($\rm \dot{M} \sim {c_s^3}/{G} \sim 0.1~M_{\odot}/yr \left( {T}/{8000~K}\right)^{3/2}$). Alternatively, inflow  rates of $\rm \sim 0.1~M_{\odot}/yr$ can be obtained dynamically via bars within bars instabilities \citep{Begel06} or through the rapid growth of halos via major mergers in combination with moderate UV flux in metal free halos \citep{LatifV15,Wise19}, or through large baryonic streaming motions \citep{Hir17}. Recently, \cite{Latif22N} found that dense cold turbulent flows give birth  to DCBHs without the need of  an external UV flux. Numerical simulations investigating the feasibility of the DCBH mechanism find that large accretion rates of $\rm 0.1-1~M_{\odot}/yr$ can be obtained \citep{Latif13d,Regan19,Latif20}. However, their number density is still an open question due to the dependence of  the required critical UV flux  (for suppressing $\rm H_2$ formation) on local conditions and on the environment  \citep{Sugimura14,Latif15a,Agarwal2015B}.

Previous works mainly focused on hydrodynamical aspects of the DCBH scenario and the role of magnetic fields is not yet fully clear. They are expected to influence DCBH formation by transferring angular momentum, exerting magnetic torques and may even suppress fragmentation by enhancing the Jeans mass. Magnetic fields observed in the local universe are thought to be responsible for various astrophysical phenomena including the launch of magnetic outflows and jets \citep{Beck99,Beck07,Pud12}.  Furthermore, observation of rotation measures in high z quasars up to $z \sim 5.3$ reveal the presence of magnetic fields at earlier times \citep{Murphy09,Hammond12}.  Future radio observatories such as ngVLA and SKA will probe magnetic fields at high redshifts \citep{Arsh09,Nyland18} which are expected to efficiently form via mechanisms such as the small scale dynamo \citep{Sch13,Schb13}.

The standard model does not yield any  constraints on the strength of the initial magnetic fields. They can be generated through  electro-weak or quantum chromodynamics phase transitions during the cosmic inflation or alternatively via  mechanisms such as  the Biermann battery effect and  the Weibel instability (see review by \cite{Wid12}). Irrespective of their origin, the seed magnetic fields are many orders of magnitude smaller than the present day fields. They can be initially strengthened via gravitational compression in the domain of flux freezing and later can get further amplified via the small scale dynamo as it converts turbulent into magnetic energy on short timescales. In the context of  star formation various studies confirm that the small scale dynamo becomes operational and amplifies seed fields on very short times scales \citep{Schleicher10,Sur10,Fed11,Schobera,Turk12,Grete19, Sharda20}. These studies further suggest that such strong fields may impact the IMF of primordial stars. On the other hand, the role of magnetic fields in the formation of DCBHs is not fully clear. \cite{Latif13m} (hereafter L13) and \cite{Grete19} (hereafer G19) performed cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations and have shown  that magnetic fields get amplified very efficiently in atomic cooling halos where gas mainly cools by atomic line radiation.  Furthermore, \cite{LatifMag14} (hereafter L14) found that irrespective of the initial seed field strength, the magnetic field is amplified within the  free-fall time scale  in the presence of strong accretion shocks. However, these simulations could not be evolved long enough to determine the role of such magnetic fields during the late accretion phase of supermassive stars due to the exorbitant computational costs.

Recently, \cite{Hir21} performed idealized simulations  to study the collapse of atomically cooling magnetized gas cloud.  They found that magnetic fields  enhance the mass accretion  onto the gas cloud which results in a higher degree of fragmentation but simultaneously the coalescence rate of clumps gets increased. Consequently, the massive star grows at a faster rate and thus  magnetic fields support the DCBH formation. However, their simulations  were performed for an isolated gas cloud  assuming a Bonner-Ebbort sphere  and were evolved only for 700 yrs. Therefore, it is unclear how magnetic fields regulate the formation of SMSs over longer times in realistic cosmological environments, what is their impact on degree of fragmentation  and how they  influence the final masses of the resulting objects. To investigate  these questions, we perform 3D MHD  cosmological simulations for three distinct halos and evolve them  for about 1.6 Myrs and compare our results with hydrodynamical simulations. These simulations enable us to investigate the role of the magnetic fields during the accretion phase.

Our article is organized as follows. In section 2, we discuss the numerical methods and the simulation setup. We present our main findings in section 3 and confer our conclusions in section 4.

\section{Methods} \label{sec:methods}

Numerical simulations  are conducted with  the cosmological magnetohydrodynamics open source code  \textsc{ENZO} \citep{Enzo14} which utilizes an adaptive mesh refinement approach to cover a large  range of spatial scales: from Mpc  to AU scales.  Enzo employs the Harten-Lax-van Leer (HLL) Riemann solver with a piece-wise linear construction for magnetohydrodynamics,  the $N$-body particle-mesh technique to compute DM dynamics and a multigrid Poisson solver for self-gravity calculations.  It uses the Dedner scheme \citep{Wang08,Wang10} for divergence cleaning.

Our simulations start  at $z$=150 with cosmological initial  conditions generated from  Gaussian random density perturbations with MUSIC  \citep{Hahn11}  and use the following cosmological parameters from the \textit{Planck} mission: $\Omega_{\mathrm{M}}=$ 0.3089, $\Omega_{\Lambda}=$ 0.691, $\Omega_{\mathrm{b}} = $ 0.0486, $h =$ 0.677, $\sigma_8 = $ 0.816, and $n =$ 0.967 \citep{Planck16}.  We take a comoving periodic box of 1 Mpc/h in size with top grid resolution of $\rm 256^3$ and the same number of DM particles. The most massive halo of a few times $\rm 10^7~M_{\odot}$ in the computational volume is selected at the earliest redshift of its formation. The selected halo is placed at the center of the box and  two additional static grids are added in the central 250 ckpc region yielding an effective DM resolution of $\rm \sim 67~ M_{\odot}$.  We further employ up to 15 levels of refinement during the course of the simulation which result in an effective spatial resolution of $\sim$ 2000 AU. The same procedure is adopted for all three halos selected from different random seeds. The masses and collapse redshifts of simulated halos are listed in table \ref{tb1}.  A Jeans resolution of at-least 64 cells is ensured during the entire course of simulations, which is found to be sufficient to resolve turbulent eddies in cosmological simulations \citep{Fed11,Latif13c} for which the small scale dynamo gets excited to exponentially amplifiy magnetic fields \citep{Latif13m,LatifMag14}. Our refinement criteria are  based on the baryonic overdensity, the DM mass resolution and  the Jeans refinement, for details see \cite{Latif19,Latif20b}.  We smooth DM particles at level 10 which corresponds to the physical scale of 0.1 pc.  At and below this scale self-gravity from the baryons dominates in the center of the halos and the smoothing of DM particles  avoids a spurious heating of the baryons.

To further evolve  the simulations beyond the initial collapse at the maximum refinement level, we employ the pressure floor technique \citep{Mach01} which stabilizes the collapse on the smallest scale at a resolution of $\rm 0.01$ pc. Such an approach has been compared to the sink particles method and was shown to yield similar results \citep{Latif13d, Latif22N}. In our simulations, we employ the non-equilibrium primordial gas chemistry network based on \citet{Abel97} and \citet{Ann97}, to evolve six primordial species (H, H$^+$, He, He$^+$, He$^{2+}$, and e$^-$).  We assume here that the halos are illuminated by an intense Lyman-Werner radiation emitted by nearby sources \citep{Agarwal16,Agarwal19} which suppresses the formation of $\rm H_2$, leading to an isothermal collapse. This enables us to study the impact of magnetic fields on the formation of DCBHs under isothermal conditions.  Our chemical solver is coupled with hydrodynamics and we include cooling from  collisional ionization and excitation  of H and He, radiative recombination, inverse Compton  scattering and bremsstrahlung radiation.

\section{Results} \label{sec:results}

We have performed cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) simulations for  three distinct halos of a few times $10^7 ~M_{\odot}$ and compared our results with  hydrodynamical (HD) runs.  For the MHD simulations, we have taken the fiducial value of the initial seed magnetic field to be $\rm 10^{-14}$ G at an initial redshift of 150. This choice of the field is motivated by our previous works L13 and L14. In fact, we found in L14 and  G19 that irrespective of the initial field strength the magnetic field reaches an equipartition value in the presence of strong accretion shocks during the collapse. We also investigated a case with an initial magnetic field strength of $\rm 10^{-20}$ G. In total, we  performed 7 simulations with and without magnetic fields and present their findings here.

Gas falls into the dark matter potentials, gets heated due to the virialization shocks and thereafter atomic line cooling kicks in that leads to an isothermal collapse  with T$\sim 8000 $ K in the absence of molecular hydrogen.  Consequently, a monolithic collapse occurs  and the gas densities in the halo center reach $\rm 10^{10}~cm^{-3}$ at scales of about 2000 AU as shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}. The density profiles follow approximately an $\rm R^{-2}$ behavior as expected under  isothermal conditions and the bumps on the profiles reveal the presence of additional clumps at these radii. Moreover, these bumps are more frequent in non-MHD runs  due to the higher degree of fragmentation as we discuss their implications below. Overall, about a few times $\rm 10^6~M_{\odot}$ of gas lies in all simulated halos and small differences in the enclosed gas mass below 10 pc scales are due to fragmentation.

\subsection{Magnetic fields amplification}

Magnetic fields get amplified during the gravitational collapse up to a 1 G in the center of the halos as shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}. Initially, the strength of the magnetic field rises slowly but between 20-40 pc it increases by many orders of magnitudes up to $10^{-5}~G$  and then continues to increase towards the halo center.  We observe here that the magnetic field strength increases by 14 orders of magnitude (even 20 for an  initially weak field), while the density increases by 10 orders of magnitude during collapse. This is significantly beyond the amplification expected from compression, where $\rm B \sim \rho ^{2/3}$ under flux freezing.
Any additional contribution is a consequence of rapid amplification by strong accretion shocks and  the small scale dynamo as found in L13, L14 and G19.

To  understand the rapid amplification of the magnetic fields, we show the magnetic energy divided by the maximum possible contribution from flux freezing ($\rm \rho^{4/3}$) in Fig. \ref{fig2} assuming a spherical collapse.  The ratio of magnetic energy to $\rm \rho^{4/3}$ shows a big jump between 10-40 pc for all halos and irrespective of the initial magnetic field strength. The magnetic field growth time ($\rm 1/ \omega$) is  about 1000 yrs, which is about an order of magnitude smaller than the collapse timescale. We attribute  this rapid amplification of  magnetic fields  to the strong accretion shocks occurring at these radii which significantly reduce the amplification timescale  and result in a swift amplification of the magnetic fields. Such rapid amplification was investigated in detail by L14 who showed a correlation between the strength of the accretion shocks and rapid amplification, see section 3.1 of L14 and discussion therein.  More recent works by \cite{Hir21} and \cite{Hir22} show similarly swift amplification. Initially the amplification occurs at the edge of the accretion disk and it subsequently grows with time. By the end of the simulations the magnetic field strength spreads outwards  up to 30 pc and becomes  almost constant in the centre.

To assess the saturation of magnetic fields, we plot the ratio of magnetic to turbulent energy in Fig. \ref{fig2}.  The ratio of turbulent to magnetic energy is almost constant at larger radii,  rapidly increases during strong accretion shocks and reaches close to unity.  This suggests that the magnetic energy is  in equipartition with the turbulent energy and the magnetic field is saturated.  In Fig. \ref{fig3},  we show the time evolution of the magnetic fields strength  in all halos along with the case of the initial magnetic field strength of $\rm 10^{-20}$ G.  It is found that the amplification of the magnetic fields starts in the  centre and their strength increases with time until it gets saturated.  The magnetic field strength is the highest in the center  and expands to  the central 10 pc region in about 1 Myr.  Such strongly amplified and volume filling magnetic fields  favor  the formation of massive black holes as we discuss below.

\subsection{ Impact of magnetic fields on disk fragmentation}

We find that  self-gravitating accretion disks form at the center of each halo  as a result of gravitational collapse in both HD and MHD simulations. The time evolution of disks in the simulated halos for both cases  is shown in Fig. \ref{fig4}. In general, the disks are more stable and have larger sizes in the MHD runs while  they are  more compact and gravitationally unstable in HD runs.  Overall, the degree of fragmentation is higher in HD simulations. For MHD runs, no fragmentation  is observed in two out of three halos (halos 1 \&3)  by the end of the simulations as only one clump forming over time gets merged with the central clump. In halo 2,  two clumps are formed and survive for about 1 Myr for the MHD case, see Fig. \ref{fig5} and we expect these clumps to evolve into a binary system.  On the other hand, in the HD runs the disks are more prone to fragmentation and multiple clumps form in the disks, some of them get subsumed in the centre of the disk but a handful of them survive by the end of the simulations.  The differences in fragmentation are due to the magnetic pressure (comparable to the thermal pressure) which increases the Jeans mass and stabilizes the disks.  Consequently,  initially more massive clumps form in MHD runs.

We ran the clump finder to estimate the masses of the gravitationally bound clumps. The initial clump masses for both MHD and HD runs are listed in table \ref{tb1}.  In general, the initial clump masses in HD cases are lower than their MHD counterparts, up to a factor of four in case of halo 2. But by the end of simulations, over a time span of 1.6 Myr, the clump masses in the HD runs become approximately comparable to the ones in MHD as a result of merging.  For MHD cases,  only one clump forms in halos 1 \& 3, two in halo 2 and they have typical masses of   $\rm \sim 10^5~M_{\odot}$. Multiple clumps exist in all halos in the HD runs and their masses range from a few thousands to about a hundred thousand solar. Overall, the central clumps are more massive than the secondary clumps. To comprehend the mass evolution of the central clumps and the differences in the central clump masses between MHD and HD runs, we show the  mass accretion rates  and the masses of the central clumps in Fig. \ref{fig6}. The mass accretion  onto the clumps is  intermittent in both cases and fluctuates about the average accretion rate of $\rm \sim 0.1 ~M_{\odot}/yr$. The peaks in the accretion rates correspond to the epochs  when the clumps merge. In general, the mass accretion rates in MHD runs are  similar to the non-MHD cases. In MH1, the mean accretion rate onto the  main clump is about a factor of 1.5 lower after the initial burst of accretion.

Although the initial masses of the central clumps  in two out of three halos are  larger in the MHD runs, the merging of secondary clumps in the HD simulations yields similar clump masses at the end of the simulations. For MH1, the initial bursts of accretion boost the  clump mass to 100,000 solar during the first 500 kyrs which gets doubled over  the next Myr.  In spite of  an about 1.5 times higher accretion rate in H1, the formation of multiple clumps and tidal interactions among  them disrupts the growth of central clump and consequently its mass is two times lower than for MH1. The tidal interaction of the clumps is evident from wiggles on the central clump mass plot.  Contrary to MH1, binary clumps form within the first few hundred kyrs in MH2  which result in about factor of  two lower clump masses than the H2. On the other hand in H2,  clumps forming during first 400 kyrs migrate inwards and boost the mass of the central clump which remains two times larger than MHD2 by the end of the simulations. The secondary clumps in H2  form at later times and mainly grow through mergers.  Overall, the mass accretion rate onto the main clumps is similar for both MH2  and H2.  In MH3, although the initial clump mass is a factor of 2-3 larger than H2  during the first 500 kyrs, multiple clumps merge over time in H3 boosting the central clump mass which becomes comparable to the MH3 case.  In general,  the masses of  the main clumps in both MHD and HD cases are $\rm \sim 10^5~M_{\odot}$ and  their mass distribution at the end of the simulations is shown in Fig. \ref{fig7}.  The clump mass distribution is bimodal, the masses of the central clumps in both MHD and HD runs peak at $\rm \sim 10^5~M_{\odot}$ while the masses of the secondary clumps mainly forming in HD runs have masses of $\rm 10^4~M_{\odot}$ except for one of the binary clumps in MH2.
In Fig. \ref{fig8}, we compare the migration timescale of the clumps from simulations with analytical estimates from \cite{Lin86} given in  equation 17 of \cite{Latif5Disk2}. We find that the migration timescales vary from  a few times $10^4 -10^5$ yrs depending on the clump mass and its distance from the centre of a disk.   These estimates are in good agreement with analytical models and explain the migration of  clumps  within 1 Myr after their formation.

\section{Conclusions and Discussion} \label{sec: discussion}

We have investigated  here the impact of magnetic fields on the formation of DCBHs by performing a suite of 3D MHD cosmological simulations for three distinct halos and have compared their results with HD runs.  These simulation are evolved for 1.6 Myrs  comparable to the expected lifetime of SMSs.  For MHD simulations, we have taken a fiducial value of $\rm 10^{-14}$ G for  the initial seed magnetic fields and also explored a case with $\rm 10^{-20}$ G. The simulated halos have masses of $\rm 10^7~M_{\odot}$ at z$\geq$ 12. This study has enabled us to quantify the role magnetic fields during the formation of SMSs.

We found that irrespective of  the initial field strength,  magnetic fields  get rapidly amplified  in the presence of  strong accretion shocks on  times scales shorter than the free-fall time and reach the saturation state.  These results are comparable with previous findings of L14, G19 and \cite{Hir21}. Such strongly amplified magnetic fields enhance the Jeans mass, stabilize the accretion disks and significantly reduce fragmentation. Overall, disks are more stable  and have larger sizes in MHD runs while a higher degree of fragmentation is observed in HD runs.  In spite of  lower initial clump masses in HD simulations, the higher clump merger rate yields  masses of the central clumps similar to the MHD simulations. The masses of  the central clumps  are $\rm \sim 10^5~M_{\odot} $   and the average mass accretion rate   $\rm 0.1 ~M_{\odot}/yr$. They are similar for both the MHD and HD runs. Multiple secondary clumps are found in HD runs by the end of the simulations contrary to the MHD runs.  In halo 2, two clumps have survived for more than 1 Myr and they are expected to form  a binary system.

We have assumed here an isothermal collapse mediated by strong LW radiation. However at densities above $\rm \geq 10^8 cm^{-3}$ radiative association of hydrogen atoms with electrons  results in  photon emission known as H$^-$ cooling. \cite{Latif2016} found that  H$^-$ cooling  decreases the gas temperature down to $\rm \sim$ 5000 K and causes small-scale fragmentation, the clumps at these scales are expected to migrate inwards.  Recently, \cite{Hir21}  included this process in their idealized simulations of atomically cooling gas cloud and  found a higher degree of fragmentation but most of the clumps were able to coalesce with main clump.  Therefore, we expect that the inclusion of H$^-$ cooling will have little impact on our findings but future MHD cosmological simulations should include this process. \cite{ls15} found that magnetic fields can launch Jets and outflows from magnetized SMSs, consistent with duration of gamma ray bursts \citep{Butler18,Sun18} and may even impact the host galaxy.  \cite{wet20a} and  \cite{Wmp21} estimated the radio emission from accreting DCBHs and found that they can be detected with upcoming radio observatories such as SKA and ng-VLA.

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\caption{Collapse redshifts, halo masses, initial and final clump masses  are listed here.}
\begin{tabular}{| c | c | c | c| c|c l}
\hline
\hline
Halo & $z$  & Halo Mass  & Initial field strength  & Initial Clump Mass  & Final Clump Mass  \\
    &         &            ({\ensuremath{\rm M_{\odot} }})            &         (Gauss)        &  ({\ensuremath{\rm M_{\odot} }})  &  ({\ensuremath{\rm M_{\odot} }})    \\
\hline
MH1  &  13.2  &  $\rm  3 \times 10^7$  & $\rm 10^{-14} $    &    8751 &  277561 \\
LH1 &    &   & $\rm 10^{-20} $   & 5038 & 169046, 209510  \\
H1 &    &    &     &  5796 & 124926, 88905, 15054, 9508  \\

MH2  &  12.15  &  $\rm 1.7 \times 10^7$  & $\rm 10^{-14} $    &  6976 &  136075, 32711  \\
H2  &   &    &     & 1257  & 254245,143027, 18265  \\
MH3  &   12.6 &  $\rm 2.3  \times 10^7$  & $\rm 10^{-14} $   &  4283 & 152833   \\
H3  &    &   &   & 3931 & 184758, 115722 \\

\hline
\end{tabular}

\label{tb1}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Temperature_test3.eps}
\end{center}
 \caption{ Average radial profiles of gas density, temperature, enclosed gas mass and magnetic field strength at the end of the simulations. The solid and dashed lines represent the MHD and HD runs, respectively.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Energies.eps
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{ The radial profiles show the ratio of magnetic to turbulent energy in the top panel and the magnetic energy normalized by the expected contribution from flux freezing under the assumption of spherically symmetric compression (leading to $\rm E_B \propto \rho^{4/3}$) in the bottom panel. The red, blue and green colors represent the simulations MH1, MH2 \& MH3, while the black solid line represents LH1 with an initial magnetic field strength of $10^{-20}$ G.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\hspace{-1cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.76]{Magnetif_field_x.ps}
\end{center}
\caption{The average magnetic field strength along the x-axis is shown here within the central 10 pc. The columns show the time evolution of the magnetic field strengths for the simulations MH1, MH2, MH3 and LH1.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\hspace{-1cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.76]{Density_Projection_x.ps}
\end{center}
\caption{The average density along the x-axis is shown here within the central 10 pc for both the MHD and HD runs. The columns show the time evolution of the disk in the MHD and HD simulations.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\hspace{-1cm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.76]{Density_Projection_x_2pc.ps}
\end{center}
\caption{Same as Fig. \ref{fig4} except that the central 2 pc view is shown here.}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{AccRate_pc.ps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Mass_pc.ps} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{AccRate_pc_2.ps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Mass_pc_2.ps} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{AccRate_pc_3.ps} &
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Mass_pc_3.ps}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{ The mass accretion rates for the central 0.1 pc of the halo and the corresponding enclosed masses are shown for the MHD and HD simulations. The solid lines represent the hydrodynamical runs, and the dashed lines the MHD runs.}
\label{fig6}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Clump_MF1.eps}
\end{center}
 \caption{The clump mass distribution at the end of the simulation for both the MHD and HD runs. The filled bars represent the MHD runs and the unfilled bars the HD simulations. The cyan color with crossed hatches shows the cumulative clump mass distribution.}
\label{fig7}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=1.0]{Tmig.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{ A comparison of the clump migration timescales from numerical simulations with analytic estimates. The solid lines show the analytical results assuming different masses for the central massive object, and the black squares correspond to the simulation data.}
\label{fig8}
\end{figure*}

\section{Acknowledgements}

MAL thanks the UAEU for funding via UPAR grant No. 31S390.  DRGS gratefully acknowledges support by the ANID BASAL projects ACE210002 and FB210003, as well as via the Millenium Nucleus NCN19-058 (TITANs). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. We thank Vanesa Diaz for helpful discussions.


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text:
BooksHarry Potter
By: draigonfire
COMPLETED In one night, two very different lives unexpectedly intertwined with the aid of lust, love, and 50 million galleons. Now, six years later, one truth does remain: nothing can be hidden forever. DG
Rated: Fiction T - English - Romance/Mystery - Draco M., Ginny W. - Chapters: 15 - Words: 80,576 - Reviews: 1,542 - Favs: 1,059 - Follows: 108 - Updated: 7/28/2004 - Published: 8/5/2003 - Status: Complete - id: 1462451
1. Stroke Of Midnight2. To Live The Lie3. Taking Out The Trash4. Intoxication5. Unexpected Visitors6. We Are Family7. Rows and Boats8. Sine Qua Non9. Here Without You10. The Power of a Kiss11. Of Luck and Timing12. The New Dawn13. Draco Malfoy, Private Eye14. And The Truth Comes Out15. For Whom the Wedding Bell Tolls
Disclaimer: I own nothing! Nada! Zero!
A/N* Yes, it's another D/G! What better ship to write? I won't be updating this fic quite as fast as I did with the other one once September (and school) starts, so bear with me.
Chapter 1. Stroke of Midnight
"Have we a deal?"
It felt so very odd to be sitting in Malfoy's parlor, sipping Malfoy's tea and speaking-yes, civilized conversation-with Malfoy's wife. Pansy didn't see to recognize her however, and the relief that washed over Ginny Weasley upon reailzing this was truly indescripable. Lacing her long fingers through the delicate porcelain of her teacup, she squeezed her eyes shut to ponder.
"It's a large task, Lady Malfoy," Ginny replied finally.
"And I'm paying a large amount of money," Pansy's voice was blunt, direct, and without emotion. Much like her husband, Ginny thought wryly, wrinking her nose at the image of Draco. Remembering her days spent at Hogwarts avoiding the Slytherins only increased the bubble of distaste threatening to implode in her stomach.
"50 million galleons," she whispered.
"Listen," Pansy said matter-of-factly, setting her cup down with practiced ease. She was an elegant woman, one of a cultured and dignified upbringing, one who understood the importance of reputation, of appearance, even if illegitamate. "I know you need the money, Miss-" She paused, cocking her head at Ginny curiously. "Did I not catch your name?"
"I think in cases like ours, it would be better that you didn't," Ginny said as courteously as possible.
The blonde frowned, and for a moment Ginny was afraid that she had displeased her last and most desparate source of money, but then the lines in her well-done face relaxed into a smile that had never appeared during her younger years. "I do understand why you would feel that way," Pansy said congenially. "I presume then you haven't done something like this before?"
"Of course not," Ginny replied, attempting to force the indignation out of her voice but failing with a vengeance.
"Mm," Pansy remarked, "Well, as I've learned, not many people are willing to do things like these in this day and age, you know."
"Not many people request things like these in this day and age," Ginny retorted a bit acidly.
"You're right," Pansy agreed, catching Ginny by surprise. "So as I was saying before, I believe the two of us cuold really benefit each other. I need the favor, you need the money, and I can supply you with the money."
"The money is for my father," Ginny said stiffly.
"The point is," Pansy went on, "We both get what we want, so we might as well just sign the contract now. Or is the sum not quite enough for you?"
"It's not that I need more money," Ginny sighed, "It's just a matter of-of morals. Ethics, values, that sort of thing."
The grin that appeared on Pansy's lips rendered her much more like the conniving Slytherin Ginny had known and loathed. "As you can see," she chuckled humorlessly, "Never had much of those myself. Never missed them, either. Sometimes you need to do to make do, lie to make truth, and if you don't tell yourself that your integrity is being compromised, it never really is."
"I think the whores on the streets could say the same," Ginny said.
"My dear, this isn't prostitution, not by a far stretch," Pansy pointed out patiently, regarding her with a mixture of ubiquitous amusement and frustration.
Ginny swallowed. "The concepts are awfully close though, if you ask me."
"Certainly not," Pansy dismissed. "The only person who can form a concept is you. You want to know what your problem is?"
"What," Ginny said warily.
"You don't understand that what this world sees isn't always what you see," Pansy said. "Some things turn out to be only you make them to be, nothing more, nothing less. So you can either look at this as a sacrifice of everything you stand for, or you can look at it as a logical, pragmatic way to achieve your money for whatever reasons you may need it for. Certainly there are other ways out there, but I'm here, and I'm offering you 50 million galleons which is more than an affable number, and you know that or you wouldn't be sitting across from me this moment."
"I have deadlines," Ginny responded.
Pansy snorted, leaning back and tapping her ivory cheek with a perfectly manicured finger. "And as we've discussed earlier, so do I."
Ginny met her eyes, recalling how brainless Pansy had always seemed back at school. Maybe it was marriage, maybe it was that she'd simply matured; either way, Ginny had to hand it to her: the woman was cunning. Heartless and decieving, perhaps, and bloody irritating even after two years, but utterly sly. She knew which buttons to push and she had the principles-or there lack of-to reach out and do exactly that.
"So have we a deal?" Pansy repeated.
"On one condition."
The house was magnificent.
Ginny glanced down at the slip of paper in her hand, squinting to read the address Pansy had printed in her loopy cursive. It certainly seemed the right house, what with it's raucous music and abundance of lights, but in wealthy neighborhoods like these, she felt more confident being absolutely sure.
Despite the richely made ballgown Pansy had so cordially lent her, Ginny was intimidated by this crowd, with their money and time to spare, throwing gatherings like these. She handed Pansy's invitation to the doorman with more surreptitiousness than intended, holding her breath and praying he'd never met the real Lady Malfoy. He gave a polite nod, and she moved to leave.
"Wait," the doorman called suddenly. "You can't go in there." Ginny froze, and he added, "Well, not like that, anyways."
"Not like what?" Ginny asked, sounding more confused than insulted.
"This is a masked ball," he explained, pointing to the invitation. He fished around in the trunk behind him and retrieved a feathered mask nearly the same shade as her borrowed dress. To her delight, it was large enough to cover all but her eyes and lips, and Ginny realized that she'd failed to cover the element of disguise.
Graciously and wordlessly, she slipped it over her thick red hair, hair that had always been long and curly but was tonight, for a change, smooth as silk. "Thank you," She said in a composed voice.
"Compliments of the house," he smiled.
Her mask securely in place, Ginny was safe to admire the rest of the house, her awestruck gaze trailing over the grand stairs and the countless couples wandering about. She stood awkwardly for a few minutes, unsure of what to do-well, more frankly, who to do. There were many men here tonight, most of them probably willing, who could easily help her fulfill her end of the bargain.
If Ron could have seen her this particular evening, Ginny doubted that even her brother would've been able to recognize her. For one, the corset of her old-fashioned gown pinched like no other. She wasn't overweight or anything like that, but she hadn't worked relentlessly on toning her stomach like Pansy, either, and thus possessed a tad more in the area to be squished flat. Consequently, she also had less to push up through the deep neckline, but not much less and she felt very much naked under the lustful stare of a passing man who was obviously drunk.
And her hair-it was her first time introduced to a professional straightener, and Ginny was really starting to enjoy the light strands of copper red that for once wasn't inches above her head. The miracles of modern beauty, she thought happily, momentarily forgetting the hours she'd had to endure for this achievement to be permanent.
"Beautiful, isn't it?" A voice behind her said. Ginny turned to see a dark- haired wizard, his blue eyes merry behind his mask, offering her a small shot of vodka.
She took it graciously, flashing him what she hoped to be a coquettish smile. "Marvelous," she agreed with a throaty laugh, and downed the entire glass. Looking around at this crowd she'd never run with, Ginny knew the alchohol would come in handy. She eyed the man from under a sheath of dark lashes, and the evening suddenly improved. Not even ten minutes into this party, she congratulated herself, and already I've found a someone tall, dark and handsome.
His eyes widened, no doubt impressed. "You know, I always did like to hear compliments," he chuckled, "It's my house."
Inwardly, she smiled. Even better, he's wealthy as hell, she thought, though taking another observation at the jovial guests she would estimate each one to live just as lavishly, if not more. "Then perhaps I spoke too soon," she replied tartly, winking at him and almost abashed at her own courage.
"Feisty, aren't we?" he said huskily, offering his hand. "I'm Marcus. Marcus Flint. But you knew that already."
Ginny nearly spit out the wine, trying her best not to blanch at his name. She rememebered Marcus Flint all too well, Slytherin captain of the quidditch team back at Hogwarts when she'd been young, and a completely slimeball. He was rather different now, having grown actual teeth-and they weren't brown, either, but she still shuddered at the thought that she'd considered him as a possible candidate. She promised herself then that whichever man she ended up choosing, she'd not ask his name, nor would she look at his true face.
"Um, pleasure to meet you, sir," Ginny choked out.
"You know," Flint said, oblivious to her discomfort, "We haven't done a masquerade ball in a while, but my house, er, excuse me, my mansion, is just perfect for one."
He watched her with smug eyes, waiting for her prompt to ask why. "Do explain," she coughed feebly.
"There are two dance halls in this mansion," he said, pride evident in every note, "The first one is to your left, and in there you rotate partners every fifteen minutes, until you find the right one, of course."
"And the second?" She was curious now.
"I'm getting to that," Flint was a bit irked at her interruption. "Once you find the person you want to dance with, the two of you move to the second hall, where you'll dance until you're allowed to remove the masks."
"When's that?" Ginny blurted out, distinctly aware that she was greatly ignorant to the traditions exhibited by the "upper class."
Flint sent her a look of disbelief. "At the sound of the midnight bell," he replied as if it were common knowledge even to toddlers. "My gods, one would think this was your first masquerade."
"Don't be silly," she mustered with a small titter, trying to feel less like a blithering idiot.
"So," he inched closer, and she held back a disgusted yelp. "Do tell me your name."
One of the waiters passed with a glittering tray of small champagne glasses, and Ginny's arm shot out to snatch one, gulping it down to buy her some time. "Don't think it matters," she finally winked. "What matters is that we shimmy on over to the ballroom and dance up a storm, don't you think?"
He seemed to be appeased with her ostentatious flirting efforts, and offered an arm gentlemanly. "Best idea all night," Flint said cheerfully. With a sigh of relief, Ginny followed suit, sure she would find an appropriate man before the long night was over.
Eight dances and two hours later, however, her exuberant confidence was beginning to wane severely. The first man had been an oaf-bloddy clumsy and crude to the tongue, though rather handsome, at least the part of him she could see. He would've done, as Ginny wasn't exceptionally picky especially considering the task, but the night was young then and what dignity she had left hopeful yet.
The second man wasn't much of an improvement, and what's more he was stout, perhaps in his thrities, and not quite hitting the five foot mark. The third had no respect for personal hygiene, the fourth gave Ginny uneasy suspicions that she was dancing with none other than Vincent Crabbe, and the others so horrid it pained her to recall them. By the time she had disentangled herself from the octupus that was her sixth partner, the first man had long disappeared.
Her feet ached and she trudged wearily to her new partner, almost afraid to be disappointed again. His palm was dry and smooth, making herself- conscious of her own clammy hands. With some resignation, she glanced up at him. Needless to say, when her gaze was met with inquisitive silver eyes, her stomach turned over in pleasant surprise. Physically, she had no complaints about this man; he was well over the six foot mark, slender but still muscled, with hair fine and skin fair, and his feet gracefully agile.
The man spun her around. "You know, I usually don't go to places like these," he said, his breath tickling her ear. "The idea of searching for a partner is rather unclassy."
Something about his voice sounded oddly familiar, and Ginny frowned. Hell, something about this man gave her a strange feeling, a sense of déja vu almost, that had nothing to do with the funny little nerves her heart was pumping to other nameless anatomies. For a second, she was tempted to ask his name, certain they'd met previously. But she shook off the feeling and chalked it up to paranoia, asking, "Then why are you here?"
"Business," he said simply, pulling her close. "And you?"
"I guess you could say business," Ginny replied.
"And is that all?"
She tilted her head in question. "What?"
"You said that like there were multiple reasons for your presence tonight," he explained. "It lead me to think there were other explanations."
Ginny hesitated. "Well, the idea of a masquerade attracts me," she said. "The pretense of disguise."
"May I ask why that is?"
"When you're under disguise," Ginny responded, "You can say what you want, do what you want, be what you want. And in the morning, everything is normal again. You haven't broken any rules, and whatever happened is simply buried in the passing night."
He dipped her now, eyes glittering with amusement and a glint of intrigue. His lips inches from hers, he commented, "I'd have to say that I agree."
She was admittedly disappointed when he didn't kiss her, and she wondered whether he had noticed. It again, reminded her of something from the past, but this time she could place her finger on exactly what it was: Harry. Harry, after they'd separated for several months, sitting in her apartment with unrestrained want only to gently inform her of his marriage to Cho. "Are you married?" Ginny asked suddenly, though in all honesty it didn't mean anything to her, or at least it shouldn't.
There was a slight pause. "Do you think I am?"
Ginny scowled. No doubt this was a party dominated with former Slytherins, all experts at question evasion. "I'd guess you to be in your early twenties-"
"Twenty-one," he confirmed.
"-and you're shockingly handsome," she continued.
He smirked. Damnit, Ginny thought, where have I seen that smirk before? "You flatter me," he said softly.
"Don't try to pretend you don't love the sight of your own reflection," Ginny chuckled. "Or that I'm the first to tell you so."
"I would never try to claim that other women don't find me devastating," He grinned, and she nearly melted then and there. "So what's the verdict?"
"I'd say either womanizing bachelor or childhood betrothal." Ginny stared at him expectantly, and an admiring smile graced his regal lips.
"I despise my wife," he admitted.
A slight twinge of something resembling disappointment resounded inside Ginny, but she pushed it away quickly. "I'm sure you have some fun with the marriage," she scoffed suggestively, taking on an indifferent tone.
"I consider it a job," he replied, stony eyes grim. "And I don't mix business with pleasure."
She took a step closer, her lips by his ear. "Does this mean you won't be having any fun tonight?" Ginny had never done well with sounding coy, but she made an honest effort at it now.
The grim was replaced with surprise. "Well," he murmured seductively, "Just like you, I'm not here completely on business."
Through the mask Ginny could still see structured cheekbones, a defined nose, and she fought the flitting urge to toss of what she was sure hid a striking face. It was the perfect moment, and with a reckless abandon she'd never before displayed, she pressed her lips to his, desparately hoping he would respond, and if he did, that he'd not notice her inexperience.
Like his hands, his lips were dry and soft, and unbelievably pliable. His tongue manipulated its way into her submitting mouth, and ever bone in her body became useless jelly the moment he deepened the kiss. Gods, she scolded herself, you're on the job and you can't fall for him, you can't let this affect you the way it's doing right now. But something else overtook that voice, and whatever reason or morality she still possessed flew out the window.
The kiss was hungry, devouring her with a lust she'd never before thought possible. It was primitive, and basic, composed of man and woman both starved for passion and affection, the kind that diminished all feeling except for the absorption of each other. She moaned into his mouth, and felt his mouth curl into a smile against hers before resuming their snog with a fiery vigor.
When they finally broke apart, hearts racing and gasping for air, there was a tall brunette with a withering stare glowering at both of them. "Time," she said disdainfully. "You have to change partners."
"I'm sorry, love," Ginny giggle, a bit tipsy from his drugging kiss, "But I don't want to change partners."
The brunette rolled her eyes and pointed impatiently towards the open hall. "Then you shouldn't be in here," she sneered.
Ginny snatched the man's arm, whirling through the masses and out into the hall in one fluid movement. "I do hate interruptions," she breathed as he slammed her into the wall and lowered his head to hers, suckling and nipping at her lower lip, alternating between the tenderness he'd exhibted during their dance and the not quite so. He moved his mouth wetly to her neck and then back again, hissing as she intertwined massaging fingers into the fine silver-blond silk that was his hair.
She was short on air now, her breath constricting with every lave of his tongue searching, but she wasn't willing to part from his lips either. If I die of suffocation, she thought distantly, I'll die one of the happiest witches in London. He didn't seem to be as intoxicated, however, because he pulled back and glanced up at the beautiful open hall surrounding them with a small smile.
Ginny was silent. She leaned against him, this man that she didn't even know, had never seen, and felt cold without the pressure of his warm lips, incomplete in some inexplicable way. Maybe he doesn't mix business with pleasure, she thought devilishly, lacking the energy and state of mind to speak as his tongue darted out against her earlobe, but I'm certainly ready to.
"What do you say we move to the other ballroom now," he said, the calmness of his voice and demeanor not only surprising her but giving her once again the feeling she'd encountered him before.
Glancing in the other direction, Ginny spotted a marble stairwell that provided a glimpse of countless guest rooms, bedrooms. "You know what?" She whispered breathlessly before his lips cut her off once more. "I have a better idea."
The Jonathan Dukakis Guest Room was perhaps one of the largest bedchambers Ginny had ever been in. Bringing her knees against her chest, she watched the shadows dance with glassy eyes, thankful for the heat emanating from the flickering fireplace. She huddled into the satin bedsheets, knowing she'd be much warmer should she be laced back into her gown but not wanting to make that undoubtedly frigid trip from the bed to where her dress was heaped on the ground.
He was asleep now, the mystery man who'd introducted her to a different world, the sheets a tangle around his waist but his mask still firmly in place. She'd requested it actually, not certain she'd be able to stomach it should this charming lover be hideously scarred or worse, someone she could fall in love with, someone so breathtakingly handsome she'd want to gaze at him for all eternity.
She thought then of Pansy, her words echoing mercilessly. Like hell it's not prostitution, Ginny thought vehemently, tearing her eyes from his sculpted chest and the addictive rhythm of his breathing. Of course, she'd chosen the man but didn't prostitutes do the same? And here she was, lying next to someone whose name she didn't even know, who'd claimed her sacred virginity. And that wasn't even the worst part.
The worst part was that Ginny had enjoyed it. She had succumbed to her own inner demons, to the one emotion she had always thought she felt around the men in her life-Harry, Seamus, Dean-until this night, this moment, when it struck her that there was no feeling comparable to what she'd experienced moments earlier. She'd felt it course through her, raw and pulsating.
Desire.
Except she could have dealt with that. She had wanted it, and she knew that. The acceptance that yes, she had started out on a mission but had ended up lusting just as much as he was, if anything, understandable. No, what nipped at her mind and conscience was the one thought that had overtaken her mind and soul during those pivotal moments of intense pleasure that had expanded into infininty, torturing her, bordering on pain enough so all coherent thoughts dissolved as her body melted into the heat that this man could bring. It was then that she realized that it was more than sex.
Love. Was it even possible to love someone she'd never met? Ginny had experienced lust before, as being twenty it wasn't exactly abormal. She could well distinguish between love and lust, or so she'd believed. "If it's meant to be," Hermione had once whispered, "Fate will put you together." A small smile came to her lips as she remembered Hermione's shining brown eyes, revealing to Ginny the starry-eyed dreamer that had never appeared in the classroom. But Ginny, never one to believe in destiny and soul mates, had always expected love to hit deep into relationships, not through acts that should've let her ashamed and dirty. It couldn't be love, she reasoned, stroking her hand across the broad chest of his sleeping form.
True, she didn't know who he was, but she knew he was amazing-a rare breed, really. She knew that when she first suggested the bedroom he'd declined, leading her out instead to the gardens where they spent blissful moments alternatively snogging and whispering. His fingers, his body, everything that she contacted set her into mad bouts of fire she never knew possible, leaving her weak and useless, needing, pleading for more. And above all, she knew that when his lips touched hers, she forgot about everything which had plagued her and her world became him.
And thus, Ginny was strangely relieved to remind herself that he was married; it somehow lessened the guilt of what she'd sought him out for. Knowing she wasn't the only one doing something wrong appeased her. Anyhow, if he hadn't a lady to return home to, she'd have wanted to become that woman, and she was sure that no matter how perfect this man was, he wouldn't forgive her for what she was about to do.
Ginny slid out of the bed, shivering as she was stepped into her dress. Even in the dim light he looked uncomparable, his slick blond hair not a strand out of place, and his complexion still flush and pink from their excursion. And oh, what an excursion it had been. "Who are you?" She whispered, lacing up her bodice and memorizing the contours of his face. But she had promised herself that this night would have no other attachments, and she'd not peek at what he truly looked like.
Then again, the task had been fulfilled. Well, not completely, but Ginny was nearly positive the hard part-the part where she gave up her ethics and her virginity-was over; she could feel it in the gut of her stomach. She had been prepared for this, the relinquishing of what she stood for because it was for her father, after all. Like Pansy had said, sometimes something just had to be done, and she just happened to be the one making the sacrifices.
What she hadn't planned on sacrificing, however, was her heart.
Ginny sighed, fastening the last button on her elaborate costume, and berated herself for her foolishness. She briefly wondered if he'd remember her when he awoke, and a part of her hoped beyond reason that he would. If it was meant to be. . .Hermione's voice echoed mercilessly. "If it was meant to be," Ginny said aloud, "Then if I left this man a souveneir, he would bring it back to me." Her face fell; she hadn't exactly come with an armload of ribbons to leave behind. But then she caught her own reflection.
Her hands flew instinctively to her neck in hesitation, the sparkling stone of her necklace winking back at her. The jewelry, a small sapphire teardrop fastened upon a delicate silver chain, had been a sixteenth birthday present from her brothers; they'd saved money meticulously for it. For five years she'd cherished it, never once taking it off, and a part of her chided the conscience that had dared consider leaving it here with a stranger. There was really nothing else, though, and Ginny had the strongest feeling that he'd appreciate possessing a remnat of their night together.
In one swift movement, she snapped the chain, lying the necklace across the pillow where she'd slept moments earlier. "Don't forget me," she murmured, brushing across his lips one last kiss. His crumpled tuxedo caught her eye, and a sudden idea crossed her mind. If she took a cufflink of his, then together they'd both be missing something materialistic, just like she was now deprived a certain piece of her heart she never knew existed.
Quickly, Ginny knelt down beside his clothes and dug furiously for his shirtsleeve. Every item was rich in texture, every fabric well- tailored, and as her fingers came into contact with cool metal, Ginny could guess his cufflinks were expensive, too. But as the small silver weight rested conspicuously in her hand, it was not the price that made her freeze and stare. That link, that intricate, elaborate serpent was one she'd definitely seen before, there was no denying that. She searched her memory, her brows creased in concentration as she fondled the silver snake now warm under the heat of her hands, and it struck her suddenly exactly where they'd appeared before.
But it couldn't be possible-that man had the power to spot a Weasley towns away, and the hatred to banish them even further, so this man couldn't be. . .oh gods, Ginny thought. The white-blond hair, the now- closed gray eyes and that mind-boggling smirk, those could only belong to one person, she realized, her throat immensely dry. There was only way to be absolutely sure, however, and with an anxious apprehension she strode to his bedside.
Her fingers trembling, Ginny reached for his mask and gingerly pulled it away so not to disturb his slumber. The firelight cast shadows on his face, making his handsome features less distinguishable, but there was no lying about it-it was him. The air was all of a sudden suffocating, and she backed away in horror, one hand wilding groping for a door. It couldn't be true, she thought frantically, it just couldn't.
But it was.
She, Ginny Weasley, had slept with and fallen for none other than the dragon himself.
Draco Malfoy.
~ End of Chapter 1
A/N* There! The first chapter. As you can see, it takes on a bit of a different tone than my previous fic. If Pansy seemed a tad OOC, it's just because this takes place a while after graduation, and she's kinda changed. You'll see a bit more of her personality later, and what invoked that change and stuff, but don't worry this is NOT a Pansy-dominated fic! Now review, please?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The combination of all of these code sources is generally called process hollowing — a tactic in which malware uses a particular process as a storage container and distribution mechanism for its code. One recent attack discovered by FireEye combined PowerShell, VB scripts and .NET in a single lethal package.
Attacks leveraging PowerShell are particularly on the rise. Last fall, IBM X-Force Incident Response and Intelligence Services (IRIS) demonstrated just how potent PowerShell-based exploits can be, since code is executed directly from a PC's memory. Plus, PowerShell can be used for remote access attacks and get around application whitelisting protections.
Given this growing threat, what can security teams do to help defend their organizations against fileless malware?
The general thrust of how to combat fileless malware begins with making sure your Windows computers are patched and up to date. Since one of the first tenets of threat actors is taking advantage of unpatched, older systems, to delay patch management is to introduce a vulnerability into your network. The spread of EternalBlue illustrated this well; the patch was available for more than a month before the exploit was launched.
The next step is to ensure you have a solid security awareness training regimen. This doesn't mean running annual exercises or sending out the occasional test phishing email. Instead, come up with a program that operates continuously and is always making users aware of the dangers of email attachments and clicking on links willy-nilly. Most fileless campaigns begin their life with a simple phishing email, so it is important to try to nip these entry points quickly.
Third is to understand the behavior of built-in Windows code so you can spot anomalies, such as when encrypted PowerShell scripts are installed to run as a service. The combination of the two — the encryption and the service feature — should be a red flag. Analysts sometimes see compression tools instead of or in addition to encryption as well. Another red flag is finding a PowerShell script hiding in the \TEMP directory; while not technically fileless, this code quickly moves to more dangerous parts of the operating system (OS).
Organizations should understand what happens when fileless malware first detonates. Just because you have a user who clicked on a malicious attachment doesn't mean the malware will stay on their PC. Instead, a typical behavior is for the malware to move across your network to find a richer target, such as a domain controller or web server. To prevent this, you should segment your network carefully and make sure you understand access rights, especially for third-party applications and users.
A common attack method is escalating privileges as malware moves around the network, which can be done using PowerShell, for example. They don't call it PowerShell for nothing: An actor can issue commands for reverse Domain Name System (DNS) queries, enumerate access control lists on any network share and find members of a particular domain group. This means one of the more basic controls for any malware is to restrict administrator rights to the minimum number of systems.
Many fileless exploits count on the profligate use of rights that aren't needed or are attached to users that have since left the company, or outdated rights for users who don't access the targeted applications anymore. Companies should develop methods to detect when these situations occur and be able to shut them down quickly. Organizations should also disable Windows programs that aren't needed. Not everyone needs PowerShell running on their computer, or support for the .NET framework. Even more effective is to eliminate support for ancient protocols such as SMBv1, which was what caused all the trouble with WannaCry.
Finally, while PowerShell can get around application whitelisting, it is still a good idea to deploy such controls. The more you know about how your users consume applications, the more likely you will be able to catch a piece of malware doing something that no other legit app has been observed doing. Another way is to disable macros, including Office macros, which are often abused by malware writers, although this isn't a universal solution because many users do need them to do their jobs.
As a side note, Windows can be used for more than just desktop computers, and threat actors will sometimes target embedded Windows point-of-sale (POS) machines. The attraction here is that these computers have direct access to payment card data, so having extra protection for this population is crucial.
Microsoft hasn't been standing still while fileless attacks run rampant. In fact, the company has developed an open interface called Antimalware Scan Interface that some vendors have begun using to make it easier to detect the "tells" of the fileless world, especially when it comes to analyzing scripting behavior.
In addition, anyone who wants to gain a better understanding of fileless attacks should check out the open source project AltFS. This is a complete fileless virtual file system to demonstrate how these techniques work, and it can be deployed on Windows and Mac PCs.
As you can see, fighting fileless malware attacks will take some serious effort and careful coordination among a variety of tools and techniques. With more unpredictable malware threats on the horizon, organizations should take steps today to strengthen their defenses.
The post How to Defend Your Organization Against Fileless Malware Attacks appeared first on Security Intelligence.


text:
Magnolia jardinensis is a tree native to Colombia and endangered due to its exploitation. Common names include Gallinazo blanco, copachí and centello.

Description
This tree can reach a height of up to 25 m and up to 60 cm in diameter. The bark is grey coloured with dark streaks. Young leaves have a woolly and golden pubescence. Leaves are spiralled, elliptic and chartaceous, 15.3 cm to 34 cm in length and 10.6 to 21.4 cm in width. They have a dense, golden pubescence on the underside, with a petiole streaked longitudinally. Flowers are cream-coloured, with a floral bud with three pubescent bracts, three sepals and eight pulpy petals. Fruits are small and elliptical.

Distribution and habitat

The tree is endemic to the Colombian department of Antioquia. It grows in tropical forest and in very wet low mountain forest, in the western cordillera of Jardín, between 1,900 and 2,800m altitude.

Uses
In the past it was probably a very sought-after logged timber species, similar to others species of its family.

Conservation status
Magnolia jardinensis was classified as a critically endangered species (CR) by the Red book of Colombian plants, which is due to its distributional range and because the population is very small.

Flowering and fruiting
The tree has flowers almost the whole year, with a slight decrease of the reproductive output during the month of June. It offers an abundant flowering with floral buds and opened flowers covering more than 20% of the top. Insects pollinate the flowers. The production of fruits is low, which is due to numerous miscarriages during this process. During the rainy season (December to February and August to September) the production of fruits increases. Seeds are scattered by birds and small mammals.

References

External links
 Botanical Garden of Medellín, and its scientific Director Alvaro Cogollo, leading Magnolia conservation science in Antioquia department.
 South Pole Carbon, company leading a Magnolia conservation programme in Antioquia with the help of carbon finance.

jardinensis
Endemic flora of Colombia
Trees of Colombia
Plants described in 2009

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Epstein Theatre Welcomes Double Bill Premiere This Weekend
by BWW News Desk
BroadwayWorld.com Oct. 15, 2019
Two brand new musical theatre shows are being premiered at Liverpool's Epstein Theatre this weekend.
Absolute Opera in association with Bill Elms present Matinee Musical Classics and Music Of The Night this coming Sunday (20 October 2019). Tickets are on sale now.
The double bill will showcase musical theatre classics, celebrating the very best West End and Broadway musicals and featuring the most iconic classic musical theatre hits of all time.
This new series of must-see musical theatre shows will star Liverpool-based internationally acclaimed classical Tenor Roy Locke, who will be joined be a special guest West End performer in each show.
Roy Locke has appeared in some of the most famous musical theatre roles of all time and performed on some of the world's most famous stages, including The Paris Opera and The Sydney Opera House. His portrayal of The Phantom in Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom Of The Opera won praise from theatre critics and audiences alike. He has gone on play the iconic role globally in three different productions.
Roy will be joined in the 2pm Matinee Musical Classics show by Liverpool's very own Emma Dears. The afternoon show promises sing-along classics from Nat King Cole to Dean Martin.
The 7.30pm Music Of The Night performance will see Roy joined by Olivia Brereton from Manchester. Theatregoers can expect a spectacular evening of West End and Broadway musicals highlights from Les Misérables, West Side Story, The Lion King, and The Phantom Of The Opera.
Emma Dears is widely recognised for her West End roles which have included Les Miserables, Miss Saigon, and Oliver. She played Helen Forrester's mother in the stage plays Twopence To Cross The Mersey and its sequel, By The Waters Of Liverpool. Emma has also toured the country with self-penned musical biopic Judy & Liza, based on the lives of mother and daughter Judy Garland and Liza Minnelli, Emma played Liza. Classic Judy and Liza songs will feature in Matinee Musical Classics.
Olivia Brereton made her stage debut in the UK tour of The Phantom Of The Opera before going on to play the role of Christine in the West End. Stage credits also include the West End revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Woman In White. Most recently, Olivia was part of the international tour of The Beggar's Opera.
A pre-show talk will take place at 6.15pm in the Epstein theatre bar prior to the Music Of The Night performance. Roy Locke will present Secrets Of A Phantom, giving theatregoers a fascinating insight into life as The Phantom, revealing entertaining behind-the-scenes stories from his whirlwind career. The talk is free for ticket holders for the evening show.
The Musical Director for Matinee Musical Classics and Music Of The Night is Tom Chester.
Producer Bill Elms commented: "We're excited to premiere two new shows, Matinee Musical Classics and Music Of The Night, at Liverpool's Epstein Theatre this weekend. The double bill promises a real treat for fans of musical theatre, and a wonderful opportunity to experience some of the most iconic show songs of all-time performed in once place.
"The artistes Roy, Emma and Olivia will wow audiences with their incredible talent. Join us for a relaxing afternoon or fabulous evening of real musical theatre highlights."
To book tickets please call 0844 888 4411* or go online at www.epsteinliverpool.co.uk * or in person at The Epstein Theatre Box Office from 12pm - 6pm Monday - Saturday.
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Libya-Analysis LLC
Eye on ISIS
International actors
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Other Jihadi Actors
ISIS in Libya Propaganda
20 February – 26 February: LNA claimed to have taken control of Murzuq
Feb 26, 2019 | Libyan actors
On 20 February, the Libyan National Army (LNA) claimed to have taken control of Murzuq after clashes with the South Protection Force (SPF). However, the LNA withdrew from the city that evening. Clashes resumed for the following two days, with the LNA taking control of the strategic locations of Murzuq castle, army barracks, municipal building and Martyrs Square by 22 February. On 23 February, Riot Police and Central Security were handed security responsibility in Murzuq as LNA forces progressed toward the broader Murzuq area, with clashes continuing to erupt between the LNA and SPF. On 24 February, LNA units from the 106 Brigade and the Khalid bin Walid Battalion deployed to Murzuq to support clearing operations.
On 21 February, the Libyan National Army (LNA) announced that it had taken over the security of al-Feel oilfield without any fighting. It has been reported that negotiations were undertaken with Zintani and other local forces who were securing the field. The LNA has claimed it has started the process of handing over the security of the field to the Petroleum Facilities Guard. The National Oil Corporation (NOC), which operates the field in conjunction with Italy's Eni, has expressed concern over the situation in the field.
On 23 February, the LNA's Tariq bin Zayed Battalion was involved in clashes in the Umm al-Aranib area against Chadian militias. On 24 February, the Khalid bin Walid Battalion mobilised to Umm al-Aranib to support LNA forces preparing for an assault on the Chinese Building Complex.
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With over 50 years of collective investment, industry and management experience, Creon Capital's executive team is a unique combination of seasoned venture capitalists and best in class investment professionals who not only navigate in volatile and uncertain macro-economic environments (VUCA) but build cohesive strategies for finding the exceptional investments with the outstanding returns.
Ruslan brings more than 10 years of experience working financial and investment advisory services. Throughout his career..


This revised and updated book is intended for undergraduates, graduate students, and practicing physicists who want to learn new Mathematica techniques for. Radial Distribution Function for One-Dimensional Triangle Well and Ramp Fluids . New this month. Fraunhofer Diffraction through a Rectangular Aperture. This title will lead toward an understanding of Mathematica that allows the reader to solve problems in physics, mathematics, and chemistry. Mathematica is the.
Designed as a supplement for any of the core advanced undergraduate and graduate physics courses, Mathematica for Physics chooses the canonical. 1 Jun - 7 min - Uploaded by ChiDotPhi Mathematica for Physics - Introduction to Mathematica. This video will give a basic. Mathematica is the most widely used system for doing mathematical calculations by computer, including symbolic and numeric calculations and graphics.
4 Feb Mathematica with Physics. 1. 1. The First Encounter. 3. The First Ten Minutes. 3. A Touch of Physics. 6. Numerical Calculations. 6. The basics of computer algebra and the language of Mathematica are that allows the reader to solve problems in physics, mathematics, and chemistry. Introduction. My primary degree is in physics and secondary in software engineering. Prior to learning wolfram language, I knew languages. 14 Dec metacometcrossfitandyoga.com > physics > arXiv Physics > Physics Education for Physics majors designed to teach Mathematica skills in support of. There are two interfaces to Mathematica: (i) the command line interface, and (ii) the Mathematica remotely on another machine the notebook interface will not.


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Electrical Trade Bodies
The Institution of Engineering and Technology was formed by the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) and now has more than 150,000 members worldwide. It is the largest professional engineering society in Europe and the second largest of its type in the world.
NICEIC is a trading name of Certsure an organisation which came out of a partnership between Electrical Safety First and the Electrical Contractors' Association (ECA). NICEIC acts as the electrical contracting industry's independent voluntary regulatory body for electrical installation safety matters throughout the UK and maintains and publishes registers of electrical contractors that have been assessed against scheme requirements, including the national electrical safety standard BS 7671, the IEE Wiring Regulations.
Founded over 100 years ago, the Electrical Contractors' Association (ECA) is the UK's largest and leading trade association representing electrical, electronic, installation engineering and building services companies.
NAPIT was formed in 1992 as the National Association for Professional Inspectors and Testers, with the aim of setting standards for industry. Since then NAPIT's role has evolved and expanded to be one of the fastest growing Government Approved register holders for Part P Registered Domestic Electrical Installers (both full and defined scope) while continuing to serve the needs of those carrying out equipment testing and electrical installation and testing in commercial and industrial sectors.
Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors is the Leading Employers Trade Association for the Plumbing and Heating Industry in England and Wales.
The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE) is the UK's professional and technical body for all plumbing and heating professionals. It originated in 1906 as The Institute of Plumbers and since 1957 has been known as The Institute of Plumbing (IoP). CIPHE came into being on 4 June 2004 when IoP corporate members agreed that the new title better reflects their scope of work and firmly identifies plumbing and heating as an engineering discipline.
The British Standards Institute (BSI) provide organizations from all sectors with best practice solutions and standards that represent and support the needs of business and society in the UK and worldwide.
ELECSA started out as a joint venture between FENSA and the BBA to deliver an independent, no nonsense, certification scheme for tradesmen who undertake domestic electrical installation work. Such independent certification is required by Government as evidence that you are competent to undertake electrical work in accordance with the Building Act 1984, and specifically Approved Document P "Electrical safety in Dwellings". Elecsa is now part of Certsure.
City and Guilds are the UK's leading vocational awarding body. The City and Guilds 2382, 2391, 2394, 2395 and 2393 qualifications are of the most importance to practising electricians.
Benchmark – now part of NAPIT are a certification organisation accredited by UKAS. Benchmark started out specialising in heating engineers, but was now increasingly certifying electricians for Domestic Installer and Part P work prior to them becoming part of NAPIT.
UKAS are the UK accreditation service. All organisations which offer professional and trades certification need to be authorised by UKAS.


Among children, pets, and all things in between, your carpets endure a beating. If you are like most people who dislike those commercial carpet cleaners that result in your house smelling awful for hours, you shouldn't compel yourself to use them. Actually, many such carpet cleaning products can not only damage or stain your sofas, carpets, or curtains, but they can potentially harm the environment, as well as your health.
You can use the deodorizing quality of borax or baking soda for creating an effective carpet cleaning solution. Make a mixture of 2 cups cornmeal and 1 cup borax, and disperse the mixture liberally over your carpet or rug. Allow it to sit for about an hour, and then vacuum. Besides being gently abrasive in texture to lift dirt away from the carpet, cornmeal also dispels the borax. The same procedure can be followed using baking soda in the mixture, rather than borax.
Make a deodorizing carpet shampoo by combining baking soda with water. For light cleaning, adjust the solution consistency, such that it can be easily squirted from a plastic dispenser bottle. For spot treatments, make a thicker paste and pat it onto the region you wish to clean. Vacuum the area after it dries up completely.
Add 1/2 cup gentle, biodegradable dish cleanser to 1 pt. boiling water, and let the mix cool down. Work the ingredients into a frothy mix by beating them with an electric mixer, and then apply it to the carpet using a damp sponge. Using a clean cloth cautiously dab a solution of 1 cup white vinegar in a gallon of warm water onto the carpet, without saturating the area. Repeat the vinegar rinse process several times using a fresh cloth for each application. Soak up dry with a clean towel.
An ink stain can be countered by sprinkling a cream of tartar over it, followed by some freshly squeezed lemon juice. Apply some pressure to hold the solution over the discolored spot for at least one minute, remove or brush away any extra powdery substance, smudge the stain with a moist sponge, and allow the area to dry.
One of the most effective ways to tackle stains of blood and chocolate is the classic club soda treatment. Repeatedly dampen stains with a wet cloth drenched in club soda. Make use of fresh clothes as required.
The essential oils including tea tree, lavender, and lemon contain antifungal and antibacterial properties. Combine them with either dry or fluid- based homemade carpet cleaners. Conduct a prior spot test on an unnoticeable part of your carpet to make sure the oils won't stain the fabric.
Sometimes, you already have plenty on your to-do- list, and regular carpet maintenance isn't likely the topmost one in your list of priorities. Fortunately, with the rising trend of eco-friendly cleaning, more and more professional cleaning services are switching over to natural, green cleaning products. Hire a professional carpet cleaning service that strictly employs non-toxic, environmentally friendly cleaning products.


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List By Body Parts
List By Medicine
Hyperphenylalaninemia
Body Parts: Whole Body
Medical Subjects: Children's Health Nervous System
What Kind Of Disease Is Hyperphenylalaninemia?
It is the most common amino acid metabolism disease, which can cause children's mental retardation. It is the first treatable and preventable genetic disease in medical history. Heel blood can be used to detect this disease after birth. Phenylketonuria is a type of hyperphenylalanineemia.
Who are the common people with hyperphenylalaninemia?
It is common in newborns with family genetic history.
What Causes Hyperphenylalanineemia?
This is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by mutations in disease-causing genes. It is divided into two categories according to the different enzymes affected: Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency.
What Are The Main Symptoms And Manifestations Of Patients With Hyperphenylalanineemia?
Different types have different clinical manifestations. Symptoms gradually appear after 3 to 4 months of birth. The skin color becomes lighter and lighter, the hair color becomes yellow, and sweat and urine have a rat smell. With age, mental retardation, microcephaly, and saliva increase, which may be accompanied by seizures, abnormal behavior and personality.
BH4 deficiency can also manifest as dyskinesia, dystonia and so on.
How Is Hyperphenylalaninemia Diagnosed?
According to the significant increase in blood phenylalanine concentration and the ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine greater than 2.0, the diagnosis can be confirmed after differential diagnosis. Genetic testing found that genetic mutations can not only confirm the diagnosis, but also determine the type of hyperphenylalanineemia.
How Should Hyperphenylalanineemia Be Prevented?
This disease is preventable and curable, and the focus is on prevention, avoiding close relatives getting married, and timely newborn screening, early diagnosis and early treatment.
Related genetic testing can be performed before giving birth if there is a clear family history.
Avoid foods high in phenylalanine such as meat, fish, and soy products.
How Is Hyperphenylalaninemia Treated?
The sooner the treatment, the better, and lifelong treatment is advocated. Individualized low-phenylalanine diet is still the main treatment at present. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid, and blood concentration should be monitored regularly to prevent it from being too low. BH4 deficiency also needs to be supplemented with BH4 or levodopa replacement therapy.
What is the prognosis of hyperphenylalanineemia?
The prognosis is related to the severity of the disease, the sooner or later treatment, and compliance. Most of the mental and physical development can reach or close to the normal level, normal school, employment, marriage, and childbirth. A reasonable diet is the key to improving the prognosis.
Whole Body Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Medical Subjects: Infectious Disease
Whole Body Poisoning By Sleeping Pills Medical Subjects: Digestive System
Whole Body Group A Streptococci Infection Medical Subjects: Skin
Whole Body Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever Medical Subjects: Infectious Disease
Whole Body Cancer Pain Medical Subjects: Tumor
Whole Body ADH Hypersecretion Syndrome Medical Subjects: Brain Kidney
Whole Body Opioid Overdose Poisoning Medical Subjects: Digestive System Kidney
Whole Body Dwarfism Medical Subjects: Genetic disease
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You might think I'm mad but...: How can you say that your [version] is [truer] than ours?
How can you say that your [version] is [truer] than ours?
Disclaimer, this blog post is about my impressions of the residue left on Vietnam from the Vietnam War. I will be including some photos that really affected me and as these are photos of victims of Agent Orange they are not pleasant to look at. I will post these at the bottom so if you don't want to scroll down to view them you won't need to.
Imagine being in a dark tunnel, deep and winding. There is no light to guide you and you need to move fast around the bends crouched low so as not to hit your head, breathing in the dust. At points, your feet give way and you fall to a lower level and for a few steps you crawl forward until you hit a wall. Reaching up, you drag yourself back to the higher level. Pushing forward, panic sets in as you hear the drone of the airplanes above you. Have they discovered this deep and secret place you and your village live in?
Before arriving in Vietnam, I didn't know much about the Vietnam war - the little I knew was garnered from TV shows/movies where the American veterans were being honoured. What else I knew was about the protests and it was all from the American perspective. Vietnam changed that for me and opened my eyes to another piece of the truth.
On our first day in Ho Chi Minh, we visited the War Remnants Museum. I can't begin to describe just how profound an affect this had on me. I couldn't stay in one room because the images and words I was reading were causing me to feel overwhelmed. This room included photos taken by American and International photographers. Some included statements from former soldiers long after the Vietnam War had ended. The most disturbing of these photos was of some women and children which had been taken just moments before they died. The photographer left a statement with the photo that he knew they were going to die right after he took the photo and a result he wouldn't turn around to look back as he heard the shots.I had to leave and go sit outside. I just felt heavy as if there was huge weight on me that I couldn't shake.
Agent Orange was a pesticide that was sprayed to clear away the forests of Vietnam so that the Vietnamese would be easier to spot for American soldiers. What the soldiers spraying this pesticide didn't know was the effects this would have on them, their bodies and the families even to this day. The effect on the Vietnamese landscape, water supplies, natural habitats and lives is even more disturbing. The men and women who came in contact with this pesticide directly either were killed or maimed. In Vietnam alone it is estimated that number may be as high as 400,000 people. Sadly, it's effects did not stop there. Even now sterility and birth defects are a considered a common side effect of this herbicide. Since the Vietnam War around 500,000 children have been born with birth defects directly linked to Agent Orange.All this we learned on our first day. While there were some things that were obviously propaganda and contained some Anti-American sentiment, it was also understandable to us why this would be so. After all, America was the one that sprayed the country with this horrid pesticide that was still affecting them all these years later.
When we visited the Cu Chi Tunnels a few days later we were shown an extremely obvious propaganda film that looked as if it was as old as the Vietnamese War. Whilst there, we got to experience life as a Cu Chi Tunnel fighter. We able to see the weapons and traps they used against American soldiers. Some of these were extremely lethal - doors, when opened let a trap fall from the ceiling full of spikes that you stab you in the chest and face. The most telling experience I had was here. We got to enter the tunnels which were widen for tourists. I had to crouch/crawl at some points, short as I am and at others I felt claustrophobic. In fact, I told my friend goodbye at one exit and went part way up the steps to breathe with the intention of not re-entering. However, this was something I wanted to experience. There aren't many chances where you can actually feel the way someone felt in a situation you have never experienced. I couldn't let that go by me. So I swallowed my fear and gave it my all and fought through what was increasing panic and being in a dark, tight place. Harder still was it to imagine that this tunnel had actually been widen so I could get through. I can't put myself in their shoes, not really. I don't hear the planes roaring above me, the panic seeping in as I wind my way through the tunnel knowing that there is a soldier behind me. I don't know what is to run blind through this tunnel, I have lights to guide me. I don't have to sleep in the doorway of a tunnel that is my home, blind in the darkness that seeps into my core. This was the life of the men, women and children of the Cu Chi area.
So you might think I am mad to have let what could probably be considered blatant propaganda to affect me so deeply. However, no matter how hard I try I can not escape the reality that this truth is there and that the American truth is not better that theirs. It's just another version that gives us their all - their piece of the story. Whilst there may be some lies mixed in with the truth some things that America did were truly awful. One only needs to look at former Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey to know that it's too easy to let evil slip into our lives especially when there is the heat of the battle to influence you and allow you to commit terrible atrocities. However, there is still hope, a chance that if America makes proper reparation for it's part in maiming the lives of people that America and Vietnam could one stand as brothers, shoulder to shoulder, who carry no arms. My takeaway from this experience is that apathy is our enemy but a bigger one may just be allowing ourselves to be caught up doing evil in the name of doing right.
PS This post was inspired by what I saw and experienced whilst in Ho Chi Minh and visiting the Cu Chi Tunnels. I don't believe that this blog can ever give justice to how I feel about the Vietnam war and the terrible atrocities committed there and the effects they still have. I was listening to Mumford and Sons recently and their song "I gave you all" brought back to me some of my feelings and I realised that as strongly as I had felt whilst in Vietnam I had yet to really vocalise just how much this trip affected and changed me.
This post only records my impressions and feelings on finding out the Vietnamese perspective. This is not meant as a condemnation of anyone.


Crime writer Helen Cadbury will give a talk and meet her readers at the new home of Ashington Library tomorrow as part of Read Regional.
The event at the library, inside Ashington Leisure Centre, runs from 7pm to 8pm.
Tickets cost £2.50 and can be booked on 01670 622262.


English Class 2014: Global Warming is the main environmental problem facing us nowadays?
Global Warming is the main environmental problem facing us nowadays?
In this essay I will be discussing if global warming is a real problem that facing us today. This is an issue very controversial nowadays in all kind of social and educational levels, such as common people, scientists, businessmen's and politicians. I will examine the arguments in favor to the motion and the ones against it. For people who don´t know what global warming is, it can be summarised in a process that makes the earth to increase the global temperature.
In the other hand, according to Charlotte Meredith, global warming is something that we don't have to be worried about. He says global warming is just a natural change of the earth, they say the earth pass through periods of higher and lower temperature and that nowadays were are passing through a period of high temperature, and like in the Ice Age is going to pass. Another people says that the changes of temperature are to low that we don't have to be worried about it. According to Town Hall magazine said that there hasn't been a increase in the temperature of the earth since 1997, so what the magazine is saying that if nowadays there is no global warming, of what we are worried about?
To summarise, on one side someones says that this is a big problem nowadays because is making ecosystem changes in the earth and is making the deserts to expand and the poles to melt. On the other hand some scientific says that this is a period the earth is passing through or that is to minimum to be worried about. In my opinion global arming is the main environmental problem facing us today, because there are proofs that demonstrate that the desserts are expanding and the poles melting, thats something I thing mankind must be completely worried about. To stop this I thing companies have to reduce the emissions of their factories.


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first_name: James
last_name: Kiraly
img: /assets/img/people/JamesKiraly.jpg
email: first.middle@imp.ac.at
country: American
member_from: July
member_till: August 2019
position: VBC Summer Student
---

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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KEVIS HOUSE GALLERY
E R I C E N N I O N ( 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 8 1 )
Eric Ennion is recognized as one of the 20th Century's most talented and original wildlife artists, specialising in the depiction of birds.
Ennion was brought up in Burwell, on the edge of the Cambridgeshire Fens where he developed a passionate interest in birds and other wildlife.
Educated at Epsom Collage and Cambridge, he trained as a doctor and joined his father's practice in 1926. Being a doctor secured an income to support himself and his family whilst allowing the freedom to study, paint birds and indulge his passion for natural history. He held his first one-man show at the Greatorex Galleries in 1937.
After the war, Ennion gave up medicine and became the first warden of the pioneer Field Study Centre at Flatford Mill in Sussex. During the 1950s he ran a Bird Observatory and Field Centre at Monks House in Northumberland. His later life was spent in Wiltshire.
Ennion travelled widely in Britain, and made several trips abroad, to watch and sketch birds.
He was the author of eleven books, illustrating all but one himself, and the illustrator of many works by a number of other authors.
Ennion was a founding member and Honorary Vice President of the Society of Wildlife Artists.
Kevis House Gallery Kevis House Lombard Street Petworth West Sussex GU28 0AG 01798 215 007 mail@kevishouse.com


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Apple Tops Fortune's Most Admired Companies List
By Jeff Gamet
Mar 2nd, 2008 3:00 PM EST
Apple managed to land the top spot in Fortuneis Americais Top 20 Most Admired Companies 2008 list. Apple was trailed by other well known companies including Google, Starbucks FedEx, Microsoft, and BMW.
Fortune commented "It is a tribute to its CEO that Apple, which ten years ago seemed headed for the slag heap, is No. 1 on this list. Steve Jobs has always had a knack for weaving magic out of silicon and software. But who knew he could build a $24 billion (in sales) company on the strength of a portable jukebox and a computer with a single-digit market share?"
While Apple ranked high in key areas like innovation, people management, and product quality, it received a low rating in social responsibility. Even so, the Cupertino based company ranked well ahead of Microsoftis 16th place slot.
Fortune added that Steve Jobsis marketing pitch leveraged the iPodis success and was simple. "Apple products work, and if you buy more than one, they work better."
Jeff Gamet


The Gateway to Knowledge is a condensation of the Tripitaka and its accompanying commentaries. Consolidating the intent of Buddha Shakyamuni's teachings into a unified body of textbooks, it is the philosophical backbone of the living tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. This rich source book embodies the basics of Prajnaparamita and Madhyamika as well as Abhidharma from both the Mahayana and Hinayana perspectives. Every volume in this series includes the Tibetan text and the English translation on facing pages.
Volume III contains explanations on the five skandhas, the Hinayana and Mahayana, Buddha Nature and the conditioned and unconditioned.


This report develops an algorithm for the detection of cracks on bridge structures, based on the Wavelet Transform (WT). A review of the state of the art techniques for crack detection of beams and bridges is made, and studies for the effectiveness of Finite Element Modeling and WT characteristics, such as wavelet type and noise effects, are performed. The results are used for the development of a robust approach to detecting damage in bridge structures, introducing the concept of multiple-support-bridge crack detection. Both direct use of mode shapes and of moving load approaches to detection are made, commenting on the advantages and drawbacks of each. An overall assessment of the state of the art of WT damage detection is given in the concluding paragraphs.


Tucked away between Seven Hills and Parma, West Creek Reservation's wide open spaces and forested ravines appeal to nature lovers.
While neighborhoods surrounding most of the nine-mile West Creek are densely developed, this 326-acre reservation preserves a valley of rocky gorges, forest-draped hillsides, floodplains and babbling brooks.
Bluebird Point is a viewing area along an easily accessible all purpose loop trail at the top of a 22-acre landfill.
The Overlook Bridge is located at a terminus of the all-purpose trail and offers scenic views of the West Creek.