Owning a home can be a blessing. If you don't budget properly, however, you'll quickly find yourself grasping at straws to financially stay afloat. To prevent this from happening, keep the following tips in mind when budgeting for your new home.
You can't stick to a budget if you haven't drawn one up. To make that happen, you need to be honest and accurate about how much you make and spend each month. This will help you decide how much you can save up for your down payment, and how much you can comfortably put toward monthly home loan or mortgage payments.
Good credit comes before all else when trying to secure a loan. The better your credit, the easier it is to get a good mortgage rate. Bad credit can do more than give you a high mortgage rate, however: It can completely bar you from procuring a mortgage to begin with. To avoid this, work on improving your credit score before applying for a mortgage.
If you don't have one already, create a dedicated savings account. Tell your company's payroll department that you want a fixed amount of your income sent to that account every payday via direct deposit, and the balance sent to your checking account. This way, the savings will happen on their own. So long as you have a good budget established, you won't even notice that less money is going into your checking account.
Saving money now is the best way to have more available tomorrow. In addition to avoiding splurging, you can move into a smaller apartment before moving. Think about how much space you really need. If you don't have kids, you could live with roommates in a larger home, or alone or with your partner in a studio or one-bedroom apartment. Every month, save money that otherwise would have gone toward rent. This will add up quickly as time passes, getting you to the 20 percent golden standard recommended for your down payment.
This doesn't mean practicing sending your money away. Instead, get a good estimate of how much you will be paying for your mortgage payments, find the difference between that and your current rent, and put that difference into your savings account each month. For example, if you currently pay $700 a month in rent, and most mortgage options you are considering would increase your monthly payments to $1,200, then put the $500 difference into your savings on a monthly basis. This way, you will not only have that money saved up for payments, but will also be comfortable putting that much toward housing already when the time comes.
While you can technically pay less than 20 percent for your down payment, you shouldn't. Reaching this percentage allows you to avoid paying for private mortgage insurance (PMI), and gives you a smaller monthly mortgage payment. In general, the more you pay upfront, the less you pay overall. Aiming for at least 20 percent, however, is a responsible standard to help keep your budget in check over the long run.
At first glance, they probably seem like the last people you want to talk to. However, owning a home provides you with certain tax breaks, including deductions on your mortgage interest and property taxes. Itemize those deductions. While this may mean giving up the ability to claim your normal deduction, it allows you to deduct more than just your mortgage expenses. You can include state income or sales tax, vehicle licensing fees, charitable donations, and more. This involves significantly more work, but is worth it if you consider the extra cash you'll have available for your mortgage payments.


As high school girls, we all know that Prom is rapidly approaching. We also all know that there will be new trends of formal wear, and they will be flashier and brighter than last years. This dress combines two different patterns, and two different textures. I love the combination of the two colors, and the different colors. You can find this dress at Like.com, for 358.00.
I love the sweetheart neckline on this dress! I love the sparkles at the nackline, and the high slit with the white fabric spilling out. This dress is elegant and exquisite. You can find this dress at Ioffer.com, for 135.0.
~ by thegirlwithadream on March 1, 2011.


text:
The Église Saint-Germain de Royère-de-Vassivière is a Gothic church built in Royère-de-Vassivière in the department of Creuse and region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. The church was included in the inventory of monuments historiques on 9 March 1963.

The patron of the church is Saint-Germain who was born in Autun in 496. He founded with Merovingian king Childebert I, son of Clovis, the church of Saint Vincent which became the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He was also the twentieth bishop of Paris. The church has a single nave with flat apse.

History
The current building was built in the late 13th century, or rather of the 14th century. Its porch and its tower seem to have been constructed in the 15th century. A community of religious brothers served the church since 1491.

Before 1776, Royère-de-Vassivière had several places of burial. From 1776, burials in the church were forbidden, for hygiene reasons, by a Royal Declaration, except for the priests. In Royère, this declaration was immediately respected and the last profane burial was that of Marie Lenoir in 1774. In 1779, it was decided to move the cemetery beside the Église Saint-Germain to the outside of the town. The new cemetery was eventually opened in 1856. The old cemetery was replaced by a square under the Mayor M. Toumieux administration. The War memorial of the city is now on the square.

Gallery

References

Churches in Creuse
Monuments historiques of Nouvelle-Aquitaine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Patient attrition is high with outpatient programs. Between visits patients can lose that connection and become distracted from their treatment plan. Offering an always-on community for peer support allows your patients to feel emotionally connected, leading to increased attendance.
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Help your patients never miss another appointment by sending them a private message or appointment reminder. Optional EMR integration allows your team to easily track and monitor KPIs from one system.


text:
Q: css how to merge one header cell in one cell I have the following header

I have the following jsp

                    Centro
                    Nombre
                    Matricula
                    Fecha
                    Principio
                    Fin
                    Diferencia

                    7 a 15
                     15 a 23
                    23 a 7

                    Locomotoras
                    Personal
                    Incidencias
                    Locomotoras
                    Personal
                    Incidencias
                    Locomotoras
                    Personal
                    Incidencias

                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    &nbsp
                    Asig.
                    Desa.

                    Asig.
                    Desa.
                    &nbsp

                    Asig.
                    Desa.
                    Asig.
                    Desa.

                    Asig.
                    Desa.
                    Asig.
                    Desa.

I want to merge the cell Incidencias in one cell . I tried rowspan=2 but it doesn't work.
Also I tried rowspan=3. This merge the cell Incidencias in one but it isn't right.

How can I do a rowspan=2 of cell Incidencias

A: Your code is correct..! because, if you use

Incidencias

then it reflect on the childs of "Locomotoras" by shifting one position right which is not good.
so please use rowspan="2" only.
again if your requirement is something else then please try to give us format like you want to see as an output.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LBi is the leading international full service digital agency, servicing clients with marketing and technology solutions.
The Company employs approx. 1,500 professionals located primarily in the major European and American business centers, such as Amsterdam, Atlanta, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, London, Madrid, Milan, Mumbai, Munich, New York, Paris and Stockholm.
Through interdisciplinary teams, LBi creates innovative multi-channel solutions for its national and international corporate clients by uniquely combining strategy development and creative design with specific industry expertise and latest digital technology.
LBi is listed on Euronext in Amsterdam as well as on the OMX Nordic Midcap segment in Stockholm (symbol: LBI).


text:
Q: Exporting overloaded functions with fpc I need to create a dll within fpc (delphi-mode). It works fine - but for some reasons, I want to do something (in a unit) like
function doSomeThing(a:type1):type2;stdcall;
function doSomeThing(a:type3):type4;stdcall;

and in the library (for building the dll using the unit above)
exports
    doSomeThing(a:type1) name 'doSomeThingTYPE1',
    doSomeThing(a:type3) name 'doSomeThingTYPE3';

The syntax is self explanatory and is told in How to export Overload functions from DLL? . But it seems to be unavailable in fpc (version 2.6.0-9 [2013/04/14] for x86_64). Is there a chance to do something like that - or do I have to rename the functions within my source?

A: The question that you link to discusses Delphi. The syntax that Delphi supports, that allows you to export overloaded functions, is not supported by FPC.
To the best of my knowledge, overloaded functions are not exportable. Although, I could easily be wrong on that score. Perhaps there is a way, as Marco proposes in his answer.

A: David consulted me in another thread, I devised something that compiles, but don't know if it works.
It is based on exporting the function using a defined linker level identifier, and then declaring an external function reimporting it with different Pascal names. Note that bla and bla2 doesn't even have to be in the same unit as dosomething variants.
library testdll;

{$mode delphi}
type
   type1=integer;
   type3=char;
   type2=smallint;
   type4=widechar;

function doSomeThing(a:type1):type2;stdcall; overload; [public, alias:'bla'];
begin
  result:=a+1;
end;

function doSomeThing(a:type3):type4;stdcall; overload; [public, alias:'bla2'];
begin
  result:=widechar(ord(a)+1000);
end;

procedure bla; external name 'bla';
procedure bla2; external name 'bla2';
exports
    bla name 'doSomeThingTYPE1',
    bla2 name 'doSomeThingTYPE3';

end.


text:
La Torre Cepsa, coneguda anteriorment com a Torre Bankia, és el segon edifici més alt de Madrid i també d'Espanya amb un total exacte de 248,3 metres d'altura, només superada per la Torre de Cristall per 70 cm. Està construït en el districte madrileny de Fuencarral-El Pardo i la seva construcció va finalitzar l'any 2008.

El gratacel pertany al complex financer d'edificis Cuatro Torres Business Area. Les primeres grues de la construcció van ser erigides el 8 d'octubre de 2004. Té un total de 45 plantes (i 5 més soterrades), i la més baixa d'elles té una altura de 13,85 metres. L'estructura d'acer de l'edifici pesa 11.000 tones, la façana està coberta fonamentalment per vidre i la planta té una forma rectangular. L'arquitecte principal és Norman Foster, en col·laboració amb altres socis.

Algunes empreses que col·laboren en la construcció són Repsol, Dragados, Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas i Alatec. Una vegada iniciada la fase de construcció, Repsol va decidir canviar la ubicació de la seva futura seu pel que va posar al mercat aquest gran espai per a oficines.

Referències

Gratacels de Madrid
Obres de Norman Foster
Edificis del districte de Fuencarral-El Pardo


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text:
BiodiversityFood and agricultureSustainable markets
Beyond maize: exploring agricultural diversification in Zambia
Zambia has one of the world's highest rates of undernourishment: more than a third of children under five have stunted growth, and a quarter of adults are obese. The reason: the country's over-dependence on maize. A new report looks at how to increase crop diversity, support better nutrition and support resilience at local and national level.
Guest blog by
William Chilufya
and Nsungwe Mulendema
@wchilufya
William Chilufya is regional advocacy manager for Sustainable Diets, Hivos Southern Africa; Nsungwe Mulendema is communications officer at CSO-SUN
Zambia's food system is not delivering enough affordable nutritious food for most of its population. In particular, the nation's dependence on maize greatly contributes to problems of poverty, malnutrition, vulnerability to drought, pests and diseases.
Recent changes in weather patterns have brought these problems into sharp focus: during the 2018/19 growing season, poor rainfall led to a decline in maize production, as most small-scale farmers in Zambia rely on rain for irrigation. Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU) estimates that 68 of Zambia's 116 districts are in need of food support. To support people facing hunger, the government needs to raise about US$176 million.
This is a wake-up call for Zambia to think beyond maize, and focus on food and nutrition security, as well as income security.
The high proportion of arable land devoted to maize production in Zambia contributes to poverty – both because maize is a low value cereal and because it restricts the economic multiplier effects of agriculture, limiting potential agro-processing, trading and input supply activities.
The dependence on maize also impacts health: the latest Zambia Demographics Health Survey report (PDF) revealed that 88% of children do not eat diverse food frequently. Largely as a result of their monotonous and deficient diets, 35% of Zambian children under the age of five are affected by stunted growth.
How do we achieve crop diversification?
Crop diversification can increase the affordability and accessibility of diverse and nutritious foods, generate income for farmers and make the agricultural system more resilient to climate change. But how do we achieve it?
While calls for crop diversification are frequently heard from government and civil society organisations, there has been little systematic examination or agreement on how to progress.
As part of the Sustainable Diets for All (SD4All) project implemented by Hivos and IIED, we have produced a discussion paper that explores the options for agricultural diversification in Zambia from multiple perspectives, including those of farmers (both male and female), farmers' organisations, policymakers, civil society, market actors and extension workers.
The paper is the result of a collaborative study conducted by Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR), Indaba Agriculture Policy Research Institute (IAPRI), Consumer Unit Trust Society (CUTS) and Civil Society Scaling Up Nutrition (CSO SUN).
The Beyond Maize study was launched to coincide with a Food Change Lab meeting on 21 August 2019. The Food Change Lab is a multi-stakeholder innovation process that aims to better understand problems in the Zambian food system, build coalitions of change, generate solutions, and test them on the ground.
Our research showed that increased investment for research on a diverse range of crops, including fruit and vegetables, is needed to foster diversification. Investments in agricultural research should reflect a priority focus on supporting sustainable diets.
Globally, the private sector still allocates about 45% of its research investment to maize, while funding for research on pulse crop productivity is estimated to be far less and comes mostly from the public sector. We need increased research on crops, vegetables and fruit varieties suited to Zambia's agronomic conditions.
The existing gap between research institutes and agricultural extension services needs to be closed to ensure that knowledge and improved inputs reach smallholder households.
The benefits for resilience
Kezia Nachihulu, a small-scale farmer of Monze District, has managed to secure her family's food and nutrition needs by venturing into growing a variety of crops, including millet, cassava and sorghum. She says: "Even when my maize failed, I still managed to have a good harvest from other crops like millet, cassava and sorghum that I planted and this has helped me to have food for my family."
Crop diversification can improve resilience in a variety of ways: by increasing the ability to supress pest outbreaks and dampen pathogen transmission; buffering crop production from the effects of greater climate variability and extreme weather events; and improving soil fertility through diversifying into leguminous crops.
Another young farmer, Grace Michelo, says: "I planted maize and cassava, the maize was attacked by fall army worms and I could not harvest anything, I only harvested cassava and the yield was very good."
Stimulating demand for nutritious food
Agricultural diversification also requires that farmers have a ready market to sell varied crops such as millet, sorghum and legumes. In addition, there is need to stimulate demand for healthy and nutritious diets – to ensure that diversification takes place not just on the farm but on the plate as well.
Mika Simwanda, at Samis Caterings, notices that more of her clients are now opting for traditional and local foods, choosing dishes such as Matebeto (diverse cooked foods) for their meals. She says: "The only challenge I experience is sourcing for these traditional foods, it's like we are not producing enough. When you find them, for example, millet and sorghum are generally expensive."
Producing a wider variety of crops, especially for local and traditional foods, will not only improve availability, but also make healthy food affordable to both consumers and retailers. It will help bolster household food security and will also help improve the nutrition at both household and national level.
With climate change increasingly affecting weather patterns, Zambia's maize-centric food system simply does not work for nutrition or resilience.
All stakeholders, from the farm to the plate, must embrace a variety of other crops – especially those that can withstand harsh climatic conditions. Agricultural diversity can be a great step towards better nutrition outcomes and combating hunger and malnutrition in Zambia.
Download: Beyond maize: exploring agricultural diversification in Zambia from different perspectives, Marjolein Mwanamwenge, Seth Cook (2019), IIED/Hivos Discussion paper
William Chilufya is regional advocacy manager for Sustainable Diets, Hivos Southern Africa.
Nsungwe Mulendema is communications officer at CSO-SUN.
Edward Musosa, advocacy officer at Civil Society for Poverty Reduction, also contributed to this blog.
Sustainable diets for all
Through citizen action, IIED and Hivos are promoting diets that are diverse, greener, healthier, fairer and more sustainable
Harnessing the potential of Zambia's informal food sector
Urban food insecurity and malnutrition are about more than just food

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


at engine startup, the ground operator at times notifies "rotation", "ignition" during the process. But not always.
I enquired with GSX: this is not part of their "Notifications".
What are the conditions for this to happen? (start before/after/during pushback, other ..).
Mechanic notifications only happen when you have already established contact and remained in touch with Ground mechanic.
Typically, with GSX you get transferred to GSX own mechanic when the tow bar is about to be connected in order to avoid having 2 mechanics to deal with.
If you want to hear notifications "Rotation", "ignition", after MCE mechanic hands you over to GSX mechanic, re-establish contact with MCE mechanic ("cockpit to ground" or other commands).
Now don't forget to also ask him to disconnect later on.
Have read your other thread and we'll be doing something about it in next update.
Looking forward to the fix about VoxKey sync.


text:
Van Smith
Just trying to keep my eyes open.
Arrested Development: Police lied for Baltimore raid warrant to arrest innocent man, lawsuit claims
Van Smith	Police Misconduct, Six Years Ago, Uncategorized	 March 31, 2019 4 Minutes
By Van Smith
Published by City Paper, Nov. 13, 2013
Close to midnight on Jan. 16, a SWAT team used a battering ram to break down the front door of 4823 Aberdeen Avenue, a rowhouse near Herring Run in Frankford. Inside, they found their man: 19-year-old Kyle Brandon Wills, a suspect in two armed robberies in Howard and Baltimore counties. After two days in jail, Wills made bail in Howard County, but was immediately arrested by Baltimore County police and spent another day locked up there.
Turns out, though, it was the wrong man. What's more, in order to convince a judge to sign the raid warrant leading to Wills' arrest, the detectives on the case—Mark Claypoole of Baltimore County and Wade Zufall of Howard County—falsely claimed Wills had recently been arrested with the other suspect in the armed robberies, according to a lawsuit filed Nov. 6 in Baltimore City Circuit Court.
After prosecutors in Howard and Baltimore counties learned of "the terrible mistake that had been made," the lawsuit explains, the charges against Wills were dropped and another man—Wills' cousin, Stanley Berry—was charged instead. But the damage wrought by the raid and Wills' detentions, all based on the detectives' allegedly false claim, had already been wrought: three days in jail, two strip searches, a required medical intravenous injection, emotional trauma, still-ongoing monthly payments to pay back the bail money, and an arrest record for serious charges in two jurisdictions.
As a result, Wills, his mother, Vickie Wills, and brother Calvin Clifton—the three people present when the SWAT team came through their door—are suing Claypoole, Zufall, and their police forces for false arrest, assault, battery, false imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, seeking $75,000 in compensation and another $75,000 in penalties. Their attorney, Charles Curlett says Wills, a 2012 Patterson High School graduate, is employed at University of Maryland Hospital, helping prepare operating rooms for surgery.
"I don't see how this could be an honest mistake," says Curlett, adding that the detectives' allegedly false claim that Wills had been arrested was the "lynchpin of probable cause" in the affidavit that supported the raid. "I think it is a very strong case."
Howard County prosecutors declined to pursue the charges against Wills on Feb. 13, and two days later his Baltimore County charges were dismissed. The cases against Berry and Michael Elliott Dickey—the man who was originally charged with Wills—remain intact, though. Both pleaded guilty in their Howard County cases, receiving 10-year sentences with five years suspended, and both are scheduled for trial in their Baltimore County cases.
Howard County initially was proud of the detective work in the case, issuing a press release on Jan. 24 announcing the charges against Dickey and Wills—and repeating the detectives' false assertion that Wills had previously been arrested with Dickey.
"Wills is a known associate of Dickey's," the press release states, "who was recently arrested with Dickey for an unrelated incident in another jurisdiction. Surveillance video in both cases show Dickey and Wills together, each wearing the same clothing in both incidents."
The details of how Claypoole and Zufall pursued the case are spelled out in the lawsuit. The two-county probe was spawned after two men robbed an Exxon gas station in Columbia by throwing hot coffee on the clerk's face and then taking cash out of the register while brandishing guns. That was on Jan. 5—three days after the exact same tactics were used by two men in an armed robbery of a Quick Mart in Cockeysville.
Dickey's fingerprints were found on the coffee cup at the Exxon, and it was soon discovered that he'd been arrested the day after the Quick Mart robbery for petty theft at a Walmart store—and at that time had been accompanied by a man who had not been arrested, but who identified himself as "Kyle Wills." So Claypoole showed the Wal-Mart security officer Wills' driver's license photograph, and the security officer confirmed it was the same man who'd been with Dickey during the theft.
At that point, Claypoole and Zufall wanted to raid Wills' home and arrest him—"but they had a problem," the lawsuit explains. In order to get a warrant, they "needed to establish a likelihood that Dickey's friend from Wal-Mart was also Dickey's accomplice in the coffee robberies," yet "nothing had been done to reliably confirm that person's identity." The security officer's confirmation was not sufficient—but an arrest would be, since "his identity would have been established through fingerprinting, and they would have been able to rely on the arrest to tie that person to Dickey," the lawsuit explains.
Absent an actual arrest, Claypoole and Zufall allegedly made one up. "Rather than admit what they did not know," the lawsuit states, "they misled the court" with the following information that was stated in the raid-warrant affidavit: "Arrested along with Dickey during the Theft at Wal-Mart was the following individual: KYLE BRANDON WILLS BM 507 150 DOB = 9/18/1993."
"When I saw the affidavit" for the raid warrant and saw the assertion that Wills had been arrested, Curlett recalls, he looked for it on the online court records and couldn't find it. "'Where is it?'" he says he asked himself. "'Why isn't it here? It is there for the other guy.'"
Not only was Wills not arrested at the Walmart, he wasn't even there. But, according to the lawsuit, his cousin Berry—a man who was wanted on several open warrants—was, and told the security guard that he was Wills, who has no prior criminal record.
Based on the detectives' "perjured testimony," the lawsuit continues, a no-knock warrant was issued for the Wills home and a SWAT team "broke through the door of the suspect's Baltimore City home and restrained his family at gunpoint and in handcuffs while they searched the house."
Given that anyone, including a judge who's considering signing a warrant, can check online to see if someone's been charged with a crime, it seems a risky proposition for detectives to lie about such a thing. Curlett speculates that such "hubris may be borne of the unlikelihood that anybody's going to challenge" the information. "So many cases plead out," he continues, "the risk of airing dirty laundry like this is slim."
With the Wills' lawsuit, though, Claypoole and Zufall have run headlong into that risk.
Published by Van Smith
View all posts by Van Smith
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Shadow Economics 101: Labor-management relations in a West Baltimore drug crew October 9, 2020


This house / villa of 70 m² (about 752 ft²), built in 1850, with a land size of 4800 m² (about 1,19 acres) has 5 rooms including 2 bedrooms, 2 shower rooms and 1 toilet. it has a living room of 15 m² (about 161 ft²). heating : individual electric.


text:
package com.adaptris.core;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.CharBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
import org.junit.Test;

import com.adaptris.core.stubs.MockEncoder;
import com.adaptris.util.stream.StreamUtil;

@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public abstract class AdaptrisMessageCase {

  protected static final String PAYLOAD = "Glib jocks quiz nymph to vex dwarf";
  protected static final String PAYLOAD2 = "Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs";

  protected static final String VAL2 = "val2";
  protected static final String KEY2 = "key2";
  protected static final String VAL1 = "val1";
  protected static final String KEY1 = "key1";

  private AdaptrisMessage createMessage() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
    return createMessage(null);
  }

  private AdaptrisMessage createMessage(String charEncoding) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
    return getMessageFactory().newMessage(PAYLOAD, charEncoding, createMetadata());
  }

  private Set<MetadataElement> createMetadata() {
    Set<MetadataElement> metadata = new HashSet(Arrays.asList(new MetadataElement[] {
        new MetadataElement(KEY1, VAL1), new MetadataElement(KEY2, VAL2)
    }));
    return metadata;

  }
  protected abstract AdaptrisMessageFactory getMessageFactory();

  @Test
  public void testGetMessageFactory() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessageFactory mf = getMessageFactory();
    AdaptrisMessage msg = mf.newMessage();
    assertEquals(mf, msg.getFactory());
  }

  @Test
  public void testRemoveHeader() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessageFactory mf = getMessageFactory();
    AdaptrisMessage msg = mf.newMessage();
    msg.addMessageHeader("hello", "world");
    msg.removeMessageHeader("hello");
    assertFalse(msg.containsKey("hello"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetNextServiceId() throws Exception {
    String nextServiceId = "NEXT";
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    msg1.setNextServiceId(nextServiceId);
    assertEquals(nextServiceId, msg1.getNextServiceId());
    try {
      msg1.setNextServiceId(null);
      fail();
    }
    catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {

    }
    assertEquals(nextServiceId, msg1.getNextServiceId());
  }

  @Test
  public void testToString() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString());
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(true));
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(false));
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(true, true));
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(true, false));
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(false, true));
    assertNotNull(msg1.toString(false, false));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetPayload() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertEquals(PAYLOAD, new String(msg1.getPayload()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetPayload() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.setPayload(PAYLOAD2.getBytes());
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(PAYLOAD2.getBytes(), msg1.getPayload()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetStringPayload() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertEquals(PAYLOAD, msg1.getStringPayload());
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetStringPayload() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    msg1.setStringPayload(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContentEncoding());
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
    // with spec. char enc.
    String enc = "ISO-8859-1";
    String payload2 = new String(PAYLOAD2.getBytes(), enc);

    msg1.setStringPayload(payload2, enc);
    assertEquals(payload2, msg1.getContent());
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetContent() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    msg1.setContent(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContentEncoding());
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
    // with spec. char enc.
    String enc = "ISO-8859-1";
    String payload2 = new String(PAYLOAD2.getBytes(), enc);

    msg1.setContent(payload2, enc);
    assertEquals(payload2, msg1.getContent());
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetStringPayload_RemovesEncoding() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    msg1.setContentEncoding("ISO-8859-1");
    assertEquals("ISO-8859-1", msg1.getContentEncoding());
    msg1.setStringPayload(PAYLOAD2);
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getStringPayload());
    assertNull(msg1.getContentEncoding());
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetMetadataValue() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("key1").equals("val1"));
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("key3") == null);
    assertNull(msg1.getMetadataValue(null));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetReferencedMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMessageHeader("RefKey", "key1");

    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("RefKey").equals("key1"));
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("$$RefKey").equals("val1"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertEquals(createMetadata(), msg1.getMetadata());
  }

  @Test
  public void testEncoder() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    MockEncoder m = new MockEncoder();
    byte[] bytes = msg1.encode(m);
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(PAYLOAD.getBytes(), bytes));
    byte[] b2 = msg1.encode(null);
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(PAYLOAD.getBytes(), b2));
  }

  @Test
  public void testContainsKey() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertTrue(msg1.headersContainsKey("key1"));
    assertTrue(!msg1.headersContainsKey("key3"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testContainsReferencedKey() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMessageHeader("RefKey1", "key1");

    assertTrue(msg1.headersContainsKey("RefKey1"));
    assertTrue(msg1.headersContainsKey("$$RefKey1")); // tests for "key1"
  }

  @Test
  public void testAddMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMetadata("key4", "val4");
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("key4").equals("val4"));

    msg1.addMetadata(new MetadataElement("key5", "val5"));
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("key5").equals("val5"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testAddReferencedMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMessageHeader("RefKey", "key999");

    msg1.addMetadata("$$RefKey", "val999");
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("key999").equals("val999"));
    assertTrue(msg1.getMetadataValue("$$RefKey").equals("val999"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetMetadataElement() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    MetadataElement me = new MetadataElement(KEY1, VAL1);
    assertEquals(me, msg1.getMetadata(KEY1));
    assertNull(msg1.getMetadata(null));
    assertNull(msg1.getMetadata("something"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    MetadataElement mez = new MetadataElement("key6", "val6");
    Set newMetadata = new HashSet();
    newMetadata.add(mez);

    msg1.clearMetadata();
    msg1.setMetadata(newMetadata);

    assertTrue(newMetadata.equals(msg1.getMetadata()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testClearMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.clearMetadata();
    assertEquals(new HashSet(), msg1.getMetadata());
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetSize() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertEquals(PAYLOAD.length(), msg1.getSize());
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetCharEncoding() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.setContentEncoding("ISO-8859-1");

    assertTrue(msg1.getContentEncoding().equals("ISO-8859-1"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetUniqueId() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    assertTrue(msg1.getUniqueId() != null && !msg1.getUniqueId().equals(""));
  }

  @Test
  public void testSetUniqueId() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();
    msg1.setUniqueId("uuid");

    assertTrue(msg1.getUniqueId().equals("uuid"));
  }

  @Test
  public void testAddMessageEvent() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addEvent(new StandaloneProducer(), true);
    msg1.addEvent(new StandaloneProducer(), true);
    msg1.addEvent(new StandaloneProducer(), true);
    assertEquals(3, msg1.getMessageLifecycleEvent().getMleMarkers().size());
    msg1.addMetadata(CoreConstants.MLE_SEQUENCE_KEY, "FRED");
    msg1.addEvent(new StandaloneProducer(), true);
    assertEquals(4, msg1.getMessageLifecycleEvent().getMleMarkers().size());
    // Should have been reset by the "non-int" mle sequence number
    assertEquals("1", msg1.getMetadataValue(CoreConstants.MLE_SEQUENCE_KEY));
  }

  @Test
  public void testObjectMetadata() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    Object metadata2 = new Object();
    msg1.addObjectMetadata("key", metadata2);

    java.util.Map<?, ?> objectMetadata = msg1.getObjectMetadata();

    assertTrue(objectMetadata.keySet().size() == 1);
    assertTrue(metadata2.equals(objectMetadata.get("key")));
  }

  @Test
  public void testObjectHeaders() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    Object metadata2 = new Object();
    msg1.addObjectHeader("key", metadata2);

    java.util.Map<?, ?> objectMetadata = msg1.getObjectHeaders();

    assertTrue(objectMetadata.keySet().size() == 1);
    assertTrue(metadata2.equals(objectMetadata.get("key")));
  }

  @Test
  public void testCloneAdaptrisMessage() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addEvent(new StandaloneProducer(), true);
    AdaptrisMessage msg2 = (AdaptrisMessage) msg1.clone();

    assertTrue(msg2.getPayload() != msg1.getPayload());
    assertTrue(msg2.getMetadata() != msg1.getMetadata());
    assertTrue(msg2.getMessageLifecycleEvent() != msg1.getMessageLifecycleEvent());
    assertTrue(msg2.getContent().equals(msg1.getContent()));
    assertTrue(msg2.getMetadata().equals(msg1.getMetadata()));
    MessageLifecycleEvent event1 = msg1.getMessageLifecycleEvent();
    MessageLifecycleEvent event2 = msg2.getMessageLifecycleEvent();
    assertEquals(event1.getCreationTime(), event2.getCreationTime());
    assertEquals(event1.getMessageUniqueId(), event2.getMessageUniqueId());
    assertEquals(event1.getMleMarkers().size(), event2.getMleMarkers().size());
  }

  @Test
  public void testEquivalentForTracking() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    AdaptrisMessage msg2 = (AdaptrisMessage) msg1.clone();
    assertTrue(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));
    msg2.setContentEncoding(null);
    msg1.setContentEncoding(null);
    assertTrue(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));
    msg2.setContentEncoding(null);
    msg1.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
    assertFalse(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));

    msg2.setContentEncoding("ISO-8859-1");
    assertFalse(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));
    msg1.setContentEncoding(null);
    assertFalse(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));

    msg2.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
    msg1.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
    assertTrue(msg2.equivalentForTracking(msg1));

  }

  @Test
  public void testGetMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCaseExactMatch() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMetadata("AAA", "1");
    msg1.addMetadata("aaa", "2");
    msg1.addMetadata("Aaa", "3");
    msg1.addMetadata("aAa", "4");
    msg1.addMetadata("aaA", "5");

    String result1 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("AAA");
    assertTrue("1".equals(result1));

    String result2 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaa");
    assertTrue("2".equals(result2));

    String result3 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("Aaa");
    assertTrue("3".equals(result3));

    String result4 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aAa");
    assertTrue("4".equals(result4));

    String result5 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaA");
    assertTrue("5".equals(result5));

    String result6 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaaa");
    assertTrue(result6 == null);
  }

  @Test
  public void testGetMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    msg1.addMetadata("AAA", "1");

    String result1 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaa");
    assertTrue("1".equals(result1));

    String result2 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("Aaa");
    assertTrue("1".equals(result2));

    String result3 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aAa");
    assertTrue("1".equals(result3));

    String result4 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaA");
    assertTrue("1".equals(result4));

    String result5 = msg1.getMetadataValueIgnoreKeyCase("aaaa");
    assertTrue(result5 == null);
  }

  @Test
  public void testInputStream() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    InputStream in = msg1.getInputStream();
    ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    StreamUtil.copyStream(in, out);
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD, out.toString());
  }

  @Test
  public void testOutputStream() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    PrintStream out = new PrintStream(msg1.getOutputStream());
    out.print(PAYLOAD2);
    // w/o closing the output stream, it's not going to be equal
    assertNotSame(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
    out.close();
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
  }

  @Test
  public void testReader() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    Reader in = msg1.getReader();
    StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
    IOUtils.copy(in, out);
    out.flush();
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD, out.toString());
  }

  @Test
  public void testReaderWithCharEncoding() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage("ISO-8859-1");
    Reader in = msg1.getReader();
    ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    IOUtils.copy(in, out, "ISO-8859-1");
    out.flush();
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(msg1.getPayload(), out.toByteArray()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testWriter() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage();

    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(msg1.getWriter());
    out.print(PAYLOAD2);
    // w/o closing the output stream, it's not going to be equal
    assertNotSame(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
    out.close();
    assertEquals(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
  }

  @Test
  public void testWriter_UnchangedCharEncoding() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage("ISO-8859-1");

    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(msg1.getWriter());
    out.print(PAYLOAD2);
    // w/o closing the output stream, it's not going to be equal
    assertNotSame(PAYLOAD2, msg1.getContent());
    out.close();
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(PAYLOAD2.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), msg1.getPayload()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testWriter_ChangeCharEncoding() throws Exception {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(PAYLOAD2);
    Charset iso8859 = Charset.forName("ISO-8859-1");

    ByteBuffer inputBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[]
    {
      (byte) 0xFC // a u with an umlaut in ISO-8859-1
    });

    CharBuffer d1 = iso8859.decode(inputBuffer);
    sb.append(d1.toString());
    String payload = sb.toString();
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage("ISO-8859-1");

    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(msg1.getWriter("UTF-8"));
    out.print(payload);
    out.close();
    assertEquals("UTF-8", msg1.getCharEncoding());
    assertFalse(Arrays.equals(payload.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), msg1.getPayload()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testWriter_ChangedCharEncodingNull() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg1 = createMessage("ISO-8859-1");

    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(msg1.getWriter(null));
    out.print(PAYLOAD2);
    out.close();
    assertEquals("ISO-8859-1", msg1.getCharEncoding());
    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(PAYLOAD2.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), msg1.getPayload()));
  }

  @Test
  public void testResolve() throws Exception {
    AdaptrisMessage msg = createMessage();
    msg.addMessageHeader("key*3", "val3");
    assertNull(msg.resolve(null));
    assertEquals("", msg.resolve(""));
    assertEquals("Hello World", msg.resolve("Hello World"));
    assertEquals(VAL1, msg.resolve("%message{key1}"));
    assertEquals(VAL2, msg.resolve("%message{key2}"));
    assertEquals("val3", msg.resolve("%message{key*3}"));
    assertEquals(String.format("%s_%s_%s", VAL1, VAL2, "val3"), msg.resolve("%message{key1}_%message{key2}_%message{key*3}"));
    assertEquals(String.format("%s_%s_%s", VAL1, VAL1, "val3"), msg.resolve("%message{key1}_%message{key1}_%message{key*3}"));
    assertEquals(String.format("SELECT * FROM TABLE where key1=%s and key2=%s", VAL1, VAL2),
        msg.resolve("SELECT * FROM TABLE where key1=%message{key1} and key2=%message{key2}"));
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Wilson, Daniel, Sir, 2 results 2
Fraser, William Henry, 2 results 2
Clark, William Herbert David, 2 results 2
Royal Ontario Museum, 2 results 2
McLennan, John Cunningham, 2 results 2
Textual records, 805 results 805
University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services Only top-level descriptions
Hart House fonds
1870s - 2018
This fonds contains 72 accessions of records from Hart House, including the records of various clubs and groups. See accession-level descriptions for details.
University of Toronto. Hart House
Hershell Ezrin fonds
Fonds consists of material related to the professional life of Hershell Ezrin, in particular his career in provincial and federal government. Records document his transition between roles as Canadian Consul, Executive Director of the Canadian Unit...
Ezrin, Hershell
University of Toronto. New College fonds
This fonds contains 2 accession of records. See accession-level description for details.
University of Toronto. New College
University of Toronto. University Arts Women's Club fonds
This fonds contains 2 accessions. See accession-level descriptions for more details.
University of Toronto. University Arts Women's Club
Peter H. Russell fonds
The Peter H. Russell fonds is comprised of two accessions: B2005-0001 and B2017-0006. The records span over 60 years and document Prof. Russell's academic career primarily with the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto and a...
Russell, Peter H.
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto fonds
This fonds contains 85 accessions from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) and its predecessors, the Faculty of Education and the Ontario College of Education. See accession-level descriptions for more details.
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto
Judith F. Friedland fonds
Fonds consists of material documenting the professional life and work of Prof. Judith Friedland. Records focus on her education and career within academia, in particular as a professor, and former Chair of the Department of Occupational Therapy. M...
Friedland, Judith F.
Barry J. Sessle fonds
Fonds consists of records documenting the professional career of Dr. Barry Sessle. Material covers Dr. Sessle's extensive research and publishing activity, reflecting the international network of colleagues with whom he works. Material includes co...
Sessle, Barry John
Frank Wayne Peers fonds
Personal records of Frank Peers, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science. Records relate to his personal life, education and to his activities as a donor to and alumnus of the University of Toronto and University of Alberta. Incl...
Arts and Science Students' Union fonds
Fonds consists of records documenting the Arts and Science Students' Union and its constituent course unions. Material reflects ASSU's sometimes collaborative, sometimes adversarial relationships with course unions, other student societies like SA...
Arts and Science Students' Union
University of Toronto. Faculty of Arts and Science fonds
This fonds contains 71 accessions of records from the Faculty of Arts and Science, including the office of the Dean, the Registrar's office as well as the Office of Public Relations and Liaison. See accession-level descriptions for more deta...
University of Toronto. Faculty of Arts and Science
University of Toronto. Office of the Vice-President and Provost fonds
ca. 1970s - 2014
This fonds contains 56 accessions of records from the Office of the Vice-President and Provost and its various vice-provostial and vice-presidential offices, including defunct or dissolved offices, as well as the Office of the Vice-President, Univ...
University of Toronto. Office of the Vice-President and Provost
Martin Lawrence Friedland fonds
Fonds consists of five accessions of records documenting the life of Martin L. Friedland, as a student, professor of law and administrator at the University of Toronto; as an expert on legal matters and a contributor to the formation of public pol...
Friedland, Martin Lawrence
Peter W. Nesselroth fonds
Personal records of Professor Peter W. Nesselroth, documenting his career as a professor of French literature for the Centre of Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto and his published academic work on subjects covering French literat...
Nesselroth, Peter W.
University of Toronto. Institute for Life Course and Aging fonds
This fonds contains 1 accession of records from University of Toronto's Institute for Life Course and Aging. See accession-level description for more details.
University of Toronto. Institute for Life Course and Aging
Joseph F. Fletcher fonds
Fonds consists of textual records documenting the professional life and work of Prof. Joseph F. Fletcher. Records include Fletcher's research, advisory work, publishing activity, teaching, conference attendance and planning, as well as documentat...
Fletcher, Joseph F.
Alison Prentice fonds
This fonds consists of 3 accessions which together give a fairly complete documentation of Prof. Prentice's career as a scholar, mentor and teacher. Extensive correspondence, memos, e-mails, research notes and manuscripts found in various series d...
Prentice, Alison
University of Toronto Scarborough fonds
This fonds contains 6 accessions from the University of Toronto Scarborough (UTSC) and its administrative offices. Academic departments at UTSC have their own fonds-level descriptions. For administrative office, see accession-level descriptions.
Betty I. Roots fonds
This fonds contains records related to the teaching, researching and publishing activities of Dr. Betty I. Roots, biologist and professor at the University of Toronto. The series documenting Dr. Roots' research is by far the largest, with smaller ...
Roots, Betty I.
Robert H. Blackburn fonds
Fonds consists of 3 accessionsB1987-0074: 19 photos of false ceiling at Robarts Library, 1983. (1 folder, 1983)B1989-0036: Personal records of Robert H. Blackburn, University Librarian, consisting of personal correspondence (1955-1981); RCAF flyin...
Blackburn, Robert H.
Laurel Sefton MacDowell fonds
These records document the academic career of Professor Laurel Sefton MacDowell, a labour and environmental historian and professor at the University of Toronto. The records consist of personal and biographical information (including MacDowell...
Sefton MacDowell, Laurel
Ricardo da Silveira Lobo Sternberg fonds
1981-2014 (predominant 1995-2014)
Personal records of Professor Ricardo Sternberg, documenting his career as a professor of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Toronto and his published work on subjects in Portuguese and Brazilian literature. The contents...
Sternberg, Ricardo da Silveira Lobo
University of Toronto. Department of History of Art/Graduate Department of Art fonds
Fonds consists of 15 accessions from the Department of History of Art/Graduate Department of Art and its predecessors .A2012-0006: Records of the Kommos excavation project, assembled primarily by Professor Joseph W. Shaw, and consisting of corresp...
University of Toronto. Department of History of Art/Graduate Department of Art
Ursula Martius Franklin fonds
Fonds consists of records documenting the personal, professional, and public life of Dr. Ursula Franklin, physicist, engineer, materials scientists, pacifist and feminist. Records document Dr. Franklin's early life and career, later employment by ...
Franklin, Ursula Martius
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer. Office of the Camp Wardens fonds
The fonds originated in Haultain's office in the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of Toronto, in his capacity as one of the Ritual's proponents and as a key player in its creation. Although he did not attend any obligation ceremo...
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer. Office of the Camp Wardens
Roxana Ng fonds
Fonds consists of correspondence, subject files, course material, research records, and conference and publication files documenting the life and career of Prof. Roxana Ng, professor at OISE and community activist. Fonds also includes administrati...
Ng, Roxana
University of Toronto. Office of the Governing Council fonds
This fonds contains 13 accessions of records from the Office of the Governing Council. See accession-level descriptions for more details.
University of Toronto. Office of the Governing Council
Richard Simeon fonds
Fonds consists of correspondence, subject files, articles, teaching files, research notes and other records documenting the professional life and work of Prof. Richard Simeon. This includes records relating to Prof. Simeon's PhD thesis and early...
Simeon, Richard
University of Toronto. Department of History fonds
This fonds contains 9 accessions from the University of Toronto's Department of History. See accession-level descriptions for details
University of Toronto. Department of History
University of Toronto. Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education fonds
This fonds contains 9 accessions. See accession-level description for details.
University of Toronto. Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education
University of Toronto. Clubs and Leadership Development fonds
This fonds contains 1 accession of records from the office of Clubs and Leadership Development (formerly Student & Campus Community Development) . See accession-level description for details
University of Toronto. Clubs and Leadership Development
Science for Peace (Toronto, Ont.) fonds
Administrative files of Science for Peace, a registered charity founded in 1981 by University of Toronto faculty concerned with world peace and environmental and social justice. Fonds consists of four (4) accessions:B2010-0017: meeting minutes of ...
Science for Peace (Toronto, Ont.)
Samuel Hollander fonds
These accessions of personal records provide a fairly complete representation of Samuel Hollander's professional life as an academic. The accessions cover his entire career from his student days at the London School of Economics to his retirement...
Hollander, Samuel
John H. A. Munro fonds
This fonds encompasses two accessions of personal records of John Munro, professor of economics at the University of Toronto and an internationally renowned specialist in Late Medieval economic history. The records document Prof. Munro's academic...
Munro, John H. A.
David Lloyd MacIntosh fonds
This fonds mainly consists of records covering MacIntosh's professional life from the beginning of his studies as a doctor during and just post-World War II up to and beyond his retirement in 1984. Very little of MacIntosh's private life is docume...
MacIntosh, David Lloyd


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Richard Oglesby
Oglesby is located near the confluence of the Illinois River and the north-flowing Vermilion River. It was originally called "Portland", due to the cement mined and manufactured in the area that was similar to Portland Cement from England. Renamed in honor of Richard Oglesby, Governor of Illinois. Oglesby had excellent exposed limestone and coal, as well as riverine transport. It soon became an important center for cement manufacture. The term "Portland cement" refers to the cement developed in England; that made in early Oglesby was almost identical.
The year is 1865, the last year of the Civil War. "Well, here it is," said a Kenosha businessman who made it to the place now known as Oglesby. He was with the Kenosha Coal Company setting up operations in the untouched area south of LaSalle and the Illinois River. The company was small. It consisted of Irish, Scottish, and English workers. After one year, a shaft collapsed. It looked like all was doomed for this operation.
Hope wasn't given up through. The company sent Mr. T.T. Bent in to run the area in 1867. Mr. Bent made working conditions better. He gave them better wages and workers' compensation due to the dangers of coal mine working. He soon started a Sunday school held in a company shed and a small grocery store.
Cement has been an industry growing and changing in Oglesby for over 100 years. In 1891, the cement industry in Oglesby started. Although the land was bought in 1891 the company didn't start operations until 1892. Richard Moyle worked there. It was just a little company and it became Marquette Cement Company in 1898. Over time Oglesby had two major cement companies. Marquette the first major company is still up and running today; but it is now known and running as Lonestar. Marquette was sometimes referred to as Marquette Portland Cement. The Chicago Cement Company was the other major company, which later became Lehigh. Lehigh stopped operations in 1964 and its quarry was bought by Marquette. You can still see some of Lehigh's old buildings off Walnut Street at the edge of town in Oglesby. They haven't been in operation for almost forty years making it look like a bunch of ghost buildings.
Finally, in 1902, Oglesby was officially a town. It was named Portland then. A name derived from Portland cement. But Portland wasn't its first name either. Back in the 1880s Oglesby was sometimes referred to as Kenosha. T.T. Bent wanted to name this community Kenosha after the coal company, but this name was already in use by Kenosha, Wisconsin, so he couldn't do it. He decided to name it in honor of Illinois Civil War Governor Richard James Oglesby. In 1913, the people of Portland voted to rename the town Oglesby.
Shippingsport Bridge has always been a major icon to Oglesby. The steel, lift bridge across the Illinois River was opened on November 7, 1929. It was the main north and south road until the 1960s, when Route 51 was moved. When it was the main road though; many downtown businesses grew. After many years Shippingsport became out-of-date and primitive. Only two other steel, lift bridges are in Illinois now. In the 1990s it was no longer cost effective to keep the old bridge in operation as it broke down about twice a year. There are other bridges in the area to use such as the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Bridge serving Interstate Route 39 barely a half-mile upriver. Finally in August 2001 Shippingsport closed for good. The demolition for this old bridge started on November 8, 2001. Oglesby no longer has one of the 1,200 working steel, lift bridges in the world.
*Information courtesy Oglesby, Our Home Town written by the Oglesby Historical Society.
A wealth of historic photos can be found in the Photo Gallery.


What Is a Core Switch and Why Do We Need It?
Network switches are categorized into different types according to different principles, such as fixed switch and modular switch based if you can add expansion module to it, and managed switch, smart switch and unmanaged/dumb switch depending on whether you can configure it and the complexity of the configuration. Another way to classify the type of a network switch is by the role it plays in a local area network (LAN). In this case, one switch is considered to be an access switch, an aggregation/distribution switch or a core switch. In small networks we do not see core switch. So many people are having questions about what core switches are. Do you know what is core switch? Is there only one core switch in a network? What are the differences between core switch and aggregation/access switch?
If we spend some time looking up dictionaries for the meaning of core switch, we will find a definition similar to "A core switch is a high-capacity switch generally positioned within the backbone or physical core of a network. Core switches serve as the gateway to a wide area network (WAN) or the Internet—they provide the final aggregation point for the network and allow multiple aggregation modules to work together (An excerpt from Techpedia)." The definition explains its high-capacity feature, the physical location and its function of connecting multiple aggregation devices in network.
What Are the Differences Between Core Switch and Other Switches?
The biggest difference between core switch and other switches is that, core switch is required to always be fast, highly available and fault tolerant since it connects all the aggregation switches. Therefore, a core switch should be a fully-managed switch. But if it is a switch not used in the core layer, it can be a smart switch or an unmanaged switch.
Another difference is that, the core switch is not always needed in a LAN while we may often have the aggregation switch and the access switch. Because in small networks that have only a couple of servers and a few clients, there's no actual demand for a core switch vs aggregation switch. In the scenario where we don't need the core layer, we often call it a collapsed core or collapsed backbone since the core layer and the aggregation layer are combined.
The third difference is that there's generally only one (or two for redundancy) core switch used in a small/midsize network, but the aggregation layer and the access layer might have multiple switches. The figure below shows where the core switch locates in a network.
What Should Be Kept in Mind When Using Core Switch?
The first thing we should keep in mind is that core switch is urgently required in two occasions. One occasion is when the access switches are located in different places and there is a aggregation switch in each place, then we need a core switch to optimize the network. Another occasion is when the number of the access switches connecting to a single aggregation switch exceeds the performance of it, and we need to use multiple aggregation switches in a single location, then the use of core switch can reduce the complexity of the network.
As for specific type and number of core switch that we should adopt in a network, that depends on the scale and budget of our network, including how many servers, clients or lower layers switches we have. For example, say that a small network has 100 users and has 6 48-port Gigabit aggregation switches, a suitable core switch will be like Juniper EX2200, Cisco SG300, or FS.COM S5800-8TF12S 10GbE switch.
The second thing is that a core switch should be fully-managed, which means it should support different method of management, such as web-based management, command line interface and SNMP management. Also it should have some advanced features like support for IPv6, built-in Quality of Service (QoS) controls, Access Control Lists (ACLs) for network security.
And generally the connections to the core layer should be the highest possible bandwidth. In addition, since the core switch act as the center of a LAN, it should be able to reach any devices in the network, not directly but within the routing table. A core switch is usually connected to the WAN router.
In the design of a network, there might be access layer, aggregation layer and core layer. Though the core layer is not required in smaller networks, it is indispensable in medium/large networks. And the high-capacity core switch plays an important role in delivering frames/packets as fast as possible in the center of the network. Its contribution can not be underestimated especially in networks where speed, scalability and reliability are key to users.
Related Article: 48-Port 10GE Switch Selection: What Is the Right Choice?
This entry was posted in Fiber Optic Switch and tagged 10GbE switch, core switch, core switch vs aggregation switch, managed switch, Network switches on December 20, 2017 by Serenity Huang.


I wasn't really focused on this issue because it seems obvious that, on the one hand, Saddam Hussein is a monster who the world will be well rid of and, on the other hand, that convicting and executing Saddam won't change anything that matters in Iraq or in the world. It is, however, actually worth noting a few things about this case. One, as Spencer notes in its zeal to avoid an international tribunal (Bush hates international law), we organized a total farce of a trial and wound up creating a kangaroo court to try a guilty man.
At any rate, as a result of Saddam's pending execution, prosecutions for further crimes, including matters related to Anfal, are now deemed unnecessary, and Rumsfeld and the rest of the Reagan national security team can escape scrutiny.
This, in turn, raises questions about the legal precedent being set by the case. Saddam is being executed for the specific charge of killing 148 men and boys from the town of Dujail in retaliation for a July 8, 1982 assassination attempt against Saddam. Saddam's legal team argued that given the state of war existing at the time between Iraq and Iran this fell under the purview of sound counterinsurgency strategy and said argument was rejected.
Fair enough, but compare this to, say, Fallujah. Thirteen civilians were killed when American soldiers opened fire on protesters. This led, in turn, to the murder and mutilation of four contractors employed by the US military. This led to a retaliatory military strike on the town by US and Iraqi government forces that local doctors claimed killed over 600 people. The Iraqi health ministry disputes that, arguing that "only" 271 civilians died in the attack, during which "more than half" of the city's homes were destroyed.
The exact same as what happened at Dujail? No. A completely different sort of thing? Also no. But if Dujail is worth a death sentence, then what's Fallujah worth? Five years? Ten? I don't really know. How about the people tortured to death after the Bush administration's decision to ignore international and domestic law regarding detentions and interrogations?
Which is all just to say that the Bush administration has every reason to seek to undermine international human rights law and the concept of international tribunals.


In September of 2008, I went to Hiroshima with The Boyfriend. I knew it would be a more serious place to visit than a lot of the other places I've been to in Japan, for obvious reasons, and as I thought about it, I remembered this book. You see, while Dave Barry is enormously funny, and I always have a hard time holding in my laughter when he writes, he also knows exactly when to turn off the funny and talk seriously about a topic. Such was the case with this book, and the chapter on visiting Hiroshima.
No, no he's not. Not in the least. Well, some, yes, because that's his job, but all of the things that he points out as being "strange" about Japan – the ubiquitous vending machines, rockabillies dancing very seriously in a circle, kids practicing their English with strangers, plastic food shops, all of it is absolutely true. He is not, in fact, making this up.
He says at the beginning of the book, "So this book is not authoritative. If you want authoritative, go buy a real book." At no point does he claim to be an expert on Japan, or that spending three weeks here would make him one. In fact, the main aspect he plays on is his eternal cluelessness. As he points out, Japan is like one big, very exclusive club into which you must be born if you want to become a member. There are rules that no outsider can ever really learn, much less on a three week whirlwind tour. There are people who try – there are a lot of foreign-born residents in this country who do their best to live according to the rules, but no matter how hard we try, we'll never really become members of Club Japan. So, Barry just decides to do his best and try not to make himself look completely stupid.
He marginally succeeds, which is good – otherwise there would be no book.
With his family, Barry goes from Tokyo to Kyoto to Kyushu and back again, stopping to see temples and shrines, sumo, ceremonies, kabuki, rakugo and car factories, among other things. Through it all, they do their best to adapt to the strangeness of Japanese life and Japanese food, and he comes out with some wonderful stories that had me cackling on the bus ride down to Hiroshima.
Which I believe I mentioned before.
It's an interesting chapter in the book. The chapter itself is flanked by two grey pages – a signal to the reader that this is a no-funny zone. There will be no jokes between these pages, and rightfully so. Barry and his family went there on the anniversary of the bombing, August 6th, and observed the Peace Ceremony. They looked at the statues and the monuments and the dome, and went to the museum, and came out with an enormous sense of… conflict.
There is no question in anyone's mind that what happened in Hiroshima – and Nagasaki – was horrific. All you have to do is read the testimonials, look at the photos and the drawings in the museum, look at the charred and burned school uniforms, pieces of flesh on display, dioramas of the flattened city and you know that the nuclear bomb is nothing that you can really joke about. Hundreds of thousands of people died because of those bombs, and not all of them died right away. Soldiers, yes -Hiroshima has a history as a military city – but babies, students, innocent men and women also perished in fire, blast, trauma and, of course, the long, lingering death of radiation sickness.
No city deserves that. Ever.
At the same time, Barry feels that the bombing is presented without context, and he's not the only one to think so. From what he could see, it looks like America just decided to do this horrible thing, and there's not sufficient explanation to visitors as to why this was done. What would make a supposedly civilized nation do such a patently evil thing to so many people?
It's very hard to justify what was done. I know the arguments – that Japan was training civilians to defend the home islands to the death, that millions more might have died in a long, drawn-out battle, that the Soviets were ready to swoop in and take over – but all those justifications kind of sound hollow when you see the photographs of people with fifth-degree burns, and read about the thousands of children who were orphaned in a fraction of a second. To those leaders, however, at that time, the dropping of those bombs was a necessary option, and I don't think even they knew how bad the effects would be.
Regardless, the bombs were not dropped capriciously. They were dropped following a long chain of events, decisions and ambitions that reached back decades. And I think I agree with Barry that more attention should be paid not only to the aftermath of the bombing, but also to what led up to it. Maybe just because I don't want my country to look like a monster.
Anyway, the Hiroshima chapter aside, it really is a very funny book. Even funnier if you've ever been to or lived in Japan. It's not the kind of book you buy if you're actually interested in learning about Japan, but if you want some good laughs, go for it.


Members of the military have access to special benefits and legal protections that can make a huge difference in their family's personal finances.
In honor of Veterans Day, here are ten financial tips for military families to help you make the most of the special benefits and tax breaks available to servicemembers.
1. Take advantage of low-cost investments. Servicemembers are lucky to have access to one of the lowest-cost retirement-savings plans around. The Thrift Savings Plan charges just about 25 cents a year for every $1,000 invested, and it lets you choose one of five index mutual funds or a target-date fund (called the lifecycle fund, or L Fund), which automatically becomes more conservative as your retirement date gets closer. You can invest up to $17,000 in the TSP in 2012 (or $17,500 in 2013), and you can boost your contributions to $50,000 for the year ($51,000 in 2013) if you're receiving tax-free income while deployed. Your contributions to a traditional TSP lower your taxable income and grow tax-deferred for retirement.
And now you have access to a Roth TSP, too, which is like a Roth IRA but without the income restrictions. Money you contribute to a Roth TSP doesn't lower your taxable income now, but you can withdraw the money (including the earnings) tax-free in retirement. That can be a particularly good deal for servicemembers who expect to earn much more money (and owe higher taxes) when they leave the service. See www.tsp.gov for details. With potential changes to the military pension program under discussion, and because most servicemembers don't stay the 20 years required to qualify for a pension anyway, it's important to do some saving on your own. See TSP.gov for details.
3. Benefit from tax-free in, tax-free out. Saving in a Roth IRA can be a particularly good deal if you're receiving tax-free combat-zone pay. In that case, your money goes into the Roth tax-free and your contributions as well as your earnings come out tax-free, a double tax benefit that's tough to beat. You can contribute up to $5,000 to a Roth for 2012 ($5,500 in 2013). And if your spouse doesn't work, you can contribute up to the maximum on his or her behalf, too. You have until April 15, 2013, to make contributions to a Roth for 2012. To contribute to a Roth for 2012, your modified adjusted gross income must be less than $125,000 if you're single or $183,000 if you're married filing jointly. Those income limits rise slightly in 2013. See 2013 Retirement Account Contribution Limits for details.
4. Transfer your education benefits. People who have served for at least 36 months since Sept. 11, 2001, have access to a very valuable benefit: the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which can cover the full cost of in-state tuition and fees for a public college for up to 36 months (four academic years) or up to $17,500 per year for a private college or foreign school. And now longtime servicemembers can transfer their benefits to their spouse or children. For more information, see Best College-Savings Options for Military Families.
5. Sign up for inexpensive life insurance. Servicemembers have access to one of the lowest-cost life insurance programs available. Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance (SGLI) costs only 6.5 cents per $1,000 of coverage per month, or $312 a year for the maximum $400,000 – regardless of your age, health or likelihood of being deployed. You can also get $100,000 in coverage for your spouse for as little as $60 a year if he or she is under age 35. See www.insurance.va.gov/sgliSite for more information.
6. Maximize your tax breaks. Servicemembers can maintain legal residence in one state even if they are transferred to another state, as long as they are in the military. This flexibility can help a lot of you're stationed in a tax-free state -- such as Florida or Texas -- and move to another state where you would otherwise have to pay state income taxes. And now your spouse can maintain that state of residency, too, even if you have to move. For more information, see State Tax Breaks for Military Families.
7. Take advantage of low loan rates. The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act provides special legal benefits for servicemembers, including an interest-rate cap of 6% on any loans you took out before you were called to active duty. You have to apply to the lender for this benefit, which is intended to help you if your ability to pay is affected by military service -- as it may be if you take a pay cut when activated to the Reserve or National Guard. The law also gives you the right to terminate an apartment lease if you have orders for a permanent change of station or are deployed to a new location for 90 days or more. The Armed Forces Legal Assistance Office (http://legalassistance.law.af.mil) can help with these requests. See Lower Loan Rates for the Military for details.
8. Make the most of housing breaks. Members of the military tend to move frequently, and often with little notice. But they also get some perks – including a tax-free housing allowance and access to Veterans Administration loans, which are now one of the only ways to get a house with no money down (and no private mortgage insurance). For more information about the VA loans, see the Veterans Administration site. If you put little or no money down, though, you could end up being upside down on your home if prices drop and you have to move -- as happened to many military members over the past few years. For help dealing with underwater homes, see Fannie Mae's advice at the KnowYourOptions.com military page, the government's Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives program (at MakingHomeAffordable.gov) or the Homeowners Assistance Program for a special program for members of the military who have to move.
9. Calculate a comparable salary. When you are thinking about leaving the military, you need to do some careful calculations to figure out how the new job stacks up financially next to your military career. Not only do you need to compare military and nonmilitary salaries, but you also need to add in the value of the military benefits you're giving up. For instance, you'll no longer have free health care, low-cost life insurance or a tax-free housing allowance, and you'll have to pay taxes in the state where you actually live after you leave the service, even if you had been able to maintain residency in a tax-free state while on active duty. And if you leave before 20 years, you'll forgo your entire pension and won't be eligible for retiree health insurance. See Leave the Military for a Civilian Job for more information about the calculations if you're leaving before 20 years. And see http://www.kiplinger.com/magazine/archives/when-to-retire-from-the-army.html When to Retire From the Army for information about deciding whether to stay for 20 or 30 years.
10. Make the most of resources for finding a new job. When you are ready to leave the military, you may find it difficult to translate your military skills into the civilian job market. You can get help from the military community-service office on your base and the www.acap.army.mil Army Career and Alumni Program. There are similar programs for the other branches. And the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service program and Veterans Career OneStop Center are packed with resources to help veterans find jobs.
For more information about personal finance issues for military families, see our Military Finance Special Report and the Financial Field Manual: Personal Finance Guide for Military Families.


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Plato and the Church
Many Greek philosophers and writers proposed world-views which were in harmony with the later historical development of the Christian church. Plato and Aristotle are two obvious examples. Not all of their writings comport with Church theology, but a good amount certainly does. Consider Plato whose ideas were Christianized by Saint Augustine, or melded into Church doctrine to support Catholic theology.
Similarities between Plato and Christianity:
-Rejection of Atheism and Materialism
-Belief in mono-theism
-Design of the physical universe by a creator
-Consciousness after death
Differences between Plato and Christianity:
-Platonic metaphysics is unclear about the nature of the one supreme creator
-Plato is unclear [unlike Christianity] about the nature of reality, proposing 'forms' or the form of 'the good' as the ultimate reality, and the 'Demiurge', or craftsman approach to the formation of the material universe, wherein a lesser divine being was the builder of the natural world, and was subordinate to the ultimate 'good' form.
-Gnostic Christian heresy proposed a Platonic version of Christianity, with the Demiurge [sometimes named Satan], responsible for the material world, and God for the soulful, mindful, 'good'. The two were in opposition.
-Platonic Form and Demiurge are impersonal concepts unlike Christianity which proposes a personal relationship to the Creator.
-Plato believed that souls are indestructible. Christianity believes that God would have command over all souls including their destruction.
-Christianity believes in the resurrected Christ. For Plato the ultimate destination after death was in a disembodied state so he would have rejected the recreation of Christ.
Some Atheists and 'historians' will try to make the claim that Christianity is simply an offshoot of Platonism. This is obviously incorrect. Gnosticism is a Christian heresy and was rejected by the early Church for good reason. Plato's concept of the 'Good' does work within a Christian context, but there are many differences with his metaphysics and that of the Catholic Church.
12/24/2021: Why Christianity and the destruction of the Catholic Church
4/8/2021: The Church of Corona and Vaccinology. The 10 Commandments.
8/25/2020: Truly the Age of Stupid
5/14/2016: George Adams and the cultural genius of Christianity
5/1/2016: Plato and the Church
12/26/2015: Christian theology is the opposite of Mein Koran
12/25/2015: Christmas is not based on the Pagan festival of Sol Invictus
10/25/2015: Reason and faith. Faith and Reason. No conflict.
8/15/2015: Mendeleev the Russian Christian and his discovery of nature's pattern
10/19/2014: The veracity of Christianity
9/14/2014: Pope Benedict XVI and the twin pillars of Christianity
8/18/2014: The Flat Earth Society and Patterns of delusion
7/29/2014: The madness of crowds and the cults of materialism
7/26/2014: Christian genocide by Moslems - not a word from the 'international community'...
7/24/2014: Do onto to others as they do to you, versus Love thy Neighbour. Both are right
2/3/2014: Without Christianity there is no modern world
6/24/2013: Raymond Ibrahim 'Crucified Again: Exposing Islam's New War on Christians'
4/7/2013: Vatican Dhimmitude - enough already
3/31/2013: The Resurrection confirmed by history and common-sense.
2/4/2013: Robert Felix: 'Magnetic Reversals and Evolutionary Leaps' - eye opening.
1/25/2013: The lies of the Moslem supremacist. Moslems invented precious little.
12/24/2012: The importance of Christianity and the mass of Christ.
6/19/2012: What is a religion ?
1/3/2012: Averroes and the myth of Aristotle's 'logic'.
7/8/2011: Henry Beveridge, `John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion`, 1845.
7/5/2011: A former atheist apostasizes: Anthony Flew 'There is a God'
6/23/2011: Patrick Glynn: 'God the Evidence'
5/28/2011: Jacob Burckhardt and the Renaissance
4/12/2011: Gilbert's book, on Jews in Muslim lands.
12/23/2010: The real meaning of Christianity: the Book of Matthew
12/18/2010: The Leftism of Western Churches
12/13/2010: Muslim Moderates in Swedenistan. The usual pattern.
11/28/2010: Islamophobia ! Shutting down debate and inquiry.
11/19/2010: Clever person alert: Nun habits are equal to Moslem coverings.
10/2/2010: Paul Johnson: 'The Quest for God: A Personal Pilgrimage'
5/25/2010: Capitalism and the Christian Church.
5/14/2010: Mohammed and Moses: Was the Jewish Prophet the template for Mohammed?
4/16/2010: Abolishing slavery. A European and Christian project.
4/6/2010: The myth that Christianity opposed rationality.
3/29/2010: Christian faith leading to reason.
12/25/2009: The importance of Christ's Mass
8/27/2009: Why did Christianity become irrelevant ?
8/9/2009: Another example of the Church's irrelevance.
4/12/2009: A real Christian message - Gratitude
4/1/2009: Was Shintoism also sacred like the Koran and Islam is supposed to be ?
2/6/2009: Everyone should be free to criticise an ideology called 'Submission'.
1/16/2009: 10 Reasons why the Bible is somewhat outdated.
12/24/2008: What the Mass of Christ should mean
12/4/2008: How Christ became a modern Christian – and why that is not necessarily a good news gospel.
8/2/2008: Maimonides of the 12th century– the Jewish Erasmus.
7/28/2008: Real Christianity.
7/11/2008: Medieval Christianity and Modern Islam: Erasmus, Luther, and Islam's need for the same
5/17/2008: The real importance and meaning of Christianity
5/7/2008: Christian left rising in America
11/27/2007: Make Christianity relevant and moral
9/30/2007: Faith based schools should not be funded by the state
4/7/2007: Mohammed versus Christ
1/24/2007: Disobeying natural law
1/20/2007: In defence of the Christian nation state
10/30/2006: Christianity's burden
9/18/2006: The Vatican states the obvious about Islam – and about time too
9/13/2006: Judaism, Christianity, Capitalism and Morality
9/10/2006: Can we be moral without God?
11/9/2005: Religion – Separate Spirituality from Supernaturality


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Research at the National Archives, 'Pathway to Peace' exhibit and presentation.
Looking through the declassified military files entitled 'General Records Relating to Disarmament, compiled 1948–1962,' I came upon two interesting exhibition projects. There were two folders dedicated to the 'Pathway for Peace' exhibit, which, from what I could tell, was a presentation to the United Nations (given by the U.S.). It then traveled around the country as a means to educate Americans on a changing attitude toward the U.S. nuclear program. There were twenty color positive reproductions of the exhibit panels, designed by The Displayers from year 1957. There were also several printed versions of a lecture text that accompanied the slide presentation, marked with editorial comments. I made a copy of the final text. I plan to record it and incorporate it into the project.
The third folder in the box was a collection of material that explained technical advances in aerial photography and the role of reconnaissance in inspection. There were a few aerial photographs of the U.S. (not one of Yucca Flat unfortunately, but more on that later) and diagrams of airplanes outfitted to capture images of the landscape in a continuous strip, as the plane travels. In light of my recent Imagery Grant from the GeoEye Foundation and the way I am using satellite images in my project to bypass restrictions, I realize that our desire to see the world from above and to make use of that information has only intensified.
Research at the National Archives, nuclear detonations and craters.	Aerial photographs acquired from the USGS, the Freedom of Information Act.


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Q: Four Athletes run a race Four Athletes $A,B,C$ and $D$ run in a race. They have equal abilities so that all place orderings have equal probabilities. There are no ties
(i) What is the probability that the first two places are taken, in either order, by $A$ and $B$?
My solution:
Total place orderings is $4!=24$
We can have
$A,B,C,D$ or $A,B,D,C$ or $B,A,C,D$ or $B,A,D,C$
so the Prob(the first two places are taken, in either order, by $A$ and $B$)=$4\over{24}$
(ii) The race is run three times, with independent outcomes. What is the probability that the first two places are taken, in either order, by the same two athletes in all three races?
I am having trouble answering the (ii) part, I would appreciate any help

A: The total number of outcomes for part (ii) is $(4!)^3=13824$. Now, the first race can have any outcome, so we have 24 possibilities so far. The second race has to have $2\cdot1\cdot2\cdot1=4$ possibilities, since there are two possible runners for the first two spots and then the other two for the last two spots (same calculation you used in part i). The third race has the same number as the second race, so we have
$$\frac{24\cdot4\cdot4}{13824}=\frac{384}{13824}=\frac{1}{36}$$

A: Your answer for part (i) is correct.
For part (ii), without loss of generality, let's say that $A$ and $B$ won the first race. The odds that they win the second race are $\frac16$, as you calculated in part (i). The odds that they win the third race are also $\frac16$. What can you conclude?