text:
Choosing a neutralising amine corrosion inhibitor
A review of physical and chemical properties of commonly used amine-based corrosion inhibitors. The authors highlight the relative strengths and weaknesses of amines, particularly with regard to corrosion caused by hydrochloric acid
Philip R Petersen, Petersen Consulting
Samuel A Lordo and Gregg R McAteer, Nalco Company
Viewed : 23189
The selection of the best neutralising amine, or combination of amines, to help prevent corrosion caused by strong acids in overhead condensing systems has always involved making compromising choices among the various properties of the neutralising amines (and their salts). Each amine has unique properties that govern how rapidly it will evaporate, its potential to form solid or liquid salts, how rapidly it will get into the first drops of condensing water etc.
There are many properties of neutralising amines that must be considered when choosing a product, just as there are many parameters in the design of a tower and overhead system that affect the choice of neutralising amines. Some of the properties of amines that must be considered when selecting a product include:
— Boiling point, Base strength, Equivalent weight
— Hydrochloride salt melting point, Hydrochloride salt formation constant
— Effect of amine, especially excess amine, on water treatment plant
— Vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) constant, Interaction of amines.
The effect of these properties on the selection and use of neutralising amines will be discussed further. It is important to remember that all these properties listed are, at a given set of conditions, intrinsic properties. They are immutable (they cannot be changed). For example, ammonia cannot be made to dissolve into the first drops of condensed water more rapidly; ethylenediamine dihydro-chloride cannot be made to be more volatile and less prone to form deposits. The industry has to live with these properties just as the industry has to live with the less than ideal properties of most metals used in refinery and petrochemical plant construction.
While there are potentially a huge number of amines that could be used to prevent strong acid corrosion, the industry is limited to those that are economically viable, those amines that generally cost less than about US$2 /pound (US$4.5/kg). If a neutralising amine product is too expensive, it will not be used regardless of how well it controls system corrosion. While each supplier has one or more amines that they prefer to use for various reasons, they all sell a wide range of amines, including:
NH3 – ammonia
DMEA – dimethylethanolamine
DMIPA – dimethylisopropanolamine
EDA – ethylenediamine
MOPA – methoxypropylamine
MEA – monoethanolamine
Morph – morpholine
Pic – picolines (alkyl pyridines)
TMA – trimethylamine
Some of their physical properties are given in Table 1. Note that, because some of the physical properties of these amines require extensive laboratory time to determine, these properties are considered proprietary and so are given as relative values, rather than the exact value or equation.
In general, discussions will highlight two amines at the extremes of the parameter under consideration, and usually an amine that has an intermediate value.
Why are neutralising amines needed? When crude oil is produced, the crude contains brine that has sodium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides, among other inorganic species, in it. The crude is desalted in the refinery to remove the majority of these salts. These salts need to be removed because two of them, the calcium and magnesium chlorides, will produce hydrogen chloride when heated in the furnaces:
CaCl2 + 2 H2O Æ 2 HCl + Ca(OH)2 (1)
MgCl2 + 2 H2O Æ 2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 (2)
Fortunately, sodium chloride does not undergo this hydrolysis very readily.
As long as there is no water present in the system, the hydrogen chloride gas is not corrosive to carbon steel. When this gas dissolves in water, very corrosive hydrochloric acid is formed. The corrosiveness of the system can be reduced in several ways. If desalting were perfectly done, there would be no salts going into the furnaces and no hydrogen chloride would be formed. Reducing the amount of salt going to the furnaces will reduce the amount of acid produced and thus reduce the amount of corrosion. Diluting the overhead condensed water with wash water will dilute the acids, raising the pH and lowering the corrosion rate. Unfortunately, the amount of wash water needed to do this is normally not practical for many reasons. Diluting the amount of condensed water by a factor of 10 only increases the pH of the overhead water by less than one pH unit because of buffering effects caused by the weak acids in the system.
Neutralising the acid with a base (a source of hydroxide ions) is a very common practice in refineries and petrochemical plants today. By neutralising the acid, the pH is raised, a hydrochlor-ide salt is formed, and corrosion usually decreases.
HCl + M+ + OH– Æ MCl + H2O (3)
Ammonia was the first base used to reduce overhead corrosion and still is extensively used:
HCl + NH3 Æ NH4+ + Cl– (4)
In the 1960s, various organic amines began to be used to neutralise the hydrochloric acid:
HCl + RNH2 Æ RNH3 + + Cl– (5)
Process Chemicals
Crude and Vacuum Units
Corrosion and Fouling Control


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It was a good day to stay in and watch football and that was the extent of our activities, and shoveling snow of course. From the wee hours of the morning to the wee hours of the next morning we were constantly snowed on in the first big snow storm of the new winter, and its still autumn for about another week. James was a very big help in snow shoveling and things went much faster thanks to his hard work. Also on the plus is the snow really added to our outside look for Christmas which is snowmen and penguins.
The Lions won this weekend, putting them at 9 wins and 4 losses which is good enough for a two game lead in the Central and second place in the NFC. Lets hope it continues.
After about 18 years the fence to the backyard was taken down and for the first time we saw the neighbors back their instead of just hearing their voices. We estimate the fence was put up in the mid nineties around 96-98 by James' Grandma (on the Kleiber side). The neighbors behind us have lived their 17 years and have never seen our side of the fence so we know the fence is at least 18 years old, probably older. Speaking with our neighbors on this side of the "wall" we were all amazed that it has been almost two decades since seeing that side of the block.
The midwest got clobbered on Super Sunday (also known as Feb 1st) with about 17″ of snow in one of the largest one day snow falls in our history. James and Dad both shoveled snow multiple times while waiting for the game to come on. We were notified that Jame's school was closed around 5pm so we had no problem letting James stay up for the entire game, although he was disappointed in the outcome.
We started shoveling snow a little after 7am Monday and were surprised to see the streets already plowed. By noon most of the streets were clear and it was business as usual. Hopefully James will not have too many more snow days this year, but it was ground hog day and the ground hog saw its shadow so it certainly does look like six more weeks of winter.
James kept telling us a big storm was coming and boy was he right. After one of the most brutal winters in history no one expected to see a summer storm which would dump the most water on us in one 24 hour period in the last 100 years (1925 is the record).
The rain started late morning and continued for about 8-10 hours straight. Twice dad had to go out and clear gutters on the house during the down pour.
James wants to be a weather man when he gets older so naturally he is fascinated with weather, both good and bad weather. Jame's favorite weather is a rainbow and it is rare that he see's a full rainbow (a rainbow that goes 180 degrees across the horizon, most only go 90 degrees) and its even rarer that he see's a full rainbow right smack dab over his own house.
We decided to try our hands at another garage sale. Jame's had outgrown a bunch of toys and mom and dad needed to make some room in the house. We did not have a garage sale for two years so we were due.
While the garage sale did ok, the gist of this post has to do with who visited the garage sale. The first day, Dynamo the Clown stopped by and bought a few things on the way to a show on Pelham street. We thought that took the cake, but the very next day a family showed up in a golf cart.
All in all, the garage sale was a success and we are thinking about possibly having another one in mid to late September to help us make room for Halloween, if needed. I can't wait to see who will visit us then.
I remember the day a salesperson (known as tinmen and they actually made a movie about them) came into our house and sold my father aluminum siding and awnings. It was a pretty good move, the awnings would keep you dry when going in and out of your house during rain storms, and the aluminum siding protected the wooden areas of the house and garage, protecting them from the elements. However after about 25 years, even the aluminum begins to fade and dirt becomes embedded in the metal so much that it cannot be scrubbed out. Sure enough, another tinman came around and sold us some more aluminum siding so we should be good for another 25 years.
For years we have been dreading this day since it is one of the biggest expenses you can incur when redoing a home! I remember when my father had it done, we used to have hardly a drive way at all, but my dad took care of that and had everything paved. Ever since that day it seems it has been my job to shovel the snow of it but thats another story. The cement was buckling from years of hot and cold weather so its something that really needed to be done. Hopefully this cement will last as long as the one my dad put in.
Years of different style gardens and trees had made the back yard a rolling terrain till we finally had it leveled. Another enormous job since just the year before we had a sprinkler system installed. The nice thing was we were able to make a nice play area for James in the back, complete with wood chips just like they have at the park (we heard the rubber chips get too hot in the summer and can actually burn a child on a hot day).
James seems to enjoy the new yard and it should be easier to maintain being level.


text:
Q: How to get data in new array, but not all (Java) I've got array like this
int[] array = {5, 100, 20, 66, 16};
    price = new int[] {5, 100, 20, 66, 16};
    for(int i = offset; i < price[price.length - readLength]; i++) {
        price[i] = price[i] * (discount / 100);
        System.out.println(price[i]);

    }

I need to get new array after this only with three numbers of the old array. How can I do it? I need after that something like this [100,20,66]

A: You could use Arrays.copyOfRange to get this:
price = Arrays.copyOfRange(array, 1, 4) and then you can do operations on each element.
Or you could get a new array from the original array using:
double[] discounted_price =
    Arrays.stream(array,1,4).
                  mapToDouble(el ->el - el*(discount/100.0)).toArray();

You don't need to use a copy to pass to stream, you can specify, from, to in Arrays.stream itself.
And @WJS is correct that you might need to subtract price*discount from price depending on how you intend to use discount.

A: Your code has some problems.

*

*The following won't work unless price has been declared an array and it should be a double array since you probably want the result to be a floating point number.

   double[] price = new double[3];

*

*This will be a problem unless discount is a double or float. Also, consider that if something costs $2 and the discount is 10% then the cost will be:  2.00 - (2.00 * .10).
So you should change:

   price[i] = price[i] * (discount/100);

To
   price[i] = price[i] - (price[i] * (discount/100.));

To copy array you can either use a for loop or the Arrays.copyOfRange() method as already mentioned.  If you want random values you have to do individual assignments.  The for loop would look like:
int k = 0 ;
for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++) { // copies values at indices 1,2, and 3
  price[k++] = array[i];
}

A: Try to use:
Arrays.copyOfRange()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Inside this software, you will likely be liberated to create floor plan, decorate and complete them . This feature additionally accessible online. If you want to upgrade the old layout, then you are using online home style and design. You also can take snapshots, make 3D images, and share the style too.
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Begin with simple furniture design with dual sided vanity face with bathtub. It is ideal for medium to significant furniture space. The shower glass enclosure generates airy and spacious atmosphere with window right in tub that added nature light to furniture. Homedepot furniture flooring notions come from sophistication look hardwood flooring and ceramic tile.
This Coke Drink Box MCM Furniture Barber Chair Scottish Rite Antiques the gallery form Coca Cola Furniture. Hopefully you can find the best inspiration from our gallery here.


This is Marlbroro quarterback Phil DeSantis.
Like so many other high school players, Marlboro quarterback Phil DeSantis has a player that he emulates and looks up to.
However, his name isn't Brady or Manning. Hard-nosed and tough, DeSantis prides himself on playing like his grandfather, also named Phil DeSantis, who starred as a running back at the University of Connecticut more than 50 years ago.
DeSantis is certainly making his grandfather, who lives in the Town of Newburgh, and the rest of his family proud this season. DeSantis' dad, also named Phil, played tight end and defensive end at Marlboro, graduating in 1985. Phil DeSantis III has led Marlboro to a 3-0 start with his fearless, hard-charging style.
He rushed for 195 yards, scoring on runs of 1, 5, 41 and 68 yards in a 42-7 win over Spackenkill on Saturday. The Iron Dukes have outscored opponents 145-32 this season.
DeSantis visits his grandfather, who is 79, often, talking about everything from politics, to the next big family gathering, to – of course – football. His grandfather has always taught him to be tough, but has also helped him develop his vision on the field. DeSantis' dad was his youth coach and has also been a role-model, impacting his development into a Section 9 standout, preaching hard work and toughness.
DeSantis has rushed for 401 yards and has 13 all-purpose touchdowns and he's sharing the ball with two other quarterbacks. Junior Sam Mongelli and sophomore Christian Diorio also see time under center for Marlboro. DeSantis also lines up at running back, slot back and defensive end.


I think the symbiosis between the materials I use, play an integral part in the universal communication process.
Metal and stone are both vital elements of existence. Man has associated with these core derivatives from within the depths of the earth's being, since the beginning of time, therefore, I think is it easier for people to associate and relate to my work.
When working with and changing the structure of these earthly gifts, it releases an energy captured since the birth of life.
I feel my work emphasizes all aspect of life; industrial archaeology, the perfect imperfection of man and the beauty in the inevitability of transience.
If I look back now, I realize that I was destined to be a creator of some kind.
I was always fascinated by the psychology of the human mind, but as I grew older I realised that no man will ever fully comprehend the depths of this ocean we call the human psyche.
I grew up with images of the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Taj Mahal and the San (Bushman) rock paintings, found in caves and rock walls across South Africa.
I recall my grandmother taking me to museums and monuments. I always had to touch and feel the brilliance of these creations.
Gandhi for me emphasizes the raw, unpretentious, incorruptible, innocent essence of what a human being is supposed to be in a perfect world, of love, compassion and mutual respect for our fellow human beings. I thought it imperative to create my own representation of this humble man with such a noble aspiration.
The last 15 years was a strenuous and very emotional growth process in finding myself and my purpose to make art. To believe in myself and my creator, keeps me grounded. One must be grateful, remain humble and consistent in the quality of work one creates -if it is meant to be, your destiny will find you.
I can only express sincere gratitude and appreciation for the people who choose to enrich their souls with my humble creations. My technique changed much over the years. Change is expected.
If you allow yourself to fail, learn and look at yourself objectively, be your own worst critic, there's scope for improving.
As soon as you accept your purpose and stop over analysing, become confident, emotional, creative and intellectual growth will follow.
I was and will always be greatly inspired by Michelangelo's stone work. It's a miracle that a man can reduce a block of stone and so close to the perfection which nature has trouble forming with flesh.
Art in South Africa, as in every part of the globe, is a very competitive and tough industry. Personally I think your average South African is culturally uneducated and unrefined where art is concerned.
We grew up with a Calvinistic, rigid, perception that was projected upon us by a socially ignorant male society that artists were homosexual, antisocial and much too liberal for conservative South African social views. This is a very negative aspect and a discussion for another time.
In general, at this stage in time I think people are slowly getting more educated regarding art. South Africa has world renowned artists of all socio economic backgrounds, and there are various initiatives in the development of young, up and coming artists throughout the country, but I think we are still a very long way to get on the same level of creative respect as in Europe and the East.
Art appreciation is simply not a household necessity in your general South Africans upbringing. This is sad, but only time and education can change this.
I believe it is crucial for artists from all walks of life to respect and support one another and to unite in creating a universal language that will educate and hopefully make a global difference in regards to creative appreciation.
I am currently busy with so many things at once; at night I paint and work on concepts for my sculptures and in the day I work on new words and metaphors that denotes every piece I make.
Every day that passes, is another letter and word in the dictionary of my language.


text:
Augustine Matthews (fl. 1615 – 1637) was a printer in London in the Jacobean and Caroline eras. Among a wide variety of other work, Matthews printed notable texts in English Renaissance drama.

Matthews became a freedman (a full member) of the Stationers Company on 9 May 1615. By 1619 he was established in his own business (in Cow Lane), and for the next two decades he produced a range of literature for many of the booksellers of his generation.

In the field of drama, Matthews printed these editions of these plays:
 Q2 of Thomas Middleton and William Rowley's A Fair Quarrel, 1622
 Q3 of The Troublesome Reign of King John, 1622
 Q1 of John Webster's The Devil's Law Case, 1623
 Q1 of the anonymous Tragedy of Nero, 1624 (with printer John Norton)
 Q2 of Beaumont and Fletcher's The Scornful Lady, 1625
 Q4 of the same play, 1635
 Q3 of Beaumont and Fletcher's Philaster, 1628
 Q3 of George Wilkins's The Miseries of Enforced Marriage, 1629
 Q2 of William Shakespeare's Othello, 1630
 Q1 of Philip Massinger's The Renegado, 1630
 Q1 of Sir William Davenant's The Cruel Brother, 1630
 Q1 of Thomas Drue's The Duchess of Suffolk, 1631
 Q3 of Beaumont and Fletcher's A King and No King, 1631
 Q3 of William Haughton's Englishmen for My Money, 1631
 Q1 of Richard Brome's The Northern Lass, 1632
 Q1 of the anonymous The Costly Whore, 1633
 Q1 of Thomas May's The Heir, 1633
 Q1 of Shackerley Marmion's A Fine Companion, 1633
 Q3 of John Fletcher's The Faithful Shepherdess, 1634.

In the standard practice in his era, Matthews the printer generally worked for booksellers functioning as publishers. Matthews printed the second quarto of Othello for stationer Richard Hawkins; he printed the 1622 third edition of The Troublesome Reign for Thomas Dewes — a controversial text, since its title page attributed that play to Shakespeare. The 1635 fourth edition of The Scornful Lady was a rare instance in which Matthews acted as both printer and publisher.

Printers in Matthews's era were sometimes identified by name, sometimes by initials, and sometimes not at all. Bibliographers have worked to assign responsibility for specific texts to specific printers. Matthews is thought to have been one of the London printers, along with Edward Allde and Nicholas Okes, who produced the early quartos of Middleton's A Game at Chess.

Matthews printed a wide range of work beyond the confines of drama. He was an important printer of the works of John Donne, and printed some of the work of the poet George Wither. In 1621 he printed the first edition of Lady Mary Wroth's controversial Urania for John Marriot and John Grismand. (The project was a rush job; the text ends in the middle of a sentence.) He also printed items in the religious literature that was so abundant in the early seventeenth century. Two examples: Matthews printed a pair of collections of Thomas Adams's sermons, The Soldier's Honour (1629) and Erienopolis, the City of Peace (1630), both for John Grismand.

As was common for printers and booksellers of his historical period, Matthews had recurring problems with the authorities. In 1629, he, Nathaniel Butter, and two others were accused of publishing unlicensed books. At other times in his career, Matthews got into trouble for running too many presses, and for having too many apprentices.

References

English printers
17th-century English businesspeople
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My uncle installed a 512MB module of DDR RAM inside his old PC, while both me and a friend of mine changed our old cards with the good and cheap Gigabyte GV-N76G256D-RH, a GeForce 7600GS equipped card with 256MB of DDR2 memory.
A reduced series of tests follows, all performed at 640×480 excepts Blender 2.43 draw benchmark, which was run at 1024×768, my desktop resolution.
The low resolution at which most of the test were run could have made the results a bit too cpu limited, some other games I've tested seem to confirm this theory, however that the card shows its strength and I'm satisfied with it.
This entry was posted in Rants and tagged benchmark, GeForce on April 8, 2007 by encelo.


When the Scoundrel Sins by Anna Harrington – "You Have Your Hands Full!"
When the Scoundrel Sins is the second book in Anna Harrington's Capturing the Carlisles series of Regency-era historical romances. I was very excited about the opportunity to read this book because I enjoyed reading the first book in the series.
Six years ago, Quinn and Annabelle were discovered in a semi-compromising position. This incident proved to be her social ruination, but she has occupied herself over the subsequent years by working hard to improve the estate that she lives on. If she marries before her 25th birthday, then the estate will be hers outright- not her husband's.
Quinn and his brother Robert are summoned to the estate to help oversee the process of finding a suitor for Annabelle. Quinn realizes that Annabelle is just as beautiful as she was the last time he kissed her, and that this is going to be a much more difficult project than he anticipated.
There's no denying that the chemistry between Quinn and Annabelle is real, but he can't marry her because he is supposed to leave to start a new life in America. It's very important for Quinn to carve his own path in life and achieve things based on his own merits and not because he is the younger son of a duke.
I appreciate angsty books, but at times, there was too much angst over issues that could easily be easily solved. Quinn doesn't want to see Annabelle marry the highly unsuitable man from the neighboring estate, but he declines her proposal several times. And despite the fact that he refuses to marry her, he does not have any problem sharing intimate moments with her. And, for that matter, it's highly irritating that Quinn is the one who placed Annabelle in this position in the first place, rather than stepping up and marrying her all those years ago.
I would recommend When the Scoundrel Sins. Annabelle and Quinn have great chemistry, and it's fascinating to watch them work through their issues together. She is willing to do whatever it takes to keep her beloved estate, even if it means marrying an incompatible man. Her priority has always been the estate, despite a strong attraction to Quinn. I will conclude with this thought: the level of angst was so well done that I began to doubt whether Quinn and Annabelle would get their happily ever after at the end. I am already looking forward to the next book in this series!


text:
Editorial: The lesson of Opus Dei Fr. McCloskey's downfall
priests CROP.jpg
(CNS/The Catholic Spirit/Dave Hrbacek)
It is time for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops to issue a standard sign to be posted in every chancery office in the country, just outside the bishop's door, reading:
IT'S THE CLERICAL CULTURE!
It is time to be done with the breathless wonderment at whatever new revelations show one more holy and wonderful priest has been, in a hidden life, abusive of children, or women, or seminarians, or just a liar about what he knew or didn't know, did or didn't do.
Opus Dei priest Fr. C. John McCloskey III, for whom the prelature paid a $977,000 settlement to a woman who accused him of sexual misconduct, is the latest to cause former associates and friends to go all aflutter with "How could he have?" And "How did we not know?" And "Why didn't those who did know speak up?" And "How could someone like that also do so much good?"
He could do such things, first of all, because he is human, all that nonsense about ontological differences to the side. Human frailty is not a function of theological or political ideology. Archbishop Rembert Weakland and Trappist Fr. Thomas Merton, luminaries of the Catholic left, for instance, were also examples of lives that combined great goodness with sexual indiscretions profoundly contradictory to their station in life. We are all capable of good and evil. That's the easy part.
The answers to the other questions reside primarily in understanding the culture in which all of those actors, McCloskey included, operated: the Catholic clerical culture. It is highly secretive, highly privileged, believed to be distinctive from the rest of human kind, allegedly celibate and, until recently, enjoying from members of the Catholic community as well as from civil authority in this country a level of deference that is normally reserved for the highly privileged. It is not without consequence that for too long that kind of deference extended to most of the media.
The old culture dies slowly and unevenly. McCloskey's manipulative behavior with vulnerable women was certainly, in hindsight, telegraphed in things he wrote and in a series of interviews done for an ultraconservative presentation on marriage preparation for Catholics. For the discerning, red flags were popping everywhere (and YouTube provides abundant examples), but the sirens are blaring and lights are flashing in one particularly weird segment that can be found here:
Fr. C. John McCloskey - Seeking A Woman Who Wants To Be a Wife
Video of Fr. C. John McCloskey - Seeking A Woman Who Wants To Be a Wife
McCloskey is explaining to the unseen interviewer his understanding of why "Catholic men, truly Catholic men" take off for places like Latin America and the Philippines, "where you can find, fairly easily, wonderful women who are — pardon the expression — submissive in a healthy sense, and that just love being women and just love being mothers and love being spouses. Not that they're unintelligent or unattractive or even have a good education. But they recognize that as women they have gifts that men don't have, above all that possibility of conceiving and nurturing children that is the most important function in any family."
You see, he explains, in those regions of the world, while feminism has made "inroads," it is nothing like it is here in the United States. So that's why these truly Catholic men who "cannot find a good Catholic American woman who they would feel comfortable with" go searching for properly submissive women elsewhere. While those same men may not have looked hard enough around the home turf, often American women they find attractive are interested in careers, he asserts, not staying home and raising children.
That is the language and thinking of someone who became the face of one of Pope John Paul II's favorite organizations. McCloskey was a perfect model of what the late and hastily sainted pope saw as "heroic priesthood."
So was Thomas Williams, the face of the utterly corrupt Legionaries of Christ, another favorite organization of John Paul, who fathered a child and eventually left the priesthood after the reports became public in 2012. The problem for the community is not so much broken vows, but that the culture hid that reality for years. The organization and its very visible spokesman continued asserting a spirituality of absolutes and superiority as if nothing was amiss. That was the fraud perpetrated on the community.
The disgraced and disgraceful Marcial Maciel Degollado, founder of the Legionaries of Christ, a serial pedophile who abused his own young seminarians and who also fathered two children, is in a category all to himself. Yet the culture not only tolerated him but advanced his demented ideas about leadership and priesthood until the dimensions of his fraud and corruption could no longer be hidden.
McCloskey and Williams were out front, absolutely certain, media-savvy Catholic TV personalities and possessed of all the answers one might need. They were the charm and the smilingly urbane face of the new evangelization. They were thoroughly indoctrinated with John Paul's ideas about the meaning of ordination and the pope's strange and strained insights into women expressed in his personal writings and a series of sermons that he delivered on his "theology of the body."
McCloskey for a few years personified that muscular priesthood. Characterized in a New York Times headline as "An Opus Dei Priest With a Magnetic Touch," the people he drew into the community were high-profile conservatives, politically and economically well-placed and powerful. There was a genuine appeal for many in his highly dualistic and rigorist, not to mention antifeminist, approach to the faith.
We are paying dearly for all of that right now. The peculiarities that came with John Paul's notions of priesthood — his insistence on rebuilding a cult separate and apart from ordinary people and the utter lack of judgment he showed in choosing his models for that project — became deeply woven into the fabric of an already corrupted clerical culture. What he advanced actually reinforced the worst characteristics of the culture.
It is not the sins of the individuals that should now be the focus. All humans fail; we are all capable of deception and worse. It is the institutional corruption that they came to represent. The failings hidden for years by the institution, in the case of McCloskey, Williams, Maciel and others. The power of money, in the case of Maciel and, more recently, of former Cardinal Theodore McCarrick, to buy them cover in the Vatican. The refusal on John Paul II's part, time and again, to listen to serious and credible allegations against Maciel and other abusers. He set the template in this era of scandal for how church leaders should proceed.
It is, indeed, the clergy culture that is at the heart of the church's problems. It is in dire need of radical reform.
A version of this story appeared in the Jan 25-Feb 7, 2019 print issue under the headline: The lesson of McCloskey's downfall .
Editorial | Editorial: The lesson of Opus Dei Fr. McCloskey's downfall
Hillary Clinton wants to be president, not your mother
Environmental crisis meets sexism in 'Handmaid's Tale'
Tim Busch, conservative activist-philanthropist, rejects anti-Francis label
To my daughter on her first Communion day
For Richard Sipe, pattern of deceit in celibate culture was his Wittenberg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Journal of Clinical Trials
Journal of Hotel & Business Management
Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine
Journal of Neonatal Biology
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Open Access Articles- Top Results for Telecommunications in Ecuador
Telecommunications in Ecuador
Telecommunications in Ecuador include telephone, radio, television, and the Internet.
Ecuador's state regulatory agency is the National Telecommunications Council (CONATEL), which is part of the Telecommunications Ministry (MINTEL).[1]
1 Telephones
2 Radio and television
2.2 Television
3 Internet
3.1 Internet censorship and surveillance
Fixed lines: 2.2 million lines, 56th in the world; 15 per 100 persons (2011).[2]
Mobile cellular: 15.3 million subscribers, 55th in the world; 100 per 100 persons (2011).[2]
International country code: 593.[2]
Telephone system:
General assessment: elementary fixed-line service, but increasingly sophisticated mobile-cellular network.[2]
Domestic: fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; mobile-cellular use has surged.[2]
International: landing points for the PAN-AM and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011).[2]
There are three cell phone providers in Ecuador: Porta (Telcel), Movistar, and CNT. Mobile networks are diverse and include GSM 850 MHz (largest) as well as CDMA (Bell South's old network before being acquired by Telefónica Spain which rebranded Movistar), TDMA63. CNT is the state owned firm and uses CDMA.
Ecuador has multiple TV networks and many local channels, as well as more than 300 radio stations. Many TV and radio stations are privately owned. The government owns or controls 5 national TV stations and multiple radio stations. Radio and television broadcasters are required by law to give the government free air time to broadcast programs produced by the state (2007).[2]
Radio broadcast stations: AM 279, FM 530 (plus 349 repeaters), shortwave 25 (2006).
Radios: 5 million (2001).
Main article: Television in Ecuador
Television broadcast stations: 323 (including repeaters) (2005).
Televisions: 2.5 million (2001).
Internet hosts: 170,538 (2012).[2]
Internet users: 5.3 million, 56th in the world (2012); 35.1% of the population, 119th in the world.[3]
Fixed broadband: 825,732 subscribers, 59th in the world; 5.4 of population, 102nd in the world (2012).[4]
Mobile broadband: 3.4 million subscribers, 48th in the world; 22.2% of population, 67th in the world (2012).[5]
Internet country code: .ec[2]
The government has an ongoing campaign to increase Internet access across the country, with a goal of extending Internet connectivity to 50 percent of households by 2015. Public Internet access centers, known as Infocentros, have been installed in 377 (48 percent) of Ecuador's 810 rural parishes, with a projection of 100 percent by 2014. Internet cafes are also becoming increasingly common. During the February 2013 elections for president and National Assembly, the Internet provided a real-time forum for candidates to launch proposals, solicit votes, discuss issues, and increase the scope of their publicity campaigns.[1]
Broadband (commonly used in urban zones) and satellite connections (often used in rural areas) are increasingly popular, eclipsing dial-up plans. According to industry estimates, between 33 and 66 percent of Internet users have broadband speeds between 2 to 3Mbit/s, at a cost of $20 to $25 per month. In May 2012, the Superintendent of Telecommunications indicated that the overall average speed of an Internet connection in Ecuador is 128kbit/s, although speeds are lower in rural areas.[1]
Internet censorship and surveillance
In its Freedom on the Net 2013 report, Freedom House gives Ecuador a "freedom on the net status" of "partly free".[1]
There is no widespread blocking or filtering of websites in Ecuador and access to blogs and social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube is generally free and open. Diverse sources of national and international information are available via the Internet. Anonymous communication, encrypted communications, and the use of security tools is not prohibited.[1]
There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. However, on 11 July 2012 the government passed a new telecommunications regulation, requiring that Internet service providers fulfill all information requests from the superintendent of telecommunications, allowing access to client addresses and information without a judicial order.[6]
Standard defamation laws apply to content posted online. Attempts to censor statements made in times of heightened political sensitivity have been reported, as have alleged instances of censorship via the overly broad application of copyright to content critical of the government. Lawsuits have been filed against digital news sites for comments critical of the government. In order to utilize the services provided by cybercafes, the national secretary of telecommunications, SENATEL, requires that users register with the following information: full name, phone number, passport number, voting certificate number, email address, and home address.[1]
Self-censorship of comments critical of the government is encouraged. In January 2013, for example, President Correa called for the National Secretary of Intelligence (SENAIN) to investigate two Twitter users who had published disparaging comments about him, an announcement which sent a warning to others not to post comments critical of the president. After receiving criticism from the government, news site La Hora indefinitely suspended the reader comments section on its website. At the president's request, the comments section was shut down completely. Print and digital news outlet El Comercio faced similar pressure related to its readers' comments and the comments section was ultimately disabled after President Correa sent a letter of complaint. While there are no official constraints on organizing protests over the Internet, warnings from the president stating that the act of protesting will be interpreted as "an attempt to destabilize the government" have undoubtedly discouraged some from organizing and participating in protests.[1]
Ecuador's new "Organic Law on Communications" was passed in June 2013. The law recognizes a right to communication. Media companies are required to collect and store user information. "Media lynching", which appears to extend to any accusation of corruption or investigation of a public official—even those that are supported with evidence, is prohibited. Websites bear "ultimate responsibility" for all content they host, including content authored by third parties. The law creates a new media regulator to prohibit the dissemination of "unbalanced" information and bans non-degreed journalists from publishing, effectively outlawing much investigative reporting and citizen journalism. Human rights organizations fear that the new law will stifle critical voices in the media, due to its vague wording, arbitrary sanctions, and the threat of civil and criminal penalties.[1]
Etapatelecom
Galápagos (radio show)
HCJB, "The Voice of the Andes" radio station
12px This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
^ a b c d e f g h "Ecuador", Freedom on the Net 2013, Freedom House. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Ecuador", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
^ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
^ "Ecuador", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. department of State. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
Ecuadorian mobile phone companies
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How do You Know if it's Depression?
Depression is a common disease among women of reproductive age. No doubt because of this, according to statistics from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, between 14 and 23 percent of women suffer from some form of depression during pregnancy. These figures are increased if the pregnant woman is of collage age, and has no spousal or family support. So how do you know if any negative thoughts you're feeling are really depression? Often symptoms of depression are dismissed as simply 'pregnancy hormones'. It's normal to occasionally feel frightened and 'blue' during pregnancy, especially if you are facing your pregnancy alone or trying to cope with keeping on top of your school work at the same time. Your body is going through some dramatic changes and your new arrival is about to turn your world completely upside down – pregnancy is an emotional roller coaster! However, if your mood stays down and you find this last for more than two weeks rather than mood swings that go up and down, you feel persistent sadness (and you aren't able to feel any joy at the thought of your impending arrival), then it could be that you are suffering from depression.
Ask if You Need Support!
So what can you do if you think you might be suffering from depression during your pregnancy? The first thing you need to do is visit your doctor. Don't worry that you will be judged for describing the way you feel. It's common to suffer from depression during pregnancy. It doesn't mean you will be a bad mom or that you will suffer from postpartum depression, and you need to talk about your symptoms so you can get the support you need. Your doctor will ask you questions to test for depression. He will then decide how best to treat you. This could be by referring you to a mental health professional who specializes in treating depression or by prescribing medication (in more severe cases). Talking about how you feel with your family or a trusted friend may also help you feel better. Describing your feelings will help you to work through them and start to overcome any negative feelings you're having about your pregnancy.
Feeling guilty and overwhelmed, like your baby deserves better and you should never have become a mom in the first place.
Not feeling bonded with your baby.
And finally, feeling so sad that you can't stop crying, even though you have no reason to keep crying all the time.
Don't worry – although this may sound scary, depression is treatable, and those negative feelings will pass. Get the help that you need. Then you can focus on being a good mom, finishing your studies, and creating the great life that you and your baby both deserve!
*Do you have an article or story to contribute? Please contact Beth O'Malley at bomalley@studentsforlife.org.
When you're a college student, there are certain expectations of you—expectations that you have of yourself and expectations from those around you. You are intelligent, and your family and friends know it. You are driven and goal-oriented; you are going places in life. You probably know several individuals from school that chose to go straight to work after high school (or may still be stuck in the "party scene"), but you did not. You chose to go to college and make something of yourself and maybe, even, to change the world. You have dreams, ambitions, and the ability to pursue any and all of them. College is the glimmering door to which endless possibilities and experiences are created. For many college students, the glimmering door can inadvertently lead to some rather unexpected experiences—such as pregnancy.
When I found out that I was pregnant during my first year as an undergraduate, I had thought that my glimmering door had just closed. I remember the many tears that followed the discovery. I felt like I had just lost a part of myself—who I was and who I was meant to be was now fading beyond my grasp. My mind became filled with worry and fear. I backed up against the bedroom wall and sank to the floor, head down on my knees. My mind frantically raced with an influx of worrisome thoughts: What would my parents think? After all, I was only 18 years old and still reaping the benefits of graduating high school with a 4.2 GPA. How could I let my family down like this? What about my boyfriend? What will he say and do? What would my peers think if they found out? As an officer for my sorority, what would my "sisters" think of me?
My 19-year-old boyfriend was in immense shock as well, as he was a university student with his own dreams and ambitions. He had the same intense fears and worry that I had. However, we both felt that although many may see our pregnancy as a "mistake." We knew in our hearts that it would be a much greater mistake to be rid of a life that you can never bring back. At the first doctor's appointment, I was terrified, embarrassed, and uncertain of what would come from the appointment. It was at this appointment that we discovered that I was not only pregnant with one baby, but two. "You're having twins!" I could not help but cry. It was not tears of sadness but tears of fear. I was already scared at the thought of having one baby, how could I have two? And then I heard it—the rapid thump, thump, thump of my babies' combined heartbeats. It was then that I felt my own heart palpitate with the realization of the magnitude of my new purpose in life. At that point, I decided that I was not going to let the societal "stigma" associated with having a baby at my age get in the way of the joys that my new journey would bring.Through this realization, I made peace with myself and my new life path. However, this led to the next concern: what about my education? I had made peace with my new purpose in life, but, could I still become the doctor that I had always envisioned?
When several of my peers suggested that I get an abortion (like many of them have had themselves), I became disenchanted with the low expectations and lack of faith from my peers. I continued with my education and my twin boys were born during my second year at the university. The father of my boys also continued with his education, graduating with his bachelor's degree in 2010 and his master's degree in 2012. Through perseverance, hard work, and support from my family, I was able to graduate with my bachelor's degree on time (2010), within four years after graduating high school. I completed my master's degree in counseling two years later (2012), received a graduate award for "Outstanding Graduate Student 2011-2012" from my university, and became a full-time PhD student at the age of 24 from an APA- accredited university (2012). I can gratefully proclaim that I will become the doctor that I had always envisioned.
As I reflect upon the tears that I shed from the news of my pregnancy, I now shed tears of guilt—guilt that I ever shed such tears at the news when, ultimately, my pregnancy has been the best gift I could have ever received. I think about how much joy my boys have brought to my life and I cannot picture my life any other way. With pure happiness in my heart, I think about how my son wakes me up with a huge hug and tells me that he loves me. I think about how my other son gives me his favorite stuffed bunny to hold if I am not feeling well. I think of all the flowers, rocks, pennies, and "rollie pollies" that my sons lovingly give to me as gifts. Joyfully reflecting upon the last 6 years as a "mommified" college student, I look down at my homework folder and I see a pastel green piece of paper sticking out. As I pull it from my notebook, I see my son's adorable writing on the piece of paper. It says "I love MOM", in uneven, letters of mixed sizes. Every day, I thank God that I have my boys to share in joy, love, happiness, discovery, and laughs. I am thankful that I have been able to pursue this journey with my precious twin boys by my side; I cannot imagine my life any other way.
Thro ugh my journey, I have learned a lot about myself and about life. Six years ago, if you would have told me where I would be today, I would not have believed you. But that is the problem—we tend to lack faith in ourselves and in our abilities. As highly unique and valuable individuals, we have the ability to achieve more than we could ever imagine. I wish that I had known from the beginning that despite my changed life path, my life would turn out better than I could have ever imagined or desired it to be.
Many thanks to Rachel Fraser for sharing her inspiring story! If you have a story to share, please contact Beth (O'Malley) Rahal at brahal@studentsforlife.org.


text:
Степан Климентійович Трохимчук (псевдо: «Недоля», «Кирея»;  1909, с. Тучин, нині Рівненський район, Рівненська область — † , Рівне) — український віськовик, сотенний (березень—9 жовтня 1944) та курінний УПА (9 жовтня—16 червня 1944).

Бойовий шлях

Народився майбутній курінний у 1914 році на берегах Горині, у с. Тучин (тепер Гощанський район, Рівненська область). У юнацькі роки був активним учасником місцевого осередку освіти та «Пласту».

Служба у Війську Польському. Служба в легіоні «Роланд»
У 1939 році він був мобілізований до Війська Польського, брав участь у польсько-німецькій війні 1939 р. В польській армії отримав чин капрала. Невдовзі опинився в німецькому полоні. Там налагодив зв'язки з членами ОУН і вступив у її лави. Трохимчука посилають у школу командирів у Мюнхен..

У 1941, за кілька днів після початку німецько-радянської війни, був зачислений до складу створеного 25 лютого 1941 року, за санкцією начальника абверу В. Канаріса, легіону «Роланд». С. Трохимчук опиняється у таборі Заубердорф (біля Відня) наприкінці червня. 24 липня німецьке командування вирішило використати українську частину в прифронтовій смузі. Легіон відправили в район м. Дубоссари (Молдова), де він і знаходився до початку серпня. Саме тоді легіон неочікувано роззброюють, розформовують, а більшу частину особового складу відправляють назад до Зауберсдорфа. Причиною такої різкої переміни у ставленні німецького командування до українського формування сам С. Трохимчук називає конфронтацію між С. Бандерою та німецькою окупаційною владою.

Боротьба в УПА проти німців
Після розформування, Степану Трохимчуку вдається втекти в Україну. Він повертається на рідну Рівненщину, де відновлює зв'язки з ОУН (б). Наприкінці 1942 року, з посиленням режиму німецькою окупаційною владою, починає ряд заходів зі створення загонів народної самооборони, що згодом стане основою для розгортання на її базі сотні УПА. Загін досить швидко набирав у кількості, адже Тучин, де провадив свою діяльність Трохимчук (тепер уже під псевдо «Недоля»), мав досвід організованого тут улітку цього ж року загону УНРА керівником ОУН (б) на Волині В. Робітницьким. Згодом, курінь «Недолі» носитиме ім'я саме цього видатного підпільника.

24 березня 1943 року сотня «Недолі» вкупі з сотнями «Жука» (сотенний Бричко Йосип), «Очмани» (сотенний Шевчук Дмитро Несторович) та «Клена» (сотенний Новак Григорій Онисимович), всього чисельністю близько 200 бійців УПА, здійснили відчайдушний напад на німецький концтабір Осада Креховецька й звільнили 176 в'язнів концтабору. Концтабір знаходився у селі Нова Українка (сучасна назва) Рівненського району й охоронявся німцями та поляками.

Наприкінці серпня 1943 С. Трохимчук за домовленістю з вартою вивозить із німецьких складів зброю, що розміщувалася в селі Городище (Рівненський район): чотири підводи гвинтівок та одну підводу боєприпасів до них. Перед жнивами в Тучині спалюється будинок крейсляндвітра разом з документацією на відправку населення у Німеччину та на здачу продуктів. Після цього нападу гітлерівці, у відповідь, розстріляли родину Кликів в Тучині — п'ять осіб.. Через короткий час відділ «Недолі» роззброїв німців (близько 15 осіб) у бункері в містечку Тучин. Бою і жертв не було. Масштаби впливу С. Трохимчука на ситуацію в Тучинському районі можна відтворити за спогадами очевидця: «Недолі», на противагу німецькій, удалось організувати свою адміністративно-господарську владу.

У вересні 1943 року, Організаційно-мобілізаційна референтура Рівненського військового надрайону призначає «Недолю» на пост курінного командира в теренових сотнях Тучинського району, з правом створити курінний штаб і керувати майбутніми акціями повстанців.

Активність та нахабність курінного Трохимчука під самим носом у рейхскомісара Е. Коха, штаб якого знаходився у м. Рівному, сусідньому з Тучинським районом, безумовно дратувала нацистів. Тому у грудні, за свідченнями розвідки УПА, в Тучинський район стягнули близько 2000 німців, очевидно для облави на ліс.
Плани перекреслила зміна ситуації на фронті, де ініціатива повністю прейшла до СРСР. На території України на захід від Дніпра було проведено 10 самостійних наступальних операцій Червоної армії. «Недоля» вміло скористався передислокацією німецьких військ на фронт та ослабленням нацистів на місцях і завдав відступаючим прощального удару: сотенний вкотре напав на містечко Тучин на початку січня; повстанцям вдалося забрати награбовану німцями худобу, а також борошна із місцевого млина.

Боротьба в УПА проти радянської влади
«Недоля» наприкінці січня 1944 р. отримав наказ від надрайонного керівництва ОУН розпустити свою сотню на період проходження німецько-радянського фронту, а самому перейти у підпілля. Ця вказівка була ним виконана.
27 січня Червона армія розпочала Луцько-Рівненську наступальну операцію, що тривала до 11 лютого 1944 року. За її результатом, військам Вермахту було завдано нищівної поразки. Волинь знову опинилася в лабетах радянської влади. Для «Недолі», як і для УПА в цілому, звільнення Червоною армією України, зокрема і Волині, означало лише зміну однієї окупаційної влади на іншу. Поява нового ворога диктувала нові правила боротьби.

У звільнених у 1944 р. від німців районах розпочато цілу низку заходів для поповнення лав Червоної армії. Разом з поповненням радянських збройних сил ставилося завдання позбавити УПА можливості залучати необхідні людські резерви для власних цілей. Знало радянське керівництво і про проведення мобілізації чоловічого населення Волині у лави УПА ще до приходу Червоної армії. Обставини вимагали від «Лісової армії» рішучих дій у відповідь. Керівництво військової округи «Богун» вдається до повторної форсованої мобілізації.

Після того як фронт перетнув річку Горинь, «Недоля» отримав наказ негайно приступати до організації куреня шляхом збору всіх осіб, що мають військову підготовку. Курінь, що мав слугувати резервом для основних частин УПА, отримав кодову назву «Загін імені Робітницького» та був прикріплений до ВО «Заграва».

Діяльність як керівник новоствореного куреня «Недоля» починає з притаманною йому рішучістю. 9-10 лютого 1944 року було зупинено та розігнано дві мобілізаційні колони, що слідували на формувальний пункт, а 14 лютого Трохимчук знову здійснює напад на Тучин. Цього разу було закидано гранатами та обстріляно районні відділи НКВД і НКГБ, а також РК КП(б)У. За повстанцями «Недолі» почалося справжнє полювання. У березні, у район Пустомитського лісу (неподалік Тучина), де в той час дислокувався курінь, було кинуто частини регулярної армії, а також залучено радянських партизанів, які чудово володіли особливостями тактики ведення лісової війни.

У березні-квітні 1944 «Недолі» підлягали сотні В. Ботана («Квітка»), Д. Шевчука («Очмана»), «Левадного», кавалерійська сотня В. Кирика-Петрука («Деркач»), відділ «Хмари», старшинська школа «Свища», загалом чисельністю до 500 чоловік.

Весна проходила у постійних зіткненнях з більшовиками. Під час однієї з таких операцій ВВ НКВД за участю частин ЧА, десь в середині квітня 1944 р., повстанці зазнали значних втрат, курінь розпався на окремі сотні.

Наприкінці квітня, загін «Недолі» чисельністю 280 чоловік за наказом командира УПА-Північ Дмитра Клячківського переведено з групи ВО «Заграва» до групи ВО «Тютюнник». С. Трохимчук був призначений командиром з'єднання «Хмельницький».

1 травня С. Трохимчук одержав наказ продовжити мобілізацію і приготовити курінь до відходу в інший терен. Під час виконання цього наказу курінь був захоплений великою акцією «чистки» більшовиків в Тучинському районі. В результаті курінь був розсіяний і відновити його не вдалось. Сам «Недоля» опинився у руках НКВС.

Степан Трофимчук-«Недоля» був захоплений у полон оперативною групою НКВС 16 червня 1944 року в с. Малятин Тучинського району.

Загибель і пам'ять
Слідчі допити проводились у Рівному, а потім у Києві до кінця 1944 року. Присудили до страти через повішення. Показова страта членів ОУН та УПА, серед яких був і Трохимчук Степан («Недоля») здійснена 4 січня 1945 на центральній площі (нині — площа Театральна) в Рівному. У Рівному на Театральній площі в 1997 встановлений пам'ятний знак з написом «Тут, на цьому місці, 4 січня 1945 року органами НКВС було страчено славетних бійців за честь і волю України — вояків Української Повстанської Армії…». У списку імен Трохимчук Степан Климентійович.

Див. також
   † Мартиролог загиблих діячів ОУН та УПА †
  Командири УПА
 Боротьба УПА проти німецьких окупантів

Примітки

Джерела
 Литвинчук Д. Від Горині до Колими — Рівне: «Азалія», 1998. — 39 с.
 Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія: Історичні нариси / НАН України; Інститут історії України. — К.: Наук. думка, 2005. — 495 с.
 Украинские националистические организации в годы Второй мировой войны. Документы: в 2 т. Т. 2: 1944–1945 — М.: Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН), 2012. — 1167 с.
 Патриляк І. К., Боровик М. А. Україна в роки Другої світової війни: спроба нового концептуального погляду. Ніжин, 2010. — 590 с.
 Денишук О. C. Боротьба УПА проти німецьких окупантів. Хронологія подій у 2-х томах. Т.l: Волинь. Рівне: ППДМ. 2008. — 448 c.
 Літопис УПА. Нова серія. УПА і запілля на ПЗУЗ. 1943–1945. Нові документи. — Київ — Торонто: Видавництво «Літопис УПА», 2010. — Нова серія, Т. 14. — 640 с.
 Реабілітовані історією: У двадцяти семи томах. Рівненська область. — Кн. 1. — Рівне: ВАТ «Рівненська друкарня», 2006. — 578 с.
 Літопис УПА. Нова серія. Волинь, Полісся, Поділля: УПА та запілля 1944–1946. Документи і матеріали. — Київ — Торонто: Видавництво «Літопис УПА», 2005. — Нова серія, Т. 8. — 1448 с.

Посилання
 Я зрозумів хто такі бандерівці, коли побачив як вони вмирають за Україну!
 Псевдо як доля: історія українського патріота, досі не реабілітованого державою
 Ігор Марчук, Ярослав Переходько. Курінний УПА Степан Трофимчук-«Недоля». Серія «Події і люди». Книга 31. Торонто, – Львів. Видавництво «Літопис УПА» 2015. — 118 с.

Уродженці Тучина
Вояки Української повстанської армії
УПА-Північ
Українські підпільники
Діячі ОУНР
Діячі УПА
Курінні УПА
Учасники Другої світової війни
Розстріляні НКВС
Розстріляні в Українській РСР


text:
Hopkins is an English and Welsh patronymic surname.

Hopkins may also refer to:

Places

 Hopkins Island, South Australia
 Hopkins, Belize

In the United States:
 Hopkins, California was the name of Soda Springs, Nevada County, California
 Hopkins, Michigan
 Hopkins, Minnesota
 Hopkins, Missouri
 Hopkins, South Carolina
 Hopkins County, Kentucky
 Hopkins County, Texas
 Hopkins Township, Whiteside County, Illinois
 Hopkins Township, Michigan

Education
In the United States:
 Johns Hopkins University, located in Baltimore, Maryland
 Johns Hopkins Blue Jays, the school's athletic program
 Johns Hopkins Hospital
 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
 Hopkins School, New Haven, Connecticut
 Hopkins Academy, public school in Hadley, MA
 Hopkins Junior High School, public school in Fremont, California
 Hopkins Public Schools (Michigan), school district in Michigan
 Hopkins Public Schools (Minnesota), school district serving the Twin Cities in Minnesota
 Hopkins High School, in the Hopkins Public Schools District

Other uses
 Hopkins (TV series), television documentary about doctors at Johns Hopkins Hospital
 Hopkins Architects, international architecture practice based in London and Dubai
 Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, located in Cleveland, Ohio, USA
 Hopkins Rides Inc, amusement ride manufacturer
 Justice Hopkins (disambiguation)


Dairy farmers should be pleased with the advice liberally and freely tendered to Fonterra in the wake of the co-op's board deciding to halt its international search for a new CEO and instead, with an interim CEO, Miles Hurrell, "pause and assess the way ahead".
Fran O'Sullivan, Head of Business at NZME, which publishes the NZ Herald, says appointing an interim chief executive to run New Zealand's largest company is an admission of failure that should force Fonterra's board to look hard at its own performance. And she concludes: . .
LONDON CORRESPONDENT: Does New Zealand's government understand the opportunity which Brexit presents? Are they and their advisers working tirelessly to realise it?
OK, difficult questions, not least because there are no binding decisions on the shape or timing of Brexit and these are likely to come in a final rush. But the underlying position is so positive that it would be a tremendous shame if New Zealand's policy was not being shaped to take advantage of it.
Given the scorn critics are pouring on Britain's post-Brexit trade prospects, the UK really needs an eye-catching trade deal to kick in on leaving. It would be a political coup, more than an economic one. The partner which Britain's politicians think will deliver this reliably and quickly should get the most attention and the best terms. . .
Lambing time has officially started for our flock! I'm so excited! We are in our early 30's, farming sheep in Mid Canterbury and we love it!
The Primary ITO is challenging schools, school leavers and farmers to open the farm, garden, or orchard gate as this year's "Got a Trade? Got it Made!" week highlights the huge potential in industry training for a primary sector career.
The Primary ITO (industry training organisation) leads the training in New Zealand's largest export sector. It is taking part in this year's "Got A Trade? Got It Made!" week to showcase the advantages of tertiary on-the-job education and to connect young New Zealanders to real employers in the primary industries. . .
"The industry greatly appreciates the positive decision and acknowledges the consideration given by the EPA to the significant number of submissions made on the application. . .
The individual groups' levy referendums closed on 13 August and independent vote counting shows resounding support. The levy orders come up for renewal every six years. . .
A new Primary Growth Partnership (PGP) programme launched today has its sights on growing a sustainable, high value goat milk infant formula industry in New Zealand.
Caprine Innovations NZ (CAPRINZ) is a five-year, $29.65 million PGP programme between the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) and Dairy Goat Co-operative (NZ) Ltd.
The end goals include improving the health and wellbeing of families, delivering a range of benefits such as growing research and farming capability, and increasing export revenue across the New Zealand dairy goat milk industry to $400 million per annum by 2023. . .
New Zealand produces around 15,000 – 20,000 tonnes of honey each year. Most honey bought from a supermarket is blended honey. . .
NZ Pork has appointed former Southland MP Eric Roy as Chair of a new board of directors, as the industry-good body positions itself to face key challenges for New Zealand's commercial pig farming industry.
Mr Roy, who has spent many decades working in the rural sector, was a six-term MP for the Awarua and Invercargill seats. During his time in Parliament, Mr Roy was a select committee chair of the Primary Production Select Committee, chairing the rewrite of New Zealand's fisheries laws in what was a world first in sustainable management. . .
From 1 October 2018 the levy for sheepmeat will increase 10 cents to 70 cents per head and the beef levy by 80 cents to $5.20 per head. This is 0.4 per cent of the average slaughter value for prime steer/heifer, 0.7 per cent cull dairy cow, 0.7 per cent of lamb, and 1.1 per cent of mutton over the last three years. . .
Marlborough's Greg Lane was crowned the 2018 Tonnellerie de Mercurey New Zealand Young Winemaker of the Year in Auckland last night.
Lane, who is the brand winemaker for Grove Mill fought off some tough competition from three other young winemakers, representing both the North and South Island.
Runner up was Kelly Stuart, Assistant Winemaker for Cloudy Bay based in Marlborough.
Into its fourth year, the competition aims to promote the skills of the next generation of winemakers emerging in New Zealand. The four contestants had already battled it out in either the North or South Island regional finals, prior to taking part in yesterday's final. . .
To some, being a farmer's wife or partner sounds an idyllic lifestyle. A beautiful farmhouse to live in complete with Aga, rolling landscapes to admire and cute animals to nurture.
In today's world women are at the forefront of managing farm enterprises and are sometimes doing so singlehandily.
The reality is a farmer's other half needs to be patient, know the "lingo" and be the queen of multitasking. . .
I heard both Acting Prime Minister Winston Peters and Agriculture Minister Damien O'Connor say that they were resolute in their determination to eradicate the disease. Whether or not public positions and private concerns coincide could be another matter.
Everything I heard reinforced my concern that there is a gulf between the information MPI is providing Government and the realities of the situation. . .
A fundraising scheme that raises more than $1m a year for the IHC could become a victim of the Mycoplasma bovis outbreak.
Since 1984 about 4,000 farmers nationwide have donated cull cows, steers, bulls, heifers, calfs, bale of wools, lambs, sheep, goats, and deer to the charity.
The stock is then sold and the proceeds are donated to IHC.
But farmers raised concerns about the scheme at a meeting in Gore last week, which was hosted by MPI, Beef & Lamb NZ and Dairy NZ, saying the IHC's stock sales could transmit M. bovis between stock, therefore transferring it between farms. . .
The demise of Te Ako Wools is a "significant blow" for the wool industry, Federated Farmers says.
The organisation, which was launched in Alexandra in mid-2016, was owned by the New Zealand Shearing Contractors Association. It worked with Primary ITO to provide industry training, including shearing and woolhandling.
Training, attracting and retaining people in the industry had continued to be a challenge, Federated Farmers meat and wool chairman Miles Anderson and policy adviser Sarah Crofoot said in their report to the organisation's national conference in Wellington last week. Finding staff had become increasingly difficult and the situation was expected to continue over the next five years, making training "all the more important". . .
Two titans of niche agricultural markets in America and England are investing in New Zealand after getting approval from the Overseas Investment Office (OIO).
American millionaires Margaret and Gary Hirshberg, who are from New Hampshire and in their early 60s, have been cleared to buy 69ha in Ngatimoti, near Motueka, to set up an organic sheep farm and an organic market garden. They also intend to do extensive native planting.
The sellers, Andrew Guy and Rowan and Sharon Kearns, got $4m for the property. . .
Remember all the warnings about genetically modified organisms? They're bad for us; they harm the environment; there is too little oversight; they fail to increase yields; and they will do little to help feed the world.
GMOs are plants and animals whose DNA has been modified by genetic engineering. The process has allowed researchers to develop corn that can survive drought, soybeans that stand up to weed killer, virus-free papayas, and potatoes that don't bruise — in short, countless varieties of crops that yield more and cost less to grow. That's good news for farmers and for our food supply. . . .
KOTV meteorologist Lacey Swope shared the picture on her Facebook page on June 24. . .


"Dawn" is a great word. It is not night. It is not day. Yet, one is transforming into the other. You see both night and day during the dawn. Darkness fades into light of dawn, which slowly and eventually becomes full light.
I also love how we use the phrase, "It dawned on me." It is like one way of thinking fades and another way of thinking comes to light. The shadows give way to clarity and meaning.
Learning to live fully alive in Jesus is like the dawn. It does not happen in a flash, all of a sudden. Our growth is gradual, subtle, and in small increments. Most of the time we are completely unaware of it. Yet, darkness continues to give way to light.
Your commitment to make small Jesus-like decisions over time will cause tremendous growth in your life. It will affect every aspect of who you are. Those who know you will notice the change without you even trying. Like a city on a hill cannot hide, so God in your life will be seen.
I want you to be encouraged as you renew your commitment to go deeper as a follower of Jesus. Remember that we are taking our time and consistently turning ourselves over to the Lord. He is the one who, by the power that enables him to bring everything under his control, will transform our lowly bodies so that they will be like his glorious body (Philippians 3:21).
Spend some time thinking about where you were at this time last year. Where were you spiritually? How has life changed for you? What new insights have you received? How has the light of Christ dawned in your life?


There is something strange about repeating the word 'shutdown' so many times. There are people who get things stuck in their head, and compulsively repeat those things. Or is this just Donald Trump's idea of manipulating his viewers, or Congress? The reason behind his odd behavior may, like so many other oddities, never be known.
There will be no shutdown. Too many people in Congress are very worried about how voters are feeling about their dismal progress on anything. Too many are seeing their first paychecks and realizing the beautiful tax cut is not going to pull them out of the hole they are in. Too many more are seeing jobs disappear. This is not a good time to get voters riled up. November looms.


text:
Curzon Street Station, Birmingham
Care Taken
Disused Factory, Woburn Sands
All Saints Church, Segenhoe
Houghton House, Ampthill
Drumming Experiment
The Palm Beaches, Florida
Listen Don't Touch
Fleeting Space
From Under the Floorboards
Exploration of Themes
The Cracks of Time
Found Object Sound
Songs of the Sea
The Sea-Bird – Track 1 – Music
The Sea-Bird – Track 2 – Dialogue
The Sea-bird – Track 3 – Field Recording
Theatre of the Disrupted
What Keeps You Going?
Writings by an Arts Lover
Acoustic Caretaking and the Near-Ruin
Anna Celeste Edmonds
A sound artist, songwriter and field recordist with a love for heritage sites, ruins and buildings at risk.
Home Compositions Listen Don't Touch
Above: graphic score accompaniment to sound work; depicting routine written.
Recommended for listening with headphones.
Pole dance is considered a predominantly tactile and visual performance, known for it's dark stage, smoke and mirrors. The solo dancer captivates you and for the duration of the performance, you are allowed to escape into their personal space.
'Listen Don't Touch' is a sound recording of a pole dance performance, with no background music and no visuals other than an accompanying graphic score. It was recorded with two microphones – one 'audience level' condenser microphone, and a homemade contact microphone attached to the base of the pole where it meets the stage.
The purpose of the work is to expose the reality of a seemingly sensual performance, to uncloak the dance and show it for what it truly is – a long and hardworking series of movements that require strength, power and focus. But whether the sensuality is lost, or has found a new and different form, is in the hands of the listener.
Presented as a response to the UAL London College of Communication's HerNoise Archive.
https://annacedmonds.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Listen-Dont-Touch-Pole-Performance.mp3
Here are some photographs of the pole and microphone positioning:


text:
7 Things Everyone Gets Wrong About UTIs
These myths about UTIs suck (though not nearly as much as a UTI itself).
Illustration and Animation by Jocelyn Runice
Having a UTI is a huge pain. Literally. And if you're a woman, you're likely to get one at some point in your life.
You've probably heard that peeing after sex is a good way to keep one away. That's true. Add to the list of to-dos: stay hydrated, pee when you have to go instead of holding it, wear breathable cotton underwear, and wipe front to back, Melissa Walsh, M.D., an ob/gyn in the department of obstetrics, gynecology, and women's health at Montefiore Medical Center, tells SELF. What's not true: All of the below.
When it comes to UTI do's and don'ts, there's a lot you'll hear that's better off ignored. Here are seven myths about UTIs you need to stop believing.
Myth #1: Getting a UTI means you have a hygiene problem.
The only way your hygiene can affect your risk of UTIs is if you wipe from back to front, Lisa Dabney, M.D., assistant professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive science at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, tells SELF. Doing this can easily spread bacteria from the rectum to the vagina and urethra. Otherwise, over-cleaning can actually cause problems. "It is not helpful to clean the vagina with harsh soaps and chemicals because these will kill off the lactobacillus in the vagina," aka the good bacteria that prevent the overgrowth of other bacteria that cause infections, she explains. If you get recurrent UTIs, getting cleaner isn't the answer. Other health problems like kidney stones or urinary incontinence may be to blame, Walsh says. Or, you might just be one of the unlucky women who gets them for no apparent reason.
Myth #2: You can only get a UTI after sex.
Sex is frequently associated with UTIs—bacteria can easily get pushed into the urethra when you're getting down—but you can absolutely get a UTI in other ways. Walsh notes that other common risk factors are: wiping from back to front, holding your urine, dehydration, and medical conditions like diabetes or immune-compromised states (e.g. an autoimmune disease).
Myth #3: Only women get UTIs.
Men can also get UTIs. It's just not as likely, thanks to their anatomy. "Bacteria are less likely to travel a long distance and infect the urine in men versus the short urethral distance in women," Walsh explains.
Myth #4: A UTI is an STI.
Although they can happen after intercourse, "UTIs are definitely not considered an STI!" Walsh says. The infection is a result of bacteria that's already living on our skin being pushed up through the urethra where it doesn't belong—sexual activity just gives bacteria an easy way to transport itself. They're not contagious or transmittable, so you don't have to worry about "catching" your partner's UTI.
Myth #5: Drinking cranberry juice is an easy drug-free fix.
"Cranberry juice is not medically considered to be a 'cure,'" Walsh says. "Several research trials have not been able to conclude this despite its common use." One theory is that the cranberry juice makes it harder for bacteria to stick to the bladder wall. Another is that it makes urine more acidic and that prevents infection. However, Dabney says it could help prevent UTIs. The science is mixed, but it's worth a try if you're plagued with them often. Staying hydrated is a good prevention method, anyway: Peeing a lot and having a strong stream when you pee helps your body flush out bacteria in the urethra before it can travel further upward.
Myth #6: Irritation while peeing automatically means you have a UTI.
"I hear many patients say that they feel like they have a UTI simply because they're experiencing irritation when urinating," Walsh says. "Although this may be a symptom of a UTI, it could also be due to a vaginal infection or irritation from other common inflammatory conditions like yeast or a vaginitis."
Myth #7: It's just going to go away on its own.
"Women didn't die of UTIs before antibiotics. They just had more pain," Dabney notes. So yes, a mild UTI could potentially go away on its own. The problem is that UTIs have become harder to treat, thanks to increasing antibiotic-resistance of the most common bacteria that causes them, E. coli. Walsh recommends seeing your doctor to confirm it's a UTI and get the right medications. A UTI left untreated can move further into your body and cause a deeper infection in the bladder. The last thing you want are the uncomfortable symptoms continuing any longer than they have to.
TopicsSexual and Reproductive Healthutiurinary tract


text:
Q: mysql doesn't connect while using fopen The code below doesn't connect:
$file_open = fopen("logindetails.txt","r");

if($file_open){
    $user = fgets($file_open);
    $pass = fgets($file_open);
    $server = fgets($file_open);
}
echo "user: ",$user,"password: ",$pass,"server: ",$server;
@$db_handle = mysql_connect($server,$user,$pass);

but outputs:
user: root password: usbw server: localhost

logindetails.txt contains:
root
usbw
localhost

while this code connects:
$user = "root";
$pass = "usbw";
$server = "localhost";

echo "user: ",$user,"password: ",$pass,"server: ",$server;
@$db_handle = mysql_connect($server,$user,$pass);

I can't get this working and I can't guess why.

A: The variables you read with fgets in also contain linebreaks.
$user == "root\n";
$pass == "passw\n";

Which is why MySQL won't recognize them as valid.
So, you should either:

*

*trim() them

*instead use an INI file

*better yet some config.php instead of a text file.


The file cliproxy.dll was developed by the Symantec Corporation, the company behind the worlds most widely used Antivirus, Norton Antivirus. Symantec developed the cliproxy.dll module especially for the Norton Antivirus, since the software relies on a client proxy server to receive updates regularly. The file cliproxy.dll communicates with the client proxy server and ensures the timely and correct functioning of the auto update feature of the Norton Antivirus.
The cliproxy.dll module controls the Norton LiveUpdate feature. Sometimes users face a problem with the Live Update feature refusing to work. This is seen when you have installed Microsoft's ISA server on your computer. ISA server is a security gateway program that provides a firewall, authentication and more. If this happens you have to check and make sure that your browser is configured as a web proxy client. If it is, perform the following steps.
* Click 'Start' and point to 'Settings'. Click on 'Control Panel'.
In the Control Panel, click on 'Symantec LiveUpdate'.
* In the LiveUpdate Configuration dialog box, select the 'Internet Options' in the Control Panel option.
* Click on the Proxy tab. Select the 'I want to use my Internet Explorer proxy settings' option.
* Click 'Apply' and then click 'OK'.
* Click Start and point to Settings. Click on Control Panel.
* In the Control Panel, click on Symantec LiveUpdate.
* In the LiveUpdate Configuration dialog box, select the Internet Options in the Control Panel option.
* Click on the Proxy tab.
* On the Proxy tab, select the I don't connect to the Internet through a proxy server option. You select this option because the SecureNAT and Firewall clients are not aware of the Proxy server, and you don't want the LiveUpdate feature to be aware of it either.
* Now go to the ISA Server Management console at the ISA Server itself (I don't trust the ISA MMC on remote computers; you can use Terminal Services though, if you want).
* Expand your server name, and then expand the Extensions node. Click on the Application Filters node. Double click on the HTTP Redirector Filter entry in the right pane of the console.
* In the HTTP Redirector Filter Properties dialog box, click on the Options tab.
* On the Options tab, select the Send to requested Web server option. Click Apply and then click OK.
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text:
The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Jessica A.Satkoski Trask, Ripan S. Malhi, Sree Kanthaswamy, Jesse Johnson, Wendy T. Garnica, Venkat S. Malladi, David Glenn Smith
This study was designed to address issues regarding sample size and marker location that have arisen from the discovery of SNPs in the genomes of poorly characterized primate species and the application of these markers to the study of primate population genetics. We predict the effect of discovery sample size on the probability of discovering both rare and common SNPs and then compare this prediction with the proportion of common and rare SNPs discovered when different numbers of individuals are sequenced. Second, we examine the effect of genomic region on estimates of common population genetic data, comparing markers from both coding and non-coding regions of the rhesus macaque genome and the population genetic data calculated from these markers, to measure the degree and direction of bias introduced by SNPs located in coding versus non-coding regions of the genome. We found that both discovery sample size and genomic region surveyed affect SNP marker attributes and population genetic estimates, even when these are calculated from an expanded data set containing more individuals than the original discovery data set. Although none of the SNP detection methods or genomic regions tested in this study was completely uninformative, these results show that each has a different kind of genetic variation that is suitable for different purposes, and each introduces specific types of bias. Given that each SNP marker has an individual evolutionary history, we calculated that the most complete and unbiased representation of the genetic diversity present in the individual can be obtained by incorporating at least 10 individuals into the discovery sample set, to ensure the discovery of both common and rare polymorphisms.
Animal Science and Zoology
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Macaca mulatta Agriculture & Biology
population genetics Agriculture & Biology
Primates Agriculture & Biology
sampling Agriculture & Biology
genetic variation Agriculture & Biology
Trask, J. A. S., Malhi, R. S., Kanthaswamy, S., Johnson, J., Garnica, W. T., Malladi, V. S., & Smith, D. G. (2011). The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Primates, 52(2), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0232-4
The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). / Trask, Jessica A.Satkoski; Malhi, Ripan S.; Kanthaswamy, Sree; Johnson, Jesse; Garnica, Wendy T.; Malladi, Venkat S.; Smith, David Glenn.
In: Primates, Vol. 52, No. 2, 01.04.2011, p. 129-138.
Trask, JAS, Malhi, RS, Kanthaswamy, S, Johnson, J, Garnica, WT, Malladi, VS & Smith, DG 2011, 'The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)', Primates, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0232-4
Trask JAS, Malhi RS, Kanthaswamy S, Johnson J, Garnica WT, Malladi VS et al. The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Primates. 2011 Apr 1;52(2):129-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0232-4
Trask, Jessica A.Satkoski ; Malhi, Ripan S. ; Kanthaswamy, Sree ; Johnson, Jesse ; Garnica, Wendy T. ; Malladi, Venkat S. ; Smith, David Glenn. / The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). In: Primates. 2011 ; Vol. 52, No. 2. pp. 129-138.
@article{2a3956548cce4b2697402210ee78988e,
title = "The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)",
abstract = "This study was designed to address issues regarding sample size and marker location that have arisen from the discovery of SNPs in the genomes of poorly characterized primate species and the application of these markers to the study of primate population genetics. We predict the effect of discovery sample size on the probability of discovering both rare and common SNPs and then compare this prediction with the proportion of common and rare SNPs discovered when different numbers of individuals are sequenced. Second, we examine the effect of genomic region on estimates of common population genetic data, comparing markers from both coding and non-coding regions of the rhesus macaque genome and the population genetic data calculated from these markers, to measure the degree and direction of bias introduced by SNPs located in coding versus non-coding regions of the genome. We found that both discovery sample size and genomic region surveyed affect SNP marker attributes and population genetic estimates, even when these are calculated from an expanded data set containing more individuals than the original discovery data set. Although none of the SNP detection methods or genomic regions tested in this study was completely uninformative, these results show that each has a different kind of genetic variation that is suitable for different purposes, and each introduces specific types of bias. Given that each SNP marker has an individual evolutionary history, we calculated that the most complete and unbiased representation of the genetic diversity present in the individual can be obtained by incorporating at least 10 individuals into the discovery sample set, to ensure the discovery of both common and rare polymorphisms.",
keywords = "Macaca mulatta, Population genetics, SNP discovery",
author = "Trask, {Jessica A.Satkoski} and Malhi, {Ripan S.} and Sree Kanthaswamy and Jesse Johnson and Garnica, {Wendy T.} and Malladi, {Venkat S.} and Smith, {David Glenn}",
journal = "Primates",
publisher = "Springer Japan",
T1 - The effect of SNP discovery method and sample size on estimation of population genetic data for Chinese and Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
AU - Trask, Jessica A.Satkoski
AU - Malhi, Ripan S.
AU - Kanthaswamy, Sree
AU - Johnson, Jesse
AU - Garnica, Wendy T.
AU - Malladi, Venkat S.
AU - Smith, David Glenn
N2 - This study was designed to address issues regarding sample size and marker location that have arisen from the discovery of SNPs in the genomes of poorly characterized primate species and the application of these markers to the study of primate population genetics. We predict the effect of discovery sample size on the probability of discovering both rare and common SNPs and then compare this prediction with the proportion of common and rare SNPs discovered when different numbers of individuals are sequenced. Second, we examine the effect of genomic region on estimates of common population genetic data, comparing markers from both coding and non-coding regions of the rhesus macaque genome and the population genetic data calculated from these markers, to measure the degree and direction of bias introduced by SNPs located in coding versus non-coding regions of the genome. We found that both discovery sample size and genomic region surveyed affect SNP marker attributes and population genetic estimates, even when these are calculated from an expanded data set containing more individuals than the original discovery data set. Although none of the SNP detection methods or genomic regions tested in this study was completely uninformative, these results show that each has a different kind of genetic variation that is suitable for different purposes, and each introduces specific types of bias. Given that each SNP marker has an individual evolutionary history, we calculated that the most complete and unbiased representation of the genetic diversity present in the individual can be obtained by incorporating at least 10 individuals into the discovery sample set, to ensure the discovery of both common and rare polymorphisms.
AB - This study was designed to address issues regarding sample size and marker location that have arisen from the discovery of SNPs in the genomes of poorly characterized primate species and the application of these markers to the study of primate population genetics. We predict the effect of discovery sample size on the probability of discovering both rare and common SNPs and then compare this prediction with the proportion of common and rare SNPs discovered when different numbers of individuals are sequenced. Second, we examine the effect of genomic region on estimates of common population genetic data, comparing markers from both coding and non-coding regions of the rhesus macaque genome and the population genetic data calculated from these markers, to measure the degree and direction of bias introduced by SNPs located in coding versus non-coding regions of the genome. We found that both discovery sample size and genomic region surveyed affect SNP marker attributes and population genetic estimates, even when these are calculated from an expanded data set containing more individuals than the original discovery data set. Although none of the SNP detection methods or genomic regions tested in this study was completely uninformative, these results show that each has a different kind of genetic variation that is suitable for different purposes, and each introduces specific types of bias. Given that each SNP marker has an individual evolutionary history, we calculated that the most complete and unbiased representation of the genetic diversity present in the individual can be obtained by incorporating at least 10 individuals into the discovery sample set, to ensure the discovery of both common and rare polymorphisms.
KW - Macaca mulatta
KW - Population genetics
KW - SNP discovery
JO - Primates
JF - Primates


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