Researchers have found that metabolism moves from using glucose to burning fat when there is a drop in both insulin and leptin levels.
The study has been led by Gerald I. Shulman, professor of medicine, cellular and molecular physiology, and physiological chemistry at Yale University. The research could point towards improved understanding of how best to lose weight which could benefit many people with diabetes.
Prior to the study, it was known that mammals can switch from burning carbohydrates, like glucose, for energy towards burning fat instead. This allows mammals to get energy without breaking down muscle mass.
It was thought that a decrease in insulin levels is all that was needed to help the switch to burning fat occur. However, the new research has identified that a reduction in leptin levels is also needed.
Insulin and leptin are both hormones. Insulin works to decrease blood sugar levels by moving glucose out of the blood and into neighbouring cells where it can be used directly as fuel or stored as body fat. A higher level of insulin also prevents fat from being broken down for energy. Leptin is a hormone which is linked to appetite and plays a key role in energy regulation.
In their study, the researchers from Yale investigated the rate of carbohydrate and fat metabolism as rats went from a fed to a fasted state. The researchers observed that as the rats fasted, leptin levels decreased and activated a pathway that led to fat burning rather than carbohydrate burning.
During fasting, the rats' use of stored glucose went down and sugar levels decreased as a result. In turn, levels of insulin and leptin decreased. The rats' bodies then broke down body fat to be turned into ketones for energy.
The team concluded that whilst insulin levels needed to drop for fat burning to start, a decrease in leptin levels was also required for this to happen.
The findings could help researchers to understand how different lifestyle changes affect the chances of success in weight loss.
If you are looking for a helping hand in losing weight, join up to the Low Carb Program which provides step-by-step guidance to help you lose weight, control sugar levels and feel much better.
The study is published in the Cell journal.
Will 20% weightloss reverse my prediabetes?


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Floor Staff set for the Button Factory
Alternative-pop act Floor Staff are set to perform at the Button Factory in Dublin this Saturday, August 9th.
The show will launch the physical CD release of Floor Staff's recent E.P. The Good Luck and their new double A-side single 'Gift Horse / Brother To God'. The event will celebrate the group's upcoming music video for 'The Guest', which is also taken from the band's current E.P.
With their full-bodied sound and densely populated production aesthetic, Floor Staff's music is characterized by a intriguing blend of broad stylistic flourishes. Evoking a sound that draws comparisons to fellow alternative-pop acts such as the War on Drugs and the Antlers.
Also performing on the night will be electronic artist Elaine Mai. A musician who has gradually built a highly respected reputation in the Irish music scene with the recent E.P's Known Unknown but also her remix work on tracks by Heathers, Youth Mass and Cat Dowling, to name but a few.
Tickets to see Floors Staff with support from Elaine Mai at the Button Factory on August 9th are priced at €5. For more information visit buttonfactory.ie.
Click below to listen to Floor Staff's new double A-side single 'Gift Horse / Brother To God'.
Tagsalternative-pop • Button Factory • Elaine Mai • electronic • Floor Staff • Indie • live music • Music • news

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Leave a Comment / August 23rd, 2016 / Brittin Shauers
Pokémon GO has lost over 12 million active players this month
Mobile, News
While it might still a bit early to call Pokémon GO a flash in the pan or a flavor of the week, it's probably safe to say that it has already crested popularity peak. Recent data from app tracking services Sensor Tower, SurveyMonkey and Apptopia shows a precipitous decline in downloads, usage and daily playtime since the beginning of August.
During July, GO maintained nearly 45 million active users, now that number sits closer to 30 million.
This may simply be the standard cycle for app store phenoms playing out on a much larger scale, but it certainly hasn't helped that Niantic has neglected to address some of the most glaring issues that players are having with the game. The delay of Pokémon GO Plus into September from its original planned July release hasn't helped momentum, either.
Niantic assures trainers that it's hard at work on bug fixes, gameplay tweaks and exciting new features; but only time will tell if it'll be able to maintain GO's massive foothold in the mobile market.
Written by Brittin Shauers
Brittin literally grew up with Link, Mario and Samus. These three characters and their worlds collectively capture everything that he loves about video games.


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Peace Be Still
How James Cleveland and the Angelic Choir Created a Gospel Classic
Author: Robert M. Marovich
The story of a historic Black gospel recording
Paper – $19.95
Series: Music in American Life
In September of 1963, Reverend Lawrence Roberts and the Angelic Choir of the First Baptist Church of Nutley, New Jersey, teamed with rising gospel star James Cleveland to record Peace Be Still. The LP and its haunting title track became a phenomenon. Robert M. Marovich draws on extensive oral interviews and archival research to chart the history of Peace Be Still and the people who created it. Emerging from an established gospel music milieu, Peace Be Still spent several years as the bestselling gospel album of all time. As such, it forged a template for live recordings of services that transformed the gospel music business and Black worship. Marovich also delves into the music's connection to fans and churchgoers, its enormous popularity then and now, and the influence of the Civil Rights Movement on the music's message and reception.
The first in-depth history of a foundational recording, Peace Be Still shines a spotlight on the people and times that created a gospel music touchstone.
Robert M. Marvovich in conversation with Rev. Dr. Stefanie Minatee
Robert M. Marovich hosts Gospel Memories on Chicago's WLUW 88.7 FM and is founder and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Gospel Music, www.journalofgospelmusic.com. In 2019, he was nominated for a Grammy Award, Best Album Notes, for The Gospel According to Malaco. He is the author of A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music.
"James Cleveland's contributions to gospel music have never been properly documented, but thanks to Marovich's stunning work we have a treasure trove that richly repays us on every reading and hearing." --No Depression
"Marovich's lucid account looks to a time when Black migrants from the South recreated their folkways in Northern cities—and how those urban settings changed the tone and volume of the music and culture soon enough. It's the history of a song, the evolution of its meaning and of the gospel genre it influenced." --Shepherd Express
"Highly recommended. " --Choice
"A welcome addition to gospel studies." --ARSC
"My mother basically took Lawrence Roberts under her wing and for a brief moment, he was a part of the Drinkard Singers. She saw his calling to minister and encouraged him to answer that call. He was treated and considered a family member. He treated me kindly and we would speak by phone frequently when he moved to Georgia. He will always be fondly remembered as one I know cared about me and my well-being."--Dionne Warwick on Reverend Lawrence Roberts
"My friend, my confidant, a genius. You can't say it all at one time. Love him to death. Somebody told him, 'I'm gonna spit on your grave.' He told them, 'You better spit up; I'm gonna be in a mausoleum. It's gonna fall back in your face.' Love him much!"--Dorothy Norwood on Reverend James Cleveland
• Certificate of Merit, Best Historical Research in Recorded Blues, Gospel, Soul, Hip-Hop or R&B, ARSC Awards for Excellence in Historical Recorded Sound Research from the Association for Recorded Sound Collections, 2022
• Choice Outstanding Academic Title, 2022
"The 1960s Gospel Hit that Defined a Genre and Era" by Robert Marovich in Zocalo Public SquareRead a Q&A with the authorListen to an interview with Robert Marovich on WXPN's World Cafe
Illustrations: 17 black & white photographs
African American StudiesMusicReligion


SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Oriental Financial Group Inc. (NYS: OFG) today announced that José Rafael Fernández, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Vice Chairman of the Board, will present at the Keefe, Bruyette & Woods Boston Bank Conference on Wednesday, February 27, 2013, at 1:00 PM ET. KBW will webcast the presentation live at http://www.wsw.com/webcast/kbw9.
Oriental Financial Group Inc. is a diversified financial holding company that operates under U.S. and Puerto Rico banking laws and regulations, principally through its three subsidiaries, Oriental Bank, Oriental Financial Services and Oriental Insurance. Now in its 49th year in business, Oriental provides a full range of commercial, consumer and mortgage banking services, as well as financial planning, trust, insurance, investment brokerage and investment banking services, primarily in Puerto Rico, through 64 financial centers. Investor information about Oriental can be found at www.orientalfg.com.
The article Oriental Financial Group to Present at KBW Boston Bank Conference February 27, 2013 originally appeared on Fool.com.


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Packs a punch
Kung fu goes 3D
Jan 22, 2010 (WiC 46)
When most Westerners think of Chinese cinema they are less likely to picture Zhang Yimou's Red Sorghum or Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine. They are more likely to recall Bruce Lee's flicks, especially Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon.
Perhaps that's appropriate. After all, the martial arts genre tends to be associated with the Chinese in much the same way that Bollywood musicals are with India or sullen, chain-smoking explorations of the human condition with the French.
And now the genre is set to be taken to the next level. Well known martial arts choreographer Yuen Woo-ping is planning to introduce audiences to 3D kung fu.
With Avatar currently an international smash hit all over the world with its three-dimensional effects, Yuen hopes his martial arts movie can also grab audience attention. True Legend – directed by Yuen – is the world's first 3D kung fu film and will premier on February 9, during the busy Chinese New Year period. It stars Michelle Yeoh of Crouching Tiger fame, as well as Zhou Xun (see last week's issue), and Taiwanese male heartthrob Jay Chou.
"3D has been really popular in Hollywood, so why not try it? Chinese films should not lag too far behind," Yuen told the China Daily. "The technology makes the action three-dimensional, which offers viewers more visual enjoyment. The power and beauty of kung fu will be crystal clear."
Further evidence of the abiding strength of the kung fu genre comes in the shape of Bodyguards and Assassins, which has been showing in Chinese cinemas since early December. To date it has taken Rmb247 million at the box office. Featuring a cast of A-list kung fu stars including Donnie Yen, the film is made by Cinema Popular – a studio that claims to be China's "answer to Dreamworks".
But the film is about more than flying kicks and exploding fists. The action stars have a purpose: to protect Sun Yat-sen from assassination during a trip to Hong Kong in 1906. Known as the 'Father of the Nation', Sun founded the Chinese republic almost 100 years ago (in 1911) and brought down the Qing Dynasty.
As with most cultural events in China, the film carries a wider political significance. Until recently a movie lionising Sun would have caused angst among the country's top brass and likely would not have been shown. That's because Sun founded the Kuomintang (KMT), the party that eventually fought the Communists and fled in 1949 to found Taiwan. (His portrait is still on Taiwan's hundred dollar bill.)
However, tensions with Taiwan have eased dramatically in the past couple of years – thanks in large part to the efforts of the KMT's latest leader, Ma Ying-jeou. So Beijing's decision to show the films signals another step forward in the cross-straits rapprochement.
Aside from the Taiwan question, the movie has another far-reaching angle. Sun believed in democracy. For the leaders of a one-party state to tolerate the screening of a movie about China's first democrat is quite a statement. Even Sergey Brin and Larry Page must concede that is progress – of sorts.
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Guest column: Nurses can ease crisis
Posted By Alycia Sullivan Mon, Aug 05, 2013 @ 01:07 PM
by Nancy K. Durham
In South Carolina, 42 out of 46 counties are designated as rural or medically underserved by the federal government. According to the U.S. Health Report Card, South Carolina ranks "F" in overall health status, emergency care, chronic disease management and prenatal care. Our state ranks 7th in the nation in infant mortality and 47th in low birth weight. Whether you support the national health care reform efforts or not, the simple fact remains that in 2014 the Affordable Care Act will bring in 30 million new patients into an already broken system that is unable to provide needed care. In South Carolina, we will have to find a way to provide primary health care services to a projected 800,000 new patients.
Consider how long you may be in the waiting room for a visit for your child and consider how long it will take to get an appointment. The average wait time in an emergency room in 2011 was 64.3 minutes. Some experts expect that to double soon, especially in rural areas. Why? Because folks who cannot access primary care use the emergency room for primary care.
We are in a state of crisis. We need to serve more people with fewer physicians. The American Medical Colleges Center for Workforce states that there will be a national shortage of about 63,000 primary care physicians by 2015. South Carolina already ranks 33rd for lowest ratio of those physicians.
According to a 2012 article in Medical Care magazine, the number of nurse practitioners in the U.S. will increase by 94 percent by 2015. We have 2,592 Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) already in South Carolina. Among these APRNs are Nurse Practitioners (NPs) and Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs), who hold at least a master's degree in nursing with advanced education and clinical training to assess, diagnose and manage a patient's health care at the primary care entry while working collaboratively in teams for the optimal patient outcome. Allowing a patient the option to select an APRN as their primary provider could give people access to over 3,000 additional primary care providers when this crisis hits.
The problem deepens for the patients who will desperately need access to care. Currently, the barriers to practice for these advanced level nurses include: the inability for APRNs to order handicapped placards, the inability to order durable medical equipment, inability to refer patients for diagnostic care, limitations on prescribing certain medications for pain and more. An APRN cannot provide care for a patient or prescribe any medication for them unless they have permission and the "supervision" of a physician within a 45 mile radius. This archaic constraint means that patients struggle to get the care they need in a timely and safe manner.
In a rural setting, accessing care is even more burdensome for patients because of fewer providers and transportation options and higher unemployment, affecting health insurance eligibility. Accessing care is difficult and barriers exist everywhere.
The Institute of Medicine in their 2010 report, "The Future of Nursing," calls for the removal of barriers for APRNs so access to primary care is improved. According to the Washington Post, about 6,000 APRNs have already opened independent practices. Nineteen states have already removed barriers and now allow APRNs to practice to the fullest extent of their education and training. There is no longer an excuse for South Carolina to have an "F" in the healthcare rankings.
We hope our policy leaders will take action and allow our qualified APRNs to provide the care that so many South Carolinians need before the burden on our healthcare system becomes even greater. Research shows that APRNs deliver safe, cost-effective, high quality autonomous care to manage a patient or population's health, while working collaboratively in teams for the optimal outcome.
Source: Greenville Online
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The Mobile Bar Company would like to congratulate Jade and Martin on their marriage in Eccleshall on the 4th of Aug and wish them a long and happy life together. The whole day was enjoyed by the 200 guests attending and the weather stayed dry when it mattered. Jade chose our black wooden bar to decorate herself to complement the theme of the day, the results were very stylish and can be seen on our Facebook page (link available at the bottom of the home page) Special thanks must go to Jade's dad for pulling our van out of the mud with his tractor in the early hours of Sunday morning.
After a busy few weeks I have finally managed to find some time to sit down and update the blog, I would like to start by congratulating Ruth & James on their marriage on Saturday 28th July in Barton Under Needwood. We would like to wish them both a long and happy life together, the day was perfect and enjoyed by everybody there. On a personal note I would like to thank Alan (father of the bride) for making us feel so welcome throughout the planning stages and on the big day itself, the coffee's on Sunday morning were just what we needed after a long day / night and much appreciated.
I want to say a massive thank you for the exceptional level of service you provided for Claire and James wedding at Locko Park.
Throughout the planning you were always very professional, getting back to us quickly with information we needed.
On the day the bar looked superb and the staff who were looking after us were wonderful. Claire and James had an amazing time dancing non stop until it finished, we could of carried on all night.
The Mobile Bar Company would like to Congratulate Claire & James on their Wedding and wish them a long and happy marriage. It was a pleasure to be involved in there big day. They got married on the 30th of June at Locko Park with all bar services provided by ourselves. It was a stunning venue and one which I will soon add a link to from our recommended suppliers section. The day ran without a hitch thanks to the hard work of Lisa Hilliard their wedding planner who I'm more than happy to recommend having witnessed how professionally she worked to ensure everything went to plan.
The Mobile Bar Company would like to congratulate Bruce and Mel on their marriage over the weekend and thank them for allowing us to play a part in their day. We provided all the drinks and bar services for their reception at Nether Burrows farm. The Venue was stunning and the perfect setting for such a special day. Catering was provided by Harris Catering who I'm more than happy to recommend after seeing how professionally things were run and sampling there menu. Links to nether burrows farm and Harris catering are now available in our recommended suppliers section.
The Mobile Bar Company are pleased to be supplying a mobile bar unit for the upcoming beer festival at the Alfred in Burton On Trent on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th of June. It should be a fantastic weekend with lots of guest Ales along with all the Bridge Brewery favourites.
The Mobile Bar Company is happy to be providing the Bar service for this Saturday's live band night at Anslow village Hall hosted by Rachel Bishop. It should be a great night with live music, full bar service and dancing until late.
The Mobile Bar Company in conjunction with the Burton Bridge Inn are the proud providers of all bar services for Bretbys upcoming Barn Dance to celebrate the Queens Diamond Jubilee on Monday 4th June 2012. It looks set to be a great event with, music, hog roast, and plenty of Burton Bridge Ale.
The Mobile Bar Company are pleased to be supplying a mobile bar unit for the upcoming beer festival at the Burton Bridge Inn on the 26th, 27th and 28th of April. It should be a fantastic weekend with 24 guest Ales along with all the Bridge Brewery favourites and a variety of locally sourced sausages in sizzling flavours.


The first release outside Japan by one of contemporary music's most original and underappreciated composers. Born in the Phillipines in 1900, maceda has been creating remarkable compositions, often for large ensembles of the same instrument, for over fifty years. this cd brings together three very different pieces from his enormous catalogue; an hypnotic score for an ensemble of forty bamboo flutes, one of his most dynamic orchestral compostions, performed brilliantly by the manila symphony orchestra under his own direction, and one of the strangest masses ever written for gongs, voices and bamboos, recorded live in a Phillipino open air temple. an incredibly exciting release of rarely heard music by a rarely-heard-from and unjustly-obscure composer.


So we are trying to design box stairs in TC, We have a 27 degree slop (Rise 39, Run 144), We will be using 2x12x144in for the sides, and we are trying to place steps along the slope so that the bottom of step 1 aligns with the top of step 2 going down the stair case. I can not figure out how to do this type of alignment. The alignment tool seems to only let me do a center vertical or horizontal alignment not a top to bottome alignment.


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856 AD: Damghan Earthquake
856 AD: Damghan Earthquake ...
en.wikipedia.org 22/12/856 History
Keywords:#Alborz, #Astan, #Astaneh, #Balkan, #Bastam, #Bitlis, #Caucasus, #Damghan, #En.wikipedia.org, #Gorgan, #Hecatompylos, #Iran, #Mercalli, #Mercalli_intensity_scale, #Parthian, #Parthian_Empire, #Persian, #Quaternary, #USGS, #Zagros
The 856 Damghan earthquake or the 856 Qumis earthquake occurred on 22 December 856 (242 AH). The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9, and a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The meizoseismal area (area of maximum damage) extended for about 350 kilometres (220 mi) along the southern edge of the eastern Alborz mountains of present-day Iran including parts of Tabaristan and Gorgan. The earthquake's epicenter is estimated to be close to the city of Damghan, which was then the capital of the Persian province of Qumis. It caused approximately 200,000 deaths and is listed by the USGS as the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. This death toll has been debated.
Tectonic setting
Iran lies within the complex zone of continental collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, which extends from the Bitlis-Zagros belt in the south to the Greater Caucasus mountains, the Apsheron-Balkan Sill and the Kopet Dag mountains in the north. The epicentral area is located in the Alborz mountain range, in which oblique north–south shortening is accommodated by a combination of thrusting and sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip faulting.
The main active structure in the Qumis region is the Shahrud fault system, which extends for several hundred km. This zone of overall sinistral strike-slip consists of several fault strands, including the Damghan Fault, Northern Damghan Fault, and the Astaneh Fault System, all of which lie within the epicentral area and show evidence of displacement during the Quaternary. The longest of these possible candidates for the source of the magnitude-7.9 856 earthquake is the 150 km long Astaneh Fault System. Trenching along one of the segments of the Astaneh Fault System has provided evidence of a significant earthquake along the fault that occurred well after 600 BC and before 1300 AD, consistent with the 856 event.
Earthquake characteristics
The earthquake occurred at night.
Aftershocks affected the area for several years, probably including a damaging earthquake in western Khurasan.
The area of significant damage extended along the Alborz for about 350 kilometres (220 mi), including the towns of Ahevanu, Astan, Tash, Bastam and Shahrud, with almost all the villages in the area severely damaged. Hecatompylos, now called Šahr-e Qumis, the former capital of Parthian Empire, was destroyed. Half of Damghan and a third of the town of Bustam were also destroyed. The earthquake badly affected water supplies in the Qumis area, partly due to springs and qanats drying up, but also because of landslides damming streams. The total death toll for the earthquake is reported as 200,000, with 45,096 casualties in the district of Damghan alone.
Šahr-e Qumis was so badly damaged that it appears to have been abandoned following the earthquake. The effects of the earthquake were still visible in the area between Bastam and Damghan 46 years later.
Future seismic hazard
From the results of trenching at a single site along the Astaneh Fault, a repeat period of about 3,700 years has been estimated and no large earthquakes have been recorded in the Damghan area since 856. However, further trenching studies are needed to establish whether the entire length of the fault is typically involved in a rupture event, or whether shorter segments may be responsible for smaller (although damaging) earthquakes with a shorter recurrence period.
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When things go wrong, Babette-the-Cat tells me, make cheese from the curdled mess. This time, the refrigerator froze a top-shelf bottle of kefir, causing the butterfat to separate from the curds, which in turn separated from the whey. Thank heavens for mason jars and cheese cloth -- I would that there were such a convenient solution for my other woes. Or even a nice analogy. Let's see -- I suppose cheesemaking is rather like panning for gold, which is rather like solving pecuniary problems. In any event, I had the curds draining by my desk as I worked, and it smelled sweeter and sweeter the warmer the afternoon became. Perhaps I should market dairy-based room fresheners.
We have yet to see how butter chunks will affect the cheese. Probably they will separate entirely into a wee teaspoon of butter, and my strange little cheese shall be the less rich for it.
Update: The butter re-emulsified quite nicely with the curds this morning. Have a care when salting the curds, as it takes an hour or more for the saltiness to diffuse and permeate the cheese. Babette knew it for the cheese it was as soon as I took it from the fridge. No wonder she's such a plumpkin -- her brother's favorite food is wheatgrass, and I don't see him toting a bowling-ball belly around.


'Biodiversity News' is published four times a year by Defra. It contains news, updates, features, and local and regional articles of relevance to biodiversity and the UK Biodiversity Framework, as well as details of relevant publications and forth-coming events.
The most recent edition (Issue 77 – Winter 2017/18) (PDF, 7.5Mb) is now available.


By thredbo, April 1, 2017 in What motorcycle should I buy?
I've currently got a yz250x, but I've recently gotten my license and I can't register it. I was a bike that I can go out and smash the mx track and bush on the weekends, and then just chuck some motard wheels on to get to school during the week.
Hence why I'm looking at the wr250. The one I'm looking at is a second hand 2008 model.
What is this bike like? especially compared to the new yz..
Impossible to start easily and reliably. The kickstarter is straight out of 1987 as is the weak spark ignition.
Good. Well adapted for off road riding. Softer delivery but still effective. Heavier than the YZ and you can feel it. Old school smoker design - not bad just not polished.


Katie serves ice cream cones or ice cream in a bowl. Passes through Fish Creek beginning at 5pm via the far gate (site 305), and works it's way back towards the front entrance (ie site 1). The ice cream truck leaves by 10pm.
These same folks have been serving campers for years!
The HPT truck first started serving campers at Fish Creek in the summer of 2011.
Katie serves a variety of treats including: cotton candy, popcorn, sno cones, soda water (drinks) and Bye Bye Blackfly repllent. Ice is also available.
The HPT truck makes its treat cart/ice run around 12pm each day (Fish Creek only). First run for the 2013 season will be Memorial weekend, and subsequent weekends until school is out, then daily through the summer.
2015 Update! Katie will likely not be running the candy truck this year as her girls are no longer available to help.
The HPT truck will be making an ice run through both Fish Creek and Rollins beginning at 8:30am. Later in the day the HPT truck will be making a wood and ice run through Fish Creek and Rollins around 4:30/5:00pm. This run will offer both wood and ice in Rollins, but only ice as it passes through Fish Creek (another vendor will be doing the wood run through Fish Creek).
Wood is a standard 2cu ft rack.
The HPT ice/wood truck starts Victoria Day weekend, and subsequent weekends until school is out, then daily through the summer.
2015 Update! As in the past, Katie only has a vendors license to sell wood in Rollins. If you wish to purchase wood in Fish Creek, you'll have to look for Genes wood truck or meet up with Katie up in Rollins. She sells wood (soft wood only this year) for $9.
Lynne Murphy and Jemell Ellis-Branch run the High Peaks Bean & Bakery truck which passes through the campground starting at the far gate in the morning. These fine gals make the daily morning cruise around the ponds at Fish Creek serving up coffee, donuts, apple fritters, cupcakes, muffins, mini banana loafs, the Watertown Daily Times and more (see the menu photo below for all their goodies!). You can reserve newspapers (or pies etc for that matter) so you won't miss out on a paper each day.
High Peaks Bean & Bakery is a new vendor as of the 2012 season.
2015 Update! Not sure if the girls have a vendors license for this season.
"Hey Dave! We need a photo of this guy! Gene is the guy who sometimes gives out free flashlights when you buy a wheel barrel of wood. Nice!
Gene has been serving Fish Creek for a few years now.
2015 Update! Gene sells his wood for $8 for a wheel barrel full.
"Hey Dave! We need a photo of these guys! These two guys pass through Fish Creek later in the day providing a rack of nice hardwood for $7.
The two guys have been serving Fish Creek for a few years now.
Note (2015): Wood is also available for $9 at the front gate for a bag of kiln dried hardwood. Phil at the Trading Post sells a bundle of hardwood for $6.49 plus tax.


text:
Stephen Mansfield
Words About Videogames
Work Published Elsewhere
Hitman Review
Originally Written on December 18, 2016
The Hitman franchise was in an uncertain place after 2012's Hitman Absolution failed to excite fans or meet sales expectations. As a result of this, publisher Square Enix and developer IO Interactive decided to experiment with the newest entry in the series. In addition to being a soft reboot, this year's Hitman released in an episodic format. Poor messaging and a general apprehension towards episodic games left fans worried before launch, but IO managed to both justify the structure and build a great game around it.
The first Hitman episode released in March, with April and May getting the subsequent two. There was no new episode in June, and July only gave us bonus missions, reworked versions of the second and third maps. The final three episodes came out in August, September, and October. With plenty of reasons to replay each map and a significant amount of live content, I found this update schedule to be quite reasonable.
What makes the episodic structure work so well is that the missions in Hitman are meant to be replayed. They all have many layers to them that I would never discover on my first run through. If I was playing a Hitman game that came out all at once, I would play through a level and move on to the next one. By the time I finished the game I would probably have my fill and never go back to the older missions. But instead I was spending time in between missions playing through the old ones. The episodic release structure made Hitman a game I kept coming back to as opposed to a game that I played through and tossed aside once something else came out.
The main menu is updated to display new conent
The game encourages replayability with the mastery and challenge systems. Each location has a set of challenges attached to it, ranging from dropping a chandelier on a target to throwing a coin in a fountain. Completing these challenges earns XP, which increases the mastery rating on that level. There are twenty mastery levels on every map, and each one grants access to a new weapon, item, starting location, or agency pickup. The items and weapons become useful on later missions, while the map specific unlocks help with higher mastery levels as well as the other content on each map.
There is also plenty to do in Hitman aside from these main missions. This includes escalations, hits that get progressively harder over five levels of difficulty; contracts, a mode which allows users to create their own hits; and elusive targets, hits that appear for a set period of time and can only be attempted once. The former two are fun to engage with once the main content has been exhausted, but the elusive targets are the true standout. In addition to the challenges previously mentioned, they also are not given the same red outline in the game's version of detective vision that all of the other targets are. These challenging, high stakes hits led to some very tense moments. They resulted in the sweetest of victories and the most agonizing of defeats. These targets are also given the same type of introduction and backstory that the main targets are, making them more than just random people to kill. It also makes an amount of in-world sense that I appreciate. Agent 47 would get a target, some information about them, a location, and a timeframe for when they would be there. It's the game showing him doing his regular job while waiting for another beat on the global conspiracy at hand. Elusives and escalations have been added to the game on a regular basis, and the recent Christmas mission might indicate that they are experimenting with other forms of live content as well.
The story is not the draw of Hitman
The episodic format is great, but it does come with one unfortunate and unforced error in the form of online-only features. The entire game can be played without an internet connection, but this removes the ability to unlock items, complete challenges, or increase mastery level. This progression is an important aspect of what makes the episodic structure so great, and it's a shame that people with spotty internet connections don't get to experience it. The online-only aspects also add nothing to the game for people who do have an internet connection, making it a wholly unnecessary annoyance. They have made strides to fix this with the latest patch allowing users to use items unlocked online when they are not connected, but a connection is still required to unlock them in the first place.
With the episodic release structure, the story in Hitman is very disjointed. There are a few cut scenes in the beginning of the game and one at the end of each episode. Making things more confusing is the fact that a lot of them are only tangentially tied to the mission. It starts to come together and make sense after the fourth episode, but it ends up being nothing more than typical espionage schlock. That being said, the cut scenes look good and are well acted in an overly dramatic sort of way. They also manage to end the first season's arc while setting up the premise for the now confirmed season two.
As a character Agent 47 is a little bland, but what he lacks in personality he makes up for in talent. Aside from being a master assassin, he also has the ability to perform seemingly any task that he is faced with. He acts flawlessly and without hesitation whether he is mixing a drink, playing the drums, giving a massage, or teaching yoga. This adds to the absurdity of the whole thing and gives the developers free reign when coming up with kills. And they use this freedom to its fullest effect with some truly creative and hilarious ways to complete a hit. It helps too that the targets are all villainous caricatures getting their just desserts.
Agent 47 is a man of many talents
On its most basic level, Hitman is about giving the player an objective and free reign in how to approach that objective. This freedom can sometimes be a little overwhelming, especially for players like myself who are new to the franchise. For this reason, IO has implemented an opportunities system. These opportunities are specific paths that the player can follow that will either get them into a location, get them a specific outfit, lead them right to the hit, or sometimes just end with the hit being completed. This is somewhat of a guided tour that the player can follow, and it really helped me get my bearings when I started the game. There are between five and ten of these on each map, and they are only the start of what there is to see. Seasoned Hitman veterans will be happy to hear that these opportunities can be turned off, and I found myself using them less and less as I got more familiar with the rules and mechanics of the game. In fact, almost all of the UI elements can be turned off from the aforementioned detective vision all the way down to the mini map and alert notifications.
Hitman allows for a variety of ways to play, but it never stops being a stealth game. Getting into shootouts is not a viable way to play the game given that it only takes a couple of bullets to down Agent 47. Whether it's sneaking around, taking out guards stealthily, sniping, or hiding in plain sight, all of the core systems are built around not being discovered.
However, all is not lost when 47 does get discovered. Escaping from a bad situation by the skin of your teeth and finding a new disguise to work with is always a possibility, however slim it may be. The AI in Hitman can be tough to deal with, but it is not absurdly difficult. Once I learned the ways the games systems worked, manipulating the guards became an easier but not too easy task.
There are ways to play the game that may not be immediately apparent
Ultimately, Hitman strikes the right balance when it comes to difficulty in all aspects. There is a lot of fun to be had for both players who want to stumble their way through scripted kills and players who want to complete every mission with the Suit Only, Silent Assassin challenge. What was even more great was seeing myself transform from the former into the latter as I continued to play the game.
Hitman is a mechanically sound game all around, but one thing I specifically need to talk about is the throwing mechanic. Pretty much any object that can be picked up can also be thrown. Blunt items like hammers and wrenches will knock out a character while sharp objects like scissors and knives will kill them. The silent nature of these attacks as well as the generous lock-on probably makes them a little overpowered, but I wouldn't have it any other way. The thud of a crowbar hitting a guard before they fall to the ground, the expletive that they only manage to get halfway through if they see the item flying towards them, and the two-handed windup that 47 employs for larger items like an axe or a fire extinguisher never stop being hilarious. Throwing things at people in Hitman is endlessly satisfying.
Of course in a game like Hitman these systems and mechanics are only as good as the sandboxes they can be used in. While there have been a few missteps along the way, IO have managed to put out levels with a mostly consistent high level of quality
The first level in Paris is a huge mansion playing host to a fashion show. The mansion is four whole floors full of things to find, and there is a significant amount of outdoor space as well. Getting around is never too much of a hassle, and 47 can walk right up to both targets wearing nothing but his suit. Paris is both a great first level and a great level overall.
Sapienza normally
The second level in Sapienza, Italy is set on a beautiful coast with a villa and surrounding town. It's an interesting level in the sense that there is a huge town to explore, but the two targets and the third mission objective are all located in the villa portion of the map. That's not a problem per say though, because there is plenty to do and see away from the targets. Sapienza is the most impressive map of the bunch, but it is hampered by the third objective. There are only so many ways to accomplish this, and they stopped being interesting once I knew what they were. It makes replaying one of the most fun levels in the game somewhat of a chore.
The third mission in Marrakesh is much weaker than the previous two. There is a great open-air market to explore but not much to do in it. Both of the targets and most of the interesting interactions are tucked away into the two safe holds at either end of the map. It leads to you spending most of your time trying to infiltrate as opposed to actually thinking of ways to take out the targets.
The Bangkok level is set in a hotel, making for the least interesting location from a visual standpoint. It is a generic look and a disappointing use of the setting. That being said, the mission is a lot similar to Paris in terms of layout, and is a solid return to form after Marrakesh.
Colorado is another step back and might be the weakest map overall. It is the only mission where there are four targets to kill, and since it is set on a military complex 47 is always trespassing in his starting suit. It is a fun challenge the first time through, but I simply ran out of things to see and do on repeat playthroughs. There are about as many challenges and opportunities as in the previous maps, but the problem is that they are spread across four different targets. With some of them getting significantly less attention than others, the grind to level 20 on Colorado is a rough one.
Sapienza bonus mission
Thankfully the final mission in Hokkaido, Japan is a high point for the season. Set on a hillside, high-end hospital and resort, it is by far the most visually striking episode. The two targets include one that walks around the common area you start in and another that is stationary. This leads to a good mix of manipulation and infiltration similar and superior to Paris and Bangkok. Another twist is that the clothes you are wearing determine what doors you can open. This means you either have to constantly change outfits or drag bodies to doors. It is a twist that is more creative and requires more creativity from the player than the one in Colorado. Hokkaido ended the season on a strong note that it needed after a couple of sub par episodes.
Overall, the only level I would consider bad is Colorado, and even that has some good moments. The rest range from serviceable to incredible, with three of the six falling into the latter camp.
The bonus missions they added were also fun, specifically the Sapienza one. The area outside the villa has been transformed into a movie set for the big comeback film of a washed up action hero. Naturally, you have to kill him. This mission has some of the best comedy in the game and is an impressive visual overhaul of the level. The Marrakesh mission is less interesting, with the only big change being that it takes place at night. It also has confusing logic and a dreaded third objective. I played through it once and had no desire to revisit it.
The game is ridiculous in some great ways.
With the exception of Bangkok, these levels all feel unique, and there are a bunch of small details that make me appreciate the world design. But with the amount of care that goes into bringing these exotic locations to life, it pulled me out of the experience every time somebody in Italy and Morocco talked with an American accent. That combined with a soundtrack that is nowhere near as good as the work Jespyr Kid did on Blood Money diminishes not all but a lot of the potential atmosphere.
Hitman is an admirable feat. It proved that an entire business model could be viable and did so in a way that is better than what anybody could have expected. It's also a pretty great stealth game with some incredible maps. It is not hard to imagine other developers looking at the work IO Interactive has done when their franchise's future is in jeopardy. Hitman is more than a great game; it's potentially revolutionary.
Final Score: 5 Stars
Designed to Be Beautiful: Nature and Beauty in Ori and the Will of the Wisps October 1, 2020
Art in Motion: Mirror's Edge, Parkour, and the Subversive Potential of Speedrunning September 15, 2019
The Power of Kids June 24, 2019


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text:
method_man December 14, 2015, 5:25pm #1
SECTION I.
Philosophy, of which we sometimes pass the boundaries, researches of antiquity, and the spirit of discussion and criticism, have been carried so far that several learned men have finally doubted if there ever was a Moses, and whether this man was not an imaginary being, such as were Perseus, Bacchus, Atlas, Penthesilea, Vesta, Rhea Silvia, Isis, Sammonocodom, Fo, Mercury, Trismegistus, Odin, Merlin, Francus, Robert the Devil, and so many other heroes of romance whose lives and prowess have been recorded.
It is not very likely, say the incredulous, that a man ever existed whose life is a continual prodigy.
It is not very likely that he worked so many stupendous miracles in Egypt, Arabia, and Syria, without their being known throughout the world.
It is not likely that no Egyptian or Greek writer should have transmitted these miracles to posterity. They are mentioned by the Jews alone; and in the time that this history was written by them, they were not known to any nationâ??not indeed until towards the second century. The first author who expressly quotes the Book of Moses is Longinus, minister of Queen Zenobia, in the time of the emperor Aurelian.
It is to be remarked that the author of the â??Mercury Trismegistus,â?? who certainly was an Egyptian, says not a single word about this Moses.
If a single ancient author had related a single one of these miracles, Eusebius would no doubt have triumphed in this evidence, either in his â??Historyâ?? or in his â??Evangelical Preparation.â??
It is true, he mentions authors who have quoted his name, but none who have cited his prodigies. Before him, the Jews, Josephus and Philo, who have so much celebrated their own nation, sought all the writers in which the name of Moses is found, but there was not a single one who made the least mention of the marvellous actions attributed to him.
In this silence of the whole world, the incredulous reason with a temerity which refutes itself.
The Jews are the only people who possessed the Pentateuch, which they attribute to Moses. It is said, even in their books, that this Pentateuch was not known until the reign of their king Josiah, thirty-six years before the destruction and captivity of Jerusalem; and they then only possessed a single copy, which the priest Hilkiah found at the bottom of a strong box, while counting money. The priest sent it to the king by his scribe Shaphan. All this, say they, necessarily obscures the authenticity of the Pentateuch.
In short, if the Pentateuch was known to all the Jews, would Solomonâ??the wise Solomon, inspired by God Himself to build a templeâ??have ornamented this temple with so many statues, contrary to the express order of Moses?
All the Jewish prophets, who prophesied in the name of the Lord from the time of Moses till that of King Josiah, would they not have been supported in all their prophecies by the laws of Moses? Would they not a thousand times have quoted his own words? Would they not have commented upon them? None of them, however, quote two linesâ??no one follows the text of Mosesâ??they even oppose them in several places.
According to these unbelievers, the books attributed to Moses were only written among the Babylonians during the captivity, or immediately afterwards by Esdras. Indeed, we see only Persian and Chald�¦an terminations in the Jewish writings: â??Babel,â?? gate of God; â??Phegor-beel,â?? or â??Beel-phegor,â?? god of the precipices; â??Zebuth-beel,â?? or â??Beel-zebuth,â?? god of insects; â??Bethel,â?? house of God; â??Daniel,â?? judgment of God; â??Gabriel,â?? man of God; â??Jahel,â?? afflicted of God; â??Jael,â?? the life of God; â??Israel,â?? seeing God; â??Oviel,â?? strength of God; â??Raphael,â?? help of God; â??Uriel,â?? fire of God.
Thus, all is foreign in the Jewish nation, a stranger itself in Palestine; circumcision, ceremonies, sacrifices, the ark, the cherubim, the goat Hazazel, baptism of justice, simple baptism, proofs, divination, interpretation of dreams, enchantment of serpentsâ??nothing originated among these people, nothing was invented by them.
The celebrated Lord Bolingbroke believed not that Moses ever existed; he thought he saw in the Pentateuch a crowd of contradictions and puzzling chronological and geographical faults; names of towns not then built, precepts given to kings at a time when not only the Jews had no kings, but in which it is probable there were none, since they lived in deserts, in tents, in the manner of the Bedouin Arabs.
What appears to him above all the most palpable contradiction is the gift of forty-eight cities with their suburbs, made to the Levites in a country in which there was not a single village; and it is principally on these forty-eight cities that he refutes Abbadie, and even has the cruelty to treat him with the aversion and contempt of a lord of the Upper Chamber, or a minister of state towards a petty foreign priest who would be so impertinent as to reason with him.
I will take the liberty of representing to Viscount Bolingbroke, and to all those who think with him, not only that the Jewish nation has always believed in the existence of Moses, and in that of his books, but that even Jesus Christ has acknowledged him. The four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, recognize him. St. Matthew says expressly, that Moses and Elias appeared to Jesus Christ on the mountain during the night of the transfiguration, and St. Luke says the same.
Jesus Christ declares in St. Matthew that he is not come to abolish this law, but to accomplish it. In the New Testament, we are often referred to the law of Moses and to the prophets. The whole Church has always believed the Pentateuch written by Moses; and further, of five hundred different societies, which have been so long established in Christendom, none have ever doubted the existence of this great prophet. We must, therefore, submit our reason, as so many men have done before us.
I know very well that I shall gain nothing in the mind of the viscount, or of those of his opinion. They are too well persuaded that the Jewish books were not written until very late, and during the captivity of the two tribes which remained. But we shall possess the consolation of having the Church with us.
SECTION II.
If you would be instructed and amused with antiquity, read the life of Moses in the article on â??Apocrypha.â??
In vain have several scholars believed that the Pentateuch could not have been written by Moses. They say that it is affirmed even by the Scripture, that the first known copy was found in the time of King Josiah, and that this single copy was brought to the king by the secretary Shaphan. Now, between the time of Moses and this adventure of the secretary Shaphan, there were one thousand one hundred and sixty-seven years, by the Hebrew computation. For God appeared to Moses in the burning bush, in the year of the world 2213, and the secretary Shaphan published the book of the law in the year of the world 3380. This book found under Josiah, was unknown until the return from the Babylonish captivity; and it is said that it was Esdras, inspired by God, who brought the Holy Scriptures to light.
But whether it was Esdras or another who digested this book is absolutely indifferent, since it is inspired. It is not said in the Pentateuch, that Moses was the author; we might, therefore, be permitted to attribute it to the declaration of some other divine mind, if the Church had not decided that the book is by Moses.
Some opposers add, that no prophet has quoted the books of the Pentateuch, that there is no mention of it either in the Psalms or in the books attributed to Solomon, in Jeremiah or Isaiah, or, in short, in any canonical book of the Jews. Words answering to those of Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, are not found in any other language recognized by them as authentic. Others, still more bold, have put the following questions:
In what language could Moses have written in a savage desert? It could only be in Egyptian; for by this same book we are told that Moses and all his people were born in Egypt. It is therefore probable that they spoke no other language. The Egyptians had yet made no use of papyrus; they engraved hieroglyphics on tables of wood or marble. It is even said, that the tables of the commandments were engraved on polished stones, which required prodigious time and labor.
Is it likely, that in a desert where the Jewish people had neither shoemaker nor tailorâ??in which the God of the universe was obliged to work a continual miracle to preserve the old dresses and shoes of the Jewsâ??men could be found clever enough to engrave the five books of the Pentateuch on marble or wood? You will say, that they found laborers who made a golden calf in one night, and who afterwards reduced the gold into powderâ??an operation impracticable to common chemistry, which was not yet discovered. Who constructed the tabernacle? Who ornamented thirty columns of brass with capitals of silver? Who wove and embroidered veils of linen with hyacinth, purple, and scarlet? An account that supports the opinion of the contradictors. They answer, that it was not possible that in a desert, where they were in want of everything, for them to perform works so intricate; that they must have begun by making shoes and tunics; that those who wanted necessaries could not indulge in luxuries; and that it is an evident contradiction to say, that they had founders, engravers, and embroiderers, when they had neither clothes nor bread.
If Moses had written the first chapter of Genesis, would all young people have been forbidden to read the first chapter? Would so little respect have been paid to the legislator? If it was Moses who said that God punished the iniquity of the fathers to the fourth generation, would Ezekiel have dared to say the contrary?
If Moses wrote Leviticus, could he have contradicted it in Deuteronomy? Leviticus forbids a woman to marry her brother, Deuteronomy commands it.
Could Moses have spoken of towns which existed not in his time? Would he have said that towns which, in regard to him, were on the east of the Jordan were on the west?
Would he have assigned forty-eight cities to the Levites, in a country in which there were never ten, and in a desert in which he had always wandered without habitation?
Would he have prescribed rules for the Jewish kings, when not only there were no kings among this people, but they were held in horror, and it was not probable they would ever have any? What! would Moses have given precepts for the conduct of kings who came not until five hundred years after him, and have said nothing in relation to the judges and priests who succeeded him? Does not this religion lead us to believe that the Pentateuch was composed in the time of kings, and that the ceremonies instituted by Moses were only traditional.
Suppose he had said to the Jews: I have made you depart to the number of six hundred thousand combatants from the land of Egypt under the protection of your God? Would not the Jews have answered him: You must have been very timid not to lead us against Pharaoh of Egypt; he could not have opposed to us an army of two hundred thousand men. There never was such an army on foot in Egypt; we should have conquered them easily; we should have been the masters of their country. What! has the God, who talks to you, to please us slain all the first-born of Egypt, which, if there were in this country three hundred thousand families, makes three hundred thousand men destroyed in one night, simply to avenge us, and yet you have not seconded your God and given us that fertile country which nothing could withhold from us. On the contrary you have made us depart from Egypt as thieves and cowards, to perish in deserts between mountains and precipices. You might, at least, have conducted us by the direct road to this land of Canaan, to which we have no right, but which you have promised us, and on which we have not yet been able to enter.
It was natural that, from the land of Goshen, we should march towards Tyre and Sidon, along the Mediterranean; but you made us entirely pass the Isthmus of Suez, and re-enter Egypt, proceed as far as Memphis, when we find ourselves at Beel-Sephor on the borders of the Red Sea, turning our backs on the land of Canaan, having journeyed eighty leagues in this Egypt which we wished to avoid, so as at last to nearly perish between the sea and the army of Pharaoh!
If you had wished to deliver us to our enemies, you could not have taken a different route and other measures. God has saved us by a miracle, you say; the sea opened to let us pass; but after such a favor, should He let us die of hunger and fatigue in the horrible deserts of Kadesh-barnea, Mara, Elim, Horeb, and Sinai? All our fathers perished in these frightful solitudes; and you tell us, at the end of forty years, that God took particular care of them.
This is what these murmuring Jews, these unjust children of the vagabonds who died in the desert, might have said to Moses, if he had read Exodus and Genesis to them. And what might they not have said and done on the article of the golden calf? What! you dare to tell us that your brother made a calf for our fathers, when you were with God on the mountain? You, who sometimes tell us that you have spoken to God face to face, and sometimes that you could only see His back! But no matter, you were with this God, and your brother cast a golden calf in one day, and gave it to us to adore it; and instead of punishing your unworthy brother, you make him our chief priest, and order your Levites to slay twenty-three thousand men of your people. Would our fathers have suffered this? Would they have allowed themselves to be sacrificed like so many victims by sanguinary priests? You tell us that, not content with this incredible butchery, you have further massacred twenty-four thousand of our poor followers because one of them slept with a Midianitish woman, whilst you yourself espoused a Midianite; and yet you add, that you are the mildest of men! A few more instances of this mildness, and not a soul would have remained.
No; if you have been capable of all this cruelty, if you can have exercised it, you would be the most barbarous of men, and no punishment would suffice to expiate so great a crime.
These are nearly the objections which all scholars make to those who think that Moses is the author of the Pentateuch. But we answer them, that the ways of God are not those of men; that God has proved, conducted, and abandoned His people by a wisdom which is unknown to us; that the Jews themselves, for more than two thousand years, have believed that Moses is the author of these books; that the Church, which has succeeded the synagogue, and which is equally infallible, has decided this point of controversy; and that scholars should remain silent when the Church pronounces.
SECTION III.
We cannot doubt that there was a Moses, a legislator of the Jews. We will here examine his history, following merely the rules of criticism; the Divine is not submitted to similar examination. We must confine ourselves to the probable; men can only judge as men. It is very natural and very probable that an Arab nation dwelt on the confines of Egypt, on the side of Arabia Deserta; that it was tributary or slave to the Egyptian kings, and that afterwards it sought to establish itself elsewhere; but that which reason alone cannot admit is, that this nation, composed of seventy persons at most in the time of Joseph, increased in two hundred and fifteen years, from Joseph to Moses, to the number of six hundred thousand combatants, according to the Book of Exodus, which six hundred thousand men capable of bearing arms imply a multitude of about two millions, counting old men, women, and children. It is not certainly in the course of nature for a colony of seventy persons, as many males as females, to produce in two centuries two millions of inhabitants. The calculations made on this progression by men very little versed in the things of this world, are falsified by the experience of all nations and all times. Children are not made by a stroke of the pen. Reflect well that at this rate a population of ten thousand persons in two hundred years would produce more inhabitants than the globe of the earth could sustain.
Is it any more probable, that these six hundred thousand combatants, favored by the Author of nature who worked for them so many prodigies, were forced to wander in the deserts in which they died, instead of seeking to possess themselves of fertile Egypt?
By these rules of an established and reasonable human criticism, we must agree that it is very likely that Moses conducted a small people from the confines of Egypt. There was among the Egyptians an ancient tradition, related by Plutarch in his â??Treatise on Isis and Osiris,â?? that Tiphon, the father of Jerosselaim and Juddecus, fled from Egypt on an ass. It is clear from this passage that the ancestors of the Jews, the inhabitants of Jerusalem, were supposed to have been fugitives from Egypt. A tradition, no less ancient and more general is, that the Jews were driven from Egypt, either as a troop of unruly brigands, or a people infected with leprosy. This double accusation carries its probability even from the land of Goshen, which they had inhabited, a neighboring land of the vagabond Arabs, and where the disease of leprosy, peculiar to the Arabs, might be common. It appears even by the Scripture that this people went from Egypt against their will. The seventeenth chapter of Deuteronomy forbids kings to think of leading the Jews back to Egypt.
The conformity of several Egyptian and Jewish customs still more strengthens the opinion that this people was an Egyptian colony, and what gives it a new degree of probability is the feast of the Passover; that is to say, of the flight or passage instituted in memory of their evasion. This feast alone would be no proof; for among all peoples there are solemnities established to celebrate fabulous and incredible events; such were most of the feasts of the Greeks and Romans; but a flight from one country to another is nothing uncommon, and calls for belief. The proof drawn from this feast of the Passover receives a still greater force by that of the Tabernacles, in memory of the time in which the Jews inhabited the desert on their departure from Egypt. These similitudes, united with so many others, prove that a colony really went from Egypt, and finally established itself for some time at Palestine.
Almost all the rest is of a kind so marvellous that human sagacity cannot digest it. All that we can do is to seek the time in which the history of this flightâ??that is to say, the Book of Exodusâ??can have been written, and to examine the opinions which then prevailed; opinions, of which the proof is in the book itself, compared with the ancient customs of nations.
With regard to the books attributed to Moses, the most common rules of criticism permit us not to believe that he can be the author of them.
It is not likely that he spoke of the places by names which were not given to them until long afterwards. In this book mention is made of the cities of Jair, and every one agrees that they were not so named until long after the death of Moses. It also speaks of the country of Dan, and the tribe of Dan had not given its name to the country of which it was not yet the master.
How could Moses have quoted the book of the wars of the Lord, when these wars and this book were after his time?
How could Moses speak of the pretended defeat of a giant named Og, king of Bashan, vanquished in the desert in the last year of his government? And how could he add, that he further saw his bed of iron of nine cubits long in Rabath? This city of Rabath was the capital of the Ammonites, into whose country the Hebrews had not yet penetrated. Is it not apparent, that such a passage is the production of a posterior writer, which his inadvertence betrays? As an evidence of the victory gained over the giant, he brings forward the bed said to be still at Rabath, forgetting that it is Moses whom he makes speak, who was dead long before.
How could Moses have called cities beyond the Jordan, which, with regard to him, were on this side? Is it not palpable, that the book attributed to him was written a long time after the Israelites had crossed this little river Jordan, which they never passed under his conduct?
Is it likely that Moses told his people, that in the last year of his government he took, in the little province of Argobâ??a sterile and frightful country of Arabia Petr�¦aâ??sixty great towns surrounded with high fortified walls, independent of an infinite number of open cities? Is it not much more probable that these exaggerations were afterwards written by a man who wished to flatter a stupid nation?
It is still less likely, that Moses related the miracles with which this history is filled.
It is easy to persuade a happy and victorious people that God has fought for them; but it is not in human nature that a people should believe a hundred miracles in their favor, when all these prodigies ended only in making them perish in a desert. Let us examine some of the miracles related in Exodus.
It appears contradictory and injurious to the divine essence to suppose that God, having formed a people to be the sole depository of His laws, and to reign over all nations, should send a man of this people to demand of the king, their oppressor, permission to go into the desert to sacrifice to his God, that this people might escape under the pretence of this sacrifice. Our common ideas cannot forbear attaching an idea of baseness and knavery to this management, far from recognizing the majesty and power of the Supreme Being.
When, immediately after, we read that Moses changed his rod into a serpent, before the king, and turned all the waters of the kingdom into blood; that he caused frogs to be produced which covered the surface of the earth; that he changed all the dust into lice, and filled the air with venomous winged insects; that he afflicted all the men and animals of the country with frightful ulcers; that he called hail, tempests, and thunder, to ruin all the country; that he covered it with locusts; that he plunged it in fearful darkness for three days; that, finally, an exterminating angel struck with death all the first-born of men and animals in Egypt, commencing with the son of the king; again, when we afterwards see his people walking across the Red Sea, the waves suspended in mountains to the right and left, and later falling on the army of Pharaoh, which they swallowed upâ??when, I say, we read all these miracles, the first idea which comes into our minds is, that this people, for whom God performed such astonishing things, no doubt became the masters of the universe. But, no! the fruit of so many wonders was, that they suffered want and hunger in arid sands; andâ??prodigy upon prodigyâ??all died without seeing the little corner of earth in which their descendants afterwards, for some years, established themselves! It is no doubt pardonable if we disbelieve this crowd of prodigies, at the least of which reason so decidedly revolts.
This reason, left to itself, cannot be persuaded that Moses wrote such strange things. How can we make a generation believe so many miracles uselessly wrought for it, and all of which, it is said, were performed in the desert? What being, enjoying divine power, would employ it in preserving the clothes and shoes of these people, after having armed all nature in their favor?
It is therefore very natural to think that all this prodigious history was written a long time after Moses, as the romances of Charlemagne were forged three centuries after him; and as the origins of all nations have not been written until they were out of sight, the imagination has been left at liberty to invent. The more coarse and unfortunate a people are, the more they seek to exalt their ancient history; and what people have been longer miserable, or more barbarous, than the Jews?
It is not to be believed that, when they had not wherewithal to make shoes in their deserts, under the government of Moses, there were any cunning enough to write. We should presume, that the poor creatures born in these deserts did not receive a very brilliant education; and that the nation only began to read and write when it had some commerce with PhÃ??nicia. It was probably in the commencement of monarchy that the Jews, feeling they had some genius, wrote the Pentateuch, and adjusted their traditions. Would they have made Moses recommend kings to read and write his law in a time in which there were no kings? Is it not probable, that the seventeenth chapter of Deuteronomy was composed to moderate the power of royalty; and that it was written by priests in the time of Saul?
It is most likely at this epoch that we must place the digest of the Pentateuch. The frequent slaveries to which this people were subject seem badly calculated to establish literature in a nation, and to render books very common; and the more rare these books were in the commencement, the more the authors ventured to fill them with miracles.
The Pentateuch, attributed to Moses, is, no doubt, very ancient; if it was put in order in the time of Saul and Solomon, it was about the time of the Trojan war, and is one of the most curious monuments of the manner of thinking of that time. We see that all known nations, in proportion to their ignorance, were fond of prodigies. All was then performed by celestial ministry in Egypt, Phrygia, Greece, and Asia.
The authors of the Pentateuch give us to understand that every nation has its gods, and that these gods have all nearly an equal power.
If Moses, in the name of God, changed his rod into a serpent, the priests of Pharaoh did as much; if he changed all the waters of Egypt into blood, even to that which was in the vases, the priests immediately performed the same prodigy, without our being able to conceive on what waters they performed this metamorphosis; at least, unless they expressly created new waters for the purpose. The Jewish writers prefer being reduced to this absurdity, rather than allow us to suspect that the gods of Egypt had not the power of changing water into blood as well as the God of Jacob.
But when the latter fills the land of Egypt with lice, changing all the dust into them, His entire superiority appears; the magi cannot imitate it, and they make the God of the Jews speak thus: â??Pharaoh shall know that nothing is equal to me.â?? These words put into his mouth, merely mark a being who believes himself more powerful than his rivals; he was equalled in the metamorphosis of a rod into a serpent, and in that of the waters into blood; but he gains the victory in the article of the lice and the following miracles.
This idea of the supernatural power of priests of all countries is displayed in several places of Scripture. When Balaam, the priest of the little state of a petty king, named Balak, in the midst of deserts, is near cursing the Jews, their God appears to him to prevent him. It seems that the malediction of Balaam was much to be feared. To restrain this priest, it is not enough that God speaks to him, he sends before him an angel with a sword, and speaks Himself again by the mouth of his ass. All these precautions certainly prove the opinion which then prevailed, that the malediction of a priest, whatever it was, drew fatal consequences after it.
This idea of a God superior to other gods, though He made heaven and earth, was so rooted in all minds, that Solomon in his last prayer cries: â??Oh, my God! there is no other god like thee in earth or heaven.â?? It is this opinion which rendered the Jews so credulous respecting the sorceries and enchantments of other nations.
It is this which gave rise to the story of the Witch of Endor, who had the power of invoking the shade of Saul. Every people had their prodigies and oracles, and it never even came into the minds of any nations to doubt the miracles and prophecies of others. They were contented with opposing similar arms; it seems as if the priests, in denying the prodigies of other nations, feared to discredit their own. This kind of theology prevailed a long time over all the earth.
It is not for us to enter here on the detail of all that is written on Moses. We speak of his laws in more than one place in this work. We will here confine ourselves to remarking how much we are astonished to see a legislator inspired by God; a prophet, through whom God Himself speaks, proposing to us no future life. There is not a single word in Leviticus, which can lead us to suspect the immortality of the soul. The reply to this overwhelming difficulty is, that God proportioned Himself to the ignorance of the Jews. What a miserable answer! It was for God to elevate the Jews to necessary knowledgeâ??not to lower Himself to them. If the soul is immortal, if there are rewards and punishments in another life, it is necessary for men to be informed of it. If God spoke, He must have informed them of this fundamental dogma. What legislator, what god but this, proposes to his people wine, oil, and milk alone! What god but this always encourages his believers, as a chief of robbers incourages his troops, with the hope of plunder only! Once more; it is very pardonable for mere human reason simply to see, in such a history, the barbarous stupidity of the first ages of a savage people. Man, whatever he does, cannot reason otherwise; but if God really is the author of the Pentateuch, we must submit without reasoning.
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=355&chapter=62810&layout=html&Itemid=27
White Kids Shot
Gkhan December 14, 2015, 5:25pm #2
cliff notes?
Yeah good stuff headcaser.
For anyone interested the author is Voltaire. Voltaire infected his own wife with syphilis then left her for his 15-year-old niece.
lanchefan1 December 14, 2015, 5:25pm #4
For anyone interested the author is Voltaire. Voltaire infected his own wife with syphilis then left her for his 15-year-old niece.[/quote]
Thanks, would have been more interested in reading it if it wasn't a massive wall of text.
[quote]lanchefan1 wrote:
Thanks, would have been more interested in reading it if it wasn't a massive wall of text.[/quote]
I wasn't recommending it.
florelius December 14, 2015, 5:25pm #6
If one are able too see past the obvious disdain for the jewish people in this text it does actually have
some good points and its actually a good and interresting read regardless if you agree or disagree.
But I did not know that Voltair where borderline antisemite( even before the term existed ), I thought
he where a champion for free speach, but then again I havent read Voltair before so what do I know.
Schwarzfahrer July 10, 2019, 6:50am #7
57e73_ORIG-heath_ledger_rick_perry_same_shearling_jacket_who_wore_it_better__oPt.jpg450×900 43.1 KB
I wonder if there is a hidden message in this video.
Nope, probably nothing.
Schwarzfahrer December 14, 2015, 5:25pm #8
[quote]Schwarzfahrer wrote:
Nope, probably nothing.[/quote]
oopps wrong thread, damn it's late here.
[quote]florelius wrote:
he where a champion for free speach, but then again I havent read Voltair before so what do I know.[/quote]
He was critical of Judaism for spawning Christianity.


When we packed up 10 months of clothing into 4 large suit cases last July, we never thought we would be needing wool socks, long johns, sheep skinned boots, or down coats for our time in humid hot Thailand. But, when we signed up to do a 5 day tour of Beijing with two other friends, Annet & Geneva, we knew we would need it all. We arrived there mid day Wednesday and the temps were 1* C (33.8*F) and since we had become acclimatized to Thailand's weather it hit us hard. Since we were on a tour, we got to travel like most Asian people do…in a large tour bus! Yes, we stuck out and had no clue what our tour guide said to us the entire 5 days. But, we knew where to find him since we was carrying the Thai flag. We never really got to know the other people on our tour, but they would smile at us, try to tell us what was in our food, and referred to Daniel as Jim Carry. We got to see all the major touristy things; The Summer Palace, Tiananmen Square, The Forbidden City, The Temple of Heaven, The Bird's Nest, and of course The Great Wall of China. Most places looked the same with the Chinese architecture and symbolic features like; Buddha, pagodas, prayer wheels, dragon/horse sculptures, and everything painted red. The Bird's Nest/ Olympic Stadium was a fun place to visit and see where all the 2008 Olympic events took place. A highlight of our trip was going to the ever so Great Wall of China. We got to spend 2 hours hiking up the thousands of steps and looking across miles of wall-lined hills. Daniel was excited about putting on his rock climbing shoes and actually (and probably illegally) "climb" parts of The Great Wall. Again, since we were on a tour, we had the ever so annoying pleasure of going to all the mandatory tour bus stops like; the tea factory, Chinese medicine factory, the jade and pearl factory as well as many other places that try to get tourist to buy their product. Fortunately, since they could tell we didn't speak their language, we were ignored most places. Aside from the daily meals of white rice and our choice of chicken, pork, or duck, we had a great trip and really enjoyed seeing another side of Asia.


text:
Le Sinn Féin () est un ancien parti politique nationaliste puis républicain irlandais, actif en Irlande du Nord et dans l'État d'Irlande.

Histoire

Premiers temps (avant 1916)

Les origines du terme Sinn Féin, selon la publication du parti , publiée à l'occasion de son centenaire, remontent au Conradh na Gaeilge journal An Claidheamh Soluis. Un article à la une intitulé « Sinn Féin, Sinn Féin » paraît le , et par la suite sous le titre « Sinn Féin agus ár gCairde » (« Nous et nos amis ») en tête de la section publicité pour encourager les lecteurs à acheter des biens fabriqués en Irlande.

Le jour de la Saint-Patrick, le , à Oldcastle dans le comté de Meath, les membres du Connradh na Gaeilge (« ligue gaélique ») fondent la revue Sinn Féin : the Oldcastle Monthly Review. Dans un autre numéro de la revue, on trouve l'affirmation suivante :

À ses débuts, le Sinn Féin était loin d'être le parti politique organisé qu'il deviendra plus tard. C'était une communauté d'individus ayant des idées proches se cristallisant autour de la propagande d'Arthur Griffith, un imprimeur nationaliste, et de William Rooney, un employé de bureau républicain, lesquels étaient très actifs dans les clubs nationalistes de Dublin au début du .

Dans son compte rendu des premières années du mouvement, le propagandiste Aodh de Blácam affirme que Sinn Féin .

Griffith était avant tout un journaliste disposant d'un très large réseau de contacts dans le milieu de l'imprimerie de Dublin. Ses journaux, l'United Irishman et Sinn Féin, ainsi que son imprimerie (la Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company) ont canalisé l'énergie du courant indépendantiste selon un projet politique non orthodoxe s'inspirant de la double-monarchie austro-hongroise de 1867 et selon les théories de l'économiste nationaliste allemand Friedrich List.

S'appuyant sur le développement de l'idée d'une identité irlandaise qui se manifestait au travers de mouvements comme la Gaelic Athletic Association, la Connradh na Gaeilge et la fondation de lAbbey Theatre, il crée une fédération de clubs nationalistes et d'associations qui rivalise avec le Parti parlementaire irlandais de John Redmond pour incarner les aspirations des nationalistes du .

Le parti Sinn Féin est fondé le , à l'occasion de la première convention du Conseil national qui s'est tenue à Dublin.

C'est une activiste de la Connradh na Gaeilge, Máire de Buitléir, qui a suggéré à Arthur Griffith le nom Sinn Féin pour le nouveau mouvement.

Dans ses écrits, Griffith déclare que l'Acte d'Union entre la Grande-Bretagne et l'Irlande de 1800 est illégal et que, par conséquent, la double-monarchie établie sous le Parlement Grattan et la Constitution de 1782 sont toujours en vigueur.

Bien que le Sinn Féin bénéficie du fort impact de son nom parmi certains votants, il obtint peu de soutien. En , il n'a que  cotisants dans toute l'Irlande ; 211 à Dublin, alors que Sligo n'en comptait que deux : un étudiant et un commerçant. Jusqu'en 1915, le parti souffre de sérieuses difficultés financières, au point de ne pas pouvoir payer le loyer de ses locaux à Dublin.

 Les Pâques sanglantes et leurs conséquences
Le Sinn Féin a été injustement blâmé par les Britanniques pour les « Pâques sanglantes », avec lesquelles il n'avait rien de commun si ce n'est une volonté de séparation plus forte que ce qu'apportait le Home Rule — les chefs de l'insurrection cherchaient certainement plus que le modèle de la double monarchie. Tout groupe en désaccord avec la politique constitutionnelle dominante se voyait stigmatisé comme « Sinn Féin » par les commentateurs britanniques. Le terme « insurrection du Sinn Féin » fut utilisé par les médias irlandais, la police irlandaise royale (RIC), la police métropolitaine de Dublin (DMP) et même par quelques-uns de ceux qui avaient participé à l'émeute.

En réalité, la majorité des insurgés venaient de l'''Irish republican brotherhood ou du parti travailliste irlandais, Sinn Féin n'ayant pas participé au soulèvement. L'organisation du parti et sa direction furent donc globalement épargnés par la répression. Rapidement, Griffith accepta l'adhésion des républicains plus radicaux, qui manquaient de canaux légaux pour s'exprimer.

Eamon de Valera remplaça Griffith à la présidence. Le , pour la première fois, le Sinn Féin Ard Fheis donna comme but au parti la création d'une République irlandaise. De Valera conçut la formulation dans la constitution comme une concession à Arthur Griffith, qui faisait valoir que, selon lui, il fallait maintenir les exigences dans les limites de ce qui était réaliste, et qui était donc favorable à une monarchie sur le modèle scandinave.

Le Sinn Féin profita de la vague de colère que déchaîna l'exécution des dirigeants de l'émeute, le journal Irish Independent, avant même leur exécution, avait lancé un appel en leur faveur. La sympathie du public ne donna pas toutefois au Sinn Féin un avantage électoral décisif. Dans son affrontement avec lIrish Parliamentary Party dirigé par John Redmond, il ne fit que jeu égal dans les élections partielles. Ce n'est qu'en 1918, à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, lorsque la Grande-Bretagne eut menacé d'imposer la conscription à l'Irlande pour reconstituer ses divisions décimées par l'offensive allemande du printemps, que la crise de la conscription qui s'était ensuivie fit balancer l'opinion pour un soutien résolu au Sinn Féin. Lors de lIrish Convention que l'ancien chef de l'IUP Walter Long organisa en 1917, des efforts furent faits pour qu'on s'entendît à l'amiable sur une forme de Home Rule et qu'on négociât un accord entre le Parti unioniste irlandais (IUP) et l'Irish Parliamentary Party. Ils furent sapés par son collègue dans le cabinet, David Lloyd George, et le Sinn Féin n'y assista pas. Le Sinn Féin remporte les élections législatives de 1918 mais refuse siéger à Westminster et proclame l'indépendance de l'Irlande.

 Victoire électorale en 1918

Lors des élections générales de , le Sinn Féin remporte 73 des 105 sièges irlandais au parlement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande. Le Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), bien qu'étant le plus grand parti en Irlande pendant quarante ans, ne participe pas aux élections de 1910 ; son organisation détériorée n'est plus en mesure de relever le défi électoral. De nombreux autres sièges ne sont pas contestés en raison du soutien manifeste du Sinn Féin, alors que d'autres partis décident qu'il est inutile de défier le Sinn Féin, sachant qu'il est certain de l'emporter.

Des documents contemporains suggèrent également un certain degré d'intimidation des opposants. Piaras Béaslaí en donne l'exemple lors d'une élection partielle à Longford en 1917 où un militant du Sinn Féin place une arme à feu contre la tête du président du scrutin et le force à annoncer l'élection du candidat du Sinn Féin alors que le candidat du PIP a eu plus de voix. Les candidats potentiels qui sont considérés comme des adversaires sérieux des candidats du Sinn Féin sont mis en garde de ne pas solliciter d'élections dans certaines circonscriptions d'Ulster et du Munster. Dans le comté de Cork, tous les députés du parti All-for-Ireland League se sont volontairement opposés aux candidats du Sinn Féin.

En Ulster, les unionistes remportent 23 sièges, le Sinn Féin 10 et l'IPP en remporte cinq (sans opposition du Sinn Féin). Dans les trente-deux comtés d'Irlande, vingt-quatre ont renvoyé uniquement des candidats du Sinn Féin. Sur les neuf comtés d'Ulster, les unionistes remportent la majorité dans quatre.

De par le fait que vingt-cinq sièges ont été attribués dans des circonstances douteuses il est difficile de déterminer quel est le soutien réel au parti dans le pays. Divers estimations varient de 45 % à 80 %. Les analystes universitaires de l'institut démographique d'Irlande du Nord (ARK) estiment ce chiffre à 53 %. Une autre estimation suggère que le Sinn Féin avait le soutien d'environ 65 % des électeurs (les unionistes représentant environ 20-25 % et les autres nationalistes le reste). Enfin, l'émigration est difficile pendant la guerre, ce qui a amené des dizaines de milliers de jeunes en Irlande qui n'y seraient pas restés normalement.

Le , vingt-sept députés du Sinn Féin se rassemblent au Mansion House de Dublin et proclament le Parlement d'Irlande, le premier Dáil Éireann. Ils élisent un cabinet (Aireacht) dirigé par un Príomh Aire (Premier ministre). Bien que l'État ait été déclaré république, aucune disposition ne prévoit un chef d'État. Cela est corrigé en août 1921 lorsque le Príomh Aire (également connu sous le nom de président de Dáil Éireann) a été promu au rang de président de la République, chef à part entière de l'État.

Lors des élections municipales de 1920, le Sinn Féin prend le contrôle de dix des douze conseils municipaux d'Irlande. Seuls Belfast et Derry restent sous contrôle des unionistes et de l'IPP. Aux élections locales de la même année, le Sinn Féin remporte le contrôle de 25 des 33 conseils de comté. (Tipperary avait deux conseils de comté, il y en avait donc 33.) Antrim, Down, Londonderry et Armagh sont contrôlés par des unionistes, Fermanagh et Tyrone par le parti nationaliste et, à Galway et Waterford, aucun parti n'avait de majorité.

Le déchirement après le traité anglo-irlandais

Après la conclusion des négociations du traité anglo-irlandais entre les représentants du gouvernement britannique et du gouvernement républicain en  et l'approbation étroite du traité par le Dáil Éireann, un État appelé « État libre d'Irlande » est établi. L'Irlande du Nord (une région de six comtés créée en vertu du Government of Ireland Act 1920) décide de se retirer, comme le permet le traité.

Les raisons de la scission sont variées, même si la partition n'en fait pas partie — l'IRA ne s'est pas scindée dans la nouvelle Irlande du Nord et les républicains pour ou contre le traité se sont tournés vers le chef d'état-major de l'IRA Michael Collins (pro-traité) comme chef (et pour les armes). La raison principale de la scission est généralement décrite comme la question du serment d'allégeance à l'État libre d'Irlande, que les membres du nouveau Dáil seraient tenus de prendre. Le traité prévoit explicitement que l'État libre soit un dominion de l'empire britannique. Le serment comporte également une déclaration de fidélité au roi britannique : de nombreux républicains trouvent cela inacceptable. Les partisans du traité font valoir qu'il donne « la liberté de réaliser la liberté ». Lors des élections de juin 1922 dans les vingt-six comtés méridionaux et occidentaux, les candidats pro-traité du Sinn Féin obtiennent 38 % des suffrages exprimés ainsi que 58 sièges, contre 21 % et 35 sièges pour les candidats opposés au traité.

Quelques jours après les élections, la guerre civile éclate entre les partisans du Traité et ses opposants. De Valera et ses partisans ont pris le parti de l'IRA anti-traité contre la National Army (pro-traité). Les partis favorables au traité, y compris le Parti travailliste et le Parti des paysans siègent au troisième Dail, les députés du Sinn Féin favorables au traité forment le gouvernement de l'État libre d'Irlande. Au début de 1923, les députés du Sinn Féin favorables au traité, dirigés par W. T. Cosgrave, forment un nouveau parti, Cumann na nGaedheal. La guerre civile prend fin en , lorsque l'IRA anti-Traité s'arrête et dépose les armes. Aux élections générales de 1923, Cumann na nGaedheal remporte 41 % des suffrages et 63 sièges ; la faction anti-traité (appelée Republican et dirigée par de Valera) obtint 29 % des voix et 44 sièges, mais applique une politique abstentionniste au nouveau Dáil Éireann.

Des années 1930 à 1968

1969-1970

Dirigeants

 Arthur Griffith (1905–1917)
 Éamon de Valera (1917–1926), dirigeant principal du Fianna Fáil (1926–1959)
 J. J. O'Kelly (1926–1931)
 Brian O'Higgins (1931–1933)
 Michael O'Flanagan (1933–1935)
 Cathal Ó Marchadha (1935–1937)
 Margaret Buckley (1937–1950)
 Pádraig Mac Lógáin (1950–1962)
 Tomás Mac Giolla (1962–1970), dirigeant principal de l'Official Sinn Féin 1970–1988

Résultats

Irlande du Nord

Parlement d'Irlande du Nord

Élections générales britanniques

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
Le Temps de l'espérance de Joseph Kessel, 1956.

Liens externes

Parti politique fondé en 1905
Parti politique disparu en 1970

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