text:
Manages system-wide and per-user [RVM][rvm]s and manages installed Rubies.
Several lightweight resources and providers ([LWRP][lwrp]) are also defined.

##  Usage

###  RVM Installed System-Wide with Rubies

Most likely, this is the typical case. Include `recipe[rvm::system]` in your
run_list and override the defaults you want changed. See below for more
details.

###  RVM Installed For A Specific User with Rubies

If you want a per-user install (like on a Mac/Linux workstation for
development), include `recipe[rvm::user]` in your run_list and add a user
hash to the `user_installs` attribute list. For example:

    node['rvm']['user_installs'] = [
      { 'user'          => 'wigglebottom',
        'default_ruby'  => 'rbx',
        'rubies'        => ['1.9.2', '1.8.7']
      }
    ]

See below for more details.

###  RVM Installed System-Wide and LWRPs Defined

If you want to manage your own RVM environment with the provided [LWRP][lwrp]s,
then include `recipe[rvm::system_install]` in your run_list to prevent
a default RVM Ruby being installed. See the **Resources and Providers**
section for more details.

###  RVM Installed For A Specific User and LWRPs Defined

If you want to manage your own RVM environment for users with the provided
LWRPs, then include `recipe[rvm::user_install]` in your run_list and add a
user hash to the `user_installs` attribute list. For example:

    node['rvm']['user_installs'] = [
      { 'user' => 'wigglebottom' }
    ]

See the **Resources and Providers** section for more details.

###  Ultra-Minimal Access To LWRPs

Simply include `recipe[rvm]` in your run_list and the LWRPs will be available
to use in other cookbooks. See the **Resources and Providers** section for
more details.

###  Other Use Cases

* If node is running in a Vagrant VM, then including `recipe[rvm::vagrant]`
in your run_list can help with resolving the *chef-solo* binary on subsequent
provision executions.
* If you want other Chef cookbooks to install RubyGems in RVM-managed Rubies,
you can try including `recipe[rvm::gem_package]` in your run_list. Please
read the recipe details before attempting.

##  Requirements

###  Chef

Tested on 0.10.2/0.10.4 and 0.9.16 but newer and older versions (of 0.9.x)
should work just fine. Due to the `rvm_gem` implementation, versions 0.8.x
of Chef currently will **not** work (see [GH-50][gh50]).

File an [issue][issues] if this isn't the case.

###  Platform

The following platforms have been tested with this cookbook, meaning that
the recipes and LWRPs run on these platforms without error:

* ubuntu (10.04/10.10/11.04/12.04)
* debian (6.0)
* mac_os_x (10.6/10.7) (See [Platform Notes](#platform-notes-osx))
* mac_os_x_server (See [Platform Notes](#platform-notes-osx))
* suse (openSUSE, SLES)
* centos
* amazon (2011.09)
* scientific
* redhat
* fedora
* gentoo

Please [report][issues] any additional platforms so they can be added.

### Platform Notes

####  OSX

This cookbook suggests the [homebrew](http://community.opscode.com/cookbooks/homebrew) cookbook, which is needed to install
any additional packages needed to compile ruby. RVM now ships binary rubies,
but will require homebrew to install any additional libraries.

###  Cookbooks

This cookbook depends on the following external cookbooks:

* [chef\_gem][chef_gem_cb]

If you are installing [JRuby][jruby] then a Java runtime will need to be
installed. The Opscode [java cookbook][java_cb] can be used on supported
platforms.

##  Installation

Depending on the situation and use case there are several ways to install
this cookbook. All the methods listed below assume a tagged version release
is the target, but omit the tags to get the head of development. A valid
Chef repository structure like the [Opscode repo][chef_repo] is also assumed.

###  Using Berkshelf

[Berkshelf][berkshelf] is a way to manage a cookbook or an application's
cookbook dependencies. Include the cookbook in your Berksfile, and then run
`berks install`. To install using Berkshelf:

    gem install berkshelf
    cd chef-repo
    berks init
    echo "cookbook 'rvm', github: 'fnichol/chef-rvm'" >> Berksfile
    berks install

###  Using Librarian-Chef

[Librarian-Chef][librarian] is a bundler for your Chef cookbooks.
Include a reference to the cookbook in a [Cheffile][cheffile] and run
`librarian-chef install`. To install Librarian-Chef:

    gem install librarian
    cd chef-repo
    librarian-chef init
    cat >> Cheffile <<END_OF_CHEFFILE
    cookbook 'rvm',
      :git => 'git://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm.git', :ref => 'v0.9.0'
    END_OF_CHEFFILE
    librarian-chef install

###  Using knife-github-cookbooks

The [knife-github-cookbooks][kgc] gem is a plugin for *knife* that supports
installing cookbooks directly from a GitHub repository. To install with the
plugin:

    gem install knife-github-cookbooks
    cd chef-repo
    knife cookbook github install fnichol/chef-rvm/v0.9.0

###  As a Git Submodule

A common practice (which is getting dated) is to add cookbooks as Git
submodules. This is accomplishes like so:

    cd chef-repo
    git submodule add git://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm.git cookbooks/rvm
    git submodule init && git submodule update

**Note:** the head of development will be linked here, not a tagged release.

###  As a Tarball

If the cookbook needs to downloaded temporarily just to be uploaded to a Chef
Server or Opscode Hosted Chef, then a tarball installation might fit the bill:

    cd chef-repo/cookbooks
    curl -Ls https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm/tarball/v0.9.0 | tar xfz - && \
      mv fnichol-chef-rvm-* rvm

###  From the Opscode Community Platform

This cookbook is not currently available on the site due to the flat
namespace for cookbooks. There is some community work to be done here.

##  Recipes

###  default

Installs the RVM gem and initializes Chef to use the Lightweight Resources
and Providers ([LWRPs][lwrp]).

Use this recipe explicitly if you only want access to the LWRPs provided.

###  system_install

Installs the RVM codebase system-wide (that is, into `/usr/local/rvm`). This
recipe includes *default*.

Use this recipe by itself if you want RVM installed system-wide but want
to handle installing Rubies, invoking LWRPs, etc..

###  system

Installs the RVM codebase system-wide (that is, into `/usr/local/rvm`) and
installs Rubies, global gems, and specific gems driven off attribute metadata.
This recipe includes *default* and *system_install*.

Use this recipe by itself if you want RVM system-wide with Rubies installed,
etc.

###  user_install

Installs the RVM codebase for a list of users (selected from the
`node['rvm']['user_installs']` hash). This recipe includes *default*.

Use this recipe by itself if you want RVM installed for specific users in
isolation but want each user to handle installing Rubies, invoking LWRPs, etc.

###  user

Installs the RVM codebase for a list of users (selected from the
`node['rvm']['user_installs']` hash) and installs Rubies, global gems, and
specific gems driven off attribute metadata. This recipe includes *default*
and *user_install*.

Use this recipe by itself if you want RVM installed for specific users in
isolation with Rubies installed, etc.

###  vagrant

An optional recipe if Chef is installed in a non-RVM Ruby in a
[Vagrant][vagrant] virtual machine. This recipe adds the default *vagrant*
user to the RVM unix group and installs a `chef-solo` wrapper script so Chef
doesn't need to be re-installed in the default RVM Ruby.

###  gem_package

An experimental recipe that patches the [gem_package resource][gem_package]
to use the `Chef::Provider::Package::RVMRubygems` provider. An attribute
`rvm/gem_package/rvm_string` will determine which RVM Ruby is used for
install/remove/upgrade/purge actions. This may help when using a third
party or upstream cookbook that assumes a non-RVM managed system Ruby.

**Note:** When this recipe is included it will force RVM to be
installed in the [compilation phase][compilation]. This will ensure that all
Rubies can be available if any `gem_package` resource calls are issued from
other cookbooks during the compilation phase.

**Warning:** [Here be dragons][dragons]! This is either brilliant or the
dumbest idea ever, so feedback is appreciated.

##  Attributes

###  default_ruby

The default Ruby for RVM installed system-wide. If the RVM Ruby is not
installed, it will be built as a pre-requisite. The value can also contain a
gemset in the form of `"ruby-1.8.7-p352@awesome"`.

The default is `"ruby-2.0.0-p0"`. To disable a default Ruby from being
set, use an empty string (`""`) or a value of `"system"`.

###  user_default_ruby

The default Ruby for RVMs installed per-user when not explicitly set for that
user. If the RVM Ruby is not installed, it will be built as a pre-requisite.
The value can also contain a gemset in the form of `"ruby-1.8.7-p352@awesome"`.

The default is `"ruby-2.0.0-p0"`. To disable a default Ruby from being
set, use an empty string (`""`) or a value of `"system"`.

###  rubies

A list of additional RVM system-wide Rubies to be built and installed. This
list does not need to necessarily contain your default Ruby as the
`rvm_default_ruby` resource will take care of installing itself. You may also
include patch info and a rubygems version. For example:

    node['rvm']['rubies'] = [
      "ree-1.8.7",
      "jruby",
      {
        'version' => '1.9.3-p125-perf',
        'patch' => 'falcon',
        'rubygems_version' => '1.5.2'
      }
    ]

The default is an empty array: `[]`.

###  user_rubies

A list of additional RVM Rubies to be built and installed per-user when not
explicitly set. This list does not need to necessarily contain your default
Ruby as the `rvm_default_ruby` resource will take care of installing itself.
For example:

    node['rvm']['user_rubies'] = [ "ree-1.8.7", "jruby" ]

The default is an empty array: `[]`.

###  global_gems

A list of gem hashes to be installed into the *global* gemset in each
installed RVM Ruby sytem-wide. The **global.gems** files will be added to and
all installed Rubies will be iterated over to ensure full installation
coverage. See the `rvm_gem` resource for more details about the options for
each gem hash.

The default puts bundler and rake in each Ruby:

    node['rvm']['global_gems'] = [
      { 'name'    => 'bundler' },
      { 'name'    => 'rake',
        'version' => '0.9.2'
      },
      { 'name'    => 'rubygems-bundler',
        'action'  => 'remove'
      }
    ]

###  user_global_gems

A list of gem hashes to be installed into the *global* gemset in each
installed RVM Ruby for each user when not explicitly set. The
**global.gems** files will be added to and all installed Rubies will be
iterated over to ensure full installation coverage. See the `rvm_gem`
resource for more details about the options for each gem hash.

The default puts bundler and rake in each Ruby:

    node['rvm']['user_global_gems'] = [
      { 'name'    => 'bundler' },
      { 'name'    => 'rake',
        'version' => '0.9.2'
      },
      { 'name'    => 'rubygems-bundler',
        'action'  => 'remove'
      }
    ]

###  gems

A list of gem hashes to be installed into arbitrary RVM Rubies and gemsets
system-wide. See the `rvm_gem` resource for more details about the options for
each gem hash and target Ruby environment. For example:

    node['rvm']['gems'] = {
      'ruby-1.9.2-p280' => [
        { 'name'    => 'vagrant' },
        { 'name'    => 'veewee' },
        { 'name'    => 'rake',
          'version' => '0.9.2'
        }
      ],
      'ruby-1.9.2-p280@empty-gemset' => [],
      'jruby' => [
        { 'name'    => 'nokogiri',
          'version' => '1.5.0.beta.2'
        },
        { 'name'    => 'warbler' }
      ]
    }

The default is an empty hash: `{}`.

###  user_gems

A list of gem hashes to be installed into arbitrary RVM Rubies and gemsets
for each user when not explicitly set. See the `rvm_gem` resource for more
details about the options for each gem hash and target Ruby environment. See
the `gems` attribute for an example.

The default is an empty hash: `{}`.

###  rvmrc

A hash of system-wide `rvmrc` options. The key is the RVM setting name
(in String or Symbol form) and the value is the desired setting value.
An example used on a build box might be:

    node['rvm']['rvmrc'] = {
      'rvm_project_rvmrc'             => 1,
      'rvm_gemset_create_on_use_flag' => 1,
      'rvm_trust_rvmrcs_flag'         => 1
    }

The default is an empty hash: `{}`.

###  user_installs

A list of user specific RVM installation hashes. The `user_install` and
`user` recipes use this attribute to determine per-user installation settings.
The hash keys correspond to the default/system equivalents. For example:

    node['rvm']['user_installs'] = [
      { 'user'            => 'jdoe',
        'upgrade'         => "head",
        'default_ruby'    => 'ree',
        'rvm_gem_options' => "",
        'global_gems'     => [
          { 'name'    => 'bundler',
            'version' => '1.1.pre.7'
          },
          { 'name'    => 'rake' },
          { 'name'    => 'rubygems-bundler',
            'action'  => 'remove'
          }
        ]
      },
      { 'user'          => 'jenkins',
        'version'       => '1.7.0',
        'default_ruby'  => 'jruby-1.6.3',
        'rubies' => [
          "ree-1.8.7",
          "jruby",
          {
            'version' => '1.9.3-p125-perf',
            'patch' => "falcon",
            'rubygems_version' => '1.5.2'
          }
        ],
        'rvmrc'         => {
          'rvm_project_rvmrc'             => 1,
          'rvm_gemset_create_on_use_flag' => 1,
          'rvm_pretty_print_flag'         => 1
        },
        'global_gems'   => [
          { 'name'    => 'bundler',
            'version' => '1.1.pre.7'
          },
          { 'name'    => 'rake',
            'version' => '0.8.7'
          },
          { 'name'    => 'rubygems-bundler',
            'action'  => 'remove'
          }
        ]
      }
    ]

The default is an empty list: `[]`.

###  installer_url

The URL that provides the RVM installer.

The default is `"https://raw.github.com/wayneeseguin/rvm/master/binscripts/rvm-installer"`.

###  branch

A specific git branch to use when installing system-wide. For example:

    node['rvm']['branch'] = "crazy"

The default is `"stable"` which corresponds to the stable release branch.

###  version

A specific tagged version or head of a branch to use when installing
system-wide. This value is passed directly to the `rvm-installer` script and
current valid values are:

* `"head"` - the default, last git commit on a branch
* a specific tagged version of the form `"1.2.3"`.

You may want to use a specific version of RVM to prevent differences in
deployment from one day to the next (RVM head moves pretty darn quickly).

**Note** that if a version number is used, then `"none"` should be the value
of the `branch` attribute. For example:

    node['rvm']['version'] = "1.13.4"
    node['rvm']['branch']  = "none"

The default is `"head"`.

###  upgrade

Determines how to handle installing updates to the RVM framework system-wide.
The value of this string is passed to `rvm get`. The possible values include:

* `"none"`, `false`, or `nil`: will not update RVM and leave it in its
  current state.
* Any other value is passed to `rvm get` as described on the
  [upgrading][rvm_upgrading] page. For example: `"latest"`, `"stable"`,
  and `"branch mpapis/shoes"`.

The default is `"none"`.

###  root_path

The path prefix to RVM in a system-wide installation.

The default is `"/usr/local/rvm"`.

###  group_id

The Unix *GID* to be used for the `rvm` group. If this attribute is set,
the group will be created in the compilation phase to avoid any collisions
with expected *GID*s in other cookbooks. If left at the default value,
the RVM installer will create this group as normal.

The default is `default`.

###  group_users

A list of users that will be added to the `rvm` group. These users
will then be able to manage RVM in a system-wide installation.

The default is an empty list: `[]`.

###  rvm_gem_options

These options are passed to the *gem* command in an RVM environment.
In the interest of speed, rdoc and ri docs will not be generated by default.
To re-enable the documentation generation set:

    node['rvm']['rvm_gem_options'] = "--rdoc --ri"

The default is `"--no-rdoc --no-ri"`.

###  install_rubies (Future Deprecation)

Can enable or disable installation of a default Ruby and additional Rubies
system-wide. For example:

    node['rvm']['install_rubies'] = "false"

The default is `"true"`.

**Note:** This remains a legacy setting and will be deprecated in
the next minor version release.

###  iuser_install_rubies (Future Deprecation)

Can enable or disable installation of a default Ruby and additional Rubies
per user. For example:

    node['rvm']['user_install_rubies'] = "false"

The default is `"true"`.

**Note:** This remains a legacy setting and will be deprecated in
the next minor version release.

###  gem_package/rvm_string

If using the `gem_package` recipe, this determines which Ruby or Rubies will
be used by the `gem_package` resource in other cookbooks. The value can be
either a *String* (for example `ruby-1.8.7-p334`) or an *Array* of RVM Ruby
strings (for example `['ruby-1.8.7-p334', 'system']`). To target an underlying
unmanaged system Ruby you can use `system`.

The default is the value of the `default_ruby` attribute.

###  vagrant/system_chef_solo

If using the `vagrant` recipe, this sets the path to the package-installed
*chef-solo* binary.

The default is `"/opt/ruby/bin/chef-solo"`.

##  Resources and Providers

###  rvm_ruby

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      install

        Build and install an RVM Ruby. See RVM rubies/installing(1)
        for more details.

      Yes

      remove

        Remove the Ruby, source files and optional gemsets/archives. See RVM
        rubies/removing(2) for more details.

      uninstall

        Just remove the Ruby and leave everything else. See RVM rubies/removing(3) for more details.

1. [RVM rubies/installing][rvm_install]
2. [RVM rubies/removing][rvm_remove]
3. [RVM rubies/removing][rvm_remove]

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      ruby_string

        Name attribute: an RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset.
        If a gemset is given (for example,
        "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will be stripped.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the user
        must already exist.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Install Ruby

    rvm_ruby "ree" do
      action :install
    end

    rvm_ruby "jruby-1.6.3"

**Note:** the install action is default, so the second example is a more common
usage.

##### Remove Ruby

    rvm_ruby "ree-1.8.7-2011.01" do
      action :remove
    end

**Note:** the RVM documentation mentions that this method is far preferred to
using uninstall since it purges almost everything.

##### Uninstall Ruby

    rvm_ruby "ree-1.8.7-2011.01" do
      action  :uninstall
      user    "jenkins"
    end

**Note:** The RVM installation for the *jenkins* user will be acted upon.

###  rvm_default_ruby

This resource sets the default RVM Ruby, optionally with gemset. The given
Ruby will be installed if it isn't already and a gemset will be created in
none currently exist. If multiple declarations are used then the last executed
one "wins".

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      create

        Set the default RVM Ruby. See RVM rubies/default(1) for
        more details.

      Yes

1. [RVM rubies/default][rvm_default]

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      ruby_string

        Name attribute: an RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset.
        If a gemset is given (for example,
        "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will be included.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Setting The Default Ruby

    rvm_default_ruby "ree" do
      action :create
    end

    rvm_default_ruby "jruby-1.5.6"

**Note:** the create action is default, so the second example is a more common
usage.

###  rvm_environment

This resource ensures that the specified RVM Ruby is installed and the optional
gemset is created. It is a convenience resource which wraps `rvm_ruby` and
`rvm_gemset` so it can be used as a sort of *über Ruby* resource which
parallels the `rvm_default_ruby` resource.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      create
      Installs the specified RVM Ruby and gemset.
      Yes

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      ruby_string

        Name attribute: an RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset.
        If a gemset is given (for example,
        "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will be used.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Creating A Passenger Environment In Production

    rvm_environment "ree-1.8.7-2011.01@passenger"

###  rvm_gemset

See [RVM gemsets][rvm_gemsets] for more background concerning gemsets.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      create

        Creates a new gemset in a given RVM Ruby. See RVM
        gemsets/creating(1) for more details.

      Yes

      update

        Update all gems installed to the gemset in a given RVM Ruby.

      empty

        Remove all gems installed to the gemset in a given RVM Ruby. See RVM
        gemsets/emptying(2) for more details.

      delete

        Delete gemset from the given RVM Ruby. See RVM
        gemsets/deleting(3) for more details.

1. [RVM gemsets/creating][rvm_create_gemset]
2. [RVM gemsets/emptying][rvm_empty_gemset]
3. [RVM gemsets/deleting][rvm_delete_gemset]

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      gemset

        Name attribute: Either an RVM Ruby string containing a gemset
        or a bare gemset name. If only the gemset name is given, then the
        ruby_string attribute must be used to indicate which
        RVM Ruby to target.

      nil

      ruby_string

        An RVM Ruby string that should not contain a gemset.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Creating A Gemset

    rvm_gemset "rails" do
      ruby_string "ruby-1.9.2-p136"
      action      :create
    end

    rvm_gemset "ruby-1.9.2-p136@rails"

**Note:** the create action is default, so the second example is a more common
usage.

##### Updating A Gemset

    rvm_gemset "jruby-1.6.0.RC2@development" do
      action :update
    end

##### Emptying A Gemset

    rvm_gemset "development" do
      ruby_string "jruby-1.6.3"
      action      :empty
    end

##### Deleting A Gemset

    rvm_gemset "ruby-1.9.2-p136@rails" do
      action :delete
    end

###  rvm_gem

This resource is a close analog to the `gem_package` provider/resource which
is RVM-aware. See the Opscode [package resource][package_resource] and
[gem package options][gem_package_options] pages for more details.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      install

        Install a gem - if version is provided, install that specific version.

      Yes

      upgrade

        Upgrade a gem - if version is provided, upgrade to that specific
        version

      remove

        Remove a gem.

      purge

        Purge a gem.

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      package_name

        Name attribute: the name of the gem to install.

      nil

      version

        The specific version of the gem to install/upgrade.

      nil

      options

        Add additional options to the underlying gem command.

      nil

      source

        Provide an additional source for gem providers (such as RubyGems).

      nil

      gem_binary

        A gem_package attribute to specify a gem binary.

      "gem"

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Install A Gem

    rvm_gem "thor" do
      ruby_string "ruby-1.8.7-p352"
      action      :install
    end

    rvm_gem "json" do
      ruby_string "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"
    end

    rvm_gem "nokogiri" do
      ruby_string "jruby-1.5.6"
      version     "1.5.0.beta.4"
      action      :install
    end

**Note:** the install action is default, so the second example is a more common
usage. Gemsets can also be specified.

##### Install A Gem From A Local File

    rvm_gem "json" do
      ruby_string "ree@project"
      source      "/tmp/json-1.5.1.gem"
      version     "1.5.1"
    end

##### Keep A Gem Up To Date

    rvm_gem "homesick" do
      action :upgrade
    end

**Note:** the default RVM Ruby will be targeted if no `ruby_string` attribute
is given.

##### Remove A Gem

    rvm_gem "nokogiri" do
      ruby_string "jruby-1.5.6"
      version     "1.4.4.2"
      action      :remove
    end

###  rvm_global_gem

This resource will use the `rvm_gem` resource to manage a gem in the *global*
gemset accross all RVM Rubies. An entry will also be made/removed in RVM's
*global.gems* file. See the Opscode [package resource][package_resource] and
[gem package options][gem_package_options] pages for more details.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      install

        Install a gem across all Rubies - if version is provided, install that
        specific version.

      Yes

      upgrade

        Upgrade a gem across all Rubies - if version is provided, upgrade to
        that specific version.

      remove

        Remove a gem across all Rubies.

      purge

        Purge a gem across all Rubies.

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      package_name

        Name attribute: the name of the gem to install.

      nil

      ruby_string

        An RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset. If a gemset is given
        (for example, "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will
        be used.

      "default"

      version

        The specific version of the gem to install/upgrade.

      nil

      options

        Add additional options to the underlying gem command.

      nil

      source

        Provide an additional source for gem providers (such as RubyGems).
        This can also include a file system path to a .gem file
        such as /tmp/json-1.5.1.gem.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

###  rvm_shell

This resource is a wrapper for the `script` resource which wraps the code block
in an RVM-aware environment.. See the Opscode
[script resource][script_resource] page for more details.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      run
      Run the script
      Yes

      nothing
      Do not run this command

Use `action :nothing` to set a command to only run if another resource
notifies it.

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      name

        Name attribute: Name of the command to execute.

      name

      ruby_string

        An RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset. If a gemset is given
        (for example, "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will
        be used.

      "default"

      code

        Quoted script of code to execute.

      nil

      creates

        A file this command creates - if the file exists, the command will not
        be run.

      nil

      cwd

        Current working director to run the command from.

      nil

      environment

        A hash of environment variables to set before running this command.

      nil

      group

        A group or group ID that we should change to before running this command.

      nil

      path

        An array of paths to use when searching for the command.

      nil, uses system path

      returns

        The return value of the command (may be an array of accepted values) -
        this resource raises an exception if the return value(s) do not match.

      0

      timeout

        How many seconds to let the command run before timing out.

      nil

      user

       A user name or user ID that we should change to before running this command.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the
        user must already exist.

      nil

      umask

        Umask for files created by the command.

      nil

####  Examples

##### Run A Rake Task

    rvm_shell "migrate_rails_database" do
      ruby_string "1.8.7-p352@webapp"
      user        "deploy"
      group       "deploy"
      cwd         "/srv/webapp/current"
      code        %{rake RAILS_ENV=production db:migrate}
    end

###  rvm_wrapper

This resource creates a wrapper script for a binary or list of binaries in
a given RVM Ruby (and optional gemset). The given Ruby will be installed if
it isn't already and a gemset will be created in none currently exist.

####  Actions

      Action
      Description
      Default

      create
      Creates on or more wrapper scripts.
      Yes

####  Attributes

      Attribute
      Description
      Default Value

      prefix

        Name attribute: a prefix string for the wrapper script name.

      nil

      ruby_string

        An RVM Ruby string that could contain a gemset. If a gemset is given
        (for example, "ruby-1.8.7-p330@awesome"), then it will
        be used.

      nil

      binary

        A single binary to be wrapped. If this attribute is used do not set
        values for the binaries attribute.

      nil

      binaries

        A list of binaries to be wrapped. If this attribute is used do not set
        a value for the binary attribute.

      nil

      user

        A users's isolated RVM installation on which to apply an action. The
        default value of nil denotes a system-wide RVM
        installation is being targeted. Note: if specified, the user
        must already exist.

      nil

**Note:** only `binary` or `binaries` should be used by themselves (never at
the same time).

####  Examples

##### Wrapping A Ruby CLI

    rvm_wrapper "sys" do
      ruby_string   "jruby@utils"
      binary        "thor"
    end

This will create a wrapper script called `sys_thor` in the `bin` directory
under `node['rvm']['root_path']`.

##### Wrapping A List Of Binaries

    rvm_wrapper "test" do
      ruby_string   "default@testing"
      binaries      [ "rspec", "cucumber" ]
      action        :create
    end

##  Contributing

* Source hosted at [GitHub][repo]
* Report issues/Questions/Feature requests on [GitHub Issues][issues]

Pull requests are very welcome! Make sure your patches are well tested.
Ideally create a topic branch for every seperate change you make.

### Testing

Make sure you have the following requirements setup:

* [Vagrant](http://www.vagrantup.com/)
* [vagrant-berkshelf](https://github.com/riotgames/vagrant-berkshelf) plugin for Vagrant

After you `bundle install` run `rake` for unit tests and `kitchen test` for
integration level tests.

##  License and Author

Author:: [Fletcher Nichol][fnichol] (<fnichol@nichol.ca>) [![endorse](http://api.coderwall.com/fnichol/endorsecount.png)](http://coderwall.com/fnichol)

Contributors:: https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm/contributors

Copyright:: 2010 - 2014, Fletcher Nichol

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.

[berkshelf]:            http://berkshelf.com
[chef_gem_cb]:          http://community.opscode.com/cookbooks/chef_gem
[chef_repo]:            https://github.com/opscode/chef-repo
[cheffile]:             https://github.com/applicationsonline/librarian/blob/master/lib/librarian/chef/templates/Cheffile
[compilation]:          http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Evaluate+and+Run+Resources+at+Compile+Time
[dragons]:              http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_be_dragons
[gem_package]:          http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Resources#Resources-Package
[gem_package_options]:  http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Resources#Resources-GemPackageOptions
[gh50]:                 https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm/issues/50
[fnichol]:              https://github.com/fnichol
[java_cb]:              http://community.opscode.com/cookbooks/java
[jruby]:                http://jruby.org/
[kgc]:                  https://github.com/websterclay/knife-github-cookbooks#readme
[librarian]:            https://github.com/applicationsonline/librarian#readme
[lwrp]:                 http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Lightweight+Resources+and+Providers+%28LWRP%29
[package_resource]:     http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Resources#Resources-Package
[rvm]:                  https://rvm.io
[rvm_create_gemset]:    https://rvm.io/gemsets/creating/
[rvm_delete_gemset]:    https://rvm.io/gemsets/deleting/
[rvm_empty_gemset]:     https://rvm.io/gemsets/emptying/
[rvm_default]:          https://rvm.io/rubies/default/
[rvm_gemsets]:          https://rvm.io/gemsets/
[rvm_install]:          https://rvm.io/rubies/installing/
[rvm_remove]:           https://rvm.io/rubies/removing/
[rvm_upgrading]:        https://rvm.io/rvm/upgrading/
[script_resource]:      http://wiki.opscode.com/display/chef/Resources#Resources-Script
[vagrant]:              http://vagrantup.com
[vagrant-berkshelf]:    https://github.com/berkshelf/vagrant-berkshelf

[repo]:         https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm
[issues]:       https://github.com/fnichol/chef-rvm/issues


Checks, stores and loads out container-load freight. Determines if freight is acceptable or should be refused.
Count, cube and place freight on pallets.
Facilitate freight storage and record on checker's tally.
Process information on tally when hazardous materials are received.
Coordinate and tag freight according to marks or ports.
Operate fork-lift to load and unload freight.
Load containers with cleared freight, making sure no discrepancies exist.
Perform preventative maintenance on fork-lift.
Coordinate cleaning of equipment, warehouse and work area.
Answer phones, deliver office supplies, take measure to maintain security of cargo.
One year of experience in fork-lift, warehouse and receiving.
Operations - Manual dexterity to perform repetitive motion tasks on computer or handheld. Ability to frequently twist, bend, reach, squat, kneel, climb on equipment, push/pull 50 pounds, crawl, lift and carry at least 80 pounds on a daily basis. Able to withstand constant exposure to extreme weather conditions.


Do you have questions or comments for us? We'd love to hear them! Fill out the form below with inquiries on new Subaru models, Subaru service, or available financing and we will get back to you as soon as possible.
If you would like to know more about a specific new Subaru model or would like to set up a test drive at our San Jose dealership serving the Bay Area, fill out the form below! Our experts can provide you with extensive information on available Crosstreks, Foresters, Imprezas, and other models in our new inventory.
Want to check out the current deals and incentives going on at our Subaru dealership in San Jose? Contact us today to take advantage of service and maintenance specials, finance and lease offers, parts specials, and more promotions for drivers in the Bay Area!


One of Canada's most recognized mountains, Mount Rundle overlooks the town of Banff in Banff National Park, Alberta. The mountain is large enough that it could be considered a small mountain range, as it extends over 7.5 miles with the tallest of its seven distinct peaks being 9,675 ft.
The mountain presents visitors to the Banff area with many views and dominates the landscape from many vantage points. From the campgrounds on the east side of town, it is front and center and provides campers with a fantastic, in your face view that is particularly beautiful in the morning. Further out of the town, Mount Rundle provides a wonderful backdrop to the many recreational areas in the park. One such area that features Mount Rundle in the distance is picturesque Two Jack Lake.
Two Jack Lake is located on the Lake Minnewanka loop and is a popular place for a scenic drive by or paddle water sports. To capture the tranquil feeling of enjoying the mountain fresh air while silently paddling across the clear water, I set up the equipment I needed to create this VAST photo next to the shore and captured the nearly 150 individual photos I later used to create this exceptionally high resolution photo.
As you explore this photo you will find at least 5 canoes or kayaks on the lake with their lucky occupants enjoying a peaceful glide through the waters of Two Jack Lake with the glorious Mount Rundle towering in the background.
This 617-megapixel VAST photo is one of the highest definition photographs ever created. It has a resolution equivalent to 298 HDTVs.


'화려한 부활'. 올해 아카데미상 시상식에서 '불편한 진실'로 다큐멘터리 장편부문상을 받은 앨 고어만큼 이 표현에 적합한 인물이 또 있을까. 지구온난화를 경고한 이 필름은 지난 2000년 대선에서 사실상 이기고도 부시에게 대통령 자리를 넘겨줘야 했던 이 불행한 정치인의 내년 대선 행보에도 힘을 실어주고 있다.
●No matter how hard the loss, defeat might serve as well as victory to shake the soul and let the glory out.
패배는 쓰라리다. 때로는 감당하기조차 어렵다. 하지만 패배도 때로는 이롭다. (나의 )영혼을 아프게 뒤흔드는 데다, 또 더 이상 (대중의)주목을 받지 못하는 쓰라린 경험은 승리만큼이나 유익한 것이다.
●George Bush taking credit for the wall coming down is like the rooster taking credit for the sun rising.
아버지 부시가 (베를린)장벽의 붕괴에 한몫을 했다는 주장이 있다. 이것은 마치 수탉의 울음소리가 태양을 떠오르게 한다고 말하는 것에 비유할 수 있다.
●Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things.
말을 너무 많이 하지 마라. 불명확하고, 조리가 없게 될 것이다.
●The American democratic system was an early political version of Napster.
미국의 민주주의 시스템은 (음악파일 공유사이트인 ) 냅스터의 정치 버전이다.
●Our democracy, our constitutional framework is really a kind of software for harnessing the creativity and political imagination for all of our people.
민주주의는 국민들의 창의력은 물론 정치적 상상력을 고취하는 일종의 소프트웨어이다.
●I think George W. Bush has a warm, engaging personality. But, you know, the presidency is more than just a popularity contest.
조지 부시가 정말 성격 하나는 괜찮다. 따스한 데다 포용력까지 있으니 말이다. 하지만 대통령이 대중적 인기가 있다고 해서 될 수 있는 그런 자리는 아니다.
●We need to remake the Democratic party. We need to remake America.
우리는 민주당을 바꿔나갈 필요가 있다. 미국을 다시 만들 필요가 있다.


This is the opening line of The Metamorphosis, a short novel by the German author Franz Kafka. It is a mind-bending book. The web service, Zamzar, which was named after the transformed character in The Metamorphosis, is equally mind-bending.
Zamzar converts files, hundreds of different file types, without an installation. It's fast, easy, and free.
So, let's say you want to take a portion of a PDF and include it in a presentation (a Prezi, I hope). Or you want to take a YouTube video with you to illustrate a point in a meeting, but you're not sure you will have an internet connection. In either case, you need to be able to convert the file to make it usable in a new format.
Through Zamzar, you either upload a file, or direct the service to a URL. Zamzar will convert the file to your desired format, then send you access to the new file. Conversions typically take minutes, depending on the size (up to 100MB). You can convert up to five files simultaneously. There are some annoying ads, but I will gladly deal with the annoyance for a service this spectacular.
If you want faster service, file storage, and higher size limits, you can pay. For businesses, this is a good idea. For the individual user, the free service will likely suffice.
Personal Value: 5/5 – Pictures and Video. You will use it, trust me.
. . . Last year, a Supreme Court ruling and Federal Communications Commission decision declared that the Internet does not fall under existing communication service laws, putting Internet regulation in legal limbo. Since then, cable and telephone companies have been discussing how to profit from this decision. One of their ideas is to create a "multitiered" Internet.
That sound you're hearing is the death knell of equality, or net neutrality, on the Web. Net neutrality means that after paying for service, everyone can access the Internet as fast as their connection will allow, without artificial handicaps from the Internet provider. . . .
This would give a huge advantage to content providers with deep financial resources, and make it unlikely for upstart ones like Youtube.com to succeed.
Thank you to Ann Michael who sent me the tip on this new little beauty. The Boston Globe called it YouTube for PowerPoint. Take a look here.
Content: What do you get when you cross the sociability of YouTube with the slide function of PowerPoint and then mix in a large dose of individuality? They're calling it SlideShare, and it's pretty exciting. You can build and upload your own slide shows OR you can go there to watch shows that other folks made.
SlideShare lets you upload PowerPoint or Open Office presentation files. Then you can share them through a online interface much like YouTube. The joy is that now PowerPoint documents can be stored on the Internet. No sending, copying, or moving them to a new machine. You can even embed them in your blog. People are already finding creative ways to make use of this new mashup. Here's what they say at their main site.
How people are using SlideShare?
Teachers are uploading their own slideshows and also asking students to upload their assignments to SlideShare so that parents can see their work.
Conference organizers are uploading presentations from their conferences.
People are uploading photo slideshows to memorialize a wedding or other special event.
If you are bored, check out the humour on SlideShare. There's tons of it there!
It's so easy; it seems everyone is using it. I've embedded on here.
To learn more about SlideShare and to see many more shows go the main site or visit their blog.
America is at a time where it needs change from the status quo.
Meanwhile, in terms of YouTube, not much has changed since the merger with Google despite the woe and dispair we've been told about this merger but Mergers between AT&T and BellSouth get good press despite being a very bad thing.
I'm come to realize that everything that we are told by the media is wrong. The Media can tell us the sky is green because you don't send Jesus money when we all know that the sky is blue because of the refraction of light particles in the atmosphere.
And since this is not the first time that AT&T has tried to merge with Bellsouth (anyone remember the break up of AT&T in 1984 should know why AT&T is a malevolent entity) this is deja vu all over again. Yet the YouTube/Google merger is consider a bad thing? This coming from a failing mass media regime that tells us "Net Neutrality is bad", "Net Neutrality is a bunch of mumbo jumbo", "The Internet is a series of tubes", and "If you support Net Neutrality, we'll slow down your internet access and block pro-Net Neutrality websites" (that one wasn't written down, but Comcast subscribers know exactly what I'm talking about conisering they couldn't access Google).


text:
About Communication Access UK
What are communication difficulties?
Why become 'Communication Accessible'?
What is Communication Access UK and who can sign up?
Communication Access UK is an initiative developed in partnership by charities and organisations that share a vision to improve the lives of people with communication difficulties.
Led by the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, the partnership includes:
Communication Matters (the UK chapter of the International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication that inspired this work for the UK)
The Stroke Association
Headway – the brain injury association
The Motor Neurone Disease Association
The National Network of Parent Carer Forums
The Business Disability Forum
Disability Rights UK; and
Together, we've developed the Communication Access Symbol, a new disability access symbol underpinned by a completely free training package and standards.
We hope that these will help you, or your businesses / organisation to better support people with communication difficulties.
Who can sign up?
Communication Access UK has been developed for both organisations and individuals.
Anyone can sign up to Communication Access UK and complete the training package.
Individuals will receive certificates confirming that they have completed the training, while organisations will receive accreditation as Communication Accessible once they have committed to deliver the training and adhere to the standards.
Organisations will then be placed on a national directory and can then display the Communication Access Symbol.
Both certificates and accreditation are valid for 12 months and will need to renewed annually.
Communication Access UK has been developed to be 100% free.
Communication is not simply about the ability to speak but also the ability to hear and understand what is said to us.
Some people may find it hard to ask a question, name an object or ask for help, while others may have speech difficulties that make them difficult to understand.
Others may have problems processing information and difficulties with reading and writing. Some may use communication devices and require time to create their message.
Millions of people across the United Kingdom have communication difficulties, including both adults and children.
People with a range of conditions including cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, Down's syndrome, autism, hearing impairment, stroke, brain injury, head and neck cancers, Parkinson's disease, motor neurone disease, dementia and many more experience communication difficulties.
People without any specific conditions might also experience communication difficulties for a range of reasons.
Communication difficulties leave millions without a voice, denying them equality of access and opportunity.
The Communication Access Symbol and training will support inclusive communication for all.
The Communication Access Symbol is underpinned by standards which have been developed into detailed guidance and an easily accessible eLearning package.
Once these have been adopted and implemented, your business / organisation will be accredited and promoted as Communication Accessible and placed on a national directory.
Through the training, staff will gain the skills and confidence to engage with people with communication difficulties much more effectively.
Displaying the symbol will allow people with communication difficulties to recognise that your business has made the appropriate adjustments to support their needs and engage your services with greater confidence.
A better communication experience for all will always translate into a better customer service experience.
The Communication Access Symbol and standards will:
create greater accessibility to goods and services for people with communication difficulties
help reduce social isolation and improve the quality of life for people who have communication difficulties
increase public awareness and understanding of communication difficulties
contribute to the development of staff and enable them to deliver high-quality customer service to all; and
support businesses and organisation meet their obligations under the Equality Act 2010.
See our stories to learn about the experiences of some businesses and organisations across the UK that have signed up to Communication Access UK.
Sign up as an Organisation
Sign up as an Individual
Public Directory
© Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists 2020
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Any effort to rejuvenate the Iraqi economy must involve the large scale creation of new job opportunities. Given the lack of funds available, it follows that the only means of increasing economic activities is through entrepreneurship. What is required is a massive number of entrepreneurial projects to be initiated, incubated and supported through a network of organizations dedicated to the cause of successful startups.
RiTS, itself an entrepreneurial Iraqi company, having spent most of 2016 establishing Iraq's first incubator dedicated to the graduates of Al Mansour University College. Then followed that by establishing Iraq's first Crowdsourcing gathering, currently hosted on Linked in but shortly to go on the air as an independent self-contained resource that brings together Iraqi entrepreneurs and experienced professionals from around the world to combine their efforts, knowledge and money to support new startups in Iraq. This initiative has already led to 2 new ventures being established. A new division within RiTS to produce 3D printed mechanical prosthetic hands for Iraqi disabled children [http://tinyurl.com/hjehpz9].
Also a joint venture involving migrant Iraqis residing in the USA to establish an offshore team of programmers established in Iraq servicing contracts with major US corporations.
In addition to the above initiatives, we have also carried out efforts to survey the Iraqi entrepreneurship scene. We followed this by holding meetings and discussions with as many players in the field as we can find. This also included meetings with relevant government entities at Ministries of Higher Education & Research, and Labour & Social Affairs. The conclusion we reached from all these interactions is that entrepreneurship in Iraq is at its embryonic stage. The oldest initiative [Fikra Space] was only started in 2014. Today we have a number of players working in this field, but they are all working as separate islands. In order to accelerate entrepreneurship we need to create an ecosystem that integrates all efforts, and to focus all our activities on a single objective. That of creating new job opportunities. This is a simple metric that can be easily measured and helps us plan the size and timescale of our activities as individual organizations.
Science Exhibition: An exhibition that covers all the important scientific and technological inventions and discoveries from all basic sciences. The exhibits should have many practical simple experiments to demonstrate the principles of the theory or design or phenomenon being shown. It should have as much as possible "hands on" involvement from the exhibition visitors. Entrance to the exhibition should be scheduled for days dedicated to school/university students visits and on other days open to the public. Entrance should be for a fee in order to finance the operation of the centre. This facility should include or have alongside it a separate exhibition showing all inventions/discoveries originated in Iraq in the past times. There should be a further part of this exhibition of modern day Iraqi inventions where their work is exhibited with adequate brief about the inventors and their creations. In recognition of the many innovations achieved by Iraqi inventor Mr Mahmood Hussein, we believe he should be entrusted with overseeing the operations of this section of the Centre.
Fabrication Laboratory –FabLab: To be equipped in accordance with MIT university FabLab standards and be member of the Fablab workdwide community. This facility will be as a workshop containing numbers of machine tools, 3D printers, CNC machines, laser cutters, etc. The FabLab is organized as a club to be attended by young inventors and grown up engineers who will be responsible for operating the equipment. The FabLab function is to facilitate production of prototypes of objects that are new ideas for products or instrumentation. The FabLab should be open for sponsorship by the large business companies who can either finance the purchase of the lab equipment or finance individual projects. Recognising the excellent pioneering work done by the Basra based Science Camp organization, we envisage they oversee the operation of this part of the Centre.
Startup Business Incubator: Business experts who would run workshops for entrepreneurs as well as personal mentoring of would be startups from the initial idea phase, through planning and through to post execution of the projects. The overall objective of the incubator is to ensure Iraqi startups are: High Integrity, Professional, Modern, Ambitious, Innovative, Passionate, Collaborative, Effective and Efficient. Any entrepreneur will have equal opportunity to ask the incubator for their services and support as long as the project will be running in Iraq. This part of the Entrepreneurship Centre is the core business of the Centre, we therefore envisage it is managed by a team made up from all non-governmental entrepreneurship organisations actively operating now in Iraq.
Crowdsourcing: This would become the HQ for the online resource we have established to support Iraqi entrepreneurship. The physical resource will include training and conference rooms. Experts in their fields from around the world will be invited to give lectures and seminars to either a public or invited audiences. People connected to single project may also hold conferences with their mentors, supporters, investors, partners, etc in this facility. A regular feature of these events will be inviting successful Iraqi migrant entrepreneurs to present their experiences and offer advice to Iraqi entrepreneurs who are working on similar projects. This facility should also be used for any training programs required by any of the other constituent parts of the centre.
Voluntary Work: This part of the centre is dedicated to a special type of entrepreneurship, voluntary work. Many groups are mushrooming all around the country of mainly youths forming teams to execute single or a series of tasks. We believe the Entrepreneurship Centre should offer an HQ (umbrella) facility for these groups and teams so that they can be better organized in their campaigns and to take advantage of the facilities in the centre, e.g. the crowdsourcing to connect with people from similar organizations worldwide.
Music Corner: Mr Karim Wasfi has done much useful hard work with youth groups around the theme of music. So in order to balance the large influence of technology on the Centre, we suggest establishing a part of the centre for music groups to meet, practice and perform. As with voluntary work they too can benefit from the other facilities offered by the centre.
Iraqi Marshes: As the marshes are now listed as world heritage protected environment, there needs to be many new entrepreneurial projects flowing from this in the areas of agriculture (fish, dairy products), homemade handy crafts, and tourism. Hence dedicating a section of the centre to the marshes is to help focus efforts on the marshes. Also in recognition of the work done by "Nature Iraq" organization in winning the UNESCO listing, we envisage that this organization oversee the operation of this part of the centre. The reader may wish to know that RiTS, Science Camp, Nature Iraq, and the inventor Mr Mahmoud Hussein are already working on a joint project to rejuvenate the marshes economy.
Alternative Energy: As with the marshes, this part of the centre is named to put focus on alternative energy projects. We envisage the Iraqi inventor Mr Mahmood Hussein to oversee the operation of this part of the centre.
Scientific Think Tank: Since 2003 until the present, there are many technical failures involving government projects. The idea of establishing a think tank made up of experts on many disciplines to meet regularly to review Iraqi problems, recommend solutions to the government (if GoI wishes to receive them) or channel the solutions through the incubator to entrepreneurs to turn them into commercial projects.
CrowdFunding, Sponsorship and Competitions: Funding represents the biggest problem Iraqi entrepreneurs, innovators, and inventors face. RiTS is already working on a highly innovative mechanism for crowdfunding through the crowdsourcing website. This facility will become available during 2017. Opportunities to obtain funding will be available to any entrepreneurial project known to the Centre and to be implemented in Iraq. The same section of the Centre may also run other kinds of awards, e.g. as prize incentives to startup projects or inventions or voluntary teams, or musical achievements. We also believe that the centre should offer the projects or individuals for direct sponsorship or investment. Hence, grants or loans can be channeled directly to individuals or projects through this section.
Intellectual Property: In the absence of enforceable intellectual property laws in Iraq, we propose the centre to operate an IP registration facility such that people can refer to these records in any court cases where the IP of a particular idea is disputed.
Media & Communications: This part of the Centre is dedicated to publicizing the popularizing Iraqi entrepreneurship through multiple media channels. It also gathers and distribute information on latest inventions, discoveries in science and technology to all Iraqi entrepreneurs. It should also inform them about all entrepreneurial projects started in the region and worldwide as regular news digests.
The above is our first pass on this essential endeavour we are placing on the table. We invite comments, advise, criticism and improvements to help us refine the project. We invite people interested in helping us achieve this effort to choose any parts that suits their purpose or size of their funds. As it can be seen where possible, we are making this self-financing, and sustainable. Funds in the form of grants or loans are needed to equip and furnish the Entrepreneurship Centre. The biggest item required is a property. Here we propose the Iraqi Government allow us the use of the Universe Dome (القبة الفلكية) building with its anciliary properties located besides Al Zowra park. We believe the building is not being used for any worthwhile purpose by the government. Any help with this regard will be gratefully received.


text:
Dieser Artikel behandelt tagesbezogene Nachrichten und Ereignisse im März 1993.

Tagesgeschehen

Montag, 1. März 1993
 Berlin/Deutschland: Das "Jugendradio Fritz" startet 6.00 Uhr als gemeinsamer Hörfunksender der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanbieter Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg und Sender Freies Berlin die Ausstrahlung seines Programms. Der Nachfolger von Rockradio B und Radio 4U bietet u. a. Musik der Popkultur, Nachrichten, Live-Übertragungen und Kulturberichte.

Donnerstag, 4. März 1993

 New York/Vereinigte Staaten: Vor einer Autovermietung nimmt die Sicherheitsbehörde FBI den Palästinenser Mohammad Salameh fest. Ein Beweisstück mit der Fahrzeug-ID-Nummer des von Salameh gemieteten Chevrolets Nova wurde nach dem Bombenanschlag am 26. Februar auf das World Trade Center in den Trümmern der Tiefgarage sichergestellt.

Freitag, 5. März 1993
 Skopje/Mazedonien: Kurz nach dem Start berührt eine Fokker 100 der Palair Macedonian Airways mit der rechten Tragfläche den Boden, wodurch ihr Rumpf in drei Teile zerbricht. Bei dem Unglück kommen 83 der 97 Insassen ums Leben.

Samstag, 6. März 1993

 Köln/Deutschland: Der Rundfunkveranstalter RTL startet 6.09 Uhr die Programmausstrahlung des Kabel-TV-Senders RTL 2. Außer über das Kabelnetz ist er über die Satelliten Astra, wo er die Frequenz des Sportkanals übernimmt, und Eutelsat empfangbar.

Sonntag, 7. März 1993
 Bern/Schweiz: Die Volksabstimmung über die Initiative zur Abschaffung von Tierversuchen endet mit einem Votum pro Tierversuche. Des Weiteren stimmen die Teilnehmer der Abstimmung für die Erhöhung der Treibstoff-Zollsätze und für die Abschaffung des Verbots von Spielbanken.

Montag, 8. März 1993

 Melbourne/Australien: Der Biochemiker Bruce Ames weist erstmals nach, dass nicht nur rauchende Mütter, sondern auch rauchende Väter ihren Kindern ein erhöhtes Krebsrisiko vererben.

Freitag, 12. März 1993
 Bombay/Indien: 13 Sprengstoffanschläge an verschiedenen Orten der Stadt, u. a. auf Marktplätzen und in Hotels, bringen 257 Menschen ums Leben, weitere 713 Personen werden verletzt. Die Urheber der Anschläge sind derzeit unbekannt.

Montag, 15. März 1993
 Berlin/Deutschland: Bei der 2. Verleihung des Musikpreises Echo wird die Rock-Band Genesis in der Kategorie "Gruppe des Jahres international" ausgezeichnet.

Samstag, 20. März 1993
 Düsseldorf/Deutschland: Der deutsche Boxer Henry Maske wird durch einen Sieg nach Punkturteil gegen den Amerikaner Charles Williams Weltmeister im Halbschwergewicht der Organisation IBF.
 Ntoto/Zaire: Bewaffnete Einheiten der lokalen Kriegsfürsten dienlichen Mai-Mai töten in dem von ethnischen Hutu bewohnten Dorf Ntoto in der Nord-Kivu-Provinz eine unbekannte Anzahl an Zivilisten.
 Stockholm/Schweden: Russland wird Weltmeister im Handball durch einen 28:19-Sieg im Finale der 13. Männer-WM gegen Frankreich.

Sonntag, 21. März 1993
 Paris/Frankreich: In der ersten Runde der Parlamentswahl entfallen auf jedes der zwei großen konservativen Bündnisse mehr Stimmen als auf die Sozialistische Partei, die seit 1988 den Regierungschef stellt.

Montag, 22. März 1993

 Santa Clara/Vereinigte Staaten: Der Mikroprozessor-Hersteller Intel startet mit der Auslieferung seiner neuen Pentium-Prozessoren, deren Datenbus 64 Bit breit ist. Der Datenbus des Vorgängermodells besaß noch 16 Bit.

Mittwoch, 24. März 1993
 Kapstadt/Südafrika: Staatspräsident Frederik Willem de Klerk eröffnet dem Parlament, dass Südafrika in den 1980er Jahren ein Programm für Kernwaffentechnik verfolgte. Dieses sei vor wenigen Jahren eingestellt und alle Ergebnisse zerstört worden. Damit gibt zum ersten Mal ein Land offiziell die Entwicklung der Atombombe auf.

Samstag, 27. März 1993

 Niamey/Niger: Im zweiten Durchgang der Präsidentschaftswahlen setzt sich Mahamane Ousmane von der Demokratischen und sozialen Versammlung mit 54,42 % Stimmenanteil gegen Mamadou Tandja von der Nationalen Bewegung der Entwicklungsgesellschaft durch.
 Peking/China: Die Amtszeit von Yang Shangkun (KPC) als Staatspräsident seines Landes endet. Er füllte diese Position seit dem 8. April 1988 aus. Sein Nachfolger ist Jiang Zemin, der als erster Politiker seit Mao Zedong zusätzlich auch Parteichef der KPC sowie Oberbefehlshaber der Volksbefreiungsarmee ist.
 Weiterstadt/Deutschland: Angehörige der Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) dringen in die neue Justizvollzugsanstalt Weiterstadt ein und lösen in der noch leerstehenden Anlage eine Sprengung mit Hilfe von fünf Ladungen zu jeweils 40 kg gewerblichem Sprengstoff aus.

Sonntag, 28. März 1993
 Åre/Schweden: In der Gesamtwertung der Herren-Wettbewerbe des Alpinen Skiweltcups 1992/93 belegt der Luxemburger Marc Girardelli nach dem letzten Rennen Platz 1. Er ist damit der erste Abfahrtsläufer mit fünf Gesamtsiegen des Weltcups. Bei den Damen gewinnt Anita Wachter aus Österreich die aktuelle Saison.
 Paris/Frankreich: Nach der zweiten Runde der Parlamentswahl steht für die Sozialistische Partei des Staatspräsidenten François Mitterrand und des amtierenden Ministerpräsidenten Pierre Bérégovoy ein desaströses Wahlergebnis fest. In der Nationalversammlung stehen ihrer Fraktion nur noch 57 von 577 Sitzen zu. Die konservativen Bündnisse Sammlungsbewegung für die Republik und Union für die französische Demokratie bilden die stärkste und die zweitstärkste Fraktion.

Montag, 29. März 1993
 Los Angeles/Vereinigte Staaten: Bei den 65. Academy Awards der Filmbranche wird der Spätwestern Erbarmungslos des amerikanischen Regisseurs Clint Eastwood als bester Film prämiert. Die Oscars für die besten Hauptdarsteller gewinnen Emma Thompson und Al Pacino.

Siehe auch
 Nekrolog März 1993 für Todesfälle in diesem Monat
 Liste von jährlich wiederkehrenden Gedenk- und Aktionstagen im März
 Kategorie für Gedenk-, Feier- oder Aktionstage im März

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

1993

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
V é o quinto álbum da banda Live, lançado em 2001. No álbum inclui os singles "Simple Creed" e "Overcome". A coleção de músicas do álbum V não estavam destinadas a serem lançadas como parte de um álbum, as canções foram originalmente compostas para serem lançadas para os fãs em uma coletânea chamada "Ecstatic Fanatic". V só alcançou a posição 22 na parada de álbuns nos Estados Unidos e não conseguiu atingir o disco de ouro, apesar de ter recebido críticas razoavelmente positivas.

Faixas

Tabelas musicais

Álbum

Singles

Álbuns de 2001
Álbuns de Live


At Douglas County AutoCare, we take pride in being a certified green garage. We encourage motorists in Douglasville, GA , Lithia Springs, GA, Hiram, GA , and surrounding areas to positively impact the environment by going green and recycling their old automotive parts and fluids with us.
We learned firsthand that going green isn't only good for the environment, it's smart for business, too. As you can image, operating our 12-bay shop involves a lot of costs. Turning into a green garage helped us and our customers save.
Waste Oil Heaters: Two waste oil heaters keep our shop at a comfortable 70 degrees for only around $15 - $50 per month.
Energy-efficient Lights: We've added more light to our service bays to help ensure our technicians never miss a thing during repairs while also cutting our energy consumption by almost 56 percent.
We encourage all NAPA AutoCare centers to make the change to green. The NAPA GreenCare program helps shops like our own become more efficient and environmentally friendly. The long term savings also means we're able to offer our customers better deals and prices on services.
Continue reading to learn how you can support our green initiative by with your old vehicle parts.
What Can I Recycle through Douglas County AutoCare?
Any item that cannot be recycled is properly disposed at our service center. Before you discard your old tires in a rubbish heap or exchange your dirty motor oil for new oil, contact us at (770) 942-5533 or visit during our hours of operation.
How Much of My Car or Truck is Recyclable?
While it ultimately depends on the type of vehicle you are driving, most modern vehicles are at least 85% recyclable. In fact, some automotive manufacturers hope to reach 90% in the near future.
Because the technology exists to reuse and repurpose so many parts in an automobile, you have the potential to impact the environment in a positive way by going green at our repair shop. As we continue to grow, we're looking forward to offering you even more automotive recycling services in the future.
How are Different Automotive Parts Recycled?
Automotive Fluids into Heat: Your vehicle's old oil and other automotive fluids can be used to provide heat in our shop.
Anti-Freeze into Anti-Freeze: We send antifreeze to special recycling plants that break the fluid down into its original components. Once broken, the elements are turned into antifreeze again to help another vehicle run.
Tires into Retread Tires & Material: If your used tires aren't too worn, they can be retreaded and used by another motorist. If your tires are completely finished, they can be sent to a recycling plant and turned into road material, building material, or even tire art.
Don't burn your tires or casually discard your old oil. Help us create a healthy, sustainable environment when you bring your auto parts to our service center.
Bring us your old, worn, broken, and malfunctioning filters, tires, and fluids. We'll recycle them to reduce waste and create a better environment for future generations. If you have any questions not answered on this page, contact us today. We're happy to talk with you, and we look forward to the opportunity to serve your green auto repair needs.


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Global Strategic Plan
Sports and Stadia
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Rail and Transit
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Acoustics Noise and Vibration
Contaminated Land and Soil Remediation
Geo-technical and Ground Engineering
GIS Mapping and Surveying
Materials Engineering Testing and Quality Management
Natural Environment and Ecology
Strategic Environmental Assessment
Sustainability Energy and Climate Change
Building Information Moedlling (BIM)
Acting locally means being present in our communities. With offices throughout the world, you can…
South Carolina Port
South Carolina Ports Authority
Completed in 2016
Preparing to Become No. 1
In January 2014, the 90-acre (36-hectare) South Carolina Inland Port in Greer, 210 miles (335 kilometers) inland from Charleston, was the first key project completed as part of the program.
WSP is providing program management, planning, design, and construction management services for the South Carolina Ports Authority's USD $1.3 billion program to expand its shipping network.
Containers per Year
1.4 million 1.4 million
Scaling Up in a Big Way
The inland port is adjacent to a major rail line that connects to Port Charleston and is close to Greenville-Spartanburg Airport, so it serves a similar function as a water-based port. The inland port is one of more than 30 planned projects in the program, which includes work at five terminals located within 10 miles (16 kilometers) of one another in Charleston, and a terminal in Georgetown, a coastal city 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the northeast. The linchpin of the program is the 300-acre (120 hectare) Naval Base Terminal, an estimated USD $700 million container terminal being developed in stages, for which WSP has served as construction manager since 2007.
When completed in 2016, the Naval Base Terminal will increase Charleston's container capacity by 50 percent, enabling the Ports Authority to handle the equivalent of 1.4 million shipping containers per year.
Urban Planning and Master Planning
Rail Planning
OTHER CHALLENGES THAT WE HAVE OVERCOME
Edinburgh City Tram System
With congestion forecasted to double by 2021, Edinburgh needed to address the issue of transport capacity. The development of a new tram system provided a solution to the city's growing public transport needs.
Transit-oriented Development (TOD) Planning and Design Consulting Service for Nanchang, China
With the funding under Global Environment Facility (GEF), WSP will utilise our TOD planning expertise to improve and enhance the liveability and accessibility of Nanchang, the capital city of Jiangxi province in mid China.
Stockholm Royal Seaport
Stockholm Royal Seaport will be a vibrant waterfront community, built on 236ha of former industrial land. The first phase of the development is now on site and, over the next 15 years, the plan is to build 12,000 new apartments, and 35,000 new work places.
Utah, USA
Utah Transit Authority Program Management
Design, construction and operation of 113 kilometers of light and commuter rail to better serve Utah's growing population
Northeast Corridor (Washington to Boston), US
Northeast Corridor (NEC) Futures
The 735km Northeast Corridor (NEC) rail line traverses the United States' busiest and most populated region, connecting Washington DC, Baltimore MD, Philadelphia PA, New York, and Boston MA.
Norra Station Hagastaden
The Norra Station/Over Decking project involves extending the Norra Länken to create Hagastaden, a new district uniting the cities of Stockholm and Solna.


text:
Q: Prolog adding visited squares to a list and then displaying that list I have made a game in Prolog application were an archer will move into an adjacent square that is safe on a grid that is in a 4 x 4 system. The user can input co-ordinates that they want to go to, e.g. if I type in safe_square(4,1,3,1). the archer will move from 4,1 to 3,1. What I want to do is display any squares that the archer has visited by adding them to a list and then displaying that list.
My code is as follows to create the board, print the board, populate the board, and move through the board.
% This buffer is for notes you don't want to save.
% If you want to create a file, visit that file with C-x C-f,
% then enter the text in that file's own buffer.

% square(row,col,val)
:- dynamic square/3.
:- dynamic show/1.

createBoard(N) :-
               retractall(show(_)),
           assert(show([[1,1]])),
           retractall(square(_,_,_)),
           createBoard(N,N).

testBoard :-
    retractall(square(_,_,_)),
    retractall(show(_)),
    assert(show([[4,1]])),
        assert(show([[3,1]])),
        assert(show([[2,1]])),

    asserta(square(1,1,[e])),
    asserta(square(1,2,[e])),
    asserta(square(1,3,[s])),
    asserta(square(1,4,[e])),
    asserta(square(2,1,[e])),
    asserta(square(2,2,[b,s])),
    asserta(square(2,3,[w])),
    asserta(square(2,4,[g,s])),
    asserta(square(3,1,[b])),
    asserta(square(3,2,[p])),
    asserta(square(3,3,[g,b,s])),
    asserta(square(3,4,[x])),
    asserta(square(4,1,[a,e])),
    asserta(square(4,2,[b])),
    asserta(square(4,3,[e])),
    asserta(square(4,4,[g])).

createBoard(0,_).
createBoard(Row,Col) :-
 createCol(Row,Col),
 NextRow is Row -1,
 createBoard(NextRow,Col).

createCol(Row,1) :-
      assertz(square(Row,1,[e])).
createCol(CurrentRow,CurrentCol) :-
        assertz(
    square(CurrentRow,CurrentCol,[e])
            ),
        NextCol is CurrentCol -1,
        createCol(CurrentRow,NextCol).

maxBound(B) :-   %
    setof(Row,square(Row,_,_),L), % L = [1,2,3,4]
    reverse(L,[B|_]). % L = [4,3,2,1] => B = 4

printBoard :-
    maxBound(Bound),
    setof([R,C,Contents],
        square(R,C,Contents),Squares),
           % Squares = [[1,1,[e]],[1,2,[e],....]
    printSquares(Squares,Bound),nl.

printSquares([],_). % stop if we printed all the squares

printSquares(S,0) :-  % Print New Row
    maxBound(B),
    nl,printSquares(S,B).

% Print a square that is revealed
% Squares = [[1,1,[e]] |   [1,2,[e],....]
printSquares([[R,C,Contents]|Rest],ColCount) :-
    show(L),
    member([R,C],L),
    extract([p,w],Contents,Display),
    padd(Display,3,Padded),
    write(Padded),
    NewColCount is ColCount - 1,
    printSquares(Rest,NewColCount).

% Print one that is not visible
printSquares([_|Rest],ColCount) :-
    write('[----]'),
    NewColCount is ColCount - 1,
    printSquares(Rest,NewColCount).

extract([],L,L).
extract([H|T],L,FinalList) :-
    delete(L,H,ReducedL),
    % delete fails if H is not in the contents
    extract(T,ReducedL,FinalList).
extract([_|T],L,FinalList) :-
    extract(T,L,FinalList).

padd(L,Max,P) :-
    length(L,Len),
    paddout(L,Max,Len,P).

paddout(L,Max,Max,L).
paddout(L,Max,Len,[' '|P]) :-
    Len1 is Len + 1,
    paddout(L,Max,Len1,P).

% you can place a piece on a board of N size if you can generate a row and column value and you can place that piece on an square empty square
place(Piece,N) :-
 Row1 is random(N),
 Col1 is random(N),
 place(Piece,Row1,Col1,N).

% you can place a pit if the square is empty at the specified
% position
place(p,Row,Col,_) :-
 square(Row,Col,[e]),
 retract(square(Row,Col,[e])),
 assert(square(Row,Col,[p])).

% Find an Item at a position R,C by
% examining the contents of the R,C, location
find(R,C,Item) :-
    square(R,C,Contents),
    member(Item,Contents).

safe_square(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    maxBound(N),
    adjacent(Xa,Ya,X,Y,N),
    safe(X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    retract(show(L)),
    append([[X,Y]],L,NewL),
    assert(show(NewL)).

safe_square(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    maxBound(N),
    adjacent(Xa,Ya,X,Y,N),
    glitter(X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    retract(show(L)),
    append([[X,Y]],L,NewL),
    assert(show(NewL)).

safe_square(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    maxBound(N),
    adjacent(Xa,Ya,X,Y,N),
    glitter(X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    retract(show(L)),
    append([[X,Y]],L,NewL),
    assert(show(NewL)).

safe_square(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    maxBound(N),
    adjacent(Xa,Ya,X,Y,N),
    empty(X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    retract(show(L)),
    append([[X,Y]],L,NewL),
    assert(show(NewL)).

safe_square(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    maxBound(N),
    adjacent(Xa,Ya,X,Y,N),
    gold(X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    retract(show(L)),
    append([[X,Y]],L,NewL),
    assert(show(NewL)).

move(Xa,Ya,X,Y) :-
    retract(square(Xa,Ya,ListFrom)),
    delete(ListFrom,a,Existing),
    retract(square(X,Y,ListTo)),
    append([a],ListTo,NextPositionList),
    assert(square(Xa,Ya,Existing)),
    assert(square(X,Y,NextPositionList)),
    !.

safe(X,Y) :-
    square(X,Y,L),
    \+ member(p,L),
    \+ member(w,L).

gold(X,Y) :-
    square(X,Y,L),
    member(x,L).
glitter(X,Y):-
    square(X,Y,L),
    member(g,L).
empty(X,Y):-
    square(X,Y,L),
    member(e,L).

adjacent(R,C,Ar,Ac,_) :- Ar is R -1,  Ar >= 1,  Ac is C.
adjacent(R,C,Ar,Ac,N) :-  Ar is R + 1,  Ar =< N,  Ac is C.
adjacent(R,C,Ar,Ac,_) :-  Ac is C - 1,  Ac >= 1,  Ar is R.
adjacent(R,C,Ar,Ac,N) :-  Ac is C + 1,  Ac =< N, Ar is R.

run:-
    printBoard,
    at(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    move(Xa,Ya,X,Y),
    get0(_),
    run.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A South Carolina man reportedly tried to pay an Applebee's restaurant tab with a one trillion dollar bill according police.
Ironically enough, he produced the bogus currency after he attempted to pay for his meal with a debit card that was declined. Upon receiving the $1 trillion bill, the Appleee's wait staff perhaps experienced some heartburn and called the cops.
The Valentine's Day lunchtime incident just emerged in the media, so it may or may not have been a happy Valentine's Day for the customer or the restaurant.
In case you're wondering, the $100 bill is the largest denomination of US currency that is in circulation now. In the past, the government printed high-denomination notes of up to $10,000, but were officially discontinued in 1969. In the 1930s, $100,000 bills containing the image of President Woodrow Wilson were issued for Federal Reserve Bank transactions only.
An episode of The Simpsons back in 1998 called "The Trouble with Trillions" featured a $1 trillion bill with a picture of President Harry Truman.
How big a tip do you think somebody with a $1 trillion bill in their wallet should leave?


I am going to Shanghai and need some food recomendations.
I went to shanghai last year and stated near the bund so we went to the Hyatt one night for the Peking duck at xindalu as a treat and it was fantastic!
Wine pairing for Cantonese food - any suggestions?
How best to cook for two people?
Fresh Ideas for a Couples Shower aka Cocktail Party Needed Please!
Need suggestions for cocktail hour.


text:
The CSS file did not download correctly, the screen reader does not support CSS, or your version of Internet Explorer is too old for this website.
National accounts and business cycles >
Statistics Norway to publish monthly GDP figures
National accounts , National accounts and business cycles
Starting on 11 September, Statistics Norway will publish key indicators of the national accounts on a monthly basis.
Written by: Tor Kristian Ånestad
Full set of figures
National accounts (archive)
The monthly national accounts will show which industries contribute to economic growth as well as the latest developments in private and public consumption, investment, and trade. These new figures will provide a comprehensive view of the economy and developments over a period.
- We strive to deliver as current and relevant statistics as possible that can show on a continuous basis the state of the economy. Statistics Norway has access to sufficiently many reliable monthly sources that it is possible to publish the national accounts each month – and not only each quarter, says Ann Lisbet Brathaug, head of the National Accounts section in Statistics Norway.
The national accounts provide essential information for policy makers as well as NGOs, the private sector, and individuals, which they can use to make sound economic decisions.
Few other countries provide as up-to-date figures as Norway
The monthly national accounts will be published forty days after the end of the month. The monthly national accounts will be published in tandem with the quarterly accounts four times a year. Few countries in Europe have advanced this far in their efforts to publish monthly data on economic growth. A year ago, Eurostat commenced its publication of quarterly GDP estimates for the eurozone after thirty days.
- A small group of countries, such as the United Kingdom, Finland, and Canada, also publish monthly GDP data, but only from the production side, rather than the production side and the expenditure side as we do, says Brathaug.
Statistics Norway has published national accounts since 1946, with quarterly national accounts published since 1953. The first editions were relatively rudimentary and were, for unknown reasons, not always published. It was only in the mid-1980s that the quarterly national accounts in its current incarnation became an integral part of national accounts. The quarterly based system will form the basis for the new monthly national accounts.
Same level of detail
The monthly national accounts will have the same level of detail as the quarterly accounts; however, only the key indicators will be published. All figures will be seasonally adjusted. Much effort has been made to adapt our sources to monthly numbers as many of them are currently used for the quarterly statistics.
- All trials thus far show that the development of monthly figures and the calibration of these with the quarterly numbers have had a positive effect on the quarterly national accounts. Some of the figures will have a higher level of uncertainty than others and monthly figures must always be interpreted with some degree of caution", says Brathaug.
Statistics Norway will be referring to seasonally adjusted numbers on a rolling three-month basis in addition to showing the development from month to month. Finally, particular challenges to which attention should be paid will be explained.
Read also on ssb.no
Analyses, articles and publications
High balance of income and current transfers
The balance of income and current transfers was historically high in the preliminary calculations for the 2nd quarter of 2018, with almost NOK 47 billion.
Ann Lisbet Brathaug
ann.lisbet.brathaug@ssb.no
Statistics Norway's Information Centre


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Q: Port forwarding: If the IP is static, what happens to computers set up for dynamic IP adresses? If I set up my router to hand out static IP adresses, as far as I know, I will have to configure my computer to use a specific IP adress.
What will happen if someone don't configure their computer, will they be given an IP automatically by the router or will they have to configure their settings to connect?

A: Do you mean to say that you have disabled DHCP on the router?  In that case, machines that are not set up to use a static ip will most likely fail.  However, if you mean to say that you've assigned specific IP addresses to specific MACs, then DHCP is probably still running, and new computers will be assigned IPs automatically.
--Edit--
It looks like what you are doing is setting up a static IP on the client side (your computer running Windows 7).  This will have no effect on the router's ability to hand out new IP addresses to other computers using DHCP (see below).  You should have nothing to worry about.  You will then need to configure the router itself to forward ports to the computer with the static IP.  Check the router list at portforward for your router model for instructions on how to set things up on the router side.
DHCP, by the way, is a protocol whereby new computers connecting to a network are automatically assigned an IP by the router.  For more information, wikipedia has an excellent explanation of DHCP.

A: There are a few things wrong here and it is hard to explain but I will do my best:
Basically, DHCP is a process running on the router which "dishes out" IP addresses to any machine on the network requiring an address.
Now, Dynamic vs Static, Dynamic is the D in DHCP, in this context it simply means a client of a DHCP server. In this same context, Static simply means not using DHCP and manually configuring the network address.
When you set up a static address (default settings e.g. not setting an alternative), you are instructing your computer NOT to use DHCP.
Now, if you choose an address in the same range as DHCP, it is possible that the DHCP machine will try to give out that same address, in which case, there will be an IP Conflict on the network.
I would recommend that if you can not change the DHCP range, you simply add an exclusion/reservation on the addresses you want so they will not be reused.
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Now for the second part, port forwarding does not matter, or have any difference in DHCP or Static, you simply give it the end address and it will forward to it.
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Now lastly, re reading your question, if you are talking about your ISP giving you multiple IP addresses, this is a much harder and complex situation.
Basically put, a router uses a service called "NAT" which has a one to many system that can forward a port to an IP address connected to the same router. When you disable NAT, you are effectively giving every computer connected to the router their own direct line to the internet and there is no need to set up port forwarding as if a connection come in, it will go straight to them - your router is just directly routing the information.
This can get a lot more complicated and I am unsure to exactly what you need/what you intend to do. Please leave comments and I will be happy to help you further.

A: You're mixing everything up!
You can't set up your router to hand out static IP adresses - static IPs on a LAN are set up on each machine. If not, they're dynamically set by the DHCP, which is usually on the router.
Internet providers Static IPs at other hand are given to you through your modem - and that's not a TCP communication there. It's a whole nother complicated subject.
So, if you want to have static IP on a LAN, just setup each machine to your desired IPs. You can also set up on the router to distribute the IPs based on mac addresses of each machine, which might give the illusion of static IPs, but it's not.
And if you want an internet static IP, you'll have to pay extra bucks for your internet provider for it.


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Integrity Initiative's anti-Russia crusaders spread 'the very definition of propaganda'
© AFP / Sergey Gapon
The UK government-funded Integrity Initiative insists its sole aim is to combat disinformation, but new leaks show that the group is actually in the propaganda business, journalist Ben Swann told RT's Watching the Hawks.
Scotland-based Integrity Initiative (II) enlists "clusters" of individuals working in entertainment, politics, media and academics to "push out" the "same anti-Russia message" across Europe and the United States, even as the shadowy group claims to be countering "propaganda and disinformation," investigative reporter Ben Swann told Tyrel Ventura on the latest instalment of Watching the Hawks.
"They're actually performing the very definition of propaganda," Swann said. The shady "networks of networks" is harming the pursuit of truth, he added. "You shouldn't want to be duped. You shouldn't want for media and for Hollywood and other groups to work together to say, 'We're going to create a narrative, we're going to force it down your throat, and you're going to accept this as truth.' And unfortunately that's what's happening here."
Also on rt.com Media not covering Integrity Initiative scandal because they might be 'involved' – Labour MP to RT
British media outlets have remained curiously tight-lipped about hacked documents which show how the Integrity Initiative used its generous £2.5 million in UK government funding to interfere in the domestic politics of other European countries and to engage in a smear campaign against Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn – a rather glaring example of mission creep.
For Swann, the silence points to an intentional omission designed to keep people in the dark about how some of the West's thought leaders have signed on to what is ostensibly a covert, UK government-sponsored political operation.
"This is a story that has not gotten any coverage on national mainstream media in the United States, even though it is an incredibly important story," Swann said.
Integrity Initiative – IIUK
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