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Gemstones have been associated with different months for many centuries and across various cultures. Jewellery set with a birthstone makes the perfect christening or anniversary gift.
Discover the qualities associated with each birthstone.
A variety of silicate mineral, the gemstone varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange with reddish shades the most common. The word garnet comes from the 14th century Middle English word gernet, meaning 'dark red'. Garnet it is a stone of physical love and relationships, and a spiritual stone of protection and meditation.
Browse Garnets
A violet variety of quartz. The name amethystos, came from ancient Greek. Ancient Greeks wore it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. In the Middle Ages, it was considered a symbol of royalty and used to decorate English regalia. Amethysts are said to be a stone of spiritual protection and purification, cleansing the energy field of negative influences and attachments.
Browse Amethysts
A blue variety of beryl. The name derives from the Latin aqua marinus, meaning water from the sea. The ancient Romans believed that aquamarine would protect against any dangers while travelling at sea and that it provided energy and cured laziness. Aquamarine means serenity and harmony. It is a stone of courage, its calming energies reduce stress and quiet the mind.
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Diamond is a solid form of carbon and the hardest substance on earth. The word Diamond comes from ancient Greek, adámas, and means unbreakable. The Greeks believed diamonds were tears of the gods; the Romans believed they were splinters of fallen stars and that they brought courage and bravery during battle. Today, diamonds are used to symbolize eternity and love.
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Emerald is green beryl, coloured by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. The word emerald comes via middle English emeraude, meaning green gem. The emerald, green by nature, is the most calming of all the colours. It encourages growth, reflection, peace and balance. It also represents healing and fertility.
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A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue of a mollusc. The word pearl comes from the French perle, originally from the Latin perna based on the shape of the mollusc they originate from. Pearls have been associated with innocence and modesty. Because it comes from the sea, it also has associations with the moon and with water. Pearls are also traditionally considered appropriate jewellery for brides.
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Those born at the beginning of the new year are associated with Garnets. While commonly red, this stone can be found in a range of other colours. Most commonly
Ruby is a form of corundum, red in colour due to the presence of chromium. The name of the gemstone comes from the Latin ruber, meaning red. For thousands of years, Ruby was considered the stone of love, energy, passion, power, and a zest for life. Ruby is a symbol of good fortune, pure love, and loyalty.
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Peridot is gem-quality olivine, found in volcanic rocks. The name Peridot is believed to come from either the Arabic word faridat meaning gem or the French word peritot meaning unclear. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one colour. Peridot symbolizes strength. It is sometimes called the evening emerald for its light green colour.
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Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green. The word Sapphire is a derivative of the Latin word for blue: sapphirus. The Sapphire, is a stone of wisdom and royalty. It is associated with sacred things and considered the gem of gems, a jewel steeped in the history and lore of nearly every religion.
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Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica. The word Opal is derived from the Sanskrit upala, which means jewel. Opal has always been associated with love and passion. Wearing an opal is said to bring about loyalty and faithfulness.
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Topaz is a silicate mineral. The name is usually derived from the Latin topazus or the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning "heat" or "fire". Topaz is a symbol of love and affection and has been said to be an aid to one's sweetness and disposition.
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Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral prized as a gemstone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue. The word turquoise is derived from the French turquois for Turkish because the mineral was first brought to Europe through Turkey. Turquoise is perhaps the oldest stone in man's history, the talisman of kings, shamans, and warriors. It is a stone of protection, strong and opaque, yet soothing to the touch
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Il Monte Boyd è una montagna di forma piramidale, alta 2.960 m che fa parte dei Monti Bush, una catena montuosa dei Monti della Regina Maud, in Antartide. È posizionato circa  a ovest del Monte Bennett.

Fu scoperto e fotografato dal Programma Antartico degli Stati Uniti d'America, 1939–41. Venne poi ispezionato dal geofisico ed esploratore Albert P. Crary, leader del gruppo di esplorazione antartica americano che avanzava attraverso la Barriera di Ross nel 1957-58. La denominazione è in onore di Walter Boyd, Jr., glaciologo del gruppo di esplorazione.

Note

Voci correlate
 Monti della Regina Maud
 Monti Bush

Collegamenti esterni

 Mount Boyd su geographic.org

Boyd

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ridgefield Man Identified as Victim of Plane Crash in Long Island Sound
Anthony Wright/Results Radio
The two additional bodies recovered from a small plane that crashed into the ocean near the Hamptons on Saturday (October 13) have been identified. Fox61.com reports the victims as 53-year-old Richard P. Terbrusch of Ridgefield, Connecticut and 45-year-old Jennifer Landrum of Augusta Georgia. On Sunday, the day after the crash, the lifeless body of 41-year-old Munidat "Raj" Persaud of Waterbury, Connecticut was also identified.
The three passengers boarded the twin-engine Piper PA-34 at Waterbury-Oxford Airport on Saturday morning. Shortly after, they landed at Danbury airport and then they were back in the air heading for Charleston Executive Airport in South Carolina. Instead, the small private plane met its final destination in the waters of Long Island Sound about a mile off of Quogue in the Hamptons.
The reason that the plane crashed is still unknown. The incident is still being investigated by the FAA, the NTSB, New York State Police and the Village of Quogue Police Department.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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2014 mazda mx-5 miatahow to turn on backup camera lines
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The Miata has been around for decades and is one of the best-handling sports cars on the market. It has grown significantly since it first debuted in the US in the late 80s. How fast is a Miata MX-5? 135 mph The 2019 MX-5 Miata has a top speed of 135 mph on the hard top and convertible. The acceleration differs a little between the models, however. The RF does 0-60 in 5.7 seconds. The convertible takes a little longer, clocking 0-60 at 6.1 seconds. How fast does a Mazda CX 5 go from 0 to 60? Is the Mazda CX-5 Calling the Mazda MX-5 Miata an automotive icon isn't an overstatement, and its cheerful driving demeanor continues to be its strongest attribute. The 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata is powered by a 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder engine that makes 167 horsepower (at 7000 rpm) with manual transmission and 158 hp with automatic. or 24 oz. Buy now! 17-inch aluminum-alloy wheels with gunmetal finish. 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The Mazda MX-5 is a lightweight two-passenger roadster sports car manufactured and marketed by Mazda with a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout.The convertible is marketed as the Mazda 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring Hard Top Manual powered by 2.0L Inline-4 Gas Engine with 6-Speed Manual transmission. Save $2,144 on 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata for Sale Near Me. This is the Curt Class I Receiver Hitch # C11028. 4.9. Check out our Mazda MX-5 Miata overview to see the most problematic years, worst problems and Learn more about the 1999 MAZDA MX-5 Miata. YETI Rambler securely in your vehicles cup holder. Weve got amazing prices on 2014 MX-5 Miata Tools, Fluids & We have 736 Mazda Miata vehicles for sale that are reported accident free, 322 1-Owner cars, and 866 personal use cars. 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Photos, materials for videos, descriptions and other information are provided by the consignor/seller and is deemed reliable, but Details. 4 Star. It is one of those rare cars that can only be truly appreciated when driven. Apple CarPlay Apple CarPlay 8 integration is standard in all 2022 Mazda MX-5 models, while Club and Grand Touring models are further enhanced by a wireless connection to Apple CarPlay 8 through your compatible iPhone . 2014 Mazda MX-5 Club PRHT - Standard Interior Features. 3 Star. The 2014 Mazda MX-5 Miata delivers and excellent blend of performance and economy. 0. 21. This peppy two-seater has a rocking Bose stereo system with a radio and CD player, plus an aux cord input for your smartphone playlist. Compare Mazda MX-5 Miata Model Years. Out of stock admin March 8, 2012 5 degrees less (more positive) Home Camber Control Mazda Camber Control Miata Inspired designs on t-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and 205/45R17. 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Dwayne Bravo to Hardik Pandya. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Dwayne Bravo to Hardik Pandya. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Shardul Thakur to Kieron Pollard. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Shardul Thakur to Hardik Pandya. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Dwayne Bravo to Suryakumar Yadav. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Jadeja.
Dwayne Bravo to Suryakumar Yadav. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Mohit Sharma to Suryakumar Yadav. Slower length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Mohit Sharma to Krunal Pandya. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Jadeja.
Mohit Sharma to Krunal Pandya. Slower ball back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Mohit Sharma to Krunal Pandya. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Dwayne Bravo to Suryakumar Yadav. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Imran Tahir to Krunal Pandya. Leg spinner length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Mohit Sharma to Krunal Pandya. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Imran Tahir to Suryakumar Yadav. Leg spinner length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Ravindra Jadeja to Krunal Pandya. Stock length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Imran Tahir to Yuvraj Singh. Leg spinner length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Rayudu.
Ravindra Jadeja to Rohit Sharma. Stock length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Dhoni.
Deepak Chahar to Suryakumar Yadav. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Deepak Chahar to Suryakumar Yadav. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Shardul Thakur to Rohit Sharma. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Shardul Thakur to Suryakumar Yadav. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Shardul Thakur to Suryakumar Yadav. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Deepak Chahar to Quinton de Kock. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Jadhav.
Deepak Chahar to Quinton de Kock. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Hardik Pandya to Shardul Thakur. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Hardik Pandya to Shardul Thakur. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Hardik Pandya to Deepak Chahar. Short, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Bumrah.
Jasprit Bumrah to Deepak Chahar. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Lasith Malinga to Dwayne Bravo. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by de Kock.
Lasith Malinga to Dwayne Bravo. Slower length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Lasith Malinga to Kedar Jadhav. Slower length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by de Kock.
Lasith Malinga to Kedar Jadhav. Slower length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Lasith Malinga to Kedar Jadhav. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Hardik Pandya to Ravindra Jadeja. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by de Kock.
Hardik Pandya to MS Dhoni. Short, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Yadav.
Krunal Pandya to Kedar Jadhav. Stock length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Rahul Chahar to Kedar Jadhav. Leg spinner length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Jasprit Bumrah to Kedar Jadhav. Short, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Jasprit Bumrah to Kedar Jadhav. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Jason Behrendorff to Suresh Raina. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Pollard.
Jason Behrendorff to Suresh Raina. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Jason Behrendorff to Suresh Raina. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Lasith Malinga to Kedar Jadhav. Length ball, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Lasith Malinga to Kedar Jadhav. Half volley, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Jason Behrendorff to Suresh Raina. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but SIX.
Lasith Malinga to Shane Watson. Short, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by Pollard.
Lasith Malinga to Shane Watson. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler but FOUR.
Jason Behrendorff to Ambati Rayudu. Back of a length, for attacking on the wickets by bowler – OUT – Caught by de Kock.


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Finite Deflections and Buckling of Slightly Curved Beams and Shallow Spherical Shells under Lateral Loads. Part I. Buckling of Low Arches or Curved Beams of Small Curvature. Part II. A Nonlinear Theory of Bending and Buckling of Thin Elastic Shallow Spherical Shells
Kaplan, Abner (1954) Finite Deflections and Buckling of Slightly Curved Beams and Shallow Spherical Shells under Lateral Loads. Part I. Buckling of Low Arches or Curved Beams of Small Curvature. Part II. A Nonlinear Theory of Bending and Buckling of Thin Elastic Shallow Spherical Shells. Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology. doi:10.7907/Q1HV-T474. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-12032003-110343
This research consists in the experimental and theoretical investigation of the finite deflection and buckling of two similar structures; the low arch or slightly curved beam and the shallow spherical dome, both subjected to lateral loads. These structures are of interest because the large interaction between bending and axial forces causes their load-deflection behavior to become nonlinear at very low values of the deflection. Due to the wide difference in the methods of solution of these two problems they are separated into two parts, each having its own abstract.
[Part I]
When a low arch (a thin curved beam of small curvature) is subjected to a lateral loading acting toward the center of curvature, the axial thrust induced by the bending of the arch may cause the arch to buckle so that the curvature becomes suddenly reversed. The critical lateral loading depends on the dimensions and rigidity of the arch, the elasticity of the the end fixation, the type of load distribution, and the initial curvature of the arch. A general solution of the problem is given in this paper, using the classical buckling criterion which is based on the stability with respect to infinitesimal displacements about the equilibrium positions.
For a sinusoidal arch under sinusoidal loading, the critical load can be expressed exactly as a simple function of the beam dimension parameters. For other arch shapes and load distributions, approximate values of the critical load can be obtained by summing a few terms of a rapidly converging Fourier series. The effect of initial end thrust and axial and lateral elastic support are discussed.
The buckling load based on the energy criterion of Karman and Tsien is also calculated. The results for both the classical and the energy criteria are compared with experiments made on a series of centrally loaded, pin-ended arches. For larger values of a dimensionless parameter [gamma subscript l], which is proportional to the ratio of the arch rise to the arch thickness, the experimental critical buckling loads agreed quite well with the classical criterion, but, for smaller values of [gamma subscript l], the experimental critical loads were appreciably below those calculated from the classical criterion, although they were always above those obtained from the energy criterion.
[Part II] The shallow spherical dome subjected to lateral pressure is a structure for which the deformation departs appreciably from the linear theory at very small values of the deflection amplitude. It is also. one for which the buckling process is characterized by a rapid decrease in the equilibrium load once the buckling load has been surpassed. For structures having this type of buckling characteristic, the question arises as to whether the proper buckling criterion to apply is the classical criterion, which considers equilibrium with respect to infinitesimal displacements or the finite displacement "energy criterion" proposed by Tsien.
In this paper the problem of the finite displacement and buckling of a shallow spherical dome is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical approach the nonlinear equations are converted into a sequence of linear equations by expanding all of the variables in powers of the center deflection and then equating the coefficients of equal powers. The basic parameter for the shallow dome is proportional to the ratio of the central height of the dome, h, to its thickness, t. For small values of this ratio the expansions converge rapidly and enough terms are computed to determine the buckling load. For higher values of h/t, convergence deteriorates rapidly and the buckling, load is not computed. However, even for these higher values of h/t the deflection shapes are determined for deflection amplitudes below the amplitude at which buckling occurs. These deflection shapes are characterized by their rapid change as h/t increases and by the fact that, over most of the range of h/t studied, the maximum deflection does not occur at the center of the dome.
The experimental program was carried out on a series of clamped-edge, eight inch base diameter shells, subjected to uniform pressure. The deflection shapes and the buckling loads agreed quite well with the values computed theoretically. It was also found that there was no significant difference between the buckling loads observed using air pressure and those observed using oil pressure. Thus it is concluded that for the shallow domes studied the classical buckling criterion holds rather than the "energy criterion" proposed by Tsien.
Aeronautics and Mathematics
Minor Option:
Fung, Yuan-cheng
Other Numbering System:
Other Numbering System Name
Other Numbering System ID
NACA Technical Notes 2840
Pp. [6-83]. Part I. Buckling of Low Arches or Curved Beams of Small Curvature. --Also published as: NACA Technical Note 2840. Pp. [84-148]. Part II. A Nonlinear Theory of Bending and Buckling of Thin Elastic Shallow Spherical Shells
10.7907/Q1HV-T474


Even though Discrete Fourier Transform or DFT is probably not the thing you work with daily it might still be a very interesting algorithm to play with. Not because it is quite complex but because of its interesting meaning.
This algorithm allows you to split the input signal that is spread in time into the number of frequencies of certain length, amplitudes and phases so that all those frequencies together will form the original signal. So it actually converts the domain of time into domain of frequencies and backwards.
It may sound complicated so let's think about it from another angle.
Imagine you have smoothie. DFT then will allow you to split smoothie into its ingredients! Imagine that you provide the bottle of smoothie as an input for DFT function and it splits it out to three smaller bottles of pure carrot, apple and orange juices! This is what DFT does - it splits the whole input into its ingredients.
Or imagine that you want to paint the fence and you've mixed several paints up so that it started to be of homogenous color. DFT function then will be able to split your mixed paint into several pure colors that will together form that initial color! Isn't is sound like a magic, is it?
There is a really good article about this topic. I suggest you to read it if you're interesting in learning more since there are many visual and interactive Fourier Transform examples and explanations.
I hope you found this Fourier thing interesting. Have fun with algorithms!
The first image is the best illustration ever!
It was in 1974 when I first saw a similar frequency domain image in an introductory electronics book: it clarified everything!
Yes, for me personally it is also not an easy topic. Good luck with JS music app!


text:
New Zealand will become a republic – but there's no hurry
by Jane Clifton / 07 May, 2018
RelatedArticlesModule - New Zealand republic
And even if there were firm majority support for New Zealand becoming a republic now, that's only the first baby step.
Republicans had better not hold their breath: they'll probably turn a royal shade of blue.
It's a paradox Lewis Carroll could have written for his arch contrarian, the Queen of Hearts, that what protects the monarchy is probably the very system that has robbed it of its powers: democracy.
Can a new royal baby save the Commonwealth?
If Charles becomes King, the dangers of an activist British monarchy could rise
Opinion polls suggest there's not firm majority support here for becoming a republic, but even if there were, that majority desire would be only the first baby step.
As Al Gillespie, a law professor at the University of Waikato, says, there are probably as many types of republic as there are people with opinions on republicanism: a new system couldn't simply be imposed on us by Parliament but would have to gain majority public support. And that's one marathon multi-choice exam.
"Would we have an elected president with veto power? Or an appointed president with some power? Or no more power than the Governor-General? We would need to work out what checks we needed on the Executive, and there are lots of options for that."
What about having an upper house, or vesting more authority in the judiciary? The electoral system would need re-examination in light of any of these decisions. And all this would almost certainly have to be debated within the frame of a written constitution – another project of infinite variability.
"If we can't even agree on changing the piece of fabric that's our flag, it doesn't look very hopeful," Gillespie says, though he believes we are badly overdue a written constitution.
As it is, neither major political party has republicanism or constitutional reform as a priority. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern says she expects to see New Zealand become a republic in her lifetime, but it's not on the Government's to-do list. Opposition leader Simon Bridges wouldn't put it on his, either, if National retook the Beehive.
"I'm a reluctant monarchist," Bridges says, "in that, to repeat what Winston Churchill said about democracy: it's the worst possible system except for all the others. I'm totally opposed to the idea of appointing people on the basis of heredity. But it pretty much works for us."
Neither the Queen nor the Governor-General has any actual power, nor means to acquire any, Bridges says. It's a cheaper, lower-key office to maintain than a presidency would be. And that's much more in tune with the average Kiwi's aversion to swagger.
The generally supposed alternative, a democratically elected president, would entail "a Helen Clark or a John Key coming back – and that really doesn't do a lot for me", Bridges says.
An elected, or even appointed, president would, with or without more power than today's Governor-General, inevitably develop a popular power base. The more popular the president, the more moral influence she or he could wield: power vested only in a single personality is "not the Kiwi way", Bridges says.
Sir Michael Cullen points out that a republican structure could put unpredictable pressures on Parliament and/or the government, and many voters already dislike the unpredictability of MMP.
"My reasons for being somewhat relaxed about the continuance of the monarchy is that while [the Queen] is the titular head of state of New Zealand, we still have New Zealand legislation, and that's not going to change," the former Deputy Prime Minister says. "I just don't see any merit in the contention that somehow we're not grown-up because we still have 'mummy'.
"I doubt whether Canada feels that way – and it has much more reason than we've ever had to revisit the issue. And if you look around the world, those countries that have symbolic monarchies do rather better than those that don't in terms of human rights."
Like Gillespie, Cullen envisages divisive debate over key issues in a mooted transition to a republic, with the risk that bitterness and lack of broad acceptance would linger.
However, most politicos agree there'll be no stopping the republicans among us giving the massive project a kick-start once the Queen dies.
This article was first published in the May 5, 2018 issue of the New Zealand Listener.


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HP Umpire Brian Knight ejected Nationals RF Bryce Harper for arguing a strike three call in the bottom of the 9th inning of the Tigers-Nationals game. With none out and none on, Nationals batter Danny Espinosa took a 3-2 slider from Tigers pitcher Mark Lowe for a called third strike. Replays indicate the pitch was located over the heart of home plate and diaphragm high (px -.025, pz 3.415 [sz_top 3.630]), the call was correct.* At the time of the ejection, the game was tied, 4-4. The Nationals ultimately won the contest, 5-4.
This is Brian Knight (91)'s first ejection of the 2016 MLB regular season.
Brian Knight now has 5 points in the UEFL Standings (1 Previous + 2 MLB + 2 Correct Call = 5).
Crew Chief Bill Miller now has 6 points in Crew Division (5 Previous + 1 Correct Call = 6).
*MLB suspended Bryce Harper one-game for returning to the field after the ejection.
This is the 32nd ejection report of the 2016 MLB regular season.
This is the 17th player ejection of 2016. Prior to ejection, Harper was 0-2 (SO) in the contest.
This is the Nationals' 1st ejection of 2016, T-2nd in the NL East (MIA 3; ATL, WAS 1; NYM, PHI 0).
This is Bryce Harper's first ejection since July 31, 2015 (Jerry Meals; QOC = N [Balls/Strikes]).
This is Brian Knight's first ejection since August 17, 2015 (Bob Melvin; QOC = Y [Interference]).


Santiago features seasonal cruises primarily from December through March. From Santiago, cruise vacations include destinations in Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and the United States.
The most frequented ports-of-call on cruises from Santiago are Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, and San Francisco. Montevideo's highlights include Teatro Solis (the city's entertainment/cultural center), the beach side Rambla, and museums housing cultural artifacts and art. Rio de Janeiro is a colorful city where you'll find wonderful cuisine, a hopping nightlife, beautiful beaches, and excursions to Sugarloaf Mountain!
Princess Cruise Lines is the leading cruise line sailing from Santiago, with cruise vacations that include 14 day sailings to Cape Town and Rio de Janeiro, and 16 day South America cruises.
The best way to save money on cruises sailing from Santiago is to book as far in advance as possible. While last minute cruises from Santiago may be offered at a discount, given that Santiago is not a year-round cruise port, many sailings do go out full and do not offer any last minute savings. Here is a list of upcoming cruises from Santiago.
The Valparaiso Cruise Ship Terminal is the main cruise ship dock for Santiago.
The Valparaiso Cruise Ship Terminal is located 2 hours (80 miles) from downtown Santiago and the Santiago International Airport. If you are looking for hotels near the Valparaiso Cruise Ship Terminal, visit Valparaiso Cruise Ship Terminal discount hotels.


This module will lengthen and develop the generic expertise launched in BS11003 with particular emphasis on health and security and primary laboratory observe. Finding improved solutions to conservation, environmental and sustainability issues akin to nature reserve design, invasive species management, pest and illness administration in agriculture, environmental remediation and carbon sequestration.
This module is necessary for Stage 2 college students taking the BSc or MMath in Arithmetic or the BSc or MSci in Mathematical Biology. It develops the speculation with important purposes similar to evaluation of path integrals via residue calculus, the elemental theorem of algebra and conformal mappings.


Industry has begun to recognize the need for quality improvement and increase in productivity in the sixties and seventies. Flexibility also became a major concern (ability to change a process quickly became very important in order to satisfy consumer needs).
Try to imagine automated industrial production line in the sixties and seventies. There was always a huge electrical board for system controls, and not infrequently it covered an entire wall! Within this board there was a great number of interconnected electromechanical relays to make the whole system work. By word "connected" it was understood that electrician had to connect all relays manually using wires! An engineer would design logic for a system, and electricians would receive a schematic outline of logic that they had to implement with relays. These relay schemas often contained hundreds of relays. The plan that electrician was given was called "ladder schematic". Ladder displayed all switches, sensors, motors, valves, relays, etc. found in the system. Electrician's job was to connect them all together. One of the problems with this type of control was that it was based on mechanical relays. Mechanical instruments were usually the weakest connection in the system due to their moveable parts that could wear out. If one relay stopped working, electrician would have to examine an entire system (system would be out until a cause of the problem was found and corrected).
The other problem with this type of control was in the system's break period when a system had to be turned off, so connections could be made on the electrical board. If a firm decided to change the order of operations (make even a small change), it would turn out to be a major expense and a loss of production time until a system was functional again.
It's not hard to imagine an engineer who makes a few small errors during his project. It is also conceivable that electrician has made a few mistakes in connecting the system. Finally, you can also imagine having a few bad components. The only way to see if everything is all right is to run the system. As systems are usually not perfect with a first try, finding errors was an arduous process. You should also keep in mind that a product could not be made during these corrections and changes in connections. System had to be literally disabled before changes were to be performed. That meant that the entire production staff in that line of production was out of work until the system was fixed up again. Only when electrician was done finding errors and repairing,, the system was ready for production. Expenditures for this kind of work were too great even for well-to-do companies.
PLC is actually an industrial microcontroller system (in more recent times we meet processors instead of microcontrollers) where you have hardware and software specifically adapted to industrial environment. Block schema with typical components which PLC consists of is found in the following picture. Special attention needs to be given to input and output, because in these blocks you find protection needed in isolating a CPU blocks from damaging influences that industrial environment can bring to a CPU via input lines. Program unit is usually a computer used for writing a program (often in ladder diagram).
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16- and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you'll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controller, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons). Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form of light diodes for error signalization.
System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for an process control system. Aside from this operating system it also contains a user program translated from a ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of FLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.
User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as "1" or as "0" in a specific memory bit. Each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in user program. For example, timer value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.
PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today's transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs).
Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system inputs/ouputs (I/O lines), program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.
Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you'll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current.
This electrical supply is usually not used to start external inputs or outputs. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs or outputs because then you can ensure so called "pure" supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.
Intelligence of an automated system depends largely on the ability of a PLC controller to read signals from different types of sensors and input devices. Keys, keyboards and by functional switches are a basis for man versus machine relationship. On the other hand, in order to detect a working piece, view a mechanism in motion, check pressure or fluid level you need specific automatic devices such as proximity sensors, marginal switches, photoelectric sensors, level sensors, etc. Thus, input signals can be logical (on/off) or analogue. Smaller PLC controllers usually have only digital input lines while larger also accept analogue inputs through special units attached to PLC controller. One of the most frequent analogue signals are a current signal of 4 to 20 mA and milivolt voltage signal generated by various sensors. Sensors are usually used as inputs for PLCs. You can obtain sensors for different purposes. They can sense presence of some parts, measure temperature, pressure, or some other physical dimension, etc. (ex. inductive sensors can register metal objects).
Adjustment interface also called an interface is placed between input lines and a CPU unit. The purpose of adjustment interface to protect a CPU from disproportionate signals from an outside world. Input adjustment module turns a level of real logic to a level that suits CPU unit (ex. input from a sensor which works on 24 VDC must be converted to a signal of 5 VDC in order for a CPU to be able to process it). This is typically done through opto-isolation, and this function you can view in the following picture.
Opto-isolation means that there is no electrical connection between external world and CPU unit. They are "optically" separated, or in other words, signal is transmitted through light. The way this works is simple. External device brings a signal which turns LED on, whose light in turn incites photo transistor which in turn starts conducting, and a CPU sees this as logic zero (supply between collector and transmitter falls under 1V). When input signal stops LED diode turns off, transistor stops conducting, collector voltage increases, and CPU receives logic 1 as information.
Automated system is incomplete if it is not connected with some output devices. Some of the most frequently used devices are motors, solenoids, relays, indicators, sound signalization and similar. By starting a motor, or a relay, PLC can manage or control a simple system such as system for sorting products all the way up to complex systems such as service system for positioning head of CNC machine. Output can be of analogue or digital type. Digital output signal works as a switch; it connects and disconnects line. Analogue output is used to generate the analogue signal (ex. motor whose speed is controlled by a voltage that corresponds to a desired speed).
Output interface is similar to input interface. CPU brings a signal to LED diode and turns it on. Light incites a photo transistor which begins to conduct electricity, and thus the voltage between collector and emmiter falls to 0.7V , and a device attached to this output sees this as a logic zero. Inversely it means that a signal at the output exists and is interpreted as logic one. Photo transistor is not directly connected to a PLC controller output. Between photo transistor and an output usually there is a relay or a stronger transistor capable of interrupting stronger signals.
Every PLC controller has a limited number of input/output lines. If needed this number can be increased through certain additional modules by system extension through extension lines. Each module can contain extension both of input and output lines. Also, extension modules can have inputs and outputs of a different nature from those on the PLC controller (ex. in case relay outputs are on a controller, transistor outputs can be on an extension module).


text:
HomeSportsBoys BasketballTigers off to best start in years, eye strong tourney performance
Tigers off to best start in years, eye strong tourney performance
December 21, 2017 Ryan Arena Boys Basketball, Sports 0
Hahnville guard Kendall Pierre has helped propel his team to a 9-2 start this season.
While Hahnville's football team captured the imaginations of Tigers' supporters over their run to the Class 5A championship game, it seems something special is happening on the school's basketball court as well these days.
Hahnville has opened the season 9-2, nearly equaling their total from last season when the Tigers went 10-22, and has generated some strong positive momentum in head coach Yussef Jasmine's first season with the team.
The Tigers have earned two victories over John Curtis and two victories over Brother Martin among its notable wins this season. Another key victory came in tournament play over East St. John, Jasmine's former team that he led to much success in his decade-long tenure at the school.
"I think the chemistry our team has together has been a real key," Jasmine said. "There's a lot of love around the program and it's very exciting right now. You can accomplish so much when everyone's so inspired, and that's been a huge factor in our success."
Early in the season, Jasmine felt his players were buying in, but the success the team has had thus far has likely fortified the belief his players have for his process.
"I just think the buzz is different right now," Jasmine said. "We're hearing it even from other coaches, asking, 'man, what are y'all doing over there?' And I think the kids feel that as well. I think we just arguably had our best practice of the year. We've got everyone back, including our football guys now. And they're realizing what our team is capable of."
The stiffest test so far comes this week as Hahnville competes in the Country Day tournament, which began Wednesday and annually pits some of the state's top contenders against one another. Hahnville was slated to face undefeated Riverside Academy on Wednesday night (after press time), kicking off play against a field that includes defending state champions in Country Day, De La Salle and Landry-Walker as well as other perennial contenders like Karr and Scotlandville.
"As a competitor, how can you not want to measure yourself against those teams?" Jasmine asked. "The way we have scheduled, all of the wins we've had are pretty good ones. But we have a chance to make a statement at Country Day."
He added that he was proud of his team for the way it responded in rematches against Curtis and Brother Martin to earn second victories.
HHS got a few additions with the end of football season, including some size in the form of Larry Dixon.
"I think any time you can beat a team twice in one season, that's big," he said. "Against Curtis, we won by one in the opener, then we came back and won by 12 (at the Brother Martin tournament). We beat Brother Martin by 19 the first time, then they played us tougher in the second game, but that was still something where we were able to get up by 20 at one point. So against a team you know has made adjustments against you, it kind of shows your growth."
Dylan Lorio scored 26 in the second Brother Martin victory, a 69-64 win, while Glenn Grover added 11. Kaden Pierre and Ian Arnold each scored 10.
In a 90-66 win over KIPP Renaissance, Lorio led the way with 20. Grover added 19 and Jamel Byrd 11.
Hahnville bested West St. John 90-51 behind 16 points from Grover and 10 each from Takowan Grows and Wardell Strickland.
Hahnville High School
Wildcats fight off injuries for positive pre-district results
About Ryan Arena	1689 Articles


text:
#include <errno.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <zephyr.h>
#include <arch/cpu.h>
#include <misc/byteorder.h>
#include <logging/sys_log.h>
#include <misc/util.h>

#include <device.h>
#include <init.h>
#include <uart.h>

#include <net/buf.h>
#include <bluetooth/bluetooth.h>
#include <bluetooth/l2cap.h>
#include <bluetooth/hci.h>
#include <bluetooth/buf.h>
#include <bluetooth/hci_raw.h>

#include "common/log.h"

static struct device *hci_uart_dev;
static BT_STACK_NOINIT(tx_thread_stack, CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_HCI_TX_STACK_SIZE);
static struct k_thread tx_thread_data;

/* HCI command buffers */
#define CMD_BUF_SIZE BT_BUF_RX_SIZE
NET_BUF_POOL_DEFINE(cmd_tx_pool, CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_HCI_CMD_COUNT, CMD_BUF_SIZE,
		    BT_BUF_USER_DATA_MIN, NULL);

#define BT_L2CAP_MTU 65 /* 64-byte public key + opcode */
/** Data size needed for ACL buffers */
#define BT_BUF_ACL_SIZE BT_L2CAP_BUF_SIZE(BT_L2CAP_MTU)

#if defined(CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER_TX_BUFFERS)
#define TX_BUF_COUNT CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER_TX_BUFFERS
#else
#define TX_BUF_COUNT 6
#endif

NET_BUF_POOL_DEFINE(acl_tx_pool, TX_BUF_COUNT, BT_BUF_ACL_SIZE,
		    BT_BUF_USER_DATA_MIN, NULL);

static K_FIFO_DEFINE(tx_queue);

#define H4_CMD 0x01
#define H4_ACL 0x02
#define H4_SCO 0x03
#define H4_EVT 0x04

/* Length of a discard/flush buffer.
 * This is sized to align with a BLE HCI packet:
 * 1 byte H:4 header + 32 bytes ACL/event data
 * Bigger values might overflow the stack since this is declared as a local
 * variable, smaller ones will force the caller to call into discard more
 * often.
 */
#define H4_DISCARD_LEN 33

static int h4_read(struct device *uart, u8_t *buf,
		   size_t len, size_t min)
{
	int total = 0;

	while (len) {
		int rx;

		rx = uart_fifo_read(uart, buf, len);
		if (rx == 0) {
			SYS_LOG_DBG("Got zero bytes from UART");
			if (total < min) {
				continue;
			}
			break;
		}

		SYS_LOG_DBG("read %d remaining %d", rx, len - rx);
		len -= rx;
		total += rx;
		buf += rx;
	}

	return total;
}

static size_t h4_discard(struct device *uart, size_t len)
{
	u8_t buf[H4_DISCARD_LEN];

	return uart_fifo_read(uart, buf, min(len, sizeof(buf)));
}

static struct net_buf *h4_cmd_recv(int *remaining)
{
	struct bt_hci_cmd_hdr hdr;
	struct net_buf *buf;

	/* We can ignore the return value since we pass len == min */
	h4_read(hci_uart_dev, (void *)&hdr, sizeof(hdr), sizeof(hdr));

	*remaining = hdr.param_len;

	buf = net_buf_alloc(&cmd_tx_pool, K_NO_WAIT);
	if (buf) {
		bt_buf_set_type(buf, BT_BUF_CMD);
		net_buf_add_mem(buf, &hdr, sizeof(hdr));
	} else {
		SYS_LOG_ERR("No available command buffers!");
	}

	SYS_LOG_DBG("len %u", hdr.param_len);

	return buf;
}

static struct net_buf *h4_acl_recv(int *remaining)
{
	struct bt_hci_acl_hdr hdr;
	struct net_buf *buf;

	/* We can ignore the return value since we pass len == min */
	h4_read(hci_uart_dev, (void *)&hdr, sizeof(hdr), sizeof(hdr));

	buf = net_buf_alloc(&acl_tx_pool, K_NO_WAIT);
	if (buf) {
		bt_buf_set_type(buf, BT_BUF_ACL_OUT);
		net_buf_add_mem(buf, &hdr, sizeof(hdr));
	} else {
		SYS_LOG_ERR("No available ACL buffers!");
	}

	*remaining = sys_le16_to_cpu(hdr.len);

	SYS_LOG_DBG("len %u", *remaining);

	return buf;
}

static void bt_uart_isr(struct device *unused)
{
	static struct net_buf *buf;
	static int remaining;

	ARG_UNUSED(unused);

	while (uart_irq_update(hci_uart_dev) &&
	       uart_irq_is_pending(hci_uart_dev)) {
		int read;

		if (!uart_irq_rx_ready(hci_uart_dev)) {
			if (uart_irq_tx_ready(hci_uart_dev)) {
				SYS_LOG_DBG("transmit ready");
			} else {
				SYS_LOG_DBG("spurious interrupt");
			}
			/* Only the UART RX path is interrupt-enabled */
			break;
		}

		/* Beginning of a new packet */
		if (!remaining) {
			u8_t type;

			/* Get packet type */
			read = h4_read(hci_uart_dev, &type, sizeof(type), 0);
			if (read != sizeof(type)) {
				SYS_LOG_WRN("Unable to read H4 packet type");
				continue;
			}

			switch (type) {
			case H4_CMD:
				buf = h4_cmd_recv(&remaining);
				break;
			case H4_ACL:
				buf = h4_acl_recv(&remaining);
				break;
			default:
				SYS_LOG_ERR("Unknown H4 type %u", type);
				return;
			}

			SYS_LOG_DBG("need to get %u bytes", remaining);

			if (buf && remaining > net_buf_tailroom(buf)) {
				SYS_LOG_ERR("Not enough space in buffer");
				net_buf_unref(buf);
				buf = NULL;
			}
		}

		if (!buf) {
			read = h4_discard(hci_uart_dev, remaining);
			SYS_LOG_WRN("Discarded %d bytes", read);
			remaining -= read;
			continue;
		}

		read = h4_read(hci_uart_dev, net_buf_tail(buf), remaining, 0);

		buf->len += read;
		remaining -= read;

		SYS_LOG_DBG("received %d bytes", read);

		if (!remaining) {
			SYS_LOG_DBG("full packet received");

			/* Put buffer into TX queue, thread will dequeue */
			net_buf_put(&tx_queue, buf);
			buf = NULL;
		}
	}
}

static void tx_thread(void *p1, void *p2, void *p3)
{
	while (1) {
		struct net_buf *buf;

		/* Wait until a buffer is available */
		buf = net_buf_get(&tx_queue, K_FOREVER);
		/* Pass buffer to the stack */
		bt_send(buf);

		/* Give other threads a chance to run if tx_queue keeps getting
		 * new data all the time.
		 */
		k_yield();
	}
}

static int h4_send(struct net_buf *buf)
{
	SYS_LOG_DBG("buf %p type %u len %u", buf, bt_buf_get_type(buf),
		    buf->len);

	switch (bt_buf_get_type(buf)) {
	case BT_BUF_ACL_IN:
		uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, H4_ACL);
		break;
	case BT_BUF_EVT:
		uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, H4_EVT);
		break;
	default:
		SYS_LOG_ERR("Unknown type %u", bt_buf_get_type(buf));
		net_buf_unref(buf);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	while (buf->len) {
		uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, net_buf_pull_u8(buf));
	}

	net_buf_unref(buf);

	return 0;
}

#if defined(CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER_ASSERT_HANDLER)
void bt_controller_assert_handle(char *file, u32_t line)
{
	u32_t len = 0, pos = 0;

	/* Disable interrupts, this is unrecoverable */
	(void)irq_lock();

	uart_irq_rx_disable(hci_uart_dev);
	uart_irq_tx_disable(hci_uart_dev);

	if (file) {
		while (file[len] != '\0') {
			if (file[len] == '/') {
				pos = len + 1;
			}
			len++;
		}
		file += pos;
		len -= pos;
	}

	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, H4_EVT);
	/* Vendor-Specific debug event */
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, 0xff);
	/* 0xAA + strlen + \0 + 32-bit line number */
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, 1 + len + 1 + 4);
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, 0xAA);

	if (len) {
		while (*file != '\0') {
			uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, *file);
			file++;
		}
		uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, 0x00);
	}

	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, line >> 0 & 0xff);
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, line >> 8 & 0xff);
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, line >> 16 & 0xff);
	uart_poll_out(hci_uart_dev, line >> 24 & 0xff);

	while (1) {
	}
}
#endif /* CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER_ASSERT_HANDLER */

static int hci_uart_init(struct device *unused)
{
	SYS_LOG_DBG("");

	hci_uart_dev =
		device_get_binding(CONFIG_BLUETOOTH_CONTROLLER_TO_HOST_UART_DEV_NAME);
	if (!hci_uart_dev) {
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	uart_irq_rx_disable(hci_uart_dev);
	uart_irq_tx_disable(hci_uart_dev);

	uart_irq_callback_set(hci_uart_dev, bt_uart_isr);

	uart_irq_rx_enable(hci_uart_dev);

	return 0;
}

DEVICE_INIT(hci_uart, "hci_uart", &hci_uart_init, NULL, NULL,
	    APPLICATION, CONFIG_KERNEL_INIT_PRIORITY_DEVICE);

void main(void)
{
	/* incoming events and data from the controller */
	static K_FIFO_DEFINE(rx_queue);
	int err;

	SYS_LOG_DBG("Start");

	/* Enable the raw interface, this will in turn open the HCI driver */
	bt_enable_raw(&rx_queue);
	/* Spawn the TX thread and start feeding commands and data to the
	 * controller
	 */
	k_thread_create(&tx_thread_data, tx_thread_stack,
			K_THREAD_STACK_SIZEOF(tx_thread_stack), tx_thread,
			NULL, NULL, NULL, K_PRIO_COOP(7), 0, K_NO_WAIT);

	while (1) {
		struct net_buf *buf;

		buf = net_buf_get(&rx_queue, K_FOREVER);
		err = h4_send(buf);
		if (err) {
			SYS_LOG_ERR("Failed to send");
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mount Conness is a  mountain in the Sierra Nevada range, to the west of the Hall Natural Area. Conness is on the boundary between the Inyo National Forest and Yosemite National Park. The Conness Glacier lies north of the summit.

History
Mount Conness is named for John Conness (1821–1909), a native of Ireland who came to United States in 1836. Conness was a member of California legislature (1853–1854, 1860–1861) and the United States Senator from California (1863–1869). He resided in Massachusetts from 1869 until his death in 1909.

In 1860 Josiah Dwight Whitney, Jr. was appointed State Geologist of California and he organized the California Geological Survey (1863–1870). Whitney, along with William H. Brewer, Clarence King, James T. Gardiner, Charles F. Hoffmann, Lorenzo G. Yates, Richard D. Cotter and others, made an extensive survey of California, including the Sierra Nevada and Yosemite region. Whitney wrote:

"Mount Conness bears the name of a distinguished citizen of California, now a United States Senator, who deserves more than any other person, the credit of carrying the bill, organizing the Geological Survey of California, through the Legislature, and who is chiefly to be credited for another great scientific work, the Survey of the 40th Parallel."

Clarence King, a geologist for the Survey and the first to ascend Mount Conness along with James T. Gardiner in 1864, wrote:

"I recognized the old familiar summit... and that firm peak with titan strength and brow so square and solid, it seems altogether natural we should have named it for California's statesman, John Conness."

Climbing
Conness is a training ground for alpine climbing since it utilizes all aspects of mountaineering: trails, scrambling, and glacier trekking; all at a high altitude for California. Usually climbers camp near Tioga Pass and begin the climb at dawn. It takes about a full day to summit.

The summit block consists of  scrambling along a knife edge ridge leading to the summit consisting of views to the east of the Conness Glacier and to the west toward Tuolumne Meadows.

References

External links

Mountains of Yosemite National Park
Mountains of Mono County, California
Mountains of Tuolumne County, California
Mountains of Northern California
North American 3000 m summits


If you need help to remove raccoon from wall Houston call Master Services (713) 723-4854 for fast and effective service.
This season there have been quite a few calls for help to remove raccoon from wall Houston. Upon doing evaluations of the homes this has been in a large amount due to the active breeding season we have been having and the raccoon that got into your home most likely being a mother who found the safest place to have her babies was in the wall of your home. To remove raccoon from wall Houston this is where training and experience comes in to help make the removal go as smoothly as possible and with as little hassle to you as possible.
To remove raccoon from wall Houston we always suggest getting help from a Wildlife Specialist, this is due to the nature of a raccoon, even if the raccoon seems social, it will react when it feels that its home or young are in danger. One of the best solutions to use when you remove raccoon from wall Houston is the use of eviction fluid. This is a mix of male raccoon pheromones and predator urine which tells the mother that her and her babies are in danger. When this happens the mother will in most cases relocate the babies on her own.
Sometimes when you remove raccoon from wall Houston you are dealing with a dead animal. This removal can be a little more complicated seeing as the animals are not able to move out themselves and need to be found by the technician. The best thing to do is to take action before the situation gets to this point. If you are hearing noises in your attic or walls call for help to remove raccoon from wall Houston to ensure the situation does not get worse.
When you need to remove raccoon from wall Houston call Master Services (713) 723-4854 for fast and effective service.


text:
Q: what is the difference between a set's closure and completion? I know that when we talk about completion of a space, we infer that it is a metric space. So can I say that: Given a complete metric space $M$ and a subspace of $M$, $S$, the closure of $S$ is a completion of $S$?

A: In short, the answer to your question is "yes". To prove it we just need to prove that a closed subspace of a complete metric space is itself a complete metric space. For some background which may help in thinking about this topic, you can continue reading.
The completion and the notion of completeness can be formulated without an ambient space. For example, the completion of $\mathbb{Q}$ is always $\mathbb{R}$, regardless of whether we think of it as embedded in $\mathbb{R}$ or as by itself. (Here and throughout this post the metrics on $\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R}$ are the Euclidean ones.)
The closure requires an ambient space. This is because the closed sets being intersected are actually closed in the ambient space, not necessarily in the space whose closure is being taken. If the ambient space is itself a complete metric space, the closure and the completion coincide. For example, the closure of $\mathbb{Q}$ in $\mathbb{R}$ is indeed $\mathbb{R}$. But if the ambient space is not a complete metric space then this is in general not true. Indeed, the closure of $\mathbb{Q}$ in $\mathbb{Q}$ is just $\mathbb{Q}$ (since $\mathbb{Q}$ is closed in itself).

A: No. The closure of a set happens inside a given space $X$. Completion on the other may require adding many new points also to the ambient space. For instance, take $X=\mathbb Q$ with its standard metric. The closure of $\mathbb Q$ is $\mathbb Q$, but the completion is $\mathbb R$.
Later edit, following adding the 'complete' to the question, the answer is 'yes'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
YouTube permanently bans white nationalist channel VDARE
By Maya Shwayder	 August 10, 2020
YouTube has permanently banned the channel of the far-right wing anti-immigration website VDARE for violating its hate speech policies.
According to a report by Right Wing Watch, VDARE was a gathering place for white supremacists and people who oppose immigration to the U.S. Its founder, Peter Brimelow, is well-regarded in right wing circles, even rubbing elbows with advisors in President Donald Trump's cabinet, according to the Washington Post. Vox described Brimelow as one of the "founding fathers" of the alt-right.
The site was known for its anti-immigration and racist rhetoric, and for publishing pieces from anti-Semites, eugenicists, and prominent white nationalists, all while Brimelow maintained it was not a white nationalist site.
It also promoted the idea that white people were the "racial and culture identity of America," and Brimelow has stated that "white people built America."
In 2019, YouTube suspended and then reinstated VDARE's channel, VDARE TV. A spokesperson for YouTube confirmed to Digital Trends that the suspension is permanent, and that VDARE was one of 25,000 channels that had recently been permanently suspended.
"We have strict policies prohibiting hate speech on YouTube, and terminate any channel that repeatedly or egregiously violates those policies," the spokesperson said in an email. "After updating our guidelines to better address supremacist content, we saw a 5x spike in video removals and have terminated over 25,000 channels for violating our hate speech policies."
The spokesperson also said the updated guidelines included new penalties for creators who repeatedly "brush up against the line," including removing the ability to make money on YouTube.
Earlier this year, YouTube also suspended the channel of known far-right white nationalists Stephen Molyneux, the American Identity Movement, Richard Spencer, the founder of the Proud Boys Gavin McInnes, and former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke, who was also recently banned from Twitter. Two other prominent right wing YouTubers, Nick Fuentes and Carl Benjamin, had their channels demonetized.
This is the latest example of prominent right wing and far-right wing figures having their posts blocked or fact-checked, or their accounts suspended, on large social media sites. Earlier this year, Donald Trump, Jr., the president's oldest son, had his Twitter account temporarily suspended for proliferating misinformation about COVID-19. In March, Twitter put fact-check labels on President Trump's tweets for the first time, and Facebook completely removed one of Trump's posts, also for spreading misinformation about COVID, in early August.
Why you may still be missing ESPN and other Disney-owned channels on YouTube TV
YouTube TV couldn't have picked a worse time to lose ESPN
Google and Roku strike a deal to keep YouTube and YouTube TV on the platform
YouTube TV offering up a number of add-ons for $1 for 2 months


text:
Register now for Admission
GALAXY EDUCATIONAL SERVICES Recognized by Government of Karnataka
ISO 9001:2008 Certified and Recognized by Government of Karnataka
Dayananda Sagar College of Arts Science & Commerce
One of the India's leading educational institutions, a front-runner in the field of education today, Dayananda Sagar Institutions (DSI) is run under the aegis of the Mahatma Gandhi Vidya Peetha Trust, in Bangalore - described as the Silicon Valley of India. Their institutions are characterized by the quality of education across a broad range of disciplines from pre-university courses to post-graduation and doctoral programs covering Engineering, Dental Sciences, Biological Sciences Arts, Commerce, Sciences, Pharmacy, Nursing, Allied Health, as well as Business Management and Information Technology.
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Galaxy Educational Services ® | Genixo Info Solutions Pvt. Ltd. ©


text:
AT 40 With Ryan SeacrestAT 40 With Ryan Seacrest
The University of Texas Will Have a Class on Beyonce
Victoria Johnson
Chris Graythen, Getty Images
Beyonce is officially being taught in a class in her home state, Texas.
The University of Texas at San Antonio is offering a course of the pop queen dubbed "Black Women, Beyonce and Popular Culture."
The course will explore how Beyonce's Lemonade serves as a "meditation on contemporary black womanhood," according to San Antonio Mercury News.
The class, which will meet three times a week, will get lessons on tracks like "Formation" and "All Night."
"The purpose of this class is to explore the theoretical, historical, and literary frameworks of black feminism," read the syllabus by Professor Kinitra Brooks.
But students who enroll shouldn't expect an easy A, says Brooks.
"Studying race, gender, class and pop culture theory is incredibly fun...and incredibly hard," said Brooks in the syllabus. "Do an internal check for your maturity and ability to handle such a self-directed course. There is no shame in deciding you are not ready."
This isn't the first time that Beyonce's name merged with academics. After Queen Bey released her second visual album, Lemonade, fans put together a syllabus based on the LP. It included fiction novels, non-fiction works, feminist essays, poetry, music and films for fans to indulge in to understand Lemonade.
Rutgers University has also offered a class on Beyonce dubbed "Feminist Perspectives: Politicizing Beyoncé" since 2014. It promises to "attempt to think about our contemporary U.S. society and its current class, racial, gender, and sexual politics through the music and career of Beyoncé."
Bey's husband, Jay Z, is also int he academic game as University of Texas in Arlington allows students to learn literature by studying his lyrics.
10 Forgotten Beyonce Collaborations That Wouldn't Happen in 2016
Source: The University of Texas Will Have a Class on Beyonce
Filed Under: beyonce


Minimum quantity for "SWS Water Filter Purifire" is 1.
Now there is no problem in watering or filtration. No electricity connection required, you can set yourself this Auto Water Filter.
Set it to your home phone, the inside filter will purify your tap water which can be used for other purposes including washing vegetables.
Cartridge Material: ceramic, nano-metal clusters, media and high-quality activated carbon.


Part One of the series "Time: The Story of Existence." Where does our sense of time passing come from? Besides breathing and heartbeat, does the human body have another source of internal rhythm? Illustrates that scientists have discovered a stopwatch within the brain that regulates body chemistry and gives us our awareness of time. Host Michio Kaku interviews the geologist who first theorized the existence of the internal clock while in subterranean isolation, monitors an experiment that reveals time distortion experienced during trauma, meets a father and daughter who (due to a rare genetic disorder) have body clocks that run too fast, and visits a captive gorilla with a rudimentary sense of time. Original BBC title: "Daytime." Accessibility options on the DVD are: (1) audio description, (2) expanded description, (3) subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing.


This Bemis round closed front toilet seat features color matched bumpers and hinges with an elegant design. This toilet seat is made from plastic that resists wear, chips and stains. Resilient plastic with molded-in color resists wear, chips and stains.


RPG title set in the world of Harry Potter. The players create their Hogwart's students and follow their lives throughout several years. These include participating in lessons of defense against dark art or studying creation of mixtures.
Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery is an RPG game set in a universe created by J.K. Rowling for bestselling Harry Potter book series. It has been developed by Jam City studio and released for AND and iOS mobile platform by Portkey Games – a subdivision of Warner Bros. Entertainment in charge of games about the young wizard.
Before they start their adventure, players must create a new Hogwart's student, whose life they will follow through a few years. This includes participating in activities like lessons of defense against dark art and studying mixtures.
Magical tips and tricks which will help you during your adventure in the famous School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Hogwarts. Our guide describes all essential gameplay mechanics like leveling, friendships, character creation, spells or combat.


Islamic extremism and efforts to combat it are responsible for 84,000 deaths in 2017, according to a new report from an organization founded by former U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair.
According to the Global Extremism Monitor by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change released Thursday, at least 84,023 people in 66 countries died because of "violent Islamism" in 2017.
Of the 84,023 deaths, about 48,164 are the deaths of extremists themselves, while just under 22,000 were civilian deaths, 10,337 were security personnel and 3,307 were deaths of non state actors. The identities of 292 people killed could not be confirmed.
The report calls out Nigeria's Boko Haram terrorist organization as being the terror group that most targeted civilians. Seventy-one percent of Boko Haram attacks targeted civilians.
Meanwhile, the report finds that the Islamic State and the fight against it in Iraq and Syria killed 2,080 civilians in 2017.
The document warns that unless "decision makers fully engage in the battle of ideas and tackle extremists' totalitarian thinking," the radical Islamic violence will only continue to spread throughout the world.
Blair presented findings of the report at the office of the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit think tank in Washington, D.C. and told the audience that security measures will only "slow the violence" but won't defeat the violent ideologies behind it.
As an example, the report highlights the situation with the Islamic State in Syria.
"The displacement of ISIS members from Iraq and Syria and emergency relocations appear to be causing more trouble in Afghanistan, where the group's local affiliate, ISIS-Khorasan, is ramping up its activities in the east and north of the country to undermine renewed efforts to bring peace to the Afghan people," the report reads.
The report even stated that President Donald Trump's decision in April 2017 to spend millions to drop a "mother of all bombs" in Afghanistan's Nangarhar province that killed 36 Islamic State militants was not effective when it comes to curtailing the activities of the terrorist group.
The report calls for a global commitment to educating against extremism so that education systems can improve when it comes to preventing the spread of radical ideology. Additionally, the report suggests that national education systems that "legitimize the stereotypes and prejudices that bolster extremist narratives" are not helpful when it comes to countering extremism.
"[T]o actually break the cycle of recruitment and regeneration that is sustaining these groups, you have to target … education, countering the falsehoods, and, of course, building local leadership," counterterrorism and insurgency expert Bruce Hoffman said during a panel discussion Thursday, according to CBS News.


text:
U.S. Supreme Court Declines to Revive Challenge to Oregon Clean Fuels Program
Legal Challenges to Oregon & California Vehicle Fuel Carbon-Intensity Standards Close to the End of the Line, Clearing Path Forward to Transformative Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation Sector
In this post, we continue our discussion of California's Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), which we introduced in our post on October 4, 2018. This is third in that series.
This past Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court denied review of a federal appeals court decision upholding the legality of Oregon's Clean Fuels Program. That decision finally frees Oregon's program from uncertainty from what was seen as a significant legal challenge. The program, modeled after the similar California Low Carbon Fuel Standard developed by the California Air Resources Board (ARB), aims to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation fuels. These innovative programs are designed to spur transformative changes in how we power our vehicles. The Supreme Court's denial of review in this case brings the programs one step closer to being free of legal challenges, and is good news for efforts to move the transportation sector off of petroleum.
These clean-fuel programs are designed to incentivize lower emissions from fuels not just when they are burned in the vehicle, but through their entire life cycle, including extraction, production, transport, and consumption. The programs' strategy is to support the market conditions to replace current carbon-based vehicle fuels with new low-carbon energy sources over the coming years. (My colleague Ted Parson and I have written extensively about California's program, both analyzing and making recommendations about it structure, and explaining why policy critiques of the program are wrong.) While both states' programs are active and have been well-functioning, court challenges created some uncertainty about their stability, and reduced the effectiveness of California's program in the early years. Going forward, the legal challenges should no longer induce uncertainty, slow down progress, or threaten the stability of the programs. There is now one remaining legal proceeding in progress: challengers of the California program still have time to file one more petition in the Supreme Court, due in about a month, as a last-ditch effort to derail the program. Such a petition would be extraordinarily unlikely to prevail, as I detail below.
The legal challenges have taken two main forms, which I will recap here. (Warning: some of the discussion below is in the legal weeds!)
Legal Challenges Under Federal Law
First, some opponents of California's Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and Oregon's Clean Fuels Program (CFP) brought legal claims under the U.S. Constitution that could have been devastating to the clean-fuels policy, had they been successful. Their claims included the assertion that the programs violate the Constitution's "dormant Commerce Clause" doctrine, and that federal laws preempt the state programs. These claims, if successful, could have made it virtually impossible for a state to develop and implement a program that made regulatory distinctions among fuels based on lifecycle GHG emissions. The Supreme Court's denial of review may have finally puts those claims to rest, though the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers' Association and other trade associations have another month—until June 17—to file a petition asking the Supreme Court to review a related decision upholding California's LCFS against constitutional challenges.
The dormant Commerce Clause doctrine forbids state or local governments from certain types of actions that disadvantage other states' businesses for the gain of in-state business interests. Critics of the programs contended both California and Oregon violated this doctrine in two ways. First, they said the programs discriminate against out-of-state fuels, by assigning higher carbon intensity values to some out-of-state corn ethanol and, in the case of the original California program, to high-carbon-intensity crude oil. Second, opponents asserted that the programs regulate commerce entirely outside the state, through the market influence of the program on fuels produced in other states. An early decision by a federal district court accepted some of these arguments and temporarily cast doubt on the program's legality, generating uncertainty about its future. But more recently, three Ninth Circuit decisions—covering different iterations of the California program as well as Oregon's program—have now established the program does not run afoul of the Commerce Clause, because the carbon intensity calculations simply "reflect the reality of assessing and attempting to limit GHG emissions" and are not an impermissible attempt to discriminate against out-of-state products or to regulate business activities in another state. These appellate court decisions establish that the basic structure of this type of program—measuring or estimating the lifecycle emissions from a type of fuel, and favoring fuels with lower lifecycle emissions—is legally sound under the Commerce Clause.
Ethanol and petroleum producers also unsuccessfully argued that federal law preempted the LCFS, meaning that federal law leaves no room for states to lawfully implement their programs. These arguments took several forms. In California, they argued that LCFS implementation would interfere with the federal Renewable Fuel Standard and the Energy Independence and Security Act. Ultimately, the plaintiffs dropped these claims before they could be addressed by appellate courts. In the Oregon case, the opponents also contended the Clean Air Act preempted the CFS. They noted that the Clean Air Act preempts state regulation of vehicle fuels whose regulation the EPA Administrator has declared unnecessary, and argued that because the EPA declined to list methane (a component of natural gas fuels regulated under the CFP) as a "volatile organic compound" in an unrelated situation, Oregon was prohibited from enacting the CFS. The Ninth Circuit found this claim to be without any legal merit.
The Supreme Court's denial of review in the Oregon case, affirming the Ninth Circuit's decision that the program is lawful, comes close to ending the legal wrangling over the constitutionality of these programs for once and for all. If California litigants do not file a petition for review in the related California case by June 17, the legal challenges will end. And given the similarity of issues between the two cases and programs, the denial of review in the Oregon case seems to signal that the Court is extremely unlikely to review the California case, if a petition is filed. Closure of that case will end the legal uncertainty in the background to these programs, and may spur other states to enact similar programs.
Legal Challenges Under California State Law
Two court challenges to the LCFS in California state courts have finally come to a close, with the program surviving those efforts to derail it. These two California cases involved challenges to the adequacy of the program's environmental impact analysis under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). In the first case (POET I), an out-of-state corn ethanol producer and other plaintiffs argued that ARB violated California law in three ways: by approving the LCFS before completing its environmental analysis; by failing to assign responsibility for approving regulations to those conducting the analysis; and by improperly deferring enactment of measures to mitigate potential increases in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions caused by increased biodiesel use. In August 2013 the Court of Appeal directed ARB to set aside its approval of the LCFS and remedy the identified deficiencies by conducting a new environmental analysis. The court let the regulations remain in effect based on public interest in environmental protection. The result was that the implementation of the program was delayed, with less ambitious targets for reducing fuels' carbon intensity.
In 2015, ARB re-adopted the LCFS regulations, with a new environmental impact analysis, in an effort to comply with the court's mandate along with other program modifications. Plaintiffs then appealed again, arguing that the new analysis still did not adequately analyze the potential for increased NOx emissions, and thus did not comply with the order. The Court of Appeal issued its second opinion in POET I in May 2017. The Court found that the new environmental analysis did not correct all the prior CEQA violations with respect to diesel and diesel substitutes, so ARB had not complied with its writ of mandate. The Court ordered ARB to complete another new analysis, but found the regulations were on balance likely to be beneficial, and so limited its remedy—delaying the diesel component of the program for several months, while leaving all other LCFS regulations in effect unchanged. ARB completed its new analysis in late 2018 and adopted newly modified regulations, and the court approved the agency's compliance.
In October 2015, while that appeal was pending in the Court of Appeal, the same plaintiffs filed a second suit (POET II), alleging procedural violations in adopting the revised 2015 regulations similar to those they previously alleged for the earlier regulations in POET I, as well as deficiencies in the new environmental analysis. In early 2018, the trial court dismissed the POET II case, finding that the resolution of the second appeal in POET I—requiring ARB to further revise its environmental review and regulations—mooted the claims against the revised regulations. An appeal of that decision was dismissed by the plaintiffs early in 2019, clearing the way for ARB finally to be free of litigation.
Overall, the Supreme Court's denial of review brings the clean-fuels programs within one small step of being free from legal challenges. Assuming—as is extremely likely—the Supreme Court decides not to review the remaining 9th Circuit decision, this will be good news for efforts to transform how we power our vehicles in California, Oregon, and throughout the country.
9th Circuit, Air Resources Board, biofuels, CARB, Clean Fuels Program, economics, fuels, gasoline, GHG emissions, greenhouse gases, LCFS, lifecycle analysis, lifecycle assessment, low-carbon fuel standard, Oregon, petroleum, Rocky Mountain Farmers Union v Goldstene, transport, transportation sector, vehicles, zero emission vehicles
About Sean
Sean B. Hecht is the Co-Executive Director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Evan Frankel Professor of Policy and Practice, and Co-Director o…
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