Thailand is the country in Southeast Asia most visited by tourists, and for good reason. You can find almost anything here: thick jungle as green as can be, crystal blue waters that feel more like a warm bath than a swim in the ocean, and food that can curl your nose hairs while tap dancing across your taste buds. Exotic, yet safe; cheap, yet equipped with every modern amenity you need, there is something for every interest and every price bracket, from beach front backpacker bungalows to some of the best luxury hotels in the world. And despite the heavy flow of tourism, Thailand retains its quintessential identity, with a culture and history all its own and a carefree people famed for their smiles and their fun-seeking sanuk lifestyle. Many travellers come to Thailand and extend their stay well beyond their original plans and others never find a reason to leave. Whatever your cup of tea is, they know how to make it in Thailand.
This is not to say that Thailand doesn't have its downsides, including the considerable growing pains of an economy where an agricultural labourer is lucky to earn 100 baht per day while the nouveaux riches cruise past in their BMWs. Bangkok, the capital, is notorious for its traffic jams and rampant development has wrecked much of once-beautiful Pattaya and Phuket. In heavily touristed areas, some lowlifes, both Thai and farang, have made scamming tourists into an art form.
Finally, despite being relatively economically developed, Thailand still suffers from problems that afflict most Southeast Asian countries, such as new towns and neighbourhoods built haphazardly and with no concern for architectural beauty, the lack of accessibility and pedestrian-friendliness in large cities, and often, presence of trash and litter in both cities and rural areas.
The earliest identifiable Thai kingdom was founded in Sukhothai in 1238, reaching its zenith under King Ramkhamhaeng in the 14th century before falling under the control of the kingdom of Ayutthaya, which ruled most of present-day Thailand and much of today's Laos and Cambodia as well, eventually also absorbing the northern kingdom of Lanna. Ayutthaya was sacked in 1767 by the Burmese, but King Taksin regrouped and founded a new capital at Thonburi. His successor, General Chakri, moved across the river to Bangkok and became King Rama I, the founding father of the Chakri dynasty that still rules in a constitutional monarchy.
Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is Southeast Asia's oldest independent country and the only one never to have been colonised by a foreign power, and the country's inhabitants are fiercely proud of that fact. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. During World War II, while Japan conquered the rest of Southeast Asia (see Pacific War), only Thailand was not conquered by the Japanese due to smart political moves. Allied with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally following the conflict. Thailand was a base of US air operations during the Vietnam War. There was a communist insurgency, with little success, that only ended in 1983. After a string of military dictatorships and quickly toppled civilian prime ministers, Thailand stabilized into a fair approximation of a democracy and the economy boomed through tourism and industry.
On December 26, 2004, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean caused a tsunami to hit Thailand's western coast, causing tremendous damage and killing thousands of people, especially at the seaside resorts.
In September 2006, a swift and bloodless military coup overthrew populist tycoon Thaksin Shinawatra's democratically-elected but widely criticized government, exposing a fault line between the urban elite that has ruled Thailand traditionally and the rural masses that supported Thaksin. Thaksin went into exile and a series of unstable governments followed, with the successors of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party and the royalist-conservative People's Alliance for Democracy duking it out both behind the scenes and, occasionally, out in the streets, culminating in Bangkok's airports being seized and shut down for a week in Nov 2008.
A new party led by Thaksin's sister, Yingluck Shinawatra, won the 2011 elections, but while like Thaksin, she maintained popularity in the Central Thai countryside, the North and Isaan, Muslims in the South, powerful people in the Thai military and the Bangkok establishment never accepted the legitimacy of her government, and on May 7, 2014, Thailand's Constitutional Court ordered her and her cabinet to step down. On May 22, 2014, the Thai army staged a bloodless coup, declared a nationwide curfew, and went about arresting members of Yingluck's Pheu Thai Party. The curfew was lifted on June 13, 2014, but the basic elements that have led to the conflict are still unresolved.
After the death in late 2016 of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), the world's longest-reigning monarch and a deeply loved and respected figure of near-mythic proportions, his son King Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun (Rama X) acceded to the throne. There have been no national parliamentary elections since the military coup and effectively the same government remains in power.
Thailand has grown into the main economic centre of the region, and today attracts many migrant workers from its much poorer neighbours Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy, with the king as head of state. The Thai parliament is bicameral, consisting of a senate, of which about half are directly elected with each province electing one member, and the other half being appointed by a committee, as well as a lower house which is directly elected by the people. The prime minister is the head of government, and is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in the lower house.
In practice, the king's role is largely ceremonial, with the prime minister holding the most authority in government. However, the king and the royal family are still protected by strict lèse majesté laws, which stipulate long jail terms for anybody convicted of insulting the king or any other members of the royal family.
Cool: From Nov to the end of Feb, it doesn't rain much and temperatures are at their lowest, although you will barely notice the difference in the south and will only need to pack a sweater if hiking in the northern mountains, where temperatures can fall as low as 5°C. This is the most popular time to visit and, especially around Christmas and New Year's or at Chinese New Year a few weeks later, finding flights and accommodation can be expensive and difficult.
Hot: From Mar-Jun, Thailand swelters in temperatures as high as 40°C (104°F) and heat indices in the 50-60°C range (122-140°F). Pleasant enough when sitting on the beach with a drink in hand, but not the best time of year to go temple-tramping in Bangkok.
Rainy: From Jul-Oct, although it only really gets underway in Sep, tropical monsoons hit most of the country. This doesn't mean it rains non-stop, but when it does it pours and flooding is not uncommon.
There are local variations to these general patterns. In particular, the southeast coast of Thailand (including Ko Samui) has the rains reversed, with the peak season being May-Oct and the rainy off-season in Nov-Feb.
Thailand's people are largely ethnically Thai, although there are significant minorities of Chinese and assimilated Thai-Chinese throughout the country, Malays in the south near the Malaysian border, Isaan near the Lao border, and hill tribes such as the Karen and the Hmong in the north of the country. Bangkok has a noticeable minority of ethnic Indians. The overwhelmingly dominant religion (95%) is Theravada Buddhism, although Confucianism, Islam, Christianity and animist faiths also jostle for position.
Mainland Thai culture is heavily influenced by Buddhism. However, unlike the Buddhist countries of East Asia, Thailand's Buddhists follow the Theravada school, which is arguably closer to its Indian roots and places a heavier emphasis on monasticism. Thai temples known as wats, resplendent with gold and easily identifiable with their ornate, multicolored, pointy roofs are ubiquitous. Becoming an orange-robed monk for a short period, typically the three-month rainy season, is a common rite of passage for young Thai boys and men. That being said, there are also prominent Mahayana Buddhist temples, most of which were built in Chinese architectural styles to serve the ethnic Chinese community.
One pre-Buddhist tradition that still survives is the spirit house (ศาลพระภูมิ saan phraphuum), usually found at the corner of any house or business, which houses spirits so they don't enter the house and cause trouble. The grander the building, the larger the spirit house, and buildings placed in particularly unlucky spots may have very large ones. Perhaps the most famous spirit house in Thailand is the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, which protects the Erawan Hotel (now the Grand Hyatt Erawan), built in 1956 on a former execution ground, and is now one of the busiest and most popular shrines in the city. It and several other popular shrines pay homage to Hindu deities.
Some traditional arts popular in Thailand include traditional Thai dancing and music, based on religious rituals and court entertainment. There is vibrant popular music scene with morlam and lukthung not at all overshadowed by Western style pop. Famously brutal Thai boxing (muay Thai), derived from the military training of Thai warriors, is undoubtedly the country's best known indigenous sport.
In addition to the mainland Thai culture, there are many other cultures in Thailand including those of the "hill tribes" in the northern mountainous regions of Thailand (e.g., Hmong, Karen, Lisu, Lahu, Akha), the southern Muslims, and indigenous island peoples of the Andaman Sea. The ethnic Chinese population has been largely assimmilated into Thai culture, though vestiges of their Chinese heritage can still be found in Bangkok's Chinatown. The Chinese have, however, left a huge impact on Thailand's culinary scene, and many dishes of Chinese origin, such as noodles, roast pork and steamed buns, have been widely adopted and are now seen as an integral part of Thai cuisine.
In addition to the Gregorian calendar, Thailand also uses the Thai solar calendar, the Thai version of the Buddhist calendar, which is 543 years ahead of the common era calendar. Thus, Thai year 2560 corresponds to the Western year 2017. Thai dates in English are often written as B.E., short for "Buddhist Era".
Some Thai holidays are based on the Thai lunar calendar, so their dates change every year.
Thailand has many holidays, mostly related to Buddhism and the monarchy. Nobody celebrates all of them, except for banks, which seem to be closed a lot.
Chinese New Year (ตรุษจีน). The Chinese New Year for 2019 is on 5 February and marks the start of the Year of the Pig. It is also known as the Spring Festival or the Lunar New Year and celebrations can last for about 15 days. Chinese Thais, who are numerous in Bangkok, celebrate by cleaning their houses and offering food to their ancestors. This is mainly a time of abundant feasting. Visit Bangkok's Chinatown or Yaowarat to fully embrace the festivity.
Makha Bucha (มาฆบูชา). Falls on the full moon of the third lunar month, which usually falls in February or March, and commemorates the spontaneous gathering of 1,250 people before the Buddha, which led to their ordination and subsequent enlightenment. At temples in Bangkok and throughout Thailand, Buddhists carry candles and walk around the main shrine three times in a clockwise direction.
Songkran (สงกรานต์). Undoubtedly the most fun holiday, is the celebration of the Thai New Year, sometime in April (officially 13-15 Apr, but the date varies in some locations). What started off as polite ritual to wash away the sins of the prior year has evolved into the world's largest water fight, which lasts for three full days. Water pistols and Super Soakers are advised and are on sale everywhere. The best places to participate are Chiang Mai, the Khao San Road area in Bangkok, and holiday resorts like Pattaya, Ko Samui and Phuket. You will get very wet, this is not a spectator sport. The water-throwing has been getting more and more unpleasant as people have started splashing iced water onto each other. It is advisable to wear dark clothing, as light colours may become transparent when wet.
Loy Krathong (ลอยกระทง). Falls on the first full moon day in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, usually in November, when people head to rivers, lakes and even hotel swimming pools to float flower and candle-laden banana leaves (or, these days, Styrofoam) floats called krathong (กระทง). The krathong is meant as an offering to thank the river goddess who gives life to the people. Thais also believe that this is a good time to float away your bad luck and many will place a few strands of hair or finger nail clippings in the krathong. According to tradition, if you make a wish when you set down your krathong and it floats out of sight before the candle burns out, your wish will come true. Some provinces have their own version of Loy Krathong, such as Sukhothai where a spectacular show takes place. To the north, Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai have their own unique tradition of launching kom or hot-air lanterns. This sight can be breath-taking as the sky is suddenly filled with lights, rivalling the full moon.
King's Birthday (Father's Day). 28 July, the King's birthday is the country's National Day and also celebrated as Father's Day, when Thais pay respect to and show their love for his majesty the king. Buildings and homes are decorated with the King's flag (yellow with his insignia in the middle) and his portrait. Government buildings, as well as commercial buildings, are decorated with lights. In Old Bangkok (Rattanakosin) in particular, around the royal palace, you will see lavish light displays on trees, buildings, and the roads. The Queen's Birthday (12 Aug) is Mother's Day, and is celebrated similarly if with a little less pomp.


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This event will look at the ways in which artists use ideas of service and labour as creative strategies, and consider the ethics of recruiting the labour of others in works of art.
Playing with the idea of labour and service the Live Art Development Agency have outsourced the researching and writing of a paper on these issues to the writer Mary Paterson, who will in turn outsource the presentation of the paper to the Agency's Projects Manager and practicing artist Andrew Mitchelson. Artists and writers working in these areas including Nick Ridout, Ana Laura Lopez de la Torre, Emma Leach and Natasha Vicars of Position Unpaid will then respond to the paper and provoke further discussion.
At Your Service is a group exhibition curated by Cylena Simonds running from 17 April to 27 June 2009 at the David Roberts Art Foundation in London. At Your Service engages the concept and dynamics of the service and hospitality industries in today's political and social climate and brings together a wide range of artworks from emerging international artists. At Your Service examines aspects of service industries such as building construction, cleaning and catering as a way of addressing concepts of belonging, patterns of migration and the less-than-distinct roles of host/guest and native/foreigner. The artworks investigate themes within service labour such as routine, invisibility and the mundane. Juxtaposed with these works are projects that explore the notion of contemporary art practice as a service to the public, asking us to examine the kinds of interactions, expectations and desires we take on.
Labour Practices is supported by Queen Mary, University of London.
Position Unpaid is a collaboration between Emma Leach & Natasha Vicars. The project asks awkward questions about arts internships, and moves towards some constructive answers. Emma Leach is a part-time writer, curator and artist assistant, and a full-time artist. Natasha Vicars makes live and participatory work in which there is an exchange of individual experience. Both have worked as interns in more than one art institution.
Nicholas Ridout teaches in the Department of Drama at Queen Mary University of London. He is the author of Stage Fright, Animals and Other Theatrical Problems (2006), a book which considers theatrical labour and its related affects. Recent publications include an essay on Performance and the Service Economy, and a short book called Theatre & Ethics.


What time is it? It's time for another scarf hack, of course! Let me show you how to easily make a feminine, glam pillow from a scarf. All you need is a large scarf, 3 safety pins, and a pillow insert.
First, lay a large scarf right-side down. Place a pillow form in the center of your scarf. Then, fold two sides of the scarf up and over your pillow form and pin them in place with safety pins. Finally, draw the two remaining sides of the scarf up over the pillow form, and tie them together. You can leave the ends free, or tuck them into the scarf. Easy-peasy!
Stay tuned to my YouTube channel and The Brick's Facebook page every Tuesday for more simple home decor & DIY tips!


I recently re-designed one of our processes (or "jobs" in Kettle) when something really strange showed up during testing.
Part of the process run twice. It seemed like I'd duplicated the whole process from some point.
The IDE is basicly allows you to build a graph, the nodes are the process steps, the edges are telling what to do when a node was finished.
Clearly, beside error handling edges, I only draw a single edge from any node. The thing I saw could only happened If I would drew two edges between some of the two nodes. The IDE don't even allow such thing to happen. Or do it?
I tried to disable the edges (called "hops" in Kettle job terminology), to catch where the process goes two ways.
I found out that disabling one of the hops did NOT cause the job to stop at that point - which is the thing it should have done. Instead, the script run correctly, executing it's tail only once.
Something was clearly off the rails. In the IDE, I disabled one hop, but the command line tool still thought that there is an enabled hop between the two steps. When I enabled the hop, the command line tool probably saw TWO hops between the same nodes - a thing that is impossible to (intentionally) achieve in the IDE (which is called Spoon btw). I was suspecting file corruption, and/or serious command line tool bug.
Yep, there are TWO hops between the same nodes.
Removing one of the hops with the text editor solved the problem, the job now runs correctly.


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Screaming Eagles to release new video on November 2nd
Posted on October 25, 2015 by Olivier in Uncategorized // 0 Comments
Northern Ireland hard rockers, Screaming Eagles, will be releasing a second video in support of their new album Stand Up And Be Counted.
After the song "Save Me" off Stand Up And Be Counted received the video treatment, it is now the turn of the track "Breakin' All The Rules" to be released on video.
Sleaze Roxx stated the following in its review of Stand Up And Be Counted: "It is really very difficult not to like Screaming Eagles. The Northern Ireland based rockers simply play straight up no bullshit rock and roll and they do it really well! After listening to Stand Up And Be Counted, all I was thinking is who are these guys and how come I don't know more about them? Upon checking YouTube, I realized that I had previously come across the band's video "Rock N Roll Soul" from their debut record From The Flames. I also remembered reading my predecessor Skid's review of that album and no need to say that Skid loved the band's debut record. I can't remember why I did not end up picking up the Screaming Eagles' first album because if the tracks are anything close to "Rock N Roll Soul" — and I understand that they are — that would be an amazing record! In addition, Stand Up And Be Counted is the type of album that is so good that not only will you want to snatch yourself a copy of that record but you'll also want to obtain whatever else the Northern Ireland rockers have to offer."
Stay tuned for an upcoming interview by Sleaze Roxx with the Screaming Eagles…
SCREAMING EAGLES – Rock N Roll Soul [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
As featured in Episode 2 of 'SNEAKY PETE' on Amazon PrimeFrom the debut album 'From The Flames' – BUY NOW at https://www.screamingeagles.bigcartel.com'Rock N…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Where Is Britney Spears From
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Spears' conservatorship was split into two parts – one for her estate and financial affairs, the other for her as a person. Jamie Spears was in charge of both parts but stepped down as his daughter's personal conservator in 2019 citing health reasons, replaced by a court-appointed care professional.
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South Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) on Thursday started general-level military talks at the border village of Panmunjom to ease military tensions, according to local media reports.
The inter-Korean dialogue between general-level military officers, the first of its kind in over 10 years, kicked off at about 10 a.m. local time (0100 GMT) in Tongilgak, a DPRK building inside the Panmunjom that straddles the divided Koreas. The last general-grade military dialogue between the two sides was held in December 2007.
The five-member South Korean delegation was led by Maj. Gen. Kim Do-gyun, a senior-level official of the defense ministry in charge of inter-Korean military affairs.
The DPRK side, composed of five delegates, was headed by Lt. Gen. An Ik-san.
The chief South Korean delegate told reporters before heading for Panmunjom that he will discuss with his DPRK counterpart issues on the easing of inter-Korean military tensions and the schedule for inter-Korean talks between defense ministers.
Other issues on the dialogue agenda would possibly be the restoration of the inter-Korean military communications channel, the regularly-held military talks between the two sides and the establishment of hotline between defense ministers.
The inter-Korean military talks came after top DPRK leader Kim Jong Un and U.S. President Donald Trump held the historic summit in Singapore Tuesday.


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Governor Rick Scott Removes Prosecutor From Case
Florida Governor Rick Scott recently removed newly elected Orlando prosecutor Aramis Ayala from the Markeith Loyd case. Loyd is charged with two counts of First Degree Murder for shooting and killing police officer Lt. Debra Clayton and Loyd's pregnant ex-girlfriend Sade Dixon. The case was re-assigned to state attorney Brad King, who prosecutes in neighboring Florida counties. Scott claims that the reason he removed Ayala is because she "won't fight for justice." He points to her comments concerning the death penalty as support for his extraordinary move. She allegedly stated that the death penalty causes too much pain for victims' families and that it was not an effective deterrent. Additionally, she allegedly made it clear that not only wouldn't she be seeking death for Loyd, but she wouldn't be seeking the death penalty in any future case during her entire four years in office. Regarding seeking the death penalty in future cases, she stated, "I have determined that doing so is not in the best interest of the community or the best interest of justice."
Scott initially attempted to get Ayala to recuse herself from the Loyd case. When she refused, he took the case away from her.
Let me start off by making it clear that I generally don't like the idea of a governor or any politician attempting to dictate what a prosecutor should do with a criminal case. Politicians/legislators should stay in their executive branch doing what they do, which is, in large part, making the laws and kissing babies. It is up to the prosecutors in the judicial branch of government to enforce the laws as they deem appropriate.
In this particular case, I must depart from my generally held beliefs. I can't support the prosecutor here. Had Ayala announced that she had chosen not to seek the death penalty in the Loyd case specifically, then I would have passionately defended her. My support for her position is not because I necessarily believe the death penalty is inappropriate for Loyd. Candidly, I haven't even decided how I feel concerning his case. However, it's always been the prosecutor's right to decide which cases warrant the ultimate sanction. That's certainly not a decision that should be made with influence from the pitch fork carrying public and/or elected politicians.
Additionally, as a result of a recent Supreme Court ruling, it just got a whole lot more challenging to secure a death sentence in court. The Supreme Court recently declared unconstitutional the manner in which courts were handling death penalty cases. Before the highest court's ruling, jurors would vote and make a recommendation to the judge. So, for example, if 10 jurors voted for death and two voted for life, the judge would then use the recommendation to determine the appropriate sentence. After the recent high court's ruling, jurors are required to be unanimous. That means that death cannot be imposed unless all 12 jurors vote in favor of the ultimate sanction. Ayala, like many other Florida prosecutors, could have easily pointed to the change in the death penalty law, as one of the reasons why she isn't seeking death for Loyd. However, that's not what she's saying. By passionately stating that she will never seek the death penalty for Loyd or any future defendant during her entire four years in office, she's essentially saying, "I cannot follow the law." As an elected prosecutor, sworn to uphold the law, she is required to consider seeking the death penalty when appropriate. Merely considering it and actually seeking it, are two different things. The fact that she won't even consider it, even in the most heinous of cases, means that she cannot fulfill her oath of office. I respect her beliefs. Her stance on the death penalty isn't the issue. It's just that she's chosen a job where she at least she has to keep an open mind concerning the imposition of the death penalty on a case by case basis. While I'm never crazy about the idea of the governor getting involved in judicial matters, I believe her actions left him no alternative.
While I feel comfortable in my decision that Ayala must be removed, I still don't love the idea that that the governor is the one to remove her. It's a very dangerous slippery slope when politics starts to invade the judicial arena. Hopefully, the newly appointed state attorney will determine whether to seek the death penalty for Loyd without considering the political ramifications.
Posted in: Articles of Interest, Breaking News and Murder
Updated: March 22, 2017 8:00 am


Provens was 16-years-old when he was shot and killed on North Germantown road.
Community members are still trying to find out who is responsible for the death of Kentrell Provens three years ago.
Kentrell Provens was 16-years-old when he was shot and killed on North Germantown Road.
Krentrell Provens' sisters told Channel 3 the family usually gets together during this time but this year they wanted to have a block party to encourage community members to stop gun violence.
Teddy bears at a tree mark the spot where Kentrell Provens was shot and killed.
"He was humble that's all I can say; he was the most humble child I could ever meet. He was more humble than me and I've been through more than him," Curesha Provens, Kentrell's sister, said.
Each year his family continues to honor him by hosting a block party to stop gun violence.
Curesha Provens said this event gives the community something to look forward to especially the kids.
She says there is a problem, but there's also a solution.
Curesha Provens said this type of violence is heartbreaking.
She says some children are misguided and wants them to see that the community can put the negative stuff aside to enjoy each other.
The Provens family hopes to make this block party an annual event to honor Kentrell by stopping the gun violence.


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Why is it so hard to quit smoking?
Lynne Dawkins explores the role of nicotine and non-nicotine contributions to smoking and considers a promising new device for kicking the habit. Also, listen to our interview with Lynne.
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Smoking is the single most preventable major cause of illness and early death, with nearly one in five deaths (in those aged 35 or above) caused by smoking. Smoking has a multitude of effects on health, that most smokers are aware of. So why do more than one in five adults continue to smoke? And why is it so hard to give up?
In England cigarette smoking is responsible for an estimated 81,700 deaths per year, in other words, 223 people a day – or nine people an hour – die from their smoking 'habit'. An estimated 36 per cent of all respiratory disease deaths, 29 per cent of cancer deaths and 14 per cent of all circulatory disease deaths are attributable to smoking. This figure rises to 87 per cent of deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease and 82 per cent of deaths from lung, bronchus and trachea cancer (NHS Information Centre: tinyurl.com/cym3apk).
On an individual level, a long-term regular smoker loses an average of 10 years of their life (Doll et al., 2004). That is, approximately 8 out of 10 non-smokers live beyond 70 years compared to only half of long-term smokers (Kenny, 2012). If it doesn't kill you, smoking has multiple other ways of making your life a misery: it increases the risk of stroke, angina, emphysema, high blood pressure, thrombosis, asthma, cataracts, ulcers, erectile dysfunction and many more (tinyurl.com/74jlw). Given that most smokers are aware of these harmful effects, why do 21 per cent of the adult population continue to smoke? (NHS Information Centre: tinyurl.com/cym3apk). And why are more than 95–97 per cent of unaided quit attempts unsuccessful (Hughes et al., 2004)?
The problem with nicotine
Whilst tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemicals, it is the nicotine content that is generally thought to keep people hooked. Smoking is an extremely effective way of delivering nicotine to the brain. It is rapidly absorbed through the lungs into the bloodstream, where it is carried directly to the heart and reaches the brain in about 6–10 seconds (akin to an intravenous injection: Rose et al., 2000). Because of this direct route, nicotine does not get a chance to dissipate, so the high concentration of nicotine in the lungs from a puff on a cigarette remains in the blood as this 'hit' (often referred to as a 'bolus') until it reaches the brain. Whilst addictive, nicotine is relatively safe; it's the carbon monoxide (CO; which prevents oxygen transportation around the body) and tar (which deposits in the lungs and airways and contains carcinogens) that carry the health risks of smoking.
The brain has its own receptors for nicotine – so-called 'nicotinic acetylcholine' receptors. Many of these are located on the cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the origin of the dopamine 'reward' pathway that projects to the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc). Dopamine release in the N.Acc is usually concerned with naturally rewarding activities (such as eating, drinking, sexual activity, and so on), but addictive drugs can 'hijack' this system resulting in faster and greater amounts of dopamine release (NIDA, 2010). When nicotine activates the nicotinic receptors in the VTA, it results in massive dopamine release in the N.Acc (Corrigall et al., 1994).
In this way, nicotine and other addictive drugs are positively reinforcing – they tap into the normal instrumental learning mechanism which has evolved to ensure that pleasurable or rewarding activities are repeated. This mechanism, moreover, operates outside of conscious awareness, setting up a strong motivational drive to smoke, which may conflict with conscious thoughts, beliefs and plans. Negative reinforcement, by contrast, involves escaping from or avoiding aversive or unpleasant stimuli. Smoking also taps into this system – via the withdrawal syndrome. When a regular smoker stops smoking, they can experience aversive withdrawal symptoms (e.g. irritability, depression, restlessness, poor concentration, increased appetite) and strong urges to smoke. Nicotine ingestion, especially via smoking, extinguishes these symptoms.
Is the smoking habit just about nicotine ingestion?
Although the nicotine content is clearly a critical component of tobacco addiction, animal studies report that establishing reliable nicotine self-administration is more difficult than for other rewarding drugs such as heroin, cocaine and alcohol (Matta et al., 2007). A growing body of evidence also points to the role of non-nicotine factors in supporting smoking behaviour. Anecdotally, smokers prefer smoking to other forms of nicotine administration (e.g. patch, gum, nasal spray) and in the lab, smokers have been shown to prefer smoking a denicotinised cigarette over receiving intravenous nicotine (Rose et al., 2010). Smokers also report enjoying the sensory and tactile components of smoking, including the hand-mouth activity, taste, smell and sensations in the respiratory tract (Parrot & Craig, 1995) and if these sensations are removed, smoking satisfaction declines (Perkins et al., 2001). In fact, a number of studies have now reported that denicotinised tobacco smoking can alleviate nicotine withdrawal symptoms and craving (Rose et al., 2010) as well as elicit positive subjective effects comparable to smoking tobacco that contains nicotine (Barrett & Darredeau, 2012). Animal studies also show that nicotine administration is much stronger in the presence of sensory cues (e.g. a light or a tone; Sorge et al., 2009). So, nicotine in combination with other salient sensorimotor cues might be a particularly powerful recipe for the development of smoking addiction.
When a habit has been learned in the context of a particular set of cues (e.g. with a cup of coffee or tea; the sight and smell of smoke; the tactile sensation of a cigarette in the hand) these cues can then, via classical conditioning, act as 'secondary reinforcers' – they become moderately reinforcing in their own right. For example, the 'catch' in the throat associated with smoking, or manipulating a cigarette in one's hand, are unlikely to be pleasant in their own right, but smokers describe such things as pleasurable. It is likely that such sensations have been so closely associated with the primary rewarding effects of nicotine, that they have come to elicit a pleasant sensation and contribute to the process of smoking addiction. To borrow an example from West (2006): if we take a 20-a-day smoker who takes approximately 12 puffs on each cigarette – that person is repeating the reinforcement process 240 times a day, that is, 87,600 times a year and, if they continue to smoke for 25 years, that amounts to 2,190,000 times. Thus, it is easy to see how deeply entrenched the 'habit' can become and how cues closely associated with the primary reinforcer – nicotine – can come to be strongly reinforcing in their own right.
Cues may have a priming effect on the individual, that is, they whet the addict's appetite for the desired drug effect, inducing craving and motivation to use. During a quit attempt, encountering a cue (the sight or smell of a cigarette) can be particularly troublesome, making it more likely that craving and a lapse to smoking will occur. But how can cues elicit such strong control over behaviour? What's going on in the brain?
One well-accepted explanation (Robinson & Berridge, 1993) suggests that the dopamine reward pathway, which ordinarily mediates how 'noticeable' and 'attention grabbling' things are in the environment, becomes sensitised (more easily activated) because of the repeated exposure to nicotine. This means that when cues associated with smoking are encountered they become much more attention grabbing, salient and sought-after, causing increasing wanting and craving. This, in conjunction with the increasing evidence that smokers find it harder to inhibit over-learned tendencies (Dawkins et al., 2007), makes it extremely hard for the smoker to resist the urge to smoke (especially in the context of cigarette-related cues) during a quit attempt.
To recap, nicotine is positively reinforcing (it triggers dopamine release in the N.Acc) and abstinence from nicotine is punished (it is associated with withdrawal symptoms and craving). The strong association between the primary reinforcer, nicotine, and non-nicotine smoking-related cues (conditioned stimuli) results in strong secondary reinforcing processes. Part of the reinforcing process of smoking is likely therefore to include conditioned sensory and behavioural aspects of cigarette smoking (e.g. the handling of the cigarette, the 'catch' of smoke in the throat). The process of associative learning therefore results in a highly over-learned behaviour. Since the mechanisms underlying the conditioning process are unconscious, the smoker simply feels a powerful desire to smoke, which varies according to the presence of external cues as well as his or her internal state. Sensitisation of the dopamine reward pathway with chronic nicotine use establishes a heightened desire or craving for nicotine, especially in the presence of smoking-related stimuli. Thus nicotine addiction can be thought of as a deeply entrenched pattern of behaviour under powerful stimulus control because of repeated reward and punishment effects.
Efficacy of currently available 'quit smoking' aids
With the considerable evidence that smoking behaviour is driven by nicotine addiction and that nicotine itself is relatively safe, came the introduction of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) – nicotine in the form of patch, gum, lozenge, inhalator and nasal spray. The rationale is to partially replace the nicotine derived from cigarette smoking thus alleviating craving and withdrawal symptoms and reducing the need to smoke. Over 100 placebo-controlled trials suggest that use of NRT doubles a smoker's chances of quitting successfully to 6–12 months (see Silagy et al., 2005, for a meta-analysis). However, given that the success rate for unaided quit attempts is so low, this means that, even with NRT, 93 per cent of quit attempts ultimately end in failure (Etter & Stapleton, 2006).
What about newer pharmacotherapies – Zyban (bupropion) or Champix (varenicline)? Zyban acts by increasing the availability of noradrenaline and dopamine thus mimicking the effect of nicotine and helping to reduce craving and withdrawal symptoms. Its success rate is comparable to NRT, doubling the chances of quitting successfully over placebo (Roddy, 2004). Champix partially activates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, helping to relieve symptoms of craving and nicotine withdrawal. It also prevents nicotine from activating these receptors so cigarette smoking does not trigger dopamine release, in turn reducing the motivation to smoke. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials sponsored by the drug company suggests that it is three times better than placebo (Wu et al., 2006) with a 14 per cent success rate (Hughes et al., 2011). Champix however, has been associated with a number of side-effects, most worryingly psychiatric effects including agitation, depressed mood, suicidal thoughts and an increased risk of heart attack (see Siegel, 2011).
A 14 per cent success rate, even in the absence of side-effects, is still far from impressive. So why are these methods so unsuccessful? NRT and other pharmacotherapies address the nicotine addiction (by replacing it, mimicking it or preventing it from having its rewarding effects), but they lack the important sensory and behavioural cues associated with cigarette smoking. In other words, they do not address the associative learning processes that have occurred throughout a lifetime smoking habit. Rose et al. (2000) have shown that the combination of IV nicotine (which resembles the bolus of nicotine achieved from cigarette smoking) and smoking a denicotinised cigarette (which provides the sensory and behaviour aspects of smoking, CO and tar but no nicotine) produced effects similar to those of own-brand smoking.
What we need then is a device that replaces not only the nicotine from cigarette smoking, but also the 'activity' of smoking. If we could manufacture a device that could deliver nicotine effectively without the CO and tar and that mimicked the act of smoking – thus maintaining some of the secondary reinforcing aspects – maybe we would have a better method of helping smokers to quit. Perhaps such a device is already here?
The electronic cigarette
Electronic cigarettes (sometime referred to as 'Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems'; ENDS) are battery-operated devices that resemble cigarettes and deliver nicotine via inhaled vapour. Since their introduction into the market in 2004 by the Ruyan Group (also known as Dragonite) in China, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity worldwide and are mainly sold via the internet. Removable cartridges (mouthpieces) contain glycerol or propylene glycol, flavouring, and varying amounts of nicotine. The nicotine solution is vapourised by the heating element/atomiser which is activated by 'drawing' on the device or pressing a button. 'Smoking' an electronic cigarette (often referred to as 'vaping') therefore mimics the act of smoking: the user holds the device and draws on it like a cigarette; the vapour produced resembles smoke and is drawn into the lungs and exhaled like smoke; tobacco (or menthol) flavouring resembles the taste of inhaled tobacco smoke. In short, it addresses the sensory and behavioural components of smoking that are being increasingly recognised as important contributors to the reinforcing effects of smoking (see Rose et al., 2010). Furthermore, since no tobacco is burned, inhaling nicotine in this way has the potential to provide
a safer alternative to cigarette smoking since it eliminates the harmful tars and carbon monoxide associated with smoking. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains concerning efficacy of nicotine delivery via e-cigarettes and how they should be regulated.
E-cigarettes are already banned in some countries (including Australia, Thailand, Brazil) and cannot be imported into others (Canada). These same countries however, continue to sell tobacco – 'the only consumer product that will kill half its users when used as intended' (smokefree.org.nz/face-facts). Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have voiced concerns over the contents of the cartridges, the properties of the vapour, and whether the products are safe or effective. In the absence of clinical controlled trials, they have asked manufacturers not to make cessation claims, and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society has recently announced that physicians should not recommend them to their patients. The EU is currently consulting over regulation and the MHRA (Medicines Health Regulatory Authority) will decide this year whether to ban, regulate or do nothing.
In 2009 the FDA conducted a chemical content analysis of 19 e-cigarette cartridges and reported the presence of diethylene glycol (a poison) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; known cancer-causing agents) in some of the cartridges, as well as inaccurate reporting of nicotine content. What it failed to mention however, was the maximum level of nitrosamines found in e-cigarettes was comparable to that found in nicotine replacement therapies. TSNA levels present in cigarettes, by comparison, are 1000 times this level (Siegel & Cahn, 2010).
Let's face it, inhaling any chemical into the lungs is likely to be associated with some harm, but compared to the multiple known health risks associated with cigarette smoking which kills 81,700 people per year in England alone, the health risks of the non-combustible e-cigarette is likely to be in orders of magnitude lower. Following a review of the literature, Professor Siegel from Boston University concluded that although the existing literature does not merit a conclusion that e-cigarettes are safe in absolute terms, they are clearly much safer than tobacco cigarettes. In fact, 'the truth is we know a lot more about what is in electronic cigarettes than in regular cigarettes' (Siegel & Cahn, 2010).
Can the e-cigarette help smokers to quit?
Although a product that delivers nicotine and incorporates the sensory and behavioural aspects of smoking has considerable potential to reduce the public health burden associated with tobacco smoking, smokers are only likely to switch to e-cigarettes if they are easy to use, effectively replace the primary and secondary reinforcing aspects of smoking and can reduce nicotine craving and withdrawal symptoms. Whist clinical trials have yet to be completed, a recent large online survey reported over 90 per cent of users stated that e-cigarette use had helped them to quit smoking or reduce their cigarette consumption (Etter & Bullen, 2010). Two published reports of e-cigarette use in naive users, however, showed inefficient nicotine delivery (Bullen et al., 2010; Vansickel et al., 2010), although craving and (to a lesser extent) withdrawal symptoms were alleviated. A reduction in craving and withdrawal symptoms in the absence of raised blood nicotine levels is consistent with the notion discussed earlier that other sensorimotor factors associated with smoking contribute to its reinforcing effects.
In a study conducted in our lab at the University of East London (Dawkins et al., 2012), abstinent smokers given a 0 mg (placebo) e-cigarette reported comparable reduction in craving and withdrawal symptoms after five minutes of use to those given 16 mg nicotine. After 20 minutes, compared with the placebo group, craving and withdrawal symptoms were further reduced in males but not females receiving nicotine. These gender differences are consistent with an emerging body of evidence suggesting that the smoking behaviour of men may be reinforced more by nicotine intake, and in women more by non-nicotine-conditioned responses to smoke stimuli (Perkins et al., 1999). We also observed an improvement in working memory with nicotine (relative to placebo) in the whole sample, suggesting that nicotine delivery is at least sufficient to improve the mild cognitive impairment often observed during abstinence.
Interestingly, in a recent study of experienced vapers using their own devices, Vansickel and Eissenberg (2012) demonstrated significantly elevated blood nicotine levels, comparable to those achieved via cigarette smoking. This latter study clearly suggests that e-cigarettes are capable of delivering adequate levels of nicotine but that new users may need to overcome a learning curve with regard to the nature of vaping and product choice.
Increasing evidence suggests that people smoke for both the nicotine and the non-nicotine, sensorimotor (conditioned) effects. Current pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation address only the former. The e-cigarette delivers nicotine without tobacco combustion and mimics the act of smoking, thus replacing some of the important sensorimotor aspects of smoking. It therefore has the potential to provide pleasure as well as save lives. Whilst survey results suggest that e-cigarettes are a highly effective nicotine replacement, such respondents are likely to be positively biased and we await the results of clinical trials to determine whether this promising new device can indeed improve our current arsenal of smoking cessation techniques.
The health risks and safety aspects of e-cigarettes are a frequently – and sometimes sensationally – expressed concern. On balance, however, e-cigarettes are probably doing people very little harm and, in all likelihood, doing people a lot of good if they are using these as a complete or partial alternative to tobacco smoking. What is very apparent is that the potential to contribute to improved public heath certainly merits further research.
- Lynne Dawkins is a Senior Lecturer at the University of East London
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Interview with Hein de Vries
From builder to business psychology
Political conflict and youth


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From Nave Vespucci to the Reggia della Venaria Reale in Turin. The xxiv edition of the event "Vienna on the lake" starts
Italy – On board the "most beautiful ship in the world", the Amerigo Vespucci of the Italian Navy, on the occasion of the record edition of the Barcolana'50 in Trieste, the XXIV edition of "Vienna sul Lago" was presented, an event born in 1993, which combines education, culture and solidarity.
It is significant that the start of the event in 2018 started from a ship of the Navy, which for several years participates as a partner in the event with the students of the Naval Academy of Livorno engaged in various educational and cultural activities, in a path that aims to know and enhance the different historical, cultural, scientific and military excellence of the territory.
In fact, as part of the event, the official students will follow an intense program, consisting of visits to museums and exhibitions of ancient and contemporary art, meetings with local authorities and conferences on security and defense issues. Finally, a significant moment will be the deposition of laurel wreaths to the monuments of the "Fallen of Nassirya" and "The Sailors of Italy" of Novara. All activities will be a personal and professional all-round enrichment for young students.
On Sunday, November 04, thirty girls from all over Italy and abroad arrived – as usual – at the Naval Academy of Livorno for the first meeting with the Aspiring Ensign, their Knights in the charity evening, which is the culmination of the entire event, called "The Grand Ball of the Venaria Reale", scheduled on November 10 in the beautiful Royal Palace of the Venaria Reale in Turin. Thirty debutants and their riders, Official Students of the Naval Academy, who on the notes of the Youth Orchestra of Vicenza, will advance in the beautiful Great Gallery among the excitement of those present.
The beneficiary of the fundraiser of the evening will be the Order of Malta's Italian Emergency Corps, which for years has been at the forefront of the great and dramatic natural emergencies of our country, but also in the daily life with its health rescue service and assistance to the disadvantaged strata of the population.
The event, for this XXIV edition, will focus on the awareness campaign against violence against women with the support of the project "red shoes". The young "Deb", women of tomorrow, for the charity evening will wear, under the clothes made by the international designer Carlo Pignatelli, just the "red shoes" to support the message of the project "Zapatos Rojos" launched for the first time in 2009 in Ciudad Juárez, the border town in northern Mexico where the term "feminicide" was born.
In addition, in this edition, the Organizing Committee wanted to pay tribute to Gen. Delio Costanzo, one of the founders of the event, giving him an award that honours Women, Men and Institutions who, through their work in individual professional fields have done an important service to the country.
Thanks to its objectives and social projects, the event "Vienna sul Lago" has received numerous and prestigious awards from the Presidency of the Italian Republic and the Presidency of the Austrian Republic and over the years has enjoyed the patronage of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the Piedmont Region, the Embassies of Austria at the Quirinal and the Holy See and the City of Vienna.
At the "Gran Ballo della Venaria Reale" it will see the participation of numerous personalities from the world of culture, institutions and entertainment, putting their professionalism and art at the service of solidarity. Among the guests who have given great prestige to the evening in these 24 years, include the most aristocratic and important names and among the illustrious people, confirmed its presence the actress, host and entrepreneur Marina Castelnuovo, famous official double of Liz Taylor, internationally known as an exponent of the golden world Hollywood, accompanied by P.R. Lisa Bernardini, and President of the Cultural Association Eye of Art. For the occasion, Marina Castelnuovo donated, as first prize of the Charity Lottery, a Swarovski set of her collection "MC Collection", made by De Liguoro, inspired by the beautiful jewelry of Liz Taylor. The jewels have been made famous by the great myth that has worn them in international social events.
Fieracavalli in Verona from 25 to 28 October 2018 A "Ustica Literary Village" the 1st Majorca Trophy The Fieracavalli Grand Prix debuts "Radda nel Bicchiere" the great festival in Chianti
Inserito il 6 November 2018.
nella categoria Criticart
Tags: amerigo vespucci, Barcolana'50, bonvivre.ch, bonvivre.eu, bonvivre.it, charity, debutants, first, grand ball, Marina Militare, naval academy livorno, Nave Vespucci, Novara, order of mortar, red shoes, Reggia della Venaria Reale di Torino, torino, Vienna on the lake


HeartFlo is a redeemed ex-stripper who spent years in and out of addiction, and found freedom in writing, and a spiritual renewal with her higher power, Jesus Christ. She currently performs spoken word poetry at various venues and writes.
A truly beautiful poem. Gave me goose bumps while reading it. I can visualize everything.


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Early Harvest: Dec-Early Feb
Early-Mid Harvest: Feb-March
Late Harvest: April-May
Akane Apple (medium)
An impeccable heritage being a cross between Jonathan and Worcester Pearmain this attractive apple has a refreshing flavour reminiscent of Jonathon. Raised in 1937 at Morioka Experimental Station, Japan and introduced in 1970. Fruits are sweet, crisp and...
Blenheim Orange Apple (medium)
Discovered by Mr Kempster at Woodstock near Blenheim, Oxfordshire, England in about 1740. Distributed in about 1818. It received the Banksian medal from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1822. Fruits have creamy white, somewhat coarse-textured and...
Braeburn Apple (medium)
Considered one of the best 20th century apples. Discovered on the property of O.Moran, Waiwhero, Upper Moutere, New Zealand and was first grown commercially by William Bros. at Braeburn orchard, Upper Moutere in 1952. I Fruits have crisp, firm flesh with...
Cornish Aromatic Apple (medium)
Thought to be many centuries old, but only brought to notice in 1813. Distinctly five crowned fruit with a fine aromatic, almost spicy flavour. With a complex flavour it is easy to grow and disease resistant, a good home orchard variety. Image courtesy...
Court of Wick Apple (medium)
Originated at Court of Wick, Yatton, Somerset and introduced in 1790 by Wood of Huntingdon becoming more widely grown in the last half of the 19th century. A good keeping apple. Fruits are crisp with a rich and subacid flavour. (Contains public sector...
Cox's Orange Pippin Apple (medium)
Although close to 200 years old Cox's Orange Pippin remains one of the world's best known apples. Its fame rests on its delightful flavour.Raised in about 1825 by Richard Cox at Colnbrook Lawn, Slough, Buckinghamshire and introduced by...
An American apple discovered in about 1880 growing as a shoot from a rootstock by J. Hiatt, near Peru, Iowa. It was introduced by Stark Brothers in 1895. Firm, very sweet, juicy flesh with a highly aromatic flavour. Grows well in Australian conditions...
Devonshire Quarrenden Apple (medium)
Apple 'Devonshire Quarrenden' is thought to have arisen in Devon, but may have originally come from France. First recorded in 1678. Fruits are sweet, crisp and juicy with a distinctive aromatic flavour. • Pollination Group: PG1 • Uses: eating...
Dorsett Golden Apple (medium)
Originated in the Bahamas in 1953 at the home of Mrs Irene Dorsett, Nassau, New Providence Islands. It was introduced in 1964. Fruits are sweet and juicy with a light aromatic flavour.Flowers early, Anna is a good pollination partner. (Contains public...
Eagle Point Star Apple (medium)
Apple 'Eagle Point Star' has medium-sized fruits have crimson-purple skin, with flesh that has red/purple blush, and dark pink-purple seeds. When the fruit is cut across it's waist, the blushed flesh can look like a star. With attractive magenta blossom,...
A low chill, large, Golden Delicious type apple suitable for subtropical areas. Very productive, early bearing. Originating in Israel. Image (accessed 7/4/16) Pollination Group: PG1 Uses: Eating Harvest: Feb - March Features: Low chill
Five Crown (London Pippin) Apple (medium)
Very old cooking and eating apple with the distinctive 5-lobed base. Originated in either Essex or Norfolk. It was recorded in 1580. Fruits have crisp, white, acid flesh. Of its many synonyms Five Crown is the most widely used in Australia. Pollination...
Fuji Apple (medium)
The Fuji apple is an apple cultivar developed by growers at the Tohoku Research Station in Morioka, Japan in the late 1930s and brought to market in 1962.Fuji apples are typically large or very large and round, on average the size of a baseball. They...
Gala Apple (medium)
Raised in about 1934 by J.H.Kidd at Greytown Wairarapa, New Zealand. It was named in 1965. Fruits have firm, crisp, fine-textured, juicy flesh with a sweet and good aromatic flavour. Pollination Group: PG4 Uses: Eating Harvest: Feb - Mar Features:...
A chance seedling found in 1890 by A.H. Mullins, Clay County, West Virginia, USA. Possibly from a seed of Grimes Golden open-pollinated. It was introduced in 1914 by Stark Brothers. Best ripened on the tree for a crisp, juicy sweet apple with an aromatic...
Gravenstein Apple (medium)
Considered by many to be one of the best all round apples in the world. Said to have originated either in the garden of the Duke of Augustenberg, Castle of Graefenstein, Schleswig-Holstein or in Italy or Southern Tyrol and sent to Schleswig-Holstein, or...
Hazelwood Apple (medium)
Apple Hazelwood is a lovely apple we have propagated from our Collections Orchard on the farm because we think it is a great eating apple. It is juicy with acid notes and really nice to eat when it's ripe in mid March to early April. It is listed in...
James Grieve Apple (medium)
Raised by James Grieve in Edinburgh, Scotland and introduced by his employers, Dickson's nurserymen. It was first recorded in 1893. Received Award of Merit in 1897 and First Class Certificate in 1906 from RHS. Thought to be a seedling from...
Jonagold Apple (medium)
Jonagold is grown through Europe and Japan. A cross between Jonathan and Golden Delicious, fruit is crisp and juicy with an aromatic honey flavour. Considered one of the best of all modern apples. Image (accessed 7/4/16) Pollination Group: PG3 Uses:...
Jonathan Apple (medium)
Thought to be a seedling of Esopus Spitzenberg, originated on the farm of Philip Rick, Woodstock, Ulster County, New York and first described by Judge J. Buel in 1826 and named by him after Jonathan Hasbrouck. Fruits are soft, fine-textured with fairly...
Lovejoy's Lunch Apple (medium)
Lovejoy's Lunch is a seedling that was growing in an old blacksmiths workshop at Long Gully in Bendigo where the Lovejoy family lived last century. They loved the apples so much that they took a cutting of it when they moved and successfully established...
Pine Golden Pippin Apple (medium)
Originated in the UK. First recorded in 1861. Attractive, high quality russet. Small fruits have moderately firm, juicy flesh, rich aromatic, pineapple flavour. Pollination Group: PG4-5 Uses: Eating Harvest: March-April Features: stores well,...
Pink Lady™ (Cripp's Pink) Apple (medium)
Pink Lady™ is the trade mark name for the variety Cripps Pink, an Aussie apple that has taken the UK by storm. Bred by John Cripps at Stoneville Research Station part of the (then named) Western Australia Department of Agriculture by...
Ribston Pippin Apple (medium)
Raised at Ribston Hall, Yorkshire, England from seed brought from Rouen, and planted in about 1707. Received the Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1962. Possibly a parent of Cox's Orange Pippin. Fruits have firm, fine-textured,...
Rokewood Apple (medium)
Originated in the Rokewood District near the Victorian regional city of Ballarat in the 1870?s. Popular in 19th century England because, as it ripens towards the start of the Australian winter and keeps well, it could be shipped to London and be on sale...
Royal Gala Apple (medium)
A more highly coloured clone of Gala. Discovered in 1971 by H.W. Ten Hove, New Zealand. Introduced in 1974 by D.W. McKenzie, Fruit Research Orchard, Havelock North, New Zealand. Fruits are sweet, crisp and juicy with an aromatic flavour. Pollination...
Apple 'Scarlet Nonpareil' was raised in about 1773 in the garden of an inn at Esher, Surrey. Received the Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1901. Fruits have fine, creamy white flesh with a subacid and rich flavour. •...
Sturmer Pippin Apple (medium)
Raised by nurseryman Dillistone at Sturmer, Suffolk, England. First recorded in 1831. Fruits have very firm, fine-textured, juicy flesh with a little subacid and rich aromatic flavour. This one is a good keeper, lasting right through winter. Matures in...
Sugar-Loaf Pippin Apple (medium)
An early ripening apple from Russia that was first recorded in 1831. It has scored well in tastings and with a high acid content is good for cooking. Can be used for cider. Smith Muriel W.G. (1971) National Apple Register of the United Kingdom. London:...
Sundowner™ (Cripp's Red) Apple (medium)
Very late, low chill cultivar with good storage. Sugar levels improve with storage. Bred by John Cripps WA Dept. of Agriculture in 1973 from a crossing of Golden Delicious' × 'Lady Williams', from which Cripps Pink (Pink Lady™) was also...
A low chill apple similar to the McIntosh developed by the University of Florida. Bears two weeks before Anna. On a semi dwarfing rootstock, ideal for backyard plantings and container specimens.Compatible for pollination with Anna and Golden Dorsett. ...
Tydeman's Early Worcester Apple (medium)
One of the earliest ripening apples and one of the tastiest. Raised in 1929 by H.M. Tydeman at East Malling Research Station, Kent. Introduced in 1945. Fruits have white, crisp, fine-textured, juicy flesh with a good vinous flavour. It displays a balance...
Winter Banana Apple (medium)
Originated in 1876 on the farm of David Flory near Adamsboro, Cross County, Indiana, USA and introduced in 1890. Received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1912. Fruits have soft, coarse-textured, moderately juicy flesh with a...


Join Yifawn Lee, co-founder of Artography, for a sharing session on the beauty of Northern India. Yifawn will elaborate on the fascinating history and heritage of Jaipur and Delhi, offering a glimpse into the labyrinth of havelis, bazaars, and architectural wonders by emperors past. With personal anecdotes and travel stories, the session will also bring to life contemporary culture in the two cities, and how these locales have evolved to become vibrant epicenters for ideas and art over the past five years.


text:
package com.furnaghan.home.policy.server;

import com.furnaghan.home.policy.Policy;

import java.util.Collection;

public interface PolicyList {
    Collection<Policy> list();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I deliberately hold back on something to make sure it's done right.
I deliberately do extra research, years of extra research, by duscussing concepts with the communities related to the concept, modifying elements of the core, and playtesting iterations of the concept thoroughly.
...then other people come along and do something in a similar vein.
An Afrocentric post-apocalyptic sword and sorcery rpg. I can't help but see parallels to my own long term project, Walkabout, which is an Australian-Aboriginal-centric post-apocalyptic rpg. Both draw on distinctly non-European roots, both are post-apocalyptic, both are about heroes pushing back a darkness that warps the world. Beyond those superficial similarities there are a lot of differences, as I would have hoped. I don't know how much acyual research that team has done regarding their setting, or whether they're just pasting a veneer of Afrocentric coolness in the wake of Black Panther.
I wish them all the best with this project, regardless of how well it us researched or executed, we need more interesting stories from parts of the world that have generally been ignored or even suppressed. If they've done it poorly, it will open a door for new designers (and hopefully designers of African origins, and those who grew up in the culture) to share their stories, and do it right. If they've done it well, then it will be a great opportunity to expand those stories with additional narratives that give even richer depth to that part of the world.
For my own Walkabout project, I guess that "perfect is the enemy of good". The longer I hold off on the project, the more chance someone else will generate a Australian-Aboriginal-centric post-apocalyptic game of their own. They'll probably have money behind them and good production values and I'll just look like someone who is copying them, even though I've been trying to get things right for years. It's all perfectionism, anxiety, and depression kicking in, the bane of my creativity for years now.


text:
O Drama de Inês de Castro é uma pintura a óleo sobre tela do pintor português Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1857-1929), datada de 1901-04 e que se encontra actualmente no Museu Militar de Lisboa.

A pintura representa os momentos antecedentes do fim trágico de Inês de Castro que ocorreu a 7 de janeiro de 1355, após o rei D. Afonso IV concordando com os seus conselheiros ter dado a ordem do assassinato da mulher do seu filho, o infante D. Pedro, o que veio a suceder no paço de Santa Clara, em Coimbra, onde ela vivia.

Segundo a página do Museu Militar de Lisboa, Columbano inspirou-se em Os Lusíadas para pintar Drama de Inês de Castro, bem como as 3 outras pinturas suas que estão neste museu, designadamente, O Velho do Restelo, O Concílio dos Deuses e Vénus em auxílio dos Navegadores Portugueses.

Luís de Camões, na Estrofe 125 do Canto Terceiro de Os Lusíadas, canta assim o momento da súplica de Inês imaginado por Columbanoː

Para o céu cristalino alevantando
Com lágrimas os olhos piedosos
(Os olhos, porque as mãos lhe estava atando
Um dos duros ministros rigorosos),
E depois nos meninos atentando,
Que tão queridos tinha e tão mimosos,
Cuja orfandade como mãe temia,
Para o avô cruel assim dizia:

Descrição
A cena aparece divida em dois grupos de personagens. Do lado esquerdo, Inês de joelhos com expressão suplicante e desesperada enlaça a filha que procura abrigo ao abraçar-se ao pescoço da mãe. Atrás dela prendendo-a pelo braço está o que parece um guarda, ou até um algoz, atendendo à roupagem mais pobre e capuz que tem sobre a cabeça. Perto de Inês está outro filho em atitude típica de criança tapando os olhos à cena horrível que se desenrola à sua frente.

Do lado direito, quase em frente a Inês, e de costas para o observador, está uma figura imponente vestida de negro que representará o rei Afonso IV, o qual tem ao seu lado dois nobres que, descontraídos, observam a cena com alguma indiferença.

O local onde se terá desenrolado o episódio é habitualmente identificado com a Quinta das Lágrimas, em Coimbra, que na pintura é sugerido pelas arcadas e colunas. Não obstante, os capitéis das colunas estão a um nível muito baixo, pouco acima da cabeça dos personagens em pé, o que poderá sugerir que se tratava de uma cripta o local imaginado pelo pintor.

Existe um Estudo para esta obra que se encontra no Museu Grão Vasco, em Viseu com o número de Inventário 2455,  cuja descrição apresenta uma composição muito semelhante à obra final.

Maria Aires Silveira descreve o estilo de Columbano como uma paleta de tonalidades claras, que posteriormente escurece, nos retratos de intelectuais portugueses, já na viragem do século, numa característica pintura em mancha e tonalidades, terminando numa obsessiva preocupação pelo tratamento da luz que desmaterializa a figura. Pioneiro do realismo, as suas obras referenciam artistas como Velázquez, Rembrandt, Manet, Degas, Courbet, Fantin-Latour. Amigo de John Singer Sargent, próximo da estética do alemão Wilhelm Leibl, Columbano constrói uma original modernidade.

Fundamento histórico
Inês de Castro, fidalga galega do reino de Castela, veio para Portugal como aia de Constança Manuel quando esta se casou com o infante herdeiro Pedro. Mas Pedro e Inês acabaram por se apaixonar, e o seu romance levou D. Afonso IV a ordenar o exílio de Inês para Castela.

O afastamento, porém, não apagou o amor entre Pedro e Inês, e após a morte de Constança, em 1345, ao dar à luz o futuro rei D. Fernando, Pedro, contra a vontade do pai, fez com que Inês regressasse, passando a viver juntos, o que provocou grande desavença entre o rei e o príncipe herdeiro.

Afonso IV tentou ainda casar o filho com uma dama de sangue real, mas Pedro opôs-se a tal solução. Fruto da vida em comum, Pedro e Inês tiveram quatro filhos: Afonso, em 1346 (que morreu pouco depois de nascer), Beatriz em 1347, João em 1349 e Dinis em 1354.

Ocorreu então o receio de que a família dos Castros conspirava para assassinar o príncipe herdeiro D. Fernando, de modo a que subisse ao trono o filho mais velho de Inês de Castro, o que levou o Rei e o seu Conselho a decidirem o assassínio de Inês, o que veio a acontecer a 7 de Janeiro de 1355, no paço de Santa Clara, em Coimbra.

Influência cultural
A pintura Drama de Inês de Castro de Columbano foi objecto de um programa, integrado na série Grande Quadros Portugueses, que foi transmitido pela RTP em 8 de Fevereiro de 2013 com apresentação de Manuel João Vieira.

Notas e referências

Bibliografia
 José Augusto França, Museu Militar. Pintura e Escultura, Lisboa, Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, 1996.

Ligações externas
Página oficial do Museu Militar de Lisboa, a descrever a Sala Camões, onde se encontra a pintura relativa a Inês de Castroː

Pinturas de Portugal
Pinturas de Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro
Pinturas do século XX
Pinturas da década de 1900
Representações culturais de Inês de Castro

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


ADDITIONAL BELT LOOP ATTACHMENT FOR YOUR DARA HOLSTER AND/OR MAG CARRIER. HANDMADE USING .093" BOLTARON/KYDEX, MELONITE FINISHED HARDENED STEEL HARDWARE AND MILITARY GRADE RUBBER RETENTION SYSTEM.
BELT LOOPS COME IN SIZES 1.5", 1.75", 2", 2.25"
I currently use the level II holster from your company. Since I had lost a considerable amount of weight my trouser belt became to large. I needed to use my gun belt. The attachment on it was not usable. Since I did not want to give up my holster I found this attachment in 2.25. Worked perfectly. It works as a high ride or mid ride (which is the way I use it). The product is outstanding. Keep up the great work.
This is a very good belt loop attachment for my AR15 spare magazine carrier. Easy to install.
I now have all 3 Belt Attachments for my OWB holster. Each has it's advantages.I like each one.
The belt loop is very secure as would be expected with this type of attachment. I purchased the belt loop to replace the paddle which was first purchased and was not secure at all for me.


Do you honestly think banning guns will mean criminals will be in any way restricted from obtaining them? You realize that Mexico has some of the strictest gun laws in the world and some of the highest firearm murder rates?
No warning signs *apart* from the fact that he tried to buy bulk ammo and body armor several weeks before the attack, which a suspicious store owner refused to do and informed the FBI.
But apart from that warning sign there were no warning signs.
You don't need to be a Trump supporter to see Hillary's flaws. Just ask Bernie's' followers.
Pretty dang funny vid! Gave me a laugh anyway and I thought was nicely shot and very professionally edited. Cool beans!


A pair of British-born men have been identified as a clear and ongoing threat to the Prime Minister, intelligence services have confirmed.
The public are warned to be on the lookout for the two, who MI6 describe as the biggest peril currently facing Theresa May.
Describing the pair as 'desperate', security chiefs said they had clear intelligence that either one of them could strike at any moment, but preferably when their victim's back is turned and if they can make it look like it was someone else.
"It's uncertain which of the two is the mastermind – if either," an MI6 source known only as SW told us.
"One, called Mike al-Gove appears to have been radicalised by growing up in Aberdeen and being a member of the EU.
"Whilst the other is a real Menace. He appears to have been radicalised by a constant need to get his leg over and reckoning he could pull more totty in Number Ten.


When you first learn how to play the guitar, doing ear training may not seem that important. As your physical skill improves on the guitar, your ear will start to develop with it. Whether it's your ability to pick out the separate guitar parts in a song to picking out the chord progressions. You can actively train on your ear training so that you can improve your guitar playing faster.
What benefits will you have as a guitar player by working on your ear training?
This is something that a lot of people would love to do, and it takes a while to get to that stage. When your ears improve, you will be able to hear a melody and then play it directly on the guitar. Pretty cool hey!
Then when your ear training improves, even more, you will be able to listen for chord progressions as well. making it even easier to jam along to your favorite tracks.
Imagine your friend starts playing a song, and you instantly join in. You can either do it by watching what he's doing on the guitar. Or if your ear training is great, you will be able to play along without anyone stopping to tell you what chords they are playing.
When you listen to your favorite music, and there is no tab for it. What do you do? Give up? Find someone to transcribe it for you? Or work it out yourself?
When you have improved your ear training, you will be able to transcribe music much quicker. So that you can treasure your favorite music in written form. You could even give the copies to your friends who can't transcribe as well as you do!
b) listen and evaluate what you are playing to make sure it actually sounds good. So that you can improve on it!
To be able to hear how good your technique is, whether you are checking if your notes are bleeding into each other. If you are pressing too hard and bending the strings, so it goes out of tune. You want to be able to hear that.
For your bends and vibratos sound good, making sure they hit your target note. In the beginning, your muscle memory is developing for you to keep your bends and vibratos in tune. You want great ears to help you. Then your muscle memory will kick in later on.
This brings me to the next point. if your ears are better, you will get better at the guitar quickly. Not only because your technique and phrasing will improve quicker. But your standard for your guitar playing will be higher. So you will want to practice more to improve your playing!
Ear training will help you to create music quicker, similar to improvisation. Being able to direct what's in your head onto paper quickly will help you get those ideas out. Rather than recording yourself, and then having to work how to play it afterwards.
When your ear improves, you will be able to "understand" music. Meaning, you will be able to pick apart separate parts of music more, which you can then analyze if you so wish. Overall, it will improve your listening experience.
Otherwise, it's like watching color TV in black and white only, when you have a half-developed ear.
When your understanding of music improves, and your ear improves, your musical memory improves too! That means you can memorize pieces quicker. Also, as you are now better at getting what's in your head onto the fretboard and guitar. Your reliance of learning it from tab numbers only reduces. All in all, you will be able to learn more pieces of music quicker than every before! Perfect for learning those 20 last minute Christmas carols to play around the piano in December.
Guitar Tuition East London is a guitar school based in London, England. Ran by Darryl Powis and his team of guitar teachers and supporting team. There to help support students with regards to their goals and dreams on the guitar.
The school provides guitar lessons to adults and kids. Here to provide fast progress and results for their beginner guitar students in London. Whether they play the acoustic or electric. They provide contemporary music training to students of all ages.


text:
Business News›MBA
IIT-M launches 'techMBA' for its undergraduate students
The dual degree programme, which will be introduced from 2019-20 academic year, will have an intake of 25-30 students, IIT-M statement said.
Scored 5 out of 300 in LU management entrance test? Pick your course
18 Jun, 2019, 11.30AM IST
A candidate scoring marks even in single digit in the entrance test is likely to get admission.
Words of inspiration: GV Keshav Reddy's MIT graduation note to a friend is the morning motivation you need
Recently, his wife Veena also completed her course at Harvard.
Pre-placement of TimesPro MBA 2018-20 students off to strong start
30 Apr, 2019, 08.21AM IST
Over the last three years, more than 90% of TimesPro MBA students have been placed with India's leading banks and financial institutions.
Median salary up 14.3% at IIM Amritsar final placements
The domestic average of the batch also increased by 10.7% from Rs 11.02 lakh in 2016-18 to Rs 12.2 lakh this year.
The class of 2021: Gender diversity gets a big boost at IIMs
India's top B-schools enrolled highest number of female students for flagship course; overall percentage of women rose to 33.5% this year.
An MBA grad sparks the succession row in Mayawati's BSP
17 Jan, 2019, 11.41AM IST
24-year-old Akash Anand is the son of Mayawati's brother Anand Singh, who served as BSP vice-president till 2017. Akash had accompanied Mayawati to Lucknow on January 10 and stayed with her to celebrate her birthday on January 15. "Akash handles his father's business and it will be incorrect to read anything political into his visit," said a party member.
SPJIMR hosts Executive MBA students from Sheffield University Management School
As part of the program design of the Sheffield Executive MBA program in Advance Manufacturing Management, participants are required to complete their final project in the form of an international consulting assignment.
ISB, IIM-C, IIM-B improve positions in FT Global MBA rankings
ISB was ranked 24th as against the 28th position in 2018, IIM-C was at 49th position from the 78th rank in the previous year.


Johnsen & Wikander is a law firm based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. They are an award winning Divorce and Family Law firm.
Johnsen & Wikander, P.C. required a new website build after moving from FindLaw. The website was upgraded to WordPress, updated their look without loosing the original structure and feel, and moved the site to a accessible server. Once live, the firm required ongoing maintenance to manage updates, security, and content.
We also decided to move from the stock photos on the original website to photographing their office, helping clients become more familiar with their space before their first appointment.
A couple years later they restructured their office and rebranded. We partner with BoxBoom Creative for all design work, and redeveloped their logo, letterhead, and updated the design of their website to match.
Erica WikanderAttorneyhttp://westmichigandivorce.com – Velzen, Johnsen, & Wikander, P.C.


text:
Lichnanthe cooperi is een keversoort uit de familie Glaphyridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1867 door Horn.

Glaphyridae


text:
This article is a list of Economic and Technological Development Zones in Beijing, China.

Municipality-level development zones
 Beijing Badaling Development Area
 Beijing Daxing Industrial Development Area
 Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area
 Beijing Liangxiang Industrial Development Area
 Beijing Linhe Industrial Development Area
 Beijing Miyun Development Area
 Beijing Shilong Industrial Development Area
 Beijing Tongzhou Industrial Development Area
 Beijing Xinggu Development Area
 Beijing central business district CBD
 Beijing Financial Street
 Tianzhu Airport Industrial Zone
 Yongle Economic Development Area (Chinese Version)
 Zhongguancun Science Park

County-level development Zones
 Changping Beijing International Information Area
 Daxing Caiyu Industrial Area
 Daxing Huangcun Industrial Area
 Daxing Jiugong Industrial Area
 Daxing Penggezhuang Industrial Area
 Daxing Qingyun Industrial Area
 Daxing Yizhuang Industrial Area (Eastern and Southern Sections)
 Daxing Yufa Industrial Area
 Fangshan Beijing Yanfang Industrial Area
 Fangshan Lianggong Industrial Area
 Fangshan Science and Technology Industrial Area
 Fangshan Yanshan Dongliushui Industrial Area
 Fengtai Baipengyao Industrial Warehousing Area
 Fengtai Changxindian Industrial Area
 Fengtai materials Transport Area
 Huairou Beifang Town Jingwei Industrial Development Area
 Huairou Fengxiang Science and Technology Development Area
 Miyun Binghe Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Jinhu Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Julong Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Longyuan Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Luzhou Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Huadu Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Huayun Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Shanqu Industrial Development Area
 Miyun Yunxi Industrial Development Area
 Pinggu Binghe Industrial Development Area
 Pinggu Mafang Industrial Area
 PingguYukou Economic Development Area
 Shijingshan Badachu Hi-Tech Development Area
 Shunyi Caiyuan Industrial Area
 Shunyi Chengguan Industrial Area
 Shunyi Fulida Industrial Area
 Shunyi Hongda Industrial Area
 Shunyi Jinma Industrial Area
 Shunyi Juyuan Industrial Area
 Shunyi Niulanshan Industrial Area
 Tongzhou Green Food Development Area
 Tongzhou Houxian Town Industrial Area
 Tongzhou Jufuyuan Nationalities Industrial Area
 Tongzhou Light Industrial Garments and Garment Decoration Area
 Tongzhou Majuqiao Xinghuo Intensive Industrial Area
 Tongzhou Yongle Economic Development Area
 Yanqing Economic and Technological Development Area

See also

 Beijing central business district
 Beijing Financial Street
 Economic and Technological Development Zones
 List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai

References

External links
 List of National ETDZs

Economy of Beijing
Economic and technological development zones
Special Economic Zones of China


Pinterest comes to life at the Pinners Expo!
Pinners Expo – November 7th!
The Pinners Expo is where Pinterest comes to life! Come see our fall fashion at the South Towne Expo Center from 10 am to 9 pm. This will be a fun way to start November with our fellow Pinners!
Family Christmas Gift Show – November 14-16!
Missionary Expo – October 3rd!
The LDS Missionary Expo is a celebration of all things missionary! We will be at the UCCU Center Wednesday, October 3rd with our skirts at great prices. Come and find all the missionary things you need and check out our signature reversible skirts! See you there!
The spring show is almost here and we couldn't be more excited! Come and visit us at the South Towne Expo Center April 11 and 12 to see our new spring line of skirts at unbelievably low prices!
With a number of great shows under our belt for 2013 we're scheduling shows for this Fall – if you have a favorite show you'd like to see us at let us know!
We've put together a short video that emphasize's how awesome these reversible skirts REALLY are! Find it on FaceBook, Youtube, and Instagram. Be watching for it on our website!! Go Forth With Fashion!!!


text:
Die Somerset Railway ist eine ehemalige Eisenbahngesellschaft in Maine (Vereinigte Staaten). Sie wurde am 19. März 1860 zunächst als Somerset Railroad gegründet und baute ein 150 Kilometer langes, normalspuriges Streckennetz ausgehend von Oakland, wo Anschluss an die Hauptstrecke der Maine Central Railroad bestand. 1874 wurde die Bahnstrecke Oakland–North Anson sowie ein Abzweig zu einem Steinbruch bei Norridgewock fertiggestellt.

Nachdem die Gesellschaft am 3. Januar 1879 Insolvenz anmelden musste, wurde sie am 15. August 1883 als Somerset Railway neugegründet. Bis 1890 wurde die Bahnstrecke nach Bingham verlängert. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Gesellschaft erneut insolvent und wurde im August 1904 an die Kennebec Valley Railroad verkauft, die jedoch gleichzeitig ihren Namen in Somerset Railway änderte. Bis 1907 baute die Bahngesellschaft eine Zweigstrecke nach Kineo am Moosehead Lake.

Am 1. Juli 1911 erfolgte die Fusion mit der Maine Central Railroad. Heute besteht nur noch die Hauptstrecke von Oakland nach North Anson, die von den Pan Am Railways benutzt wird. Die Strecke nach Kineo wurde 1933 stillgelegt, der Abschnitt von North Anson bis Bingham 1979. Der Betrieb zwischen Madison und North Anson ist eingestellt.

Weblinks
Seite der heutigen Betreibergesellschaft
Geschichte der Maine Central RR
 Geschichte der Eisenbahn in Maine

Bahngesellschaft (Maine)
Gegründet 1860


Sandalfoot condo 1D2 features an open kitchen floor plan, carpet in the living room and both bedrooms for softness underfoot, ceiling fans in both bedrooms, a second floor lanai to enjoy your view of the Gulf of Mexico. The unit accommodates six, with a king bed in the master bedroom, twin beds in the guest bedroom and a pull-out sleeper sofa. The counter stools, dining room chairs and the playful stools tucked underneath the coffee table will allow lots of room for after-dinner games.
Nice furniture and linens and cute dishes. Great view. You can see the buildings in fort myers but that did not matter. This unit is also very close to the pool which was nice.
Everything was so amazing. We really enjoyed our stay. It is great that you convey such a welcoming and 'family' feel here.
Beautiful view of the beach. Cute decorations in the unit. Fully equipped ktichen and unit overall, very pleasant (no complaints).


He went on to tell the story of Jean-Marie Lustiger, who was Jewish, and who attributed his conversion to Christianity to his contemplation of the exquisite rose windows in Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. During Vespers one evening, the light shining through the vivid colours of the glass and the sheer perfection of the shapes and symbols drew him into the embrace of beauty, into God's presence. Lustiger later became Cardinal Archbishop of Paris.
Unsere kleine Gemeinschaft hat das Ziel, mit allen Mitteln ihrer Macht das Herz Jesus zu ehren.


I had to shoot some TOUR Academy instructionals for PGA TOUR Partners magazine. Caryn came along to assist and blog the proceedings.
Travis chips on the 16th green. After the Partners shoot, I set up some golf balls on the range for something our design staff needed. Caryn was worn out from all that reflector holding!


text:
Q: convert curl request with --cacert to dotnet HttpClient I have the following curl request which contains a client certificate, key and cacert
curl https://insert_url_here --key transport.key --cert transport.pem --cacert ca.cer

I want to be able to convert this into C# but am struggling to get it to work with the --cacert. I have the following code to create my HttpClient and make the http request
public async Task MakeHttpRequest()
{
    using (var httpClient = CreateClient())
    {
        var response = await httpClient.GetAsync("https://insert_url_here");
    }
}

public HttpClient CreateClient()
{
    var handler = new HttpClientHandler();
    handler.ClientCertificates.Add(TRANSPORT_CERT);
    handler.ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback = (req, cert, chain, err) =>
    {
        // should i check the ca here?!
        return true;
    };
    return new HttpClient(handler);
}

Note: I have merged my transport.key / transport.pem into a transport.pfx.
Where I am struggling is verifying the cacert, the curl request works without issue but I receive a certificate error in .net RemoteCertificateChainErrors. I am unable to put the cacert in the trusted store so how can i verify without doing that in my ServerCertificateCustomValidationCallback? X509Chain? If so how...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange