text:
Smith v. Michael Jackson
84 F.3d 1213 (9th Cir. 1996)
Complaining Work
Defending Work
Robert Smith and Reynard Jones
"Don't Let the Sunshine"
"Happy Go Lucky Girl"
"The Girl is Mine"
View Partial Score
Robert Smith and Reynard Jones, Jackson's old Gary, Indiana acquaintances, and the plaintiffs in this case, could easily prove that their neighbor Michael had access to their musical numbers. (Gary, Indiana, in the winter, while one's erstwhile neighbor moves to Los Angeles and becomes a star…) Apparently they found it more difficult to establish substantial similarities between their works and Jackson's; all parties acknowledged that the similarities involved no more than musical motives, and the District Court agreed with Jackson that these were nothing more than "scenes a faire" that may not be monopolized. The opinion (below) identifies a number of songs that plaintiffs claimed Jackson misappropriated. We have listed only one of these above.
The court, unfortunately, sealed the docket for this case, and none of those we contacted who were associated with it, has been willing to share with us copies of Smith and Reynaud's songs. We hope to review them at the Copyright Office. Until we see and hear these we can only imagine from the opinion the attenuated musical reeds on which the plaintiff's based their claim. The plaintiffs made also a remarkable claim that Jackson marketed and disseminated infringing material and was thereby liable for racketeering under RICO, a charge the court handily demolished.
More recently an Italian singer Albano Carrisi unsuccessfully sued Michael Jackson for copyright infringement of his "I Cigni di Balaka" as evidenced in Jackson's "Will You Be There" on his album "Dangerous."
Opinion by Judge Hawkins
Appellants/Cross-Appellees Robert Smith and Reynaud Jones brought copyright infringement and RICO actions against appellees/cross-appellants, including Michael Jackson, Rod Temperton, and Lionel Richie. Appellants argue that (1) the district court erred in dismissing appellants' RICO claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), (2) the court erred in granting partial summary judgment in appellees' favor, and (3) the court's jury instructions improperly permitted the jury to find for appellees without considering appellees' access to appellants' copyrighted works. Appellees cross-appealed the court's decision to deny attorney's fees. We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Appellants' copyright claims were based on appellees' alleged infringement of six of appellants' songs. Appellants had registered copyrights on each song. Appellants did not allege infringement of the lyrics or copying of large parts of the music, but rather alleged that appellees misappropriated musical "motives" from each of appellants' works.1 More specifically, appellants alleged that:
* Jackson's and Richie's "We Are The World" infringed on one motive from appellants' "If There Be You"
* Jackson's and Richie's "We Are The World" infringed on two motives from appellants' "What Will Become of the Children"
* Jackson's "The Girl is Mine" infringed on one motive from appellants' "Don't Let the Sunshine Catch You Crying"
* Jackson's "The Girl is Mine" infringed on two motives from appellants' "Happy Go Lucky Girl"
* Temperton's "Thriller" infringed on four motives from appellants' "Run on Manchild"
* Jackson's "Another Part of Me" infringed on two motives from appellants' "Send Your Love"
In addition to the copyright infringement claims, appellants alleged that appellees' dissemination and marketing of the songs were mail and wire fraud predicate acts under RICO. The district court dismissed appellants' RICO counts for failure to state a claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The court concluded that although appellants claimed to allege mail and wire fraud as predicate acts, their RICO claims were actually based on copyright infringement. Because copyright infringement is not a RICO predicate act under 18 U.S.C. § 1961, the court dismissed appellants' RICO claims.
The district court then granted appellees' motion for summary judgment as to all but three of appellants' infringement claims.2 The court concluded that as to all but the three surviving allegations of infringement, appellants' experts had failed to rebut appellees' expert testimony that appellants' allegedly infringed motives were unprotected "scenes a faire."3
The three surviving claims went to trial. The jury returned a special verdict for appellees on each of the three infringement claims. The jury concluded that none of appellants' works would be found to be substantially similar to appellees' works by the ordinary lay listener.
The district court denied appellees' post-trial motion for attorney's fees. The district court determined that appellants had not brought their claims in bad faith, that the claims were not frivolous, and that the claims had legal and factual support, and thus concluded that appellees' were not entitled to attorney's fees under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 505.
Appellants timely appealed the dismissal of the RICO counts, the partial summary judgment, and alleged trial errors,4 and Temperton and the Jackson appellees timely cross-appealed the denial of attorney's fees.
A. Did The District Court Err In Dismissing Appellants' RICO Causes Of Action For Failure To State A Claim?
A dismissal for failure to state a claim pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) is a question of law reviewed de novo. Stone v. Travelers Corp., 58 F.3d 434, 436-37 (9th Cir. 1995). All allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Everest & Jennings v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 23 F.3d 226, 228 (9th Cir. 1994). A complaint should not be dismissed unless it appears beyond doubt that plaintiff can prove no set of facts that would entitle her to relief. Id.
Liability under RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), requires (1) the conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity. Sun Savings & Loan Assoc. v. Dierdorff, 825 F.2d 187, 191 (9th Cir. 1987). "Racketeering activity" is any act indictable under several provisions of U.S.C. Title 18, including the predicate acts alleged in this case, mail fraud and wire fraud. 18 U.S.C. § 1961; see generally Sun Savings & Loan Assoc., 825 F.2d at 191.
The district court concluded that appellants' RICO claims were entirely based on copyright infringement, which is not a RICO predicate act under 18 U.S.C. § 1961, and dismissed them pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Appellants argue that their claims were properly based on the predicate acts of mail and wire fraud. We affirm.
The district court did not err in concluding that appellants' RICO claims were reformulated copyright infringement claims. Appellants allege in their RICO counts the same activity alleged in their infringement claims: the unauthorized use and dissemination of appellants' copyrighted works. Indeed, without the alleged infringement of copyright, none of appellees' activity in disseminating their songs could be "fraudulent" and none of appellants' RICO claims could survive. Because appellants' RICO counts do no more than allege copyright infringement under the label of mail and wire fraud, and copyright infringement is not a predicate act under RICO, the district court properly concluded that appellants failed to state a claim.
Appellants' arguments are not persuasive. Appellants admit that the RICO predicate acts are linked with defendants' alleged copyright infringement. Appellants conclude, however, that because the copyright infringement and RICO claims are alleged in separate counts and have a separate jurisdictional basis, the allegations are "separate and distinct." Of course, alleging separate RICO counts does not mean appellants have successfully stated a RICO claim.
Appellants also assert that "[n]ot all of the predicate acts were assigned to carrying out the copyright infringement." Appellant, however, does not cite any examples of predicate acts unrelated to the alleged infringement of appellants' copyrights, nor could we find any non-copyright related predicate acts in appellants' complaint. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's decision to dismiss appellants' RICO counts for failure to state a claim.
B. Did The District Court Err In Granting Appellees' Motion For Summary Judgment As To All But Three Of Appellants' Copyright Infringement Claims?
The grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo. Kouf v. Walt Disney Pictures & Television, 16 F.3d 1042, 1044 (9th Cir. 1994). However, "summary judgment is not highly favored on questions of substantial similarity in copyright cases." Shaw v. Lindheim, 919 F.2d 1353, 1355 (9th Cir. 1990)(citation omitted). When the issue is whether two works are substantially similar, summary judgment is appropriate if "no reasonable juror could find substantial similarity of ideas and expression, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Kouf, 16 F.3d at 1045. Where reasonable minds could differ on the issue of substantial similarity, summary judgment is improper. Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1355.
To establish a successful copyright infringement claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) she owns the copyright, and (2) defendant copied protected elements of the copyrighted work. Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435, 1442 (9th Cir. 1994), cert. denied , U.S. , 130 L. Ed. 2d 1129, 115 S. Ct. 1176 (1995). Because direct evidence of copying is not available in most cases, plaintiff may establish copying by showing that defendant had access to plaintiff's work and that the two works are "substantially similar" in idea and in expression of the idea. Id .
We use a two-part test in determining whether two works are substantially similar. Id. First, the "extrinsic" test considers whether two works share a similarity of ideas and expression based on external, objective criteria. Id .; Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1356-57. Analytic dissection of a work and expert testimony are appropriate to the extrinsic test. Apple Computer Inc., 35 F.3d at 1442. If plaintiff satisfies the extrinsic test, then the subjective "intrinsic test" asks whether an "ordinary, reasonable observer" would find a substantial similarity of expression of the shared idea. Id.
For summary judgment, only the extrinsic test is relevant. Kouf, 16 F.3d at 1045; Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp., 960 F.2d 1465, 1477 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 869, 113 S. Ct. 198, 121 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1992); Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1359. If plaintiff satisfies the extrinsic test, the intrinsic test's subjective inquiry must be left to the jury and summary judgment must be denied. Kouf, 16 F.3d at 1045; Brown Bag Software, 960 F.2d at 1477; Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1359. In applying the extrinsic test, we require a lower standard of proof on substantial similarity when a high degree of access is shown. Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1361-62 (describing the "Inverse Ratio Rule"); Krofft, 562 F.2d 1157 at 1172 (holding that high "degree of access justifies a lower standard of proof to show substantial similarity").5
Appellants make essentially four arguments against the district court's decision to grant partial summary judgment. First, appellants argue that the court improperly granted summary judgment based on scenes a faire expert testimony without considering appellants' "presumption of originality." Second, appellants contend that even if appellees established that the motives at issue were scenes a faire, appellees never established that appellants had access to the scenes a faire motives before writing their songs and thus summary judgment was inappropriate. Third, appellants argue that the court erred in considering scenes a faire evidence because when access to a plaintiff's works is conceded, possibility of a prior common source is irrelevant. Finally, appellants assert that the declarations of appellants' experts rebutted appellees' scenes a faire evidence. We examine each of appellants' arguments in turn.6
1. Should A "Presumption of Originality" Have Rebutted Appellees' Scenes A Faire Evidence?
Appellants contend that the district court did not give enough weight to the "presumption of originality" created by appellants' Certificates of Copyright Registration in deciding whether the relevant motives in appellants' songs were scenes a faire. Appellees argue that the presumption of originality is not applicable to an inquiry into whether appellants' motives were scenes a faire. We agree with appellees.
The presumption of originality created by a Certificate of Registration is not relevant to the district court's scenes a faire determination. A Certificate of Registration only creates a rebuttable presumption of originality applicable to a defendant's attack on the validity of a plaintiff's copyright.7 North Coast Industries v. Jason Maxwell, Inc., 972 F.2d 1031, 1033 (9th Cir. 1992) ("Under our copyright law, the registration of the copyright certificate itself establishes a prima facie presumption of the validity of the copyright in a judicial proceeding. . . ."). This court has neither transferred the presumption of originality from the "validity" inquiry to the "copying" inquiry nor converted it into a presumption that parts of a plaintiff's work are not scenes a faire. See, e.g., Apple Computer, Inc., 35 F.3d at 1444-45 (considering scenes a faire inquiry and originality inquiry separately). Accordingly, the district court did not err by failing to address appellants' "presumption of originality" in deciding whether similarities between appellants' and appellees' work were attributable to "scenes a faire" motives.
2. Should Appellees Have Been Required To Prove That Appellants Had Access To Scenes a Faire Motives?
Appellants contend that the district court should have required appellees to prove that appellants had access to the scenes a faire motives before granting summary judgment. We disagree.
Appellants misapprehend the relevant law. A scenes a faire finding, unlike a finding of copyright validity, does not turn on whether plaintiff copied prior art. Rather, the court examines whether "motive" similarities that plaintiffs attribute to "copying" could actually be explained by the commonplace presence of the same or similar motives within the relevant field. Thus, although a defendant must prove "access" when challenging the validity of a plaintiff's copyright, see, e.g., North Coast Industries, 972 F.2d at 1033-34, this court has not required a showing of access when defendant asserts that any similarity in works is attributable to shared scenes a faire motives. See, e.g., Apple Computer, Inc., 35 F.3d at 1444.
Accordingly, we find that the district court did not err by not requiring appellees to prove appellants had access to the relevant scenes a faire motives.
3. Did The Court Err In Considering Scenes A Faire Evidence After Appellees' Access To Appellants' Works Had Been Conceded?
Appellants argue that because access to appellants' works was conceded in this case, the district court did not need to consider whether the allegedly copied motives were scenes a faire. We reject appellants' argument.
Appellants again depend on inapposite law. Although establishing access eliminates the need for a plaintiff to establish a "striking similarity" between plaintiff's and defendant's work, proof of access has no bearing on whether two works are "substantially similar," or, more specifically, on whether similarity in works is attributable to scenes a faire motives. See Baxter v. MCA, Inc., 812 F.2d 421, 424 & n.2 (9th Cir.) (reviewing substantial similarity determination after noting that "striking similarity" inquiry was irrelevant since access had been conceded), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 954, 108 S. Ct. 346, 98 L. Ed. 2d 372 (1987). Thus, appellants' assertion that the scenes a faire inquiry is irrelevant when access is conceded is without merit.
4. Did Appellants' Experts Rebut Appellees' Scenes A Faire Showing?
Appellants argue that even if the district court properly considered appellees' evidence regarding scenes a faire motives in appellants' works, appellants' experts rebutted appellees' scenes a faire assertions and thus created a triable issue of fact, making summary judgment inappropriate.
The record belies appellants' claim. The district court carefully compared the scenes a faire assertions made by appellees' expert, Dr. Eskelin, to the declaration of appellants' experts, Dr. Argersinger and Dr. Parsons, and granted summary judgment only when the declarations of appellants' experts were silent as to one of Dr. Eskelin's scenes a faire conclusions or when appellants' experts agreed with the assessment of Dr. Eskelin.8 Because the district court properly considered all the material in the record regarding scenes a faire motives and granted summary judgment only as to those motives that raised no genuine issue of material fact, we affirm the district court's grant of partial summary judgment.
C. Did The District Court Err In Allowing The Jury To Reject Appellants' Claims Without Considering Appellees' Access to Appellants' Copyrighted Works?
A special verdict form is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Floyd v. Laws, 929 F.2d 1390, 1395 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). We must determine whether the questions in the form were adequate to obtain a jury determination of the factual issues essential to judgment. Id.
Appellants contend that the district court abused its discretion by relying on a special verdict which allowed the jury to reject appellants' claims before reaching the question of appellees' access to appellants' work. Appellees argue that the district court acted well within its discretion by requiring the jury to answer three questions on "substantial similarity" that, if all answered in the negative, would dispose of appellants' claims. We agree with appellees.
As noted above, we use a two-part test for "copying" comprised of an objective, "extrinsic" inquiry and a subjective, "intrinsic" inquiry. In making the subjective, intrinsic determination, the jury is required to decide whether an ordinary, reasonable lay listener would find substantial similarity in the work of plaintiff and defendant. If the jury determines that no substantial similarity exists, plaintiffs cannot prevail.
Appellants argue that "access" is a factor in the intrinsic substantial similarity determination, and thus the district court erred in requiring the jury to decide the intrinsic question without considering access. Although access is relevant to the extrinsic test, we have not incorporated considerations of access into the intrinsic "lay listener" inquiry. See, e.g., Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1358 (analyzing access for purposes of extrinsic test but not intrinsic test); Aliotti, 831 F.2d at 902 (noting that access does not affect intrinsic inquiry); Baxter, 812 F.2d at 424 & n.2 (noting that access is conceded for purposes of extrinsic test and then reviewing intrinsic determination without reference to access). Because the jury's intrinsic test determination was potentially dispositive of appellants' claims and access is not relevant to the intrinsic "lay listener" test, the district court did not err in requiring the jury to make an intrinsic test determination before considering access.
Moreover, although a district court is not required to submit its formulation of a special verdict to the parties for their review, in this case Judge Hupp followed the better practice of making the special verdict form available to the parties for their scrutiny and permitting the parties to comment on and challenge the special verdict form at the jury instructions hearing.9 The record establishes that Judge Hupp carefully considered the form of the special verdict and engaged the parties in an extended dialogue regarding not only the content of the questions submitted to the jury, but also the sequence in which the questions appeared in the special verdict form. On this record, it is clear that Judge Hupp did not abuse his discretion in formulating the special verdict instructions.
D. Did The District Court Abuse Its Discretion In Denying Appellees' Motion For An Award Of Attorney's Fees?
A district court's decision regarding the award of attorney's fees under the Copyright Act is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Jackson v. Axton, 25 F.3d 884, 890 (9th Cir. 1994). Reversal for abuse of discretion is not appropriate unless this court has a definite and firm conviction that the court below committed a clear error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant factors. Washington State Dep't of Transp. v. Washington Natural Gas Co., 59 F.3d 793, 805 (9th Cir. 1995) (reviewing denial of attorney's fees). The district court's findings of fact underlying the attorney's fees determination are reviewed for clear error. Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1532 (9th Cir. 1993), rev'd on other grounds, 501 U.S. 517, 127 L. Ed. 2d 455, 114 S. Ct. 1023 (1994).
Appellees argue that the district court abused its discretion in denying attorney's fees pursuant to the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 505. We disagree.
This court noted in Jackson that the district court may consider (but is not limited to) five factors in making an attorney's fees determination pursuant to § 505 of the Copyright Act: (1) the degree of success obtained, (2) frivolousness, (3) motivation, (4) objective unreasonableness (legal and factual), and (5) the need to advance considerations of compensation and deterrence. Jackson, 25 F.3d at 890 (citing Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 501 U.S. at , 114 S. Ct. at 1023, 1033 n.19.) Although the district court did not explicitly mention the Fogerty factors, the court implicitly considered four of the five factors. First, the district court concluded that appellants had more success in pursuing their claims than is typical of copyright infringement actions, mainly due to their "respectable evidence of access by defendants." The district court also explicitly noted that it did not find frivolousness or that the suit was motivated by bad faith. Finally, the court noted that the claims had a legal basis sufficient to survive summary judgment and a factual basis supported by expert testimony.
In sum, given that the district court weighed many of the relevant considerations and does not appear to have committed a clear error of judgment, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellees' motion for attorney's fees.
1 A "motive" is a short musical phrase, usually comprised of only a few notes.
2 The three claims that survived summary judgment were one motive from "What Will Become of the Children" allegedly infringed by "We Are The World," one motive from "Happy Go Lucky Girl" allegedly infringed by "The Girl is Mine," and the combination of two motives from "Run on Manchild" allegedly infringed by "Thriller."
3 "Scenes a faire" refers to a motive that is so common or trite it is not protectable.
4 The alleged trial errors relate to the district court's formulation of the jury instructions. This issue is discussed in greater detail below.
5 Although the continued viability of the "Inverse Ratio Rule" was questioned in Aliotti v. Dakin & Co., 831 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987), the rule was expressly reaffirmed in Shaw, 919 F.2d at 1361-62 ("Because no subsequent decision has disturbed the access rule established in Krofft, we believe that it is the law of this circuit.").
6 Appellants also contend that the district court erred in considering a "Post-Hearing Memorandum In Support Of Motion For Summary Judgment" filed by appellees one day after the summary judgment hearing. The court had not indicated a need for further briefing at the summary judgment hearing, and appellees had not requested leave of the court to file its supplemental brief.
The district court did not err in considering appellees' Post-Hearing Memorandum. Not only did appellants respond to the supplemental memorandum on the merits, but appellants also admit that the memorandum did not raise any new issues not already before the court. Given appellants' opportunity to respond, and the fact that the memorandum raised no new issues, the district court did not err in considering the supplemental filings.
7 Validity falls under part one of our two-part copyright infringement test; copying of plaintiff's work by defendant is the second part. The parties in this case stipulated to the validity of appellants' copyright.
8 The district court not only denied summary judgment whenever appellants' experts contested a scenes a faire assertion of appellees' expert, but also properly construed the evidence in the light most favorable to appellants when their experts' scenes a faire assessments were ambiguous.
9 Allowing the parties to assess the court's formulation of a special verdict is particularly important in legally and technically complicated cases, like many copyright infringement actions, in which the jury may be tempted to seize upon the first opportunity to dispose of a case in order to avoid dealing with a case's other, perhaps more difficult, aspects.


The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II to liberate the-Japanese held British Borneo and Dutch Borneo. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the Australian I Corps, under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, attacked Imperial Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centred on the U.S. 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid, the Australian First Tactical Air Force and the U.S. Thirteenth Air Force also played important roles in the campaign. They were resisted by Imperial Japanese Navy and Army forces in southern and eastern Borneo, under Vice-Admiral Michiaki Kamada, and in the north west by the Thirty-Seventh Army, led by Lieutenant-General Masao Baba.
The plans for the Allied attacks were known collectively as Operation Oboe. The invasion of Borneo was the second stage of Operation Montclair, which was aimed at destroying Imperial Japanese forces in, and re-occupying the Dutch East Indies, Kingdom of Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, British North Borneo and the southern Philippines. Borneo in particular was considered at the time a strategic location for its natural resource; oil and rubber. The Borneo campaign was criticised in Australia at the time and in subsequent years, as pointless or a "waste" of the lives of soldiers especially following the first operation in Tarakan. Modern historians such as Max Hastings have said that attacking these forces, already cut off from Japan, was a waste of resources.
"Any rational strategic judgment would have left them to their own devices screened by token allied forces until their nation's defeat enforced their surrender".
It has been argued that the campaign did, however, achieve a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the Dutch East Indies, capturing major oil supplies, and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in increasingly worse conditions in the Sandakan camp and Batu Lintang camp. The initial Allied plan comprised six stages: Operation Oboe 1 was to be an attack on Tarakan; Oboe 2 against Balikpapan; Oboe 3 against Banjarmasin; Oboe 4 against Surabaya or Batavia (Jakarta); Oboe 5 against the eastern Netherlands East Indies; and Oboe 6 against British North Borneo (Sabah). In the end only the operations against Tarakan, Balikpapan and British Borneo—at Labuan and Brunei Bay—took place. The campaign opened with Oboe 1 by a landing on the small island of Tarakan, off the north east coast on 1 May 1945 using Australian built MKIII folboats. Small parties paddled in the Tarakan region to obtain useful information and observe the Djoeta oilfields prior to an invasion. On 29 May 1945, The Oboe 6 party, including Sergeant J Wong Sue, was inserted into Kimanis Bay, British North Borneo for close reconnoitreing work using a Hoehn military folboat deployed from a Catalina aircraft.
On 10 June 1945, Oboe 6 subsequently followed with simultaneous assaults on the island of Labuan and the coast of Brunei in the north west of Borneo. A week later, the Australians followed up with attacks on Japanese positions around Weston on the north-eastern part of Brunei Bay. The attention of the Allies then switched back to the central east coast, with Oboe 2. The last major amphibious assault of World War II was at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945. These operations ultimately constituted the last campaigns of Australian forces in the war against Japan.
^ a b Ooi 2010, p. 204.
^ Australian War Memorial London.
^ a b Dean 2015, p. 279.
^ Sandler 2001, p. 180.
^ Hastings 2007, p. 368.
^ Tanaka 2017, p. 27.
^ Mikaberidze 2018, p. 27.
^ Dennis 1995, p. 440.
^ a b Converse 2011, p. 17.
^ a b Hoehn 2011, p. 71.
^ Australian War Memorial 1968, p. 644.
^ Great Britain. Ministry of Defence Navy 1995, p. 175.
^ Pfennigwerth 2009, p. 166.
^ Long 1963, p. 49.
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Dean, Peter J. (2015). Australia 1944-45: Victory in the Pacific. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08346-2.
Dean, Peter J. (2018). MacArthur's Coalition: US and Australian Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942-1945. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2604-5.
Dennis, Peter (1995). The Oxford companion to Australian military history. Oxford University Press.
Great Britain. Ministry of Defence Navy (1995). War with Japan: The Advance to Japan. H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-772821-9.
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Mikaberidze, Alexander (2018). Behind Barbed Wire: An Encyclopedia of Concentration and Prisoner-of-War Camps. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5762-1.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borneo campaign (1945).
The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. The campaign resulted in a defeat and very heavy losses for Empire of Japan. As in most Pacific War campaigns and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action, most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces, and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by the US Navy. Garrisons were effectively besieged and denied shipments of food and medical supplies, according to John Laffin, the campaign. was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II. The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the tip of New Britain Island in January 1942. Rabaul overlooks Simpson Harbor, a natural anchorage, and was ideal for the construction of airfields. Over the next year, the Japanese built up the area into a major air, the Japanese 8th Area Army, under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns.
The Japanese 18th Army, under Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea, the colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies principal forward base and serve as a springboard for the invasion of Australia, for the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines, General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area Operational Instruction No. Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are Huon Gulf, the Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, unopposed in early March 1942. MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, the Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort.
The Battle of Tarakan was the first stage in the Borneo campaign of 1945. It began with a landing by Australian forces on 1 May. While the battle ended with success for the Allied forces over the Japanese defenders, Tarakan is a triangle-shaped island 2.5 miles off the coast of Borneo. The island is roughly 15 miles long from its northernmost point to the tip and 11 miles wide towards the north of the island. The small island of Sadau is located about 0.5 miles off Tarakans west coast, almost all of Tarakans coastline is swampy, and in 1945 mangroves on the northern half of the island stretched 1 mile to 2 miles inland. The coastal mangroves in the portion of the island were narrower. Inland from the swamps, most of central Tarakan comprised a series of steep, Tarakan is located three degrees north of the equator and has a tropical climate. The maximum temperature for most days is about 80 °F, in 1945, Tarakan Town was the main settlement of the island. This town was located 2,000 yards inland, and was separated from the south-west coast by small hills covered in low vegetation.
Four piers used to oil tankers were located on this coastline at the settlement of Lingkas. Tarakan airfield was located about 1 mile north-west of Tarakan Town, of the islands two oilfields, Sesanip Oilfield was located at the north-east edge of the airfield while the larger Djoeata or Juata Oilfield was 3 miles to the north. The village of Djoeata was located on Tarakans north-west coast and linked to Djoeata Oilfield by a track, prior to World War II, Tarakan formed part of the Netherlands East Indies and was an important oil production centre. The islands two oilfields produced 80,000 barrels of oil per month in 1941, securing Tarakans oilfields formed one of Japans early objectives during the Pacific War. Japanese forces landed on the islands east coast on 11 January 1942, following the Dutch surrender, Tarakans 5,000 inhabitants suffered under Japans occupation policies. The large number of troops stationed on the island caused food shortages, the Japanese authorities brought 600 labourers to Tarakan from Java.
The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from. The term Indonesia came into use for the location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, Japans World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the word Indies comes from Latin, Indus. The original name Dutch Indies was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, the name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Companys documents of the early 1620s.
Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late 15th century, following disruption of Dutch access to spices in Europe, the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed, recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company. The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, a capital was established in Batavia, which became the centre of the VOCs Asian trading network. Smuggling, the expense of war and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalised under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies.
Singapore was the major British military base in South-East Asia and was the keystone of British imperial interwar defence planning for South-East Asia as well as the South-West Pacific. The fighting in Singapore lasted from 8 to 15 February 1942 although this was preceded by two months of British resistance as Japanese forces advanced down the Malaya peninsula and it resulted in the Japanese capture of Singapore and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history. About 80,000 British and Australian troops became prisoners of war, the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, called it the worst disaster in British military history. During 1940 and 1941, the Allies had imposed an embargo on Japan in response to its continued campaigns in China. The Japanese were encouraged to choose war by their intelligence, in December 1940, the Germans handed over copies of the papers to the Japanese. As a part of process, the Japanese planners determined a broad scheme of manoeuvre that incorporated simultaneous attacks on the British.
In addition, strikes would be made against the United States naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, as well as landings in the Philippines, and attacks on Guam, Wake Island and the Gilbert Islands. With this perimeter, it was intended to block Allied attempts to regain the lost territory, the Japanese 25th Army invaded from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. This was virtually simultaneous with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which precipitated the United States entry in to the war, Thailand initially resisted, but soon had to yield. The Japanese proceeded overland across the Thai–Malayan border to attack Malaya, at this time, the Japanese began bombing strategic sites in Singapore. The Japanese 25th Army was resisted in northern Malaya by III Corps of the British Indian Army, although the 25th Army was outnumbered by Allied forces in Malaya and Singapore, Japanese commanders concentrated their forces. The Japanese were superior in close air support, armour, co-ordination, prior to the Battle of Singapore the most resistance was met at the Battle of Muar, which involved the Australian 8th Division and the Indian 45th Brigade.
At the start of the campaign, the Allied forces had only 164 first-line aircraft on hand in Malaya and Singapore, and these aircraft were operated by two Royal Australian Air Force, two Royal Air Force, and one Royal New Zealand Air Force squadron. Major shortcomings included a slow rate of climb and the fuel system which required the pilot to hand pump fuel if flying above 6,000 feet. Their fighter aircraft were superior to the Allied fighters, which helped the Japanese to gain air supremacy, Japanese forces quickly isolated and forced the surrender of Indian units defending the coast. They advanced down the Malayan peninsula overwhelming the defences, despite their numerical inferiority, the Japanese forces used bicycle infantry and light tanks, allowing swift movement through the jungle. The Allies, having thought the terrain made them impractical, had no tanks, and only a few armoured vehicles, although more Allied units—including some from the Australian 8th Division—joined the campaign, the Japanese prevented the Allied forces from regrouping.
North Borneo described as the State of North Borneo was a state that existed from 1882 until 1946. The state came about owing to the grant by the Sultans of Brunei, the country was placed under British protection in 1888 under an agreement between the Company and the British government concluded on 12 May 1888. From 1942 to 1945, North Borneo was occupied by Japanese military forces and this transfer of administration was completed under a past treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the United States. Today, the former North Borneo is part of Malaysia as the state of Sabah, a free port was established here which was of importance for the interest of Britain in the east Asia region, trade with China. The port however failed to become a long term due to constant pirate attacks as well as other reasons. In 1865, the United States Consul to Brunei, Charles Lee Moses, Torrey began a settlement at the Kimanis River mouth, which he named Ellena. Attempts to find backing for the settlement were futile, and disease, death.
Harris died in 1866 and Torrey returned to America in 1877 and he died in Boston, Massachusetts, in March 1884. With the imminent termination of the lease at hand in January 1875, Torrey managed to sell his rights to the Consul of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Hong Kong, Baron Gustav von Overbeck. Von Overbeck managed to get a 10-year renewal of the lease from the Temenggong of Brunei, to finance his plans for North Borneo, Overbeck found financial backing from the Dent brothers. However, he was unable to interest his government in the territory, after efforts to sell the territory to Italy for use as a penal colony, von Overbeck withdrew in 1880, leaving Alfred Dent in control. Dent was supported by Sir Rutherford Alcock, and Admiral Sir Harry Keppel, in July 1881, Alfred Dent and his brother formed the British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd and obtained an official Royal Charter 1 November the same year. In May 1882, the North Borneo Chartered Company replaced the Provisional Association, Sir Rutherford Alcock became the first President, and Alfred Dent became Managing director.
Alfred Dent, the founder of North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd (later replaced by the North Borneo Chartered Company) is the key player to the establishment of solid British presence in northern Borneo.
Japanese military movement throughout the Malay Archipelago from 1941 to 1942.
Disarmed Japanese troops marching towards a prisoner of war (POW) compound in Jesselton after surrendering to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 8 October 1945.
Japanese civilians and soldiers leaving North Borneo after the surrender of Japan.
Kinkaid as Commander, North Pacific Force, reading in his quarters on Adak, Aleutian Islands, 14 May 1943.
An infantryman from the Australian 2/43rd Battalion in a bomber dispersal bay at Labuan airstrip on 10 June 1945.
The Japanese surrender delegation boarding HMS Nelson on 2 September 1945.
Rear Admiral Jisaku Uozomi (second from right) discussing the surrender of Penang with Vice Admiral Harold Walker aboard HMS Nelson.
Royal Marine commandos on confiscated Japanese vehicles in George Town on 3 September 1945.
Japanese prisoners of war being marched through the streets of George Town on 3 September 1945.
A C-47 transport aircraft drops supplies by parachute to Allied troops in action against Japanese forces; a common event during the fighting in Burma and India during 1944.
Two British soldiers patrol the ruins of Bahe, in Central Burma.
7 January 1943. Australian forces attack Japanese positions near Buna. Members of the 2/12th Infantry Battalion advance as Stuart tanks from the 2/6th Armoured Regiment attack Japanese pillboxes. An upward-firing machine gun on the tank sprays treetops to clear them of snipers. (Photographer: George Silk).


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


HD | 2018 | 92 minutes | Drama.
: Claudia Cardinale, Raffaele Pisu, Gianni Morandi, Giancarlo Giannini, Ivano Marescotti, Nini Salerno.
: Marta Miniucchi, Paolo Rossi Pisu.
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Home Newswire Theresa May to propose delaying Brexit if her own deal and 'no-deal'...
Theresa May to propose delaying Brexit if her own deal and 'no-deal' rejected by MPs — RT UK News
Prime Minister Theresa May has announced that if her deal or a no-deal Brexit is rejected by MPs in the House of Commons then her government will propose delaying the UK's exit from the European Union.
In a statement to parliament, to update politicians on Brexit negotiations with the EU, the prime minister promised to give MPs a vote on whether to accept a no-deal scenario, if her government loses a meaningful vote on her agreement by March 13.
May told the House, in the event parliamentarians reject a no-deal Brexit then they will have an opportunity to vote on extending Article 50, to delay the UK's withdrawal from the EU for a "short" period of time.
Asked by Tory backbencher Patrick Mcloughlin what exactly a "short" extension would mean in reality, the prime minister could only give a somewhat vague reply, insisting "as short as possible."
Ken Clarke has hit the nail on the head for the many MPs who hate no deal – which is that she is countenancing only a short Brexit delay. So the cliff edge of no deal could simply move from 29 March to late May or early June. And @theresa_may tells a grumpy Clarke she would…
— Robert Peston (@Peston) February 26, 2019
The prime minister claimed that London and Brussels were still working on alternative proposals to the contentious Irish backstop – an issue that has given May endless problems as she seeks to finalize an agreement the majority of UK MPs can support.
May hit out at Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn for what she sees as reneging on his party's 2017 general election manifesto pledge; to honor the result of the EU referendum.
She accused Corbyn of wanting to hold a "divisive" referendum that would take the country "right back to square one."
In response, the Labour leader ridiculed the prime minister for promising a meaningful vote on her deal after assuring MPs there would be one "in December, in January, in February and in March," yet it was only in January when it took place.
'Rule out no-deal Brexit or I quit' – Tory minister warns Theresa May
Corbyn announced on Monday that his party will either table or support an amendment backing a second Brexit referendum this week.
He stated that his party would support a new referendum to avoid a "damaging Tory Brexit" and accused May of "recklessly running down the clock" in an attempt to force MPs to choose between her "botched deal" or a "disastrous no deal" scenario.
Subscribe to RT newsletter to get stories the mainstream media won't tell you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Are you thinking about running for office, now or in the future, and wanting to explore what makes someone ready to run for office? Are you part of a Green-Rainbow chapter, town or ward committee that wants to get GRs into local or district office, and could use some ideas about how to find promising candidates? We will explore what makes a person ready to run for public office, including an opportunity to meet people who've run for and won office in MA, as well as candidates about to run.
Want to help encourage more candidates to run for office, without having to be out in front of the public as the candidate? This workshop is designed to give shy people the strength they need to help out behind the scenes as volunteer coordinator, treasurer, or campaign manager. What do candidates need more than volunteers to help collect signatures, knock on doors, distribute literature, identify supporters, and get out the vote? Someone to coordinate the work of those volunteers and keep track of their efforts! What do candidates need more than money to pay for all that? Someone to keep track of the money and pay the bills! And what do candidates need more than more time to be out campaigning and speaking to the issues that really matter? Well, nothing really, which means they need someone to keep the campaign and candidate calendars up to date, handle the correspondence, talk with the volunteer coordinator and treasurer, and tell the candidate where to go! In short, a campaign manager. These are three positions that make it possible for a candidate to run by taking care of some of the work behind the scenes. We'll give short introductions to what each of these three jobs entails, how much of a commitment you would be making, and how to make it manageable for you. Potential side effects include a sense of well-being, appreciation, and the electoral success needed to change Massachusetts for the better.
Last November, Maine became the first state in US history to pass a voting system that might transform politics in America. It's called Ranked Choice Voting, and a community of volunteers in Massachusetts wants to bring it here. Members of Voter Choice Massachusetts will explain how Ranked Choice Voting works, where it is used around the world, and the strategy for winning it in Massachusetts. RCV is an upgrade to the way that we vote. Instead of choosing just one candidate on your ballot, RCV allows you to rank the candidates in the order you prefer them (1, 2, 3, and so on).
Ranking your choices allows you to vote honestly for any candidate, while still allowing you to vote for a "backup" choice. It liberates you from being pressured to vote for the "lesser of two evils," and eliminates major problems in our current system -- "spoiler" candidates and vote splitting. RCV also incentivizes positive campaigns by requiring candidates to appeal to a broader base of voters in order to win.Voter Choice Massachusetts is a non-partisan volunteer organization working to advance a fairer voting system. Their work is endorsed by the League of Women Voters MA, Common Cause MA, MassVOTE, FairVote, and many other public interest groups nationwide. Visit them at http://voterchoicema.org/.
Discussion will focus on the principles, processes, practices, and policies that advance a transition that centers on conservation and preservation of the environment while uplifting human and civil rights for all in a just society. Each participant will emerge with a specific way that they can contribute to this transition.
Centro Presente is a member-driven, state-wide Latin American immigrant organization dedicated to the self-determination and self-sufficiency of the Latin American immigrant community of Massachusetts. Operated and led primarily by Central American immigrants, Centro Presente struggles for immigrant rights and for economic and social justice. Through the integration of community organizing, leadership development and basic services, Centro Presente strives to give our members voice and build community power.
Whether you are fighting one small segment of an illegally segmented interstate pipeline expansion project, or 400+ miles of new pipeline infrastructure, there are necessary strategies and actions for opposing these projects in their entirety, at every level of government. Come hear discussion of experiences fighting the Kinder Morgan /Tennessee Gas Connecticut Expansion and Northeast Energy Direct* projects and how they apply to current Enbridge/Spectra/Algonquin proposals across the Commonwealth and beyond.
*The Northeast Energy Direct pipeline was the pipeline that Kinder Morgan company planned to push through western and north central Massachusetts, across southern New Hampshire to a hub in Dracut (MA). The intensive and extensive grassroots opposition movement is a major success story with much to teach all of us: Kinder Morgan backed off.


Business-related amenities at this 3-star property consist of a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. Event facilities measure 700 square feet (65 square meters). This business-friendly hotel also offers a 24-hour fitness center, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff.
Hôtel des Coutellier is a smoke-free property.
Located in Old Quebec, this romantic hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Old Port Market of Quebec, Quebec City Town Hall, and Old Port Quebec City. Quebec Cruise Terminal and Place Royale are also within 15 minutes. Quebec Palace Station is only a 4-minute walk.
A restaurant, a 24-hour fitness center, and a bar/lounge are available at this smoke-free hotel. Free continental breakfast and free WiFi in public areas are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour business center, coffee/tea in a common area, and a meeting room.
All 24 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and iPod docks. LCD TVs with cable channels and DVD players provide a bit of entertainment, and guests will also appreciate thoughtful touches like bathrobes and slippers.
Hôtel des Coutellier offers 24 air-conditioned accommodations with iPod docking stations and DVD players. Beds feature premium bedding. LCD televisions come with cable channels. Guests can make use of the in-room coffee/tea makers and minibars. Bathrooms include bathrobes, slippers, complimentary toiletries, and hair dryers. Guests can surf the web using the complimentary wireless Internet access. Business-friendly amenities include desks and complimentary newspapers, as well as phones; free local calls are provided (restrictions may apply). Additionally, rooms include irons/ironing boards and blackout drapes/curtains. Housekeeping is offered daily and in-room massages can be requested.
Hôtel des Coutellier has a restaurant on site.


Today's weather is turning out to be moderate or heavy rain shower. The visibility is going to be around 16 km i.e. 9 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1010 mb . The daytime temperature is going to reach 32 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 23 °c at night. We expect around 5.1 mm of precipitation to fall and cloud covering 66% of the sky, the humidity will be around 83%.
Tomorrow weather is forecasted to be light rain shower. The visibility is going to be around 15 km i.e. 9 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1011 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 31 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 23 °c at night. We expect around 20.0 mm of precipitation to fall and cloud covering 71% of the sky, the humidity will be around 87%.
On Thursday weather will be moderate or heavy rain shower with daytime temperature reaching 28 °c. Night time temperature are expected to be 22 °c.We expect around 23.3 mm of precipitation to fall. The visibility is going to be around 11 km i.e. 6 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1012 mb. We expect around 23.3 mm of precipitation to fall and cloud covering 76% of the sky, the humidity will be around 94%.
Friday seems to be moderate or heavy rain shower. San Fernando, Colombia visibility is going to be around 11 km i.e. 7 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1012 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 29 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 22 °c at night. We expect around 36.7 mm of precipitation to fall and cloud covering 80% of the sky, the humidity will be around 93%.
Heavy rain will be the weather pattern for the Saturday. The visibility is going to be around 7 km i.e. 4 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1012 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 25 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 22 °c at night. We expect around 117.0 mm of precipitation to fall and cloud covering 83% of the sky, the humidity will be around 98%.
Looking at the weather in San Fernando, Colombia over the next 7 days, the maximum temperature will be 32℃ (or 90℉) on Tuesday 23rd April at around 1 pm. In the same week the minimum temperature will be 22℃ (or 71℉) on Saturday 27th April at around 7 am.
The national weather service for San Fernando, Colombia is reporting Saturday 27th April to be the wettest day in the coming week with around 39.90mm (or 1.6 inches) of rainfall. Make sure to carry an umbrella if you are out and about in San Fernando, Colombia.
The windiest of all days will be Tuesday 23rd April as wind will reach 4mph (or 7kmph) at around 10 am.


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Regional $11 Billion New York Rail Tunnel Gets Key Federal Approval
$11 Billion New York Rail Tunnel Gets Key Federal Approval
Friday, May 28, 2021 at 12:02 pm | י"ז סיון תשפ"א
NEWARK, N.J. (AP) -
Damage to the Hudson River rail tunnel in New York. (Victor J. Blue/The New York Times via AP, Pool, File)
A planned $11 billion rail tunnel seen as a key to train travel up and down the northeastern U.S. received a boost Friday with a crucial, and long sought, federal environmental approval.
The record of decision announced by the Department of Transportation means the project to build a new Hudson River tunnel connecting New York and New Jersey can push ahead with engineering and design work. The DOT's approval also is expected to smooth the way toward the awarding of federal grants the project needs to begin construction.
The tunnel, part of the broader Gateway project to expand rail capacity in the New York region, dates back roughly 10 years and completed environmental studies three years ago. Stakeholders, including Democratic New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, have alleged the Trump administration delayed the approval for political reasons, a charge Trump's administration denied.
"This is a big step for the Northeast, and for the entire country, as these tunnels connect so many people, jobs, and businesses," Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said in a statement. Now we need to make sure to provide the funding America needs to deliver world-leading infrastructure in this region and in every part of the country."
New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy called it "a significant milestone."
The existing tunnel is more than 110 years old and prone to problems and delays due to crumbling walls and aging signals and wiring. Saltwater intrusion from Superstorm Sandy in 2012 accelerated the tunnel's deterioration and forced Amtrak, which owns the tunnel, to embark on costly repairs to keep the tunnel functioning reliably.
Hundreds of trains and hundreds of thousands of passengers pass through the tunnel per day during normal times, and delays can ripple up and down the East Coast between Boston and Washington, D.C. Once primary construction begins, the tunnel could take as long as six or seven years to complete.
Under the Gateway project, the new tunnel would be built parallel to the existing tunnel. Once completed, the existing tunnel would be taken out of service for a complete overhaul, estimated to take as long as two years. A plan to add tracks in New York's Penn Station to accommodate more trains when both tunnels are in service is in the early stages.
Jewish, Black WWI Heroes at Last to Get Medal of Honor
Snow Shoveling And More: Christie Acts On Dozens of Bills
New York Official: Wall Street Bonuses Down Amid Profit Slide
NY Would Automatically Register Voters Under Revised Bill
Poll: Yang With Double-Digit Lead in Mayoral Race, on Top in Every Demographic


LIAM is a disassemblying system to easly access to any iPhone: a line of robots developed by Apple to improve material recovery from its end-of-use products like iPhone generation. Finally, declaring with Tim Cook and VP of Environment Lisa Jackson that the goal should be a closet-loop supply chain, Apple is starting to conceive products built using only renewable resources or recycled material. But when repairability?