Mineral makeup is the latest trend in cosmetics. It is sold from department store counters, championed on late night infomercials and touted in fashion magazines. How do the various brands differ, and which one is best for you? How does mineral makeup differ from traditional products? Let's take a look.
Despite different brand names and marketing strategies, most mineral makeup has remarkably similar ingredients. Some commonly used minerals include micronized titanium dioxide, micronized zinc oxide, iron oxide, silk mica, and hydrated silica.
Micronized titanium dioxide, a common ingredient in sun block products, is particularly suited to protect skin from damaging sunlight. This white mineral's crystalline structure naturally reflects and defuses the sun's harmful rays. Micronized zinc oxide works in combination with the micronized titanium dioxide to reflect the sunlight's dangerous UVA and UVB rays.
Iron oxide is found in nature in red, orange and yellow hues. These pigments are blended into flesh tones for mineral foundations. Silk mica and hydrated silica soften the mineral compounds for use on the skin. Silk Mica gives mineral makeup a smooth texture, and hydrated silica binds the minerals to make them less messy. Individual brands may add secondary ingredients, such as vitamins, extra skin softeners or stronger pigments to neutralize skin tone.
Mineral makeup can counteract a host of familiar challenges. People prone to allergies or with sensitive skin will find mineral makeup contains no irritating dyes or perfumes. They do not use talc and other fillers that can be harmful to the skin. The acne-prone will find mineral makeup is organic, hypoallergenic and oil free; it will not clog pores like some conventional cosmetics.
Unlike traditional cosmetics, mineral foundations can provide sheer to full coverage. A light, sheer finish can be accomplished by moving the applicator brush in small circles on the face. Mineral makeup can also provide a more opaque texture if applied in layers with a damp sponge, much like you would apply liquid foundation. Fortunately, the consistency of mineral makeup gives coverage without the thick, unnatural, pore-clogging consequences of traditional liquid foundation.
Although mineral makeup has been a fixture in high-end department stores and specialty cosmetics shops for several years, a handful of more economical options are now on the market in drugstores. Consumers can expect to pay $25 for upscale mineral makeup brands, while drugstore mineral makeup from Neutrogena and Physician's Formula range from $9-$12.
With so little variation in actual ingredients, the difference in brands is often limited to marketing strategy. Many brands cater to a specific skin type. For example, Mineralogie claims their mineral makeup is suited to those with oily skin, because it does not include minerals that give other brands a shimmery finish.


text:
Q: An infinite profinite group such that any $p$-adic representation has finite image Fix a prime $ p $. We call an infinite profinite group $ G $ a Fontaine-Mazur group (with respect to $ p $) if every continuous homomorphism $ G\to {\rm GL}_n(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}_p) $ has finite image for any positive integer $ n $. The motivation for defining such a group comes from the following example:
Let $ K $ be a number field, $ S $ a finite set of primes of $ K $ not containing any primes above $ p $ and $  G_{K,S} $ the Galois group of the maximal extension of $ K $ unramified outside $ S $. Then the unramified Fontaine-Mazur Conjecture claims that $ G_{K,S} $ is a Fontaine-Mazur group (with respect to $ p $), cf. Conjecture 5a in [Fontaine and Mazur. "Geometric Galois representations." Elliptic curves, modular forms,  Fermat's last theorem (Hong Kong, 1993).]
My question is that: can someone give more examples of Fontaine-Mazur groups? For example, is $ {\rm SL}_n(\mathbb{F}_p[[T]]) $ a Fontaine-Mazur group? More generally, for any infinite complete Noetherian local $ \mathbb{F}_p $-algebra $ A $, is $ {\rm SL}_n(A) $ a Fontaine-Mazur group?

A: The group $SL_n({\mathbb F}_p[t])$, for $n \geq 3$ has super rigidity property and hence any representation over characteristic zero has finite image. Since this is dense in $SL_n({\mathbb F}_p[[t]])$, the latter group has the property that its representations over char zero have finite image

A: Let $G$ be a finitely generated, residually finite group for which every linear representation in char. zero has a finite image. For instance, this holds if $G$ is a torsion group. An example of such an infinite group is Grigorchuk's group.
Let $H$ be the profinite completion of $G$ (so $H$ is infinite as soon as $G$ is infinite). Then $H$ has the required property for every prime $p$ (just because it has a dense copy of $G$, which makes the job). (Actually all that matters is that $G\to H$ has a dense image, i.e. $H$ is a quotient of the profinite completion.)
[Note: Actually the examples provided by Venkataramana are of this form. They also cover $n=2$, for which one has to rather pick $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbf{F}_p[t,(1+t)^{-1}])$ to apply superrigidity. ]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Today, we have the pleasure of introducing Mina Kelly. Here her hero from Flirt (A MM PNR with Selkies) tells us his favorite thing about Christmas.
My favourite thing about Christmas?
Okay, let me think about this. You know, up until this year, I'd have struggled to give you an answer. Christmas is a social occasion, especially somewhere like Haggenby, and I'm just not a social person. But earlier this year I rescued a selkie, and he's made sure my life hasn't been the same since. He calls himself Flirt – more a warning than a name – and he's the most sociable person I've met, so this year I was determined to do Christmas properly for his sake.
Some time back at the beginning of December Miss Penny, the head teacher at Haggenby Primary School, came to ask me a favour. I started teaching sign language classes earlier this year (mostly due to another favour I owed – Haggenby is the sort of village that just runs on favours), and she'd seen something about signing along with songs and thought it would be sweet to do that for carols. Now, I didn't have the best singing voice when I was hearing and now I'm deaf I can't imagine what it must sound like, and Flirt, who came with me for moral support, is mute, so he couldn't sing along either. In the end we just did the signs, and the kids caught on pretty fast and started singing without our help. They picked up the signs pretty fast too, and all in all it was a nice end of term treat for them and the first time I'd felt really festive in years.
Haggenby is a pretty traditional village, stuck between the Yorkshire Moors and the North Sea. We don't go carolling here, we go wassailling. See, carolling is a small group of people going around asking all the houses for a little money, usually for charity. Wassailling is every person in the village turning up at the house of the richest one and caterwauling at them until they give us booze and food. We don't have a manor house any more – coastal erosion struck a blow for the proletariat there – so we all go to the vicarage instead. I hadn't been in years – again, being deaf, carolling didn't do much for me – but Flirt is new to Haggenby and had never had the pleasure, so on Christmas Eve I put my hearing aid in and we all trooped up the hill together. What was really sweet was the kids, all sat on their parents' shoulders and so on, signing along with the songs like I'd shown them. I hadn't expected them to remember half of it, even a few weeks later. They got hot spiced apple juice, and us adults were given mulled cider – that's hard cider to you Americans, plus a good tot of brandy in it as well – and everyone got mince pies, then the vicar led us to the church for a late night service.
I'm not the religious sort, so I hadn't been in the church in years – maybe not since my mother's funeral, now I think about it. It was certainly sobering walking through the graveyard, full of distance ancestors, but the inside was bright and cheerful and beautifully decorated with candles and ribbons and holly and ivy. The service was about welcoming strangers, unlike the innkeepers in Bethlehem, and Jesus representing tolerance and love. Now, like I said, it's been years since I last went, so maybe the vicar always pulls something like this out for Christmas, but it felt really personal.
Afterwards we went to the pub for a nightcap and to cheer Christmas Day in. I kissed Flirt under the mistletoe, and everyone cheered that too, because that mulled cider had been pretty strong and now there was champagne going around and everyone likes cheering stuff when they're drunk. And I cheered too, because I was drunk and happy and it was Christmas.
It's New Year's Eve tomorrow, and I'm still buzzing from Christmas. No, from this whole year. It's been the best year of my life so far, I'm not ashamed to say. If you want to know why, the whole story will be available from Loose Id come January 21st. Look for Flirt, by Mina Kelly, in all major ebook retailers. Check out her website for more info.
Sounds like a good story. Mina is a new to me author. Enjoyed the post.
Who doesn't love a hot selkie!
Story sounds really sweet. Look forward to checking it out. Thanks for sharing another new-to-me author.
Cute letter. This sounds like a good book, I have put it on the TBR list.
Mina's a new author for me and this looks like a great story to start with.
New author, the book looks good.


text:
Subjects: Stock Sale/Buyback, Bond Issue
Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. Announces Redemption of 7 7/8% Series A Cumulative Preferred Equity Securities
Dairy Farmers of America, Inc. (the "Company") announced today that it will redeem all 1,500,000 outstanding shares of the Company's 7 7/8% Series A Cumulative Preferred Equity Securities, par value $100.00 per share ("Preferred Securities") on Dec. 30, 2021 (the "Redemption Date").
All Preferred Securities will be redeemed at a cash redemption price of $100.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) up to, but not including, the Redemption Date (the "Redemption Price"). Dividends on the Preferred Securities will cease to accrue on the Redemption Date. Upon redemption, the Preferred Securities will no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights with respect to the Preferred Securities shall cease and terminate, except only the right of the holders thereof to receive the Redemption Price, without interest.
All issued and outstanding shares of Preferred Securities are held in book-entry form through the Depository Trust Company ("DTC"). The Preferred Securities will be redeemed in accordance with the procedures of DTC. Payment to DTC for the Preferred Securities will be made by Computershare Trust Company N.A., which is serving as redemption agent (the "Redemption Agent"). The Redemption Agent's address is as follows:
Computershare Trust Company N.A.
150 Royall Street
Attn: Corporate Actions
This press release also constitutes a notice of redemption under the Company's Certificate of Designations governing the Preferred Securities.
About Dairy Farmers of America
Dairy Farmers of America (DFA) is a national, farmer-owned dairy cooperative focusing on quality, innovation and the future of family dairies. While supporting and serving more than 12,500 family farm-owners, DFA manufactures a variety of dairy products, including fluid milk, cheese, butter, ice cream, dairy ingredients and more that connect our Cooperative's family farms to family tables with regional brands such as Alta Dena® Dairy, Meadow Gold® Dairy, Friendly®'s, Borden® Cheese, Plugra® Premium Butter and Kemps® to name a few. On a global scale, we work with some of the world's largest food companies to develop ingredients their customers are craving, while staying committed to social responsibility and ethical farming. For more information, please visit dfamilk.com.
News published on 29 november 2021 at 15:15 and distributed by:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Could SolarCoin Help ACWA Boost Its Profits From Solar?
The developer may have increased revenue by up to 1 percent with the cryptocurrency.
A renewable energy project developer's decision to adopt a cryptocoin last month may have been driven more by business sense than simple blockchain mania.
Figures show ACWA Power could have increased the profitability of its Bokpoort concentrating solar power plant by at least an extra percent the day after it announced it was adopting SolarCoin, ablockchain-based rewards program for renewable energy production.
Based on a published bid price of R 2.51 per kilowatt-hour, the Bokpoort project, in South Africa, was earning the equivalent of around USD $209 per megawatt-hour of production on Jan. 14.
The same day, SolarCoin, a cryptocurrency issued for every megawatt-hour produced by participating solar plants, was trading at an all-time high against the dollar.
As SolarCoin briefly touched $2.64 early on that Sunday, ACWA Power was effectively getting more than 1.2 percent in extra revenue per megawatt-hour from its production at Bokpoort. Admittedly, the boon was short-lived.
Illustrating the jittery nature of most cryptocurrency markets, by the end of the day SolarCoin had dropped more than 15 percent in value against the dollar. It is currently hovering at around 50 cents.
The figures show how adopting SolarCoin could be an attractive move for a renewable energy plant developer -- particularly one like ACWA, which has gained a reputation for slashing costs in order to win bids.
This month, for example, ACWA claimed to have set a new world record after winning a 300-megawatt PV project in Saudi Arabia with a bid of just $23.42 per megawatt-hour.
With a PPA price of around $20 per megawatt-hour, earning SolarCoin could boost plant profitability by more than 2 percent even when the cryptocurrency is worth only 50 cents per coin.
And as SolarCoin adoption grows, the cryptocurrency is expected to rise in value to somewhere within the $1.70 to $2.50 range, said François Sonnet, co-founder of ElectriCChain, a SolarCoin-affiliated blockchain technology developer.
At this level, SolarCoin revenues might edge up to around 10 percent of the value of a PPA and "could increase substantially the profitability of the solar plant," he said.
Solar power producers shouldn't bank on this extra revenue, given the volatility of SolarCoin and other cryptocurrencies. However, adopting SolarCoin as a potential added income stream does not present much of a downside, other than some involvement from a company's legal, financial and IT departments.
"It's a fairly long process to explain what SolarCoin is, but ultimately [developers] don't have a higher risk exposure," Sonnet said.
Announcing the adoption of SolarCoin last month, ACWA said its 50-megawatt Bokpoort project and a similar-sized PV plant in Bulgaria, the biggest in the country, were already generating SolarCoins.
"Other projects...will in time also benefit from the SolarCoin incentive program," said the company.
"As the price of solar coins appreciate, through more users agreeing to accept SolarCoin for value representation and transactions, claiming SolarCoins can become an additional and relevant revenue stream for solar power producers," ACWA added.
With a dozen operational utility-scale renewable power plants worldwide, ACWA is by far the biggest company to have adopted SolarCoin since the cryptocurrency was launched in 2014.
Most of the 3.6 million SolarCoins that have been issued so far have gone to distributed solar plant owners. In total, SolarCoin foresees issuing 97.5 billion SolarCoins over the next 40 years, enough to reward 97,500 terawatt-hours of solar energy generation.
Unlike a growing number of alternative energy blockchain concepts, such as WePower or LO3, SolarCoin is not intended to serve as a trading platform; rather, it is simply an incentive.
In contrast to blockchain's biggest commercial success, Bitcoin, SolarCoin uses a proof-of-stake-time system for circulation, instead of Bitcoin's highly energy intensive proof-of-work algorithm. So instead of earning money by wasting energy, SolarCoin users get rewarded for producing it.


Tell us where in Brighton you would like to live, when you wish to move in and how many of you will be sharing the house. We have houses with 4 to 10 bedrooms. Most have a living area plus kitchen and an outside space. We will show you personally chosen properties that we know will meet your requirements.
Please scroll down to the 'Clearing' section if you are looking to secure a house after the 16th August as the process is slightly different!
Once you've found your home each person in your group will need to put down a reservation fee and pay an administration fee at which point you will have reserved the house. These fees are non-refundable should you change your mind about the property.
However, when you sign the Tenancy Agreement the reservation fee will become part of your deposit and as such refundable at the end of the tenancy after any deductions for repairs/cleaning/rent arrears.
We are now using StuRents online tenancy scheme meaning that everything can be filled out individually online. Once you have paid your Reservation Fee and Admin Fee you will be provided with a Tenancy Agreement and Guarantor Form via StuRents. You will have two weeks to complete this and four weeks to pay your deposit.
An administration fee of £200 inc vat is the only fee you will be asked to pay during your stay unless you need to leave your tenancy early in which case there is a £100 leaving fee. The £200 includes the check-in, check-out, referencing and inventory so there are no hidden charges.
Please scroll down to the 'Clearing' section if you are looking to secure a house after the 17th August as the process is slightly different!
You will be sent a Tenancy Agreement and Guarantor Form via StuRents and you will have 2 weeks to complete this but we strongly urge you to complete this as soon as possible.
You will also receive a separate email from our accounts department with a Direct Debit Form and an explanation about the rent collection process. The Direct Debit Form will need to be returned within 1 week.
If the paperwork and payments are not organised by the deadline provided we may choose to not accept you as a tenant.
Please note that the procedure of taking a house off the market varies depending on what time of year you are house hunting.
Our normal procedure is to take the reservation fee and admin fee and give you one month to pay the rest of your deposit and two weeks to return your paperwork. The first month's rent is collected one month before the start date of your tenancy.
Towards the middle of August this changes as often the tenancy start date is within a few weeks of you viewing the house. If you are looking to take a house at this time of year you will be expected to make all of your payments as soon as possible before the tenancy start date. The payments will be a deposit equivalent to 6 weeks rent, an admin fee of £200 and the first month's rent. You will need to factor in the total payment when wanting to take the house off the market as we will not be in a position to offer extensions to deadlines!
The total payment will be around £1500 depending on how much the rent on the property is. Your paperwork will need to be filled out online via StuRents as soon as possible so before you take one of our properties you will need to check that you have someone to stand as your Guarantor or that you have the funds to pay a larger deposit if you do not have a Guarantor. We do also accept Housing Hand Guarantors.
You will be sent a Tenancy Agreement and Guarantor Form online via StuRents and will be given a deadline prior to your tenancy start date to complete this but we strongly urge you to fill this all out as soon as possible! If requested, blank copies of the Tenancy Agreement and Guarantor Form can be emailed to the group for you to read through in advance.
All of our Tenancy Agreements are joint and several which means that you are all equally and individually liable for the whole rent on the house. This liability extends to the Guarantors as well.
You will also receive a separate email from our accounts department with a Direct Debit Form and an explanation about the rent collection process. The Direct Debit Form will need to be returned immediately. Your first month's rent will need to be paid manually but all payments after that will be via Direct Debit. If you do not return the Direct Debit Form with enough time for this to be set up for your second rent payment you will need to pay this manually as well either over the phone or via online transfer.
If the paperwork and payments are not organised by the deadline provided we may choose to not accept you as a tenant. If any paperwork or payments are still outstanding by the tenancy start date no-one in the group will be able to move in until this has been completed.
We are unable to give out legal advice on any of the documents you will be signing. We therefore strongly recommend that you take independent advice to ensure that you fully understand the legality of the agreement you are entering into.
NOTE: If there are any forms or payments missing after 2 weeks, the house may go back on the market or we may not accept you as a tenant and you will lose your fees.
We will contact you before the tenancy commences to confirm what day and time we will meet you at the house to check you all in. At least 2 of you will need to be present for this check in and if this is not possible you will need to pay £55 to reschedule. You will be given an Inventory of the house and allowed 7 days to return this to us if any amendments need making. Amendments will need to be typed up and accompanied by photographic evidence.
We will set your direct debit up for 12 payments. The 1st month's rent will be collected from your account 1 month before the start of your tenancy. The remaining 11 payments will come out of your account starting one month after you move in.
If you are reserving a house after Clearing your first month's rent will need to be paid manually alongside your deposit and admin fee. The direct debit will be set up to collect your rent payments starting from the month after your tenancy start date. If the direct debit form is not returned with enough time to set up for your second month's rent you will need to pay this manually either over the phone or via online transfer.
Please note that G4 Lets does not accept housing benefit.
G4 Lets is a member of "mydeposits", the government-approved Tenancy Deposit Protection Scheme. Please click this link (www.mydeposits.co.uk) to visit their web site for more information.
The Deposit will be protected once the Tenancy Agreement is signed. The Certificate with prescribed information will be sent to the tenants and anyone listed as an interested party.
All our properties have a current Gas Safety Certificate, an EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) and if it's a larger house then it will be licensed as an HMO with Brighton & Hove Council.
Data Protection – G4 Lets is registered with the Information Commissioner's Office.


Escape into the look of love with bareMinerals limited-edition color collection that'll steal your breath - and heart - away.
Engineered with a unique fluid reservoir, this brush allows for a no-mess foundation application, directly from bottle to brush. Adjust your coverage - to the drop - for a perfectly seamless application of bareSkin Serum Foundation and Sheer Sun Serum Bronzer. Now available in limited-edition gold.


The Odontogenic Ameloblast-associated Protein (ODAM) is expressed in a wide range of normal epithelial, and neoplastic tissues, and we have posited that ODAM serves as a novel prognostic biomarker for breast cancer and melanoma. Transfection of ODAM into breast cancer cells yields suppression of cellular growth, motility, and in vivo tumorigenicity. Herein we have extended these studies to the effects of ODAM on cultured melanoma cell lines.
The A375 and C8161 melanoma cell lines were stably transfected with ODAM and assayed for properties associated with tumorigenicity including cell growth, motility, and extracellular matrix adhesion. In addition, ODAM–transfected cells were assayed for signal transduction via AKT which promotes cell proliferation and survival in many neoplasms.
ODAM expression in A375 and C8161 cells strongly inhibited cell growth and motility in vitro, increased cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, and yielded significant cytoskeletal/morphologic rearrangement. Furthermore, AKT activity was downregulated by ODAM expression while an increase was noted in expression of the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor gene, an antagonist of AKT activation. Increased PTEN in ODAM-expressing cells was associated with increases in PTEN mRNA levels and de novo protein synthesis. Silencing of PTEN expression yielded recovery of AKT activity in ODAM-expressing melanoma cells. Similar PTEN elevation and inhibition of AKT by ODAM was observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells while ODAM expression had no effect in PTEN-deficient BT-549 breast cancer cells.
The apparent anti-neoplastic effects of ODAM in cultured melanoma and breast cancer cells are associated with increased PTEN expression, and suppression of AKT activity. This association should serve to clarify the clinical import of ODAM expression and any role it may serve as an indicator of tumor behavior.
Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer and the incidence is increasing in the United States and worldwide . Mortality from melanoma occurs as a result of local tumor proliferation and invasion of surrounding tissues leading to metastatic spread of the disease. Clinically, metastases are often predicted by primary tumor factors that reflect biologic behavior such as Breslow thickness, mitotic rate, and ulceration. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) status remains the single most important predictor of survival . Recently, multiple potential biomarkers for melanoma have been identified; however, their clinical significance remains largely to be determined [3–5]. On a molecular and genetic level, a number of factors influencing primary melanoma growth and metastasis have been identified, including signaling via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, as well as BRAF mutations which activate signaling through the Ras/Raf/MAP-ERK kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (/MAPK) pathway [6–9].
The Odontogenic Ameloblast-Associated Protein (ODAM) was first identified less than a decade ago as the protein constituent of calcifying epithelial odontogenic/Pindborg tumors (CEOT) and subsequent studies revealed that it is highly expressed in mature ameloblasts and present in the rodent enamel organ and junctional epithelium [10–13]. It has also been found to be present in additional normal human tissues including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, trachea, bronchus, and glandular breast epithelium. Further analysis showed that ODAM is also expressed in epithelial malignancies including those of the, colon, breast, lung, stomach, and in melanoma [14–16]. In breast cancer patient biopsies a correlation was observed between ODAM expression/localization and disease staging/clinical outcome, indicating that ODAM may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in this type of cancer . When stably transfected with recombinant ODAM the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line showed marked inhibition of neoplastic and metastatic properties in vivo and in vitro. This suggests that ODAM has a potentially significant role in regulating tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer with possible clinical implications. More recently, a retrospective study of melanoma patient samples have demonstrated a significant correlation of ODAM expression/nuclear localization and sentinel lymph node metastases indicative of poorer prognosis .
The apparent association of ODAM expression with disease status in breast cancer and melanoma, and the inhibition of neoplastic and metastatic properties shown in ODAM-transfected breast tumor cells have led us to investigate the role of this protein in the tumorigenesis of melanoma. To this end the invasive C8161 and A375 human melanoma cell lines were stably transfected with a construct encoding ODAM and evaluated in vitro for properties associated with tumorigenesis. Similar to our earlier studies with breast cancer cells, the results indicate that ODAM expression inhibits cell growth and migration in melanoma cells. We further demonstrate that this inhibition is associated with increased expression of the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor and suppression of signaling via AKT, in both of the melanoma cell lines as well as in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
The human melanoma cell line C8161  was kindly provided by Professor Mary JC Hendrix. The A375 melanoma cell line and BT-549 breast cancer line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Control and ODAM-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells were described in detail previously . All cell cultures were maintained in DMEM/F12 medium (Lonza, Walkersville, MD) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo-Fisher-Hyclone, Logan, UT), and penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo-Fisher, Pittsburg, PA) in a humidified incubator at 37°C under 5% CO2. These studies did not involve human or animal subjects but all studies were carried out under the oversight of our Institutional Review Board (approval numbers 2683 and 2803), Biosafety Commitee (approval numbers 251-11 and 334-11), and Animal Care and Use Commitee (approval number 2092-0412).
The C8161, A375, and BT-549 cell lines were transfected with either a human ODAM-pcDNA5T/O construct  or, the empty vector control using Lipofectamine LTX reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Selection of stable ODAM-producing clones was performed in medium supplemented with 400 μg/mL hygromycin (Thermo-Fisher-Hyclone) in 100-mm culture dishes and visible colonies transferred into 24-well plates. Culture media collected 7–10 days later were tested for ODAM production by capture ELISA . ODAM-positive clones were designated as C8161-ODAM, A375-ODAM, BT-549-ODAM, and along with respective controls were expanded and maintained in medium with hygromycin.
Control and ODAM-expressing clones of A375, C8161, and BT-549 cells were trypsinized, counted, and plated in quadruplicate in 12-well plates at 1×104 cells/well with standard growth medium. At appropriate intervals, cells were fixed by addition of 70% ethanol and stained with 0.1% crystal violet. After washing with water, the crystal violet was solubilized with 10% acetic acid and the relative cell content measured as absorbance at 562 nm. Where applicable, growth rates were determined by linear regression analysis using GraphPad Prism 4.0 software.
Trypsinized control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines were washed and suspended (5×105 cells/mL) in serum-free DMEM/F12 medium and a 100 μL aliquots were placed in the upper chamber of a Costar Transwell permeable support (8-μm pore size, Thermo-Fisher); the lower chamber was filled with 0.6 mL of DMEM/F12 medium with 10% FBS serving as a chemo-attractant. After incubation at 37&z.ousco;C for 18 h, the membrane was fixed and stained with HEMA3 Wright-Giemsa (Thermo-Fisher). Non-migrating cells were swabbed from the upper surface and those that passed through to the lower surface were photographed with an inverted microscope and counted.
Control and ODAM-expressing cells were plated onto 15-mm sterile glass coverslips (Thermo-Fisher) in 12-well tissue culture plates (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) and, 72 h later, washed with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100/PBS, and blocked with 4% goat serum in PBS. Cellular F-actin was visualized by staining with AlexaFluor488-conjugated Phalloidin (Invitrogen) and Hoescht 33342 nuclear counterstain (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN). ß-catenin was visualized on separate slides by staining with rabbit anti-ß-catenin (Thermo-Fisher-Neomarkers, Fremont, CA) followed by AlexFluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen) along with Hoescht 33342. For confocal/SIM microscopy images were collected on a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with 405 nm and 488 nm laser lines using a Plan-Apochromat 40×/1.4 oil objective (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Thornwood, NY). Where applicable optical sections were collected at 1 μm spacing and shown as maximum intensity projections using Zen 2009 software (Carl Zeiss).
For Western blot analysis , cells growing at ~80% confluence in 100 mm dishes were washed in cold PBS and lysed in RIPA buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, 0.2% sodium deoxycholate, 0.15% SDS, 1mM sodium orthovanadate, 5 mM sodium fluoride, 5 mM β-glycerophosphate and 0.5 mM PMSF) followed by centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 20 min at 4°C. Lysate protein concentrations were determined by BCA protein assay (Thermo-Fisher-Pierce, Rockwood, IL) and equal 50-100 μg amounts (control vs. ODAM-expressing cultures) were electrophoresed in 10% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen) and blotted to PVDF membranes. Equal protein loading was verified by Ponceau S staining and by reprobing blots for β-actin expression. For detection of ODAM production cell supernatants (1 ml) were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-ODAM monoclonal antibody 8B4 as described, blotted, and probed with anti-ODAM antibody 5A1 [15, 18, 21]. Additional primary antibodies used were rabbit monoclonal anti-PTEN (D4.3)XP, rabbit anti-phospho-AKT (Ser 473), anti-phospho-AKT (Thr 308), anti-total AKT, anti-phosph-PDK1, anti-phospho-PI3Kp85 (Y458)/p55 (Y199), and anti-phospho-c-Raf (S259) (all from Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA); anti-phospho-Erk (sc-7383), anti-Erk2 (sc-154), anti-PI3K (sc-423), and anti-Erk1 (SC-93) (all from Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA). Anti-β-actin was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Polyclonal rabbit anti-PTEN (Ab-2) was from Neomarkers (Freemont, CA). Anti-ODAM monoclonal antibodies 5A1 and 8B4 are produced in our laboratory. Probed blots were developed using HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson Immunoresearch, Westgrove, PA) with chemiluminescent substrate detection (ECL, Thermo-Fisher-Pierce) visualized on Kodak X-OMAT LS film. For probing with multiple antibodies lysates were run on replicate gels or blots were reprobed after stripping with 1% SDS in 50 mM glycine, pH 3.0 .
Polystyrene 96-well tissue culture plates were coated overnight at 4°C with 50 μL/well of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) or BSA, each at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. After washing with PBS, the wells were filled with 50 μL of suspended, trypsinized cells (5×105 cells/mL) and the plates incubated at 37°C for 40 minutes. After washing with PBS, the cells were fixed for 30 min with 4% glutaraldehyde and washed with water. The relative cell binding was determined after staining with 0.1% crystal violet, solubilization with 10% acetic acid, and measurement of absorbance at 562 nm .
Total cellular RNA was harvested from control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cultures by the RNAeasy Plus RNA isolation kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and product integrity assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. RNA concentration was determined by UV spectroscopy and first strand cDNA was synthesized using SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) and 500 ng of RNA. Gene specific primers for PTEN were designed: (forward), 5´-TTTGAAGACCATAACCCACCAC-3´ and (reverse), 5´-ATTACACCAGTTCGTCCCTTTC-3´ (yielding a 134-bp product). Primers to human GAPDH (Real Time Primers, Elkins Park, PA) were used to amplify the calibrator gene: (forward), 5´-GAGTCAACGCGGATTTGGTCGT-3´ and (reverse), 5´-TTGATTTTGGAGGGATCTCG-3´ (yielding a 238-bp product). Real-time PCR was performed in 96-well PCR plates with an ICycler PCR unit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) utilizing iQ SYBR Green Supermix containing 400 nM primer mix and 3 μl cDNA in a 20μl reaction volume. Fluorescence was detected with an iQ5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR system and analyzed with iQ5 optical systems software. Conditions for activation and denaturation were: cycle 1, 95°C for 3 min, followed by forty 30-sec amplification cycles at 95°C, 63°C, and 72°C.
Control and ODAM-expressing A375 cells were pre-incubated in methionine/cysteine-free RPMI (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA) for 30 min. and labeled for 1 hour in the same medium containing 40 μCi/ml 35S TranS label (1175 Ci/mmol, MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA). Cultures were then washed in PBS, lysed in RIPA buffer as above, and pre-cleared 4 hours with protein A/G agarose (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Lysate amounts were equalized on the basis of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable counts, and PTEN was immunoprecipitated by incubation overnight with monoclonal rabbit anti-PTEN (Cell Signaling Technologies) and protein A/G agarose beads. The precipitates were centrifuged, washed in RIPA buffer, and proteins released by boiling in SDS sample buffer before separation by SDS-PAGE as above. Gels were soaked in 1M sodium salicylate (Sigma), dried, and exposed to Kodak X-OMAT LS film.
Control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines were plated in 12-well plates at 30% confluency and transfected the following day with 40 pmol/well of PTEN siRNA (Cell Signaling Technologies) or a non-silencing control siRNA (Qiagen) using 2 μl/well Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturers protocol. Following 72 hours in culture after transfection the cells were lysed for western blot analysis of PTEN expression and AKT phosphorylation as given above.
Prior studies with the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line demonstrated that stable ODAM-expression suppressed the tumorigenic properties of these cells, as evidenced by reduced growth, cellular migration and barrier invasion in vitro, in addition to increased cellular adhesion, and an increased apoptotic rate . Moreover, in vivo tumor growth was drastically reduced, as demonstrated by xenograft and metastatic models. Given the evidence that ODAM is expressed in melanoma and corresponds with lymph node metastasis , we wished to examine the effects of ODAM expression on melanoma cell lines. Initial experiments determined that the parental A375 and C8161 cell lines did not express detectable ODAM protein. After transfection, selection, and expansion, stable ODAM-expressing clones of these cell lines were characterized. As in previous studies [13, 18] secreted ODAM was readily detectable in cell culture supernatants and was only associated with cells at low levels, primarily localized to the golgi apparatus (data not shown). In vitro growth assays revealed significant growth suppression in ODAM-expressing clones of both A375 and C8161 cells relative to controls after 6 days in culture, as shown by their differences in relative cell mass (Figure 1A). Similar decreased rates of growth in tissue culture were observed in additional ODAM-transfected clones of each cell line and were consistently observed upon routine cell passage.
Effect of ectopic ODAM expression on growth, adhesion, and migration of human melanoma cell lines. A) Growth of control and stably ODAM-transfected A375 and C8161 melanoma cells as assessed by relative cell mass after six days of culture. Values are given as mean ± 1 standard deviation (S.D.) from quadruplicate cultures (**, p< 0.01). B) Adhesion of control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines to matrigel-coated plastic surfaces. Values are based on absorbance of adherent cells and are given as mean ± 1 S.D. for six replicates (**, p< 0.01). C) Transwell migration assay of control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines (left panels, Wright-Giemsa staining, original magnifications 200X). Average cell counts from nine representative fields for each determination are given as mean ± 1 S.D. (**, p< 0.01).
In previous studies with MDA-MB-231 cells ODAM expression increased cell binding to extracellular matrix components and elicited direct cell-cell interactions in suspension . Other investigators have observed ODAM localization at the tissue/enamel junctional epithelium where it is thought to act in part to promote cellular adhesion around the mature tooth . Both A375-ODAM and C8161-ODAM cells exhibited increased adhesion on Matrigel-coated plates although the extent of this increase was greater in C8161 cells (Figure 1B). In contrast to our observations with MDA-MB-231 cells  neither melanoma cell line exhibited adhesive cell-cell interactions in suspension, regardless of ODAM expression.
Cellular migration, a critical component of tumor metastasis, is subject to complex regulation through cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components in vitro and in vivo . Previously ODAM expression in MDA-MB-231 cells was shown to markedly inhibit cellular migration and barrier invasion . Correspondingly, examination of the migratory abilities of the ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines in transwell migration assays demonstrated that cell motility is strongly inhibited (70-80%) by ODAM expression in both A375 and C8161 melanoma cell lines (Figure 1C).
In addition to effects on cell growth, adhesion, and motility, ODAM expression in MDA-MB-231 cells yielded cytoskeletal reorganization indicative of morphological reversion towards a more developed, epithelial phenotype, evident as increased vimentin solubility and F-actin rearrangement . Cytoskeletal arrangement in control and ODAM-expressing melanoma cell lines was visualized by phalloidin staining and indicated clear morphologic changes associated with ODAM expression (Figure 2). The A375-ODAM cells exhibited smaller size compared to control cells, and an essentially complete disappearance of actin stress fibers, with a transition to circumferential actin cables. In addition, these cells adopted a more clustered arrangement in the cultures and showed a marked increase in formation of adherens junctions with localization of ß-catenin at cell-cell interfaces. In contrast to the A375-ODAM cells, C8161-ODAM cells adopted a larger, more rounded morphology relative to the spindle shape of cells in control cultures. These cells did not exhibit circumferential actin cables (Figure 2, bottom panel) or ß-catenin arrangement in adherens junctions.
Cytoskeletal rearrangement in ODAM-expressing human melanoma cell lines. A) F-actin arrangement in A375-CON and A375-ODAM cells (top panels) was visualized by phalloidin staining (green) with nuclei counterstained (blue); original magnifications 320X). ß-catenin localization (lower panels) visualized by staining with anti-ß-catenin (green) with nuclei counterstained (blue). B) F-actin arrangement in C8161-CON and C8161-ODAM cells stained with phalloidin as above in 'A'.
Human melanomas frequently exhibit dysregulation of crucial signal transduction pathways and their components, including those of the Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, each of which constitute central regulators of cell growth, survival, and other critical parameters of oncogenesis [6–9]. Western blot analysis of melanoma cell lysates with phospho-specific antibodies revealed a marked decrease in AKT activation in ODAM-expressing cells evident as decreased phosphorylation on both the Ser 473 and Thr 308 residues associated with AKT activation (Figure 3A), while overall levels of AKT protein were unaffected. Accordingly, phosphorylation of c-Raf (S259), a downstream target of AKT , was also decreased.
Inhibition of AKT activation by ODAM expression in human melanoma cell lines. A,B) Western blot analysis of AKT activation in total cell lysates from control and ODAM-expressing A375 and C8161 melanoma cells grown under normal culture conditions. Multiple blots from the same lysate sets were probed sequentially with the indicated antibodies. ODAM expression was detected by immunoprecipitation from cell culture supernatants C) Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis of PTEN mRNA levels in control and ODAM-expressing cells growing under normal culture conditions. Values for ODAM-expressing cells represent the mean ± 1 S.D. from five independent determinations expressed relative to values from control cells assayed concurrently. D) Analysis of PTEN protein synthesis in control and ODAM-expressing A375 cells by metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation as given in the methods.
Activation of AKT requires the generation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), together with membrane docking of AKT and dual site phosphorylation of AKT by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and mTOR . Conversely, activation of AKT is antagonized by the PTEN tumor suppressor gene product through its PIP3-phosphatase activity [27–29]. Probing of western blots with phospho-specific antibodies for active PDK1 and PI3K indicated no alterations in their activation state associated with ODAM expression (Figure 3B). Significantly, levels of PTEN protein were elevated (3–4 fold) in A375-ODAM cells relative to controls, and similarly in C8161-ODAM cells. Accordingly, measurements of PTEN mRNA by quantitative real time RT-PCR indicated that the PTEN message was increased (2.5-4 fold) in A375-ODAM and C8161-ODAM cells over those in vector control cells (Figure 3C). Metabolic labeling analysis confirmed the increased rate of synthesis of PTEN protein in A375-ODAM cells (Figure 3D).
In contrast to altered AKT activation, probing of blots with phospho-ERK 1 and 2 antibodies for active MAPK indicated that levels of phosphorylated (active) ERKs were no different in control and rODAM-expressing melanoma cells suggesting that signaling through this pathway is not directly altered by ODAM expression under these culture conditions (Figure 3B).
Since PTEN is known to inhibit AKT activation we wished to establish whether the elevated PTEN levels evident in ODAM-expressing melanoma cells are responsible for the observed suppression of AKT activation. Therefore we treated cultures with control and PTEN-specific siRNAs and assayed PTEN levels and phospho-AKT by western blots of lysates prepared 72 hours later. As shown in Figure 4A, PTEN protein expression was substantially downregulated by specific siRNA treatment of both C8161-CON and C8161-ODAM cells and this corresponded with increased AKT phosphorylation in both cultures. While PTEN siRNA treatment reduced PTEN protein levels to a lesser degree in A375-ODAM cells, AKT phosphorylation was increased (Figure 4B).
AKT suppression by ODAM is PTEN dependent. A) Western blot analysis of PTEN expression and AKT activation in whole cell lysates of C8161-CON and C8161-ODAM cells treated 72 hours with control or PTEN-specific siRNA as given in the methods. B) A375-ODAM and control cells were treated and analyzed for phospho-AKT and PTEN levels as in 'A'.
To test whether suppression of AKT activation and the elevation of PTEN expression is specific to ODAM-expressing melanoma cells or may be observed in other cell types, we examined AKT phosphorylation and PTEN expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells where we have also observed prominent anti-tumor effects upon ODAM transfection  Lysates of control and ODAM-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells were probed for phospho-AKT and PTEN expression and, as with the melanoma cell lines, MDA-MB-231-ODAM cells exhibited decreased AKT phosphorylation (2-fold) on the activating S473 and T308 residues and, correspondingly, 3-fold increased expression of PTEN protein (Figure 5A).
ODAM inhibits AKT activation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells but not in BT-549 breast cancer cells that lack PTEN expression. A) Western blot analysis of AKT activation in lysates of control and ODAM-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells. Whole cell lysates were probed with the indicated antibodies as given in the methods. B) Growth assay of control and ODAM-expressing BT-549 breast cancer cells. Values represent the mean relative cell mass ± 1 S.D. from four replicate wells after 6 days in culture. C) Western blot analysis of AKT phosphorylation/activation in whole cell lysates of control and ODAM-expressing BT-549 cells. D) Matrigel adhesion assay of control and ODAM-expressing BT-549 cells (**, p< 0.01). Values represent the mean O.D. ± 1 S.D. for six replicates.
To further investigate the role of PTEN in AKT suppression by ODAM we utilized BT-549 breast cancer cells which are phenotypically similar to MDA-MB-231 cells but do not express functional PTEN . Notably, BT-549 cells did not exhibit growth suppression in response to stable ODAM expression (Figure 5B) while Western blot analysis indicated that phospho-AKT levels are also unaffected by ODAM expression in these cells (Figure 5C), lending credence to the association of AKT suppression with increased PTEN and the observed growth inhibition in cells expressing ODAM. ODAM-transfected BT-549 cells do, however, show increased adhesion on Matrigel-coated plates indicating that ODAM expression in these cultures is functional in this respect and, further, that ODAM effects on cellular adhesion are to some degree independent of regulation through PTEN (Figure 5D).
ODAM protein expression has been demonstrated in a wide range of normal odontogenic, glandular, and epithelial renewal tissues [10–13] as well as in malignancies including odontogenic tumors, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma [14–16]. Prior retrospective studies of breast cancer patient biopsies indicated an increase in ODAM expression localized to the cell nucleus associated with advancing disease stage, yet this expression corresponded with improved survival for patients at each stage . A recent study of melanoma patient specimens indicated that nuclear ODAM-expression correlates with sentinel lymph node metastasis in over 70% of cases, indicative of higher stage melanoma at diagnosis and poor prognosis requiring more aggressive therapeutic intervention [2, 19]. These studies have left the role of ODAM in malignancy unclear since, in both breast cancer and melanoma, nuclear ODAM localization corresponds with advancing disease stage yet its influence on disease outcome seemingly differs.
With respect to cellular functions of ODAM, those indicated in ameloblasts are varied, and include an extracellular role at the cell-tooth interface in the junctional epithelium, roles in enamel maturation, and in the response to peridontal disruption [31, 32]. ODAM is secreted [13, 33] yet may also have a role in the cell nucleus regulating matrix metalloproteinase expression via direct chromatin binding . ODAM has thus been suggested to be a matricellular protein exhibiting functions at cellular junctions, in cell signaling, and in direct gene activation . Our previous studies indicated that ectopic ODAM expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells led to suppression of tumorigenic properties in vitro and in murine tumor models . When the A375 and C8161 human melanoma cell lines were transfected with a gene construct encoding ODAM, their cellular properties were affected in a fashion similar to our studies in MDA-MB-231 cells. Specifically, their growth rate, and migratory ability was decreased and this was associated with increased cell matrix adhesion and morphologic/cytoskeletal rearrangement.
The most significant finding in our studies is the marked suppression of AKT phosphorylation/activation upon ectopic ODAM expression in both melanoma and breast cancer cell lines (Figures 3 and 5). Further, this inhibition of AKT activation was associated with elevated expression levels of PTEN protein, a negative regulator of AKT activation with an essential tumor suppressive role in multiple tissues [35–38]. Dysregulated, active PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling promotes cell proliferation and survival, and is found in a wide range of tumor types, including melanoma . PTEN expression is frequently absent or decreased in melanoma and many other cancers [40–43], with loss occurring through mutation, deletion, epigenetic silencing, and loss of heterozygocity [44, 45]. The attendant activation of AKT, often in association with ß-catenin stabilization and MAPK activation, serves as a primary driver of growth and metastasis in these tumors .
Knockout mouse studies have demonstrated the tumor suppressive role of PTEN in multiple tissues, and indicate that PTEN function is gene-dosage dependent, as subtle changes in PTEN protein expression level yield significant functional consequences in terms of tumor growth and progression [46, 47]. In each of the melanoma cell lines the increase in PTEN subsequent to ODAM expression was sufficient that AKT activation was profoundly inhibited, and was recovered upon specific silencing of PTEN expression (Figure 4). Accordingly, cell growth and AKT activity were unaffected by ODAM in BT-549 cells that lack PTEN.
As to the mechanism(s) of increased PTEN expression our studies indicate that this corresponds with increased levels of PTEN mRNA in ODAM expressing cells, and likely an increase in de novo protein synthesis (Figure 3). Regulation of PTEN expression is, however, highly complex, mediated at transcription in part by p53 . Further, PTEN protein levels are regulated posttranslationally by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation elicited by the E3 ubiquitin ligase activities of NEDD4 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4–1), XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein), and others [49, 50]. PTEN stability and function are further regulated through phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 (CK2), RhoA-associated kinase (RAK), GSK3ß and others [51–53], as well as by direct protein interactions with P-REX2a  and a host of other proteins [45, 55]. Further studies addressing transcriptional regulation of the PTEN gene, PTEN protein stability, and function will be required to fully define the modes of PTEN regulation with respect to ODAM expression and effects on AKT activation.
In a parallel to our observations, overexpression of the matricellular protein SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) inhibits growth  and migration  of MDA-MB-231 cells, and yields elevated PTEN and growth suppression in neuroblastoma cells . SPARC is the ancestral gene of the SPARCL1 (SPARC-like 1 gene) which is, in turn, the putative progenitor of those in the secretory calcium phosphoprotein (SCPP) gene cluster on human chromosome 4 (at 4q 13.3) which includes ODAM, the α/ß and κ caseins, and FDC-SP (Follicular Dendritic Cell-Secretory Protein) [59, 60]. Matricellular proteins can modulate tumor cell proliferation positively, or negatively, through a variety of mechanisms . SPARC has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma, breast, pancreatic, lung and ovarian cancers, yet SPARC is associated with highly aggressive tumor phenotypes in melanomas and gliomas [62–64]. In notable similarity to ODAM action SPARC modulates cell-cell, and cell-matrix interactions, elicits cellular adhesive signaling, and exhibits differential nuclear localization dependent on cellular status [63, 65, 66].
In studies again similar to our observations, overexpression of the Profilin-1 actin-binding protein in MDA-MB-231 cells yields growth suppression and decreased tumorigenicity [67–69]. This is associated with inhibition of AKT activity dependent on elevated PTEN, and with altered cell motility, actin rearrangement, and increased formation of adherens junctions.
Our studies demonstrate that ectopic ODAM expression in melanoma cell lines suppresses growth and migratory activity in these cells, while eliciting elevated PTEN expression and suppression of AKT activity. These observations are in agreement with the inhibition of tumorigenicity we previously observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing ODAM . This serves, however, to highlight the seemingly contrary association of ODAM expression with more advanced malignancies [17, 19], and the need for clarification of the role(s) it may play in these tumors. This will hinge on further investigation into ODAM localization/functionality in the context of tumor cell variation. In this regard recent studies have shed light on the complex interactions between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras/RafMAPK, and/or Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathways governing tumor growth and metastasis in melanoma, colon cancer, breast cancer, and others [9, 70–72]. These interactions are proving determinative in terms of tumor behavior and are proposed to be predictive in terms of therapeutic responsiveness. Defining ODAM expression in relation to signaling pathways active across the range of tumor phenotypes will allow us to further clarify its role in tumorigenesis and delineate any relationship it may have to pathway-specific therapeutic intervention.
James S Foster, Lindsay M Fish contributed equally to this work.
We thank Mary JC Hendrix for providing us with the C8161 cell line. We thank Jennifer Morrell-Falvey and Carmen Foster at the Oak Ridge National Lab for their confocal microscopy efforts. We also thank Jonathan S Wall, Alan Stuckey, Stephen J Kennel, Craig Wooliver and Charles L. Murphy for their technical support. We also acknowledge the generous support of the Susan G Komen Foundation (D.P.K.) and the University of Tennessee Medical Center Physician's Medical Research Foundation (L.M.F.).
JSF participated in the study design, carried out cell assays, immunostaining, assays of signal transduction, and drafted the manuscript. LMF participated in study design, cell assays and immunostaining, and drafting of the manuscript. JEP carried out mRNA analysis, and participated in preparation of the manuscript. CTB participated in study conception and editing of the manuscript. JML and JLB participated in study conception and editing of the manuscript. AS participated in conception of the study, study design, and editing of the manuscript. DPK conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


A new structure on the rear portion of a Victorian terraced house in Dulwich providing a workroom and bathroom. There was no requirement for planning permission but instead the structure complied with Permitted Development guidelines - the key requirement being that that the cubic content of the resulting roof space did not exceed that of the original space by more than forty cubic metres.
The structure is built from a Douglas fir frame and sheathed in Douglas fir ply. All structure is exposed on the inside and clad on the exterior on anthracite colour zinc. Within the studio room vertical timber wall studs double as supports for a shelving and furniture system where shelves, cupboards and seating modules can be rearranged within the room. In the bathroom the structure similarly punctuates the wash hand basin, toilet and bath area.


Tuesday morning ( 1/ 22) is forecasted to be exceptionally cold. David Keirsey' s temperament theory extends the scheme laid down by Hippocrates Galen Kretschmer. These three words are at the heart of everything at Lee Chapel Primary School. The Diamond Age: coming- of- age story, focused on a young girl named Nell set in a future world in which nanotechnology affects all aspects of life.
The word ' cookies' in the context of Promethean' s websites refers to cookies flash cookies web beacons. Rockley' s Students Working on the Promethean Table Kougar Paw Winners. Inoltre potete scoprire SAPYENT e MAGICOABACO.
Devoted to integrating educational resources leveraging the power of advanced technologies, Elernity has the vision to build a global lifelong learning liver interactive , innovating teaching methods collaborative classes. Due to missed instructional time, two snow make- up days have been scheduled. The buses will run as usual but if you choose not to use bus transportation in the morning , bring your children to school after the weather has passed they will not be considered tardy to school. It' s a mutual relationship between species that can be beneficial fleas!
Promethean code. Aspire Believe Achieve. HS Students Using Robotic Arms to Simulate Drawings and Projects Mrs.
TRACKING TECHNOLOGIES. They have good products they are able to provide a global professional service which take in account technical aspects, security & so on". The 16 temperament depressive, anesthetic, personality types described in PTypes are classified in groups of four under Ernst Kretschmer' s hyperesthetic hypomanic temperaments. How do I get a vbscript to run another vbscript?
During the flipchart, there are pages for guided practice. Morgan Maxwell' s caring teachers create an environment where every child has the opportunity to succeed. Hospitality surveillance, medical . The Four Temperaments. Jung & the Briggs- Myers Typology) There are two kinds of people. The Speak Up Research Project for Digital Learning particularly concerning digital learning , gives education stakeholders the opportunity to share their viewpoints about key educational issues, facilitated by Project Tomorrow® the use of technology to support future ready schools. As the Superintendent services we provide to over 8500 students learning.
Psychological Types ( after C. Id imagine its only a few lines of code but not tried doing this before nothing is passed between the 2 one just needs to call/ run the other.
The Promethean whiteboard. ICT kids games PC, activities for your IWB Mac. The school offers rigorous core courses at every grade level as well as electives for children with all types of interests such as interscholastic sports, astronomy arts.
Shop TigerDirect for thousands of great deals on computer monitors. Best regards, Skip. Temperament Test.
Browse our selection of LCD and LED monitors in resolutions up to 4K. The novel deals with themes of education social class, ethnicity the nature of artificial intelligence. FareSapere vuole mettervi a disposizione materiale e ricerche per l' attività didattica, con particolare riferimento alle Tecnologie. So, by Year 7 our students need to start writing code.
Last week we saw the launch of several new curriculum areas on the Australian Curriculum website. Breezy, with a southwest wind 16 to 21 mph becoming west northwest 9 to 14 mph in the afternoon. Shop now for home theater receivers wireless media players, Blu- Ray players other video hardware.
They are all types of tracking technology. Shen announces the Kindergarten registration dates for theschool year.
Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site. What is a Promethean Board? Join the Halo community. " There must be the closest cooperation between parents and the teachers to whom they entrust their children to be educated. Students will also use the interactive board as they fill in the guided practice pages. Promethean code.
Promethean code. Mostly sunny, with a high near 40. Mission Statement The Winn Parish School System will ensure higher academic achievement for all students in a safe caring environment that promotes family community involvement in order to prepare students to be effective citizens in a global market. There are dog people Aristotle people , morning people , Leno people , Beatles people, cat people, New York people , night people, Elvis people , Coke people , LA people, Plato people, Pepsi people, Letterman people, people who put the cap on the toothpaste those who don' t. Celeste ISD Website Announcement.
Mission Statement. It is the mission of Celeste ISD to provide a website that will connect our school parents , community through cloud- based communication tools that will enhance parental involvement improve public relations. Assess and reward learning in real- time.
James Parish School System has been advised that severe weather will be passing through the district between 6 AM and 9 AM tomorrow. Testimonial # 10767 of 12815 ( View all the 12815 testimonials) " I m really satisfied about the service of Manualzone.
Teacher' s Discovery provides over 8 activity books & room decor for teaching Foreign Language, games, Social Studies English. Buy a Promethean Instructor Activpen 50 - 2 Pack other Interactive Whiteboard Accessories at a Promethean ActivPanel 86" 4K 86" LED display , other Touchscreen Displays at scratch my back I' ll show you a movie on Symbiosis!
Affordable & fun teaching aids for you! A Promethean ActivBoard is an interactive whiteboard used in classrooms for enhanced learning.
15 Key Stage 2 Science interactive teaching resources for Primary/ Elementary Schools, Ages 8- 11 years. Promethean code. By participating today you are ensuring your voice is heard not only by your school district but at the.
Winds could gust as high as 30 mph. The Halo Nation is a diverse creative community that shares their love for Halo through riveting fan fiction, crazy custom games, action- packed video compilations, detailed costumes, competitive multiplayer team- ups more! Extend the classroom with assignments class posts the Parent App.
We encourage children to aspire to be anything they want achieve their goals through hard work , believe wholeheartedly that they can do it perseverance. " The International Academy of Smyrna is a community partnership which provides an engaging rigorous, student- centered environment relevant curriculum that promote the.
Science games for kids PC , interactive science resources , activities for your IWB Mac. Welcome to Lee Chapel Primary School. Baird High School 3 rd Six Weeks A Honor Roll 9 th Grade: Jentrye Annagale Bellar Zachary Alton Crawford Cassidy Hope McLaughlin 10 th Grade: Carsann Claire Baker Konnor Blaine For.
Find all the video components you need to build the ultimate home theater at TigerDirect. The mission of the Orleans/ Niagara Board of Cooperative Educational Services is to be the premier provider of innovation effective solutions for the evolving needs of our component districts other learning collaboratives. 3 Key Stage 2 ICT interactive teaching resources for Primary/ Elementary Schools, ages 8- 11 years. " - Code of Canon Law: 796 § 2.
The student recognition ceremony has been rescheduled for Monday February 11 at 1: 30 PM in the ACHS Auditorium. Promethean code. ) ighten the Future with Education.
Eris Morn: Stealing from Rasputin. you are entering a world you do not understand. Cayde- 6: Don' t worry about her Guardian.
She' s still made about what you did to her ship.
We need cloaking tech to slip past the Taken and the Warmind bunker' s got the code we p 09, · I have a Promethean Board that is having pen problems for the second time in a year. Last year we had problems and Promethean sent a new set of electronics and the problem was solved for about 4 methean Height Adjustable Wall Mount with light foxing to the pages edges but otherwise in excellent condition, with unbroken spine from a smoke free home.
you are bidding on a promethean. View and Download Promethean PRM- 45 series owner' s manual online.
PRM- 45 series Projector pdf manual download. Also for: Prm- 45a series, Prm- 42 series.


text:
Submit Picture
Heath Ledger's 'Joker Diary' For The Dark Knight Is Incre...
Heath Ledger's 'Joker Diary' For The Dark Knight Is Incredibly Detailed
By : Alex Watt On : 10 Aug 2015 16:18
Getty/DC/Warner Bros
A German documentary about the life of Heath Ledger has given a fascinating insight into how he created his legendary and terrifying version of the Joker for 'The Dark Knight'.
And a clip from the movie gives a glimpse at the diary he kept while he created the character in a private hotel room, which is a haunting reminder of the late Ledger's incredible commitment to the role.
The scene from the film 'Too Young To Die', shows Heath's father Kim Ledger leafing through the diary and explaining how his son's method acting approach was typical of him.
He pretty well locked himself up in a hotel, in his apartment, for a month or so, to sort of galvanize the upcoming character in his own mind. That was typical of Heath on any movie. He would certainly immerse himself in the upcoming character. I think this was just a whole new level.
The flashes we get from the diary itself, meanwhile, give fans their best insight yet into what was going through the mind of Ledger during filming for the Dark Knight.
From the cover to its contents, the diary encapsulates the spirit of Ledger's Joker. The disarmingly childlike front cover, leads to pages packed with images of playing cards, scenes from Batman comics, photos of hyenas, and stills of Alex DeLearge in 'A Clockwork Orange'.
The word "CHAOS" can also be seen, written in capitals and highlighted in green, while the diary chillingly ends with the words "BYE BYE" scrawled over a page of text – a message which is difficult not to read more into given Ledger's tragic end.
Ledger died in January 2008 at the age of 28. The following year, he was awarded a posthumous Oscar for his role as the Joker, and the award can be seen in the background of the clip as his dad flicks through the diary.
Besides being an interesting behind-the-scenes look at Ledger's most beloved role, it's also a reminder that Jared Leto has some very big clown shoes to fill when he takes on the role of the infamous villain in Suicide Squad next year.
Alex Watt
Experienced Social Media and Digital Marketing Manager, with over eight years working in social media, paid social, website management, blogging and marketing.
Heath Ledger's Joker diary for The Dark Knight surfaces as part of documentary
Shocking Photo Shows Mutilated Elephant With Its Tusks And Trunk Cut Off By Poachers
Police Officer Faces Sack For Using Grieving Family's Cable TV To Order Porn
Drones With Flamethrowers Are Available To Buy Now
Senator Wants FBI To Investigate FaceApp Because It's Developed By Russians
Eddie Murphy In Talks With Netflix For New Stand-Up Special


This is the Air Swimmer Remote Control Inflatable Flying Shark Replacement Balloon Only.
Simply fill your Air Swimmers with helium inexpensively at any party store, florist shop, or grocery store that carries balloons. The body is made from a high quality, durable nylon material that will stay inflated for weeks! You can fill it again and again. This is for one cool RC Blimp Inflatable Flying Shark Replacement Balloon Only!


text:
DHS Progress Report: The Challenge of Reform
Royce Bernstein Murray
The month of March marks the seventh anniversary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and its immigration agencies. It also marks the end of a sweeping internal review ordered by Secretary Janet Napolitano, a review which as not been made public. In order to assess the first year of immigration policy under the Obama Administration, the Immigration Policy Center releases the following Special Report which compare DHS's actions with the recommendations (Transition Blueprint) made to the Obama Transition Team's immigration-policy group. How does DHS stack up? The following IPC report finds a department caught between the competing priorities of old broken policy and new reforms. While DHS has failed to meet key expectations in some areas, it has engaged thoughtfully and strategically in others, and has made some fundamental changes in how it conducts its immigration business.
Managing Director of Programs


The diameter of this axle is 12 mm and the true length of the axle shaft is 229 mm. Spacers included for a 217 mm fitment. Please note: Thru-axle lengths do not equal hub standards. An axle has to be longer than the hub to fit in the frame. A 15×100 hub does not equal a 100 mm long axle.
This being the 3. axle leaves no discussion on the quality of their products. I do find the customer service second to none. Immediate response even to the extend of looking into my personal products for me.
Just attached my trailer from Amazon to my fat bike last week. It worked perfectly. Was just a bit tight getting it on, but that's because of the trailer attachment. The info on the website to determine which one you need is excellent. Will definitely look them up for another bike.


Porokeratosis is an explicit keratosis disorder of keratinization. It is recognized through microscopic anatomy by the existence of a cornoid lamella, a slim line of narrowly piled, parakeratotic cells that extend through the stratum corneum with a slim or missing grainy layer. In the medical world, porokeratosis has many names such as senile warts, barnacles, papilloma of basal cell, seborrheic verruca, senile keratosis, and brown warts. Porokeratosis turns up as cornoid lamella in the clonal keratinization infection.
This keratinization disorder has been found in five variants. These subtypes include disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis, porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminate, punctate porokeratosis, classic porokeratosis of mibelli, and linear porokeratosis. The disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis disorder is rather widespread in the US, and the other types of porokeratosis disorders are uncommon. Individuals having fair skin are most susceptible to the porokeratosis. Porokeratosis is uncommon in people with dark skin.
Some types of this disorder like classic keratosis of mibelli and porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminate are mostly found in men. On the other hand, disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis occurs three times higher in men than women, while linear porokeratosis equally affects both men and women. Statistics show that linear porokeratosis and porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminate can affect people of any age during their life. Adults that are ages 30 to 40 years old are more vulnerable to disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Porokeratosis of mibelli starts to affect individuals from the early years of their life.
There are many causes of porokeratosis. It may occur due to constant exposure of skin to sunlight, ultraviolet rays, therapeutic phototherapy, immune suppression, genetic inheritance, and radiation therapy. Statistics show that this condition is also developed in a small number of patients with renal transplants. Individuals suffering from the porokeratosis are advised to stay away from unnecessary direct contact with sunlight. They are required to put on special garments that are made for protection against the sunlight.
There are many ways to carry out the treatment of porokeratosis. Treatment of this disorder is different from person to person. Doctors devise a treatment plan according to the preference of the patient, lesion size, and its anatomical position and growth risk. Porokeratosis-affected people need suitable protection from sunlight and normal application of emollients. Surgical care is another method to treat porokeratosis. The lesions that are grown are required to be surgically removed. Some other methods like diamond fraises dermabrasion, laser therapy, electrodessication, and cutterage and cryotherapy are useful to treat the porokeratosis.


text:
__BCONF_BEGIN__

class ConfSerializer : public IUnknown
{
public:
    virtual bool __stdcall Load(const StringT& filename) = 0;
    virtual void  __stdcall Save(const StringT& filename) = 0;
    virtual ~ConfSerializer() {}
};

__BCONF_END__

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


29 piece USA made Premium Drill Set.
The Super Sonic Series T-80 Is the Real Deal!
29 piece from 1/16" to 1/2" by 64th sizes. 135 Degree Split Point Tip.
T-80 Treated Premium USA Made Jobber Drills. Super heat treated and finished to a razor edge.
Tri-flat shanks so the drills never move in the drill chuck.
The best all around USA drill for just about everything you will ever need to drill.
the USA would have another Gold Metal!
a set for themselves. It's just that good, period.


Alka was found by the police on the railway tracks of Vizag. She was adopted from the Woman and Child Welfare Centre by a family, only to be returned when they realized she was hopelessly spastic. Icha adopted her when she was 9 months old. Though she is on regular musculoskeletal and neurological physiotherapy it has made little difference to her motor movements. She will need to be supported throughout her life. Icha provides nurturing care and compassion to make Alka's life as comfortable as possible. She may not develop the mental faculties to learn life skills.


text:
class MusicPlayer;
class SoundPlayer;
class ScreenStack;

class Screen : private sf::NonCopyable
{
    public:
        typedef std::unique_ptr<Screen> Ptr;

        struct Context
        {
            ConfigManager *config;
            sf::RenderWindow *window;
            sf::View gameView;
            sf::View guiView;
            ResourceHolder<sf::Font> *fontHolder;
            ResourceHolder<sf::Texture> *textureHolder;
            ResourceHolder<sf::Shader> *shaderHolder;
            SpriteSheetMapHolder *spriteSheetMapHolder;
            LevelHolder *levelHolder;
            MusicPlayer *music;
            SoundPlayer *sound;
            // The color changing baclground
            sf::RectangleShape *background;

            Context(ConfigManager *config,
                    sf::RenderWindow *window,
                    ResourceHolder<sf::Font> *fontHolder,
                    ResourceHolder<sf::Texture> *textureHolder,
                    ResourceHolder<sf::Shader> *shaderHolder,
                    SpriteSheetMapHolder *spriteSheetMapHolder,
                    LevelHolder *levelHolder,
                    MusicPlayer *music,
                    SoundPlayer *sound,
                    sf::RectangleShape *background);

            Context();
        };

    protected:

        Context &m_context;
        ScreenStack *m_screenStack;

        SceneNode m_sceneGraph;
        RenderManager m_renderManager;

        //QueueHelper<Input> *m_inputQueue;
        //QueueHelper<Command> m_commandQueue;

    public:
        Screen(ScreenStack *screenStack, Context &context);

        virtual ~Screen();

        virtual void buildScene();

        Context getContext();

        virtual void windowSizeChanged();
        // return false when no lower screen should handle the input
        virtual bool handleInput(Input &input, float dt);
        virtual bool handleEvent(sf::Event &event, float dt);
        //void controlWorldEntities();
        //void handleCommands(float dt);
        virtual bool update(float dt);

        virtual void render();

};

#endif // SCREEN_HPP


Where is the nearest bike shop?
We recommend Shenandoah Bicycle Company at 135 S. Main Street in Harrisonburg, VA. Call them at (540) 437-9000.
You can rent bikes through Shenandoah Bicycle Company. (See above for their contact info.) You are responsible for getting the bikes to and from their shop in Harrisonburg, VA.
Long Mountain General Store (at 5735 Blue Gray Trail, Franklin, WV 26807) is a convenience store 1.4 miles away. The nearest grocery store is Great Valu (700 N Main St, Franklin, WV 26807) in Franklin 5.4 miles away.
The Franklin County post office (63 Pine St, Franklin, WV 26807).
Yes. Please note that there is a one-dog limit. You are responsible for any damage done by your pet.
Treasure Mountain experiences four distinct seasons. Because our lodge is at 3,000 feet elevation, it's typically 10-15 degrees colder than in the Washington, D.C. area. You can expect higher accumulations of both rain and snow.
What do I need to know about hunting season?
Treasure Mountain is located on private land and no hunting is permitted onsite, but if you travel onto the nearby National Forests or onto other local private property, use caution, especially during deer season in the fall and early winter. Ask us for details and more advice if you are visiting during this time.
What kind of wildlife might I see?
Wild turkey, black bear and deer are the common. Don't leave food outside, keep it put away. Also, drive with caution – deer may run out at any time. The nearby community is called Deer Run for a reason!


text:
Cathedral Staff
Become a Parishioner
Scheduled Offering
One-time Contribution
St. James Cathedral Basilica
Parish Founded 1822
Designated Cathedral 1853
Elevated Minor Papal Basilica 1982
Phone Facebook Twitter Instagram
The Church, in and through her sacraments and ministries, accompanies Catholics at every stage of their lives. At the death of a Christian, the Church intercedes by offering prayers of praise, thanksgiving and petition, asking the Lord to receive our beloved dead into His eternal embrace.
A Mass of Christian burial should be offered for every Catholic. The loved ones of the deceased should also arrange for proper interment that is consistent with our Catholic faith.
A family seeking to have a funeral Mass at Saint James should contact the parish office either directly or through a funeral home to make the proper arrangements.
Catholic Cemeteries of Brooklyn and Queens: http://www.ccbklyn.org
Instruction regarding the burial of the deceased and the conservation of the ashes in the case of cremation: Ad resurgendum cum Christo (To Rise with Christ), 15 August 2016.
Why does the Church prefer burial of bodies to cremation?
"In memory of the death, burial and resurrection of the Lord, the mystery that illumines the Christian meaning of death, burial of bodies is the most fitting way to express faith and hope in the resurrection of the body…. By burying the bodies of the faithful, the Church confirms her faith in the resurrection of the body, and intends to show the great dignity of the human body as an integral part of the human person whose body forms part of their identity."
Does the Church prohibit cremation?
No. "The Church raises no doctrinal objections to this practice, since cremation of the deceased's body does not affect his or her soul, nor does it prevent God, in his omnipotence, from raising up the deceased body to new life."
Where should the deceased be buried?
"Following the most ancient Christian tradition, the Church recommends that the bodies of the deceased be buried in cemeteries or other sacred places….When, for legitimate motives, cremation has been chosen, the ashes of the faithful must be laid to rest in a sacred place, e.g. a cemetery."
Why is burying cremains more respectful to the faithful departed than scattering their ashes?
"From the earliest times, Christians have desired that the faithful departed become the objects of the Christian community's prayers and remembrance. Their tombs have become places of prayer, remembrance and reflection."
Why does the Church prohibit scattering of ashes?
In order that every appearance of pantheism, naturalism or nihilism be avoided, the church does not permit anyone to "scatter the ashes of the faithful departed in the air, on land, at sea or in some other way, nor may they be preserved in mementos, pieces of jewelry or other objects."
Does the Church permit keeping ashes of the departed at home?
No. "The conservation of the ashes of the departed in a domestic residence is not permitted."
Why is a sacred place more suitable than a home?
"It prevents the faithful departed from being forgotten [by subsequent generations]... or their remains from being shown a lack of respect..."
When a Catholic requests to be cremated and to have their ashes scattered, may they still have a Catholic funeral?
No. "When the deceased has requested cremation and the scattering of their ashes ... a Christian funeral must be denied to that person according to the norms of the law."
Note: The above information was summarized from the Vatican document Ad resurgendum cum Christo (To Rise with Christ), 15 August 2016.
The Cathedral Basilica of Saint James
250 Cathedral Place


This entry was posted in Latest Fashion Trends on March 9, 2016 by admin.
Pale high heels with zipper. Latest shoes fashion trends 2015….
Pale high heels with zipper. Latest shoes fashion trends 2015.
This entry was posted in Latest Fashion Trends on March 8, 2016 by admin.
This entry was posted in Latest Fashion Trends on March 7, 2016 by admin.


Kapow! 🔥 Top Clips of Sons of Anarchy (2008) - S01E06 Crime!
- Yeah! - Spank it!
Yeah, she wants me to spank her in bed-- it's sick.
Get the spanks. I love it. Yeah.
I had a good mind to spank her yesterday.
- I've never spanked the children. - Honey, please. Just tell her.
- Yeah. - I don't know her.
- Yeah. - Don't call her over.
Yeah. I don't blame her.


In a blow to Kolkata Knight Riders, one of their most consistent middle-order batsmen Nitish Rana skipped the practice session ahead of their crucial Indian Premier League (IPL) 2018 match against Chennai Super Kings at the Eden Gardens on May 2.
Rana, who has 188 runs from eight matches at 31.33, has two man-of-the-match awards to his name, was down with a lower back spasm. "He has lower back spasms. The medical team will take a call tomorrow morning," PTI quoted a team official today.
U-19 World Cup winning team batsman Shubman Gill, who batted at No 7, may get a promotion if Rana fails to make the cut, while the team think-tank may also consider Ishank Jaggi as his replacement.
Dinesh Karthik-led KKR are currently sitting at number four of the points table with four victories in eight matches they have played so far.
MS Dhoni-led CSK, on the other hand, are at the top of the points table with six wins in eight matches.
KKR don't have a good track record against CSK, losing 12 times out of 19 encounters.


text:
Osmolskina es un género extinto de reptil arcosauriforme que vivió durante el Triásico Inferior en lo que hoy es Polonia. La especie tipo, Osmolskina czatkowicensis, fue descrita por Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka y Susan Evans en 2003. El nombre del género es en homenaje de la difunta paleontóloga polaca Halszka Osmólska.

Osmolskina se parece bastante al bien conocido género Euparkeria. Las autoras del artículo de descripción de 2003 consideraron clasificar a Osmolskina dentro de la familia Euparkeriidae, notando el parecido del animal con Euparkeria, pero concluyeron que "la familia Euparkeriidae permanece como monotípica debido a que ningún otro género puede ser asignado con seguridad."

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Paleo Article (contiene el resumen del artículo sobre Osmolskina)(en inglés)

Archosauromorpha
Fósiles de Europa
Fósiles del Triásico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology. The number of fungi known and used by people around the world is notable. As reported by Boa (2004, cited by Turner et al., 2011), 'a conservative estimate shows that 1069 species of fungi are being used for food alone'. People also use fungi for medicine, handcraft, ritual practice, and other applications such as insecticides or soil fertilizers (Turner et al., 2011).
About 1000 species of macro-fungi are recorded in Georgia (Nakhutsrishvili, 2007). Among them is a great number of useful mushrooms, some of which are abundant.
The present web-resource is a result of a tree-years study conducted by a team of Georgian myco- and lichenologists in 2014-2017 within the framework of the project Ethnobiology of Georgia's Fungi and Lichens supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Georgia, and is based on extensive literature and field survey.
A large number of Georgian linguistic sources (see references under each species) were revised, which resulted in a rich collection of local names and folk descriptions of fungi. Field work carried out in various regions of Georgia: forested regions where diversity of mushrooms is higher compared to areas devoid of forest cover were the major focus of the field studies. After obtaining prior informed consent for interviews, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants in local villages. Information on uses learned by some respondents from modern literature was not considered during data processing.
Data on local uses (as food, medicine, tinder, oracle) of about a hundred species of mushrooms were collected. The total number of interviewees was about 800. The number of mushroom species used in montane forest zone of both West and East Georgia was the highest in Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kakheti (around 30 in each of these regions); it is noteworthy that in some cases a group of closely related species were collectively defined by the same local names, which is an example of difference between scientific and folk taxonomy of this group of organisms.
Lichens did not have wide use in Georgia and they were only recognized by craftswomen engaged in carpet-making in alpine regions of East Georgia (Khevsureti, Tusheti) (Jorjadze et al., 2016), where limited number of lichen species where used as dye sources; a single case of childhood uses of lichens as a source of paints was reported in an interview from alpine region of Adjara, the western Lesser Caucasus.
The revised literature contained more local names than interviews collected during the field surveys, e.g. remarkable was "a much higher number of local names in literature, in a number of cases accompanied by mushroom descriptions, than found in the current interviews" collected in Svaneti (Kupradze et al., 2015), the western Greater Caucasus; a number of local names mentioned in the investigated linguistic sources still remain unrelated any taxon yet.
In some cases uses were documented in the regions were the species herbarium records yet do not exist.
The present web-source is a synthesis of the data collected during the above ethnomycological studies and contains profiles of 88 species of mushrooms and 6 species of lichens. It provides local names in Georgian, its dialects, other Kartvelian languages (if applicable); description of the species morphology, habitat / substrate, distribution in Georgia (according to Nakhutsrishvili (1986) and unpublished records from the Cryptogam Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia) given by floristic regions of the country (Flora of Georgia, 1971-2011); traditional uses from literature and field surveys conducted by the authors. Quotations from original interviews on typical or the most remarkable uses are provided with citations of respective personal communications. Species profiles contain the species photo (A. Jorjadze is the author of the photos, if another author is not mentioned), distribution map showing the regions of Georgia where the species herbarium records exist, and a list of information sources.