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Magazine : Spring 2021 : feature
Scrappy Endeavor
The Global South is a dumping ground for the world's electronic waste. In Kenya, recyclers are looking to e-waste for resources — and a safer circular economy.
Opening image: A fundi at work at one of E-waste Initiative Kenya's workshop in Ngara Market, Nairobi. All images by Kang-Chun Cheng
Kang-Chun Cheng
LAURENCE THUO WEAVES IN AND OUT of the numerous stalls run by jua kali (informal blue-collar workers) that pack the alleyways of Ngara Market near Nairobi's bustling Central Business District. In one, fundis (informally trained technicians) dismantle computer central processing units; in others, they refurbish keyboards and screens, or repair blenders, hair-dryers, and speakers. At some stalls, Thuo cracks jokes with the men and slaps them on the back familiarly. "We don't have a hierarchy here," he tells me. "We share resources and information. There's more than enough to go around."
It takes a little while to figure out the layout, but a network of stalls in this market makes up the headquarters and many workshops of E-waste Initiative Kenya (E-WIK), an electronic-waste recycling company Thuo founded in 2015. We stop by a stall where a student from Nairobi Technical University bops to K-pop as he probes into the motherboard of a television. "Age distribution is important. Mentorship is critical to how skills are passed on," Thuo explains.
He speaks from experience. As a child, Thuo had destroyed his dad and grandfather's radios with a knife, picking them apart out of sheer curiosity about their construction. Throughout high school, he frequented repair workshops — hanging around the fundis and eventually taking up informal apprenticeships. The more he tinkered with hardware, the more ideas on how to recondition abandoned electronics blossomed in his mind. Thuo first started collecting discarded electronics in his home community in Kiambu County, 14 kilometers outside Nairobi, in 2005, when he was 16 years old. Initially, he went door-to-door, taking unwanted units off of people's hands to either refurbish or salvage for parts. Over the years, he developed a distribution system selling refurbished electronics to a demographic that otherwise could not afford such equipment. It did not take long for folks to start coming to Thuo, either with their discards or to purchase a cell phone, computer, or other electronic item. Once his venture coalesced into E-WIK in 2015, some even wanted to join him and learn to do what he does.
Over the past few decades, e-waste recycling has created economic opportunity for many local enterprises in the Global South.
In a society with high unemployment rates, Thuo's venture offers income to many. Formal training isn't required to become an excellent fundi who can dismantle a motherboard or build transformers with ease. George Njau, the company's chairman, for instance, can fix about three laptops a day, nearly 90 units any given month.
"Even now, some people don't believe that there is money in this business, but I've lived off of waste for 15 years and have trained hundreds of people on how to do the same," Thuo says. "We need to start seeing waste as a resource."
While consumer electronics represents less than 1 percent of Kenya's municipal solid waste, these materials hold the highest potential for rebirth. A motherboard, for example, contains gold and rare earth materials.
Indeed, over the past few decades, e-waste recycling has created economic opportunity for many local enterprises in the Global South, especially in sub-Saharan countries like Kenya and Nigeria, or Asian nations like India, Pakistan, and China. A significant portion of this waste, however, is not being generated in these countries. Thanks to globalization and supply chain economics, it is being shipped from the Global North to poorer nations where environmental regulations are laxer and labor is cheaper. (The US, for instance, exports up to 40 percent of its e-waste.)
Backyard recyclers in Ghana. Over the past few decades, e-waste has been flowing from the Global North to South. Much of this waste is treated in "factories" that are often simply shacks or in homes or backyards, where recyclers break, burn, leach, and melt e-waste to convert it into secondary raw materials. Photo by Takao K.
Laurence Thuo, founder of E-WIK, believes we need to start seeing e-waste as a resource and provide the informal e-waste industry the resources it needs to operate in an environmentally sound manner. "I've lived off of waste for 15 years and have trained hundreds of people on how to do the same," he says.
A E-WIK staffer rummages through massive bags of dismantled electronics at a company warehouse.
In most of these Global South countries, the e-waste management infrastructure is not yet fully developed or, in some cases, is entirely absent. Hence, e-waste is managed mostly by the informal sector, by businesses like Thuo's. Which means the majority of this waste, which may include hazardous materials, is handled under potentially unsafe conditions given the lack of official, uniform regulations, and can have severe health impacts on workers and the environment. The economic opportunity that e-waste offers, therefore, also brings along with it a gnarly web of environmental justice and public health challenges that local and global e-waste regulators are grappling with.
THE NUMBERS SURROUNDING e-waste are astounding. In 2019, we humans created some 53.6 million metric tons of electronic waste worldwide, up 21 percent in just five years, according to the United Nations' Global E-waste Monitor 2020. "For perspective, last year's e-waste weighed substantially more than all the adults in Europe," the report notes. By 2030, global e-waste will reach 74 million metric tons, making it "the world's fastest-growing domestic waste stream, fueled mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment, short life cycles, and few options for repair."
Recycling activities are not keeping pace with this rapid growth of e-waste. The report found that only 17.4 percent of 2019's e-waste was recycled. The rest was either tossed into landfills or incinerated. "This means that gold, silver, copper, platinum, and other high-value, recoverable materials conservatively valued at US $57 billion — a sum greater than the Gross Domestic Product of most countries — were mostly dumped or burned rather than being collected for treatment and reuse," the report says.
Electronic junk accounts for only 2 percent of debris in landfills but contributes two-thirds of heavy metal toxins, making it one of the main contributors to toxic leaching. These metals break down in the soil, emitting dangerous gases that are harmful to humans and the environment.
One would assume that recycling and repurposing this waste would help prevent some of this pollution. But most e-waste recycling, as it is done right now, isn't environmentally friendly either.
Most e-waste recycling, as it is done now, isn't environmentally friendly.
The recycling process involves dismantling electronics into component materials or extracting metals for resale. This can be a source of toxic chemical pollution. Some of these products, such as printed circuit boards and batteries, can contain more than 1,000 different substances, including hazardous heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and other toxins like flame retardants. Compounds found in this waste have been linked to strong neuro-developmental and behavioral impacts, especially in children. Studies have also linked exposure to e-waste chemicals and fumes to "inflammation and oxidative stress," which in turn could lead to "cardiovascular diseases, DNA damage, and cancer."
While developed countries generally use well-equipped e-recycling facilities with uniform safety protocols, increasing regulatory requirements in these nations make recycling expensive. The price of manpower also directly impacts the thoroughness of the recycling process. In a country like Kenya, where labor is jaw-droppingly cheap in comparison to countries like Germany or Sweden, every bit of value can be extracted from end-of-life units.
Over the past few decades, this has led to an international movement of e-waste (and of all "recyclable" waste, actually) from the Global North to South. Much of this waste is treated in "factories" that are often simply shacks or in homes or backyards, where recyclers break, burn, leach, and melt e-waste to convert it into secondary raw materials.
"This 'backyard recycling' is causing a lot more damage to the environment," says Berrin Tansel, a professor of environmental engineering at Florida International University who is researching the public health impact of e-waste recycling. "Recovering the metals in e-waste, for example, takes so many different types of acids and other chemicals that by the time you extract very small amounts of metal you've probably generated thousands of kilograms of toxic waste."
Nicky Gregson, a geographer at Durham University who specializes in waste economies, describes the dynamics of the waste trade as "reverse imperialism."
"The late nineteenth-century saw economies, chiefly in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, being developed such that they serviced the higher value manufacturing economies of Europe, mainly by becoming resource economies," she says. "For me, the global waste trade has echoes of this arrangement, but in reverse, in that many of these same economies are now the destination for the production and consumption wastes of the ex-imperial powers of the Global North."
However, these materials are both wastes and resources, she points out. They can remain in the production cycle as dismantled components and raw materials and can thus be used to boost developing economies. While the social and environmental burdens of such trading are unevenly distributed between the Global North and South, in many ways e-waste represents opportunity. Handled correctly, it offers the possibility of building a true circular economy.
ACCORDING TO THE UNITED National Environment Programme (UNEP), Kenya now generates over 44,000 tons of e-waste annually. In 2008, the volume was 2,984 tons, according to the Kenya Information and Communications Technology Action Network. Thanks to growing mobile phone and computer use, there's been an influx of cheap, new but short-life e-products, mainly from Asia, in recent years.
A significant amount of Kenya's e-waste ends up in places like Dandora Dump, Kenya's biggest landfill, which stretches 30 acres in the middle of Nairobi's poorest slum.
Kenya now generates over 44,000 tons of e-waste annually. Thanks to growing mobile phone and computer use, there's been an influx of cheap, new but short-life e-products, mainly from Asia, in recent years.
Eric Guantai of Recykla International says the informal waste sector is "totally off the map" for government regulators and policymakers.
Since many Kenyans are unable to afford new devices, the demand for even cheaper second-hand electronics is high as well. A significant portion of the country's e-waste, therefore, stems from these secondhand products donated by developed nations, many of which are close to the end of their lifespan.
Eric Guantai of Recykla International, another unlicenced e-waste company, is a close friend of Thuo. They both explained that the volume of e-waste in the country is likely significantly higher than the UNEP estimate, which relies on sourcing that often miscategorizes e-waste as hazardous materials rather than raw materials or refurbishable units.
Guantai says researchers and governments have continuously refused to perform the documentation required to recognize the informal sector. "We are totally off the map as a point of reference," says Guantai, who also serves as the current vice-secretary of Kenya's National Steering Committee on e-waste for Kenya. "Last December, a fire burned through Ngara. Without insurance, we had to rebuild from the ground up ourselves."
IN RECENT YEARS, there have been some efforts to improve the legal and infrastructural framework for e-waste management in developing nations in Asia and Africa. According to Global E-waste Monitor 2020, there are currently 19 countries with legally binding legislation on e-waste across these two continents, five countries with an e-waste policy but non-legally binding legislation, and 31 countries, including Kenya, with policy in development.
Kenya's draft e-waste regulation, which was first formulated in 2013, includes proposals for an electrical and electronic registry by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) that would capture data on electronics entering the country and help curb the entry of low-lifespan products. The bill also includes an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) document under which electronics producers would have a significant responsibility — financial and/or physical — for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products. Assigning such responsibility could, in principle, incentivize manufacturing companies to prevent wastes at the source, promote environmentally friendly product design, and support recycling goals.
But the legislation has been languishing in Parliament for nearly eight years; it faces stiff criticism from the informal e-waste sector for failing to address their needs as it circumvents unlicensed players altogether.
Thuo, who has been actively engaged with UNEP, NEMA, and all the big players for decades, understands the politics well. "The challenge here is that the informal sector won't benefit from EPR resources," he says. Specifically, the EPR protocol envisions a central, symbiotic hub for producers to put in money and resources, including insurance coverage, that recyclers make use of. However, the bill doesn't extend access to these resources to unaccredited e-waste companies, even though the jua kali process some 75 percent of Kenya's e-waste.
Low labor costs for repair and refurbishment have led to a strong electronic reuse market in Kenya.
As major players in the informal e-waste sector in Kenya, Thuo and Guantai were asked to review and contribute to the draft bill. In addition to access to EPR resources, their recommendations included giving the informal sector the means to process different types of e-waste (E-WIK, for instance, lacks a crusher and cannot dispose of computer monitor shells on its own), creating an accessible platform for the sector to better connect with the e-waste supply chain, optimizing the business environment for efficiency and minimal bureaucratic hold ups (a main barrier for formally recognized e-waste handlers, such as WEEE Centre), pushing for electrical and electronics producers to eschew planned obsolescence, and developing Kenya's own electronics manufacturing capacity in order to reduce dependence on foreign imports.
But they say their concerns and recommendations aren't being taken into consideration. Ultimately, financial muscle influences the process: Prohibitively expensive documentation and licensing still stand as requirements for recognition and coverage under upcoming policies, they say. "Folks at NEMA refused to even visit our facilities at Ngara," Thuo says. "The government does not consider us as legitimate."
Kenyan politicians and regulators tend to model their policies after EU countries' waste and refurbishing plans, Guantai adds. "They want to benchmark with Europe, but they're out of touch with what's happening on the ground." Hence, he says, Kenya's policies end up not being adaptable to local dynamics.
Ayub Macharia, director of Environmental Awareness and Education at Kenya's environment ministry, says that the EPR provision — now scheduled to be passed this April — will benefit all players in the e-waste scene, including informal workers. "The role of the EPR is to put in place regulations and manage everything slipping [through the cracks]," he told me. "It's all about the post-consumer management of waste … The sooner it's passed, the better."
But Guantai still maintains that the benefits of the agreement may not extend to the informal sector. "At the end of the day, the EPR is about formalizing institutions. The jua kali are not licensed."
And then there's the import of e-waste from abroad, both legal shipments and underground. Since 2005, several studies have exposed illegal export of e-waste from developed nations to Africa, predominantly Kenya, Nigeria, and Ghana. This cross-border transfer often takes place through middlemen, under false tariff classifications, resulting in poor tracking of the quantities being imported. Thuo says it's what happens when the policies in place are too bureaucratic and expensive. "People are forced to take short cuts," he says. As optimistic as he is about the resource potential of e-waste imports, Thuo admits that "sometimes, what we get is simply trash."
As with many other developing nations, a lack of both uniform waste-processing protocols and adequate processing facilities across Kenya complicates safe disposal or reuse of e-waste.
There needs to be some kind of regulatory requirement that products be made in a way that they are easier to dismantle into component parts, says researcher Berrin Tansel.
Only about 1 percent or less of Kenya's e-waste is managed by the country's handful of licensed e-waste recycling centers, including the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Centre in Nairobi, which is supported by corporate and government partners, including the European Commission and the Kenyan Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. The rest is either handled by the country's large, informal recycling sector or ends up in places like Dandora Dump, Kenya's biggest landfill, which stretches 30 acres in the middle of Nairobi's poorest slum.
Waste-collectors — men, women, children — pick through the massive piles of smoldering trash at dumps like Dandora for everything from discarded electronics to plastics that they can sell to fundis at Ngara Market and elsewhere. These collectors too, are a key component of the recycling industry, but they are also its most marginalized and vulnerable stakeholders.
E-scrap collectors are currently regulated under both the country's hazardous and solid waste laws, and are often looked down upon as rubbish rooters. Recognizing the contributions of the informal sector would go a long way in changing that perception, Thuo says.
"What we do here is legitimate; we process far more e-waste than places like WEEE Centre," Thuo says. "Many times, people would rather come to us because WEEE oftentimes refuses to process [small amounts like] a household's worth of units. They have [to deal with a lot of] paperwork and protocols; it's not worth it for them to collect just one microwave."
While official, licensed facilities may have safer protocols, they simply don't have the capacity to handle the volume of waste that the informal sector processes.
Thuo and other stakeholders in Kenya's informal e-waste recycling sector have been seeking official recognition of their enterprises, which they say would provide them the support and resources to create safer working conditions and minimize environmental harm. Thuo often clashes with people in positions of political power over this. "I had a tussle with someone from the UN the other day. He did not believe that repurposing or refurbishing without a license held any validity." Official acknowledgment that their work is legitimate would also open doors for international donors to fund the backbone of e-waste management in Kenya.
Guantai says that a critical strategy in driving the e-waste sector forward is to take advantage of the symbiotic pairing of waste generators and waste processors. "When the circular economy is truly embraced, there's no way you can put the informal sector away," he says.
ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS towards building a circular economy, Thuo and Guantai stress, is seeing e-waste as "raw material" rather than "waste." This, they say, would catalyze a shift in mindset that would help people see these materials as viable resources. The argument isn't without merit, especially when you recall that the value of selected raw materials in e-waste in 2019 was about $57 billion.
Such a revision of terminology, however, might not be that easy. The distinction of whether something is waste or not, and therefore intended for reuse, has been the subject of much debate under the 1989 Basel Convention, which bans the transboundary movement of hazardous waste, but not waste that's categorized as "reusable." Although the most recent UN climate conference adopted, on an interim basis, revised technical guidelines on e-waste and how it can be classified, a final consensus has still not been reached concerning the definition of such waste.
Tansel, the environmental engineering professor at Florida, however, believes the change needs to begin much earlier — at the source — before a gadget or appliance becomes waste. There needs to be some kind of regulatory requirement or incentive that products be made in a way that they are easier to dismantle into component parts, she says. Right now, the opposite is happening. "People want to purchase gadgets that are small," she says. "Most electronic circuits today are printed. You cannot separate the parts because they basically become one piece. They are becoming so compact that it's almost impossible to differentiate between what's the plastic and what's the metal."
To build a circular economy "we have to close the loop," Tansel says. "Right now it's a one-way street."
To build a circular economy "we have to close the loop," Tansel says. "Right now it's a one-way street." One way towards reaching that goal, she says, is to imagine and build a product-dismantling chain that is as robust as the global supply chain for producers. That chain would require collaboration with all the industry stakeholders.
The good news is, there has been some movement on this front. Global E-waste Monitor 2020 reports that since 2017 "more and more e-waste-related policies, legislations, and resulting regulations are also considering more upscale design and production aspects — no longer focusing on the purely curative waste management aspects."
The bad news is, the "movement" is very slow and filled with roadblocks. But, as Tansel says, "We will have to go through this depressing cycle" [of trashing the planet while managing our trash] "to get to the solution."
Meanwhile back at E-WIK, Thuo, is in the middle of self-financing a brand-new "E-Waste Academy" in Kiambu on family land. He envisions it being a hub where community members can gather to not only learn about e-waste, but also develop other technical, artisanal, and creative skills like carving drinking containers from cattle horns and stewing wild plums into jam. For him, his work in e-waste is just as much about building a sustainable community as it is about technical innovation. And despite all the hurdles, Thuo maintains that the path forward leads upwards: "This is our chance to grow the Kenyan economy while dealing with urgent environmental and community-scale social issues."
Kang-Chun Cheng is an ecologist and photojournalist with an interest in community-based natural resource management and traditional ecological knowledge.
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David Brower Legacy


We are delighted to tell you that PNLIT will be receiving the शहर GREEN करो - It's Our Turn to Lead Award at a special function at the Puttenahalli Lake premises on 16th July 2015, 11:00 a.m. onwards. The Chief Guest is Mrs. Karuna Singh, Country Director of Earth Day Network India, the organizers of the contest.
The contest was held in 45 Indian cities to commemorate the 45th anniversary of Earth Day and six winners were announced in May. The Jury found merit in our entry on the pre-monsoon cleaning of the lake bed by volunteers on 28th March 2015, most of whom live in the neighbourhood. Sincere thanks to each one of them for the great vigour and enthusiasm with which they had picked trash from the lake bed. Pictures of the event are below.
More than in the previous years, this cleaning drive was important because it may have been for the last time that we were able to do this. Puttenahalli Lake no longer needs to rely on the monsoon to fill up. From 17th May 2015, treated waste water from the Sewage Treatment Plant at South City has been flowing into the lake. Within a year, we hope our dream of seeing it filled to the optimum will become a reality and even more birds will flock to the lake.
After their inspection of the STP, the Upa Lokayukta Hon'ble Justice Sri Subhash B. Adi and Dr. Vaman Acharya, Chairman, KSPCB visited the lake and met our volunteers. Their presence boosted our morale no end and made the day a memorable one for us.
Our sincere thanks to KSPCB for giving the necessary permission and for sponsoring the lake cleaning drive. With infrastructural support from BBMP and donations from our well wishers, PNLIT has been maintaining the lake from May 2011. It is still a work in progress and we have a long way to go but awards like the one we will be proud to receive on 16th July encourage our endeavour.
We look forward to sharing this moment with you. Do please attend. A line to confirm your attendance will be most welcome.


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RaboDirect PRO12: Round 8 Preview
Table toppers Ulster welcome Edinburgh to Ravenhill in one of three round 8 matches in the RaboDirect PRO12 on Friday night.
Ulster have been victorious in all competitions so far this season, and will no doubt want to maintain that unbeaten record as the RaboDirect PRO12 breaks for the November internationals.
In Scotland third-placed Glasgow Warriors face a Newport Gwent Dragons team currently residing at the wrong end of the table, and the Warriors will be looking for a win to equal their best ever run in the competition.
Elsewhere Munster, who sit just outside the play-off zone, travel to Cardiff to take on a Blues team facing their worst run of defeats since the 2004/05 season. Munster need a victory if they are to have any chance of re-entering the top four before the international break.
The two Italian teams are both in action away from home on Saturday, Benetton Treviso travelling to the Sportsground in Galway and Zebre making their first appearance at Parc y Scarlets.
The second-placed Scarlets have only lost two games in this campaign whereas their opponents have yet to record a victory.
Benetton Treviso currently sit two places and three points ahead of their hosts this weekend, Connacht, in the RaboDirect PRO12 table.
The round wraps up on Sunday at the Liberty Stadium when reigning champions, the Ospreys, take on Leinster, the side they beat in last May's league final.
Just three points separate the two teams in the table and should other results go their way, victory could see the Welsh region take over Leinster's current spot in the top four.
RABODIRECT PRO12 – ROUND 8 FIXTURES:
Friday, November 2 –
ULSTER (1st) v Edinburgh (9th), Ravenhill, 7.05pm (live BBC 2 Northern Ireland/BBC ALBA)
Cardiff Blues (7th) v MUNSTER (5th), Cardiff Arms Park, 7.05pm (live TG4/BBC 2 Wales)
Glasgow Warriors (3rd) v Newport Gwent Dragons (11th), Scotstoun Stadium, 7.30pm
Saturday, November 3 –
CONNACHT (10th) v Benetton Treviso (8th), the Sportsground, 5pm
Scarlets (2nd) v Zebre (12th), Parc y Scarlets, 6.30pm (live S4C)
Sunday, November 4 –
Ospreys (6th) v LEINSTER (4th), Liberty Stadium, 4pm (live RTÉ One/S4C)
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Coast to Coast Rangers
Words: Hollie Woodhouse
Images: Justin James
Location: Arthur's Pass
With the memory of the 2015 Coast to Coast event still fresh in Jess De Bont's mind (finishing in a very credible third place), her husband Dan posed a question. "Wouldn't it be cool if we could get some kids who wouldn't normally have these opportunities to compete in the Coast to Coast?" Jess, who has previously worked overseas with children in less fortunate situations immediately agreed. "He obviously had quite a bit of time to think about this while waiting for me at transitions," she laughs. And just like that the Coast to Coast Rangers concept was born.
Taking their idea to Jess's father, Steve Moffat, he didn't need much convincing before offering his support, suggesting they get some 'legends' of the sport on board to help them along the way. Steve Gurney, Emily Miazga and Nathan Fa'avae (all extremely well-known for their own Coast to Coast successes) were eager to be involved, providing expertise and guidance in the build-up to the race as well as acting as teammates on race day.
The program takes underprivileged children, or children at risk, and offers them an opportunity to compete in New Zealand's iconic multisport race, the Kathmandu Coast to Coast. It provides them with the necessary skills required to compete, including teaching them how to bike, bunch ride, run over boulders, up river beds and kayak down rivers. "Some of them have never ridden a bike before," Jess adds, a concept that for many of us seems hard to comprehend. It gives the kids an opportunity that they might not have had before. Although the major goal is for the students to compete in the Coast to Coast, it is so much more than that. "We're offering them a different way of life," Jess says.
As an ex-Aranui student, Daniel felt approaching his old low-decile school, located in Christchurch's East, to be involved in the first year of the program was an easy decision. From the initial concept in mid-February, through to planning, organising and then the selection of two students in July, meant they had a little over seven months to prepare. After months of sacrifice and training, Taitama Tukaki, 16, and Bryce Adamson, 15, along with support crew superstars Sholita Umutaua and Kayla Scott, were successful in competing in the individual two-day event and were greeted on the finish line at New Brighton Pier by a haka from fellow students. In doing so, they became the youngest ever competitors to complete the Coast to Coast.
Following on from the success of 2016, Jess and the team approached a contact they had at Linwood College, another low decile school in Christchurch's East, to form a group of senior students to compete in 2017. Speaking first to the school and then the students in assembly, they offered information about the race, with keen students registering their interest in being part of the Coast to Coast Rangers team.
Starting off with 12 students, a number which worked both financially and logistically, their first training session involved a run along New Brighton Beach. It gave the students an opportunity to ask questions and get to know Jess and Daniel, and vice versa. Unfortunately, due to personal reasons and work commitments, three students had to pull out along the way, which brought the final number down to nine.
The Coast to Coast Rangers team was made up of two teams of three, splitting the race into kayaking, cycling and running, with each student doing one section over the two-day race. Eden Pettigrew stepped up the mark after one team member became ill, which left her to take his place and not only do the run stage alongside Jess, but following it up the next day and getting in the kayak alongside Iain Haycock. Jarod Bradshaw did the two-day event by himself, alongside Wanaka's multisport legend Bob McLaughlin, finishing second in the School's Tandem section and Taitama Tukaki came back after competing in last year's race to compete in the Mountain Run, placing third in the school section. This left the final two, who again due to personal reasons couldn't race, to help as support crew, a not-so-glamorous but still extremely important part of the group. "It was nice to have them all involved and share the experiences with the rest of the team, a team right to the finish line," Jess adds.
Saturday training sessions were run by Jess and Matthew Mark, another local multisport legend who also has a passion for creating a positive impact on the youth and community. They would pick the students up from school at 9am, load them into a van the school had provided and show them different ways of training and doing things. Heading to various adventure spots, they were not only ideal for training but also gave the students an opportunity to experience a part of the city they hadn't seen before. "A lot of them haven't been up into the Port Hills, some of them haven't even been to Sumner," Jess says. Again, this is a foreign concept for many Christchurch locals. But it was more than just teaching them the physical side of competing; it also involved educating them in many different aspects of their life. Nutrition is a crucial part of fuelling the body and providing enough energy while competing in multisport races. "No more fish and chips every night for dinner," Jess told them, educating them about different options such as tuna and rice as a healthy alternative to takeaways.
Providing a rewarding program like this doesn't come cheaply, despite all four mentors offering their time voluntarily while juggling work and family commitments. "It's easy to hide and let someone else do it, but being involved in something like this is all positive," Jess says. "It has to be a passion; otherwise you'd give up." Her two girls understand that Mum has gone on a Saturday training run with people who need it. They have been known to come along to the odd training session too, clowning around with the students, and every now and again showing why they shouldn't be underestimated.
The support and generosity of people and businesses have helped provide the students with the gear required to compete in the race. Kathmandu has kindly donated clothing and shoes, as well as providing one of the race entries. Giant Bikes have given the students road bikes to use during the event and Scotty Browns, a local bike store, generously replaced the mountains bikes which were stolen from the Linwood School sheds early in the year. Understandably Jess and the students were devastated when they discovered they were missing. But the generosity of so many people within the community who donated time and money to ensure they were replaced was an incredibly humbling experience.
Iain Haycock and his wife Bek from McMillian Drilling have kindly given financial assistance over both years, with Iain offereing his time and being a buddy in the kayak section with Eden. Pak'n'Save Wainoni have offered their support, along with Richard from Complete Performance Training providing training tips and race day tactics for the students. "It's cool seeing all the different people come together and help out," Jess says.
Each year Harcourts Grenadier sets up a golf tournament that supports charities, generally within youth, to help with their fundraising. Last year the Coast to Coast Rangers were lucky enough to be involved, raising much-needed funds to go directly towards the programme. The money was used for extra gear that was needed for the team, with the remaining funds going towards continued support for the students post the Coast to Coast. Jess sees the opportunity for this to be used in many ways, such as helping a student who couldn't otherwise afford it with tertiary funding, or putting students through other programs such as Outward Bound. Sometimes it could be as simple as providing food for the table. "When we've got money, we've got opportunities to help," she says.
The whole experience has been incredibly positive, giving Jess and Daniel, as well as her parents and children, an opportunity to do something as a family. "It's all win-win. I'm learning so much myself, and meeting people who I wouldn't normally associate with. I'm having experiences that I normally wouldn't be exposed to either." Watching the students grow as individuals over the year as they are exposed to new experiences and opportunities, and opening their eyes to the world, is incredibly rewarding and makes it more than worth it.
They would love to see more schools involved that would benefit from having a program like this offered to their students, ideally as part of the curriculum. This means it becomes a lot more accessible for the students to be involved, as well as freeing up more of their personal time. "I like that we're different to other charitable trusts out there. We're giving the students a goal to work towards, with a huge reward at the end." Admitting herself that at times it is bloody hard work, she quickly reassures me she wouldn't change a thing. "I wouldn't do it if I didn't love it."
East to East is a documentary by Vanessa Wells following the 2016 Coast to Coast Rangers. Check out their Facebook page
www.facebook.com/EastToEast2016/
Facebook: @coast2coastrangers
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Dean of the Parker College of Business, Allen Amason, Ph.D., right, congratulates Renee Owen, chief marketing officer of Vita Inclinata Technologies LLC.
The Georgia Southern University Parker College of Business and the Business Innovation Group (BIG) awarded a grand prize of $10,000 to Vita Inclinata Technologies LLC, a team of innovators from Seattle University, for the 2018 BIG Pitch Award.
Each year, the Ocean Exchange seeks innovative, proactive and globally scalable sustainable solutions with working prototypes and applications that can cross industries, economies and cultures, in a competitive process in which two $100,000 and one $10,000 awards are granted to early-stage companies.
BIG at Georgia Southern, located in downtown Statesboro, is the business outreach arm of the University, committed to developing a vibrant entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystem for the southeast region. BIG provides resources for students and entrepreneurs to gain skills and training necessary to understand business principles, experience how businesses operate, and successfully launch new enterprises.


term) of a known set of data points which it then forwards to another party.
Data is directly collected by controller 2 from data subject.
Taken together, there is no practical way that a 1st party can comply.
what specifically it was prohibited from collecting, there is a problem.
the data and have to make the decision.
> equivalent technology for collecting a user's browsing history)?
> to volunteer their contributions to and views on this proposal.
> As you review the draft, please recognize that it is a compromise proposal.
> unwilling to support it.
> think we've found our consensus.
Next message: Kimon Zorbas: "Re: Today's call: summary on user agent compliance"


This peanut butter chocolate dessert recipe is just so good I want everyone to experience it.
My whole family gobbled this down in a matter of minutes.
Crush 16 oreo cookies until coarse.
Add the melted butter and press into the bottom of a 9×9 inch pan.
In a large bowl, beat the cream cheese, peanut butter and 1 cup powdered sugar until smooth. Fold in half of the whipped topping and spread over the oreo crust layer.
Sprinkle with the chopped peanut butter cups but reserving some to sprinkle on the top.
In another bowl, beat the milk, pudding mix, and remaining ½ cup powdered sugar on low for about 2 minutes.
Fold in the remaining whipped topping.
Spread on top of the peanut butter cups.
Sprinkle the top with remaining crushed oreos and peanut butter cups.
Cover and chill for 3 hours before serving.


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VeriFone logo image sizes: 864 x 256 pixels. Format: png. Filesize: 19 KB.
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The young Chinese-born pianist , a candidate for NEC's DMA, Ziang Xu is a mentee of Vladimir Feltsman, Victor Rosenbaum and, currently, Bruce Brubaker. Having completed his bachelor's studies at Mannes School of Music, he came to NEC and completed his MM last year. Xu, who garnered first prize at the 27th New Orleans International Piano Competition in 2018 and has won several other piano competitions, is clearly a phenom. NEC DMA candidates play three solo recitals; in delivering the first of these requirements in Williams Hall on Monday, Xu evidenced prodigious technique, coupled with an ability to create phrasing ranging from tender to stentorian in a formidable program: Liszt's Sonata in B Minor and Beethoven's Opus 111. The many extraordinary moments left this writer eager for his two more appearances here.
The innovative and still challenging Liszt Sonata requires masterful attack as well as piano whispering. The single movement unfolds with some of the characteristics of a three- or four-movement piece as it cycles through its five motifs.
Within the first theme, Xu demonstrated both the breadth of his phrasing and his ability to coax huge and secretively soft sounds from the instrument. His statement of the introductory Lento assai lent majesty to the start, followed by the Allegro energico. He gave the Fugato section the requisite diabolical drive until the condensed reappearance of the initial motif. Here, Xu modulated the contrapuntal aspects skillfully. One might have quibbled with some of Xu's sostenuto pedaling or expression, but the traversal provided great excitement overall.
One can also debate as to what inspired the B Minor Sonata. Was Liszt thinking about the Garden of Eden and the fall of man, of Faust or of something autobiographical? During a free NEC Piano Seminar on April 19th at 10 AM, the Liszt expert Claudius Tanski will be presenting his theory that Liszt had encoded specific references to the Trinity in the work. You can hear Xu's award-winning New Orleans performance on YouTube HERE.
Ziang Xu himself is "way cool;" I'd predict that his unique pianistic voice will reward audiences for years to come.
Pianist and long-time music lover Julie Ingelfinger enjoys day jobs as professor of pediatrics at Harvard medical School, pediatric nephrologist at MassGeneral Hospital for Children and deputy editor at the New England Journal of Medicine.


British Airways launched a flight from London Heathrow (LHR) to Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO) in Russia, and another from Heathrow to King Shaka International Airport in South Africa.
The airline launched a morning, mid-morning and evening flight from Terminal 5 of Sheremetyevo International Airport —that is 29km northwest of central Moscow— to the Russian capital.
The first flight departed London Heathrow on Sunday 28th at 10:15 arriving in Moscow at 17:15. The airline is using the Airbus 321 for the route.
In Durban, British Airway's inaugural non- stop flight landed at King Shaka International Airport yesterday.
The new service will be operated three times a week and the airline will use the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner for the route.


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German Universities' Path to Excellence
The country's hopes are built on competition.
David Matthews for Times Higher Education
On a Friday afternoon, university presidents, city mayors, senior managers, academics and students waited nervously on campuses across Germany. Champagne was on ice. Confetti cannons were primed. TV cameras rolled.
In silence they watched a live stream from Bonn of Anja Karliczek, federal minister for education and research, reading out the names of Germany's 13 "universities of excellence" -- a coveted status that comes with extra collective funding of 148 million euros ($165 million) a year, not to mention priceless bragging rights.
At the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, one of 19 applicants in the running, onlookers wiped sweat from their faces and anxiously patted their legs as Karliczek listed the winners in alphabetical order.
Eventually she reached "K" and announced, "Das Karlsruher Institut für Technologie." The crowd erupted into a cheer, hands above their heads, as though celebrating a goal for the German soccer team. Besuited university dignitaries hugged and punched the air.
Since Germany launched its Excellence Strategy in 2005 (then known as the Excellence Initiative), this live unveiling of the results -- nicknamed the ExStra-Finale by the education journalist Jan-Martin Wiarda -- has become a fixture in the German higher education calendar. The Excellence Strategy, now in its third iteration, aims to "strengthen Germany's position as an outstanding place for research in the long term and further improve its international competitiveness" (the scheme also funds "clusters of excellence" as well as individual universities).
While the Excellence Strategy's extra funding is actually quite limited -- an additional 2 to 3 percent on top of normal budgets, estimated Günter Ziegler, president of the Free University of Berlin (FU) -- its deeper impact is arguably to have seeded a culture in which self-promotion is encouraged.
Some university Twitter feeds were awash with videos of jubilant, cheering crowds. Press releases happily proclaimed their universities "excellent." The rectorate of the University of Bonn and the city's mayor paraded through the city center on an open-top bus to celebrate their triumph.
In the capital, four institutions -- the FU, the Humboldt University of Berlin, the Technical University of Berlin, plus the Charité university hospital -- entered together as the Berlin University Alliance. Celebrating their success, 500 guests danced to the music of no fewer than five DJs, with a couple of university vice presidents and the city's state secretary for science and research taking to the decks.
"We had a lot of fun, and we were celebrating into Saturday morning," said Ziegler.
He insisted that the party would have gone ahead even if the alliance had been unsuccessful (the event was billed as "champagne or mineral water"). More important are the institutions' joint plans, he said.
The live results do not come as a complete surprise for everyone, explained Dieter Lenzen, president of the University of Hamburg -- he was informed of Hamburg's success a few hours before the official announcement.
Still, university heads have to prepare to commiserate as well as celebrate. "I'm nearly 72 years old, so I know anything can happen," he said. "I had two speeches in my pocket" -- one for success, one for failure, he explained.
Excellence status allows Hamburg to finally be taken seriously by the city's elite, Lenzen said. Since it was founded in 1918, the university has been long overlooked by a merchant ruling class that thought trade more important than higher education. "Starting today, I never again want to hear Universität Hamburg is 'at best average.' That is now proven to be straight-up 'fake news,'" he said in a statement celebrating the win.
But winners necessitate losers. At the University of Stuttgart, the team who bid for excellence status watched in disappointment as Karliczek failed to read out the institution's name, lamented rector Wolfram Ressel.
They then headed to a beach-themed party put on for them by students. "In the beginning, the atmosphere was a bit down. But after some beers, everybody laughed," he said. Stuttgart's bid, though unsuccessful, was nonetheless a unifying exercise that prompted faculty and students to promote the university and jointly plan for the future, he said.
The competition has indeed changed the culture of German universities, said Lenzen, but he added two caveats. Only 50 to 60 universities out of about 400 actually compete, he pointed out. And this new hierarchy has not itself created differences between universities; rather, it has merely brought them out into the open, doing away with the previously prevailing fiction that all German universities were comparable, he argued.
"In the end there is more balance than change," said Peter-André Alt, former president of the FU and now head of the German Rectors' Conference. A handful of German universities have made strides in boosting their reputation internationally -- he mentioned the Free University, the Technical University of Munich and LMU Munich -- but the country's system is still one of "distributed excellence," with no one institution at the peak of international rankings. Public opinion is of the belief that "they should not aim at a comparable situation as the U.S.," he said.
As the then president of the FU, Alt remembers the months of nervous tension before the previous ExStra-Finale in 2012. After the FU's win in that round, the party went on until midnight, he recalled: "For an academic party, it's quite long."
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Preeti Mardia has diverse end-to-end operational management and commercial expertise across Electronics, Telecoms, Aerospace and FMCG sectors. Preeti Mardia is a Board Director with ThinFilm Electronics ASA, a global leader in printed electronics technology, and a non-executive Board Director of GFinity plc. Prior to the position of Senior Vice President Operations held at IDEX ASA, she was Vice President Operations for Axxcss Wireless UK and Operations Director at Filtronic Plc. She has FMCG experience with Cadbury Schweppes Plc. Preeti Mardia has a Masters degree in Management from Ashridge.


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Two voices from the civil rights movement
In a conversation about civil rights and voter suppression, two African American women shared some pivotal experiences with participants at the I AM Her Women's Leadership Summit.
Clara Ester grew up in Memphis under the Jim Crow law and was trained to be a community organizer in high school. She became actively involved in the civil rights movement through a United Methodist pastor, the Rev. James Lawson. They were involved in the Memphis sanitation strike, and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. came to offer his support.
Ester was at the Lorraine Motel on May 4, 1968, when an assassin's bullet found King. "I watched him being lifted up and thrown back on that balcony area," she recalled quietly. Then, somehow, she found herself standing over him. She unbuckled his belt and checked his pulse; his eyes were open. "He had a beautiful smile on his face."
A deaconess who just finished her term as vice president of United Methodist Women, Ester has continued "to speak up and speak out around social issues that affect anyone who has been deprived of their human rights," she said.
Her focus this fall is on people exercising their right to vote. "I pray to God that every protester, every concerned citizen, will take that vote to the polls."
The Rev. Francine Thirus is a Chicago native whose parents moved there from Alabama as part of the Great Migration. A teacher, teacher's union activist and lawyer before she became a pastor, she remembers the shock over the death of Emmett Till and the discrimination against Blacks in housing, education and employment.
In 1968, King's death "knocked the wind out of our sails temporarily," she said. "But we had to pull together. There was only one of him, but there were thousands and thousands and millions of us. It pushed us forward."
The death of George Floyd in Minneapolis earlier this year provided the same jolt. "Just as we did before, we have to continue on to fight this battle," Thirus said. "The most powerful tool we have right now is the vote."
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Mildred "Pearl" Forguson, 95, of Granite City, passed away at 7:45 p.m. Monday, March 25, 2019, at Meridian Village in Glen Carbon.
She was born Aug. 30, 1923, in Lonedell, Mo., a daughter of the late James Elmer and Stella Ann (Turnbull) Greenlee. She married Garnet Edward Forguson on June 29, 1940, in Granite City and he passed away Oct. 9, 1986. Pearl and her late husband had owned and operated a market in Granite City for several years. She had also worked for Centerre Bank and Trust in St. Louis with 15 years of service in the distribution department. She was a faithful member of City Temple Assembly of God Church in Granite City, where she had assisted with years of funeral luncheons and many other activities. She had served as a Den Mother with the Boy Scouts, enjoyed working genealogy and was a talented seamstress. She was a loving and devoted homemaker and will be remembered for the love as a mother and grandmother.
She is survived by six children and their spouses, Edward and Pat Forguson of The Villages, Fla., David and Linda Forguson of Granite City, Daniel and Anita Forguson of Troy, Dale and Nor Forguson of Collinsville, Sheree and Greg Moutria of Edwardsville and Doug and Connie Forguson of St. Louis; 16 grandchildren; 30 great-grandchildren; six great-great-grandchildren, other extended family and friends.
In addition to her beloved husband and parents, she was preceded in death by a daughter-in-law, Gail Forguson; seven brothers, twin, Milford Murl Greenlee, James Greenlee, Harold Greenlee, Frederick Greenlee, David Greenlee, Delmer Greenlee and Elmer Greenlee; and five sisters, Beulah Stovall, Thelma Stovall, Rebecca "Addie" Gregory, Hazel Greenlee and Helen Greenlee.
In celebration of her life, visitation will be from 10 a.m. until time of funeral service at noon on Friday, March 29, 2019, at Irwin Chapel, 591 Glen Crossing Road in Glen Carbon with Chaplain Brad Thomas officiating. Burial will follow at Sunset Hill Memorial Estates in Glen Carbon. Memorials may be made to Family Hospice of Belleville or to the American Heart Association and may be accepted at the funeral home; irwinchapel.com.


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Home » Intellectual Property
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It is dedicated to developing a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system, which rewards creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while safeguarding the public interest. WIPO was established by the WIPO Convention in 1967 with a mandate from its Member States to promote the protection of IP throughout the world through cooperation among states and in collaboration with other international organizations. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. The Director General is Francis Gurry.
United States Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO). The USPTO advises the President of the United States, the Secretary of Commerce, and U.S. Government agencies on intellectual property (IP) policy, protection, and enforcement; and promotes the stronger and more effective IP protection around the world. The USPTO furthers effective IP protection for U.S. innovators and entrepreneurs worldwide by working with other agencies to secure strong IP provisions in free trade and other international agreements. It also provides training, education, and capacity building programs designed to foster respect for IP and encourage the development of strong IP enforcement regimes by U.S. trading partners.
European Patent Office (EPO). The European Patent Office (EPO) provides a uniform application procedure for individual inventors and companies seeking patent protection in up to 40 European countries. It is the executive arm of the European Patent Organisation and is supervised by the Administrative Council. Further information:
European Patent Organisation
The European Patent Office
Boards of Appeal
European Patent Academy
European Patent Network
Japan Industrial Property Digital Library (IPDL) offers the public access to IP Gazettes of the JPO free of charge through the Internet. The Japan Patent Office (JPO) is responsible for the protection of the rights for patents for inventions, utility models for devices, industrial designs, and trademarks. In Japan, these four kinds of rights are called "industrial property rights."


This HTML tutorial goes with the steps to creating a Web site. You'll commence with the fundamental tags for any page, and tell you adding text and graphics towards the page, plus much more.
Fundamental HTML Tutorial Adopt these measures and also to learn HTML and start building Webpages.
Writing HTML in Notepad When you begin your internet page, you do not need an expensive program to create your HTML, you just need a text editor like Notepad or SimpleText.
Fundamental Tags for an internet site Every Web site should have these tags.
Titles, Bold, and Italics After you have fundamental text in your page, you are able to change the way it looks using these tags.
Lists Make designated and bulleted lists effortlessly. Connecting with other Pages After you have your page up, you will want to indicate other pages.
Adding Images Graphics create a Web site fun, bear in mind to upload these to your internet server (see next thing).
Uploading Your Website After you have a webpage ready for display, you will want to upload it to some Server.


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Stokes Bay has always been a destination for those wishing to enjoy the seaside. In 1854 the Stokes Bay and Isle of Wight Steam Boat and Telegragh Company started building a pier at the east end of the bay to cater for the increased numbers of people who were expected to holiday on the Isle of Wight following the building of Osbourne House by Queen Victoria.
The pier was badly damaged during the Second World War and was eventually destroyed by the military. The remains of the pier can still be seen at a very low tide and a warning buoy is all that remains to remind us of this once grand structure.
The Sailing Club was formed a year or so before the outbreak of World War II (1938). When on 9 May 1938, a meeting in Gosport Council Chamber was convened to discuss the formation of a Club in Stokes Bay for owners of small boats, as a means of bringing people to the residential district of Alverstoke. The proposal was approved, and Officers duly elected.
President – The Mayor, Major C.F.O.Graham, OBE, JP.;
Commodore – Admiral G.Layton, CB, DSO.;
Secretary – Mr J.C.Donnelly.
The Club's first regatta was held on Saturday 6 August 1938. Inaugurated by the Mayor firing the first guns, and breaking the Club burgee which embodied the town's colours of blue and gold in vertical sections with a red horizontal bar at the masthead. For its first season the Club operated from Mr Rogers boathouse not far from the present Angling Club. By 1939 membership had grown to 160, and a wooden hut had been acquired as the first Clubhouse, however, with the outbreak of hostilities the Club ceased operating in September of the same year.
In 1942 the Club records were destroyed in an air raid, and in the same year the Club hut was requisitioned for the war effort – it's exact contribution never having been made public, though it was reputed to as ended up as a shed in a senior officers garden.
Stokes Bay played a very major role in the lead-up to D-Day and was one of the principal
sites for the development, testing and building of the component parts of the Mulberry Harbours.
The grass field next to the club still has the remains of many concrete roads and has produced many a bent tent peg during camping at open meetings!
On 1 August 1946 the Club resumed its activities, using the very solid
two-storey building constructed to control the D-Day embarkation. Temporarily secured from the Naval Authorities through the strenuous efforts of Mr J.Fairhall and Mr J.Donnelly. Annual subscriptions were set at 10/6, and on the social side 1948 saw the first "Pirates Ball".
"Bystander I" the first rescue boat was purchased in 1950. The Clubs tally of trophies was evolving, and was further increased when in 1952 Mr C.Gustar presented the "Gussie" trophy, a unique silver plated model of a national twelve. In the same year the Club introduced the Langstone system of handicapping – one of the first Clubs to do so. Membership remained at around 150 despite subscriptions escalating to £1. The Firefly National Championships were held in 1954, attracting over 100 entries, and in 1959 the idea of a special 21st Anniversary race led to the first Pursuit Race. Also, in the 1950's an Albacore named 'Allegro' made history in the Racing Rules Appeal Cases when the owner "rocked" her around the course to victory in a flat calm.
1960 saw the beginning of catamaran racing. Annual subscriptions were raised to £3, to allow for repairs to the Clubhouse. The first bar was established in 1965. While 1966 marked something of a leap in technology when electricity was laid on, a telephone connected, and the following year showers installed – one for men and one for women. Sailing in the 1960's continued apace, the Club playing an active part in popularising sailing nationally over this period, with its participation and organisation of major sailing events, as well as being the venue for a series of races between National Champions from various classes for the T.V. programme 'Grandstand' in the first attempt to present sailing as a spectator sport. Later the Dart catamaran fleet acted as extras in a 'Blue Peter' programme with John Noakes learning to sail. Videos of sailing and sail-boarding were also made for a "This is Sport" series. In 1969 the Club hosted the Optimist World Championships.
By the 1970's membership had grown to over 500, resulting in a need to extend the clubhouse, subsequently opened by Sir Alec Rose. Throughout the 1970's the Club hosted many National events, even producing its own National Champions. By the end of the decade board sailing had arrived at Stokes Bay.
The 1980's saw the Club finally produce its first World Champions in Jason Belben and Andy Hemmings. Later, this pair represented Great Britain in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The Club also held it's 50th Anniversary in the same year.
With membership continuing to grow the clubhouse underwent its second extension in 1994, opened by a founder member Mr J.C.Donnelly.


This pack includes a set of 14' hi hats, a 16' crash and a 20' ride. Perfect for upgrading from factory cymbals that came with the drum kit, or an economical way to buy 3 new cymbals! This is cheaper than buying 1 cymbal of some comparable brands!
Looking for a tough, light-weight case to lug you gear safely and securely? Look no further. These cases are built to last and will protect your gear from anything the environment or baggage handlers can throw at it.
Suitable for 8 Cymbals, it includes 8 foam washer dividers. The centre spike locks into the lid when closed, so there's no need to screw a washer onto the spike to clamp the cymbals in place. Just flick off the lid and the cymbals are ready to go - Easy setup and pack down.
Capacity:- up to 8 cymbals - Largest size 21 inch.


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Q: How to stop button from animating when setting the title of UIButton When we want to set the text of a UIButton, we need to execute the below code:
myButton.setTitle("My Text", forState: .normal)

The only problem is, when the text changes, an animation happens like this:

Is there a way to set the title of a button without it animating?
I would like the button to act as a standard UILabel, however I would also like it to call a function when it is pressed on.

A: You can set values inside UIView's performWithoutAnimation and it will do just as it states. But you will also need to call layoutIfNeeded so they relayout happens during the block.
UIView.performWithoutAnimation {
  self.myButton.setTitle(newTitle, forState: .Normal)
  self.myButton.layoutIfNeeded()
}

A: Use myButton.setTitle("My Text", forState: .normal) for all Uibuttoncontrolstate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gertrude "Babe" Ivan,nee Webb, age 90, resident of Oak Lawn for 53 years.
Beloved wife of Joseph Ivan for 61 years; loving aunt of Mary Ellen (Donald) Surprenant, James (Patricia) Webb, John Webb Jr., Sharon (Bill) Netherton, Charmain Webb and Pat (late William) Webb; proud great and great-great aunt of many nieces and nephews; dear sister of the late John and Mabel Webb, William and Kay Webb and James Webb.
She worked for the former Armour Pharmaceutical Co. for 36 years as a Research Technican.
Funeral Monday, 11:30 a.m. atZimmerman & Sandeman Funeral Home, 5200 W. 95th St. Interment Mt. Hope Cemetery.


How rich is Omarosa Manigault? – How Rich?
Omaraosa Manigault was born on February 5, 1974 in Youngstown, Ohio. She is the dauther of Theresa Marie Walker and Jack Thomas Manigault, Sr. She has two siblings: Gladys Louise and Jack Thomas, who was murdered.
Omarosa attended The Rayen School. Upon graduation, Omarosa attended Central State University and earned a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism. After university, she relocated to Washington, D.C. and then attended Howard University to gain a master's degree and a Ph.D. in communications. She also garnered Biblical Studies training at Payne Theological Seminary.
In 2000, Omarosa married Aaron Stallworth, but they were divorced in 2005. She then entered into a relationship with actor Michael Clarke Duncan, but he would pass away. Omarosa is now engaged to Dr. John Allen, a pastor from Florida.
In July 2016, Omarosa announced at the Republican National Convention (RNC) that she would serve as the director of African-American outreach for Trump's presidential campaign. She is now the director of communications for the Office of Public Liaison in the Trump White House.
Omarosa recently generated a bit of controversy by getting into a fierce exchange with television hosts Joy Behar and Sunny Hostin.
We estimate that Omarosa Manigault's net worth is $1.5 million (2016).
$1.5 million can pay for nearly the entire salary of a United States president's first term. $1.5 million can also help pay to launch a new reality television series.


Udupi Style Sambar called "Masali Kodhel" in Udupi is a preparation made of ground masalas, vegetables and dal. It is very similar to the "Arachivitta Sambar" made in Tamilnadu. I have used Mangalore Cucumber or Mangalore Southekai which is mostly used in this style of Sambar. You can have this Sambar with steamed rice, idlis and dosas.
Boil the mangalore cucumber in a cup of water and add the tamarind extract, jaggery and turmeric powder. Let it boil till the cucumber is cooked.
Heat oil in a small kadai and add the ingredients mentioned under "for the paste" except the coconut. When the urad dal turns light brown, add the coconut and fry for a few minutes. Switch off the gas and let the paste cool down.
Grind this to a fine paste in a blender/mixer.
Add this to the sambar with dal and bring to a boil.
Heat oil in a small pan and add curry leaves. Add this to the sambar. Serve sambar with steamed rice and papad.
You can use any vegetable like white pumpkin, beans, cabbage, carrot, onion and potato for this sambar.


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Happy Birthday, Bob!
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the day that Bob Paisley was born in Hetton-Le-Hole, County Durham.
Bob Paisley, OBE, is widely regarded as one of the greatest football managers of all time. We certainly think so! During his nine years as Manager of Liverpool FC he won 3 European Cups, 6 First Division titles, 3 League Cups, 6 Charity Shields, 1 UEFA Cup and 1 UEFA Supercup.
He won the Football Manager of the Year award six times (1975-76, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1982-83), was awarded the OBE in 1983 and was an inaugural inductee into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002.
Over the next year, our website will be updated with more details of Bob's fabulous career, but today, we thought it was fitting to share these photos with you. They were sent to us by David Willoughby, and show that Bob is still remembered, and loved, in the place where he was born. The photos are reproduced here with David's kind permission.
Peter Moore Pays Tribute For #Paisley100
#Paisley 100 at St Peter's
2 thoughts on "Happy Birthday, Bob!"
David Willoughby says:
Still a Legend in Hetton le Hole.❤
donnaj25 says:
And thanks again for sending the photos, David! They're so appropriate for today!


text:
Books | Books
VK Krishna Menon: The Man Behind the Mystique
Jairam Ramesh casts a new light on VK Krishna Menon
Ullekh NP Ullekh NP	 | 13 Dec, 2019
A Chequered Brilliance: The Many Lives of VK Krishna Menon Jairam Ramesh
744 pages | ₹ 999
Jawaharlal Nehru and Krishna Menon, London, 1949 (Photo: Getty Images)
IN THIS BIOGRAPHY of VK Krishna Menon, Jairam Ramesh rightly points out the irony that though Kerala considers Menon a demigod, he was against the idea of redrawing the state on a linguistic basis. Within the state, he is always forgiven for his sins. People did so even when he was alive. The author explains twice in the book that Menon, Nehru's sounding board and cabinet colleague, went with the flow and backed then Congress president Indira Gandhi's bid to get the first communist government of unified Kerala dismissed using Article 356 of the Constitution despite Prime Minister Pandit Nehru's initial reluctance.
Paradoxically, one of the most memorable photographs of the 1971 Lok Sabha elections is the one from Thiruvananthapuram that has Marxist stalwarts AK Gopalan and EMS Namboodiripad standing alongside Menon, flashing winning smiles. Menon bucked a pro-Congress wave and won as an independent candidate that year with the support of those who were at the receiving end of his diabolical stance as a high-profile Congress leader and confidant of Nehru 12 years earlier. In fact, the Left in India always respected him as a fellow traveller and that explains why communist veterans like Promode Dasgupta and Jyoti Basu were delighted to offer him the Midnapore seat in the 1969 Lok Sabha bypoll in which Menon won, earning, overall, the rare honour of having won elections from three different corners of the country, starting with the victories from Bombay North in 1957 and 1962 as a Congress candidate.
But in Delhi's corridors of power, among a large section of bureaucrats, defence beat correspondents and former army officers, he is a reviled figure just as he is revered by a section of career diplomats and others. Even at the height of his glory and power, Menon evoked extreme reactions with his propensity to win friends and foes alike—a trait of his that Ramesh dwells upon at length citing numerous examples all through this 744-page work that draws extensively from newly declassified papers, archives and from personal correspondence available with the Menon family.
Chequered Brilliance: The Many Lives of VK Krishna Menon is an apt title for a book about the man often described as 'global citizen' thanks to a raft of reasons, including his stellar and controversial stints in London and New York, first as High Commissioner to UK and then as member and leader of the Indian delegation to the United Nations.
From their first meeting, all of Nehru's pre-freedom Europe visits were planned to perfection by Menon who would also play a pivotal role in the publication of his works that invited global acclaim
A few years ago, a noted editor wondered why we had a road in the national capital named after Menon. The question shocked someone like me who had attended a school founded by Menon, but was par for the course for the editor who started off as a defence and foreign affairs reporter and was perhaps less aware of political history. Congress parliamentarian Ramesh's book is for both of us, those who are taught to hate Menon and those trained to worship him. Unlike most biographies of the man, this one doesn't offer punditry about his superman-like qualities and comprehension, but states facts, an outcome of rigorous research starting from the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library to Scotland Yard intel records. Trapped between multitudes that make a devil out of him and those who tirelessly whitewash him over certain affinities, this book is a delight for anyone who wants to know the man behind the maze of myriad images.
Ramesh does do justice to Menon (1896-1974) whose failures are often magnified, and achievements overlooked. Menon's prescience on a range of issues—from the British intent before Partition to the formula for lasting peace between China and India, are explored well. The book addresses the many stages of Menon's life; his childhood in a rich family in northern Malabar in Kerala; his Madras years; student days and long years of activism in England; milestones in his political career; international fame; epic fall from grace; life after Congress; and his legacy.
As Ramesh writes, '…in the 1950s, it was Krishna Menon alone who advocated a negotiated settlement to the Sino-Indian border dispute.' According to the swap formula he proposed, while China acknowledged India's claim in the Chumbi Valley, India reciprocated China's in Aksai Chin. The book offers interesting details of Menon's own notes on his parleys with Chinese leader Chou En Lai. His three-hour speech—which was later made into a book that the author has dug up—offers great insights into the contentious subject and Menon's grasp of the situation. The book also scrutinises his follies that put India in a bad spot in the 1962 war. Menon had to resign shortly afterwards to save his mentor and friend Pandit Nehru from further embarrassment, first from the defence portfolio and then from the ministry.
This book, armed with insights from new documents, also looks at certain unforgotten feats of Menon as a UN envoy who has successfully negotiated conflicts and diplomatic rivalries involving the US, China, Korea and other countries. With his tall built, hard, chiseled features and hawk-like gaze that made him hard to miss in a crowd, he was widely networked and had a knack for striking up new ties among diplomats, celebrities and heads of states worldwide. Driven, hardworking and ambitious, Menon often neglected his health to hop across continents, leaving his footprint in one issue after the other as a top-notch diplomat. Featured in the 1950s across American and European dailies, magazines and invited to radio and TV chat shows, Menon, according to former Indian president R Venkatraman who was a delegate to the UN, "was like a seismograph in the United Nations vibrating to every fluctuation in world affairs and registering India's reactions to each of them. There was such a thing as a Menon Scale, which, like the Richter's recorded vibrations of different intensity depending on the gravity of the tremor".
Menon was also cunning, unpredictable and at times wicked. About his marathon eight-hour speech on Kashmir, over two days in February 1957, at the end of which he fainted, his friend and Filipino statesman Carlos Romulo said, "We took him to the room next to the Security Council, gave him smelling salts. He revived, but, of course, that was a ploy. He was a candidate for Parliament in Bombay and he wanted this…. I said, 'Krishna, you know you won the Oscar award?'"
Jairam Ramesh
Menon also attracted hate from people he treated as imperial powers. The book reveals several such instances from his London days when long-time friends turned bitter enemies. The late politician Minoo Masani is one example. It is hinted that the wrath of an American President in 1962 cost him his job as defence minister. Besides, then US ambassador to India JK Galbraith also loathed him. US President Dwight Eisenhower wrote in his diary after meeting Menon, 'He is a boor because he conceives himself to be intellectually superior and rather coyly presents to cover this under a cloud of excessive humility and modesty. He is a menace because he is a master of twisting words and meanings of others….'
The author also delves into communication between Menon, members of his family, especially his talented sisters and others who were close to him and who knew about many of his love affairs and infatuations, some of which kicked up a storm. For instance, Ramesh quotes Menon's grandniece Janaki Ram as comparing the relationship he had with a staff at the High Commission in London, Kamala Jaspal, to that between Pygmalion charcters Professor Higgins and Eliza Doolittle. The author also familiarises the reader with events that people who have read Menon's earlier biographies already know but with newer inputs. Ramesh writes of Menon's association with Annie Besant who took him under her wing in Madras and offered him an opportunity to grow and land a job in London (Menon addressed her as mother like his associate and famous spiritual guru Jiddu Krishnamurti, also did). We also get to know more about Menon's father-like devotion and attachment to his professor at the London School of Economics where he was called a "perpetual student" who was destined to acquire many degrees, including an MA and MSc. The book is rich with anecdotes of his association with accomplished peers that include Mohan Kumaramangalam, Feroze Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, PN Haksar and others.
Even at the height of his glory and power, Menon evoked extreme reactions with his propensity to win friends and foes alike—a trait of his that Jairam Ramesh dwells upon, citing examples through this voluminous work that draws from newly declassified papers
BUT THE MOST hard-hitting part is about the tie between Menon and his most important benefactor, Pandit Nehru, whom he first met in 1935. They hit it off well and Menon would soon become Nehru's man and publishing agent in London. From their first meeting, all of Nehru's pre-freedom Europe visits were planned to perfection by Menon who would also play a pivotal role in the publication of his works that invited global acclaim, including his autobiography and Glimpses of World History. It was just the beginning of a friendship that would have a far-reaching impact on India's freedom, Partition, foreign policy, Constitution, defence preparedness, etcetera. Letters exchanged between Nehru and Menon that the author has used to explain their ties bring to the fore not only the fact that they became soul mates but also lays bare many undercurrents, personal relationships and intrigues within the freedom movement. Ramesh also brings up documents to buttress arguments about how Menon, over the decades, did what he did in the early decades of India's freedom, including the liberation of Goa from the Portuguese. His proximity to British officials, including prime ministers and viceroys like Mountbatten and his wife Edwina, gave him an advantage, and he warned Nehru of British machinations "that would adversely affect" India's interests. We get a peek into many such close social and political alliances of Menon's.
His life as a crusader for India's freedom in England is narrated with great skill in some chapters. Between 1924 and 1946, he visited India only once in 1932. For more than two decades his work as the leader of the India League was to attract sympathy for the Indian cause among intellectuals (of the order of Bertrand Russell), musicians, celebrities, writers, artists and politicians. His efforts paid off and the pro-India lobby was hyperactive even within government circles thanks to his singular effort. The author captures this part of the man's life with great finesse.
In resurrecting a figure as complex as Menon—who grew from a school teacher in England to become one of the most photographed (he made it to Time's cover), talked-about and feared Indians ever, before his mercurial temperament and the penchant for getting into endless troubles brought about his downfall—Ramesh has done a good job. He has put the spotlight on several love affairs of the man known by epithets that include 'Mephistopheles in a Savile Row suit', 'Rasputin' and so on. Even today, the mystique of Menon, who was so powerful once that he was even seen as a successor to Nehru, continues to grow.
booksdiplomacyExternal Affairs MinisterIndira GandhiJairam RameshJawaharlal NehruPN HaksarVK Krishna Menon
Ullekh NP
Tracing Footsteps
Urvashi Bahuguna
Antara Raghavan M Mukundan's award-winning biography of a city reveals Delhi's underbelly with compassion. The author tells Antara Raghavan why a river of sorrow runs beneath his stories
Red-Light Dreams
Vikram Zutshi A police procedural and sociological treatise set in Calcutta
Raunaq Saraswat A Delhi saga spanning two hundred years foregrounds the masons and labourers


text:
Маскара́с (, ) — коммуна во Франции, находится в регионе Юг — Пиренеи. Департамент — Верхние Пиренеи. Входит в состав кантона Турне. Округ коммуны — Тарб.

Код INSEE коммуны — 65303.

География

Коммуна расположена приблизительно в 660 км к югу от Парижа, в 115 км юго-западнее Тулузы, в 10 км к юго-востоку от Тарба.

Коммуна расположена в местности Бигорр. На востоке коммуны протекает река .

Климат
Климат умеренно-океанический с солнечной тёплой погодой и обильными осадками на протяжении практически всего года.

Население
Население коммуны на 2010 год составляло 392 человека.

Администрация

Экономика
В 2010 году среди 246 человек трудоспособного возраста (15-64 лет) 174 были экономически активными, 72 — неактивными (показатель активности — 70,7 %, в 1999 году было 66,0 %). Из 174 активных жителей работали 156 человек (85 мужчин и 71 женщина), безработных было 18 (5 мужчин и 13 женщин). Среди 72 неактивных 22 человека были учениками или студентами, 31 — пенсионерами, 19 были неактивными по другим причинам.

Примечания

Ссылки

Коммуны департамента Верхние Пиренеи

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Darlington senior Bryce Stone scores on a drive to the hoop during the Redbirds' 61–50 victory at Fennimore on Tuesday, Dec. 18.
POSTED December 27, 2018 11:36 a.m.
FENNIMORE — The battle-tested Darlington Redbirds boys' basketball team was back at it on the court last week, knocking off two more ranked Division 4 teams on the road to remain unbeaten on the season at 8-0 and alone atop the SWAL at 4-0.
The Redbirds defended their first-place standing in the SWAL by defeating the #8-ranked Fennimore Golden Eagles, 61-50, at FHS on Tuesday, Dec. 18, and then headed to New Glarus on Thursday, Dec. 20, where they rallied from behind in the second half to take down the #1-ranked Glarner Knights by a score of 70-64.
Through their first eight game, the 'Birds have beaten four state-ranked D4 opponents, including a pair of wins against teams who were ranked #1 coming into the game.
At Fennimore, on Tuesday, the Redbirds broke off on a 14-2 scoring run in the first half to jump into the lead, and then used a late 9-0 run to put away the host Golden Eagles, 61-50, for a key SWAL victory.
After Kellen Kenney sank three quick baskets to shoot the Eagles (7-2, 2-2) out to an early 8-4 advantage, the 'Birds got 3-pointers from seniors Trae Schilling, Bryce Stone and Matthew Douglas to shoot into an 18-10 lead.
Douglas added his third trey of the first-half to put the 'Birds up by five with around three minutes remaining in the half, while Schilling and sophomore Cayden Rankin closed the half with baskets to send Darlington into the locker room at the intermission sporting a 29-22 lead.
Kenney (10 points) and Warren Adam (seven) combined to score 17 of the 22 points to keep Fennimore in the game.
The Redbirds protected their lead the entire second half, fighting back the Eagles five times after they cut the deficit back to two points.
Adam, who netted 14 of his game-high 21 points in the second half, got the hosts within two on three occasions and Kenney sank a pair of free throws with around four and a half minutes remaining to pull the Eagles within 50-48.
Schilling and Rankin went back-to-back with baskets once again to extend the lead to six, and the 'Birds went 3-of-6 from the foul line– two coming after Adam's fifth foul and a technical foul which was called on Kenney following Adam's last foul– to open up a 57-48 lead with two minutes to play.
Rankin, who finished with a career-best nine points, tacked on a breakaway layup following a steal to put the 'Birds up 59-48 with 1:11 to go, and the Eagles had no time left to respond.
Douglas scored 11 of his team-high 13 points in the first half to lead the Redbirds, while senior Stryker Fitzsimons tallied nine of his 12 points in the second half. Stone added eight of his 11 points in the second half, and Rankin netted seven of his nine in that half as well.
Schilling finished with eight points, while the Redbirds' leading scorer, sophomore Carter Lancaster, was limited to six points by the Eagles.
"Fennimore had a similar plan as far as trying to limit our top scorers. They made things hard for Stryker and Carter, but that created opportunities for our other guys to step up. Matt had a big first half, and Bryce had a big second half to help pick up the scoring (slack). Trae and Cayden were also both near double figures in scoring," noted Uppena.
Fennimore's top two scorers, senior Reid Larson and sophomore Adam Larson, came into the night averaging 21 and 19 points, respectively, on the season but were held to just seven and four points during the game by the 'Birds.
"The credit goes to our defense in the win over Fennimore. That was as good of a performance of individual and team defense as I've had from one of my teams. Holding the Larsons to 11 total points when they each average around 20 is the result of incredible effort and execution of the game plan," Uppena commented.
At New Glarus, on Thursday, Dec. 20, Stryker Fitzsimons scored all 23 of his points in the second half while Carter Lancaster added 13 of his 16 points in that same stanza to rally the Redbirds over the top-ranked Glarner Knights, 70-64, in a non-conference shootout.
"New Glarus was a great road win for us. It was a playoff atmosphere and a great test for us to see how we would be able to handle that kind of defensive pressure. I was really happy with how our bench responded when we got into some foul trouble. Michael Riley and Cade Murray, who haven't seen big minutes this year, stepped up in a big time game and kept it to a one-point game at the half," said coach Tom Uppena.
The Redbirds trailed 25-24 at the half, but came back to outscore the Knights (7-1) by a 46-39 in the second half after sinking 18-of-20 on their 2-point attempts following a concerted effort to work the ball inside.
"We certainly weren't perfect handling the pressure, but we were better the second half in being a bit more patient and then getting into our half-court offense. We felt we had a big advantage in the post, so the emphasis was to get it inside to Stryker and Carter and let them go to work. Stryker missed a lot of the first half with foul trouble, but was a man on a mission in the second half. We were able to get high percentage shots and get to the free throw line," explained Uppena.
Darlington went 16-for-31 from the foul stripe on the night to finish six points better than the Knights, who shot 10-of-14 on the night.
Matthew Douglas contributed 11 points for the balanced 'Birds, while senior Carson Evenstad added eight points and Trae Schilling netted six in the win. Senior Zach Feller led the Knights with 19 points after connecting on five shots from beyond the 3-point arc.
Senior Jaden Kreklow, who recently became New Glarus' all-time leading scorer, was limited to 12 points on the night, while sophomore Darrin Schuett added nine points.
Darlington will host Lancaster in a non-conference boys'-girls' doubleheader at DHS on Thursday, Dec. 27. The varsity boys' game will start at 6 p.m. with the varsity girls' game to follow at approximately 7:30 p.m.
Darlington– Cayden Rankin 9, Trae Schilling 8, Bryce Stone 11, Carson Evenstad 2, Stryker Fitzsmons 12, Carter Lancaster 6, Matthew Douglas 13. Totals – 24 8-16 61.
Fennimore– A. Larson 4, R. Larson 7, Kenney 14, Adam 21, Kephart 4. Totals – 21 7-9 50.
3-point goals– D 5 (Schilling 1, Stone 1, Douglas 3), F 1 (R. Larson 1). Total fouls– D 12, F 14. Fouled out– F: Adam. Tech foul– F: Kenney.
Darlington– Cayden Rankin 4, Trae Schilling 6, Carson Evenstad 8, Stryker Fitzsmons 23, Carter Lancaster 16, Michael Riley 2, Matthew Douglas 11. Totals – 26 16-31 70.
New Glarus– Craker 5, M. Martinson 5, Feller 19, Schuett 9, Janssen 2. Kreklow 12, Siegenthaler 5, Gassman 7. Totals – 23 10-14 64.
3-point goals– D 2 (Douglas 2), NG 8 (Feller 5, Craker 1, Siegenthaler 1, Schuett 1). Total fouls– D 17, NG 28. Fouled out– NG: Siegenthaler, Martinson.


Post Office Four Oaks opening times.
Four Oaks Post Office in West Midlands is open Monday from 08:00 until 17:30, Tuesday from 08:00 until 17:30, Wednesday from 08:00 until 17:30, Thursday from 08:00 until 17:30, Friday from 08:00 until 17:30, Saturday from 08:00 until 17:30, Sunday is closed. Four Oaks Post Office Drop & Go services. Four Oaks Post Office Passport Check & Send services. Four Oaks Post Office Vehicle Tax services. Four Oaks Post Office Foreign Currency services. Four Oaks Post Office Travel Insurance services. Four Oaks Post Office Travel Money Card Plus services. Four Oaks Post Office National Express - Tickets services. Four Oaks Post Office Current Account - Servicing services. Four Oaks Post Office Savings application forms services.


We are in search of suppliers who can supply Confectionery Items like Cereals, Chocolate, Noodles, Biscuits, etc. We will buy these confectionery items in different flavor chocolate, fruity, cream, milk chocolate, etc. If you can supply the same then kindly contact us with best and precise quotes.


In three, equally fabulous designs, these girls' Totes Animal Padders Slipper Socks are fun novelty styles created with a mix of various textures, appliqué sections and painstakingly embroidered facial details. You can choose from a Unicorn compete with glittery horn, a lovably ugly Monster or a cute Piggy.
All three Totes Toasties designs are made with a warm, soft and furry lining to keep little feet toasty-warm, and with a slip-resistant tread on the soles for safety.


EgyptAir on 28 August takes delivery of the first of five Boeing 737-800s with financing secured by the US ExIm Bank.
ExIm is guaranteeing a loan by JP Morgan to EgyptAir for the five aircraft, which were part are part of an ovearll order for 12 of the type. Deliveries of the remaining four aircraft are scheduled for September and October of this year.
On 6 August the carrier tabled plans to swap an order for two 777-300ERs with eight additional 737-800s.
During a ceremony today at the ExIm Bank's headquarters in Washington DC, Mohamed Hassan, adviser to the chairman of the airline's parent, EgyptAir Holding Company, said the five 737-800s that with the ExIm bank guarantee are earmarked for existing city pairs in the carrier's network.
ExIm Bank in fiscal 2008 authorized just under $1 billion to support large US aircraft exports to the Middle East and North Africa. To date in fiscal 2009 the Bank has doubled that amount to $2 billion.
The Bank's total exposure in large aircraft support in the those regions is currenty $4.8 billion, out of a total of $30 billion globally.