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Sacred Forestry: The Case of Rajasthan, India
by Deep N. Pandey
It is estimated that about 25,000 sacred groves and other sanctified ecosystems, varying in size between 0.1 ha. to 500 ha., are in existence in Rajasthan. This is based on the extrapolation of a study based on the ratio of 1027 recorded groves and number of villages of Rajasthan. This is a preliminary conservative estimate; the actual number may be substantially more than this number. This paper is areview of various studies of sacred landscapes conducted in Rajasthan.
Sacred groves are known under various names in Rajasthan as sacred groves (deora, malvan, deorai, rakhat bani, oran, etc.), sacred corridors (deo ghats), temple forests (mandir van) and sacred gardens (baugh).
Even though we have few studies, sacred groves in particular, however, are among the most researched areas. Dietrich Brandis, as early as 1887, gave initial information on sacred groves of Aravallis. He wrote, 'though very few papers have been published on sacred groves, this does not mean that such areas do not abound in India'. Commenting on the sacred groves of Rajasthan, particularly Rajputana and Mewar area, he wrote that in Pratapgarh and Banswara such groves are common. Here trees of Anogeissus pendula abound. People do not cut wood for personal use. Only dead and fallen trees are removed for religious work such as the repair of the temple or funerals. Joshi (1995) writing on the ethnobotany of Rajasthan provided interesting insights on tribal traditions of maintaining sacred groves. We studied sacred groves of southern Aravallis between January 1991 and August 1994. Information on ecological, social, religious and economic aspects was collected in addition to various traditions of indigenous resource management. The available resources, biodiversity, social beliefs, threats and factors responsible for biodiversity depletion, economic status of village people, suggestions for conservation of sacred groves and joint forest management were studied in the context of the sacred in nature. We also carried out a study at Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh, Rajsamand and Tonk (Pandey 1996, 1997, 1998). AFC (1997) published a report on sacred groves of Ajmer and Udaipur Districts of Rajasthan. Recently two case studies of Orans in western Rajasthan were carried out by Jha et al. (1998) and Singh and Saxena (1998).
Sacred Groves
For this review, we have classified the sacred areas in to sacred groves, sacred corridors, temple forests, sacred gardens and inhabited groves.
Sacred groves in Aravallis and Vindhyas can be classified into three major groups. In the first group we classify groves located near the village and close to a water source. Such groves are also at the top of small hillocks in Aravallis, where people worship Bheruji, Bawsi and Mataji. Khanpa Bheruji, Kukawas Bheruji, Badi Roopan Mata etc. are the example of such sites in Udaipur. In the Vindhyan tract of Kota Bundi, Baran and Jhalawar such groves abound.
The second group of groves is dedicated to Lord Mahadeo. Vegetation of the entire watershed is often protected as groves. Sometimes part of the vegetation in a watershed is protected. Large trees and a water source are the main characteristics of these groves. Water sources developed as open and step wells (Bawdi) may be seen at Ubeshwarji, Kamalnath, Gautmeshwasji,
Taneshwarji and Jhameshwarji. Sometimes both groups can also be found in the same village.
The third type may be as a single tree. In Kotra forest range several large trees of Ficus benghalensis are seen. Because of development of aerial and prop roots these trees look like a grove. The tradition of protecting Peepal, Gular and Bargad trees is not only found in
Rajasthan but also in other states of India. The tradition is also reported from other Asian and African countries.
In northern parts of Aravallis various forms of sacred groves are maintained. These are known as kankar bani, rakhat bani, dev ouranya, vall and dev bani.
Large tracts of tree-bearing land in otherwise desertified western Rajasthan are called Orans. These Orans are identical to sacred groves in Aravallis and they offer similar advantages. One of the finest examples of Oran is Ramdeora in the Jaisalmer District in Rajasthan. Species in most of the Orans are Prosopis cineraria, Zizyphus mauritiana and Salvadora sp. In Jaisalmer District most of the Orans support Caparris aphylla. Shrubs include Calotropis procera in Jaisalmer and Zizyphus sp. in Jodhpur Districts. However, comparatively sacred groves in Aravallis and Vindhyas are larger in area coverage.
Important Orans in Sirohi, a semi-desert district in Rajasthan, include Pichheshwar Mahadeo near Pindwara, Voreshwar Mahadeo in Sheoganj, Sarneshwar Mahadeo near Sirohi (famous for its step-well), Mochal Mataji in Sheoganj (particularly famous for animals like Chinkara and Neelgai), Baleshwari Mataji Oran in Pesua village (famous for a very large Rayan tree) and Varada Hanuman ji which supports several old Prosopis cineraria trees.
Scholars are not unanimous about the origin of sacred groves. It is often believed that during shifting cultivation a part of the forest is left undisturbed. Here all the species found in the area are protected. These areas might have developed as sacred groves (Hazra, 1974 & 1980, Gadgil & Vartak, 1976). Such sacred groves often protect watersheds and water sources. There is a popular theory that sacred groves that protect a water-shed or water source might have originated because of the people's belief that a deity located near the grove yields water for agriculture. However, it is also possible that groves are the result of the reasoned assertion rather than the instinctive behaviour of the communities. As an editorial in Down to Earth (1994) points out, 'To use sacred groves as an assertion that people in India and other tropical countries have been aware, from very early times, that their forests are ecologically fragile is a statement of the obvious. The decline of forest cover has undoubtedly grave consequences. Denuded of tree cover, tropical lands move quickly towards infertility and erosion. Sacred groves uphold the notion that nature must be harnessed or used only within limits.'
In a state like Rajasthan, where water is scarce for farming, animal husbandry and drinking purposes, it is understandable. Forests in hills reduce the runoff and help in ground water recharge. The water thus becomes available in the Bawdi (step-well) or pool located within
the sacred grove during the lean months. Water also brings minerals and fertilisers in rich quantities. It is then logical that such resources are protected and conserved by the people. People might have institutionalised these arrangements during the course of time by attaching sacred value to it, to make collective management easy and long-lasting. Sacred groves are the result of a complex ethno-scientific thinking of the local communities (Pandey, 1996).
Biodiversity and resource use
Floral biodiversity in scared groves is very rich. Sacred groves not only yield several non-timber forest products, they also harbour multiple-use livelihood goods. Resources that are traditionally obtained from trees and plants located in sacred groves include fodder, fruits, dry fallen wood, seeds and ethno-medicine. Sacred groves are the important source of water for traditional irrigation systems in Aravallis.
These areas also provide habitat, water and nest-sites for wildlife and birds. Several species of honey-bees nest in large trees in sacred groves. Honey not only provides livelihood to the people who collect and sell it in the local market, it also saves bees from local extinction. Thus Peeple
(Ficus religiosa), Bargad (Ficus benghalensis) and Gular (Ficus glomerata) trees are important for sustainability of the honey industry and local employment. Important trees like Neem (Azadirachta indica) abound in sacred groves. Neem is an important ethno-botanical
tree. Khajjur (Phoenis sp.) trees provide carbohydrate in the form of dry fruits to the local people. It also gives them employment through the collection and sale of leaves used for broom-making.
Khajjur groves located near Deola and Zhed are some important roosting places for fruit-bats. Several cavity-nesting birds excavate their nest in these trees. Large trees in forest areas in Aravallis are becoming rare. Trees in groves provide nest and roost-sites for birds that help farmers by eliminating insect pests. One of the studies found that sacred groves of Aravallis provide cavity nest-sites to three species of parakeets, seven species of owl, one species of kingfisher, five species of woodpeckers, two species of barbets, two species of mynas and two species of tits. It also offers nest sites for one species of roller, tree creeper and hoopoe. It is also believed that seven other species could be breeding in these areas; however, no substantial evidence was available during this study.
Some sacred groves support only one species of trees. e.g. Malpur, Rama Rathore, Valiakheda and Dhaikhera harbour teak trees (Tectona grandis), while Zed and Devla groves support Khajjur trees. Sacred groves in Vindhyas mainly consist of Dhok (Annogeissus pendula), Khakhra (Butea monosperma) in the hills and undulating plains. However, sacred groves along the water streams mainly consist of Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii).
Karneshwar Sacred, located in the outskirts of Kota, is one of the finest examples of agrove located along the stream. It supports at least 53 species of birds and several other species of animals. It has a water pool where several species of fish, water birds and waders reside.
Species of trees include Terminalia arjuna, Anogeissus pendula, Diospyros nelanoxylon, Syzygium cuminii, Mangifera indica, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus glomerata etc. Several species of cavity-nesting birds excavate nests.
The Dardevi sacred grove in Kota supports lofty trees of Terminalia arjuna, Mitragyna parvifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon and Syzygium cuminii. The presiding deity is the Dardevi Mata, the family goddess of the erstwhile ruling family of Kota. Now, it is the only known natural habitat of Pandanus species in Kota District.
Jharan Mahadeo sacred grove in Jhalawar is situated along the stream leading to a large tank that ensures round the year supply of water to the city of Jhalawar. This is the only green patch in the area. It is important because it protects catchment that might otherwise be silted very
quickly in the absence of vegetation. Rare plants include Bambusa hamiltonii and Scleichera oleosa. It is also important because it is a de facto sanctum sanctorum of threatened plants, all of which have become extinct in the adjoining area outside the grove. The Jharan Sacred
Grove is also an indicator and benchmark of forests that might have existed in the region. Today, it is a natural laboratory, a habitat island, a genebank, and a store-house of ethno-medicine. There is a perennial water spring. The Forest Department has run a forest nursery inside the
groves for the last 50 years for the production of seedlings for plantations and distribution. This ensures the survival of the grove in its original condition.
Management and religious belief
People do not harm sacred groves mainly because of socio-religious traditions and fear of the unknown, believing that those who cut or use an axe in a sacred grove may be harmed by the presiding deity. There is a legend about Ekpaniya Bavsi sacred grove in the Madar village in
Udaipur. About 100 years ago somebody wanted to cut a Haldu (Haldina cordifolia) tree from the forest. From the first cut, milk flowed down, and water in the second cut. The third cut yielded blood and the axe-man lost his sight. Sight could only be regained when the axe-man promised to construct a new temple for Ekpaniya Bavsi. These beliefs might have strongly influenced conservation of sacred groves.
Continuous community protection of sacred groves has resulted in several large sized trees. For example, there is a large tree of Churail (Holoptelia integrifolia) growing in Amrakji sacred grove. This is the largest tree of this species in India, having a height more than 33 metres, and its girth is 6.91 metres.
Usually, only fallen and ripe fruits are collected from the grove. Wood from mature trees is used to repair religious places. Dead and fallen wood is also used for religious functions such as Annakut i.e. a religious community feast. Wood is also used for funerals. Trees are not cut or removed for other uses. However, forest products including wood are harvested from temple forests dedicated to Lord Shrinath ji in Ghasiar. It is possible that during severe drought some species may be lopped for fodder. Such species are Khakhra (Butea monosperma), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Godal (Lannea coroman-delica), Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), Salar (Boswellia serrata), Khejadi (Prospis cineraria), Ronjh (Acacia leucophloea), Bargad (Ficus benghalensis) etc.
Pipal (Ficus religiosa) trees growing on the bunds of Johad (sacred ponds) in Alwar district are lopped for fodder. Water from Johad is used for limited irrigation and for drinking purposes for livestock. Other sacred groves provide water for drinking and limited irrigation.
There is an important sacred grove near Udaipur. Ubeshwar Mahadeo has a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is situated close to a water stream and thus serves as a watering and resting place for people and livestock. Kishore Saint (1994) points out that, by custom, no cowdung is removed from the area, and is allowed to decay or dry. The dried dung cakes are used to cook bati (ball-like local bread) by villagers and pilgrims who visit the temple. The arrangement ensures the sanctity of the grove and provides ample stock of fuel to all.
Sacred groves also provide meeting places for the community to discuss socio-religious and economic issues and to resolve their personal grievances.
The Baug: Sacred Gardens
The Baug is a ethno-silvihorticultural garden planted near settlements for fruit, fodder, fuelwood, medicine, NTFPs and shade. They are the backbone of indigenous methods of drought prevention, acquisition of entitlements and food security. Probably no other landscape is as productive and valuable as the Baug. The biodiversity consists of utility trees such as Mangifera indica, Madhuca latifolia, Feronia limonia, Syzygium cuminii etc. We were able to find Baug in Udaipur, Kota, Bundi, Baran and Jhalawar districts in Rajasthan. An excellent Baug exists near a village inside the Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary in Kota. Surrounded by cultivation, it has Mangifera indica, Tamarindus indica, Phoenix sp. and other important species. It was supposed to have been planted by local rulers. These gardens are similar to the Baugh found in the Bundelkhand region (Panna, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Damoh of M.P. and Jhansi in U.P.) and Baghelkhand
(Satna, Rewa, Sidhi and Shahdol in M.P.).
Sacred gardens are cultivated counterparts of sacred groves. Every garden has a sacred place dedicated to a village deity. Green felling is totally banned by the community, only dead and fallen wood is removed by the owner (Kapoor and Pandey, 1998).
Temple Forests
Temple forests, by virtue of their size and visible locations, are comparatively studied more than other forms of traditional forest management. Some studies are available on temple forests of India, China, Nepal and Thailand (see for example, Menzies, 1988; Ingles; 1990, Chandrakanth et al., 1990; Karnataka Forest Department in India, 1988, among others).
Temple forests are managed and maintained to serve the temple. This may include economic, ecological, social and religious functions. In Rajasthan many forests are managed to meet the requirement of temples, which in turn support religious and social functions. Shri Nath ji temple in Rajasthan, India, has a large temple forest owned by the Temple Trust, and a sacred grove located in Gautameshwar forest block. Temple Trust management does not derive authority from state forest regulations. Management includes protection against grazing, fire, illicit felling, and fencewall breach. Similarly, Karnataka Forest Department has a programme for development of sacred groves and temple forests (Chandrakanth and Romm, 1991).
Sacred Corridors
Sacred Corridors are locally protected riverbanks by villagers in the name of Lord Shiva. Long stretches of Karai van or riparian forests are protected in several places along the river Chambal. Examples of such sacred corridors in Kota are Gaipernath and Garadia Mahadeo in Kota. Sacred corridors along the river Chambal attract hundreds of visitors during the annual religious fair dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Creating Groves: Planting and Deification of Neem by Gujjars
The Gujjar people of Rajasthan have a unique practice of neem (Azadirachta indica) planting and worshipping as neem narayan or neem-god. A Gujjar settlement normally starts near a water source, stream or river. Initially few huts are constructed, and neem saplings, brought either from other settlements or from the wild, are planted in the enclosure around the hut. Gujjars worship Neem as the abode of God Deonarayan. In a few years these trees start producing viable seeds that germinate naturally amidst home-enclosures. Some of these seedlings attain tree form as Gujjars take every care to nurse the wild seedlings.
This pattern is replicated around all huts in the settlement simultaneously. Thus, a Gujjar settlement appears like a human-inhabited sacred grove. For example, Kalyakui settlement, a sub village, or Dhani as they are called locally in Kota district in Rajasthan, has about 50 houses. Every house has a large enclosure, chiefly made of random rubble or brushwood, for livestock rearing. Gujjars being a pastoral community, they keep livestock in the same enclosure around the dwelling house. Thus, neem trees provide shade and air-conditioning for the livestock. Summers are particularly intense and difficult for buffalos in Rajasthan. Neem shade gives respite in the intense summer noons. Neem is also used as a veterinary medicine. Leaves are used for wound dressing and decoction is given orally for deworming.
Size and frequency of neem trees can be a fairly reliable indicator of the age and history of the settlement. The larger the girth and crown, the older the tree. Similarly, older settlements have more neem trees than the recent ones.
Neem trees are also planted, or naturally growing seedlings assisted to develop, in the outskirts of settlements in the form of a Deonarayan Sacred Grove, believed to be the abode of village deity God Deonarayan. Sometimes, the tree itself is called neem narayan. Kota district in Rajasthan, India, has about 600 Gujjar settlements, where an estimated 70,000 trees of various age and dimensions are thriving.
This has far-reaching advantages for the Forest Department. Plantations near Gujjar settlements should have a predominance of neem saplings. Planting neem will not only meet the fodder requirements during scarcity, but will not be removed by people.
Neem seeds can be a sustainable source of income, and thereby become a source of entitlement to the people. We need to establish market links for seeds. Either Forest Departments or traders can procure seeds from collectors and households. Similarly, neem seedlings can be distributed through Gujjar dominated Village Forest Protection and Management Committees. These seedlings will have better chances of survival. Additional income thus provides entitlement security and access to money.
Threats to the Sacred Sites
Sacred groves currently face various threats like submer-gence, clear felling, mining, quarry, encroachment and other depletive factors. For example, a part of Ubeshwarji sacred grove was destroyed by submergence because of construction of an anicut across the stream flowing through the grove. Taneshwarji sacred grove is threatened by mining and stone quarrying. Amrakji sacred grove, that protects a large specimen of Holoptelia integrifolia, was threatened by encroachers who wanted to set up industries around the grove. Amrakji sacred grove provides drinking water to livestock reared by people in a nearby village. Malpur sacred grove, in a private land holding, was clear felled because it contains valuable teak-wood. No sufficient regeneration effort was made to restore the groves by the owners who gave consent to fell the groves. Felling in other groves has been stopped only after the intervention of the Forest Department.
Orans are threatened because of increasing pressure from population and livestock. Several encroachments have taken place, and worse, they have been regularised by the Governments. Area and legal status of several Orans has not been clearly defined. Unfortunately, these lands have not even been declared as forest lands, hence effective legislation is not applied in the case of offenders.
Eroding community values have made the matter worse. Lack of faith in the younger generation is a problem. This situation is similar throughout the country. For example a well researched study on social and anthropological aspects of sarana (sacred groves) in Madhya Pradesh by Drs Patnaik and Pandey (1998) concludes that saranas are fairly degraded landscapes with over-mature Shorea robusta trees with hardly any regeneration because of open grazing, non-timber forest produce collection, and various other biotic pressures. We need to reverse this trend.
Sacred Grove Conservation
Aravalli deovan conservation
To restore the sacred groves of Aravallis a programme Aravalli Deovan Sanrakshan Abhiyan (Aravalli Sacred Grove Conservation) was launched in 1992. This programme includes protection of groves, planting of indigenous species, soil and water conservation and participatory approach to restoration. Some of the restored groves include Moria Ka Khuna, Jhameshwarji, Amrakji, Ubeshwarji, Dhinkli, Haldu Ghati, Banki, Khokhariya Ki Nal, and Ambua sacred groves (Pandey and Singh, 1995a & b). Moria Ka Khuna sacred grove is located inside the forest in Udaipur. It has the best bamboo clumps in Aravallis, in terms of culm dimensions and clump area. A bamboo plantation has been raised in the adjoining 50 ha. of land to extend the area of the grove.
Large tracts of tree-bearing land in otherwise desolate districts in western Rajasthan are called Orans. These Orans are identical to sacred groves in Aravallis and they offer similar advantages.
Important technical inputs being addressed are the constitution of Village Forest Protection and Management Committees, training on sacred groves conservation for people, NGOs and foresters, documentation of sacred groves and bio-diversity, participatory planting and
seed sowing of local species, soil and water conservation, restoration, planting of ethno-silvicultural refugia, seed collection from species growing in sacred groves, and afforestation of local, rare and threatened trees around the sacred groves located in forest lands.
Societal and legal issues being addressed include public education, awareness and legal action against those who violate the community and legal protection norms.
This programme has only been launched in the Udaipur district by Udaipur South Forest Division. It needs to be replicated in Dungarpur, Banswara, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand and other areas in Rajasthan, and the country. There is an urgent need to address this problem for the following reasons:
1. Threats to sacred groves are high and on the increase.
2. Documentation of the practice is required to effectively restore, manage and conserve the threatened groves.
3. Traditional resource management practices can provide a clue to the modern scientific forestry and participatory forestry. It will help in management, regeneration, conservation and sustainable use of forest resources.
4. Success gained in the programme at Udaipur should be replicated elsewhere.
Ethno-silvicultural refugia
In order to develop a sustainable cluster of forest plantation, foresters need to establish a temporary nursery to obtain saplings for planting and distribution. These temporary nurseries have been developed by an internationally funded forestry project, Aravalli Afforestation Project, into Ethno-silvicultural Refugia by planting the local trees for prudent and sustainable use by local communities. Species planted are multiple-use trees such as Mahua (Madhuca indica), Aam (Mangifera indica), Khajjur (Phoenix sylvestris), Khakhra (Butea monosperma), Imli (Tamarindus indica), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Neem (Azadirachta indica) etc. These are the most frequently used trees to obtain food, fodder, fuelwood, small timber, fibre and medicine. In addition, they serve ecological functions in offering nest, forage and roost sites for wild animals. These species not only yield multiple resources but also can grow on a variety of edaphic and climatic conditions (Pandey 1993).
These Ethno-silvicultural Refugia are comparable to the traditional sacred groves. The objects of the management of such groves are: to provide traditional non-timber forest products and subsistence goods to the people; nesting, roosting and foraging sites to the pest-controlling cavity nesting birds and other wild animals; protecting the species that offer sites for beehives and enhance the availability of honey; developing seedling orchards and seed production areas of ethno-silvicultural species and sustaining the essential ecological processes and life support systems. In Udaipur South Forest Division such groves have been developed in several forest plantations.
We have discussed planting of ethno-silvicultural refugia and the Aravalli Deovan Conservation Programme in southern Aravallis. We shall now address some issues to bear in mind while implementing the programme.
Sacred groves are community protection areas. Though they yield several direct benefits to the community, harvest of resources is restrained. People would definitely benefit from restoration of sacred groves as ethnomedicines, dead and fallen wood, seed collec-tion
for local afforestation programmes and limited irrigation from the water source near the grove.
It is the local community organised and registered as village forest protection and management committee that will ultimately carry out the restoration work of the groves. Their aspiration and vision would be a major guiding factor to restore the groves.
Studies should be carried out by the researchers in active collaboration with the community. We have already pointed out the lack of documentation and inventorisation. It becomes necessary to explore various issues in detail. It will help with protection.
The role of grassroot organisations in actual implementation is manifold. Organisations involved are primarily village forest protection and management committees and small NGOs. Village forest protection and management committees are constituted under an enabling resolution passed by the Government. Every household from a village is a member of VFPMC. An executive body constituted and elected by the villagers attends to day to day functioning. The village forest protection and management committee maintains a bank account. Every committee has a registration certificate and number. The VFPMCs in Aravallis have excelled in participatory forestry in collaboration with the Forest Department in Rajasthan. The efforts are of a pioneering nature.
Local non-governmental organisations located in the district headquarters will be of help in training, study and assistance to VFPMC in actual implementation. NGOs in Rajasthan helped in several biodiversity conservation programmes. Their collaboration with the Forest Department and communities has produced a significant results.
We acknowledge the kind support of Dr Ram Prasad, Director, IIFM, Bhopal, Mr D.C. Sood, IFS, PCCF Rajasthan, Mr R.P. Kapoor, IFS, CCF and Mr D.P. Govil, IFS, CCF Rajasthan. Prof. K.C. Malhotra, ISI, Calcutta is gratefully acknowledged.
References and Bibliography
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Patnaik, S. and Pandey, A. (1998). A study of indigenous community based forest management system: Sarana (sacred grove). In: Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Chandrashekara, U.M. (Eds) Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management.Oxford & IBH, New
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Deep Narayan Pandey has been a practising forester in the Indian Forest Service for 15 years. Currently he is an Associate Professor of Forestry at the Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India. He is also co-ordinating the International Network on ethnoforestry. He has been awarded the highest Indian national honour, IPVM Award, in forestry, for his field work.
If you have any enquiries regarding the content of this article, you may contact the author via E-mail: dnpandey@vsnl.com


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2. Applicants should first visit the PKU Online Application System (http://www.studyatpku.com), fill in the application form and submit, then print a hardcopy for reference.
● Application fee of 400RMB (paid in cash at the International Students Division finance office or during the online application process). The payment is non-refundable.
● Other optional materials: any college entrance examination results in your own country, certificates of any awards received, HSK results, or any other materials you believe that will be an asset to your application (can be copy version).
* Applications with incomplete materials or without application fee will not be processed. No materials will be returned. After reviewing the above materials, Peking University reserves the right to ask for other related materials and to arrange interviews with applicants.
Students are required to pay the tuition fee of the whole year on the registration day.
Once approved, applicants will receive a notification of admission by the end of May or in June. Please check your email frequently. We will contact you via email during the whole application period.
Address: No. 126 Zhongguanyuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing (Metro Station East Gate of PKU).
Note: The apartment is reserved as the dormitory of PUP students. Every PUP student should live in the apartment during the study period.
According to the regulations of the Chinese Ministry of Education, all international students must be medically insured throughout their entire planned period of study. Students are required to purchase the Comprehensive Insurance Plan of Foreign Students provided by Ping An insurance company on the day of registration, which has been recognized and recommended by the Ministry of Education of China. Students who do not have valid medical insurance are not allowed to register.
Students admitted to PKU may apply for their visa at the Chinese Embassy/Consulate in their country with their letter of admission and JW201/202 form. International students who will study in China for over 6 months are required to obtain an 'X1' Visa, which will only be valid for 30 days after your arrival in China. You must come to the International Students Division and apply for a Residence Permit within these 30 days in order to obtain a legal status in China.


Stephen Deakin was Charles Deakin's nephew. Charles Deakin retired in 1881 and the company became Deakin & Francis (see above).
(image courtesy of Graham Evans) D & S 1947..1954 Brooch, fob medal, "Iona" spoon Possibly A H Darby & Sons. Mark seen (1954) with A H Darby & Sons' incuse A.H.D&S mark.
Note: this is not a registered Birmingham mark, but is very similar to some of Dixon & Sons' Sheffield-registered marks. One example of this mark seen overstamped on another Birmingham maker's mark.


Essential Question: How do the interactions between organisms and their environment occur?
consumers to the transfer of energy, and the potential for bioaccumulation within an ecosystem.
Students explore ecological succession and assess the positive and negative impacts of human interventions on this natural process. Students discuss environmental, social, and economic factors that should be considered in the management and preservation of ecosystems.


text:
Q: Lemma 2, Section 6.2 of Hoffman's Linear Algebra
Suppose that $T(\alpha)=c\alpha$. If $f$ is any polynomial, then $f(T)\alpha= f(c)\alpha$.

My attempt: Let $f=\sum_{i=0}^na_i\cdot x^i$ be polynomial over $F$. Then $f(T)=\sum_{i=0}^na_i\cdot T^i$. So $[f(T)](\alpha)=(\sum_{i=0}^na_i\cdot T^i)(\alpha)=\sum_{i=0}^n a_i\cdot T^i(\alpha)$. We claim $\forall 1\leq j\leq n$, $P(j): T^j(\alpha)=c^j\alpha$. Base case: $j=1$. By hypothesis, $T(\alpha)=c\alpha$. Inductive step: Suppose $T^k(\alpha)=c^k\alpha$, for some $1\lt k\lt n$. Since $T$ is linear map, we have $T^{k+1}(\alpha)=T(T^k(\alpha))=T(c^k\alpha)=c^kT(\alpha)=c^k(c\alpha)=c^{k+1}\alpha$. Thus $T^{k+1}(\alpha)=c^{k+1}\alpha$. By mathematical induction, $P(j)$ holds $\forall 1\leq j\leq n$. By distributive property, $\sum_{i=0}^n a_i\cdot T^i(\alpha)= \sum_{i=0}^n a_i\cdot c^i\alpha= (\sum_{i=0}^n a_i\cdot c^i)\cdot \alpha =f(c)\cdot \alpha$. Hence $[f(T)](\alpha)=f(c)\cdot \alpha$. Is my proof correct?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Fireworks announcement Wednesday amid COVID-19 restriction changes
(WISH Photo/Hanna Mordoh)
by: Hanna Mordoh
Posted: Jun 30, 2021 / 06:41 AM EST / Updated: Jun 30, 2021 / 06:41 AM EST
INDIANAPOLIS (WISH) – Freedom before Independence Day. The COVID-19 restrictions are being lifted in Marion County on July 1. Meaning no social distancing, capacity restrictions or masks are required on Thursday. The changes come just before the Fourth of July.
On Wednesday morning, an announcement is expected on what the changes will mean for Indianapolis fireworks plans. The Indianapolis Fire Department fire marshal and fireworks officials will make the announcement at 10 a.m. on the steps of the Indiana War Memorial giving an update on what protocols will be in place and what public gathering recommendations will exist during the city fireworks show on Independence Day.
However, on Tuesday, Indianapolis city leaders made it clear, most things will be back open.
"Looking at the totality of our evidence, we are now in a position to fully reopen Indianapolis," said Dr. Virginia Caine with the Marion County Public Health Department.
"Unvaccinated people are no longer required to wear masks indoors," said Indianapolis Mayor Joe Hogsett.
Starting on July 1, places like bars, restaurants, salons and sports venues can pack the house. For the first time in more than a year, capacity limits are being removed. Dr. Caine had previously set the goal of 50% vaccination for the county by July 4 in order to lift restrictions. Currently, health officials said that number is at 40% for everyone in the county.
Part of the reason for the decision to lift restrictions is due to random sampling studies through the Richard M. Fairbanks School. It reported 40% of people infected with the virus are asymptomatic, contributing to the overall "protective immunity." Marion County has maintained a 2% positivity rate or lower for the last two weeks and the current 7-day average for cases is at 26.
What will this mean for the big fireworks show this weekend? With a new location this year, launched from atop the Regions Tower at 500 North Meridian, there will be updates given on Wednesday on protocols and plans to mitigate large, public gatherings this weekend. Traffic plans, street closures, access and viewability will also be outlined during the announcement.
The downtown fireworks are scheduled to commence at 10 p.m. on July 4.
Entertainment / 12 mins ago
Super Bowl LVI Halftime Show set to be a 1990s lovefest
Entertainment / 7 hours ago
Anti-violence campaign launches on Indianapolis billboards
Crime Watch 8 / 7 hours ago

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Books Lovers of Chile
J.K. Rowling's The Order of the Phoenix --- the fifth in the Harry Potter series --- was released in June 2003, and immediately smashed sales records around the world. But it was only available in English, resulting in numerous unofficial translations springing up on streets and on the internet. The official Spanish version of the book is not due out until the end of the year. On the sidewalks of Santiago Chile, vendors hawk their copies of The Order of the Phoenix. The president of the Chilean Book Chamber business group, Eduardo Castillo, urged people not to buy the book, whch had been selling for about US$15. "Not only it is illegal, not only is it a pirate copy, it's a really bad translation," said Mr. Castillo.
The Unesco Courier published this article:
The basketball court in a Santiago police station was piled high a few months ago with over 150,000 books, galley-proofs and printing materials—all of them illegal. Seized in a series of police raids in three Chilean cities ordered by Carlos Escobar, a deputy judge of the Second Criminal Court, the collection marked the biggest defeat yet for the country's pirate book industry.
But these impounded books only created a new problem: what should be done with them? Judge Escobar took the initiative, ordering that they be distributed to the city's poorest neighbourhoods and other parts of the country.
"I did so because a judge is free to decide what happens to seized items, and if they'd stayed under court control, their condition could have deteriorated," he explained. "Our country is poor and there's an urgent need for our children to read. That's why I think burning books is an outrage."
The judge's decision sparked very different reactions. Most people thought it was a good idea. Some authors, such as journalist Patricia Verdugo—whose many books investigating the Pinochet dictatorship have been widely pirated—thought the judge was wrong. "What right does he have to give away things that don't belong to him?" she asked in an interview with the daily newspaper La Tercera. "These books should be destroyed, just like confiscated drugs are destroyed."
Her colleague Hernán Rivera Letelier, a popular Chilean author translated into several languages, does not agree. Pirated books, he argues, are a way to reach more readers. "I'm not siding with the pirates but with the readers," he says. "The people who buy one of my books in the street aren't the same as those who'd buy it in a bookshop. They're less well-off and can't afford the official prices." Not true, replies Bartolo Ortiz, general manager of the Planeta en Chile publishing house. "I've seen very elegant-looking people buying books on the street. I think reading is just less important for them compared to other things."
Whichever stance is adopted, one fact is certain: the publishers are going to appeal Escobar's decision.
During the year 2000, a total of 308,000 pirated copies of 400 books put out by various publishers were seized in Chile. "We reckon we lost $25 million last year," says Eduardo Castillo, president of the Chilean Book Association. "This country is top of the league in terms of pirated books."
The publication of pirated books in Chile grew out of the need for undercover political activity. During the 1973-89 military dictatorship, for example, the Chilean Communist Party published Che Guevara's diaries and other banned material. Various people recently interviewed in the book industry insist that certain unnamed employees of lawful publishing firms themselves deal out original copies of books to the forgers, obviously in return for money.
Castillo disagrees, noting that publishers have joined together to investigate, file lawsuits and gather evidence in an effort to punish the guilty. Pedro Bosch, a lawyer who works for Editorial Sudamericana, says that in two years of investigations, the firm has filed 60 complaints resulting in charges against 200 people, 50 trials and the seizure of over 30,000 books. "In this way we've been able to find out who the pirates are, build a database and curb the damage being done," he says. "But the market isn't going to go away."
Authors, publishers, booksellers and judges at least agree that the government has so far paid little interest in taking a firm stand against book piracy. They nevertheless hope an imminent report commissioned by Chilean President Ricardo Lagos from the Book Association may change all that.
Meanwhile, on a corner of Santiago's busy Avenida Providencia, a street vendor asks his assistant to fetch some more Harry Potter books. She goes off to get them from her makeshift storeroom, hidden behind an ice-cream cart. I was interested in one book and asked the price. It was $6, less than a third of the price in a bookshop. She said she sold between $35 and $55 worth of books each day.
The average monthly salary of most Chileans is about $625. I told the vendor it was a pirated version of the book. She nodded and asked me: "Are you going to buy it?"
We will now look at some survey data from the 2003 TGI Chile study. This is a survey of 2,001 persons between the ages of 12 to 64 years old who were interviewed in Santiago, Chile. 10.7% of the survey respondents said that they had purchased one or more books within the past 30 days. As one might expect, the purchase incidence is a sharp function of socio-economic level (whose definition includes components of education and economic affluence).
So where do these book lovers buy their books? The next chart show that standalone independent booktstores garner about half the business, followed by stores inside malls and shopping centers, then departmental stores and chain stores. The 'other' category includes street vendors, mail orders, and other venues.
The more interesting question is the intersection of socio-economic level with the location of purchase. This is shown in the following chart. For the ABC1 members, they are much more likely to find their books in a legitimate bookstore inside a mall or shopping center. As we go down the socio-economic ladder, patronage at malls and shopping centers decrease rapidly and we are more likely to see street businesses then. These are very large differences, and would suggest that the costs of books play a large part in book buying decisions. And anyone who thinks piracy can be combatted solely through regulation is disrespecting market forces.
(posted by Roland Soong, 9//03/2003)
(Return to Zona Latina's Home Page)


A very renowned comedian, Rajpal Yadav was born in a small town named Shahjahanpur of Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh ,where he completed his primary education. He performed a lots of comedy acts in the Bhartendu Natya Academy during 1992-94. After performing there, he moved to Delhi in National School of Drama ,during 1994-97. Thereafter, he came to Mumbai in 1997 to fulfill his career aspirations in the Indian Film Industry.
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Ariana Grande & Nicholas Hoult Join Animated Film 'Underdogs,' But You Can't Hear Them Just Yet
By Allison Piwowarski
Jason Merritt/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
More big stars have been added to voice the animated film Underdogs . Ariana Grande, Nicholas Hoult, and Katie Holmes will voice characters in the animated film, along with Matthew Morrison, who plays another one of the lead characters. Underdogs is about a foosball player, Jake (Morrison), who has to defend his town and the girl he loves, Laura (Grande), from Ace (Hoult) who plans to destroy the town to build a sports stadium. That's when the unbelievable happens and Jake's foosball players — you know, the fake little guys that are controlled by the rod — come to life to help him defend his town, and save Laura. So that sounds like a good film...
If you're already trying to buy your ticket, you're going to have to wait a little bit longer, as the film — which was set to premiere in January 2015 — has been moved to be released April 10, 2015, which still isn't that far away. And Holmes, Grande, Morrison, and Hoult aren't the only familiar voices you can expect to hear in the new movie. Rizzoli & Isles actor Chazz Palminteri, SNL duo Bobby Moynihan and Taran Killam, and one of Mexico's biggest stars, Eugenio Derbez — who you can also hear in the upcoming film The Book of Life — are also all voicing characters for the film.
Let's hope Grande's character sings, because if not, what a waste, right?
Here's the Underdogs' international trailer:
Movie-List.com on YouTube
Images: Giphy


80286 can switch from real mode to protected mode - but why not back?
It's been a while, but I've read in a system programming book that you could switch your Intel 80286 CPU from the normal real mode to a more powerful protected mode. I clearly remember that they said it was impossible to switch back though, unless you fully restarted the computer.
Why was this (made?) impossible? Was it a bug, intention by the DOS developers or a hardware restriction of the CPU?
This was intentional so that the CPU would support secure operating systems. In a secure operating system with rigorous memory access protections you could not allow any software - user or kernel extension or driver - to switch back to the full freedom of real mode.
They had a lot of interesting memory management hardware on the '286: rings and call gates - swiped nearly directly from the most secure hardware/software platform of the time: Multics. And they had new extensions too: task segments and task gates for multiprocessing.
These features never got used as they wanted. One major reason was that due to compatibility with all the peripherals - including disk controllers and graphics hardware that in those days were nowhere near sufficiently standardized - OS and other software that needed computer model/manufacturer independence needed to use the BIOS to access peripherals - and the BIOS was real mode - and the hacked-up switch to real mode (as discussed in other answers) was slow. Another major reason was that calling through call gates, and using hardware tasks, was much much slower than just implementing normal procedure calls and concurrent threads. Hardware task switching in particular was several times slower than just saving/restoring register context with normal instructions. So no OS software got written for these special modes.
These capabilities were also available when 32-bit processors were made - starting with the '386 (and they're still there in the x86 architecture to this day) - but with 32-bit addressing it turns out it is much easier to use paging hardware (address translation tables and so on) to get OS security - also much higher performance. No 32-bit OS used the stuff: Windows, OS/2, and all the Unixes used paging for process isolation and security.
I was actually saddened by this back in the day: I loved Multics, and the Multics architecture. The Intel designer's hearts were in the right place, and it was brilliant work sticking all that stuff in a commodity microprocessor, but it turned out to be the wrong solution for the problem. Operating system engineering had progressed past the Multics days and all that special hardware just did not lead to an economic solution.
My guess is that it was merely a design decision based upon the assumption that once a protected mode OS is started, there is no need to go back. Most microprocessors at that time already booted in its most privileged mode and had at least two levels of protection. The 80286 had to boot in real mode to keep compatibility with DOS and I think they thought DOS would reduce itself to just a minimal procedure to boot the main OS.
By the time the 80386 was produced, they added the feature to switch the CPU back to real mode, and the dirty trick used with the 80286 -to reset it with a magic number at a certain memory location so the BIOS could read it and jump to some predefined code to resume operation- was not needed any more.
Then, the undocumented LOADALL instruction was spoiled on the USNet, which could allow not only switching from and to real mode, but allow non standard CPU states, such as the so called "unreal" mode, which allowed a real mode DOS program to access memory beyond the 1MB barrier.
This article from the OS/2 museum discuss the use of LOADALL to switch back from protected mode, and how Microsoft used it in HIMEM.SYS to allow fast above-1MB-memory copying without having to leave real mode.
Just speculating here, but it might have been a product decision to encourage writing code for protected mode. It's also possible it was a combination of technical difficulties and product priorities.
The CPU is put into protected mode by setting the PE bit in MSW using the LMSW or LOADALL instructions. Clearing the PE bit has no effect using either of those instructions, thus it is not possible to switch back to real mode. The fact that LOADALL allows undocumented behaviours like "unreal mode" (by loading values into descriptor caches to access memory outside of 1MB) and even allows you to put the CPU into an unusable state by loading nonsensical values, but disallows clearing the PE bit makes it likely it was a deliberate product decision. OTOH, LOADALL is undocumented, so maybe there really was a technical problem.
Just like switching from real to protected mode, going back to real mode is a carefully choreographed dance that needs to make sure all memory accesses go to defined memory locations (especially instruction fetches). The documentation has a strange passage that says "After executing LMSW instruction to set PE, the 80286 must immediately execute an intra-segment JMP instruction to clear the instruction queue of instructions decoded in real address mode" hinting that there is more to it than just setting or clearing a bit somewhere. It probably wasn't completely trivial to implement (not very hard either, but it definitely would have had a cost if you're counting transistors or microcode ops. The 80286 had ~134,000 transistors, and using a couple 100 transistors to implement an unnecessary feature would probably have meant dropping other, deemed more important features). Since they didn't anticipate a need for it, maybe they weren't willing to pay the "silicon tax".
There are still ways to get back to real mode by resetting the CPU without restarting the computer. On the PC, this could be done by putting a magical value into a special memory location to prevent the BIOS from reinitializing the computer after a reset, and then causing a reset through the i8042 keyboard controller which would externally reset the CPU, or by generating a triple fault (faulting in a fault handler, usually by invalidating the IDTR and causing an interrupt).
Using the triple fault is usually much faster. Going through the keyboard controller can take almost a millisecond, the triple fault only a couple hundred microseconds. Even with the triple fault, the reset circuitry is still external, but it doesn't have to be processed by the very slow i8042 (some PCs of the time "short-circuited" the reset bit in the 8042 port to directly reset the CPU without going through the i8042, in that case, there's no noticeable difference).
The reasons to switch back to real mode are all due to technical debt, you wouldn't need it in a clean system that's designed for protected mode from the ground up. In reality, people kept writing software for real mode and were unwilling (or unable) to quickly port stuff like device drivers to protected mode, and the 2 don't mix. Maybe Intel was trying to "encourage" people to port their drivers to protected mode by making it necessary, but as we know, this didn't work out.
Intel didn't make that mistake again, and the 80386 fixed the glitch both by allowing mode switches in all directions, and by adding a virtual 8086 mode that was essentially a protected mode that looked like real mode to the application.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged 80286 intel real-mode protected-mode or ask your own question.
How did the Apple II forward binary instructions to the Z80 software card with CPM?
How do you put a 286 in Protected Mode?


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Prof. Meawad Mohamed Meawad Elkholy
Name: Prof. Meawad Mohamed Meawad Elkholy.
Position: Professor of Experimental Solid State Physics, Faculty of Science .
Date of Birth: 05/13/1959.
Date of Appointment: 25/1/1982 Teaching Assistant job and Professor 27/4/2003 .
Marital Status: Married (Dr. Lobna Mohamed Sharaf El-Deen Assistant Professor, Menoufia University, Faculty of Science) and three sons (Ahmad - Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia, Mohammed - Graduate Faculty of Engineering Shebin Kom, Abdul Aziz - a student at the Faculty of Commerce - Division of the English language)
Bachelor of Science - Physics Menoufia University with honors May 1981.
Master of Science - Solid State Physics - Faculty of Science - University of Menoufia February 1987.
Ph.D. in Radiation Physics - Faculty of Science - University of Menoufia April 1992.
Teaching Assistant, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University 25/1/1982.
Assistant Lecturer, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University 9/6/1987.
Lecturer, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University, 25/4/1992.
Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University, 19/7/1997.
Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University 27/4/2003 to date.
Chairman of the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Menoufia University 1/8/2008 to 3/5/2010.
Vice Dean of Faculty of Science Menoufia University of Education and Student Affairs 4/5/2010 to 31/7/2013.
Dean of Faculty of Science Menoufia University 1/8/2013 to date
Phone: home 2227574-048 002
Phone work: 2222753-048002
Mobile: 002 0106062155
Email: mmelkholy@yahoo.com
Postal Address: -
Department of Physics - Faculty of Science - University of Menoufia - Shebeen El-Kom.
EDUCATION AND DEGREE:
April. 1992: Ph.D. in Solid State Science, "Study of the Radiation Effect on Rare Earths Doped Glasses".
Feb. 1987: Masters in Solid State Science, "Luminescence Studies On Some Red Light Emitting Phosphors"
May 1981: B.Sc. Special Physics.
March 2003 till now: Professor of Solid State Physics.
1997-2003: Associate Professor of Solid State Physics.
1992-1997: Assistance Professor of Physics.
1987-1992: Lecturer of Physics.
1981-1987: Demonstrator.


text:
PM Pleads with Australian Government to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Home / PM Pleads with Australian Government to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
LATEST NEWS, LOCAL NEWS, MAIN NEWS
The vuvale-concept will be effective in addressing climate change should the Australian government come on board in establishing more common grounds with Fiji on this issue.
Prime Minister Voreqe Bainimarama reveals this while pleading with those present at the Australian Defence College this week.
He added that there is a need for the Australian government to be more more ambitious in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
"Respect of genuine democracy and the rule of law are values that bind the people of Fiji and Australia," Bainimarama said.
"We have fought and we will fight to protect these values."
Bainimarama also acknowledged the military humanitarian intervention made by the Australian government to Fiji in the aftermath of TC Winston in 2016.
New fisheries vessel to boost Surveillance in the WestLATEST NEWS, LOCAL NEWS, MAIN NEWS
Lata wins brand new Toyota HiluxLATEST NEWS, LOCAL NEWS, MAIN NEWS


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
in Jaklitsch, Samuels, Dodd, Lu & Druzhinina, Stud. Mycol. 56: 172 (2006)

#### Original name
Trichoderma neokoningii Samuels & Soberanis

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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2016-11-13 The EU Ombudsman acknowledges telecom influence in fight to recognize EHS
I will be putting "TIPS" for reducing consumption on the bottom of my updates, below Letters.
1) Telus is going around the province with "The Future Home" on display. Everything is "smart" from the looks of it, which will mean high RFR. The locations are not given – I tried for North Saanich and I have to "sign in". This could be one of the reasons for the microcells – they need to be able to communicate with everything in the home.
https://fibre.telus.com/futurehome/?cmp=SOC_HS-Falcon_FalconFutureHome_Facebook_FutureHome-ComeHometotheFuture-Victoria-OcttoNov_Newsfeed
2) "The European Ombudsman recognizes for the first time a conflict of interest with telecommunications companies in a European consultative institution, which has compromised prevention and full recognition of electrosensitivity".
We, the undersigned *, more than 40 European organizations and platforms of advocacy electrohypersensitive people (EHS) and the fight against electromagnetic pollution, we welcome the European Ombudsman (1) recognizes and seeks to remedy the conflict interests and irregularities Authorized by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), which prevented the vote and adoption of the planned opinion on electrosensitivity to exposure to electromagnetic fields at the plenary session on 21 January 2015. Following this Emily O'Reilly recommendation, we consider null and void the "counter opinion" negationist approved up the notice not voted at the plenary session of the EESC
https://translate.google.com/translate?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.co.uk&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.priartem.fr/
(first item "Read Full Article …")
From: X
Sent: November 12, 2016
To: helena.swinkels@fraserhealth.ca
Subject: Wireless Radiation – Provincial Health Office position conflicts with experts
Dr. Helena Swinkels, MD, MHSc, FCFP, FRCPC
Medical Health Officer
Via email: Helena.Swinkels@fraserhealth.ca
Dear Dr. Swinkels:
This letter in its entirety represents my opinions. Please do not take anything personally.
Thank you for your email of August 12th, 2016 clarifying your official position re the potential health effects of 'wireless' radiation.
Your response was disappointing as it simply reiterates the undocumented 'opinion' of the British Columbia Provincial Health Officer that there is 'no convincing evidence' of harm to human health from wireless microwave radiation as generated from cell towers, smart meters, wifi, and similar systems, below the level of Canada's 'Safety Code 6' ('SC6').
As any knowledgeable person is aware, the credibility of 'SC6' is strongly contested as it's obviously one of the least protective safety standards in the world, being based on outdated science which permits the wireless industry freedom to deploy dangerous products on an unsuspecting public. The Provincial Health Office's position directly contradicts the position of hundreds of the top research scientists in the world in this area who are calling urgently for much stricter wireless exposure regulations for health reasons (primarily cancer), and literally tens of thousands of research studies documenting potential harm from chronic low-level exposures below that of 'SC6'.
This alarming contrast in positions, and the very real potential for massive future damage to public health, is of vital concern to all citizens…although tragically few are aware of the issue.
My request to you was not for a letter or email, but rather to meet informally in person to discuss this contrast in positions. This request was initiated as the Provincial Health Officer refuses to meet the public and engage in dialog on this topic, and had referred a local concerned mother to the local Medical Health Officer (yourself). I suspect that the in-person communications ban on this subject has been extended.
Your response quotes an impressive array of official titles; however the actual identities of the persons involved are not revealed, which is unusual in this type of context.
Can I be direct? I'd hoped that some genuine and honest in-person communication on this topic might be possible with you, but the response you've sent makes it clear that no real communication will occur. It makes no serious attempt to address the core issues or to communicate… rather it represents the all too familiar sound of the Provincial Health Office's ideological door slamming shut. The studies are 'conflicting' and 'inconsistent' and we'll have to wait for more research… the standard agnotological diversions employed in the great tobacco scam. There's 'no convincing evidence' of harm and that's the end of it, so citizens should just shut up and go away.
But the evidence of potential harm as attested to by independent medical experts the world over is readily available, overwhelming, and undeniable to anyone willing to look. The refusal of the Provincial Health Office to acknowledge this information is unethical, immoral and in my opinion constitutes a serious breach of authority.
Thank you for the three reference links. The first two are based on outdated and industry-based bias which ignores repeated studies showing the effects of non-thermal radiation below that of 'SC6' safety levels. Based on the expert evidence and opinion of scientists the world over, I reject these two links as outdated and misleading.
The third and most contemporary link you sent, a review of the recent 'Report of Partial Findings from the National Toxicology Program ('NTP') Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation' study I will comment on, as in my opinion it is a typical example of the type of misleading information symptomatic of the Provincial Health Office.
This is the link you provided: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/usa-national-toxicology-program-partial-study-findings.pdf
This link goes to (yet another) anonymous and unattributed document. The paper outlines three 'flaws' in the NTP study. I communicated with Ron Melnick, the NTP scientist who designed the protocols for this study. He was kind enough to provide a refutation of the three assumptions questioning the research. I can send you that information, but why should I?
The Provincial Health Office could have made these clarifications itself, and common-sense would dictate that it would, if it was truly interested in protecting the health of citizens. Instead, it has pasted what appears to be an anonymous drive-by smear of the NTP study and the associated scientists on its website. The U.S. National Toxicology Program, a respected division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, released these preliminary 'partial findings' as a warning to public of potential harm… but after passing through the twisted filters of our Provincial Health Office it is simply written off as yet another 'flawed study'. Citizen health depends on accurate and unbiased analysis of science by competent persons, and disclosure of information relevant to health to the public. I, and many other citizens, have no faith in your office to provide this.
Could you please provide information on who authored this Provincial Health Office document, and why it was not signed?
I am not a medical doctor, perhaps I'm not officially qualified to comment. I can and do read widely the work of those who are qualified as legitimate experts in this area, and who are not funded by the wireless industry. After six years of research, I have come to the conclusion that any reasonable and unbiased person, of even modest intelligence, who examines the data put forth by independent researchers (and who learns to navigate through the disgusting swamp of medical malfeasance and deception endemic in the scientific research industry) will come to the same conclusion of harm. It seems to me not possible, unless you willingly deceive yourself, to come to any other conclusion.
Frances Oldham Kelsey, who died recently at 101 years of age, was from Shawnigan Lake, BC. She became a doctor, not an easy thing in her day, and was hired by the US FDA in 1936. Kelsey felt that there was insufficient evidence of safety to approve the drug 'thalidomide'. She came under severe and relentless industry attack for her stance. Meanwhile, the drug was expediently rubber stamped in Canada, leading to the deformity and deaths of hundreds of babies. Today more than 100 victims still survive. Oldham's moral courage in demanding evidence of safety in the face of adversity saved potentially thousands of US children from deformity and death. Today in contrast, and in spite of vast volumes of literature pointing to the potential harm from 'wireless', our Provincial Health Office simply dismisses these concerns outright, giving a green light to the wireless industry to do whatever they want.
I do remain optimistic that there is still hope with the Medical Health Officers in this Province and their staff to have the moral courage to seriously investigate the evidence of harm which is readily available today. As with tobacco and asbestos and a dozen other dangerous products unleashed on a trusting and unsuspecting public, the truth is always known in the end. But the end is often a very long time away, and many families will fall victim to cruel and unnecessary illnesses and deaths.
I am attaching the second letter from Professor Olle Johansson of the Karolinska Institute to the B.C. Provincial Health Office. Johansson, whose experience in the topic vastly exceeds that of anyone in this Province, remains one of the sole voices of wisdom, caution, and basic respect for human beings. (the attachment is at this link: http://www.stopsmartmetersbc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Johannson2Kendall-Sept.112012.pdf
re Tips to Reduce Consumption – Watch BC Hydro rates very closely as our consumption is reduced. Hydro One in Ontario penalized citizens for their reduction. If BC Hydro wants us to curb our dependance on their electricity, why are they promoting "electric" automobiles and marginalizing renewables?
As an experiment we shut off our stove, refrigerator, hot water tank and used a wood cookstove for heat, hot water and cooking – drying clothes on a line in the basement where the stove is. We used a root cellar in place of a refrigerator. We were able to get our consumption down to 3 kWh per day (from the 22.19 kWh/day for pricing on tier one).
Now, if all house homeowners were able to reduce consumption like this (for the winter months) how would you expect the corporation to act in light of diminishing returns?
Director, Coalition to Stop Smart Meters
"If we remain silent, we kill freedom, justice and the possibility that a society armed with information may have power to change the situation that has brought us to this point."
~ Anabel Hernández


Leo Delibes (1836-1891) - a French classical composer. Leo Delibes is one of the greatest French composers for all time and one of the greatest composers of ballets in the world for all time. His famous opera Lakme includes the popular Flower Duet (Sous le dome epais). P. Tchaikovsky was greatly influenced by Delibes's ballet music.


text:
'A Point of Crisis': Trump Orders Troops Deployed to Border
Asserting the situation had reached "a point of crisis," President Donald Trump signed a proclamation ordering the deployment of the National Guard to the U.S.-Mexico border to fight illegal immigration.
Published 4 April 2018
Image via AP Photo/Denis Poroy
WASHINGTON (AP) — Asserting the situation had reached "a point of crisis," President Donald Trump on Wednesday signed a proclamation ordering the deployment of the National Guard to the U.S.-Mexico border to fight illegal immigration. "The lawlessness that continues at our southern border is fundamentally incompatible with the safety, security, and sovereignty of the American people," Trump wrote in a memo authorizing the move, adding that his administration had "no choice but to act." The…	Read at AP News
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The president doubled down on his remarks, telling reporters that if the lawmakers "hate our country," they can leave.
ProPublica first posted details of the secret Facebook group that included content mocking lawmakers and migrants.
Trump Abortion Restrictions to Be Effective Immediately
The Health and Human Services department said it will begin enforcing the ban on abortion referrals, along with a requirement that family planning clinics maintain separate finances from facilities that provide abortions.
The state sentence is mainly symbolic given that he was already sentenced to life on the federal charges.
The decision to move ahead with the fundraiser underscores the tension that can arise when a politician's rhetoric collides with their need to raise money to sustain a campaign.
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Last Sunday I stopped by Kindred Spirit Brewing for their Kegs and Eggs Brunch. They were serving an amazing brunch consisting of french toast, scrambled eggs, sausage, bacon, biscuits and gravy, hash-browns, pork tenderloin sliders, and fruit prepared by Right On Time Mobile Diner. And as you would expect from Kindred Spirit they were serving up beer-mosas & bloody brews which could only be described as the perfect brunch beverages for beer lovers. What a great way to start a day. Thank you Kindred Spirit, and Right On Time! Keep up the good work!
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After deciding it was time to get fit and tone up, I bought myself the Davina McCall Vinyl Dumbbell set to use at home when I was doing my exercises. This set is great for beginners as it has three different weights, 0.68kg, 1.13kg and 2.3kg, which are all manageable for someone who is a beginner at using weights. Each dumbbell is a different colour. The green one is the lowest weight, the pink one is the middle weight and the blue one is the heaviest out of the three. You can start by using the green dumbbell and work your way up to the blue one over time. I love the design of the dumbbells and how each one has the Davina McCall signature on them. I also like how the colours are nice and bright and look attractive to make you want to use them. The only problem I have with the design of the dumbbells is that the black band around them tends to come loose and fall off.
I would defiantly recommend buying the Davina McCall set if you are a beginner to using weights or you just want something that you can use a home. However If you are a professional or you already lift weights, you are better off buying another set, as the weights in this set may be too light for you. You can purchase the Davina McCall Vinyl Dumbbell Set from Argos for £14.99, which isn't a bad price.
Have you tried any Davina McCall fitness products?