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Guide to OSR
Workshop 1: Ensuring Representativeness in Open…
Workshop 2: Tech Development for Human Rights Investigations…
Webinar: Open Source Evidence and the Prosecution…
Mock Admissibility Hearing
McDermott, Koenig and Murray's article, 'Open Source Information's Blind Spots: Human and Machine Bias in International Criminal Investigations' was published in the Journal of International Criminal Justice in 2021. Here is the abstract:
Digital open source information has been heralded for its democratizing potential, insofar as it allows access to a much broader range of sources and voices than would normally be consulted through traditional methods of information gathering for international criminal investigations. It also helps to overcome some of the physical access barriers that are commonplace in international criminal investigations. At a time when the use of digital open source information is becoming more widespread, this article warns of the cognitive and technical biases that can impact upon two key stages of an investigation: finding relevant information and analysing that information. At the information-gathering stage, there are particular crimes, regions, and groups of people whose experiences are more likely to be overlooked or hidden in digital open source investigations. When it comes to analysing digital open source information, there is a danger that cognitive and technical biases may influence which information is deemed most relevant and useful to an international criminal investigation, and how that information is interpreted. This article proposes some steps that can be taken to mitigate these risks.
You can watch the authors discuss key findings here:
Koenig, together with Ulic Egan, recently published 'Power and Privilege: Investigating Sexual Violence with Digital Open Source Information' in the Journal of International Criminal Justice. Here is the abstract:
Digital open source information — including the videos and photographs that people post to social media and other publicly accessible platforms — is increasingly valued as a critical source of evidence. While investigators have repeatedly established the value of open source information for researching a range of crimes, there is a subset of crimes that investigators have struggled to address with digital open sources — namely, sexual violence. In this article, we report on findings pulled from our interviews with international investigators and gender experts with regards to the perceived strengths and weaknesses of integrating digital open source information into international criminal investigations of sexual violence. More specifically, we elaborate on three insights into how open source investigations may be refined to better respect and protect the interests of survivors: by considering contextual issues related to ethics, power, and privilege, including the identity of the investigator and of the victims; by integrating a gender analysis and an intersectional analysis into online investigation planning; and by being thoughtful about consent, privacy, trauma and control — including who determines what happens with open source information and how such information is used in courts. We conclude with a discussion of what is needed to strengthen the efficacy and ethics of sexual violence investigations through the use of digital open sources.
Dubberley, Koenig and Murray co-edited Digital Witness (Oxford University Press, 2020). Here is the description:
From videos of rights violations, to satellite images of environmental degradation, to eyewitness accounts disseminated on social media, human rights practitioners have access to more data today than ever before. To say that mobile technologies, social media, and increased connectivity are having a significant impact on human rights practice would be an understatement. Modern technology - and the enhanced access it provides to information about abuse - has the potential to revolutionise human rights reporting and documentation, as well as the pursuit of legal accountability.
However, these new methods for information gathering and dissemination have also created significant challenges for investigators and researchers. For example, videos and photographs depicting alleged human rights violations or war crimes are often captured on the mobile phones of victims or political sympathisers. The capture and dissemination of content often happens haphazardly, and for a variety of motivations, including raising awareness of the plight of those who have been most affected, or for advocacy purposes with the goal of mobilising international public opinion. For this content to be of use to investigators it must be discovered, verified, and authenticated. Discovery, verification, and authentication have, therefore, become critical skills for human rights organisations and human rights lawyers.
This book is the first to cover the history, ethics, methods, and best-practice associated with open source research. It is intended to equip the next generation of lawyers, journalists, sociologists, data scientists, other human rights activists, and researchers with the cutting-edge skills needed to work in an increasingly digitized, and information-saturated environment.
You can listen to the panel discussion at the book launch here.
Murray, Koenig, and McDermott, together with Emma Irving, are co-editing a Special Issue of the Journal of International Criminal Justice in 2021, on New Technologies and the Investigation of International Crimes. Here is the call for papers:
New technologies are fundamentally changing the way that international crimes are investigated and how accountability for such crimes is pursued. Digital technologies have made the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide visible in new and compelling ways, expanding the toolkit available to identify such crimes and hold perpetrators to account.
The guest co-editors, Emma Irving, Alexa Koenig, Yvonne McDermott, and Daragh Murray, together with the Journal of International Criminal Justice Editorial Board, invite paper submissions for a forthcoming symposium on new technologies and the investigation of international crimes, to be published in July 2021. The symposium will bring together theoretical, doctrinal, comparative and practical perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of new technologies for the investigation of international crimes.
Recent accountability efforts at both the international and domestic levels highlight the trend towards incorporating digital fact-finding methods into investigations. The work of the UN Fact Finding Mission for Myanmar, for example, underscored the role that satellite imagery can play in tracking the commission of alleged atrocities, and how social media content posted on Facebook and other platforms can be used to substantiate findings of command responsibility, genocidal intent, and more. The UN Commission of Inquiry on the Protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory likewise used open source materials, and videos in particular, to evidence the findings in its report. Other leading international bodies, such as the Independent, Impartial Investigative Mechanism for Syria also rely upon online open source materials, to assist in their investigations and to establish an evidence base.
Turning to the realm of criminal accountability, digital technologies play an increasingly important role in the prosecution of atrocities. Call data records, satellite imagery, social media content, and digital evidence platforms, among others, have featured in proceedings before international criminal courts and tribunals. The arrest warrants issued by the ICC for Mahmoud Al-Werfalli, for example, are notable for their reliance on social media videos to support the charge of murder as a war crime. Developments at the national level are equally interesting. Sweden, Finland, Germany, and The Netherlands are among the countries that have turned to digital evidence to help prosecute war crimes committed in Syria and Iraq under the principle of universal jurisdiction.
New technologies not only provide access to new sources of information, but also offer new ways to analyse and process information for investigative and accountability purposes. Machine learning is set to help investigators work with large data sets, including managing the huge volume of information now accessible online. The automation of some information processing could make working with large data sets increasingly feasible. New technologies also allow investigators and other factfinders to harness the power of the crowd, as shown, for example, by Amnesty International's Decoders project, which brings together thousands of digital volunteers from around the world to assist with particular investigations. In its work on Darfur, the project used this dispersed network of international volunteers to work through satellite images to identify remote villages in Darfur that were vulnerable to attack, and to establish the commission of crimes against humanity. Equally, organisations such as the Syrian Archive are creating mass digital archives, collating all available open source videos relating to the conflict in Syria, to create a historical record and facilitate accountability efforts.
Special Publication
As the use of digital technologies becomes an established part of atrocity investigation and accountability, it is necessary to consider the questions that this development poses for this field. This symposium intends to address this rapidly developing field as holistically as possible and is focused on understanding the impact that new technologies will have on legal investigation and accountability mechanisms more generally. A non-exhaustive list of fields of interest includes: international criminal proceedings; domestic prosecution of international crimes; the interplay between domestic and international investigators (e.g. the MH17 trial in the Netherlands) the work of international or regional accountability mechanisms, such as UN Commissions of Inquiry or the international mechanisms related to Syria or Myanmar; human rights-based proceedings at the national level, such as domestic Commissions of Inquiry or domestic human rights litigation; human rights-based proceedings at the regional level; or accountability pursued in line with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
We do not have any set definition of 'new technologies'. We understand this to be a broad, and continually developing term, which includes: open source investigative methodologies; the use of machine learning techniques; the application of facial recognition software; algorithmically-assisted network analysis; the use of virtual reality and interactive platforms to recreate crime scenes; large-scale digital archiving; and remote sensing.
Key questions or topics that could be examined include, but are not limited to:
Whether new technologies can assist in the investigation of atrocity crimes, and the risks inherent to such novel approaches;
New technologies and the epistemologies (and methodologies) of human rights fact-finding;
Whether investigators may perceive digital evidence as especially vulnerable to attack, and the impact of that perception on investigations and fact-finding;
Whether new technologies introduce new forms of bias into investigations or accountability, and how this risk might be resolved;
Whether new technologies may prioritise the investigation and documentation of particular crimes at the expense of others that may be less amenable to digital documentation;
Whether new technologies may facilitate broader accountability for atrocity crimes by, for example, helping to investigate and document potential corporate involvement;
Whether new technologies can democratise the publication and analysis of evidence on the basis, for example, of 'crowdsourced' investigation the risks and opportunities posed by crowdsourcing in this context;
Whether the move towards digital evidence, accompanied by a rise in deep fake technology, is challenging trust in digital evidence, and in turn findings based on that evidence;
Whether digital evidence is changing perceptions on the relative strength of traditional forms of evidence;
How digital evidence, particularly online open source materials, is being litigated and judicially evaluated in various domestic jurisdictions – from collection, to processing, analysis and presentation in the courtroom;
Whether atrocity investigations in the digital age require a new skill set for investigators;
How best to ensure the safety and security of sources, investigators, and data when dealing with digital content and conducting digital investigations.
Koenig, Murray and McDermott's post, 'Whose Stories Get Told, and by Whom? Representativeness in Open Source Human Rights Investigations' featured as part of an Opinio Juris symposium on Accountability in the Digital Age.
Murray, McDermott and Koenig's article, 'Mapping the Use of Open Source Research in UN Human Rights Investigations' was published in the Journal of Human Rights Practice in 2022. Here is the abstract:
Open source information, particularly digital open source information that is publicly available on the internet, plays an increasingly central role in the landscape of human rights investigations. This article provides a thorough analysis of how open source information is used in practice by UN human rights fact-finding missions, commissions of inquiry and other official human rights investigations. Combining data from semi-structured interviews carried out with investigators with specific experience in open source human rights investigations with a review of reports and other primary and secondary sources, it examines the utility of open source information to UN human rights investigative bodies. It posits that open source research can offer tremendous benefits in planning investigations, supplying lead evidence, and providing direct evidence of violations, thereby overcoming some of the access barriers that investigators face, and potentially giving voice to a wider range of perspectives. On the other hand, this article argues that open source investigations should be approached with a clear eye to their challenges and possible pitfalls. These include the gaps of open source information and the potential to silence already-marginalized communities through open source investigations, as well as the resource-intensive nature of these investigations, the danger that open source information can affect witnesses' perceptions, and the risks posed by online disinformation. As open source research is likely to comprise an important component of the human rights investigator's toolbox in the future, this article argues in favour of the institutional buy-in, resourcing, and methodological rigour that it deserves.
yvonne.mcdermottrees@swansea.ac.uk
HILlARY RODHAM CLINTON SCHOOL OF LAW,
SWANSEA UNIVERSITY, SINGLETON PARK,
SWANSEA. SA2 8PP
Funded & Supported By:
Selected images Copyright U.S. Mission Geneva / Eric Bridiers & Siobhan Grayson
© Copyright 2023 OSR4Rights, All Rights Reserved.


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Level 4: Seattle
Level 5: Going local in Seattle
Level 6: Your current page is An interview with Tom Norwalk, President and CEO of Visit Seattle
An interview with Tom Norwalk, President and CEO of Visit Seattle
From live music and literary haunts to award-wining restaurants and incredible natural wildlife, there's a lot to experience in and around Seattle. We caught up with Tom Norwalk, President and CEO of Visit Seattle, to find out where to go on our next trip.
Seattle is known for being rainy, outdoorsy, and obsessed with coffee. How do you think the city, as it is today, relates to those stereotypes? What might first-time visitors find surprising about the city?
"Seattle is all of those things and, as locals, we embrace them proudly. We actually wear flannel shirts, too. What I think first-time visitors will be surprised by is how close to nature Seattle is. In fact, Orca pods are sometimes spotted between Seattle and Bainbridge Island, which you can see easily if you were taking the 35-minute ferry ride from downtown Seattle. Having such a vibrant city in the midst of all this beauty is always awe-inspiring, even to those who live here."
In the 90s, Seattle's counter-culture was expressed through its grunge music and riot grrrl bands. What's the city's music scene like today, and where are some of the best places to catch a gig?
"Grunge and Seattle's broader alternative music scenes definitely defined an era of music and helped give rise to a multitude of new bands that went off and discovered their own Seattle sound. Seattle's music scene is diverse. Some of my favourite places to catch a show would be Tractor Tavern in Ballard, the Triple Door downtown, and The Paramount and Neptune, which are slightly larger and offer a more vintage setting. And the Crocodile Café, where early Grunge bands like Nirvana and Pearl Jam played some of their first sets, is still rockin'. A few new things to mention: listener-powered independent radio station KEXP frequently hosts concerts in its new Gathering Space at Seattle Center (and, since the 1980s, has been playing NW artists on their station every hour). Also, a brand new music festival is coming to Seattle May 11-13. Upstream Music Fest + Summit, founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, will bring more than 200 up-and-coming bands to Seattle, 75 percent of which will come from the Pacific Northwest."
Are there any upcoming restaurant, bar, or hotel openings that you're looking forward to in 2017?
"Nearly 100 new restaurants opened in 2016, so there is no shortage of new restaurants to explore. I'm excited to experience the new spots that will open when the MarketFront expansion at the Pike Place Market is complete in June 2017, including Jarr & Co. and Old Stove Brewing Co. Also, chef Edouardo Jordan, 2016 Food & Wine Best New Chef, is opening JuneBaby this spring that will celebrate the food of the South. In terms of hotels, we are getting our first SLS Hotel in July, a 189-room property that will have a lobby, restaurant and spa on the 15th floor overlooking Elliott Bay. In total, some 900 new hotel rooms will open this year."
Washington State is gaining increasing attention around the world for its growing wine scene. What should novices know about the viniculture here? Which grape varieties are grown, and what are some of the best visitor-friendly wineries to explore?
"It is a little-known fact (except for us Washington wine lovers) that wines from our state are some of the highest rated wines in the world. The wine industry is exploding here and rivals that of Northern California. Washington State currently has more than 900 wineries, 14 AVAs (or American Viticultural Areas) and produces more than 70 wine grape varieties - a ratio of about 49% white and 51% red. Our urban wine scene is also starting to take off. And just 30 minutes from Seattle – in Woodinville – there are over 130 wineries and tasting rooms to enjoy."
Seattle is one of the most literary cities in the US. Where are some of the best places to get a bookish experience of the city, from indie bookstores to literary readings and events?
"The Seattle Public Library in downtown Seattle was designed by award-winning Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and opened in May 2004, so in addition to providing a very bookish experience due to its size alone, it is also architecturally something to behold. In addition to a robust public library system throughout the city, there are many alluring independent bookstores throughout Seattle, including the notable Elliott Bay Book Company in the Capitol Hill neighbourhood; Phinney Books in the Phinney Ridge neighbourhood; Queen Anne Book Company in the Queen Anne neighbourhood; and Book Larder, a community cookbook store in Fremont. All of these bookstores offer literary readings and events. For more literary readings and lectures, non-profit Seattle Arts & Lectures has been inviting highly accomplished award-winning and up-and-coming authors to Seattle since 1987."
Which restaurants do you think define Seattle's diverse and eclectic culinary scene?
"There are so many incredible restaurants that reflect Seattle's diverse and eclectic food scene that it's difficult to call out specific restaurants by name. I would say, however, that there are several chefs/restaurateurs in the city who have helped put Seattle on the map as a dining destination: Tom Douglas, Renee Erickson, Ethan Stowell, and Matt Dillon, as well as, more recently, Josh Henderson, Jason Stratton, and Eduardo Jordan. I'd also add to that list Shiro Kashiba, who the Seattle Times calls the "sushi sensei" of Seattle. These are just a few of the notables who have helped shape and are continuing to shape Seattle's culinary scene."
We'd love your tips on the art walks and under-the-radar galleries that capture Seattle's creative personality.
"Seattle is lucky to have a booming art walk scene, with more than 17 distinct neighbourhoods hosting periodic artwalks. Stop by one of our Visit Seattle Visitor Information Centers and pick up a free Cultural Heritage Guide or the Artists' View of Seattle for self-guided art and heritage tours. Among organized tours, the oldest (and still the largest) is the Pioneer Square Art Walk, held monthly on First Thursdays. The neighbourhoods of Georgetown, Columbia City and Capitol Hill also host lively art walks.
For a huge collection of galleries and artist studios and an old school DIY-Seattle vibe, an open house event at Equinox Studios can't be beat. There are 125+ resident artists and artisans in four buildings including painters, jewellers, sculptors, metalsmiths, sound installation artists and more. Other artist collectives hosting periodic open houses include Inscape and the Sunny Arms Artist Cooperative.
Seattle has more than 180 art galleries. Some top picks for under the radar/Seattle spirit include Vermillion (Capitol Hill gallery + bar), Soil (nonprofit collective gallery), Mad Art, Method, Shift, Core, Bryan Ohno, Mariane Ibrahim and Gallery 4Culture. The Harris Harvey Gallery occupies a prime perch in the heart of Pike Place Market but remains a bit under the radar for causal passers-by, despite its excellent collection of Northwest artists. Established and well respected Seattle galleries include James Harris Gallery, Greg Kucera, Davidson, G Gibson, Foster/White, Linda Hodges, Woodside/Braseth, Abmeyer+ Wood, Stonington (native art) and Traver Gallery (glass art.)
And an often overlooked but fantastic resource is Seattle Art Museum's SAM Gallery, which curates rotating shows, but also rents and sells works by Northwest artists, both established and emerging.
Finally, a mention that our downtown Washington Convention Center has a remarkable permanent art collection and hosts rotating quarterly juried art exhibitions featuring a wide range of Northwest artists, from children's book illustrators to the Seattle Metals Guild."
Seattle houseboats
© iStock: MarkHatfield
Seattle fish market
© iStock: Esdelval
© iStock: kschulze
Line Kiln lighthouse
© iStock: LoweStock
Beyond the big National Parks of the Pacific Northwest, what other protected forests, nature preserves, or outdoor areas are worth taking a day trip from Seattle to see? Any lesser-known recommendations that are primarily frequented by locals?
"I love that from the top of the Space Needle – you can see three of our National Parks (Rainier, Olympic and North Cascades). I would highly recommend a visit to Mount Rainier, the Olympic Mountains, and Mount St. Helens if one has the time. They are each doable in a day – albeit a long day. The San Juan Islands are also stunning and worth a visit or overnight. Some of the lesser known islands primarily frequented by locals are Lopez Island and Lummi Island. One can also take a ferry to Vashon for a quick day trip. Lincoln Park in West Seattle and Discovery Park about 30 minutes north of Seattle in the Magnolia neighbourhood are local parks that offer miles of trails, stunning views of Elliott Bay and local wildlife, including bald eagles and harbour seals."
What are five essentials that every visitor to Seattle should remember to pack in their suitcase?
"It all depends on when you're traveling, but generally, I'd recommend packing a comfortable pair of walking shoes (Seattle is a great walking city), a hat, a rain jacket or windbreaker, an extra duffle bag for all the gifts you'll purchase, and a camera with a telephoto lens. And... sunglasses!"
Traffic on cityroad through modern buildings in Seattle © iStock: zhudifeng
Tom Norwalk © Visit Seattle
Washington State Wine © iStock: jumaydesigns
Things to do in Seattle in an hour
The Emerald City: A beginner's guide to Seattle
The best neighbourhood restaurants in Seattle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to week 10 of your 12 week home workout plan. The last 4 weeks of this program have been designed to be the hardest.
However, if you have been following my eating plan and this exercise plan you should have lost some body fat. Please keep up with your fortnightly pictures.
Start with your knees on the floor with your body leaning forward. You will need both hands on the table cloths. Slide forward tilting from your knees until your arms are fully extended and your body is low to the floor. Slide your body back without your bum being elevated in the air.
Stand on one leg and jump side to side. Try to travel 15 centimeters with each jump you perform. Move your arms up and down with each jump.
Start with your hands on the floor with your feet shoulder width apart. Place your feet on the chair. Remember that the closer your arms are to your feet the harder the exercise will be. Lower your head towards the floor by bending your elbows, and then start to straighten your arms so that you revert to the start position. Perform as many repetitions as you can.
You will do the same wind up and knee bend as you did in the standing long jump, but your hands will swing side ward instead of backwards. Jump as far as you can horizontally and then jump back to where you first started. Keep repeating this.
Only your hands and feet will be on the floor. Have your feet hip width apart and your hands shoulder width apart. Bend your arms and bring your chest to the floor. Once your chest has touched the floor you want to straighten your arms out until you are back to the start position.
All five exercises must be completed in the order shown in the table below. You only rest when you have completed all 5 exercise. You will find the correct rest period, repetitions and the amount of sets to complete for your ability in the table below.
Raise your chest from the floor with your arms extended above your head. You will also raise bot your legs at the same time.
Raise your trunk upwards and pull your knees up at the same time. Your body and your legs should naturally come to a stop at the same time once you have reached the limits of your flexibility.
Start in the side plank position and move your hips towards the floor as low as you can and then upwards as high as you can. Do not rotate or bend your body forward.
Hold the plank position and drive your knees up the side of your body towards the arm pits. Return your legs to the start position and do the same with your opposite leg.
Perform the plank but with your hands on the floor. Walk your feet in towards your hands taking small steps. Once you have walked your feet in as much as you can jump your feet back to the start position.


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\section{introduction}
Quantum mechanics(QM) is a statistical theory and the occurrence of a definite outcome in an individual measurement of a dynamical variable cannot be ensured within the formalism. The realist hidden variable models of QM aim to provide the complete state of a quantum system by including hidden variables along with the quantum wave function. In such hypothetical models, the individual outcomes of a dynamical variable are desired to be predetermined by the suitable values of the hidden variables(say, $\lambda$s). In his path-breaking work, Bell \cite{bell64} first showed that in order to reproduce all QM statistics by a realist model, a constraint needs to be imposed at the level of individual measured value - a concept, widely known as nonlocality. Another similar constraint on the hidden variable model known as contextuality, was first put forward independently by  Bell \cite{bell} and by Kochen and Specker \cite{kochen} who demonstrated an inconsistency between the predictions of the QM and the relevant noncontextual hidden variable model.

Lat us first encapsulate the essence of noncontextuality assumption in QM and in a realist hidden variable model. Let an observable $\widehat{A}$ be commuting with $\widehat{B}$ and $\widehat{C}$, while $\widehat{B}$ and $\widehat{C}$ being non-commuting. Given a wave function, QM ensures that the measured statistics of $\widehat{A}$ is independent of, whether the measurement is performed together with  $\widehat{B}$ or $\widehat{C}$. This feature is considered as noncontextuality at the level of QM statistical results. The assumption of `noncontextuality' in any realist model assumes that the predetermined individual outcome of any relevant observable, for a given $\lambda$, is the \emph{same}, whatever be the compatible way that observable is measured. In a non-contextual model, let $v(A)$ be the individual measured values  of $\widehat{A}$, as specified by a $\lambda$,  and let $v(B)$ and $v(C)$ be the individual measured values of the observables $\widehat{B}$ and $\widehat{C}$ respectively, that are also predetermined by the same $\lambda$.  Now, if the individual measured value of the observable is assumed to follow the same context-independence as QM, the crucial question in this regard is, as to what extent the assumption of noncontextuality is compatible with the statistical prediction of QM. It is shown \cite{bell,kochen} that, if the dimension of the Hilbert space is greater than two, the assignment of values by noncontextual realist models is inconsistent with the QM for all possible set of experiments, thereby requiring the hidden variable models to be contextual to reproduce all the predictions of QM.

Various forms of demonstrations of contextuality have been given by providing a variety of elegant proofs, (see, for example, \cite{ker,cabello18, mermin, peres, cabellosi, ph,  panpm, Kly, yu}) and a flurry of experiments have  been reported \cite{hasegawa1, hasegawa3, nature,liu,ams,zei}. The original proof by Kochen and Specker was demonstrated by using 117 different rays for three-level system, and later simpler versions have been put forward \cite{ker,cabello18,yu} by reducing the number of rays. By using general observables,  Peres \cite{peres} demonstrated an inconsistency between QM and the non-contextual realist models for an entangled state for a pair of two qubits which was later extended to the state-dependent one by  Mermin \cite{mermin}. Using a three-level system, an elegant proof is provided by Klyachko \emph{et al.} \cite{Kly} using only five observables, which has experimentally been tested \cite{zei}. A curious form of contextuality within the formalism of QM has also been demonstrated \cite{ph} without using any realist model.

Note that, the usual proofs of contextuality are demonstrated by first assuming the non-contextual value assignments by a realist model for a set of compatible observables that are being co-performed and then by showing the contradiction of such value assignments with QM. In other words, such proofs can be regarded as the violation of noncontextual realist model by QM. Recently, for a two-qubit system an interesting non-classical character of QM has been demonstrated by Sala Mayato and Muga \cite{rafasala}. Specifically, the authors have shown that  within the formalism of QM, it is possible to discriminate the different routes that are adopted for measuring a given observable by analysing the reduced density matrices after the measurements.

In this paper, we provide a simpler proof of such effect than that is given in Ref.\cite{rafasala}. Our argument is based on using a single observable in a qutrit system instead of tensor product observable in four-level system used in Ref.\cite{rafasala}. One may argue that, since different experimental contexts are employed for measuring a given observable that produce two distinct reduced density matrices, such a non-classical effect may be considered as a kind of contextual character inherent in the formalism of QM . Note that, such a form of contextuality is without recourse to any realist hidden variable model. In this demonstration, the degeneracy of the eigenvalues plays an important role and for this, von Neuman projection rule needs to be replaced by L$\ddot{u}$der projection rule.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we provide a simpler proof of contextuality by discriminating the routes of measuring a given observable for a three-level system. In Section III, we provide a brief sketch about the possible experimental realization of our scheme by explicitly using the probe state. We conclude and discuss our results in Section IV.

\section{'Quantum contextuality' for a single qutrit}
Before presenting our simpler scheme, let us recapitulate the essence of the argument given in Ref.\cite{rafasala}. The use of L$\ddot{u}$der projection rule instead of von Neumann rule is crucial because the eigenvalues of the different observables are degenerate.

Let an observable $\hat{M}$ has discrete eigenvalues $m_1, m_2, m_3,...$ having degeneracies $g_1, g_2, g_3,..$ respectively, consider  $P_{n}^{i}$ is the projection operator associated with each eigenvector and $\rho$ is the initial density matrix of the system. In such a scenario, the von Neumann projection rule prescribes the  reduced density matrix to be
\begin{equation}
\label{von1}
\rho^{\prime}=\sum_{n,i} P_{n}^{i} \rho P_{n}^{i}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
P_{n}^{i}=|\chi_{n}^{i}\rangle\langle\chi_{n}^{i}|.
\end{equation}
However, using the L$\ddot{u}$ders projection rule the reduced density matrix can be obtained as
\begin{equation}
\label{lud1}
\rho^{\prime}=\sum_{n} P_{n} \rho P_{n}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{align}
\label{lud2}
	P_{n}=\sum_{i=1}^{g_{n}}|\chi_{n}^{i}\rangle\langle\chi_{n}^{i}|
\end{align}
Thus, for an observable with degenerate eigenvalues, the L$\ddot{u}$ders rule provides the reduced density matrix to be partially mixed but the von Neumann rule produces a maximally mixed state. For example, for the measurement of $\hat{I}_{d}$ where degeneracy is $d$, the von Neumann rule provides the reduced density matrix $I_{d}/d$ but according to L$\ddot{u}$der rule the state will remain unchanged, as expected. In contrast to the von Neumann projection rule, the L$\ddot{u}$ders rule does not reduce the state to an eigenstate, it can then be considered a kind of incomplete measurement. The conceptual difference between L$\ddot{u}$der and von Neumann projection rule is discussed in Ref.\cite{heg}.

In Ref.\cite{rafasala}, the authors have considered three observables that were used in Peres-Mermin proof \cite{mermin} of contextuality. Those observables are $\hat{M}_{1}= \hat{\sigma_{x}}\otimes I$, $\hat{M}_{2}= I\otimes\hat{\sigma_{y}}$ and $\hat{M}_{3}=\hat{\sigma_{x}}\otimes\hat{\sigma_{y}}$ where $\hat{M_3}= \hat{M_1}\hat{M_2}$. Since $\hat{M}_{1}$ , $\hat{M}_{2}$ and $\hat{M}_{3}$ are mutually commuting, they have common eigenstates. Now, one can perform the measurement of the observable $\hat{M}_{3}$ by using two different routes; first by directly measuring $\hat{M}_{3}$ and second, by measuring $\hat{M}_{1}$ and then by successively measuring $\hat{M}_{2}$. It has been shown in Ref.\cite{rafasala} that the reduced density matrix obtained  for these two different routes of measurements are \emph{not} the same and thus constitutes a proof of contextuality.

In this paper, we provide a simpler proof that also uses three commuting observables but in a three-level system instead of four-level system used in  Ref.\cite{rafasala}. In order to demonstrate it, we choose two observables $\hat A$ and $\hat B$ and another observable $\hat{C}$, so that, $\hat{C}= \hat{A}\hat{B}$ is satisfied. The spectral decompositions of the observables $\hat A$, $\hat B$ and $\hat{C}$ are as follows;
\begin{equation}
A= |\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|
\end{equation}
whose eigenvalues are $1$, $1$ and $0$ with the corresponding eigenvectors $ |\phi_1\rangle = (1,0,0)^T, |\phi_2\rangle = (0,1,0)^T, |\phi_3\rangle = (0,0,1)^T$ respectively.
\begin{equation}
B= |\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|
\end{equation}
whose eigenvalues are $0$, $1$ and $1$ and corresponding eigenvectors are $ |\phi_1\rangle , |\phi_2\rangle$ and $ |\phi_3\rangle $ respectively.
\begin{equation}
C= |\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|
\end{equation}
whose eigenvalues are $0$, $1$ and $0$ and corresponding eigenvectors are $ |\phi_1\rangle , |\phi_2\rangle$ and $ |\phi_3\rangle $ respectively.

Let the initial state of the three-level system is considered to be
\begin{equation}
\label{inisys}
|\eta\rangle = \alpha|{\phi_1}\rangle + \beta|{\phi_2}\rangle +\gamma|{\phi_3}\rangle
\end{equation}
where $\alpha, \beta, \gamma $ in general complex satisfying $|\alpha|^2+|\beta|^2+|\gamma|^2=1$.

If the observable $\hat{C}$ is directly measured, the reduce density matrix $\rho_C$ can be obtained by using L$\ddot{u}$der rule given by Eq.(\ref{lud1}), is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{rhoc}
\rho_{C}&=& (|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|)\rho(|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|)+(|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|)\rho|(\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|)
\nonumber
\\
&=&|\alpha|^{2}|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\beta|^{2}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2| + |\gamma|^{2}|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|+\alpha^{*}\gamma|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_3|+\gamma^{*}\alpha|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_1|
\end{eqnarray}

Now, if the observable $\hat{A}$ is measured first and one employs the L$\ddot{u}$der projection rule before measuring the observable $\hat{B}$, the reduce density matrix can be obtained as
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_{A}&=& (|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|)\rho(|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|)+(|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|)\rho|(\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|) \nonumber
\\
&=&  |\alpha|^{2}|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\beta|^{2}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\gamma|^{2}|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|+\alpha \beta^{\ast} |\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_2|+\beta\alpha^{\ast}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_1|
\end{eqnarray}
Using $\rho_A$ as initial state, if the observable $\hat B$ is measured the reduce state $\rho_{AB}$ can be obtained by again using L$\ddot{u}$der projection rule is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\rho_{AB}&=& (|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|)\rho_{A}(|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|)+(|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|)\rho_{A}|(\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|)
\nonumber
\\
&=&|\alpha|^{2}|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\beta|^{2}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\gamma|^{2}|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|
\end{eqnarray}
Similarly, if another route is taken by first measuring the observable $\hat{B}$ followed by $\hat{A}$, the reduce density matrix  $\rho_{BA}$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\rho_{BA}= |\alpha|^{2}|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\beta|^{2}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\gamma|^{2}|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|
\end{equation}

Since $\rho_{BA}\neq \rho_{C}$ and $\rho_{AB}\neq \rho_{C}$, it is in principle possible to distinguish the routes of the measurements of the  observable $\widehat{C}$.

We thus provided a proof of quantum contextuality for three-level system in terms of discriminating the routes of measuring a given observable. Note that, this demonstration provides a true form of quantum contextuality without reference to any realist hidden variable model. The proof presented here is much simpler than the earlier one \cite{rafasala} which uses entangled state and tensor product observables in a two-qubit system.

Note here that, by using von Neumann projection rule given by Eq. (\ref{von1}), one obtains, $\rho_{C} = \rho_{AB} = \rho_{BA} = |\alpha|^{2}|\phi_1\rangle\langle\phi_1|+|\beta|^{2}|\phi_2\rangle\langle\phi_2|+|\gamma|^{2}|\phi_3\rangle\langle\phi_3|$ and dose not constitute any proof of contextuality.

We would also like to point out that the degeneracy of the eigenvalues plays a crucial role in our proof. If the observables $\hat{C}$, $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$ all are non-degenerate no such proof of contextuality can be shown. To give an example, we consider three mutually commuting observable  $\widehat{D}_1$, $\widehat{D}_2$,and $\widehat{D}_3$, such that, all have non-degenerate eigenvalues and $\widehat{D}_3 = \widehat{D}_1.\widehat{D}_2$ are as follows;
\begin{equation}
\widehat{D}_1 = (1+\sqrt{3})|d_1\rangle\langle d_1|+(1-\sqrt{3})|d_2\rangle\langle d_2|
\end{equation}
whose eigenvalues are $(1+\sqrt{3})$,$(1-\sqrt{3})$ and $0$ and corresponding unnormalized eigenvectors are $|d_1\rangle = (1, -1+\sqrt{3}, 1)^T$,
$|d_2\rangle = (1, -1-\sqrt{3}, 1)^T$ and $ |d_3\rangle = (-1,0,1)^T$.
 \begin{equation}
\widehat{D}_2 = \sqrt{3}|d_1\rangle\langle d_1|-\sqrt{3}|d_2\rangle\langle d_2|+|d_3 \rangle\langle d_3|
\end{equation}
whose eigenvalues  are $ -\sqrt{3} $,$ \sqrt{3} $ and $1$ and the corresponding unnormalised eigenvectors are $|d_2\rangle$, $|d_1\rangle$ and $ |d_3\rangle$. The eigenvalues of  $\widehat{D}_3$ are $3+\sqrt{3}$, $3-\sqrt3$, $0$ and corresponding eigenvectors are $|d_1\rangle$, $|d_2 \rangle$ and $|d_3 \rangle$.

If one takes an initial state of the form given by
\begin{equation}
|\gamma^{\prime}\rangle= a_1|d_1\rangle + a_2|d_2\rangle + a_3|d_3\rangle
\end{equation}
where $a_1$, $a_2$ and $a_3$ are in general complex. Now following the prescription used before, we can calculate the reduced density matrices $ \rho_{D_{1}D_{2}}$, $ \rho_{D_{2}D_{1}}$ and $ \rho_{D_{3}}$ and show that
\begin{eqnarray}
 \rho_{D_{1}D_{2}} &=& \rho_{D_{2}D_{1}}= \rho_{D_{3}}
\nonumber
\\
&=& |a_1|^2|d_1 \rangle\langle d_1|+ |a_2|^2|d_2 \rangle\langle d_2|+ |a_3|^2|d_3\rangle\langle d_3|
\end{eqnarray}
 which implies that the degeneracy plays the crucial role for showing the contextuality in the earlier case.

Note that, the above calculation is done by considering the system state only. In the next section, by introducing the relevant probe states we provide a brief sketch to show that how the non-classical effect we have demonstrated can experimentally realized.
\section{Possible experimental realization of the non-classical effect}
In any measurement scenario the probe state plays the important role, because by looking at the probe pointer position the value of the system is inferred. We provide a measurement model by explicitly using the probe state. In an ideal quantum measurement scenario, after the measurement interaction, the system and probe states become entangled, so that, a perfect one-to-one correspondence between system and probe states is established. But, the measurement may not be completed without mentioning how the observable probabilities can be obtained from such an entangled state, thereby requiring the final step (non-unitary) of quantum measurement - a notion, widely known as collapse of the wave function. For a measured system observable having  degenerate eigenvalues the final step is  to use L$\ddot{u}$der projection rule, otherwise the von Neumann rule is sufficient. Note that inclusion of probe state should retain the same non-classical effect demonstrated above.

Let us again consider the initial system state is given by Eq.(\ref{inisys}) and assume the initial probe state is $|\psi\rangle$, so that, the total state is $|\Psi\rangle=|\psi\rangle|\eta\rangle$. The system-probe entangled state after a suitable measurement interaction for measuring $\hat A$ is given by
\begin{equation}
|\Psi_{A}\rangle = \alpha|\psi_1\rangle|\phi_1\rangle+\beta|\psi_1\rangle|\phi_2\rangle+\gamma|\psi_0\rangle|\phi_3\rangle
\label{psia}
\end{equation}
where $|\psi_{0}\rangle$ and $|\psi_{1}\rangle$ are the post-interaction probe states corresponding to the eigenvalues $1$ and $0$ respectively. For ideal measurement situation $\langle\psi_{1}|\psi_{0}\rangle=0$ needs to be satisfied. The entangled state given by Eq.(\ref{psia}) is then subject to measurement of the observable $\hat{B}$. After this measurement interaction, a different system-apparatus entangled state is obtained is given by
\begin{equation}
|\Psi_{AB}\rangle = \alpha|\psi_{10}\rangle|\phi_1\rangle+\beta|\psi_{11}\rangle|\phi_2\rangle+\gamma|\psi_{01}\rangle|\phi_3\rangle
\label{psiab}
\end{equation}
where $|\psi_{10}\rangle$ is the post-interaction probe state corresponding to the $0$ eigenvalue of the observable $\hat{B}$. Again, for an ideal measurement, $\langle\psi_{10}|\psi_{11}\rangle=0$ and $\langle\psi_{10}|\psi_{01}\rangle =0$.

Next, the order of measurement is swapped by first considering the interaction for measuring $\hat{B}$ followed by $\hat{A}$. The system-probe entangled state after the measurement of $\hat{B}$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
|\Psi_{B}\rangle = \alpha|\psi_0\rangle|\phi_1\rangle+\beta|\psi_1\rangle|\phi_2\rangle+\gamma|\psi_1\rangle|\phi_3\rangle
\label{psib}
\end{equation}
Now measuring $\hat{A}$ using $|\Psi_{B}\rangle$ as initial state, one obtains
\begin{equation}
|\Psi_{BA}\rangle = \alpha|\psi_{01}\rangle|\phi_1\rangle+\beta|\psi_{11}\rangle|\phi_2\rangle+\gamma|\psi_{10}\rangle|\phi_3\rangle
\label{psiba}
\end{equation}
If the observable $\hat{C}$ is directly measured, the system-apparatus entangled state is given by
\begin{equation}
|\Psi_{C}\rangle = \alpha|\psi_0\rangle|\phi_1\rangle+\beta|\psi_1\rangle|\phi_2\rangle+\gamma|\psi_0\rangle|\phi_3\rangle
\label{psic}
\end{equation}

Now, the observable probe signals can be obtained by suitably using the L$\ddot{u}$ders projection rule in the Eqs.(\ref{psiab}), (\ref{psiba}) and (\ref{psic}) corresponding to the three routes of the measurements.

One may also check that inclusion of probe state does not effect the contextuality argument presented in the above section. For this, by taking the partial trace over the probe state, the reduced density matrix $\rho^{\prime}_{AB}= Tr_{p}[|\Psi_{AB}\rangle\langle\Psi_{AB}|]$ of the system for the first route is equal to $\rho_{AB}$. Similarly, it can be shown that $\rho_{C}^{\prime}= Tr_{p}[|\Psi_{C}\rangle\langle\Psi_{C}|]=\rho_{C}$.
\section{summary and conclusions}
John Bell \cite{bell} had remarked that ``The result of an observation may reasonably depend not only on the state of the system .... but also on the complete disposition of the apparatus". Along the same vain, we provided a curious form of nonclassical effect by showing that the results of the measurement of a particular observable may reasonably depend not only on the state but also on the contexts in which the observable is being measured.  Specifically, we have shown that the reduced density matrices that are produced by employing the different routes for measuring a given observable can be empirically distinguished. Such a nonclassical effect can then be considered as a contextuality within the formalism of QM. This form of contextuality was first demonstrated in Ref.\cite{rafasala} for  a four-level system. In this paper, we demonstrated a simpler proof for a qutrit system which is also within the formalism of QM without recourse to any realist hidden variable model. Note that, any proof of quantum violation of noncontextual realist model requires at least four observables. Here, we use a single observable but employed two different routes to measure it. As regards the relation to our proof of contextuality with the existing usual proof in terms of the violation of non-contextual realist model, it is trivial that any realist hidden variable model which reproduces the effect of non-classicality demonstrated here should be contextual.
\section*{Acknowledgments}
AKP thanks Prof. R. Sala Mayato for helpful discussions. AKP acknowledges the support from Ramanujan Fellowship research grant. KM gratefully acknowledges the summer student fellowship from TEQIP grant and the local hospitality from NIT Patna.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Signe Margaret Stuart (née Nelson) (born 1937) is an American artist best known for her abstract paintings and works on paper that are informed by Minimalism, quantum physics and the study of consciousness.

Early life and education

Signe Stuart is a first generation Swedish American, her parents, Anna L. and Carl E. Nelson from Varmland and Halland provinces in Sweden.

She spent her early life in rural Flanders, Connecticut. She was valedictorian at New London High School in 1955. She continued her studies and graduated with a B.A. degree summa cum laude, University Scholar, and Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Connecticut, 1959; Yale Norfolk Summer Arts School, 1959; M.A., painting and art history, University of New Mexico, 1961.

Early mentors included artists: Yngve Edward Soderberg, Cynthia Reeves Snow, Walter Meigs, Bernard Chaet and Lez Haas.

Career
Stuart's work with sewn and acrylic stained canvasses began in the early 1960s, constructed works on paper in the 1980s, and scroll paintings in 2000. While focusing on these three bodies of work she expanded concepts and expressive forms in explorations of recycled glass, found and fabricated vacuuforms and collaged Tyvek. The latter resulted in large temporary walk-through installations - InSilence 1 and 2.

In 1971, she joined the visual arts faculty at South Dakota State University, (Brookings, SD) where she taught until her retirement in 1994 as professor emerita.  She was a visiting artist at Williams College, MA, Kansas State University, Moorhead State University, MN, Connecticut College, West Texas State University, Ucross Foundation Residency, WY, and Cowles Visiting Artist at Grinnell College, IA.  In 1994, she moved to Santa Fe, NM.

James Yood said of Stuart's South Dakota years: "The space of nature began to loom larger and larger in Stuart's work as her time in South Dakota advanced, and it is not too much to see in her work of the 1980s some of the expanse of the Great Plains, the grand sweep of a panoply of nature."
In addition to nature, Stuart found inspiration in other art forms, particularly Japanese art. "Many of her paper-based works use traditional Chinese and Japanese materials, such as mulberry and unryu paper and sumi ink. … The prominence of negative space in Stuart's art … also echoes Asian aesthetics' allusion to the void, the emptiness which contains all and carries as much meaning as painted or constructed surfaces."

From 1989 to 2014, Stuart created several room size installations incorporating sound, light, and sensors, utilizing industrial materials of Styrofoam, Tyvek, and vacuuforms.  These environments focused on diverse connective systems and cultural interventions in nature.

Onomatopoeia, one of Stuart's 60-foot-wide abstract narrative scroll paintings was the subject of a chamber music composition by composer, Jonathan Chenette (Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY). Onomatopoeia premiered with a performance at the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History in 2010 in conjunction with the exhibition Crossing Boundaries: Synesthesia in American Art.

During her career, Stuart has been the recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts Painting Fellowship (1976), two National Endowment for the Arts mural commissions (1977 and 1985), a South Dakota Arts Council Artist Fellowship (1986) and a New Mexico Experimental Glass Workshop Fellowship (2012). Art critics and gallery directors place Stuart's work in a broad context beyond the geographic residency of her career.
"She emphasizes continuity, endlessness, surge, and strives for a broader concept of form through a-compositional devices and a tough, sometimes subliminal, and always subsidiary use of color," Jan van der Marck observed in artscanada.

Laurel Reuter, Director, North Dakota Museum of Art, felt Stuart became known "for her superb instinct for color, for her predilection for sparseness, and for her painted constructions of canvas and paper, both large and small. … Hers is a work of connections. It also suggests that here is an artist whose most recent painting is underpinned by everything she ever knew."

Donald Doe, curator, patient process 2001 exhibition at Grinnell College Museum writes, "For Stuart, who reads on topics ranging from the process of evolution to sub-atomic motion, her real enterprise seems a process of exploration that is not easily made verbal, a way, she says, of offering a "meta language that uncovers the nature of materials."

Jan Adlmann placed the artist in distinguished company. "Stuart's resolutely non-objective, mesmerizing paintings on stitched canvas have long been admired in Santa Fe. Her work and, before that, the work of [Georgia] O'Keeffe, Agnes Martin, and Florence Pierce ... have raised the bar of serious art in this city ..."

Works

Main exhibitions and artworks
Over 100 juried and invitational art exhibitions, mainly in the middle west and southwest regions of the United States.  Solo museum exhibitions include: Sheldon Art Museum, Lincoln, NE; North Dakota Museum of Art, Grand Forks, ND; Plains Museum, Fargo, ND; American Swedish Institute, Minneapolis, MN; South Dakota Art Museum  (retrospective exhibition 1995), Brookings, SD; Sioux Falls Civic Fine Arts Center, SD; Montgomery Museum of Art, AL; and the Roswell Museum and Art Center, Roswell, NM. Solo gallery shows include: Jan Cicero, Chicago; Peter M. David, Minneapolis, MN; Anderson/O'Brien, Omaha, NE; and William Siegal, Santa Fe, NM.

Public collections
 Aberdeen Convention Center, SD. Commission
 American Swedish Institute, Minneapolis, MN
 Benton Museum of Art, Storrs, CT
 Blanden Art Museum, Fort Dodge, IA
 Boise Art Museum, ID
 Cedar Rapids Public Library, IA. Commission
 College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID
 Dahl Art Center, Rapid City, SD
 Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis, MN
 Grinnell College, IA
 Jonson Gallery, Albuquerque, NM
 Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, NE
 New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, NM
 New Mexico State Capitol Art Foundation, Santa Fe, NM
 North Dakota Museum of Arts, Grand Forks, ND
 Plains Art Museum, Fargo, ND
 Roswell Museum and Art Center, NM
 Salt Lake City Public Library, UT
 Schnitzer Museum of Art, Eugene, OR
 Sheldon Museum of Art, Lincoln, NE
 South Dakota Art Museum, Brookings, SD
 South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
 Southwest Minnesota State University Museum, Marshall, MN
 Tacoma Art Museum, WA
 University of Mexico Museum of Art, Albuquerque, NM
 Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT
 Washington Pavilion, Sioux Falls, SD

Corporate collections
 3 M Company, MN
 Citibank, Sioux Falls, SD
 Hawthorne Realty Co, Chicago, IL
 Hilton Hotel, Chicago, IL
 Honeywell, Minneapolis, MN
 IBM, Raleigh, NC
 Kutak, Rock, and Campbell, Omaha, NE
 Miami Airport, FL
 RORER Group, Fort Washington, PA
 St. Paul Co., MN
 Sioux Falls Airport, SD
 Waverly Hotel, Atlanta, GA

Personal
She was married to Joseph Martin Stuart (1932–2016) in 1960. He was an artist and museum director. Together they had one daughter.

She established the Stuart Artist-in-Residency Program at South Dakota State University in 2014.

Exhibit catalogs

References

Further reading

External links

  New Mexico Artist Directory, North Central

1937 births
Living people
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
Artists from Connecticut
University of Connecticut alumni
University of New Mexico alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Catholic board at risk of provincial takeover
Toronto's Catholic board risks being taken over by the province after trustees failed to provide the education minister with a detailed plan on how they will fix problems of excessive and improper spending.
By Kristin RushowyEducation Reporter
Thu., May 22, 2008timer3 min. read
At a meeting Wednesday night, trustees voted to approve or endorse more than 20 recommendations to fix the spending mess, as suggested by provincial adviser Norbert Hartmann in his May 7 report. They also went a step further by approving, in principle, the creation of positing of integrity commissioner as suggested by newly appointed trustee Rob Davis.
But the education minister said she expected more than a mere rubber stamping of Hartmann's recommendations.
"First of all, my understanding was not whether they'd accept or approve (Hartmann's recommendations) ... it was my expectation to see an implementation plan and a timeline. It doesn't sound like that what's coming forward," Kathleen Wynne said in an interview Wednesday night.
She said she expected board staff to have developed a full implementation plan "and that's what (trustees) would be approving" by her deadline, which was Wednesday night.
She said she'll now look at what steps can be taken, including provincial supervision.
Chair Catherine LeBlanc-Miller said it was the board's intention to comply with Wynne's directives and says the board plans to have some detailed policy revisions laid out by a June 11 meeting, plus trustees will work with Hartmann. The director is also to call an additional meeting that month to garner public input.
"I hope this is enough for her," she said at the conclusion of the meeting. "It's certainly our intent to comply."
Michael Baillargeon, a ratepayer who has been highly critical of the board's response to the spending controversy, said trustees have had Hartmann's report since May 7 and should have called a special meeting then to direct staff to come up with a detailed plan, as Wynne says she expected.
"As I've said before, the only thing these trustees have to offer is their resignations," he said.
Trustee John Del Grande has proposed several motions that put some "meat on the bones" of Hartmann's recommendations, as Davis called it, but a majority of his colleagues voted to defer them to staff to come up with a report.
"Trustees had the opportunity to augment" Hartmann's report, he said. "We failed in doing that."
However, he added, the board is "one step closer" to dealing with the problem.
Davis said he believes the trustees' decision will be enough for the minister, "but not enough to satisfy the public."
However, he added, "we're on our way," he said.
Wednesday's meeting was the trustees' first step at getting past many embarrassing weeks of allegations of misspending, from meals with alcohol, hotel minibars and a trip to the Dominican Republic, all charged to taxpayers.
By comparison, at the Dufferin-Peel Catholic board, which is roughly the same size, trustees spend $27,000 a year. Even Toronto public trustees, who oversee the country's largest board and the fifth largest in North America, don't come close with their $67,000 per year.
Trustees also voted themselves medical and dental benefits, despite advice from their lawyers that's not allowed under the Education Act.
Before voting, trustee Maria Rizzo dropped bombshell on the audience when she stood up and said she felt the spending controversy was a "Machiavellian plan to target a number of trustees" -- herself included -- by at least one other trustee.
She said some of the policies, such as keeping equipment like computers and BlackBerrys purchased with public funds once the trustee term was over, were implemented years ago, before the current board was elected.
She said she'd bet that most trustees donate their old equipment to schools.
"Some things were being leaked (to the media) out of context, targetting individual trustees," LeBlanc-Miller said. "I felt it would go on and on" so she called the ministry for help even though the board was addressing it internally.
"There was intent on the part of some individuals to discredit" a few trustees, she said.
"Has it been painful?" she said of the report and ensuing negative publicity. "Yes. ... Is it worth it? Absolutely."
"We've taken a big step to regaining public trust," she said in an interview after the vote.
Kathleen Wynne
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11.—(1) The Minister shall make in respect of the board for a joint district an order appointing a day before the day of entry on office of first elected members in respect of such district to be an election day.
(2) The Minister shall, in every third year after the year in which the day appointed under the immediately preceding sub-section to be an election day for a board occurs, make in respect of such board an order appointing a day during each such first mentioned year to be an election day.
(3) In this Part of this Act the expression "election day" when used in relation to a board means a day appointed by an order under this section to be an election day in respect of such board.


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Traditional to cook pancakes on this day!
Ash Wednesday: First day of Lent.
Traditional to place ashes on foreheads.
Most Popular: National "Days" & Events:
Abolition of Slavery in Mauritius
St Brigid's Day / Imbolc:
Serpent Day
Women's Heart Day
National Freedom Day
Royal Canadian Mounted Police officially started
Skippy Peanut Butter Created (1933)
National Girls & Women in Sports Day
Robinson Crusoe Day
Anniversary of Hama massacre, which occurred from February 2 to Feb. 28, 1982.
Candlemas: February 2
Bottle Cap Patented
California Kiwi Fruit Day
Grand Central Station in New York Opened (1913)
National League Birthday (1875)
African American Coaches Day
Hedgehog Day
Self Renewal Day
February 3
Carrot Cake Day
Halfway Point of Winter
Four Chaplains Memorial Day
Sesame Street's Elmo's Birthday
The Day the Music Died Day
Independence of Sri Lanka: February 4
Create a Vacuum Day
Gumby's Birthday
Rosa Park's Birthday
USO Day
1917 Constitution of Mexico: February 5
Disaster day
Thank a Mailman Day
National Weather persons day
Hank Aaron's Birthday (Feb. 5, 1934, Mobile, Al)
Move Hollywood & Broadway to Lebanon, PA Day
Peter Pan Day (Movie released in 1953)
Sale of the first Wiffle Ball
Waitangi Day in New Zealand: February 6
National Frozen Yogurt Day
Pay a Compliment Day
Babe Ruth's Birthday (Born 1895)
Monopoly Board Game (released in 1935)
Send a Card to a Friend day: (send a greeting)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
Wave All Your Fingers at Your Neighbor Day
Charles Dicken's Birthday (Born 1812)
Laura Ingalls Wilder's Birthday (Born 1867)
Pinocchio Day (released in 1940)
Dump Your Significant Jerk Day
Leadership Success Day
Slovenian Cultural Holiday: February 8
Mike Day internationally recognized focal point of month-long celebration Mikefest: February 8
Fly a Kite Day
Boy Scouts Day: Founded in 1910.
.............................................................
Toothache Day
Hershey's Chocolate founded
GI Joe's Birthday (1964)
Umbrella Day
World Marriage Day: (send a greeting)
YWCA Birthday (founded in 1870)
Plimsoll Day
National Foundation Day in Japan: February 11
Be Electrific Day
White T-Shirt Day
Make a New Friend Day (send a friend greeting
Pro Sports Wives Day
National Inventor's day
Don't Cry Over Spilled Milk Day
La-Z-Boy Chair Day (released 1948)
Thomas Edison's Birthday (Born 1847)
National Shut-in Visitation Day
Satisfied Staying Single Day
Promise Day: (send a promise greeting)
Abraham Lincoln's birthday: February 12, U.S.
Man Day
Oglethorpe Day
National Lost Penny Day
First Barbie doll for sale
National Plum Pudding Day
Clean Out Your Computer Day
Abraham Lincoln's Birthday (Born 1809)
Get a Different Name Day
First public school started (1635)
Valentine's Day: February 14
Saint Valentine's Day Massacre: An infamous mafia attack. February 14
Ferris Wheel Day
Read To Your Child Day
National Have a Heart Day
Telephone Birthday (1876)
National Call In Single Day
Race Relations Day
Quirky Alone Day
National Gumdrop Day
Susan B. Anthony's Birthday (Born 1820)
Clifford The Big Red Dog (Debut 1963)
Do a Grouch a Favor Day
911 Birthday (First Call made in Haleyville,
Al in 1968)
DuPont patented Nylon patented (1937)
My Way Day
National PTA Day
Who Shall I Be Day
World Human Spirit Day
Random Acts of Kindness Day
Thumb Appreciation Day
Pluto Discovered (1930)
..............................................................
International Friendship Day
National Chocolate Mint Day
Mr. Roger's Neighborhood (Debut 1968)
Cherry Coke's Birthday (Released 1985)
Love Your Pet Day
National Student Volunteer Day
Post Office Birthday (1792)
Clean Out Your Bookcases Day
Columbo's Birthday (First episode 1968)
Toothpick patented in 1872
Northern Hemisphere Hoodie Hoo Day
International Mother Language Day: February 21
Locomotive's Birthday (1804)
World Thinking Day (resource link)
Single Tasking day
Card reading day
Independence Day in Saint Lucia: February 22
George Washington's birthday: February 22, United States (often coincides with President's Day,
Be humble day
Tooth Fairy Day- date varies
Pebbles Flintstone's Birthday
George Washington's Birthday (Born 1732)
Golf in America Day (Played in 1888)
Inconcenience Yourself Day
Tennis Day
Curling Is Cool Day
National Rationalization Day
Tootsie Roll Birthday (1896)
Introduce a Girl to Engineering Day
International Dog Biscuit Appreciation Day
Flag Day of Mexico: February 24
Independence Day in Estonia: February 24
National Tortilla Chip Day
National Trading Card Day
Sesame Street's Gordon's Birthday
Nylon Toothbrush Birthday (Debut 1938)
People Power Revolution (Philippines) February 25
Quiet Day
Let's All Eat Right Day
Liberation Day (Kuwait) February 26
Thermos Bottle Day
Tell a Fairy Tale Day
New York Subway (1870)
First Movie Cartoon (1909)
National Pistachio Day
Levi Strauss Day (Debut 1829)
For Pete's Sake Day
Dominican Republic Independence: February 27
International Polar Bear Day
Mardi Gras Celebration (Begain in 1827)
No Brainer Day
Paczki Day
Spay Day USA
Floral Design Day
Public Sleeping Day
DNA Discovered (1953)
Pockets Invented (1590)
Car Keys and Small Change Day
International Pancake Day
National Tooth Fairy Day
Korean New Year:
(send a greeting)


text:
Q: laravel artisan migrate: when table already exist goes into memory loop I am using laravel 5.1
when i try $ php artisan migrate:install first time
I have a mysql database "quickstart" with "migrations" table in it.
When i try second time:
$ php artisan migrate:install

(it just hangs)

so i tried
$ strace php artisan migrate:install

i found the following:
.
.
.
poll([{fd=5, events=POLLIN|POLLERR|POLLHUP}], 1, 1471228928) = 1 ([{fd=5, revents=POLLIN}])
recvfrom(5, "le 'migrations' already exists", 93, MSG_DONTWAIT, NULL, NULL) = 30
brk(0x2ee0000)                          = 0x2ee0000
mmap(NULL, 401408, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fe96b647000
mremap(0x7fe96b647000, 401408, 405504, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96279d000
mremap(0x7fe96279d000, 405504, 409600, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96b645000
mremap(0x7fe96b645000, 409600, 413696, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96279b000
mremap(0x7fe96279b000, 413696, 417792, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96b643000
mremap(0x7fe96b643000, 417792, 421888, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe962799000
mremap(0x7fe962799000, 421888, 425984, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96b641000
mremap(0x7fe96b641000, 425984, 430080, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe962797000
mremap(0x7fe962797000, 430080, 434176, MREMAP_MAYMOVE) = 0x7fe96b63f000

.
.
.

Instead of going into some memory loop and hang why its not showing the message that the table already exists.

A: Maybe some of the migration tables already exist, to solve it quickly, you can delete and create the database again, you can do it from the terminal or a manager like "phpmyadmin". This can not correct your mistake, luck.

A: In Laravel 5.1 you don't need to use the installcommand.
Just use php artisan migrate.
Docs : https://laravel.com/docs/5.1/migrations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A trail of discarded printer boxes, old newspapers and awell-worn refrigerator leads from the hallway into the The Georgetown Voice newsroom, whose bare walls are just the mostvisible signs of something unusual.
The wheels are once again in motion forGeorgetown's student newspaper The Hoya to become independent from theuniversity.
Tagged Georgetown University, The Hoya, Washington D.C.
The U.S. Department of Education has decided that universities cannot forbid a sexual assault victim from disclosing to the public the outcome of his or her accused assailant's student disciplinary proceeding.
In 2001, Dieringer was drugged and raped by a fellow student. But like many victims of crime on university campuses, she was not granted access to the results of her perpetrator's hearing. Since the incident, Dieringer has tried to speak out against what she calls Georgetown's unfair disclosure policies and FERPA's overly broad protection for student criminals.
The U.S. Department of Education has initiated an investigation into Georgetown University for its handling of sexual assault cases that go through its judicial process.


text:
Wrong rubbish in green bins cost Kirklees Council taxpayers dear
COUNCIL taxpayers face an annual bill of nearly £200,000 – because residents are putting non-recyclable materials in their green bins.
New figures released today show that the problem is worse in Kirklees than anywhere else in Yorkshire.
Of the 48,000 tonnes of waste put in green bins in Kirklees in 2007/08, some 3,500 tonnes was not recyclable.
Sending that rejected rubbish to landfill cost Kirklees Council £187,567.
The Kirklees rejection rate of 6.7% is the 22nd highest in the country and the highest in Yorkshire, just ahead of Leeds City Council on 6.3%.
A Kirklees spokesman said: "The figures quoted are correct. The rejected materials largely relate to materials placed in the green bins that are not what we ask for – we ask for paper, cardboard, plastic bottles, food tins and drinks cans.
"The type of unwanted waste being placed in the recycling bins include such things as plastics and wood which look like they are recyclable but are not able to be processed through the green bin scheme.
" Little general waste is being put into green bins and so we are not having any problems of whole loads of recyclables being contaminated in such a way that they cannot be recycled.
"Householders are provided with detailed information on materials that can go into the green bins to keep this at a low level."
The spokesman added: "Whilst the figures quoted do appear to show Kirklees performing poorly, it is useful to look at what the council is actually recycling.
"In 20070/8 the percentage of household waste recycled made Kirklees the seventh highest-performing council in Yorkshire and, compared to similar types of areas, the third highest performing metropolitan area in Yorkshire. We continue to improve the recycling services offered to householders."
Hertsmere Council in London has the highest reject rate in the country at 22%, followed by Manchester on 16% and Newcastle-under-Lyme on 12%.
The figures were compiled by Which? magazine.
Editor Jess Ross said: "Recycling your household waste has never been easier but more could be done by councils and residents to ensure we recycle more effectively. Not only would this reduce the amount of waste going to landfill but it would save money."


The Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 provides funding for multiple Federal agencies through the end of Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2013.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 provides funding for multiple Federal agencies through the end of Federal fiscal year (FY) 2012.
The Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 provides funding for multiple Federal agencies through the end of Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2011. This law (Public Law 112-10) continues funding for early care and education programs as summarized below.1 The Act provides funding for Discretionary programs requiring annual appropriations.
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010 provides funding for multiple Federal agencies through the end of Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2010.
The Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 provides funding for multiple Federal agencies through the end of Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2009.
The 2008 Act appropriates $2.062 billion for CCDBG, the Discretionary portion of CCDF funds.


5. Mosaic (Exodus 19:5). The Mosaic Covenant is a conditional covenant made between God and the nation of Israel at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19-24). It is sometimes called the Sinai Covenant or the Old Covenant but is more often referred to as the Mosaic Covenant since Moses was God's chosen leader of Israel at that time. The pattern of the covenant is very similar to other ancient covenants of that time because it is between a sovereign king (God) and his people or subjects (Israel). At the time of the covenant, God reminded the people of their obligation to be obedient to His law (Exodus 19:5), and the people agreed to the covenant when they said, "All that the Lord has spoken we will do!" (Exodus 19:8). This covenant would serve to set the nation of Israel apart from all other nations as God's chosen people and was as equally binding as the unconditional covenant that God made with Abraham because it is also a blood covenant. The Mosaic Covenant is a significant covenant in both God's redemptive history and in the history of the nation of Israel through whom God would sovereignly chose to bless the world with both His written Word and the Living Word, Jesus Christ.
The Mosaic Covenant was centered around God's giving His divine law to Moses on Mount Sinai. In understanding the different covenants in the Bible and their relationship with one another, it is important to understand that the Mosaic Covenant differs significantly from the Abrahamic Covenant and later biblical covenants because it is conditional in that the blessings that God promises are directly related to Israel's obedience to the Mosaic Law. If Israel is obedient, then God will bless them, but if they disobey, then God will punish them. The blessings and curses that are associated with this conditional covenant are found in detail in Deuteronomy 28. The other covenants found in the Bible are unilateral covenants of promise, in which God binds Himself to do what He promised, regardless of what the recipients of the promises might do. On the other hand the Mosaic Covenant is a bilateral agreement, which specifies the obligations of both parties to the covenant. The Mosaic Covenant is especially significant because in it God promises to make Israel "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:6). Israel was to be God's light to the dark world around them. They were to be a separate and called-out nation so that everyone around them would know that they worshiped Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God. It is significant because it is here that Israel received the Mosaic Law that was to be a schoolmaster pointing the way towards the coming of Christ (Galatians 3:24-25). The Mosaic Law would reveal to people their sinfulness and their need for a Savior, and it is the Mosaic Law that Christ Himself said that He did not come to abolish but to fulfill. This is an important point because some people get confused by thinking that keeping the Law saved people in the Old Testament, but the Bible is clear that salvation has always been by faith alone, and the promise of salvation by faith that God had made to Abraham as part of the Abrahamic Covenant still remained in effect (Galatians 3:16-18). Also, the sacrificial system of the Mosaic Covenant did not really take away sins (Hebrews 10:1-4), it simply foreshadowed the bearing of sin by Christ, the perfect high priest who was also the perfect sacrifice (Hebrews 9:11-28). Therefore, the Mosaic Covenant itself, with all its detailed laws, could not save people. It is not that there was any problem with the Law itself, for the Law is perfect and was given by a holy God, but the Law had no power to give people new life, and the people were not able to obey the Law perfectly (Galatians 3:21).
The Mosaic Covenant is also referred to as the Old Covenant (2 Corinthians 3:14; Hebrews 8:6, 13) and was replaced by the New Covenant in Christ (Luke 22:20; 1 Corinthians 11:25; 2 Corinthians 3:6; Hebrews 8:8; 8:13; 9:15; 12:24). The New Covenant in Christ is far better than the old Mosaic Covenant that it replaces because it fulfills the promises made in Jeremiah 31:31-34, as quoted in Hebrews 8.
6. Land (Deuteronomy 29-30). The Land Covenant (aka The Palestinian Covenant) promised that Israel would become the prime nation of the world if the Jews were obedient to God (Deuteronomy 28:1,13). But the covenant warned that many curses would befall the people if they were disobedient (Deuteronomy 28:15-37), including exile from the land (Deuteronomy 28:38-57). The covenant warned further that if temporary exile did not restore the Jews to obedience, they would suffer worldwide dispersion and persecution (Deuteronomy 28:58-68). But nowhere are they told that their disobedience would lead to a loss of their title to the land. In fact, the Land Covenant ends in chapter 30: 3-5 with a prophecy and a promise that a day will come — after the Jews have experienced the curses of the covenant — when the Lord will restore them to their land once again.
7. Davidic (2 Samuel 7:10-17). The Davidic Covenant refers to God's promises to David through Nathan the prophet and is found in 2 Samuel 7 and later summarized in 1 Chronicles 17:11-14 and 2 Chronicles 6:16. This is an unconditional covenant made between God and David through which God promises David and Israel that the Messiah (Jesus Christ) would come from the lineage of David and the tribe of Judah and would establish a kingdom that would endure forever (2 Samuel 7:10-13). The Davidic Covenant is unconditional because God does not place any conditions of obedience upon its fulfillment. The surety of the promises made rests solely on God's faithfulness and does not depend at all on David or Israel's obedience.
2) God promises that David's descendant or "seed" will succeed him as king of Israel and that David's throne will be established forever. This promise is seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-13, "I will set up your seed after you, who will come from your body, and I will establish His kingdom. He shall build a house for My name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever." This is a reference to the coming Messiah, Jesus Christ. The provisions of the covenant are summarized in 2 Samuel 7:16, "And your house and your kingdom shall be established forever before you. Your throne shall be established forever." The promise that David's "house," "kingdom" and "throne" will be established forever is significant because it shows that the Messiah will come from the lineage of David and that He will establish a kingdom from which He will reign. The covenant is summarized by the words "house," promising a dynasty in the lineage of David; "kingdom," referring to a people who are governed by a king; "throne," emphasizing the authority of the king's rule; and "forever," emphasizing the eternal and unconditional nature of this promise to David and Israel.
Many Dispensationalists of the 19th and 20th century saw two individual New Covenants, one for the Church and one for the Nation Israel. Both were launched with the blood of the Messiah. I believe that there is only one, which is addressed to the Nation Israel with spiritual benefit to the Church. It is helpful to think of a plane called the New Covenant flying full of unsaved Jewish Folks. During the Church Age the members of the Church ride underneath the plane and are launched off of it at the Rapture of the Church. This leaves the Jews to travel on the plane through the very turbulent air of the Tribulation but landing in the Kingdom at Messiah's Second Coming. They are now all saved and as a result they receive both the spiritual and physical benefit of the New Covenant at its inauguration..
In short, the New Covenant is announced in Jeremiah to both segments of the Nation Israel (North Israel and South Judah). It has spiritual and physical blessing components similarly to the Abrahamic Covenant. Jesus ratified the New Covenant when He shed His blood on the cross. The Church received the spiritual blessing component. The Nation Israel will not receive the physical and spiritual blessings until the Second Coming of Jesus, which will usher in the Millennial Kingdom. During the Millennial Kingdom the Church will then get the physical blessings of the New Covenant as well as Israel. There are no physical blessings for the Church in the Church Age since the Church is not a physical nation but a spiritual group entered into by those who have been Born Again by the Holy Spirit.
Chafer, Lewis S. revised by John Walvoord. Major Bible Themes.
Fruchtenbaum, Arnold. The Eight Covenants of the Bible. n.d. <http://www.arielm.org/dcs/pdf/mbs021m.pdf>.
Ice, Thomas. "Covenants and Dispensations (Part 1)." Bible Prophecy Blog. March 14, 2011. <http://www.bibleprophecyblog.com/2011/03/covenants-and-dispensations-part-1.html>.
Ice, Thomas. "Covenants and Dispensations (Part 2)." Bible Prophecy Blog. March 17, 2011. <http://www.bibleprophecyblog.com/2011/03/covenants-and-dispensations-part-1.html>.
Ice, Thomas. "Covenants and Dispensations (Part 3)." Bible Prophecy Blog. March 21, 2011. http://www.bibleprophecyblog.com/2011/03/covenants-and-dispensations-part-1.html.
Ryrie, Charles C. Dispensationalism Today. Chicago: Moody Press, April 1999.
The Bible can be separated in specific periods called dispensations. Within the the dispensations God has made eight covenants. The eight promises or covenants God made with mankind form a structure of God's dealings with human beings. God has committed Himself to providing what we cannot. They are one of the foundations upon which all theological understanding is built. The term "covenant" in the Bible refers to an agreement made by God with human beings. This is a profound theological concept. It let's us see that God maintains a relationship with human beings and is willing to be bound in some way to the terms expressed in the covenants. It is a solemn unbreakable agreement, such as the covenant between Abraham and God. God's love and grace are shown in His readiness to make covenants with people. When God promised Noah that he would not again destroy the world with a flood, He made a covenant with him (Gen. 6:18; 9:9-17). A very important covenant existed between God and Israel (Ex. 24:1-8), which is pictured in the book of Hebrews as the "old covenant." When the people repeatedly broke that covenant, God promised a new covenant based on forgiveness and the writing of his law on people's hearts. Jesus inaugurated this new covenant with his blood (Mark 14:24; 1 Cor. 11:25). It is difficult for some to understand God's meaning of the word "covenant." We are familiar with treaties, promises, deals and agreements. A covenant is absolutely unbreakable. What God promises He will carry out. Some covenants are conditional and some are unconditional. The unconditional covenant is unilateral from God, and requires no adherence to the agreement for God to carry out His promises. Conditional simply means God will do what He promises if the counterparty does their part.
The main biblical covenants are a unifying factor for all events described in the Bible involving God and human beings. Some of them provide the guarantee that future predicted events will occur. For example, the Abrahamic covenant is the basis for all of God's subsequent dealings with Israel, and is expanded in the Land, Davidic, and New covenants, which, respectively, provide for Israel's eternal possession of the land, an eternal kingship, and the conversion of a remnant. Most of the covenants have not yet been completely fulfilled. The Church is given some of the benefits of the New Covenant although it is addressed to the nation Israel.
The first three were made with all humans; the last five were directed at the nation Israel.
1. Edenic Covenant (Genesis 1:26-31; 2:15-17) God provided everything necessary for human existence in the Garden of Eden when man was innocent of all sin. There was only one simple prohibition, "…but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat." The covenant was, "I will provide everything you will need as long as you do not eat of the one tree." Man's life in Eden was idyllic. Living in a perfect environment he had congenial employment and perfect companionship. Even God came and communed with him. Adam was appointed as a gardener and a guardian. He was told to dress and keep the garden as well as be fruitful, multiply and subdue the earth. The prohibition was a test of his loyalty and love. The test itself tells us man was created a morally accountable creature responsible for his actions and answerable to God. This disproves the popular notion that given the perfect environment man will behave in a morally acceptable way. The Edenic covenant is one of two covenants that is conditional.
2. Adamic Covenant (Genesis 3:15-19). This covenant is unconditional in which God declared to Adam what man's life would be like now that sin is in the world. The conditions of this covenant will exist until the Kingdom Age (Romans 8:21). There is no appeal and there is no human responsibility involved. The outcome of the arrangement is entirely based on God and His sovereign control. Elements of the covenant are the cursing of the serpent used by Satan (Genesis 3:14; Romans 16:20; 2 Corinthians 11:3, 14; Revelation 12:9), and the promise of a Redeemer (Genesis 3:15). We see in both of these prophecies advents of Christ. Prior to the fall, woman's position in comparison to the man's was subordinate due to Adam's divinely ordained headship. After the fall firmer headship was invested in man due to woman's responding to the serpent. The multiplied sorrow and pain of women in childbirth and motherhood is also mentioned. Man would henceforth earn his living by sweat (Genesis 2:15); man's life would now be filled with sorrow and ultimate death (Genesis 3:19; Ephesians 2:5). Perhaps the most significant curse was the spiritual death, which Adam and Eve experienced "on the day they ate of the fruit." A flaming cherub was placed as a testimonial to the restriction of the covenant.
3. Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:16). The covenant with Noah reduced personal liberty by instituting human government. Humans were given the duty of avenging blood for blood in the post-deluvian world. (Genesis 9:6) After the flood, God made it a duty of men, and sometimes of beasts, to repay murder with the punishment of God-ordained retribution in kind. God included the animals that landed with Noah. He announced that animals would be judged for killing men, even though men were given permission to kill the animals for food. The Noahic covenant reaffirms the order of nature. Replenishing the earth (Genesis 9:1) is mentioned again as it was in past times. Then the covenant further states that now animals would fear men and that men could eat the flesh of animals. God promised never again to destroy all flesh off of the earth with a flood. Even the ground itself was promised that the whole earth would not again be underwater. In Genesis 8:22 we see God giving the order of time and the repetitive nature of it. It is constantly changing, yet constantly the same until the earth itself no longer remains. These will remain: work, seen in sowing and reaping; the elements, seen in cold and heat; seasons, seen in summer and winter; and time, seen in day and night. Even darkness will stay with us to the end of the earth. Even with Christ on the throne of all the earth, there will be nightfall, darkness, sin.
4. Abrahamic (Genesis 12:1-3; 13: 14-17 15:5, 18; 17). The Abrahamic Covenant promised a seed, land, and blessings. The three major promises of this covenant were personal promises to Abraham (seed), national promises to Israel (land) and universal promises (blessings) to all the people of the earth. God promised Abraham that He would bless him and make him a blessing to others, to make his name great, to give him many descendants, to make him the father of a multitude of nations, to give him the land of Canaan for always and to bless them that blessed Abraham and to curse them that cursed him. (Gen 12; 13; 15 & 17) God also made national promises concerning Israel. They are to make a great nation of his descendants; to give land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates to his descendants forever; and to give the Abrahamic covenant to his descendants forever. Finally, God made universal covenants to Abraham that would affect everybody on the earth; it would affect all families of the earth who would be blessed. This promise is intended to be applicable to Israel regarding the blessing and cursing effects. Parts of the covenant have already been fulfilled. For example God did bless him with wealth. His name is great and Israel is a great nation. The blessings to all have been given to all through the oracles of God they received and they brought forth the Messiah. The promise of the land has not been fulfilled yet. His descendants are in the land but in unbelief and do not have possession of the boundaries set forth in Scripture yet. God has made some irrevocable, unilateral commitments – formal covenants or promises – and one of His most essential characteristics is that He delights in making and keeping His promises. Many modern churches fail to appreciate the seriousness of these covenants.
7. and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed.
Gen17: 19 And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, [and] with his seed after him.


The fourteenth annual Sacred Harp singing was held at Immanuel Baptist Church on Saturday before the second Sunday in November, and was called to order at 9:30 a.m. by Tim Reynolds leading song on page 72b. The morning prayer was offered by Marty Bell. Tim Reynolds led song on page 34b.
Leaders: Clayton Ezell 480; Darrell Holley 59; Nakayah Box 159; Fay Thompson 128; Gordon Wilkinson 475; David Carlton 89; Teresa Shuman and Tim Reynolds 312b; Steve Shearon 65; Alice Watkin 71; Karene Box 155; Nakayah Box and Febrienne Box 455; Marilyn Burchett 335; Angela Crain 63.
Tim Reynolds called the class to order leading "Harpeth" from the Missouri Harmony book. Leaders: Trudy Skelley 361; Tarnisha Minnis 405; Henry Cobb 47b; Nathanael Raymer 45t; Walt Lee 354b; Susan Pattengill and David Carlton 154; Shane Davison 81t; Ralanna Currin 68b; Ben Leary and Darrell Holley 324; John Lamb 148; April Millsaps and Bobbie Goodell 290; Timothy Akers 158.
The afternoon session began with Tim Reynolds leading songs on pages 40 and 168. Leaders: Bobbie Goodell 474, 549; Marilyn Burchett 145b; Glen Wegge 49b; Linda Sides 328 (using the words "Oh For A Thousand Tongues To Sing"), 569b; Seth Holloway 79, 294; Laurens Blankers 49t; Bob Simmons 143, 198; Gary Smith 31t; Sarah Smith and Jorge Carrillo 159; Sarah Ingram 45t; Clair Sayles 178; Sandy Scott 87.
Announcements were made. Tim Reynolds led song on page 64 as the closing song. Linda Sides dismissed the class with prayer.


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