text:
Why is there an action and what it isn't
This is an informal continuation of the text
Why is there energy and what it isn't?
One month ago, I discussed the notion of energy and the Hamiltonian. There is a concept similar to the Hamiltonian in mechanics (and the rest of physics) which is called the Lagrangian. To make things funny, the Lagrangian is an essential player in the principle of stationary action whose well-defined form is known as Hamilton's principle. William Rowan Hamilton has clearly contributed to both ways how to look at mechanics (and the rest of physics).
In mechanics, the Hamiltonian \(H\) and the Lagrangian \(L\) are seemingly very similar objects. They may be constructed out of the kinetic energy \(T\) and the potential energy \(V\) as follows:
\(H = T+U, \qquad L = T-U \)
They differ just by the sign! However, you shouldn't overinterpret this similarity. What's important about the Hamiltonian and the Lagrangian are the principles in which they are featured and the principles are very different and employ the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian in very different ways. In the article about energy, you should have understood that the energy is defined as the quantity that is conserved whenever the laws of physics (of the type we know) are invariant under translations in time. Particular formulae for energy such as \(H=T+U\) in mechanics are just particular examples of physical systems and their dynamical rules.
In the previous article, we have seen that the energy – or the Hamiltonian – is sufficient for formulating all the differential equations that govern the evolution of any realistic physical system in time. In the quantum context, the evolution of other observable quantities is governed by the commutators with the Hamiltonian.
There is a very analogous statement involving the Lagrangian. What is it? First of all, the Lagrangian is not "quite fundamental" in this principle: the Lagrangian is the integrand in an integral called the action, \(S\), over the time variable. So the action is typically an integral of a "quantity local in time over time" and this quantity is nothing else than the Lagrangian \(L\). So I have converted the question "what is the defining property of the Lagrangian" to a related question, "what is the defining property of the action".
The answer is the "principle of least action" or, somewhat more generally, the "principle of stationary action". It says:
For a fixed pair of initial and final states (in which we specify just the coordinates, not the velocities or the momenta), every classical system in physics must choose a history \(x_i(t)\) for which the action \( S[x_i(t)] \) is stationary. It means that if \(x_i(t)\) is changed by \(\epsilon\cdot \delta x_i(t)\) for a small \(\epsilon\) and a function of time \(\delta x_i(t)\) that vanishes at the initial as well as final moment, the action is only allowed to change by terms scaling like \(\epsilon^2\), not terms scaling like \(\epsilon\).
In other words, the action must be equal to a local maximum, a local minimum, a local saddle point.for the allowed history. This allows one to select the whole history as soon as we are told the initial and final configurations. When we do so, we may derive the Euler-Lagrange equations, the differential equations that govern the evolution of a physical system in time.
These equations turn out to be equivalent to Newton's equations, Maxwell's equations, Einstein's equations, the Klein-Gordon equation, the Dirac equation, or whatever other equation describes the evolution of your physical system. All these things may be derived from an action much like they could be extracted from the Hamiltonian.
Deriving the Euler-Lagrange equations
It may be helpful to derive the equations of motion from the action at least in the simplest case of mechanics. Imagine that you have a system described by the coordinate \(q(t)\) and the Lagrangian
\[ S = \int_{t_0}^{t_1}L\,{\mathrm d}t,\quad L = \frac{mv^2}{2}-V(q), \quad v\equiv \frac{{\rm d}q(t)}{{\rm d}t} \equiv \dot q \] The condition that this action is stationary reads
\[ 0 = \delta S = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \left[ mv \delta v - V'(q) \delta q \right] {\mathrm d}t \] where I needed to be able to differentiate the second power (I hope you know why the factor of one-half disappeared) and a composite function \(V(q)\); just to be sure, \( V'(q) \equiv {\rm d}V/{\rm d}q \). The first term may be integrated by parts
\[ \int_{t_0}^{t_1} m\dot q \delta \dot q\,{\mathrm d}t = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} {\mathrm d}t \left( \frac{\mathrm d}{{\mathrm d}t}(m\dot q\, \delta q) - m\frac{{\mathrm d}^2 q}{{\mathrm d}t^2}\delta q \right){\mathrm d}t \] The first term, the total derivative, integrates to the difference of \(mv\delta q\) between the final and initial state; because we required \(\delta q = 0\) for both of these states, it drops out. (In field theory, we require similar vanishing of the variation at the infinitely distant, asymptotic region of the whole spacetime.)
The remaining terms tell us that
\[ 0 = \delta S = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} {\mathrm d}t \delta q \left( - m\frac{{\mathrm d}^2 q}{{\mathrm d}t^2} - V'(q) \right). \] Because this must hold for any variation of the trajectory \(\delta q(t)\), we see that for each moment in between \(t_0\) and \(t_1\), we must have
\[ m\frac{{\mathrm d}^2 q(t)}{{\mathrm d}t^2} = -V'[q(t)]. \] The mass multiplied by the acceleration is equal to the force: that's nothing else than the usual \(F=ma\) equation due to Newton applied to the situation defined with a potential energy.
In classical field theory, it's natural that the action isn't just an integral over time; it becomes an integral over spacetime. Equivalently, the Lagrangian is the integral of the Lagrangian density \({\mathcal L}\) over the space (but not time):
\[ S = \int \,{\rm d}t\, L = \int{\rm d}^4 x \,{\mathcal L},\quad L\equiv \int{\rm d}^3 x\,{\mathcal L}. \] We were able to derive the equations of motion from the action. In general, the number of independent variations generalizing \(\delta q\) from our example is equal to the number of independent degrees of freedom. For each of them, we may derive some differential equation in time. So you see that everything is ultimately determined by the action.
The Lagrangian density for Maxwell's electromagnetism equals \(-F^{\mu\nu}F_{\mu\nu}/4\); the action for Einstein's general relativity is given by the Ricci scalar curvature, \(R/16\pi G\), and so on. When several systems exist independently, you just add their actions (which would result in several non-interacting systems: the simple additivity of the action guarantees locality and/or clustering property) and cleverly modify the terms (e.g. by replacing partial derivatives by covariant derivatives) so that the natural interactions are incorporated.
It's also useful to mention the case of a non-field-theoretical relativistic particle. Its action is equal to \(-m\int {\rm d}s\) and is proportional to the proper length of the world line in the spacetime (which is nicely independent of the reference frame). Correspondingly, the "Nambu-Goto" action for a relativistic string – a starting point for string theory – is the proper area of the two-dimensional world sheet (the history picked by the propagating string in the spacetime): the coefficient is known as the string tension and it is de facto the linear mass density of the string.
Higher-dimensional generalizations for branes are straightforward but they're not as well-behaved as the action for the string, especially at the quantum level.
In all these cases, the actions directly encode everything we can say about the dynamics. First of all, the actions are integrals of local quantities, the Lagrangian (or the Lagrangian density). For example, there are no bilocal terms that would depend on something like \(q(t_2) q(t_3)\), the product of coordinates or fields at different places of time or spacetime. This automatically implies that the derived equations of motion will be local in time or local in spacetime, too. The condition \(\delta(S_A+S_B)=0\), assuming that \(S_A,S_B\) only depend on two disjoint sets of degrees of freedom, is equivalent to \(\delta S_A=\delta S_B=0\).
Also, the actions are "scalar invariants" that remain unchanged under all the desired symmetries – translations in time and space, spatial rotations, gauge symmetries, Lorentz transformations, supersymmetry, sometimes parity, flavor symmetries, and so on. The action is a master formula that knows about everything.
Centuries ago, people understood that objects at equilibrium want to minimize their energy: a little ball in a bowl ultimately wants to sit at the lowest point because that's where the potential energy is minimized. The concept of the action is a generalization of such insights to the case of time-dependent systems. We still want to minimize something but we want to be told not only what is the single preferred location in space (which was the issue in the static case); we want to know what is the preferred location or configuration of the system at every moment of time.
There was another historical precedent: Snell's law of refraction (how the direction of a light ray changes when it switches from one medium to another) may be derived from Fermat's principle of least time: the light ray actually tries to get from one point to another in the minimum possible time, assuming that you realize that the medium whose index of refraction of \(n\) slows down the light to the speed \(c/n\) where \(c\) is the speed of light in the vacuum.
Fermat's principle is very similar to the principle of least action but the derivation of Fermat's principle from the principle of least action is less straightforward than you might think.
Action in quantum mechanics
In the case of energy, we saw that it was upgraded to an operator in quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian, and such an operator had to exist whenever the wave function is evolving in a unitary way according to a universal law. In fact, we have seen that the key mathematical operations in quantum mechanics – such as the commutators of the Hamiltonian with other operators – were more natural and simpler than their classical counterparts – such as the Poisson brackets.
Analogously, the action has its place in quantum mechanics, too. And we may say that relatively to classical physics, its usage becomes simpler and more natural as well. Paul Dirac has made some preliminary attempts but this discovery – discovery of the relevance of the action (and therefore Lagrangians) in quantum mechanics – was mostly made by Richard Feynman.
In classical physics, the systems are following one particular history which minimizes the action. Feynman realized that the corresponding statement is that quantum mechanical systems are allowed to follow all conceivable histories. If we want to figure out the probability that an initial state evolves into a final state, the probability is the squared absolute value of a probability amplitude – a usual rule in quantum mechanics.
More nontrivially, the probability amplitude is the infinite-dimensional integral over all histories, including (and especially) those that don't satisfy the classical equations of motion – with the integrand given by the action:
\[ {\mathcal A}_{i\to f} = \int {\mathcal D}\phi\, \exp(i S(\phi) / \hbar). \] This formula makes the linearity of quantum mechanics manifest: we're just adding contributions from different histories.
It also makes the classical limit given by the least action, \(\delta S = 0 \), obvious. Why? Because of the following reason: in the classical limit, Planck's constant \(\hbar\to 0\) is tiny so the exponent in the phase of the Feynman path integral is a quickly varying number. The exponential is therefore pretty much a random phase (a random point on the unit circle in the complex plane) and the contributions of nearby histories almost cancel. The only region of the integral where this cancellation breaks down is the vicinity of the histories with \(\delta S = 0\) because the phase \(\exp(iS/\hbar)\) is nearly constant in those regions and the nearby histories constructively add up. That's why classical histories (plus minus some quantum noise) are the greatest contributors to the transition probabilities.
I also find it important to explain how the locality or clustering property or independence of two isolated systems is guaranteed by Feynman's formulae. In classical cases, I said that \(\delta(S_A+S_B)=0\) was equivalent to \(\delta S_A=\delta S_B=0\) if the actions \(S_A,S_B\) for the subsystems \(A,B\) only depended on disjoint sets of degrees of freedom. How does this observation elevate to the case of quantum mechanics? Well, the probability amplitude for such a composite system is equal to
\[ {\mathcal A}_{i\to f} = \int {\mathcal D}\phi\, \exp\left[i [S_A(\phi_A)+S_B(\phi_B)] / \hbar\right] \] but because the integration \(\int{\mathcal D}\phi\) factorizes to \(\int {\mathcal D}\phi_A{\mathcal D}\phi_B \) and because the exponential of a sum is the product of the individual exponentials, this is equal to
\[ \begin{align} {\mathcal A}_{i\to f} &= \int {\mathcal D}\phi_A\, \exp\left[i S_A(\phi_A) / \hbar\right] \times \\ &\times \int {\mathcal D}\phi_B\, \exp\left[i S_B(\phi_B) / \hbar\right]. \end{align} \] The probability amplitudes for the transitions are simply products of the probability amplitudes for the systems \(A\) and \(B\) and because the total probability is the squared absolute value of the probability amplitude, the same thing holds for the probability: the probability of the transition is just the product of the probability calculated for \(A\) and one for \(B\), just like you expect for probabilities of independent events or outcomes. That's why it's right to write down \(\exp(iS/\hbar)\) in Feynman's formula and not, for example, \(\exp(iS^2/\hbar^2)\) or another phase, assuming that the action is additive (e.g. an integral over spacetime in which two independent regions simply add up).
Actionless quantum systems
The concept of the action became especially potent in quantum field theory where it has led to a very convenient toolkit how to calculate things. It's been more convenient than the Hamiltonian approach because the symmetries may be kept manifest. This advantage of the Lagrangian-Feynman approach grew even larger in theories with gauge symmetries because one must add things like the Faddeev-Popov ghosts and those things would be very cumbersome (but possible) in the Hamiltonian approach.
However, you should realize that the approach based on the action is more special than the Hamiltonian or operator approach. The reason is that the Feynman approach to quantum mechanics still assumes that there are some "classical histories" described by fields such as \(q_i(t)\) or \(\Phi_i(x,y,z,t)\). Of course, Feynman doesn't say that these observables behave just like in classical physics; quite on the contrary, the bulk of his approach to quantum theories is to clarify the new rules how to deal with these objects. However, it's true that there have to exist continuous quantities generalizing the "coordinates".
In general, quantum mechanical systems without continuous observables of this sort may exist. When you look at such a system, the description in terms of actions becomes impossible. If \(q(t)\) were only allowed to take discrete values, you couldn't really integrate over it: we may only integrate over continuous objects. In practice, this is not a limitation: for example, pretty much all sensible quantum field theories in 3+1 dimensions we know may be defined out of continuous fields and an action.
However, there are both "discrete-like" quantum systems that may only be defined in the operator approach; and there are even "seeimingly continuous" field theories such as the \((2,0)\) theory in 5+1 dimensions where the operator approach is more fundamental and where you may have a trouble to find a description using Lagrangians. No action that would fully define such theories is known and we know it can't have certain simple forms but it's also true that there is no proof that no action-like description of this particular theory exists.
Minima vs maxima
The derivation of the equation of motion of course used the condition that the action was stationary: the first functional derivatives had to be zero. Stationary points may be minima or maxima and it didn't really affect the equations. In reality, the solutions to the classical equations of motion in sufficiently simple and well-behaved systems are almost always the minima of the action: think of a free particle whose action only contains the integral of the kinetic energy. Obviously, the straight line (which solves the equations of motion) minimizes the average kinetic energy.
However, maxima may occur as well: those lead to the same equations of motion but are somewhat analogous to unstable equilibrium in the case of minimization or maximization of potential energy. In the case of the action, you must realize that we're looking for stationary points of the action which is a function of infinitely many variables – the values of \(q_i(t)\) at all times. So the stationary points may be minima with respect to some directions and maxima with respect to other directions in this infinite-dimensional space.
It's pretty much a rule that the action is minimized with respect to almost all directions – and there are only a finite number of exceptions: most typically, at most one exception exists. So the action is either a complete local minimum or a saddle point that is "almost universally a minimum" with one exception i.e. one direction with respect to which the action is a maximum.
Local minima vs global minima
Another issue is the question whether the action must be at a global minimum or whether local minima are enough (if many of them exist, and this may happen, indeed). The equations of motion of course only depended on the stationarity of the action which defines a local minimum or a local maximum (first derivatives must vanish: this condition knows nothing about the other potential distant minima). However, in quantum mechanics, we may see that the vicinities of all the histories that are local minima do contribute to the path integral significantly: the constructive interference works for all local minima.
However, if the global minimum contributes a nonzero term to your amplitude, it's pretty much the rule that its contribution exceeds the contribution of other local minima that are not a global minimum.
Nevertheless, as we discussed in the article about cosmic catastrophes, there are important situations (especially quantum tunneling and vacuum decay) in which the global minimum of the action contributes nothing to an interesting process (because this process is topologically nontrivial while the global minimum is topologically trivial; or because this process violates an accidental conservation law that is respected by the global-minimum-based amplitudes). In that case, one may find a kink or an instanton or whatever that shows that the probability of some previously forbidden processes (quantum tunneling, vacuum decay) is nonzero.
You may also combine instantons with the insight that the action may also be maximized and not just minimized with respect to one direction in the space of possible variations: such generalizations of instantons are known as sphalerons.
The action, i.e. the integral of the Lagrangian, became the most beautiful object that encodes everything we know about the dynamics of any classical system and any quantum system with a natural classical limit. It makes the symmetries and locality manifest; however, as I didn't discuss, the unitarity (and the positivity of probabilities) may often be obscured by the Lagrangian approach while it is made manifest by the operator approach.
Classically, the defining property of the action is the principle of least (or stationary) action: the histories that a given system actually chooses minimize (or extremize) the action. A reason why such a description of classical systems in Nature is possible is the quantum generalization of the Lagrangian formalism: Feynman's path integral.
In any quantum mechanical systems with well-defined classical-like histories, linearity guarantees that the transition amplitudes must be expressible as the integral over all trajectories. The integrand has to be a pure phase, because of the unitarity (equivalent to the reality of the Hamiltonian), and the exponent giving the phase is called the action. A trivial derivation of the classical limit shows that this action is extremized in the classical limit.
So it must be possible to describe every classical limit of a physical system observed in a quantum world – such as ours – by the equations that are equivalent to \(\delta S = 0\) for a cleverly chosen action \(S\). Once again, it's because the accurate implementation of the formula for the probability amplitudes has to be given by Feynman's integral over histories; the exponent has to be pure imaginary; and up to the \(i/\hbar\) normalization, we may call it the "action" and easily prove that it's stationary around the dominant (classically allowed) histories.
The importance of the action becomes super cereal in quantum field theory as well as almost all known descriptions of string/M-theory because almost all known descriptions of string/M-theory are based on some quantum mechanical model or quantum field theory, either one in spacetime, world volume, boundary of the spacetime, or another auxilliary spacetime-like space.
Male chromosomes still discriminated against in Solvay
A participant of the centennial 2011 Solvay Conference has made an observation on genetics:
Seems ratio of x to y chromosomes hasn't changed in 100 years since first Solvay conference in 1911...
What Lisa Randall Sklodowski may have failed to do was to calculate the actual ratio. The purely male Y chromosomes only constitute about 49% of the X/Y chromosomes in Solvay (1911 as well as 2011) while the X chromosomes have 51% or so. As you can see, the Y chromosomes are still being discriminated against by the X chromosomes. The inhuman imperialism is so brutal and it has penetrated so deeply into the fabric of the society that our society allows and even encourages the production of XX carriers where the X chromosomes overwhelm the Y chromosomes by the shameful 2-to-0 ratio (the same score as FC Barcelona dared to choose in its match against FC Viktoria Pilsen last night), the so-called women. The democratic, politically correct carriers of XY chromosomes, the so-called men, are sometimes misinterpreted as the politically incorrect sex while the carriers of YY chromosomes are banned altogether.
The Solvay conference has always been rather close to the democratic 50-to-50 composition of the X and Y chromosomes but traces of the dominance of the X chromosomes and the suppression of the Y chromosomes may still be seen at every step. It's not shocking that the complaint that the X chromosomes' dictatorship is not perfect was raised by someone who completely suppresses the Y chromosomes. ;-)
Luboš Motl v 10:42 AM


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Tim Sylvia: The Downfall of the UFC Heavyweight Champion
March 3rd, 2011 Geno
By Kevin Nelson
The career of Tim Sylvia…
What went wrong for the former two time UFC Heavyweight champion?
If there ever was a fighter who truly was not appreciated in their time it is Tim Sylvia. He was notoriously booed during his reign as UFC Champion. His mauling, clinching style of fighting was not exactly entertaining, but what was not talked about were the heart, determination and dedication that he displayed in his fights.
The thing I remember the most about Sylvia was his lack of athletic ability but yet how he seemed to always remain on top in the UFC.
When I look at Sylvia's career, the downfall seemed to start after losing his title to Randy Couture. The heavyweight division was Sylvia's after regaining his title back from Andrei Arlovski, and he would make two title defenses (Arlovski, Jeff Monson).
With the announcement of Randy Couture coming out of retirement to face Sylvia, the MMA world was abuzz; many thought that Couture was crazy to be facing the big striker. Also Couture was coming off a loss at light heavyweight and not fighting for a year.
What would happen is sheer dominance from Randy Couture as Sylvia was absolutely overwhelmed. What would follow is a bounce back win against young contender Brandon Vera. Following that was a title fight against Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira. In that fight Sylvia dominated until getting choked out.
After that fight Sylvia requested a release from the UFC and a contract with upstart promotion Affliction. His first fight was against Fedor Emelianenko.
The fight would end in devastating fashion with Sylvia getting knocked out in 36 seconds. After that devastating loss, he was not the same fighter anymore. He would take a fight with former WBO Heavyweight Boxing Champion, Ray Mercer, a fight that many felt was an embarrassing black eye to the sport of MMA.
The fight would end in 9 seconds. Mercer connected with a right hand and would stop Sylvia in 9 seconds. Sylvia would weigh over 300 pounds in that fight. He would win 3 straight and things seemed to be looking up for him as he was reportedly a win away from getting back into the UFC, when he would face former TUF fighter Abe Wagner.
The fight would be stopped in 32 seconds and Sylvia's dream of returning in the UFC was dashed.
My take on Sylvia is that he was a big fighter with a lot of heart who surpassed many expectations and simply overachieved in MMA. His decline began when he foolishly thought he could stand and trade with a boxer (Mercer) and not have to train as hard as he once did.
He was simply not a good enough athlete to cut corners in MMA. With his weight gain and taking freak show fights (Pudzianowski), Sylvia also seemed to lose something along the way as well and that's pride.
I truly hope that if Sylvia continues to fight he gives 100 percent effort and dedication to this sport. Sylvia will forever be known as the hard luck fighter of this generation who was never quite appreciated by the fans and media and that's a shame because a 2 time heavyweight champion belongs in one place and that's the UFC hall of fame.
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Posted in BOXING NEWS Tags: mma, Tim Sylvia, UFC
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We wanted to do a little spotlight on our AAT Apprentice, Michael Buckley who is carrying out an AAT Apprenticeship with Training 2000.
I work in the Finance department as a second year AAT Apprentice . My role includes a wide range of tasks including document processing and credit control. I'm broadening my knowledge of the finance sector every day, which means my job role directly affects my qualifications, and without my role AAT would be near enough impossible. This has allowed me to become a familiar face amongst a wide range of people around our Blackburn site.
I have worked for many companies in the past, and not one of them has had an ethos like Training 2000's. Since starting here nearly 16 months ago I have developed strong relationships with many of my colleagues, some that extend beyond the workplace. For example I class my team as a second family, and the support I have received off them to help me reach the next platform of my career path has been second to none. I started my AAT classes three months later than the rest of my class mates leaving me slightly behind schedule from the off, but with the help of my team the hurdle was made significantly smaller. I firmly believe that an individual's work ethic can be strongly influenced by the people you are surrounded by, and mine is stronger than it has ever been.
My ambition in the long run is to be the next Debbie Hale! A Financial Director of a business that has a positive image, and is appreciated by its surrounding communities.
I won a pair of Gary Neville's boots that he played in the Euro's with when I was 8… and then gave them to my dad because I'm a City fan!
A mirror to alert passing ship's – And also if someone comes to get me, my hair's got to look good!
Don't think there's much chance of survival!


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Boudouris Featured in Columbus Jewish News Story Titled "Sarah Boudouris Says the First Years of Practice are Hardest, Most Rewarding"
Tabletop Trainings
Restaurants, Food, and Beverage
Sarah Spector Boudouris
Sarah Boudouris, an associate in the Vorys Columbus office, was recently profiled in the Columbus Jewish News. The profile story highlighted how Sarah got into privacy and data security law.
The story states:
"'I started working on a big lawsuit that involved a data breach, and then from there, I got more involved on the retailer privacy side and data security, more in an advisory role, helping with clients' programs,' she said.
Working in data privacy 'wasn't really on my radar as a law student,' she said, adding it's a good field for younger attorneys to enter.
'These regulations are extremely new, and so you're really at the ground floor and you become valuable in providing real guidance,' she said. 'It gave me some in-depth experience and a perspective from our client's side.'
Boudouris said the most rewarding part of her career is working with people, whether it's solving their litigation problems or preventing data privacy issues in their business.
'We're problem-solvers and that can be extremely satisfying,' she said."
To read the entire story, follow this link to the Columbus Jewish News website.


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Scottish auditor points to IT access in fraud report
UKA local digital
Assessment of £1 million fraud in Dundee City Council throws spotlight on need for effective controls on access to systems
Audit Scotland has warned councils to impose careful controls over access to their financial systems, following a £1 million fraud within Dundee City Council.
The country's central auditor has published a report on the fraud and said its extent could have been limited if the council had dealt with significant weaknesses in its invoicing systems.
It took place between 2009-16, during which an employee abused his unrestricted access to several systems by inserting fake invoices and altering the bank payment details of suppliers.
The fraud was discovered when officers noticed an invoice for which there was no supporting information, and the money was subsequently recovered.
Audit Scotland's investigation revealed failures in the fundamental controls within the council: in particular, because some duties were not properly segregated, the employee was able to access a number of systems.
The report says that councils should ensure there is effective segregation of duties and user access rights to the IT systems, along with effective system reconciliation and system documentation.
Clear lessons
Graham Sharp, chair of the Accounts Commission, said: "Lessons must be learnt from this serious and prolonged act of fraud. Our role is to provide the assurance people expect that all councils have in place robust checks to ensure public money is properly spent and accounted for. This case provides clear lessons for every council in Scotland.
"Councils must have fundamental internal controls in place to ensure secure IT systems, and those responsible for using them, must be managed appropriately. Managers in all Scottish councils are responsible for ensuring these arrangements are in place."
Picture by Colin, CC-BY-SA-4.0 via Wikimedia Commons


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Provide one-line (one-para, really) description of the use case here.
Other use cases: Co-constraint Use Cases.
Provide full description of the use case here, preferably with concrete examples of declarations and/or instances.
This page was last modified on 31 March 2006, at 03:06.


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Home Gambling
Nevada May Witness Gambling Changes After Regulatory Hearings
Nevada casinos might face extreme changes after the regulatory hearings take place on 18th August. The Nevada Gaming Commission is considering a recommendation from the ZenSports' Gaming Control Board to build a mousetrap in the sports wagering sector.
The West Hollywood, California-based startup is trying to revolutionize the Nevada gambling sector with the recommendation. Mark Thomas, ZenSports Director, and Chief Financial Officer talked about the situation as well.
Thomas, who also holds 81.35% shares of the startup, wants to deliver a peer-to-peer experience to users. It will allow bettors to wager against someone they are playing in a game. Thomas also wants to include cryptocurrencies in the wagering sector.
On its 4th August board presentation, Mark Thomas shared the unorthodox vision to evolve the sports gambling sector. Thomas acquired unanimous votes to lead the initiative, and ZenSports is now dealing with the Strategic Gaming Management to expand the movement. In addition, the startup is buying a venue from the company.
Thomas understands that merely investing in a venue will not yield the necessary results. That is why the startup is building an app that players can access across the state. If executed well, the app may compete against WynnBET, BetMGM, and William Hill.
ZenSports management recommended a two-year license to the CFO, but Thomas wants to be a bit less restrictive. Although Thomas has not suggested the inclusion of cryptocurrencies till now, its addition is inevitable.
The Nevada Gaming Control Board will assess the changes and what to do with wagering accounts. It will set the stage for upcoming changes in the sports wagering industry.
Experts are noting that several interactive gaming operators are not investing in brick-and-mortar properties. So while casinos are spending billions to enhance the Nevada gambling industry, the companies need to assess more concepts too.
With ZenSports proposing the new approach, Nevada may well be paving the way for a more interesting perspective about interactive gaming and peer-to-peer gambling that extends beyond online poker.
Konami Gaming Introduces a New Feature In Slot Machines
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Fourth of July Weekend Witnesses Some Biggies From Nevada Gamblers
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On 27 and 28 January a sizeable Danish delegation travelled to Schleswig-Holstein, with representatives from Region of Southern Denmark, the Interreg 5A Secretariat, South Jutland Hospital and the Health Innovation Centre of Southern Denmark, to explore the possibility of future cooperation.
The programme organised through Life Science Nord included a tour of the Urology and Paediatric Urology units at the Schleswig-Holstein University Clinic. There, Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Jüneman presented the da Vinci Surgical System, pointed to the potential in robot-assisted surgery and addressed existing German/Danish cooperations.
During the following visit to the implant manufacturer Stryker, in Schönkirchen, participants gained an impression of the production processes and were informed about future plans involving Danish participation in the area of bone healing.
Discussions with Life Science Nord Management explored the first concrete possibilities for a future cooperation between the two regions. "We see Southern Denmark as a strong location. Further cooperation in this area with a region like Southern Denmark that is strong in innovation will have great advantages for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein," said Dr. Thomas Frahm following these discussions.
Region of Southern Denmark is one of five Danish regions with a total of 1.2 million inhabitants. This accounts for a fifth of the Danish population. Among its other tasks, Region of Southern Denmark is responsible for the operation of hospitals as well as economic advancement. For this reason, innovative medicine plays a vital role in the region alongside medical technology, biotech and pharma.
Life Science Nord is a leading life science networks in Europe. Over 500 biotech/pharma and medical technology companies and numerous research institutes together with 20,000 highly qualified professionals develop innovative medicines, medical products and services in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein.


Box Drive enables you to work with all of your files, right from your desktop, and save them automatically to the cloud.
With Box Drive for G Suite, right from within Box Drive you can access and then work on your G Suite files stored in Box. The files save automatically, directly back into Box Drive. You do not need Google Drive.
Note You must have a G Suite enterprise account to use the new integration. Also, you must be logged into both your Box account and your Google account.
Open Box Drive. Note that G Suite files display with G Suite icons display in Drive.
Browse or search for the file you want.
Double-click the file you want. It opens in the corresponding G Suite application.
To search for your file, type the file name in the Box Drive search box, and select it from the search results.
Work on the file as you normally would. The G Suite app saves the file back to Box automatically.
if you open a .gdoc file from within Google Drive, the document saves to Google Drive, not Box Drive.
if you open a .docx file from within Google Drive, the document saves to Google Drive, not Box Drive.
IMPORTANT If you mark a folder for offline availability, any G Suite documents within the folder are excluded, and not made available offline. That's because Box does not allow downloads of G Suite files.
Note To save a new G Suite file into Box (and display it in Box Drive), you must use the Box Web application to create the G Suite file. To do this, in Box go to File > New and select the file type you want. If you use the G Suite application to create a new file, that file automatically saves to Google and displays in Google Drive.
G Suite files contain just a URL, which is not same as the actual file content uploaded on Box.
The table below details what Box Drive for G Suite allows with regard to moving, copying, and deleting G Suite files in Box Drive.
...in Box Drive for G Suite?
You get an error message indicating G Suite documents cannot be moved into Box Drive.
You get an error message only if you lack permission to move the file.
MOVE out of Box Drive NO If you move a G Suite file out of Box Drive, you are essentially moving just a shortcut –not the actual file.
You get an error message indicating G Suite documents cannot be copied into Box Drive.
The G Suite file is essentially just a shortcut, so you wouldn't be copying the actual file.
COPY out of Box Drive NO If you copy a G Suite file out of Box Drive, you are essentially copying just the shortcut –not the actual file.
DELETE from Box Drive YES The file deletes as normal, and you can recover it from the trash later if you need.
There are multiple scenarios, depending on whether your enterprise administrator has opted in to the G Suite integration and whether you have a Google account that uses the same email address as your Box account.
If your admin has not opted in, the system prompts you to contact your admin to enable the Box Drive for G Suite integration.
If your admin has opted in but you do not have a corresponding Google account, the system prompts you to log into Google.
If your admin has opted in and you have a valid Google account, you can go ahead and begin working on folder contents.
If you have been using an earlier Box for G Suite integration and do not enable the latest version of the integration, Box displays an error message instead of the Google document. The error message directs you to contact your Box account administrator to enable the integration.
Box opens the Google document, without displaying an error message, if you enable the latest version of the Box for G Suite integration.


I've never been as consistent with my blog game as I'd like. I do plan to update this site with links to talks, articles, and events… just not now. If you are curious about what I am working on Twitter is a good place to start: @lizdubois. You can also contact me.


Dr. Martin Michaelis a Professor and Chair member of Cell Biology in Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences at University of Kent, UK. Prior to this current position he worked as Deputy Head of the Department "Paediatric Tumour and Virus Research" and member of the Board of Dr. Petra Joh Research Institute in Germany. He completed his PhD in pharmaceutics in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, working on drug carrier systems including nanoparticles and liposomes then postdoctorat at the Institute for Medical Virology, Clinics of the Goethe-University. He published many articles related to his field.
Dr. Martin Michaelis research interest includes the investigation of a broad range of drugs in cell biology models from the fields of oncology, virology, immunology, and angiogenesis with an interest in colloidal drug delivery systems and on acquired drug resistance in cancer.


text:
Ethnologies
A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. …
Comptes rendusReviews
A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. By Peter Ward. (Vancouver and Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 1999, ix + 182 p., black/white photographs, colour plates, reference notes, index, CAN $39.95, ISBN 0-7748-0684-2)
Michele L. Gillingham
Diffusion numérique : 13 juin 2003
Un compte rendu de la revue Ethnologies
Ce document est le compte-rendu d'une autre oeuvre tel qu'un livre ou un film. L'oeuvre originale discutée ici n'est pas disponible sur cette plateforme.
Tous droits réservés © Ethnologies, Université Laval, 2002
We came from over the Sea: British War Brides in Newfoundland. By Barbara B. Barrett c.m., Eileen Dicks, Isobel Brown, Hilda Chaulk Murray, and Helen Fogwill Porter, editors. (British War Brides Association of NL. Portugal Cove: ESPress, 1996. Official letters and photos, 131p., ISBN 0-968 1156-0-8) / The Women of Fogo Island: Hear them speak. By: Sonya M. Foley, editor. (Fogo Island Literacy Association, Gander: Economy Printing, 2001. 270 p., ISBN 0-9689407-0-6)
The Mountie: From Dime Novel to Disney. By Michael Dawson. (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1998. ISBN 1-896357-16-4, pbk.)
Corps de l'article
Peter Ward proposes two goals in this book. First, he intends to demonstrate how Canadian domestic architecture over the last three centuries has shaped and has been shaped by family and social relationships. Second, he argues that the changing form, setting and domestic technology of the home has profoundly impacted individual privacy both within the home and the community. Underlying his intentions is the notion that the home is the place where "people spend their lives"(3).
The first chapter, "Housing and Privacy," is a brief introduction to the relationship between privacy and the home. Ward distinguishes between two types of privacy: personal privacy which "sets the individual apart from the group, creating opportunities for seclusion," and family privacy which "creates a boundary between itself and the larger community"(6). It is Ward's intent to illustrate the way in which domestic architecture is divided into private and public spaces.
Ward goes on to examine the form, size and development of the domestic interior of the Canadian home over the last 300 years. He analyzes aspects such as crowding, organization of space and the effects of domestic technology on personal privacy. He also presents each of the "primary" domestic rooms in turn: bathroom, bedroom, parlour and kitchen. He concludes with a discussion on the apartment as domestic space, both in past and present times.
Ward makes several interesting points in this chapter as he traces the development of domestic forms from 1-2 room dwellings to homes consisting of rooms dedicated to specialized functions. He also considers the evolution of heating and lighting sources into their modern forms and their impact on increasing privacy in the home. Family members no longer needed to gather around a central heat and light source and could retire to other rooms in the house.
Ward also considers the relation of status to the organization of space in the home. He argues that the parlour, for example, represented the family's tastes, interests, status, possessions and cultural standing. It usually contained a piano, a "mark of prosperity" of the well off, and a hearth, traditionally the central gathering space for the family. While the presence of pianos in the parlour is decreasing, the presence of the hearth retains a symbolic role in the living area of many homes.
The kitchen of today is typically segregated from the rest of the home, with the exception of homes utilizing the open-air plan. Ward, with a nod to gender theory, suggests that as the kitchen was separated from the rest of the family social areas, so was the housewife. Ward also points out that as housing sizes increased, sleeping areas were allocated based on authority, age and sex, the parents possessing their own room and the children separated by sex in the other rooms. By the twentieth century, family size started to decrease as well, creating the opportunity for each member, excepting the parents, to have their own room, and thus more privacy.
In chapter three, "The House and Its Setting," Ward traces the changes in house settings, building regulations and the development of the exterior counterparts of the home, the yard, deck and verandah. In the eighteenth century, farmhouses were built close together and near the road. By the late nineteenth century, houses were set back from the road and at a distance from neighbors. Physical barriers, such as hedges, were constructed, imposing boundaries between houses. The country villa developed at this time as a "retreat from urban life… for pleasure and relaxation in a rustic setting" (105). The early city houses were set close to the road and in close proximity to their neighbors. Urban overcrowding led to the establishment of the suburban home. But by the nineteenth century town planning organizations were instituting laws and regulations for the placement of homes. The result was the uniform placement of homes, at set distances from neighbors, and surrounded by garden lots. The front of the home was dedicated to an expanse of lawn and family activities migrated to the back of the home on verandahs and decks, removed from public view.
Ward concludes his book by reiterating his main points. However one new point emerges: the development of communication technology — radio, telephone, television, fax, Internet — has altered the notion of privacy. With these technologies, he argues, we have brought the world into our homes and blurred the distinction between the private and the public.
I enjoyed reading this book. Ward writes in a comprehensible manner. The book is not filled with jargon and technical terminology and is accessible to layperson and scholar alike. Ward also provides very specific examples of people, their homes and settings which strengthen his points and personalizes his research. His liberal use of photographs, colour prints, housing diagrams and maps relates equally well to the data and the book becomes more that a mere recounting of facts.
Ward bases his work on numerous resources: census data, demographic studies, special collections, and museums. As a result, the book offers an interdisciplinary perspective that touches on aspects of history, folklore, archeology, sociology and gender theory. He is also careful to critically examine his sources and to present any potential limitations.
While this book focuses on trends and patterns in the development of domestic architecture over a three-century period, Ward is careful to point out the exceptions. He cautions the reader to remember that this development occurred at different paces for different economic levels. One point I would like to note, however, is that while Peter Ward does touch on the impact of gender on domestic architecture, I think that this aspect could have been more thoroughly developed. He ends his book with a paragraph on the influence of individuality and the uniqueness of the self on the development of domestic architecture, an important point. While domestic architecture developed in trends, the strength of the individual has had a high degree of impact.
This book is a well-written, engaging introduction to the history of domestic space and its impact on privacy in the home and in the community. Peter Ward has done an adequate job of demonstrating the way in which family and social relationships have transformed Canadian domestic architecture and increased the levels of both personal and family privacy.
Ethnologie des gens heureux. Par Salomé Berthon, Sabine Chatelain, Marie-Noëlle Ottavi et Olivier Wathelet. (Paris, Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, coll. Ethnologie de la France (cahier 23), 2009. Pp. 210, ISBN 978-2-7351-1247-0)
Par Jocelyn Gadbois
Jeunesse à risque. Rite et passage. Par Denis Jeffrey, David Le Breton et Joseph Josy Lévy. (Saint-Nicolas, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2005. Pp. 168, ISBN 2-7637-8202-7)
Par Francesca Désilets
Suivez le guide… : de l'Autre à soi, ou comment devenir monument
Par Sylvie Sagnes
Le patrimoine qui attise les conflits
Par Itamar Even-Zohar
Gillingham, Michele L. « A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. By Peter Ward. (Vancouver and Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 1999, ix + 182 p., black/white photographs, colour plates, reference notes, index, CAN $39.95, ISBN 0-7748-0684-2). » Ethnologies, volume 24, numéro 2, 2002, p. 253–256. https://doi.org/10.7202/006652ar
Gillingham, M. L. (2002). Compte rendu de [A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. By Peter Ward. (Vancouver and Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 1999, ix + 182 p., black/white photographs, colour plates, reference notes, index, CAN $39.95, ISBN 0-7748-0684-2)]. Ethnologies, 24 (2), 253–256. https://doi.org/10.7202/006652ar
Gillingham, Michele L. « A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. By Peter Ward. (Vancouver and Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 1999, ix + 182 p., black/white photographs, colour plates, reference notes, index, CAN $39.95, ISBN 0-7748-0684-2) ». Ethnologies 24, no 2 (2002) : 253–256. https://doi.org/10.7202/006652ar


Study wolf ecology and habits during this special wolf study seminar.
Take a canoe trip to wolf country to look for traces of wolf packs.
Learn about ornithology, fishing, ecology, eagle and osprey studies.
Travel picture of Interns study ecology on the Kettle River.
I am very interested in such a wolf study activity and would like to know the cost of a week's trip. I am English and live in Hong Kong, and want to treat myself to this special holiday with my end-of-year bonus! Many thanks for all the assistance you can provide.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Hyak.Common;
using Microsoft.Azure.Management.SiteRecovery.Models;

namespace Microsoft.Azure.Management.SiteRecovery.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Recovery plan group object.
    /// </summary>
    public partial class RecoveryPlanGroup
    {
        private IList<RecoveryPlanAction> _endGroupActions;

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. Recovery plan end group actions.
        /// </summary>
        public IList<RecoveryPlanAction> EndGroupActions
        {
            get { return this._endGroupActions; }
            set { this._endGroupActions = value; }
        }

        private string _groupType;

        /// <summary>
        /// Required. Group type.
        /// </summary>
        public string GroupType
        {
            get { return this._groupType; }
            set { this._groupType = value; }
        }

        private IList<RecoveryPlanProtectedItem> _replicationProtectedItems;

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. List of protected items.
        /// </summary>
        public IList<RecoveryPlanProtectedItem> ReplicationProtectedItems
        {
            get { return this._replicationProtectedItems; }
            set { this._replicationProtectedItems = value; }
        }

        private IList<RecoveryPlanAction> _startGroupActions;

        /// <summary>
        /// Optional. Recovery plan start group actions.
        /// </summary>
        public IList<RecoveryPlanAction> StartGroupActions
        {
            get { return this._startGroupActions; }
            set { this._startGroupActions = value; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the RecoveryPlanGroup class.
        /// </summary>
        public RecoveryPlanGroup()
        {
            this.EndGroupActions = new LazyList<RecoveryPlanAction>();
            this.ReplicationProtectedItems = new LazyList<RecoveryPlanProtectedItem>();
            this.StartGroupActions = new LazyList<RecoveryPlanAction>();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the RecoveryPlanGroup class with
        /// required arguments.
        /// </summary>
        public RecoveryPlanGroup(string groupType)
            : this()
        {
            if (groupType == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("groupType");
            }
            this.GroupType = groupType;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Perfect Guy is a movie starring Sanaa Lathan, Michael Ealy, and Morris Chestnut. After breaking up with her boyfriend, a professional woman gets involved with a man who seems almost too good to be true.
Page rendered in 0.0417 seconds. Memory usage 3.36MB.


I would recommend a test ride for anyone. Remember sports bike people, it redlines at 5,500rpm so don't try over revving, just bang up another gear.
The Yamaha MT-01 is a rather unique naked bike designed specifically for loads of low end torque.
My friends call me bigdave, I'm 6' 3", 110kgs, and the MT01 fits me perfectly. I have owned a 2005 model for 4 years now and fell in love with them on site in one of our Yamaha dealers in Melbourne, Australia.
What a bike. Don't get one to ride around if you're shy, everyone asks what is that machine, such a easy bike to ride, clutch is light, and the brakes are amazing. The suspension can be a little harsh on some bumps but considering it has track style suspension it's okay.
The bike tracks so nice at all speeds, not one hint of headshake in the time I've owned it, nothing beats this thing of the lights, it just moves so rapidly. Handling in the corners is excellent, with plenty of rubber under you too. Bullet proof engine in these bikes, fairly easy to service if you have mechanical aptitude. For some people the tank range could have been better, but remember this is basically a track bike, I still get 150 miles out of a tank, however it takes a bit to get the last bit of fuel in, only if your chasing extra distance.
This bike will be passed on to my son as I will never sell it. Would recommend a test ride for anyone, remember sports bike people it redlines at 5,500rpm so don't try over revving just bang up another gear. Thank you Yamaha for producing my dream machine!
When I first saw the MT-01 I didn't know what to think. A friend of mine bought one of the first ones sold back in 2005 and he spent 1000's on it prior to delivery. Once I had a good look at his bike it started to grow on me, I test rode one and fell in love with it straight away. I sold 3 bikes to fund my 01 but I didn't want a silver one, it had to be purple, and it took nearly a year to decide, sell the bikes and take the plunge.
After I bought it I had it 10 days and got rear ended. The insurance company fixed it as the damage was minimal, basically got knocked over and that was it, so when I got it back I stripped it apart and had it all colour coded deep armour - no blue frame wheels etc.
I have owned it 9 years now and have no intention of parting with it. I can't find any faults with the 01 as it ticks all the boxes I require within a motorcycle. The only problem I have had with it is the battery as for some reason they don't last long, which is be expected with the size of the engine.
My bike now has 14,400 miles on it, original chain sprockets, disc pads and discs. Fitted a new clutch due to Yamaha dealer using the wrong oil, so as you can gather it gets looked after.
I am an owner of an 2009 MK2 MT-01 and had been looking specifically for a second generation MT-01 for several years. Having finally found my now pride and joy I wish I'd bought years before; it's a real hoot to ride and always draws a crowd.
It's very well made and engineered and never fails to put a big grin on my face. If anybody is thinking the MT-01 is for them don't put off getting one now as they are quite scarce which is reflected in there increasing value. I am in fact looking for another at present!


text:
Discovering Val D'orcia
Lifestyle in Rome - Tour 3 days
Sicily - Tour 6 days
Top Experience
Villa Lante and Civita di Bagnoregio
Borgo Giusto - Lucca
Braies Lake
Unusual Rome
Enjoy our Blog
A weekend in Umbria: Spello, Norcia and Castelluccio di Norcia
Umbria is the green heart of Italy. Discover with me Spello, Norcia and Castelluccio.
Umbria, easy to reach from Rome or Florence even for a one-day trip or a weekend, is the region of medieval hamlets, gorgeous vineyards and sweet hills.
Despite of its unquestionable beauty, it managed to keep its feature of not so crowded and original holiday location.
Among the must-sees, there are three hamlets: Spello, Norcia and Castelluccio di Norcia.
Spello: what to see
Spello is an adorable medieval village to discover, official listed among the "most beautiful hamlets in Italy".
Located on a hillside, it kept most of its original look, surrounded by the ruins of ancient roman walls and other, more recent, built to realise the "Fortress" during the Pope reign.
In addition to its charming beauty and flare and its roman and medieval monuments, Spello has also several important art pieces, such as a cycle of frescos from Pinturicchio in the Santa Maria Maggiore Church.
As all the Italian hamlets, the pleasure is to discover them simply taking a walk through their streets.
This doesn't mean, though, that having a planned itinerary can be very helpful.
You can access Spello through one of the 5 doors of the walls:
1. Porta Consolare;
2. Porta Venere;
3. Porta Urbica;
4. Porta Romana;
5. Porta San Sisto.
Starting from Porta Consolare, the main entrance during the Roman age, you will be in the so-called Terziere Porta Chiusa, one of the three areas in which Spello is divided from the Middle Age.
The other two are Terziere Mezota and Terziere Posterula.
Walking through its tight streets and the balconies full of flowers, you will admire the peculiar houses-towers, built in pink calcareous stone from the Subasio Mountain.
One of the most important religious buildings in town is the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, from the XI century, located just after the border between Porta Chiusa and the Terziere Mezota.
This church has an artistic value as it contains several paintings, such as the frescos from Pinturicchio in the Baglioni Chapel.
In the side chapels there are also two frescos from Perugino.
In the surroundings, it is possible to visit the Saint Andrea Church, with its enchanting Romanesque style portal and the major altar apse holding some frescos from the Umbria school and a painting from Pinturicchio.
In Piazza della Repubblica (Republic Square) you will admire many interesting buildings, one among them the Town Hall, which is now hosting the Archaeological Museum.
Inside, it holds splinters from the Roman Theatre and other historical masterpieces, such us the Rescript from the emperor Constantin: a document giving permission to celebrate the yearly gladiator ludos of the Umbria population league, the traditional games, in Spello, in exchange for the city to consecrate itself to the devotion of the "Gens Flavia".
Next to the Augusto Arch road, in the Terziere Pusterola, remains from the Roman door are still visible.
Reaching the Roman Arch, also known as Porta dell'Arce or Porta dei Cappuccini, you will arrive in the upside, called "the Citadel", once a medieval fortress of which some towers still exist.
The area is now the location of the Cappuccini Monastery, and it has a breath-taking view.
Following the stronghold walls, you will reach the majestic Venus Door (Porta di Venere), between two huge towers with a strong visual impact.
From here, it is possible to reach the ruins of the Roman amphitheatre and another door, Porta Urbica.
Nearby, you will find the interesting San Claudio church, an example of Romanesque architecture built on an ancient temple dedicated to Saturn.
Spello is especially famous for its Infiorate: the tradition of realising pieces of art with flowers.
It all started on a Sunday in 1990, when an old lady from Spello spread, in the street in front of her place, yellow wild brooms and wild fennel, picked on the Subasio Mountain.
It was a flower carpet, made up to receive the host representing Christ's body.
In the next few years after this first simple floral tribute, other people living in Spello started making floral decorations for the streets, during the celebration of the Corpus Domini, sixty days after Easter.
This is how the Infiorate tradition started, and nowadays it is attracting many curious tourists and has given Spello the name of "the Flowers Hamlet".
Where to sleep in Spello
Just a few steps away from Spello, you will find Pekko Country House, an eco-friendly bed&breakfast with a gorgeous view on Subasio Mountain.
The owners, Tiziana and Paolo, are willing to make you explore the hamlet and its environs, such as Collepino, Assisi, Spoleto, Norcia and Bevagna.
What to eat in Spello
The village is surrounded by farms and restaurants to taste some of the typical dishes such as fried eggs with truffle, fried boar meat and Colfiorito red potatoes.
The perfect conclusion to your visit!
After Spello, you could visit Norcia, the city which was severely affected by the earthquake in October 2016 and which, with strength and determination, is on the way for its touristic rebirth.
What to see in Norcia
Norcia is a typical medieval town, surrounded by defensive walls and crossed by suggestive tight, curvy alleys reaching San Benedetto square, the heart of the historical centre.
In the centre there is the statue of the saint protector and, around it, the monuments symbols of the city: San Benedetto Cathedral – unfortunately, after the earthquake, only the façade is left – the town Hall from 400, the Castellina and Santa Maria Argentea Cathedral, also with a broken outline due to the seism.
At the moment, none of those materpieces can be seen from the inside, but the square itself has a special charme, as here the city wounds are visible but a few steps away there is the main street, Corso Sertorio, in which shops and businesses are being brought back to life.
Norcia is a maze of halleys to discover, of stories to listen to and tastes to try.
You will find restaurants, food shops and norcinerie, the typical pork butcheries to try local products such as truffle or norcino salami, the traditional cold cut of the area.
Keep in mind that tourism largely contributes to Norcia re-birth, so after visiting and loving it, purchase local products to enjoy home or offer as gifts.
You will personally contribute to the new start of the city!
From Norcia, you could reach Castelluccio di Norcia, a small section of the historical centre, sadly devasted by the earthquake, and Castelluccio upland ("I piani di Castelluccio").
Most of it is still a red area, closed to tourists.
It will be possible, though, to reach the main square from where to admire the show of Pian Grande, Pian Piccolo, Pian Perduto (literally the big, the small and the lost upland) – and their blooming in June and July – and the Vettore Mount.
Despite of the difficulties, some enterprises managed to start over, so you will find spots to eat and enjoy the local delights.
Piani di Castelluccio blooming
Piani di Castelluccio is an upland located on the Umbria side of Sibillini Mounts, at the feet of Vettore Mount.
These are three:
1. Pian Grande (The Big Upland, Perugia province);
2. Pian Piccolo (The Small Upland, Perugia province);
3. Pian Perduto (The Lost Upland, Macerata province).
The lentils and other flowers blooming, from the end of May to the beginning of July, are a unique sight.
There is no specific date to catch this magic, as it is a sequence of different bloomings from different kind of flowers, in separated moments.
How to reach Castelluccio di Norcia
After the seism, many streets have been closed as inaccessible, but the last updates tell us that, starting from the 28 of May 2018 and indefinitely, in order to make possible to see the blooming, the road will be open every day from 5.30am to 9.30pm non-stop.
What are you waiting to start your Umbria discovery?
Sweet Borgo srl
Loc. Partigliano
REA LU
Branch Office not open to the public
Via Bolsena, 27, Rome, 00191 RM, Italy
info@italianholidayexperience.com
Italian Holiday Experience
© Italian Holiday Experience. All rights reserved


MENU ITEMS SUBJECT TO CHANGE, BASED ON LOCAL FARM AVAILABILITY.
Located in Uptown Roxboro, Heirloom, A Poppa Paul Kitchen is a Farm to Table inspired cuisine, by Executive Chef Kyle Wilkerson.
Heirloom, A Poppa Paul Kitchen opened in March 2017 and is located in uptown Roxboro. Since then, Executive Chef Kyle Wilkerson, has brought the farm to table concept to a reality in this small town. Building relationships with local farmers has always been a goal of Chef Kyles, from the farm in the morning to your fork by evening.
Heirloom, A Poppa Paul Kitchens interior, designed by Candace Crank, reflects the mix of modern, and vintage history of the surrounding area while also paying tribute to the buildings storied past. The multi-level restaurant offers the choice to sit among the bowling alley bar, or in the lower dining level to observe some of the history the space has to offer. It also offers a private dining room for bigger parties or reserve the space for a large gathering.
House-made apple cider, lime, club soda, ginger syrup, tequila, & Mezcal.
Vodka, apple brandy, apple soda, house-made sour mix.
Vodka, muddled blackberries & ginger, simple syrup, lime juice, and ginger ale.
Pear puree, honey & ginger infused simple syrup, lime, bourbon, and ginger ale.
Smoked maple bourbon, smoked sugar, cherry, orange, lime, and Angostura bitters.
Rosemary, house-made sour mix, muddled NC muscadine grapes, and London gin.
*If you would like to request more information or make a reservation, please fill out the form below. We will get back to you promptly.
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At Heirloom, we proudly support local farmers; we appreciate the farmers and the amazing bounties they provide. Please help support these farmers. They are the backbone of this great country. Listed below are local farmers that provide us with premium quality ingredients. Click on their photographs and you will be linked to their websites, so you can support them like we do!
We stick to a simple phrase "Hungry? Thank A Farmer"


The riflescope has dimensionally-matched precision adjustment knobs and Zero Click Stop technology.
All hand-fitted internal assemblies are triple spring tensioned for absolute shockproofing, even under severe recoil. They are vibration resistant, even on extended vehicular patrols.


City of El Paso's Community Development Block Grant program; United Way; and financial institutions, corporations, and various private sources. There is no cost to microenterprise owners to participate.
full-time in the business and qualify based on HUD income guidelines. MTAP provides microenterprises the direct assistance they need to grow and be profitable.
Visits to your location and follow-up to learn about and evaluate the needs of your business.
Helping you create a business plan with a clear description of future goals and a strategy to achieve them.
Monthly meetings with other microenterprise owners on different topics such as accounting, recordkeeping, financial statements, marketing, use of technology, and many other business-related topics.
Preparation for and access to loans through partnerships with micro-lending organizations, credit unions, and banks.
Microenterprise owners often know their product or service but still need financial and administrative tools to thrive. Owners often need to build trust with outside advisors before they discuss their actual situations. Project Vida's history and the growing reputation of its workshops, seminars, and support have increased MTAP participation. Micro-businesses continue to report increased stability, job retention, job creation, and growth.
MTAP combines business literacy and financial education workshops and seminars with individual coaching, mentoring, and professional and personal consultation to provide quality advice on specific challenges to each owner's business.
MTAP supports new micro-businesses in obtaining operating licenses and permits, creating a business plan, basic accounting, and marketing strategies to empower owners to succeed.
MTAP participants exhibit, promote, and sell their products and services to other MTAP participants and their communities in a friendly environment.
Guadarrama's Flower Shop, Northeast El Paso. An MTAP participant since 2012, Guadarrama's has received support in accounting, marketing, business plan development, and a loan application. Owner Isabel Guadarrama continues to attend MTAP seminars.


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Where Do You Go From Here?
July 18, 2016By: Brandon Bye
Go with Stash Hotel Rewards, and you can't go wrong!
If you're reading this, it's been well established that you have a strong road-less-travelled, independent streak. After all, you've stayed at The Lenox. And if you love The Lenox as much as we do— by the way, this is Stash Hotel Rewards speaking, champion of all things independent, boutique, and loyalty-based—then you're going to adore these other New England gems.
BERKSHIRE MOUNTAINS:
Longing for fresh air and good country? Head West.
CRANWELL SPA & GOLF RESORT / Lenox, MA
This 100-year old mansion expanse, an architectural cross between Downton Abby and Game of Thrones, perched amidst Lenox's rolling hills, offers deluxe spa treatments and scenery unlimited. It's a world unto itself. Cross country skiing when there's snow on the ground; golf course, tennis courts, indoor/outdoor heated pools to enjoy in the spring, summer, and fall. And that's just what's outside. A massive fitness center and spa await you inside, and onsite restaurants go from farm-to-table to tavern-style.
HOTEL ON NORTH / Pittsfield, MA
Passing through the revolving door seems a fittingly symbolic way to enter this 45-room boutique, which takes an old-becomes-new approach to interior design. Exposed brick walls. Tin ceilings. Velvet arm chairs. Decorative columns. A birdcage elevator. Hotel on North, a former 19th Century haberdashery, boasts an urban-rustic aesthetic and acts as an ambassador to the Berkshires.
THE PORCHES INN / North Adams, MA
You can find The Porches Inn—the adventurer, the composer, the artist—in the ISFP corner of the Myers Briggs personality matrix. A stay at The Porches, a block of converted 19th century row houses, is kind of like staying in the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art across the river, but with room service, a pool, an outdoor fire pit, an artful breakfast buffet, and a decidedly more Victorian-era vibe.
THE OCEAN STATE:
If Boston isn't colonial enough for you—yeah, right—head south to Rhode Island, the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to The Crown.
MILL STREET INN / Newport, RI
Housed in an 1890s mill, this 23-room inn won an American Institute of Architects Design Award for its transformation into a luxury hotel. Old-world feel and contemporary design work together beautifully: exposed brick, pine beams, and high ceilings are punctuated with modern furniture, potted orchids, and marble countertops. Breakfast (complimentary) is served on the rooftop deck overlooking Newport Harbor, from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
HOTEL VIKING / Newport, RI
Fit for a Vanderbilt. Guestrooms pay homage to different eras of Newport history: some are Gilded Age-opulent with silks, tapestries, and zebra-print chairs, others have the sleek, ebony-and-silver style of the 1930s. The rich, red velvet settees and polished cherry wood floors in the lobby are an excellent setting for an exploration of the hotel's long list of single malt scotches.
HOTEL PROVIDENCE / Providence, RI
This 80-room boutique inspired by arts and local history, characterized by European flair and New England charm, is located in Providence's thriving theater district. Look beyond the hotel's handsome exterior and impressive antique furnishings to see that a studied and personal approach to hospitality is at the heart of everything they do.
MAINE COAST:
You can find a good-to-great lobster roll at any point along the New England coast, including (cough, cough) Logan Airport. But for the real thing, Kennebunkport, more specifically, The Clam Shack, is the place to go. But Maine is much more than lobster rolls and steamers. It is, after all, as they say, the way life should be.
HIDDEN POND / Kennebunkport, ME
Tucked into groves of beech, balsam fir, and birch trees, Hidden Pond's cottages are rustic but far from basic. The beds are covered in down duvets and Frette linens, and the kitchens are stocked with gourmet cooking utensils (Sabatier knives). Away from the riverstone fireplace, there's an organic garden to explore (eat whatever's fresh; it's all part of the stay) and miles of walking trails overlooking islands and marshlands full of birds. An indulgent spa and a nationally renowned restaurant round out the escape.
CAPE ARUNDEL INN & RESORT / Kennebunkport, ME
From well-manicured lawns and classic verandas, watching the tide encroach and receed is a pastime, a luxury, a lovely form of therapy. Inside the Inn, shelves full of books, big leather sofas to curl up on, and tall paneled windows that open to the salt-spritzed air make life easy and memorable.
THE KENNEBUNKPORT INN / Kennebunkport, ME
Just blocks from The Clam Shack, The Kennebunkport Inn's gables and green shutters come with a pedigree: originally built in 1899 for a tea merchant. The Dock Square bullseye location means you can stroll around antique shops and galleries all day, then retreat to the cushy armchairs and ottomans on the front porch for cocktails and people-watching.
THE DUNES ON THE WATERFRONT / Ogunquit, ME
Vacationing in Maine has changed a lot since the 1930s, when current owner Aaron Perkin's grandfather built the property's first cottages. But remarkably, the traditional, simple, and quiet getaway this now third-generation property offers has remained true to type and true to its state's motto: the way life should be. Enjoy sunrise over the dunes before a slowed-down day of chilling by sand, sun, and sea.
Tagged: road trip
Brandon Bye
Content Specialist, Stash Hotel Rewards Guest Blogger
Head West, We Say Lenox Suggests
Coastal Eats Lenox Suggests


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El Regiment de Dragons-Cuirassers de Sant Miquel, o simplement Regiment de Sant Miquel, fou una unitat militar de l'Exèrcit Regular de Catalunya durant la Guerra dels catalans (1713-1714). Creat poc després del ban de guerra, el Regiment de Sant Miquel seria una unitat potent que combatria durant tota la guerra al Setge de Barcelona (1713-1714).

Història
El Regiment de Sant Miquel es va crear el 28 d'agost de 1713 i havia d'acomodar els veterans de cavalleria aragonesos de l'antic Regiment de Cavalleria Aragó, de l'Exèrcit Reial de Carles III. Possiblement era una unitat potent amb tots els combatents que li pertocaven, aproximadament 500.

Durant la resta de 1713 i principis de 1714 el Sant Miquel participaria a diferents ràtzies i escaramusses a la Barcelona assetjada, per exemple carregant al convent de Caputxins, el 17 de setembre de 1713.

A partir de la reestructuració del comandament de les forces de Barcelona, el juliol de 1714, el coronel Vinyals va passar a encarregar-se de supervisar la construcció de la travessera. Aleshores el comandament del Sant Miquel va passar a Joan Espiagua. La primera gran acció sota el seu comandament fou durant la nit del 30 de juliol, quan va defensar el camí cobert.

El 3 d'agost el regiment va atacar les entrades a les mines que s'estaven construint sota el Portal Nou. Posteriorment, durant la Batalla del Baluard de Santa Clara, el 13 i el 14 d'agost, Espiagua dirigiria 70 soldats desmuntats en un intent de recuperar el baluard gairebé suïcida, en el qual el regiment fou delmat i el mateix Joan Espiagua morí a causa de les ferides.

L'11 de setembre les forces restants del regiment es dispersarien en petits grups i falcarien les forces de la Coronela de Barcelona. A l'entorn del convent de Sant Agustí hi moriria el sergent major Joan Francesc Molina i als contraatacs al Pla d'en Lluna hi moririen el sergent major Antoni Molina i el comandant Santiago Salvedre.

Uniformitat
El Regiment de Sant Miquel disposà de dos tipus d'uniforme segons el període:

 Agost 1713. Casaca vermella, gira blanca, jupa blanca, calces de pell girada i corbata blanca.
 Octubre 1713. Casaca groga, gira vermella, jupa vermella, calces de pell girada i corbata blanca.

Hi ha constància de gorres de granaders. Per altra banda, el títol de cuirassers era només de caràcter honorífic, ja que no es té constància de que els genets anessin equipats amb cuirassa.

Referències

Bibliografia

Vegeu també
 Batalla de Talamanca
 Revolta de les quinzenades
 Tractat d'Utrecht

Enllaços externs
 L'Exèrcit de Catalunya (1713-14) a Miquelets.cat

Exèrcit de Catalunya (1713-1714)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Oral-B Precision Clean bristles reach deep between teeth and cover more surface, leaving your whole mouth cleaner than a regular manual, and power away up to 100 % more plaque for a precise clean vs. a regular manual toothbrush.
This Oral-B toothbrush head is inspired by professional dental tools and is a great choice for everyday brushing. The Precision Clean toothbrush head fits all Oral-B handles** and works with unique Oral-B technology, allowing the bristles to surround each tooth to remove 5x more plaque along the gumline*.
Choosing the right toothbrush can make a difference for the health of your whole mouth. That's why Oral-B, a worldwide leader in toothbrushes, offers a variety of electric toothbrush heads to fit your specific needs. So make the right choice and choose Oral-B, the #1 dentist recommended and used toothbrush brand, worldwide*.
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The Precision Clean toothbrush head provides an everyday superior clean* with its unique arc trim bristles that cup each tooth as you brush. The Precision Clean supports cleaner teeth and healthier gums*, and promotes 5x better plaque reduction along the gumline*.
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Oral-B offers a variety of electric toothbrush handlesto fit your personal oral health needs. Oral-B replacement toothbrush heads are compatible with all Oral-B electric toothbrush handles, except for Oral-B Pulsonic..
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What brush handles are compatible with the Precision Clean brush head?
The Precision Clean replacement brush head works with Oral-B Triumph, Oral-B SmartSeries, Oral-B PRO, Oral-B Vitality (except for Vitality Sonic) and Oral-B Pro-Health Power.


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Content-Type: application/xml; charset=utf-8


Editor's note: Throughout the diocese, Catholic schools are celebrating Catholic Schools Week and are sharing the extraordinary contributions that they have made across Southeastern Mass. Roger Sullivan, chairman of the Diocese of Fall River's Central Catholic Schools Board, is inviting Anchor readers to consider providing their talent, time, and/or treasure to further advance the mission of Catholic school education.
Should you be willing to serve on a board, volunteer your time, and/or contribute to a Catholic school, please contact Sarah Heaton, director of Enrollment and Marketing for the Diocese of Fall River. You can reach Sarah via email at sheaton@catholicsa.org. To learn more about the Diocese's Catholic schools, please feel free to go to the Catholic Schools Office's website: https://www.catholicschoolsalliance.org.
FALL RIVER, Mass. — The Diocese of Fall River Catholic schools are undergoing an amazing renaissance. Major school renewal initiatives are resulting in new opportunities for Catholic school students and teachers. Most importantly, these efforts are reshaping the schools' instructional practices leading to academic gains by students across the diocese.
These exciting initiatives are supported by Bishop Edgar M. da Cunha, S.D.V. and the Central Catholic Schools Board established by the bishop in 2016. "The generosity of philanthropic support, the commitment of professional staff, and volunteer leadership have been vital to enabling the schools to implement these new efforts," Roger Sullivan, chairman of the Central Catholic Schools Board, pointed out.
Some of these key initiatives are blended learning, targeted professional development for math teachers, special education for inclusion, and the newly-adopted MAP student assessments, reported Steve Perla, superintendent of Catholic Schools. In addition to working with teachers to enhance their instructional practice, teachers are also benefiting by participating in discounted graduate courses from a diocesan partnership developed with Bridgewater State University, added Perla.
Parents can now access much more immediate information about their child's progress than ever before.
Special education for inclusion has been a priority for the Catholic Schools Office this year. Working with the schools to increase public funding from government programs such as IDEA and Title l, students with mild and moderate disabilities are receiving special education services in our schools. The CSO will continue with a strong focus in this area to better position our schools to serve students who learn differently.
The CSO will be assessing the impact of these initiatives and will provide an analysis of the impact of these efforts late Spring 2019.
Perla publicly expressed his gratitude to the Carney Family Foundation for their deep partnership which has provided the resources necessary for myriad initiatives including school leaders participating in the Lynch Leadership Academy program and the Emmaus series offered through Boston College, and the comprehensive data driven instruction effort.
Sullivan shared that the board, in addition to strongly supporting these major academic initiatives, regularly assesses the financial status of each school. The overall goal is to create a complete and accurate financial picture of the entire system of schools as part of the board's commitment to lead a financially viable system of Catholic schools throughout the Fall River Diocese. In addition, each school has prepared its own strategic three-year plan.
Sullivan also noted that the "board wanted to ensure that any Catholic school teacher who wanted to send their children to a Catholic school could do so. To that end, the board created a Catholic School Teacher Tuition Abatement Program, funded by the generosity of the Foundation to Advance Catholic Education." The program is in its first year, and for its continued success, it is completely dependent on the generosity of donors. Our teachers who give so much of themselves to provide a Catholic education to their students are themselves deserving of the opportunity for their own children.
The Catholic Schools Office is thrilled to report that plans are in place to open its very first early learning center in the diocese. The center will be located in Attleboro and will enroll children from eight weeks to three years old. Named "The Little Flower Early Learning Center" in tribute to the life of St. Therese, the center will open this summer. Details and enrollment information will be forthcoming soon.
Looking to the future, the Central Catholic Schools Board looks forward to continuing to collaborate with the Catholic Schools Office to ensure that the diocese's Catholic schools continue their trajectory of renewal, observed Sullivan. He especially stressed that the board firmly believes that each and every one of the more than 6,000 students of today is the future of our Catholic Church of tomorrow.
As diocesan schools join with Catholic schools across the nation to celebrate Catholic Schools Week this week, those involved with the Catholic Schools Office are grateful to God for the many gifts He has showered upon the school communities, observed Perla.


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100 Breweries near Delafield Brewhaus
Delafield Brewhaus
3832 Hillside Drive
Delafield Wisconsin 53018
Hours: Monday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Tuesday-Saturday 11:00am-10:00pm, Sunday 9:00am-9:00pm.
Brewer: John Harrison
[Contact] [Map] [Update]
Water Street Lake Country
3191 Golf Road
Hours: Open daily at 11:00am. Call in advance to arrange a tour.
Brewer: George Bluvas III
[Map] [Update]
Melms Brewing Co.
418 Merton Avenue
Hartland Wisconsin 53029
Hours: Thursday-Friday 6:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday 4:00pm-11:00pm, Sunday 1:00pm-6:00pm.
Brewer: Brandon Van Epps
SteelTank Brewing Co.
1225 Robruck Drive
Oconomowoc Wisconsin 53066-2004
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 11:00am-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-11:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-10:00pm.
Brewer: Jason Radosevich, Dave Baron
Raised Grain Brewing Company
2244 West Bluemount Road
Waukesha Wisconsin 53186
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-midnight, Saturday noon-midnight, Sunday 1:00pm-5:00pm.
Brewfinity Brewing
N58W39800 Industrial Road
Oconomowoc Wisconsin 53066
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4-10pm, Friday 4-11pm, Saturday noon-11pm, Sunday noon-7pm
Brewer: Chad Ostram, Eric Zunke
Biloba Brewing Company
2970 North Brookfield Road
Brookfield Wisconsin 53045-3447
Hours: Thursday 5:00pm-2:00am, Friday-Saturday 5:00pm-2:30am.
Eagle Park Brewing — Planned
S64 W15680 Commerce Center Parkway
Muskego Wisconsin 53150
Stock House Brewing Co.
Wauwatosa Wisconsin 53213
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday noon-10:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-6:00pm.
Brewer: Mark Mahoney
The Fermentorium Barrel House
Hours: Tuesday-Thursday 3:00pm-11:00pm, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-11:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-8:00pm.
Westallion Brewing Company
Milwaukee Wisconsin 53214
Hours: Friday 3:00pm-8:00pm, Saturday noon-8:00pm, Sunday noon-6:00pm.
Big Head Brewing Company
6402 West State Stret
Hours: Thursday 5:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday 1:00pm-10:00pm.
East Troy Brewery
East Troy Wisconsin 53120
Hours: Monday & Wednesday-Thursday 11am-10pm, Friday-Saturday 11am-11pm, Sunday 11am-9pm
Vennture Brew Company
Hours: Open daily 5:00am-10:00pm.
Old Germantown Farmstead & Brewery — Planned
W148 N12696 Pleasant View Drive
Germantown Wisconsin 53022
The Explorium Brewpub
Southridge Mall, Suite 1450A
Greendale Wisconsin 53129
Redd's Brewing
4000 West State Street
3939 West Highland Boulevard
Comm Dept / Bldg 66 / Fourth Floor
Hours: Open daily 10:00am-5:00pm.
Brewer: David Ryder
City Lights Brewing
2200 West Mt Vernon Avenue
Brewer: Jimmy Gohsman
Brü Self-Brewery (BOP)
Hours: Thursday-Saturday 5:00pm-11:00pm.
Third Space Brewing
1505 West St Paul Avenue
Hours: Thursday 4:00pm-9:00pm, Friday 2:00pm-9:00pm, Saturday noon-9:00pm, Sunday noon-7:00pm.
Brewer: Kevin Wright
Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing — Milwaukee
1515 North Tenth Street
Milwaukee Brewing Company — Eighth Street
1131 North Eighth Street
Foxtown Brewery
6411 West Mequon Road
Mequon Wisconsin 53092
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 3pm-11pm, Friday-Saturday 11am-12am, Sunday 11am-8pm
Brewer: Nate Bahr
Dead Bird Brewing
1726 North Fifth Street
Brewer: Nick Kocis at MobCraft Brewing
MobCraft Brewery
Milwaukee Wisconsin 53204-1518
Hours: Monday-Thursday 3:30pm-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday noon-midnight, Sunday noon-10:00pm.
Brewer: Andrew Gierczak
Good City Brewing — Downtown
333 West Juneau Avenue
Brewer: Andy Jones
Urban Harvest Brewing Company
1024 South Fifth Street
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-9:00pm, Friday-Saturday 2:00pm-10:00pm.
Sprecher Brewing
701 West Glendale Avenue
Glendale Wisconsin 53209
Hours: Tours Friday 4:00pm, Saturday 1:00pm, 2:00pm, 3:00pm. Reservations required.
Brewer: Craig Burge
Colectivo Keg
223 St Paul Avenue
Bavarian Bierhaus Brewpub and Beer Garden — Planned
700 West Lexington Boulevard
Hours: Open daily.
Milwaukee Brewing Company
613 South Second Street
Hours: Tours Friday at 5:00pm and 6:00pm, Saturday at 3:00pm, 4:00pm, and 5:00pm.
Water Street Brewery
1101 North Water Street
Hours: Open Monday-Friday at 11:00am, Saturday-Sundat at 10:00pm.
Indeed Brewing — Milwaukee
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 3:00pm-11:00pm, Friday-Saturday noon-11:00pm, Sunday noon-8:00pm.
Component Brewing Co.
Hours: Friday-Saturday 3:00pm-10:00pm.
Broken Bat Brewing Company
135 East Pittsburgh Avenue
Hours: Monday & Wednesday-Thursday 4-10pm, Friday 3-11pm, Saturday noon-11pm, Sunday noon-6pm
Milwaukee Ale House
233 North Water Street
Brewer: Jim Olen, Robert Morton
Wizard Works Brewing Co.
231 East Buffalo Street
Eagle Park Brewing Company
2018 South First Street
Hours: Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday 3:00pm-midnight.
Enlightened Brewing
Hours: Friday-Saturday 3:00pm-midnight.
Brewer: Tommy Vandervort
Lowlands Brewing Collaborative
Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.
Brewer: MillerCoors
Buffalo Water Beer Company
Brewer: Craig Peterson
Lakefront Brewery
1872 North Commerce Street
Hours: Tours Wednesday-Friday at 3:00pm, Saturday at 1:00, 2:00, and 3:00pm.
Brewer: Luther Paul
1840 Brewing Company
342 East Ward Street
Hours: Open the third Saturday of the month.
Brewer: Kyle Vetter
Company Brewing
Hours: Tuesday-Sunday 5:00pm-10:00pm.
Brewer: George Bregar
Black Husky Brewing LLC
909 East Locust Street
Hours: Tuesday-Thursday 3:00pm-9:00pm, Friday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday 11:00am-10:00pm, Sunday 10:00am-4:00pm.
Brewer: Tim Eichinger, Toni Eichinger
Gathering Place Brewing Company
811 East Vienna Avenue
Hours: Monday 3:00pm-9:00pm; Wednesdays-Friday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday noon-10:00pm, Sunday noon-6:00pm.
Brewer: Joe Yeado
Old Abe Brewing Co
207 Woodlands Court
Hartford Wisconsin 53029
Brewer: Alt Brew, Madison WI
841 Brew House
841 East Milwaukee Street
Whitewater Wisconsin 53190
Hours: Open daily 10:30am-midnight.
Good City Brewing — East Side
2108 North Farwell Avenue
Hours: Tuesday-Wednesday 4:00pm-midnight, Thursday-Saturday 11:30am-midnight, Sunday 11:30am-10:00pm.
Second Salem Brewing
111 West Whitewater Street
Hours: Open Monday-Friday at 11:00am, Saturday-Sunday at 10:00am.
Water Street Brewing — Oak Creek
140 West Town Square Way
Oak Creek Wisconsin 53154
Hours: Open daily at 11:00am.
Faklandia Brewing Co. — Planned
2525 East Crawford Avenue
Saint Francis Wisconsin 53235
Brewer: Nate Fakler
Rebellion Brewing Co.
N57 W6172 Portland Road
at Columbia Road
Cedarburg Wisconsin 53012
Hours: Wednesday-Friday 4:00pm-midnight, Saturday 11:00am-midnight, Sunday 11:00am-6:00pm.
III Dachshunds Beer Company
3455 East Layton Avenue
Cudahy Wisconsin 53110
Hours: Monday-Thursday 3:00pm-2:00am, Friday-Saturday 3:00pm-2:30am, Sunday 2:00pm-2:00am.
Brewer: Stone Cellar Brewpub & Restaurant
Low Daily Brewing Co — Planned
Burlington Wisconsin 53105
The Runaway Micropub and Nanobrewery
The Fermetorium
The Burlington Brewing Company — Planned
Riverside Brewery & Restaurant
West Bend Wisconsin 53095
Hours: Monday-Thursday 11:00am-midnight, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-12:30am, Sunday 11:00am-8:00pm.
Brewer: Christopher George
Tyranena Brewing
1025 Owen Street
Lake Mills Wisconsin 53551
Hours: Monday-Tuesday 4:30pm-11:00pm (summer only). Wednesday-Thursday 4:30pm-11:00pm, Friday-Saturday 3:00pm-midnight, Sunday noon-8:00pm.
Brewer: Rob Larson
Sahale Ale Works
Grafton Wisconsin 53024
Hours: Friday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday noon-10:00pm, Sunday noon-6:00pm.
Milwaukee Ale House Grafton
Brewer: Rob Morton
Sunshine Brewing Co.
Brewer: Lane Smith
West Bend Lithia Beer Company
825 Schoenhaar Drive
Toll-Free: +1 800-927-6367
Brewer: Sprecher Brewing, Glendale WI
Duesterbeck's Brewing Co.
N5543 County Road O
Elkhorn Wisconsin 53121
Hours: Monday-Thursday 11:00am-9:00pm, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-10:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-6:00pm.
Brewer: Ben Johnson
Water Street Brewery — Grafton
Hubbleton Brewing Co.
W10445 Hubbleton Road
Waterloo Wisconsin 53594
Hours: Friday 5:00pm-8:00pm, Saturday 1:00pm-5:00pm.
Topsy Turvy Brewing Co.
727 Geneva Street
Lake Geneva Wisconsin 53147
Hours: Thursday-Saturday 11:00am-8:00pm, Saturday 11:00am-8:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-6:00pm.
Brewer: David Leeds
Geneva Lake Brewing
750 Veterans Parkway
Hours: Thursday-Friday 3:00pm-7:00pm, Saturday-Sunday 11:00am-3:00pm.
Brewer: Pat McIntosh
Inventors Brewpub
Port Washington Wisconsin 53074
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 11am-10pm, Friday-Saturday 11am-11pm, Sunday 11am-10pm
Brewer: Adam Draeger
Littleport Brewing Company
Racine Wisconsin 53403
Racine Brewing Company
Brewer: Andy Molina
Ooga Brewing Co.
Beaver Dam Wisconsin 53916
Hours: Monday-Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday noon-11:00pm, Sunday noon-5:00pm.
R'Noggin Brewing
Kenosha Wisconsin 53142
Cercis Brewing Co.
140 North Dickason Boulevard
Columbus Wisconsin 53925
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4-9pm, Friday-Saturday 3-11pm, Sunday 11am-4pm, Monday 4-9pm.
Brewer: Stan Stofflet
Kings & Convicts Brewing Co. — Pleasant Prairie — Planned
Pleasant Prairie Wisconsin 53158
Rock County Brewing Company
10 North Parker Drive
Janesville Wisconsin 53545
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-9:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Saturday 11:00am-10:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-6:00pm.
Public Craft Brewing
Kenosha Wisconsin 53140-4137
Hours: Thursday-Friday 3:30pm-9:00pm, Saturday noon-9:00pm, Sunday noon-6:00pm.
Rustic Road Brewing
Hours: Monday-Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-1:00am, Saturday noon-1:00am, Sunday noon-8pm
Brewer: Greg York
Kenosha Brewing Company
Hours: Monday-Wednesday 3:00pm-11:30pm, Thursday-Saturday 11:00am-midnight, Sunday 8:00am-11:00pm.
Brewer: Art Steinhoff
Gray Brewing
2424 West Court Street
Hours: Friday 4:30pm-9:00pm, Saturday 2:00pm-7:00pm. Tours Saturday at 1:30pm.
Brewer: Fred Gray
Full Mile Beer Company & Kitchen
Sun Prairie Wisconsin 53590
Hours: Tuesday-Thursday 11am-midnight, Friday-Saturday 11am-1am, Sunday 11am-11pm
Brewer: Skyler Kottwitz
Right Bauer Brewing Co
Hours: Thursday-Sunday 3:00pm-9:00pm.
Viking Brew Pub
Stoughton Wisconsin 53589
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-11:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-midnight, Saturday 11:00am-midnight, Sunday 11:00am-8:00pm, Monday 4:00pm-11:00pm.
Brewer: David Worth
G Five Brewing Company
Beloit Wisconsin 53511
Hours: Tuesday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Wednesday-Thursday 11:00am-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-11:00pm, Sunday 11:00am-8:00pm.
Brewer: Tim Goers
BluCreek Brewing Company
Madison Wisconsin 53718
Brewer: Various locations
Harbor Brewing
811 Sheridan Road
Winthrop Harbor Illinois 60096
Hours: Friday 6pm-midnight, Saturday noon-midnight, Sunday 1-8pm
North of the Bayou Restaurant & Brewery
802 Atlas Avenue
Hours: Monday-Saturday 11:00am-9:00pm.
McHenry Brewing Company
3425 Pearl Street
McHenry Illinois 60050
Hours: Wednesday-Thursday 4:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 4:00pm-11:00pm, Saturday noon-11:00pm, Sunday noon-6:00pm.
Brewer: Bob Master
Karben4 Brewing Company
3698 Kinsman Boulevard
Hours: Monday-Wednesday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Thursday 11:00am-midnight, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-2:00am.
Brewer: Ryan Koga
ALT Brew
Hours: Tuesday-Friday 3:00pm-9:00pm, Saturday 1:00pm-9:00pm.
Brewer: Trevor Easton
Next Door Brewing
Madison Wisconsin 53704-5604
Hours: Sunday-Thursday 11:00am-11:00pm, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-midnight.
Brewer: Keith Symonds
Union Corners Brewery
2438 Winnebago Street
Hours: Tuesday-Sunday 11:00am-midnight.
One Barrel Brewing
Hours: Monday-Wednesday 4:00pm-11:00pm, Thursday 4:00pm-1:00am, Friday 2:00pm-1:00am, Saturday noon-1:00am, Sunday noon-9:00pm.
Brewer: Peter Gentry
Ale Asylum
2002 Pankratz Street
Hours: Monday-Thursday 11:00am-midnight, Friday-Saturday 11:00am-2:30am, Sunday 11:00am-10:00pm.
Brewer: Dean Coffey, Chris Riphenburg
Only Child Brewing
1350 Tri State Parkway
Gurnee Illinois 60031
Hours: Tuesday-Thursday 5-10pm, Friday 5-11pm, Saturday 1-11pm
O'So Brewing — Madhouse
1817 East Washington Avenue
Hours: Monday-Thursday 3:00pm-10:00pm, Friday 3:00pm-11:00pm, Saturday noon-11:00pm, Sunday noon-5:00pm.
Holzlager Brewing Co.
150 South Eastwood Drive
Unit F
Woodstock Illinois 60098
Hours: Tuesday-Thursday noon-10:00pm, Friday-Saturday noon-11:00pm, Sunday noon-7:00pm.
Brewer: Travis Slepcevich