text:
"Rangoon" redirects here. For other uses, see Rangoon (disambiguation).
ရန်ကုန်
— City —
Downtown Yangon in the evening
Location of Yangon (Rangoon), Burma
Coordinates: 16°48′N 96°09′E / 16.8°N 96.15°E / 16.8; 96.15Coordinates: 16°48′N 96°09′E / 16.8°N 96.15°E / 16.8; 96.15
Yangon Region
c. 1028–1043
Hla Myint
231.2 sq mi (598.75 km2)
Population (2010)[2]
- Density 18,808/sq mi (7,261.8/km2)
- Ethnicities
Bamar, Rakhine, Mon, Kayin, Burmese Chinese, Burmese Indians, Anglo-Burmese
- Religions
Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
MST (UTC+6:30)
www.yangoncity.com.mm
Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်; MLCTS: rankun mrui, pronounced [jàɴɡòuɴ mjo̰]; also known as Rangoon, literally: "End of Strife") is a former capital of Burma (Myanmar) and the capital of Yangon Region (formerly Yangon Division). Although the military government has officially relocated the capital to Naypyidaw since March 2006,[3] Yangon, with a population of over four million, continues to be the country's largest city and the most important commercial centre.
Yangon's infrastructure is undeveloped compared to those of other major cities in Southeast Asia. Yangon has the largest number of colonial buildings in Southeast Asia today.[4] While many high-rise residential and commercial buildings have been constructed or renovated throughout downtown and Greater Yangon in the past two decades, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be deeply impoverished.
2.1 Early history
2.2 Colonial Rangoon
2.3 Contemporary Yangon
3.1 Climate
4 Cityscape
4.2 Road layout
4.3 Parks and gardens
6.1 Air
6.2 Railways
6.3 Buses and cars
6.4 River
8.2 Communication
8.3 Lifestyle
8.4 Sports
11 Health care
12 Notable sites
12.1 Pagodas
12.2 Recreation
12.3 Museums and art galleries
12.4 Concert halls and theatres
Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is a combination of the two words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean "enemies" and "run out of" respectively. It is also translated as "End of Strife". "Rangoon" most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of "Yangon" in the Rakhine dialect (Arakanese) of Burmese, which is [rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ].
See also: List of name changes in Yangon
Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (c. 1028–1043) by the Mon, who dominated Lower Burma at that time.[5] Dagon was a small fishing village centred about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it "Yangon", and added settlements around Dagon. The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.[6]
Colonial Rangoon
A view of the Cantonment Gardens (now People's Park and Square) in 1868.
Damage of Downtown Rangoon in the aftermath of World War II.
Sule Pagoda Road, with the Sule Pagoda and the Yangon River in the background
One of many houses destroyed during Cyclone Nargis
The British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Based on the design by army engineer Lt. Alexander Fraser, the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake.[7] The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East."[7] By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.[8]
Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman).[9] Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.
After World War I, Yangon became the epicenter of Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945.
Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.
Contemporary Yangon
Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the city's English name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications, news bureaux including the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)[10][11]
Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya, Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s.[6] Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 km².[1]
During Ne Win's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the current military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls,[12] leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List.[13] Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial backcountry.[14][15][16] Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular rubbish collection.
Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government.[9] Nevertheless, sizable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.
Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007. The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government. In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.[17]
In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 200 miles (322 km) north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and the most important commercial centre of Burma.
Yangon metropolitan area
Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 19 miles (30 km) away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system. The city features a lengthy rainy season from April through November where a substantial amount of rainfall is received and a relatively short, dry season from December through March, where little rainfall is seen. It's primarily due to the heavy precipitation received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of the year, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C (84 to 97 °F) and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F).
Climate data for Yangon (1961—1990)
(88.7) 32.33
(0.2) 2
(0.28) 15
(11.93) 547
(23.7) 368
(0.28) 2,681
Avg. rainy days
.2 .2 .4 1.6 12.6 25.3 26.2 26.1 19.5 12.2 4.8 .2 129.3
Source: World Meteorological Organisation [18]
Map of Yangon
Until the mid 1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers. People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International airport now stands. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre.[19] The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres (28.00 sq mi) in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi) in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres (80.51 sq mi) in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres (133.64 sq mi) in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres (231.18 sq mi) in 2008.[1][20]
A colonial building
Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture.[21] The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in Southeast Asia.[4] Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court, the former Secretariat buildings, the former St. Paul's English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 14-foot (4.3 m) ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines. Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city's property market.[22]
A latter day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building. (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium.[23] Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city in various forms, eight-story apartment buildings provide relatively inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because the city regulation, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 75 feet (23 m) or eight stories install elevators).[24] The current code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 62 feet (19 m) or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance.
An apartment building in the Downtown
Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers downtown, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are "condos" scattered across prosperous neighborhoods north of downtown such as Bahan, Dagon, Kamayut and Mayangon. The tallest building in Yangon, Pyay Gardens, is a 25-story condo in the city's north.
Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are still essentially slums in a grid layout. The satellite towns – old or new – receive little or no municipal services.
Road layout
Downtown Yangon at night
Downtown Yangon's road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads:
Broad 160-foot (49-m) wide roads running west to east
Broad 100-foot (30-m) wide roads running south to north
Two narrow 30-foot (9.1-m) wide streets running south to north
Mid-size 50-foot (15-m) wide streets running south to north
The east-west grid of downtown Yangon was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War.[8] The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 100-foot (30 m) wide broad road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another 100-foot (30 m) wide broad road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named.
For example, the 100-foot (30 m) Lanmadaw Road is followed by 30-foot (9.1 m)-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 50-foot (15 m) Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 100-foot (30 m) wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.
The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.
Kandawgyi Lake, a popular park near downtown Yangon
The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda. To the southeast of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake. The 150 acres (61 ha) lake is surrounded by the 110 acres (45 ha) Kandawgyi Nature Park,[25] and the 69.25 acre (28-ha) Yangon Zoological Gardens, which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park.[26] West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 130 acres (53 ha) People's Square and People's Park, (the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.)[27] A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 37 acres (15 ha) Inya Lake Park – a favorite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.
Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.
Yangon City Hall
Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning.[28] The city is divided into four districts. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships. The current mayor of Yangon is Hla Myint. Each township is administered by a committee of township leaders, who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. "New Towns", or satellite towns) are not within such jurisdictions.
Yangon Administrative Districts
Western District (Downtown)
Ahlon
Kyauktada
Kyimyindaing
Lanmadaw
Pabedan
Sanchaung
Seikkan
Botataung
Dagon Seikkan
East Dagon
North Dagon
North Okkalapa
Pazundaung
South Dagon
South Okkalapa
Thingangyun
Mingala Taungnyunt
Dawbon
Seikkyi Kanaungto
Tamwe
Thaketa
Yankin
Insein
Hlaingthaya
Kamayut
Mayangon
Mingaladon
Shwepyitha
Yangon is a member of Asian Network of Major Cities 21.
Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.
International Terminal, Yangon International Airport
Yangon International Airport, located 12 miles (19 km) from downtown, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. It has direct flights to regional cities in Asia – mainly, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh city, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Kunming, and Singapore. Although domestic airlines offer service to about 20 domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital, Naypyidaw.
Yangon Central Railway Station
Yangon Central Railway Station is the main terminus of Myanmar Railways' 5,403-kilometre (3,357 mi) rail network[29] whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Shwebo), upcountry (Myitkyina), Shan hills (Taunggyi, Lashio) and the Taninthayi coast (Mawlamyaing, Dawei).
Yangon Circular Railway runs a 45.9-kilometre (28.5 mi) 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily utilized by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily.[30] The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.[30]
Buses and cars
The vast majority of Yangonites cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day.[1][31] All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum.[32] Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal.[33]
A secondhand bus rejiggered for right hand drive Yangon roads
Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people,[34] car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively.[35] A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000.[34] Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. As of March 2008, Yangon had over 173,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.[36]
Since 1970, cars have been driven on the right side of the road in Burma, as part of a military decree.[37] However, as the government has not required left hand drive (LHD) cars to accompany the right side road rules, many cars on the road are still right hand drive (RHD) made for driving on the left side. Japanese used cars, which make up most of the country's imports, still arrive with RHD and are never converted to LHD. As a result, Burmese drivers have to rely on their passengers when passing other cars.
Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pickup truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in 6 townships of Downtown Yangon, namely Latha, Lanmadaw, Pabedan, Kyauktada, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships.[38] In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution.[39] In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.[39]
Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta.[40] The 22-mile (35 km) Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises.
46 +360.0%
100 +117.4%
165 +65.0%
181 +9.7%
1,302 +160.4%
1,592 +22.3%
5,869 +9.5%
in thousands; Sources: 1846,[6] 1872-1941,[9] 1950-2025[2]
Yangon is the most populous city by far in Burma although estimates of the size of its population vary widely. (All population figures are estimates since no official census has been conducted in Burma since 1983.) A UN estimate puts the population as 4.35 million in 2010 but a 2009 U.S. State Department estimate puts it at 5.5 million.[2][41] The U.S. State Department's estimate is probably closer to the real number since the UN number is a straight-line projection, and does not appear to take the expansion of city limits in the past two decades into account. The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.
Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II,[9] today, the majority of the population is of Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians/South Asians and the Chinese still exist especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. Intermarriage between ethnic groups—especially between the Bamar and the Chinese, and the Bamar and other indigenous Burmese—is common. A large number of Rakhine and Karen live in the city.
Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, French, and Korean.[42]
Central Yangon
Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper and book publishing industries. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division.[43]
Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. TV Myanmar and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese language programming in news and entertainment. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MRTV-3, the English language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via Internet, MRTV-4 with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specializing in broadcasting foreign movies.[44]
Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio National Service is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Pop culture oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialize in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.
Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers — two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin (မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and Kyemon (ကြေးမုံ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar — are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. Over twenty special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, literature (but never politics) vie for the readership of the general populace.
Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon (and in Burma) is highly expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of one million kyats.[43] Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the International Herald Tribune and the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of Internet control.[45] International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.[46]
Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon (and Burma). The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008.[46] In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones),[47][48] and 400,000 computers.[47] Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years.[49] Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted Internet, and a heavily censored local intranet.[45] According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although Internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000.[50]
The Karaweik at night time, at Kandawgyi Lake, which is one of a few major recreational parks in Yangon.
Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside downtown and few can afford to rent downtown area apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 650-to-750-square-foot (60 to 70 m2) apartments in downtown and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)[51]
Most men of all ages (and some women) spend their time at ubiquitous tea-shops, found in any corner or street of the city. Watching European football (mostly English Premier League with occasional La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga) matches while sipping tea is a popular pastime among many Yangonites, rich and poor alike. The average person stays close to his or her neighbourhood haunts. The well-to-do tend to visit shopping malls and parks on weekends. Some leave the city on weekends for Chaungtha and Ngwesaung beach resorts in Ayeyarwady Division.
Yangon is also home to many paya pwes (pagoda festivals), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.
Yangon's museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.
Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer some kind of nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon Chinatown.
Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash.[52] (The highest denomination of Burmese currency kyat is 5000 (~US$5.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels.
As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the highly popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now defunct Myanmar Premier League, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs,[53] played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League, the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market.
Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games. During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground.[54][55] These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country.
Cargo ships on the shores of Yangon River, just offshore of Downtown Yangon.
A street market in Downtown Yangon selling produce.
Yangon is the country's main center for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city alone represents about one fifth of the national economy. According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP.[56]
The city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic food stuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale centre in the country for rice, beans and pulses, and other agricultural commodities.[57] Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence, presumably to clean up the city's image.[58] Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities.[59]
Manufacturing accounts for a sizable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon,[60] directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010.[61] The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life.[62] The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power;[63] yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed.[64] Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.[65]
Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw,[66] new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009-2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008-2009.[67]
Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by Southeast Asian standards the actual number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low (about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007). Cyclone Nargis dampened tourism even farther. The 2008 tourist arrivals at Yangon International are down to less than 50% from the previous year.[68] Yangon's international standard hotels, built with foreign investment in the 1990s, still await the influx of tourists for which they were built.
See also: List of universities and colleges in Yangon
University of Medicine 1
Yangon has the best educational facilities and the highest number of qualified teachers in Burma where state spending on education is among the lowest in the world.[69] A 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5 percent of the national budget.[70] The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced "donations" and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries,[71] forcing many poor students to drop out.
While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts like Dagon 1, Sanchaung 2, Bahan 2, Latha 2, and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country.[72] The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education.[73] In 2008, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.[74]
Yangon is home to over 20 universities and colleges. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly shut down universities, and has dispersed most of undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University, the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon. Nonetheless many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.[75]
See also: List of hospitals in Yangon
Yangon General Hospital
The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defense.[70] By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person.[76] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.
Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only do Yangon and Mandalay have any sizable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic. A ten-day stay at a private hospital reportedly costs about K2.5 million (US$2300).[77] Still, medical malpractice is widespread even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high profile deaths[76] brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad (usually Bangkok or Singapore) for treatment.[78]
Southern Gate of Shwe Dagon Pagoda
Interior View of Tooth Relic Pagoda
St. Mary's Cathedral at the corner of Bo Aung Kyaw Road
Sule Pagoda
Botataung Pagoda
Chauk Htat Gyi Pagoda
Kyaukdawgyi Pagoda
Kaba Aye Pagoda
Allied War Memorial
Bogyoke Market (Scott's Market)
Inya Lake (formerly Lake Victoria)
Kandawgyi Lake (formerly Royal Lake)
Hlawga National Park
Maha Bandula Park
People's Square and People's Park
St. Mary's Cathedral
Yangon University
Yangon Zoological Gardens (Yangon Zoo)
National Museum of Myanmar
Defence Services Museum of Yangon
Myanmar Gems Museum
Bogyoke Aung San Museum
Yangon Drugs Elimination Museum
The Planetarium
Concert halls and theatres
Yangon National Theatre
Myanmar Convention Centre
Kunming, Yunnan, China (2008)[citation needed]
Nanning, Guangxi, China (2009)[79]
Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (1997)[80]
- Fuchū, Tokyo, Japan
Downtown Yangon, facing Sule Pagoda and Hlaing River
Downtown Yangon by Night
Karaweik Palace on Kandawgyi Lake
Ngahtatgyi Buddha image
Yangon River Jetty
Yangon City Hall seen from Mahabandula Park
Buildings in downtown Yangon
Five Level Pagoda
Downtown flats
A Jewellery Market in Bogyoke Aung San Market
A downtown market
Thingyan, Burmese New Year
The Independence Monument
Sakura Tower
Basic Education High School 6 Botataung
Yangon High Court
^ a b c d Third Regional EST Forum: Presentation of Myanmar. Singapore: Ministry of Transport, Myanmar. 17–19 March 2008. http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/3rd-regional-est-forum/doc/23_Myanmar.pdf.
^ a b c "United Nations World Urbanization Prospects, 2007 revision". Esa.un.org. http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=2. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
^ "Burma's new capital stages parade". BBC News. 2006-03-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4848408.stm. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
^ a b Martin, Steven (2004-03-30). "Burma maintains bygone buildings". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3578993.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-22.
^ Founded during the reign of King Pontarika, per Charles James Forbes Smith-Forbes (1882). Legendary History of Burma and Arakan. The Government Press. p. 20. ; the king's reign was 1028 to 1043 per Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 368.
^ a b c Kyaw Kyaw (2006). Frauke Krass, Hartmut Gaese, Mi Mi Kyi. ed. Megacity yangon: transformation processes and modern developments. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 333–334. ISBN 3-8258-0042-3.
^ a b "Yangon Summary Review and Analysis". Bookrags.com. 2005-10-17. http://www.bookrags.com/Yangon. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
^ a b Falconer, John et al. (2001). Burmese Design & Architecture. Hong Kong: Periplus. ISBN 9-6259-3882-6.
^ a b c d Tin Maung Maung Than (1993). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 585–587. ISBN 9812304185, 9789812304186.
^ Who, What, Why? (2007-09-26). "Should it be Burma or Myanmar?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
^ "Background Note: Burma". Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
^ Edward Blair (2006-05-01). "Beyond Rangoon". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=5745&page=3.
^ "Special Report". 2001-11-04. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no87/New/14.htm.
^ Zaw Htet. "Pioneering FMI City 'the best in Yangon'". The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes17-333/b006.htm.
^ "Yangon-Thanlyin Bridge". http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cemm/eng/zt/zmjjqd/jmgxgk/t198979.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-07. [dead link]
^ Kyi Kyi Hla (2001-02-01). "Ngamoeyeik Bridge". http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp2001/2-2001/nga.htm.
^ Ye Lwin (2008-07-14). "Long road back for industrial recovery". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no427/b004.htm.
^ "World Weather Information Service — Yangon". World Meteorological Organisation. http://www.worldweather.org/180/c00232.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
^ May Thanda Win (2006-07-16). The Future of Yangon. The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes17-325/b008.htm.
^ Zin Nwe Myint (2006). Frauke Krass, Hartmut Gaese, Mi Mi Kyi. ed. Megacity yangon: transformation processes and modern developments. Berlin: Lit Verlag. p. 264. ISBN 3-8258-0042-3.
^ Tom Wright (2009-01-23). "Asia's Lost Treasure Trove". WSJ Weekend Journal (The Wall Street Journal). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123266507433707833.html.
^ Htar Htar Khin (2008-12-15). Demand for downtown's golden oldies still strong. The Myanmar Times. http://mmtimes.com/no449/b007.html.
^ City living: condos vs apartments. The Myanmar Times. 2007-09-01. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/Construction/con13.htm.
^ Yi Yi Htwe (2008-03-10). Lift regulation changed. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no409/n013.htm.
^ "Kandawgyi Garden". http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar-travel/myanmar-yangon/kandawgyi-garden.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
^ "History of Zoological Gardens (Yangon)". http://www.yangonzoo.com/profile.html. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
^ "Nation's Capital Yangon". http://myanmargeneva.org/basicfacts/cap.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ "Yangon". Asian Network of Major Cities 21. Archived from the original on June 20, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060620010837/http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/asianet/participating_cities/yangon.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
^ "MR to link Mandalay and Bhamo". New Light of Myanmar. 2010-02-22.
^ a b Yeni (2008-01-30). "The Railway Bazaar". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/multimedia.php?art_id=10074.
^ Yan Naing Hein. First private bus line in Yangon launched. The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes18-341/n008.htm.
^ Wai Moe (2008-10-14). "Rangoon Commuters Afraid of Gas Explosions". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=14444.
^ "Getting Around Yangon". Myanmar's Net. http://www.myanmars.net/myanmar-travel/myanmar-yangon/yangon.htm#Getting_Around. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
^ a b "Burmese Economy Is an Obstacle to Aid". The New York Times. 2008-05-29. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/29/world/asia/29aid.html?scp=18&sq=myanmar&st=nyt.
^ Thomas Kean (2008-06-02). "Clash of the titans on streets of Yangon". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/care2008/care05.htm.
^ Shwe Yinn Mar Oo (2008-06-02). Motor vehicles in Myanmar. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/care2008/care03.htm.
^ "Burma Makes Road Switch". The New York Times. 7 December 1970. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10913F93F5F1B7493C5A91789D95F448785F9. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
^ Nay Nwe Moe Aung (24 February 2010). "Authorities ban light truck buses in downtown areas". Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/511/n51106.html. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ a b Shwe Yinn Mar Oo (10 December 2007). "Vehicle horn penalties increased". Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no396/n008.htm. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ "Yangon -- Getting there and around". Lonely Planet. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/myanmar-burma/yangon-rangoon/transport/getting-there-away. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
^ "Background note: Burma". US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35910.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
^ Kyaw Soe Linn and Phyo Wai Kyaw (2007-05-14). Language training centres open doors to new worlds. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/edu/edu002.htm.
^ a b Yeni (2008-03-01). "Burma: The Censored Land". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=10648.
^ Kyaw Hsu Mon (2008-08-03). "Digital television take-up slower than expected". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no429/b004.htm.
^ a b "Internet Filtering in Burma in 2005: A Country Study". 2005-10-01. http://opennet.net/studies/burma. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ a b Min Lwin (2008-08-21). "International Text Messaging Approved in Burma". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=13962.
^ a b Central Statistical Organization (2007-11-06). Government of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development "ICT Statistics Collection and Analysis" (PDF). http://www.unescap.org/icstd/events/Info-Society-Stats-Workshop-2007/Myanmar.pdfpublisher=The Government of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development.
^ "Mobile phones in Myanmar increase to over 200,000 in 2007". 2008-04-03. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/03/content_7913706.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ Myanmar (Burma) - Telecoms, Mobile & Internet. Dublin: Research and Markets. 2010-07-19. http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/9fc71c/myanmar_burma.
^ Wai-Yan Phyo Oo and Saw Pyayzon (2010-07-30). "State of Internet Usage in Myanmar" (in Burmese). Bi-Weekly Eleven (Yangon) 3 (18).
^ Aye Sabae Phyu (2008-07-14). "Rentals brisk in lead up to Waso". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no427/b006.htm.
^ Edward Xu and Kyle Sherer (2010-07-19). "K5000 note achieves objective of making big transactions easier". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/business/532/busi006.html.
^ Zaw Htet (2005-08-01). "Myanmar edges towards pro football". The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes14-277/sport.htm.
^ BAA Ground, CricketArchive.com, http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/44/250.html Retrieved on 8 October 2011
^ Gymkhana Ground, CricketArchive.com, http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/44/251.html Retrieved on 8 October 2011
^ Kyaw Hsu Mon and Yadana Htun (2011-11-07). "Yangon Region govt facing K22b budget black hole". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/2011/news/600/news60002.html.
^ Zaw Htet and May Thanda Win (2006-09-04). Market reforms lead to Bayintnaung boom. The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.com/myanmartimes/MyanmarTimes17-332/b007.htm.
^ Nay Nwe Moe Aung; Moh Moh Thaw (20 June 2011). "Vendors belong in markets, says YCDC". Myanmar Times. http://mmtimes.com/2011/news/580/news58002.html. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ Myo Myo (9 November 2009). "Mayor reiterates bag ban". Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no496/n010.htm. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
^ "Industrial Zones". Ministry of Industry 2, Myanmar. http://www.industry2.gov.mm/zone.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
^ Wai-Yan Phyo Oo (2010-02-19). "Yangon Division Industrial Zones" (in Burmese). Bi-Weekly Eleven 2 (48). http://biweeklyeleven.com/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=3:biweekly-eleven-journal&download=53:biweekly-eleven-news-journal-vol-2-no-48&Itemid=152.
^ Ba Kaung (2010-02-10). "Rangoon Workers End Strike". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=17781.
^ Ye Lwin (2008-05-26). "Hlaing Tharyar IZ rebuilding underway". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/no420/b005.htm.
^ "Myanmar needs more gas to generate electricity for Yangon". 2008-07-03. http://english.eviewweek.com/Myanmar-needs-more-gas-to-generate-electricity-for-Yangon.shtml.
^ Ye Lwin (2007-03-26). "Industrial zones to run at night". The Myanmar Times.
^ Zaw Htet (2007-09-03). "Property market continues to recover". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/Construction/con01.htm.
^ Htar Htar Khin (February 2010). "High-rise building slowing down". The Myanmar Times 26 (9).
^ Weekly Eleven Journal (2008-11-27). "Tourism decline in Burma in 2008". Burma Digest. http://burmadigest.info/2008/11/27/tourism-decline-in-burma-in-2008/.
^ "HRDU Yearbook 2006 Chapter 9: Rights to Education and Health". Human Rights Documentation Unit. http://burmalibrary.org/docs4/HRDU2006-CD/education.html. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
^ a b "Are 'Smart' Sanctions Making Burmese Dumber?". The Irrawaddy. 2010-07-16. http://www.irrawaddy.org/opinion_story.php?art_id=18987.
^ Yee May Aung (2008-09-10). "Educationalists concerned by Burmese literacy rate". DVB. http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=1732.
^ "Yangon Division Produces More Distinction Winners" (in Burmese). Bi-Weekly Eleven News (Yangon: Weekly Eleven Media). 2010-06-28. http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3593:2010-06-28-06-14-40&catid=43:2009-11-10-07-39-09&Itemid=111.
^ Aye Thawda Thit (2008-03-28). Myanmar students choosing Australian and Singapore unis. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/edu08/e013.htm.
^ Sandra Davie (2008-10-13). "'I see no future for my two sons in Myanmar.'". The Straits Times. http://www.asiaone.com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20081011-93043.html.
^ Minh Zaw (2008-03-28). "HR key to development". The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/edu08/e001.htm.
^ a b Arkar Moe (2010-01-08). "Another Medical Malpractice Death in Rangoon". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=17547.
^ Khin Myat (2008-06-30). Private hospital pain. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/healthcare/health009.htm.
^ Thein Win Nyo (2007-06-11). Medical tourism gives patients options. The Myanmar Times. http://www.mmtimes.com/feature/health/h012.htm.
^ "Nanning and Yangon Become Sister Cities". City Government of Nanning. 2009-07-18. http://english.nanning.gov.cn/n725531/n751804/n752331/n819950/5880844.html.
^ Nwe Nwe Aye and Wai Phyo Myint (2005-05-30). "Yunnan keen to boost economic, trade ties". The Myanmar Times. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no268/MyanmarTimes14-268/n006.htm.
Yangon Travel Guide by Wikitravel
Satellite picture by Google Maps
Yangon City Hall website
BBC article about British colonial architecture in Yangon
Articles related to Yangon
v · d · eDistricts/Townships of Yangon
(Downtown)
Ahlon Township · Bahan Township · Dagon Township · Kyauktada Township · Kyimyindaing Township · Lanmadaw Township · Latha Township · Pabedan Township · Sanchaung Township · Seikkan Township ·
Botataung Township · Dagon Seikkan Township · East Dagon Township · North Dagon Township · North Okkalapa Township · Pazundaung Township · South Dagon Township · South Okkalapa Township · Thingangyun Township
Hlaing Township · Hlaingthaya Township · Insein Township · Kamayut Township · Mayangon Township · Mingaladon Township · Shwepyitha Township · Yankin Township
Dala Township · Dawbon Township · Mingala Taungnyunt Township · Seikkyi Kanaungto Township · Tamwe Township · Thaketa Township
v · d · eYangon Region
Capital: Yangon
Ahlon Township · Bahan Township · Dagon Township · Kyauktada Township · Kyimyindaing Township · Lanmadaw Township · Latha Township · Pabedan Township · Sanchaung Township · Seikkan Township
Townships outside Yangon City
Coco Island Township · Hlegu Township · Hmawbi Township · Htantabin Township · Kawhmu Township · Kayan Township · Kungyangon Township · Kyauktan Township · Taikkyi Township · Thanlyin Township · Thongwa Township · Twante Township
Hlegu · Kawhmu · Kyauktan · Taikkyi · Thongwa · Thanlyin · Twante · Yangon
v · d · eAdministrative divisions of Burma (Myanmar)
Chin · Kachin · Kayah · Kayin · Mon · Rakhine · Shan
Ayeyarwady · Bago · Magway · Mandalay · Sagaing · Tanintharyi · Yangon
Self-Administered Zones
Danu · Kokang · Naga · Pa Laung · Pa-O
Self-Administered Divisions
Populated places in Yangon Region
Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean
Yangon — (también llamada Yangón o Yangôn; anteriormente Rangún) fue capital de Myanmar hasta 2005. Cuenta con una población estimada de 4.344.100 habitantes (2003). La ciudad se encuentra en las orillas del río Yangon, cerca del golfo de Martaban. Se… … Enciclopedia Universal
Yangon — Yangon, Yangón → Rangún … Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
Yangón — Yangon, Yangón → Rangún … Diccionario panhispánico de dudas
Yangon — Yangon, Hauptstadt von Birma, Rangun … Universal-Lexikon
Yangôn — the capital city of ↑Myanmar, formerly known as Rangoon … Dictionary of contemporary English
Yangon — [yan gôn′] capital of Myanmar: seaport in the S part: pop. 4,101,000 … English World dictionary
Yangon — Rangun Basisdaten Division: Rangun Lage … Deutsch Wikipedia
Yangon — /yang gon , gawn /, n. the capital of Burma (Myanmar), in the S part. 2,459,000. Formerly, Rangoon. * * * formerly Rangoon City (pop., 1996 est.: metro. area, 4,000,000), principal seaport, and capital of Myanmar (Burma), on the Yangôn River. It… … Universalium
Yangon — Rangoon Pour le film de John Boorman, voir Rangoon (film). Localisation de Rangoon … Wikipédia en Français
Yangon — Admin ASC 1 Code Orig. name Yangon Country and Admin Code MM.17 MM … World countries Adminstrative division ASC I-II


text:
Q: How to get the partition data without using PARTITION function I have a older mysql version and it do not support PARTITION keyword. But I could see my table have partitions and it is updating fine.
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";
+-------------------------+----------------------+
| Variable_name           | Value                |
+-------------------------+----------------------+
| innodb_version          | 5.5.59-MariaDB-38.11 |
| protocol_version        | 10                   |
| slave_type_conversions  |                      |
| version                 | 5.5.60-MariaDB       |
| version_comment         | MariaDB Server       |
| version_compile_machine | x86_64               |
| version_compile_os      | Linux                |
+-------------------------+----------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)

******
 ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
/*!50100 PARTITION BY RANGE (UNIX_TIMESTAMP(start_time))
(PARTITION p20220802 VALUES LESS THAN (1659465000) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220803 VALUES LESS THAN (1659551400) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220804 VALUES LESS THAN (1659637800) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220805 VALUES LESS THAN (1659724200) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220806 VALUES LESS THAN (1659810600) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220807 VALUES LESS THAN (1659897000) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220808 VALUES LESS THAN (1659983400) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220809 VALUES LESS THAN (1660069800) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p20220810 VALUES LESS THAN (1660156200) ENGINE = InnoDB,
 PARTITION p_max_future_dates VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE ENGINE = InnoDB) */ |
****

But when I use following queries I am getting syntax errors..
MariaDB [(none)]> select count(*) from db.table1 partition(p20220810) ;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '(p20220810)' at line 1
MariaDB [(none)]>

Are there any method to without using PARTITION?
Update:
MariaDB [rsmcdr]> SELECT PLUGIN_NAME as Name, PLUGIN_VERSION as Version, PLUGIN_STATUS as Status FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS WHERE PLUGIN_TYPE='STORAGE ENGINE';
+--------------------+---------+--------+
| Name               | Version | Status |
+--------------------+---------+--------+
| binlog             | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| MEMORY             | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| CSV                | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| MyISAM             | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| MRG_MYISAM         | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| Aria               | 1.5     | ACTIVE |
| BLACKHOLE          | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
| FEDERATED          | 2.0     | ACTIVE |
| ARCHIVE            | 3.0     | ACTIVE |
| InnoDB             | 5.5     | ACTIVE |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | 0.1     | ACTIVE |
| partition          | 1.0     | ACTIVE |
+--------------------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.02 sec)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Max chews on my ear, runs his hot mouth down my neck while cupping me with his hands. My mind distorts reality and interchanges Max for Mitch every third second making this feel more like a psychotic episode rather than some monumental moment between Max and me. There have been times I've been with Max that Mitch has floated through my mind, and horribly enough sometimes I let him linger. But this was different. Mitch has embedded himself in my subconscious, and a part of me feels every bit the adulterer with my legs wrapped around another man. I've been with Max countless times, far more than I ever have with Mitch. Loving Max like this feels natural as air and water—and equally necessary for my survival.


text:
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Matthew 11 begins with a brief reference to Jesus' commissioning the twelve apostles (see 10:2–5), then returning to His work as a minister of the Word. This is the context for understanding the events and sayings of Chapter 11. The …Read More
Family Values by R.C. Sproul
Although the actual election is about a year and a half away, we're already starting to see prospective candidates throw their hats into the ring for the 2016 U.S. presidential race. Caucuses, primaries, debates, get-out-the-vote efforts, fund-raising, and so much …Read More
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MeizuNews
Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet buy online
Posted By Parveen
Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet buy online: Meizu has launched the successor to m1 note, Meizu M2 note is a cheap smartphone that will provide a lot of updated features. Buy Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet in a very valuable price of $159.59 from gearbest.com and MEIZU M2 Note International Edition is also available on Gearbest.com with cost of $165.15. No major difference between these two models except colour, Meizu M2 note international edition has white colour, other Meizu M2 note 4G LTE phablet available in multi-colours.
As we talk about its features so we found it a well featured handset. Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet handset is powered by Octa-core processor clocked at 1.3 GHz. Meizu M2 note has an upgraded chipset MediaTek MTK6753 processor. Meizu m2 note has a screen size of 5.5-inch full-HD with a resolution of 1080×1920 pixels sharp IGZO display with 403ppi pixel density. Meizu M2 note has 2 GB of LP-DDR3 RAM with the internal storage capacity of 16/32 GB which can be further expanded upto 128 GB with the help of microSD card. The dual nano SIM Meizu M2 note sports hybrid SIM slot that can also be act as a microSD card, disadvantage of Meizu M2 note is, either we can use dual SIM or one SIM with one microSD card. Meizu M2 note runs flyme operating system on Android 5.0 lollipop. This handset sports 13-megapixel rear camera and 5-megapixels front camera and has five-element f/2.2 lens, Blue glass IR filter, and dual LED flash features in rear camera and various features in front camera like front-facing camera f/2.0 and 69-degree wide viewing angle. This smartphone is provided with a battery of 3100 mAH and handset is available in various colors like grey, pink, blue and white. The connectivity options includes Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, LTE, GPS/ A-GPS, Bluetooth and Micro-USB options are on board.
Now we will discuss Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet specifications and price:
Model Meizu M2 note
Processor Octa-core processor clocked at 1.3 GHz- MediaTek MTK6753
Storage Memory 16/32 GB Internal Storage expandable up to 128 GB via microSD card
2G GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 – SIM 1 & SIM 2
3G HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100
4G-LTE FDD-LTE 1800/2100/2600MHz
Display 5.5-inch full HD IGZO display
Screen Resolution 1080 x 1920 pixels
PPI 403 ppi
SIM support Dual SIM ( Nano SIM )
Camera 13 megapixel Rear and 5 Front camera
Recording [email protected]
Other Camera Features Five-element f/2.2 lens, Blue glass IR filter, and dual LED flash features in rear camera and features in front camera like front-facing camera f/2.0 and 69-degree wide viewing angle.
Sound Vibration,MP3, WAV ringtone
Connectivity Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, LTE, GPS/ A-GPS, Bluetooth and Micro-USB options are on board.
Battery 3100 mAh battery
Talktime NA
Standby NA
Dimensions 150.9 x 75.2 x 8.7 mm
Colors Available Black, White, pink, blue
Launch Date June,2015
Price $159.59 and international edition cost $165.15
Meizu m2 note full Review and Pros Cons:
Display & Design:
Meizu m2note has a screen size of 5.5 inch with a resolution of 1080 x 1920 pixels IGZO display with 403ppi pixel density. It is designed for individuality with elegence in mind, weighing only 149g, being 8.7mm slim and with its R-angle curved design, it is the perfect companion.
Operating system and Processor:
MeizuM2 note smartphone runs on Android v5.0 lollipop and is powered by Octa-core processor clocked at 1.3 GHz. Meizu m2 note has an upgraded chipset MediaTek MT6753. This handset has 2 GB RAM internal storage capacity of 16/32 GB which can be further expanded up to 128 GB with the help of microSD card.
Camera and Battery:
Meizu m2 note is equipped with a 13-megapixel CMOS camera, which produces rich, sharp and extremely detailed pictures. The premium dual-tone flash delivers an accurate white balance, even in low-lights and has five-element f/2.2 lens, Blue glass IR filter, and dual LED flash, FotoNation beatifying moment system in 5-megapixels front camera with f/2.0 and 69-degree wide viewing angle.
The 3100 mAh high-tech battery is supplied by ATL, it is rarely seen in phones in this price range, but utilize it in the MEIZU M2 note assured of a long lasting battery.
Meizu M2 note supports 4G network with its in-built CAT4 modem. ZTE V5 3 also features GPRS/EDGE, 3G-WCDMA, Wifi 802.11 a/b/g/n(Dual-band) and direct, Bluetooth v4.1, A2DP, GLONASS, GPS with A-GPS, DLNA, and 3.5 mm ear-phone jack.
Buy Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet in a very valuable price of $159.59 from www.gearbest.com and MEIZU M2 Note International Edition is also available on Gearbest.com with cost of $165.15
Key Features of Meizu M2 note
2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of internal storage
1 Year brand warranty
Full-HD 5.5″ IGZO display
4G-LTE network support
13-MP rear and 5-MP front camera
3100 mAh high-tech battery is supplied by ATL
Pros and Cons-
Now let us discuss Meizu M2 note smartphone pros and cons:
13 MP high resolution rear camera
Inbuilt 16 GB ROM
2 GB RAM more than enough
Decent Octa-core processor
Large display of 5.5-inch
Expendable memory up to 128 GB
Latest Android v5.0 Lollipop support
Bezzel less design
4G-LTE support
High pixel density
Either we can use dual SIM or one SIM with one microSD card.
This would be all for Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet buy online. If you liked the article please share and leave us comments for more improved version of Us.You can also subscribe to our website for more of stuff like this.
Tags: Meizu, Meizu M2 note, Meizu M2 note 4G LTE Phablet
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text:
Why metastasic cells migrate?
One of the most intriguing questions in cancer research is what causes metastatic tumour migration, why some tumour cells manage to migrate to other parts of the body but others cells don't. International investigation conducted by Enrique Martín Blanco, CSIC researcher at the Institute of Biology of Barcelona, located in the Barcelona Science Park, reveals that cells make use of a natural mechanism for this. It happens to be a family of proteins that trigger cell migration in normal processes such as growth or healing. Nevertheless, this mechanism had never been identified before in healthy cells.
Windpipe transplant
A 10-year-old British boy has become the first child to undergo a windpipe transplant with an organ crafted from his own stem cells.
It is hoped that using the boy's own tissue in the nine-hour operation at Great Ormond Street Hospital will cut the risk of rejection.
The world's first tissue-engineered windpipe transplant was done in Spain in 2008 but with a shorter graft.
MRI Vs CT in Ear Disease
MRI is superior to CT for the evaluations of infected cholesteatomas, petrous apex, and CPA cholesteatomas, as well as for the majority evaluation of cholesteatomatous involvement of the facial nerve, membranous labyrinth, and intracranial structures
Nasal Sprays & Addiction
True addiction is a compulsive physiological need for and use of a habit-forming substance known to be physically, psychologically or socially harmful. Over-the-counter nasal sprays don't contain any habit-forming ingredients, and they don't cause the compulsive cravings that mark an addiction.
The Hybrid System
Hybrid System seamlessly blends two well-established technologies - cochlear implants and hearing aids - for individuals with severe to profound high frequency hearing loss, who maintain their low frequency hearing. It integrates cochlear implant technology from Cochlear, with state-of-the-art hearing aid technology. The higher frequency regions of the cochlea are stimulated electrically, while lower frequencies are preserved for acoustic amplification. By effectively restoring the severe to profound high frequency loss using electrical stimulation, Hybrid enables individuals to regain their ability to communicate easily and enhances their appreciation of environmental sounds.
Alloplasts in Rhinoplasty
In Europe the recommendations do not support the use of alloplastic implant, complications in the medical literature are 6% for silicone and 4% for Medpor (polyethylene), the alloplasts is not permitted in France as in the USA
Dr Lionel Azan ( paris )
Botulinum toxin is a medication and a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and is held to be the most toxicprotein known to mankind[with an LD50 of ro ghly 0.005–0.05 µg/kg. Despite its deadly toxic effect, it is sometimes used in very small doses to treat muscle spasms. Popularly known by its trade name, Botox, botulinum toxin is now commonly used in various settings for cosmetic procedures.
Artificial muscles for facial palsy
Surgeons from UC Davis Medical Center have demonstrated that artificial muscles can restore the ability of patients with facial paralysis to blink, a development that could benefit the thousands of people each year who no longer are able to close their eyelids due to combat-related injuries, stroke, nerve injury or facial surgery.
In addition, the technique, which uses a combination of electrode leads and silicon polymers, could be used to develop synthetic muscles to control other parts of the body. The new procedure is described in an article in the January-February issue of the Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery.
Tracheal transplant
Belgian transplant surgeons are reporting a medical first: They coaxed a donor trachea to grow its own network of blood vessels before transplantation by first embedding it for months in the recipient's arm.
Pseudohypacusis
Pseudohypacusis represents the most frequent etiology of sudden hearing loss in children. Its detection is relatively simple using conventional audiological tests though in some cases even experienced clinicians may come to incorrect diagnosis.
Researchers identify protein needed to develop auditory neurons
Loss of spiral ganglion neurons or hair cells in the inner ear is the leading cause of congenital and acquired hearing impairment. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health found that Sox2, a protein that regulates stem cell formation, is involved in spiral ganglion neuron development. The study was published in the January 13 issue of the Journal of
Neuroscience.
If you have a cold for fewer than 7 days, you can't tell if it's viral or bacterial. 7 or more days? It's bacterial.
Dr Ghagheri(Portland USA)
Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus
For over a century, the surgeon has covered his nasal vestibule to protect patients from micro-organisms, and although it also covered his mouth, in my day this would often be insufficient to prevent a constant stream of right-wing and sexist exhalation on the state of the world. But in fact several studies have shown that it is the patients' own nasal staphylococciwhich lead tosurgical site infections, just as many bring their own copies of the Sun or Express to succour them during their stay. If you detect these pathogens before admission, you can eliminate them and reduce staphylococcal wound infections. Ward newspaper trolleys must be the next target.
Sulcus vocalis
Sulcus vocalis is a thinning or absence of a special layer of tissue, called the superficial lamina propria, which is the tissue covering the vocal cord requires to vibrate in order to produce sound. The lack of this tissue causes a divot in the vocal cord, which gives the disorder its medical name.Sulcus means "cleft" or "furrow" in latin.
The normal lining of the esophagus (squamous epithelium) is replaced by an intestinal-type lining (columnar epithelium).
Drug Pump for tinnitis
A drug pump which is implanted in the ear is the latest approach for tackling tinnitus. It works by releasing a powerful new medicine that calms the overactive nerves thought to cause the condition. The new therapy, developed by U.S.-based company NeuroSystec, uses a drug known as NST-001 This is thought to block the production of excessive glutamate, in turn reducing this rogue nerve firing. Researchers claim it may even result in the elimination of tinnitus. Read more:
93 percent of Indians are sleep deprived !
A recent survey indicated that 93 percent of Indians are sleep deprived and 11 percent actually fall asleep in the work place.
The survey was conducted by the Nielsen company in 2009 and it covered 5,600 respondents (ages 35-65) across 25 cities in Urban India. It was commissioned by Philips Electronics India Limited.
58 percent of the respondents say that their work was affected by their lack of sleep. 74 percent claim that they woke up 1-3 times during their sleep.
62 percent of the respondents displayed a high risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a condition that is characterized by repeated cessation of breathing during sleep and is also linked to heart disease and heart failure.
Lemierre syndrome
Lemierre syndrome is a rare disease of the head and neck often affecting adolescents and young adults. Classically, infection begins in the oropharynx with thrombosis of the tonsillar veins followed by involvement of the parapharyngeal space and the internal jugular vein. Septicemia and pulmonary lesions develop as infection spreads via septic emboli. Although a rare entity in modern times, Lemierre syndrome remains a disease of considerable morbidity and potential mortality.
Hearing Instrument Industry Showing Dynamic Market Integration
For decades, hearing instrument and cochlear implant companies have stayed focused on their respective market niches. Hearing aids have been marketed to people with mild, moderate, and severe hearing loss, and cochlear implant companies have focused on people with profound hearing loss. Now, both are actively seeking investment into the other's market niches. Sonova, the parent holding company to Phonak of Switzerland, has just completed its acquisition of Advanced Bionics, a Valencia California company. AB makes cochlear implants, medical devices focused on electrical stimulation of the cochlea, allowing people with profound hearing loss the ability to hear and communicate. The cochlear implant, an implantable medical device, is the most sophisticated electrical neurostimulation prosthetic in distribution.
Silicone jaw implant preferred over medpor
Medpor is a very porous substance that when used is extremely difficult to remove. Silicone jaw implants are quite easily removable if ever necessary. Medpor has a higher rejection rate than silicone. Silicone jaw implants will give a better end result for long-term stability and less likely have infection.
Seattle Rhinopasty
The study and treatment of speech defects in children, involving habilitation or rehabilitation of speech.
The specialty is based on the anatomical, physiological, diagnostic and therapeutic principles of otorhinolaryngology and also on other medical disciplines (e.g. neurology, psychiatrics, pediatrics, dentistry, orthodontics) and non-medical sciences (e.g. linguistics, phonetics, psychology, behavior sciences, pedagogics, acoustics, communication sciences).
New material mimics bone to create better biomedical implants
A "metal foam" that has a similar elasticity to bone could mean a new generation of biomedical implants that would avoid bone rejection that often results from more rigid implant materials, such as titanium. Researchers at North Carolina State University have developed the metal foam, which is even lighter than solid aluminum and can be made of 100 percent steel or a combination of steel and aluminum. LINK
Why plastic surgeons are leaders in using the web to talk with patients
Connecting with an actual doctor, and getting an online quote for a procedure, are both appealing concepts — and foreign for many patients. Although there are many issues to be worked out, like offering advice over the web to someone you've never met and ensuring patient privacy, it's clear that plastic surgeons have been the most aggressive physicians to utilize the web for marketing. Link
Tone deafness
Tone deafness (also known as amusia or dysmelodia) is the inability to differentiate between musical notes or lack of relative pitch. This kind of deafness is mostly genetic, but also can be a result of brain damage. Those people who are not able to discriminate music notes due to lack of musical training do not fall into this category. Research into this area revealed a lack of connection between the nerve fibres that link perception and motor areas.(Text from Audiology India)
MRI is superior to CT for the evaluations of infected cholesteatomas, petrous apex, and CPA cholesteatomas, as well as for the majority evaluation of cholesteatomatous involvement of the facial nerve, membranous labyrinth, and intracranial structures.
Loss of spiral ganglion neurons or hair cells in the inner ear is the leading cause of congenital and acquired hearing impairment. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health found that Sox2, a protein that regulates stem cell formation, is involved in spiral ganglion neuron development. The study was published in the January 13 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
For over a century, the surgeon has covered his nasal vestibule to protect patients from micro-organisms, and although it also covered his mouth, in my day this would often be insufficient to prevent a constant stream of right-wing and sexist exhalation on the state of the world. But in fact several studies have shown that it is the patients' own nasal staphylococciwhich lead to surgical site infections, just as many bring their own copies of the Sun or Express to succour them during their stay. If you detect these pathogens before admission, you can eliminate them and reduce staphylococcal wound infections. Ward newspaper trolleys must be the next target.
HANDS ON TEMPORAL BONE DISSECTION AND LIVE SURGERY...
8th SGRH FESS and Skull Base Surgical Workshop, 1s...


text:
NewsToronto
Toronto Is Experiencing An Extreme Refugee Crisis And Here Are All Of The Shocking Details
Thousands of asylum seekers are arriving in Toronto, and the city's shelter system is buckling under the pressure.
Lilly Paltsev
Published June 27 2018
Updated June 27 2018 at 05:20 PM
Sojourn House
Toronto is officially in crisis mode over the unprecedented wave of refugees that continue to arrive and seek asylum in the city. Toronto's shelter systems are overwhelmed, refugee housing has exceeded capacity, and Mayor John Tory is urging the government for help.
Hey you! Subscribe to Toronto for all the latest and greatest stories.
"We need help," Mayor Tory said in a public statement, "We just don't have the resources to do it alone." Mayor Tory says that the city has gone to "heroic efforts" to accommodate the influx.
Via Arindam Banerjee
College dorms, hotels and motels across the city have opened their doors, giving 2,332 refugees a place to live. But, hundreds will be forced out on August 8th when students return to school, which will result in yet another devastating capacity crisis when these refugees become displaced.
"Relocating just this population of 800 would require the emergency closure, for example, of multiple community centres across the city," Mayor Tory told The Star, "We have exhausted our available sites, our resources and our personnel."
New data reveals that 728 of those refugees are under 8 years old, and 518 are between the ages of 8 and 15. Most are travelling in families of three or more.
The City of Toronto believes in and supports Canada's moral obligation to help those who need our help. But Canada's responsibility to these families does not end at the border. pic.twitter.com/3nsJAF7tL0
— John Tory (@TorontosMayor) June 26, 2018
With this additional temporary housing, Toronto has nearly 7,000 shelter beds, making it the most equipped city in the country for accepting refugees. So, it's no surprise that the pressure falls on Toronto to be the primary destination for asylum seekers heading to Canada. Sadly, the city is cracking under the pressure.
Ontario is slated to get $11 million in federal funding towards temporary housing for asylum seekers, much of which will go directly to Toronto. But, the funding barely makes a dent in the estimated $65 million that the city will end up spending by the end of this year.
Today is #WorldRefugeeDay. Last year with your help, we provided sanctuary for 40 refugee families. Your support helps courageous and resilient families at the Red Door to build a safe, brighter future for their children. Thank you for standing with refugees. pic.twitter.com/ASbE1NqdlW
— RedDoorFamilyShelter (@RedDoorFamilySh) June 20, 2018
According to one expert, temporary housing isn't the primary issue - it's the "lack of affordable housing in areas that also offer employment and language services for new immigrants," which would allow refugees to build a life in Canada instead of simply having a roof over their heads.
Discussions are expected to continue to grant more federal funding for Toronto's refugee crisis.
Source: The Star


Mitch is a digital media, content strategist and CEO of Human.Social. He and his team enjoy helping small business owners correctly expand their digital footprint on social media. Connect with Mitch on Human.Social and make sure to click here to get his weekly email newsletter for weekly tips about how to best connect, engage and build new business relationships on social media and the digital platforms.
I will use my digital media and content strategist expertise to help you correctly expand your digital footprint on social media. Have questions about where to start? Want to know the best way to engage your customers and prospects? All you need to do is call.
Mitch is a fantastic trial lawyer and a person of integrity. I have recommended him to my own family and friends and would not hesitate to recommend him to anyone. You simply cannot do better than Mitch and his partner Lisa. Mitch's passion for his work and clients shows in the top-quality representation he provides.
As a current law student looking for attorney mentors, I have spoken with dozens of attorneys about what they do, what they like about being an attorney, and how they chose that profession. Mitch stands out among ALL of those attorneys because he is passionate about helping others. I have not seen another attorney work as hard as Mitch does at perfecting his craft, mastering his delivery, and rethinking each issue. I heartily recommend Mitch as an attorney!
Mitch is a the definition of a professional litigator. He is and will always be my first call if I need advise/advocacy!
Mitch is an amazing social networker and an all-around likable guy. I've watched his spreecasts and have been really impressed with his guests and the content. He's had so many notable people join him including Seth Godin, Leigh Steinberg and Chris Brogan. Its not at all surprising that influential people from many walks of life want to talk to Mitch because he asks great questions, he's extremely smart, and most of all, he's a super nice guy.
I have found Mitch to be a passionate advocate for his clients and the causes they represent. Combine that passion with his experience and skill as a litigator, and you have a formidable combination. He is a friend and colleague to whom I would trust a client referral or case without hesitation. What I also find striking is his willingness to share his experience and expertise with others (to "give back"), as amply demonstrated by his tireless work promoting good "lawyering" in internet forums, video presentations and in his "Spreecasts." I would, and do, heartily recommend Mitch.
Mitch comes with my highest recommendations. He is always looking for new ideas to assist his clients.
You would be doing yourself a favor to align yourself with Mitch as I have.
Great guest on the program. Articulate, energetic, passionate about his profession and helping people. Extremely professional and loaded with integrity.
When you think of lawyers, compassion and concern are usually not the words you think of first, but with Mitch, those words are a first priority! And after you find out what a great guy he is, you find out what a dedicated bulldog he is in the courtroom and what a great lawyer he is to have in YOUR corner! If ever you need one of the greatest guys and best lawyers in the area, you would be doing yourself a disservice by not consulting with Mitch FIRST!!!
It's rare that you meet a top professional who not only excels in his field, but also is friendly and likes helping other people without expecting anything in return. Mitch Jackson of Jackson & Wilson is just such a person! I am so impressed with how he offered an open door policy to me and shared many marketing insights with me to help my insurance agency! Not only that, he is nice! With these qualities, I have no problem recommending him to anyone I know as well as all my clients! If you want to meet someone who is friendly, enjoys helping other people, and is a top notch professional all rolled into one, Call Mitch Jackson!
Having been opposing counsel against Mitch, I can unqualifiedly recommend Mitch as counsel in any type of case in which he is willing to take on your representation. Mitch is a very capable and successful trial attorney. He knows how to work up and win cases in trial, especially ones with large exposure. And, he cares for his clients. You can't ask for more.


text:
13 January 2020 à 18:41
4 French films nominated at the Oscars 2020!
Report on the 2019 Young French Cinema program
UniFrance presents the 22nd Rendez-Vous with French Cinema in Paris
6th edition of the Young French Cinema program
2nd Afrique Junior Festival held in Senegal
Discover the 5 short French films shortlisted for the Oscars 2020
26 December 2019 à 15:02
Press Roundup: December 2019
Free film viewings: Special 50th anniversary tribute to the GREC
3 French films in competition at Sundance
VOD: Industry News (November 2019)
25 November 2014 à 15:08
Girlhood wins big at the Stockholm Film Festival
The 25th Stockholm International Film Festival has honored Girlhood by Céline Sciamma, along with her director of photography, Crystel Fournier.
The festival's jury, led by the Swedish director Daniel Espinosa, presented its verdict at the closing ceremony held November 16.
The big winner in the Best Film category was Girlhood by Céline Sciamma, with the director in attendance to accept her award. The jury celebrated the film for "filling a gap in the stories told about Paris. As Marieme relates to the diverse characters in her world, the acting and directing strike complex notes."
The film also picked up the award for Best Cinematography for its French director of photography Crystel Fournier, who was also honored for her work on another film, These Are the Rules, a Franco-Croatian co-production directed by Ognjen Svilicic. This film also won Best Actor and Best Actress honors for Emir Hadzihafizbegovic and Jasna Zalica.
You can find complete information about the award winners on the festival website.
Author : Grégory Alexandre
Latest update : 21 January 2015 à 15:08 CET
Linked to this news article
Linked films (2)
These Are the Rules
Linked individuals (6)
Crystel Fournier
Emir Hadzihafizbegovic
Ognjen Svilicic
Linked events (1)
Stockholm International Film Festival - 2014
Type : Feature film and short film festival
Theme : International festival


but the file, main.js doesn't exist. Is there a shortcut to create that file without having to right click the project folder and choose new file?
Have you tried Alt+Enter on the file in question (and then do simple and straightforward action from there)?


Asphalt sealcoating is an important part of routine maintenance for asphalt pavement. Paving companies advise that the average parking lot will need to have fresh sealant applied every two to three years, but pavement that receives a high volume of traffic or that supports heavyweight vehicles may need annual sealcoating. Although professional sealcoating is quite economical, there are many factors that sealcoating contractors must evaluate before they can provide you with an accurate quote.
Sealcoating contractors evaluate many different factors when preparing quotes for their customers. Following are some of the critical factors that they must include in their evaluation.
• Condition: Before the application of a sealcoating material, the surface of the pavement will need to be thoroughly cleaned and allowed to dry. Dirt, rocks, trash and other debris will have to be removed as well as any accumulations of automotive fluids. Vegetation growing from cracks or trailing over the edges of the pavement will also need to be removed. Pothole repairs, crack filling and other repair procedures will have to be performed. The amount of work required to prepare the surface will have a direct influence on the cost of the job.
• Size: The total square footage of the asphalt surface to be sealcoated is normally used by most asphalt contractors for calculating costs. However, some paving companies use an hourly rate that is based on how long it takes an average crew to apply sealant to an area of a specific size.
• Complexity: The actual architecture of the asphalt paving will also be taken into account. Any twists, turns or cut-ins may require additional charges to compensate for increased labor costs.
• Location: The location of the job site can create additional cost. The contractor must move his equipment, workers and materials to the site. Travel requires fuel and time, so the greater the distance, the higher the cost will be. Asphalt paving professionals refer to these transportation costs as mobilization expenses.
• Traffic: The amount of traffic an asphalt pavement receives directly affects the number of layers of sealant that the pavement will need. Additional coats require more material, but they also require additional time for application.
• Materials: Not all sealants are of equal quality. The best sealants may cost a bit more, but the additional expense may be justified if the customer requires superior durability or exceptional aesthetics.
Why Is Sealcoating Vital to the Longevity of the Pavement?
Asphalt contractors recommend that all new pavements be sealed within the first year and have new sealcoating applied periodically. If the sealcoating is allowed to wear off or deteriorate, the asphalt pavement will have no protection from the sun, automotive fluids and other things that can destroy the pavement. Unprotected asphalt pavement will age quicker; exposure to UV rays can make it dry and brittle, and automotive fluids can render it soft and crumbly. Cracks may appear on the asphalt surface and eventually lead to potholes or more serious problems. Sealcoating produces a hard film that seals out chemicals and blocks UV rays.
Sealcoating also produces an even, smooth, dark surface that enhances curb appeal. Commercial parking lots are immediately transformed into expanses that are aesthetically pleasing and welcoming to customers. A well-maintained parking lot shows visitors that the business owner appreciates their patronage.
Where Can You Find Answers to Your Sealcoating Questions?
Affordable Striping & Sealing specializes in asphalt maintenance for customers throughout the greater Las Vegas area. In addition to sealcoating, we offer asphalt repairs, asphalt striping and road marking, road markings, traffic sign installation, parking lot design, curb painting and bumper blocks. We are known for using quality materials and the latest techniques to deliver exceptional work at affordable rates. To request a free quote, simply fill out the online form or call us at (702) 222-9009.


text:
EcoTour Packages
Natural Places of Penang
Freedom EcoFarm
Penang Hills
8:45 PM 1 comment
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks in Penang, Malaysia. It is located in Air Itam, which is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city centre of George Town. The hill stands out prominently from the lowlands as a hilly and forested area. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name Bukit Bendera, which refers to Flagstaff Hill, the most developed peak.
Penang Hill is mainly hilly granitic mass. The hill system is higher towards the northern part with its highest point at Western Hill, at an elevation of 833 m (2,723 ft) above sea level. Other than Western Hill, there are a number of peaks in the region, such as Bukit Laksamana (Malay for Laksamana Hill), Tiger Hill, Flagstaff Hill and Government Hill. Flagstaff Hill is 735 m (2,450 ft) above sea level. A number of small rivers and streams originate from the region. Sungai Pinang (Malay for Penang River) is the largest of the rivers, and it starts from a number of tributaries in the area.
Because Penang Hill has a cooler environment, it has been a popular holiday retreat. A number of bungalows were built around Flagstaff Hill. The northern part of the Hills are not well developed. Government Hill, Bukit Timah (Malay for Timah Hill) and others are designated water catchment areas and no development is permitted.
Some recreational potential exists at the upper reaches of the river where the water is relatively clean. In a number of cases, sudden changes in ground level have resulted in a series of small waterfalls and rapids, where bathing, dipping and picnicking are popular.
The lower terrain of the Hills is used mainly for agricultural and residential purposes.
Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, more commonly known as Summit Road, leads from the top station to the western part of the hill right towards Western Hill and Tiger Hill.
The eastern face of Penang Hill is well served by a series of roads and paths, for example, Moniot Road, Viaduct Road, and Tunnel Road. Moniot Road is named after a Frenchman, Michael Jules Moniot who surveyed it between 1846 and 1855. Moniot Road has been declared a Heritage Trail in 1995 by the Governor of Penang.
A system of bridle paths forms a picturesque labyrinth of walks connecting the different bungalows. Indian penal servitude prisoners shipped from Bencoolen, Sumatra to Penang during the second half of the 19th century built these by-paths.
Numerous trekking trails lead from various starting points in the lowlands to Penang Hill. The more popular trails include the Moongate Trail, trail from Air Itam Dam to Tiger Hill, trail from Hye Keat Estate and trail from the Municipal Park (formerly Youth Park). Some of the trails are used by farmers to transport produce to the markets of Balik Pulau and Air Itam.
The most important feature of Penang Hill is the cooler climate. The core summit area has an average temperature ranging from 20° to 27°C. The mean minimum temperature is consistently below 21°C. The hottest months are between December and April while the coolest months are between June and October.
The most common forest type found on Penang Hill is the hill dipterocarp forest. Growing at higher altitudes are some of the submontane oak-laurel as well as coniferous trees. The Tree fern which is normally associated with higher elevations is also found growing here.
Penang Hill is scientifically important as a type site of many Malaysian plant species. In the past, botanists came here to collect plants for herbaria around the world. It is an area rich in biodiversity and has a great number of endemic species, some of which are so rare that their existence is endangered.
The rare and endangered species include the parasitic plant Exorhopalia ruficeps, which grows in the shady and damp undergrowth. The Penang Slipper Orchid (Paphiopedilum barbatum) is fast becoming over-collected and disappearing. The endangered witch hazel Maingaya malayana was rediscovered years ago and has since been propagated.
Large mammals are not found in Penang Hills. Wild boars, small and medium sized mammals such as the squirrels, monkeys and tree shrews can be sighted. A number of species found in these hills are nocturnal. These include the civets, flying lemurs, flying civets and bats.
In the evenings, the characteristic calls of the cicadas and crickets are often heard. If one is discerning enough, the stick insect and leaf mantis may be found well-camouflaged among the vegetation.
Penang Hills have a rich bird fauna. Over 100 species or about 80% of the birds found on Penang Island have been recorded here. They range from the common garden species to rare deep forest inhabitants.
Posted in: ecotourism, nature, penang, tour
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