text:
package org.apache.cassandra.cql;

import java.io.File;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.CassandraResultSet;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.JdbcAscii;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.JdbcBytes;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.JdbcInteger;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.JdbcLong;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.JdbcUTF8;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;

import org.apache.cassandra.utils.FBUtilities;

import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;

/**
 * Test case for unit test of various methods of JDBC implementation.
 */
public class JdbcDriverTest extends EmbeddedServiceBase
{
    private static java.sql.Connection con = null;
    private static final String first = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("first".getBytes());
    private static final String firstrec = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("firstrec".getBytes());
    private static final String last = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("last".getBytes());
    private static final String lastrec = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("lastrec".getBytes());
    private static final String jsmith = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("jsmith".getBytes());

    /** SetUp */
    @BeforeClass
    public static void startServer() throws Exception
    {
        startCassandraServer();
        Class.forName("org.apache.cassandra.cql.jdbc.CassandraDriver");
        con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:cassandra://localhost:9170/Keyspace1");
        String[] inserts =
        {
            String.format("UPDATE Standard1 SET '%s' = '%s', '%s' = '%s' WHERE KEY = '%s'", first, firstrec, last, lastrec, jsmith),
            "UPDATE JdbcInteger SET 1 = 11, 2 = 22, 42='fortytwo' WHERE KEY = '" + jsmith + "'",
            "UPDATE JdbcInteger SET 3 = 33, 4 = 44 WHERE KEY = '" + jsmith + "'",
            "UPDATE JdbcLong SET 1 = 11, 2 = 22 WHERE KEY = '" + jsmith + "'",
            "UPDATE JdbcAscii SET 'first' = 'firstrec', last = 'lastrec' WHERE key = '" + jsmith + "'",
            String.format("UPDATE JdbcBytes SET '%s' = '%s', '%s' = '%s' WHERE key = '%s'", first, firstrec, last, lastrec, jsmith),
            "UPDATE JdbcUtf8 SET 'first' = 'firstrec', fortytwo = '42', last = 'lastrec' WHERE key = '" + jsmith + "'",
        };
        for (String q : inserts)
        {
            try
            {
                executeNoResults(con, q);
            }
            catch (SQLException ex)
            {
                throw new AssertionError(ex.getMessage() + ", query:" + q);
            }
        }
    }

    private static void expectedMetaData(ResultSetMetaData md, int col, String colClass, String table, String schema,
                                  String label, int type, String typeName, boolean signed, boolean caseSensitive) throws SQLException
    {
        assertEquals(colClass, md.getColumnClassName(col)); // full class name of type<T>
        assertEquals(schema, md.getSchemaName(col));
        assertEquals(label, md.getColumnLabel(col));
        assertEquals(label, md.getColumnName(col));
        assertEquals(type, md.getColumnType(col));
        assertEquals(typeName, md.getColumnTypeName(col));
        assertEquals(signed, md.isSigned(col));
        assertEquals(caseSensitive, md.isCaseSensitive(col));
    }

    private static void expectedMetaData(ResultSetMetaData md, int col,
                                         String valuClass, int valuType, String valuTypeName, boolean valuSigned, boolean valuCaseSense) throws SQLException
    {
        assertEquals(valuClass, md.getColumnClassName(col));
        assertEquals(valuType, md.getColumnType(col));
        assertEquals(valuTypeName, md.getColumnTypeName(col));
        assertEquals(valuSigned, md.isSigned(col));
        assertEquals(valuCaseSense, md.isCaseSensitive(col));
    }

    @Test(expected=SQLNonTransientConnectionException.class)
    public void testNoHost() throws SQLException
    {
        DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:cassandra:localhost");
    }

    @Test(expected=SQLNonTransientConnectionException.class)
    public void testBadKeyspace() throws SQLException
    {
        DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:cassandra://localhost/Keysp@ce");
    }

    @Test(expected=SQLNonTransientConnectionException.class)
    public void testBadUserinfo() throws SQLException
    {
        DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:cassandra://root;root@localhost");
    }

    @Test
    public void testNonDefaultColumnValidators() throws SQLException
    {
        String key = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("Integer".getBytes());
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
        stmt.executeUpdate("update JdbcInteger set 1=36893488147419103232, 42='fortytwofortytwo' where key='" + key + "'");
        ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select 1, 2, 42 from JdbcInteger where key='" + key + "'");
        assert rs.next();
        assert rs.getObject("1").equals(new BigInteger("36893488147419103232"));
        assert rs.getString("42").equals("fortytwofortytwo") : rs.getString("42");

        ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData();
        assert md.getColumnCount() == 3;
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, BigInteger.class.getName(), "JdbcInteger", "Keyspace1", "1", Types.BIGINT, JdbcInteger.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, BigInteger.class.getName(), "JdbcInteger", "Keyspace1", "2", Types.BIGINT, JdbcInteger.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);
        expectedMetaData(md, 3, String.class.getName(), "JdbcInteger", "Keyspace1", "42", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);

        rs = stmt.executeQuery("select key, 1, 2, 42 from JdbcInteger where key='" + key + "'");
        assert rs.next();
        assert Arrays.equals(rs.getBytes("key"), FBUtilities.hexToBytes(key));
        assert rs.getObject("1").equals(new BigInteger("36893488147419103232"));
        assert rs.getString("42").equals("fortytwofortytwo") : rs.getString("42");

        stmt.executeUpdate("update JdbcUtf8 set a='aa', b='bb', fortytwo='4242' where key='" + key + "'");
        rs = stmt.executeQuery("select a, b, fortytwo from JdbcUtf8 where key='" + key + "'");
        assert rs.next();
        assert rs.getString("a").equals("aa");
        assert rs.getString("b").equals("bb");
        assert rs.getInt("fortytwo") == 4242L;

        md = rs.getMetaData();
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, String.class.getName(), "JdbcUtf8", "Keyspace1", "a", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, String.class.getName(), "JdbcUtf8", "Keyspace1", "b", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);
        expectedMetaData(md, 3, BigInteger.class.getName(), "JdbcUtf8", "Keyspace1", "fortytwo", Types.BIGINT, JdbcInteger.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);
    }

    @Test
    public void testLongMetadata() throws SQLException
    {
        String key = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("Long".getBytes());
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
        stmt.executeUpdate("UPDATE JdbcLong SET 1=111, 2=222 WHERE KEY = '" + key + "'");
        ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT 1, 2 from JdbcLong WHERE KEY = '" + key + "'");
        assert rs.next();
        assert rs.getLong("1") == 111;
        assert rs.getLong("2") == 222;

        ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData();
        assert md.getColumnCount() == 2;
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, Long.class.getName(), "JdbcLong", "Keyspace1", "1", Types.INTEGER, JdbcLong.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, Long.class.getName(), "JdbcLong", "Keyspace1", "2", Types.INTEGER, JdbcLong.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);

        for (int i = 0; i < md.getColumnCount(); i++)
            expectedMetaData(md, i + 1, Long.class.getName(), Types.INTEGER, JdbcLong.class.getSimpleName(), true, false);
    }

    @Test
    public void testStringMetadata() throws SQLException
    {
        String aKey = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("ascii".getBytes());
        String uKey = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("utf8".getBytes());
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
        stmt.executeUpdate("UPDATE JdbcAscii SET a='aa', b='bb' WHERE KEY = '" + aKey + "'");
        stmt.executeUpdate("UPDATE JdbcUtf8 SET a='aa', b='bb' WHERE KEY = '" + uKey + "'");
        ResultSet rs0 = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY = '" + aKey + "'");
        ResultSet rs1 = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT a, b FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY = '" + uKey + "'");
        for (ResultSet rs : new ResultSet[] { rs0, rs1 })
        {
            assert rs.next();
            assert rs.getString("a").equals("aa");
            assert rs.getString("b").equals("bb");
        }

        ResultSetMetaData md = rs0.getMetaData();
        assert md.getColumnCount() == 2;
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, String.class.getName(), "JdbcAscii", "Keyspace1", "a", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcAscii.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, String.class.getName(), "JdbcAscii", "Keyspace1", "b", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcAscii.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);
        md = rs1.getMetaData();
        assert md.getColumnCount() == 2;
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, String.class.getName(), "JdbcUtf8", "Keyspace1", "a", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, String.class.getName(), "JdbcUtf8", "Keyspace1", "b", Types.VARCHAR, JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(), false, true);

        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
        {
            expectedMetaData(rs0.getMetaData(),
                             i + 1,
                             String.class.getName(),
                             Types.VARCHAR,
                             JdbcAscii.class.getSimpleName(),
                             false,
                             true);
            expectedMetaData(rs1.getMetaData(),
                             i + 1,
                             String.class.getName(),
                             Types.VARCHAR,
                             JdbcUTF8.class.getSimpleName(),
                             false,
                             true);

        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testBytesMetadata() throws SQLException
    {
        String key = FBUtilities.bytesToHex("bytes".getBytes());
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
        byte[] a = "a_".getBytes();
        byte[] b = "b_".getBytes();
        byte[] aa = "_aa_".getBytes();
        byte[] bb = "_bb_".getBytes();
        stmt.executeUpdate(String.format(
                "UPDATE JdbcBytes set '%s'='%s', '%s'='%s' WHERE KEY = '" + key + "'",
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(a),
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(aa),
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(b),
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(bb)));
        ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(String.format(
                "SELECT '%s', '%s' from JdbcBytes WHERE KEY = '" + key + "'",
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(a),
                FBUtilities.bytesToHex(b)));
        assert rs.next();
        assert Arrays.equals(aa, rs.getBytes(1));
        assert Arrays.equals(bb, rs.getBytes(2));
        assert Arrays.equals(aa, rs.getBytes(FBUtilities.bytesToHex(a)));
        assert Arrays.equals(bb, rs.getBytes(FBUtilities.bytesToHex(b)));
        ResultSetMetaData md = rs.getMetaData();
        assert md.getColumnCount() == 2;
        expectedMetaData(md, 1, ByteBuffer.class.getName(), "JdbcBytes", "Keyspace1", FBUtilities.bytesToHex(a), Types.BINARY, JdbcBytes.class.getSimpleName(), false, false);
        expectedMetaData(md, 2, ByteBuffer.class.getName(), "JdbcBytes", "Keyspace1", FBUtilities.bytesToHex(b), Types.BINARY, JdbcBytes.class.getSimpleName(), false, false);

        for (int i = 0; i < md.getColumnCount(); i++)
            expectedMetaData(md, i + 1, ByteBuffer.class.getName(), Types.BINARY, JdbcBytes.class.getSimpleName(), false, false);
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithStatementBytesType() throws SQLException
    {
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();

        String selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Bytes", 1, first, last);

        selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Bytes", 1, first, last);
    }

    /** Method to test statement. */
    @Test
    public void testWithStatement() throws SQLException
    {
        Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
        List<String> keys = Arrays.asList(jsmith);
        String selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2");

        selectQ = "SELECT 3, 4 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "3", "4");

        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2, 3, 4 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2", "3", "4");

        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcLong WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Long", 1, keys, "1", "2");

        selectQ = "SELECT 'first', last FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "String", 1, keys, "first", "last");

        selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Bytes", 1, keys, first, last);

        selectQ = "SELECT 'first', last FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "String", 1, keys, "first", "last");

        String badKey = FBUtilities.bytesToHex(String.format("jsmith-%s", System.currentTimeMillis()).getBytes());
        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY IN ('" + badKey + "', '" + jsmith + "')";
        checkResultSet(stmt.executeQuery(selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testWithPreparedStatementBytesType() throws SQLException
    {
        String selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Bytes", 1, first, last);

        selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Bytes", 1, first, last);
    }

   /** Method to test with prepared statement.*/
   @Test
    public void testWithPreparedStatement() throws SQLException
    {
        List<String> keys = Arrays.asList(jsmith);

        String selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Bytes", 1, keys, first, last);

        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2");

        selectQ = "SELECT 3, 4 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "3", "4");

        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2, 3, 4 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2", "3", "4");

        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcLong WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Long", 1, keys, "1", "2");

        selectQ = "SELECT 'first', last FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "String", 1, keys, "first", "last");

        selectQ = String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, last, jsmith);
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Bytes", 1, keys, first, last);

        selectQ = "SELECT 'first', last FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "String", 1, keys, "first", "last");

        String badKey = FBUtilities.bytesToHex(String.format("jsmith-%s", System.currentTimeMillis()).getBytes());
        selectQ = "SELECT 1, 2 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY IN ('" + badKey + "', '" + jsmith + "')";
        checkResultSet(executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, selectQ), "Int", 1, keys, "1", "2");
    }

    /* Method to test with Delete statement. */
    @Test
    public void testWithDeleteStatement() throws SQLException
    {
        // the pattern: 0) a deltion, 1) ensure deletion 2) ensure deletion wasn't over-eager.
        String[] statements =
        {
                String.format("DELETE '%s', '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'",
                              FBUtilities.bytesToHex("firstN".getBytes()),
                              FBUtilities.bytesToHex("lastN".getBytes()),
                              jsmith),
                String.format("SELECT '%s', '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'",
                              FBUtilities.bytesToHex("firstN".getBytes()),
                              FBUtilities.bytesToHex("lastN".getBytes()),
                              jsmith),
                String.format("SELECT '%s' FROM Standard1 WHERE KEY='%s'",
                              first,
                              jsmith),

                "DELETE 1, 3 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 1, 3 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 2, 4 FROM JdbcInteger WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",

                "DELETE 1 FROM JdbcLong WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 1 FROM JdbcLong WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 2 FROM JdbcLong WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",

                "DELETE 'first' FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 'first' FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT last FROM JdbcAscii WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",

                String.format("DELETE '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, jsmith),
                String.format("SELECT '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", first, jsmith),
                String.format("SELECT '%s' FROM JdbcBytes WHERE KEY='%s'", last, jsmith),

                "DELETE 'first' FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT 'first' FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
                "SELECT last FROM JdbcUtf8 WHERE KEY='" + jsmith + "'",
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < statements.length/3; i++)
        {
            executeNoResults(con, statements[3*i]);
            ResultSet rs = executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, statements[3*i+1]);
            rs.next();
            rs.getObject(1);
            assert rs.wasNull();
            rs.close();

            rs = executePreparedStatementWithResults(con, statements[3*i+2]);
            assert rs.next() : statements[3*i+2];
        }
    }

    @AfterClass
    public static void stopServer() throws SQLException
    {
        if (con != null)
        {
            String[] stmts =
            {
                "TRUNCATE Standard1",
                "TRUNCATE JdbcAscii", // todo: this one is broken for some reason.
                "TRUNCATE JdbcInteger",
                "TRUNCATE JdbcLong",
                "TRUNCATE JdbcBytes",
                "TRUNCATE JdbcUtf8",
            };
            for (String stmt : stmts)
            {
                try
                {
                    executeNoResults(con, stmt);
                }
                catch (SQLException ex)
                {
                    throw new SQLException(stmt, ex);
                }
            }
            con.close();
            con = null;
        }

        // Cleanup backup links
        File backups = new File("build/test/cassandra/data/Keyspace1/backups");
        if (backups.exists())
            for (String fname : backups.list())
                new File("build/test/cassandra/data/Keyspace1/backups" + File.separator + fname).delete();
    }

    // todo: check expected values as well.
    /** iterates over a result set checking columns */
    private static void checkResultSet(ResultSet rs, String accessor, int expectedRows, String... cols) throws SQLException
    {
        checkResultSet(rs, accessor, expectedRows, null, cols);
    }

    private static void checkResultSet(ResultSet rs, String accessor, int expectedRows, List<String> keys,  String... cols) throws SQLException
    {
        int actualRows = 0;
        assert rs != null;
        Iterator<String> keyIter = (keys == null) ? null : keys.iterator();
        CassandraResultSet cassandraRs = (CassandraResultSet)rs;
        while (rs.next())
        {
            actualRows++;

            for (int c = 0; c < cols.length; c++)
            {
                // getObject should always work.
                assert rs.getObject(cols[c]) != null;
                assert rs.getObject(c+1) != null;

                // now call the accessor.
                try
                {
                    Method byInt = rs.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("get" + accessor, int.class);
                    byInt.setAccessible(true);
                    assert byInt.invoke(rs, c+1) != null;

                    Method byString = rs.getClass().getDeclaredMethod("get" + accessor, String.class);
                    byString.setAccessible(true);
                    assert byString.invoke(rs, cols[c]) != null;
                }
                catch (NoSuchMethodException ex)
                {
                    throw new RuntimeException(ex);
                }
                catch (IllegalAccessException ex)
                {
                    throw new RuntimeException(ex);
                }
                catch (InvocationTargetException ex)
                {
                    throw new RuntimeException(ex);
                }
            }
        }

        assert actualRows == expectedRows : String.format("expected %d rows, got %d", expectedRows, actualRows);
    }

    /** executes a prepared statement */
    private static ResultSet executePreparedStatementWithResults(final Connection con, final String selectQ) throws SQLException
    {
        PreparedStatement statement = con.prepareStatement(selectQ);
        return statement.executeQuery();
    }

    /** executes an prepared statement */
    private static void executeNoResults(final Connection con, final String cql) throws SQLException
    {
        PreparedStatement statement = con.prepareStatement(cql);
        statement.execute();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Alleged Serial Killer Arrested After Hiding Body Parts In Potted Plants
By Katie Serena
Bruce McArthur thought he'd outsmarted everyone by hiding his victims inside potted plants on the properties he had worked on as a landscaper.
CNNBruce McArthur is charged with the murder of five people, whose bodies he's believed to have hidden in flower pots on construction sites he worked on.
A landscaper in Toronto has been arrested after authorities found body parts belonging to at least six people buried in his flower pots.
Police charged 66-year-old Bruce McArthur with five murders, going back to 2012, the most recent taking place in June of 2017. Authorities expect the number of victims to increase as the investigation continues.
"We do believe there are more and I have no idea how many more there are going to be," said homicide detective Sgt. Hank Idsinga.
Since McArthur's arrest, police have searched more than 30 different properties that McArthur worked on, and have confirmed that human remains were found at some of them. The exact causes of death have yet to be determined. In conjunction with McArthur's case, police are re-examining over one hundred missing person cases from the area and looking into some of MacArthur's older properties.
Police have branded Bruce McArthur as a serial killer, after finding multiple dismembered, skeletal remains buried in flower boxes on properties that he had worked on.
"It's a serial killer — alleged serial killer," Idsinga said. "The city of Toronto has never seen anything like this. The resources that are being thrown at it, everything that we have. I'd call it an unprecedented type of investigation.
According to Michael Arntfield, a criminologist at Western University, McArthur definitely fits the profile of a serial killer, as these types of killers usually use "the guise of their job" to find new victims, and cover up their crimes.
When the string of missing person investigations began back in 2012, police believed they were looking for someone targeting Toronto's gay community, as the victims all appeared to be from the Gay Village, a predominantly LGBT area.
Recently, however, the killer seemed to be widening his range, as the last two victims were from other areas.
"The last two victims don't quite fit the profile of the earlier victims. It encompasses more than just the gay community," Idsinga said. "It encompasses the city of Toronto."
Though the most recent murder charge was applied to McArthur in late January, he was originally charged with two murders earlier in the month, in connection with two missing person cases from last year.
Through the investigation, police revealed that Bruce McArthur has been a suspect of theirs for years. Starting in 2001, McArthur fell under suspicion after he assaulted a gay man with a pipe. He was subsequently barred from entering Gay Village or spending time with male prostitutes.
Over the next few years, police investigated several disappearances related to the Gay Village area, but it wasn't until September of 2017 that McArthur name came up again, in relation to the disappearance of Andrew Kinsman, whose body was later positively identified as one of those found in one of McArthur's flower pots.
In January of 2018, police uncovered evidence that further implicated McArthur, and eventually arrested him, charging him with two counts of first-degree murder. When he appeared in court later that month, three more murder charges were applied. It was also revealed that during the course of the investigation, McArthur was arrested for holding a man captive and tied to his bed.
In February, police confirmed that parts belonging to six separate victims had been found in flower pots on several of McArthur's landscaping properties.
Those who knew McArthur described him as a quiet, solitary man, who never came across as friendly. He also occasionally worked as a mall Santa during the holidays.
"He was always opinionated," a former co-worker of McArthur's told CNN. "Never got any warm, friendly vibes from him. He seemed moody. Usually fairly happy, but sometimes quiet."
Despite six victims being found, Bruce McArthur has been charged with five counts of first-degree murder, though Idsinga feels that with recent developments and discoveries, the counts could go up to at least 10.
After reading about serial killer Bruce McArthur, take a look at these quotes from serial killers that will chill you to the bone. Then, take a look at these four terrifying teenaged serial killers.
Katie Serena
Katie Serena is a New York City-based writer and a staff writer at All That's Interesting.
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The 18 Weirdest Items To Ever Wash Up On The Beach

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


UPDATE: Two out of three's not bad! Rather than semipalmated sandpipers, the first three pictures are of Sanderlings – the first two in non-breeding plumage and the third in breeding plumage. I got the Tennessee Warbler and the Swainson's Thrush right. Thanks to Richard and Stan for their help.
A rainy day is a good day to go through the pictures I've taken lately. And once again I'm asking for help.
The first three I think are semipalmated sandpipers, but I'm not sure. I'm going by the black legs and lack of marking on the chest. I do have a question as well – one (the third picture) seems much darker than the other. Is this because it's wet? Or is it a male/female difference?
And the last one I think is a Swainson's Thrush because of the eye ring and buffy extension on to the face (spectacles).
Any help is appreciated. I've learned so much from the SK Birds group already. Thanks.
I'm horrible at ID-ing hawks. Here's one I saw yesterday. My guess was that it's a red-tail, but it doesn't have a red tail! I'd love to hear from anyone what kind of hawk it is, and how you know. Eventually, I'll learn. Thanks in advance.
UPDATE: Thanks for your help Marcia & Adele. It's a Northern Harrier.
To all you birders out there: Is this a Yellowlegs or a Solitary Sandpiper? I'm guessing Solitary, because of the bold white eye ring, but its legs sure look yellow, but are they long enough and yellow enough… Help?


The State University of New York's Institute of Technology at Utica / Rome is again offering its BUS385: E-Commerce Using the Internet course for the Fall 2005 semester. In addition, to classroom lectures providing ecommerce fundamentals and concepts, students form teams and use QuadCommerce to develop an ecommerce store. With this project small groups compete against each other to develop an innovative web presence using actual E-Commerce development software used in the business world.
Can your customers find you? Help them with QuadCommerce!


Насыпьте 1 мерную ложку без горки в 250 мл (8 унций) холодной воды или молока, а затем перемешайте.
Whey protein isolate, cocoa, natural flavors, xanthan gum, xylitol, organic stevia leaf extract, sea salt sunflower lecithin.
Not manufactured with wheat, gluten, soy, egg, fish or shellfish ingredients. Produced in a GMP facility that processes other ingredients containing these allergens.
Store in a cool, dry, place after opening.


Q: What was you favorite destination?
A: Beijing for the Lunar New Year and driving the Ring Road of Iceland.
Q: Where do you look for airfares?
A: Typically, I just watch the sales of major airlines and sign up for their email specials. Occasionally, I hear about something on a travel blog or community site. If I have a specific destination and date in mind I use the ITA matrix software and fare alerts.
Q: What's your next destination?
A: I am currently planning 2015 travels. One of the destinations will be Alaska to see the Northern lights.


text:
class AddEmailWebsiteToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def self.up
    add_column :users, :email, :string
    add_column :users, :website, :string
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column :users, :website
    remove_column :users, :email
  end
end


Gabi Moskowitz is the editor-in-chief of the nationally-acclaimed budget cooking blog BrokeAss Gourmet (brokeassgourmet.com), author of The BrokeAss Gourmet Cookbook (Egg & Dart, 2012), Pizza Dough: 100 Delicious, Unexpected Recipes (Egg & Dart, 2013), Young & Hungry (Disney/Hyperion, 2017) and Hot Mess Kitchen (Grand Central Life & Style, 2017).
Gabi is also the co-producer of Young & Hungry, a Freeform comedy, now in its fifth season, inspired by her life and writing. She also starred in a web series in conjunction with the show, called Young & Foodie.
When she is not blogging, writing books, or making television, Gabi contributes to The Washington Post, The Guardian, and Lenny Letter. She lives in San Francisco with her husband, Evan.
From baking pies to making "angry" pasta through depression and heartbreak, Gabi explores the therapeutic benefits of getting your hands dirty in the kitchen. Life is messy and it's hard to be truly prepared, but there is no problem you can't cook your way out of. Gabi's show demonstrates how the process can be heartening, hilarious, and fun. It's one part live cooking show and one part interview, injected with as much comedy and heart as possible.


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Posted inElection 2010
LG Candidate Has Come Full Circle Back to Politics
by Christine Stuart July 23, 2010, 4:00 am January 21, 2021, 5:21 pm
At the age of 50, Lisa Wilson-Foley, who is seeking the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, feels like her life has come full circle.
Having raised a family and opened several businesses it was time for her to get back into politics—a path she thought she'd take shortly after graduating college. Turns out life had different plans.
After spending a week interning in Washington D.C. for the Republican Party Wilson-Foley had a death in her family and returned home to Connecticut to go into the health care field. First becoming a nursing home administrator, then opening up a health care marketing business, which evolved into her own physical therapy business.
With a degree from the Yale School of Public Health, Wilson-Foley, took some time off to raise her family before buying a miniature golf course, bowling alley, golf course, ice cream parlor, and her latest, a spa and rehabilitation center.
Apple Spa and Rehabilitation Center, her newest business, is located in the same plaza as her campaign headquarters in Avon. It opened in June.
"I've done really well in Connecticut," Wilson-Foley said. "I feel like I can give back something at this point in my life. My kids are good, my businesses are good, and the state is not good."
Running for an office with a $535,000 budget, Wilson-Foley said she believes leadership starts at the top. As a businesswoman she doesn't take a raise if she's not giving her employees a raise and she believes that same thinking should be applied to government.
Wilson-Foley, who has never run for public office before now, thinks she can cut the lieutenant governor's budget in half and still serve the taxpayers.
"There are a lot of agencies and departments that may not be needed, but we've kept them around," Wilson-Foley said. "It's like the watchmaker. We don't need watchmakers, so do we keep them in a job that's not needed or do we transition them to cellphone operator or cellphone technician."
She said her goal in running for office is to bring more business strategy to government. "Taxpayers are customers in a way and we want to make sure they're happy," Wilson-Foley said.
Asked if Lt. Gov. Michael Fedele, who is seeking the Republican nomination for governor, has done a good job, Wilson-Foley said "it's hard to tell." She said the reason she says that is she's very outcome based. "If I was looking at an outcome, I asked myself did we increase jobs? It has to be done with more accountability."
After a few years, if she felt she was marginalized in the office or it wasn't needed she would suggest eliminating it, but at the moment she's not sure that's the appropriate thing to do.
A self-described hands-on entrepreneur, Wilson-Foley said she just wants to get elected and get her hands into it, just like she did when she purchased Blue Fox Walk Mini Golf on Route 10 in Simsbury.
Wilson-Foley took her children to play miniature golf there one day and as she looked around at the slightly dilapidated family entertainment venue she immediately thought to herself, "I can do this better." Then she saw a sign that said "For Sale." She said she called the elderly owner the next day to let the him know she was interested in buying it.
She's owned the venue now since 1990. She shared a similar story about Apple Spa and Rehabilitation Center. She used to be a customer at the spa, which went by a different name at the time, and walked out thinking she could do a better job.
Wilson-Foley wants to do the same with government. She said things were going well about 10 years ago, but in the past year she's noticed taxes going up and electricity bills going up and felt compelled to try and do something about it.
Asked if she had a solution for what is expected to be one of the biggest budget deficits in the states history, Wilson-Foley said she's not the most innovative person, but she knows how to listen and implement those suggestions both from the taxpayers and the state employees.
"It's difficult to articulate how I'd make it happen…but I know how to get it done," Wilson-Foley said. "I'm not always the one with the idea, but I know when I hear a good idea and I go 'Wow that's a good idea'."
In her two physical, occupational and speech therapy businesses, Wilson-Foley said on occasion she's had an opportunity to interact with the state Department of Social Services. "Wow those people know how to solve the problems," Wilson-Foley said. "I think it's so bureaucratic in a way that it's hard to get out from under what you've done everyday."
As an entrepreneur Wilson-Foley thinks she may come at problems a little bit differently than her opponent, Danbury Mayor Mark Boughton, who served as state representative for three years before serving five terms as the Hat City's mayor.
"I just want to get my hands into and see if a different set of skills could make some changes," Wilson-Foley said.
Wilson-Foley said she wouldn't waste any time getting her hands dirty because she doesn't imagine she would be lieutenant governor for any more than one four-year term. She said it might not be the end of her government career, but she would limit herself to one term if elected lieutenant governor.
Painting herself as an outsider candidate Wilson-Foley has raised about $63,000. In addition to raising money she has put her money where her mouth is and donated $140,000 to her own campaign.
She isn't using the public campaign finance system like her opponent and has already run $25,000 worth of television ads to introduce herself to voters.
According to Wilson-Foley's recent filings with the state she's paid her friend and former news anchor Janet Peckinpaugh, who is also running for her first elected office in the Second Congressional District, about $21,690 in consulting fees.
She also paid a Virginia firm $2,500 to do some opposition research. Most of the money has gone to campaign staffers helping her make calls to voters.


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Kevin Goetz
In the span of fifteen years, 'Kevin Goetz' has carved out a name for himself in the world of market research of motion pictures. Goetz has extensive experience facilitating the gathering of audience responses, and has brought forward this illuminating information for over 1,500 motion pictures, in all genres, created by nearly every major studio and independent company in the film industry. Goetz' background and experience as a Focus Group Moderator, working directly with viewing audiences, has enabled... more
In the span of fifteen years, 'Kevin Goetz' has carved out a name for himself in the world of market research of motion pictures. Goetz has extensive experience facilitating the gathering of audience responses, and has brought forward this illuminating information for over 1,500 motion pictures, in all genres, created by nearly every major studio and independent company in the film industry. Goetz' background and experience as a Focus Group Moderator, working directly with viewing audiences, has enabled him to become a barometer of audience trends and has given him a unique perspective in the understanding of what makes a movie work. The clients that he regularly interacts with include the film industry's most prominent filmmakers and top studio executives. Through the specific information that he is able to obtain from moviegoers, those same filmmakers and studio executives often acknowledge his contribution to a motion picture as an integral part of their film's success. Armed with this knowledge and his innumerable business relationships, Goetz has expanded his activities to include producing motion pictures. He most recently produced WILD IRIS, which marks Goetz' fifth motion picture he has worked on in the past three years. WILD IRIS, a co-production between Paramount and Showtime, stars Laura Linney, Gena Rowlands, Fred Ward and newcomer Emile Hirsch and is directed by Daniel Petrie Sr. Wild Iris was honored with two 2002 Emmy award nominations for Ms. Linney and Ms. Rowlands performances as best actress in a motion picture or miniseries produced for television or cable, with the former winning the award. He executive produced SOMEONE IS WATCHING, his first movie, starring Stefanie Powers and Margot Kidder, which premiered on Lifetime in January 2000. Next, Goetz served as a production executive on THE ART OF MURDER, starring Michael Moriarty and Joanna Pacula, and FROZEN WITH FEAR, starring Bo Derek, Wayne Rogers, and Stephen Shellen, both for World International Network and distributed domestically by Lions Gate and Lifetime respectively. Last year, he produced TOUCHED BY A KILLER, starring Isabella Hofmann, James Wilder, Erin Gray, and Louise Fletcher that premiered on Lifetime in June 2001.Goetz's next projects include CRIMES OF OPPORTUNITY written and to be directed by Peter Coyote beginning production early next year; BURMESE, a film he is producing with Martha Coolidge directing; and A DAY NO PIGS WOULD DIE based on the classic children's book by Robert Newton Peck, with Morgan Freeman directing for a spring of 2003 start. Goetz began his producing career in the theatre. He created Central Coast Repertory Theatre in San Luis Obispo, California in 1990 and served as the Producer/Artistic Director until 1994. During Goetz's tenure, the theatre received abundant critical praise for producing a wide range of original and unique work, featuring some of America's most celebrated actors, directors, and designers. A few noteworthy productions include the American premiere of DOUBLE ACT by Australian actor/writer Barry Creyton; the West Coast premiere of ALFRED STIEGLITZ LOVES O'KEEFFE by Lanie Robertson; and one of the first regional theatre productions of MY CHILDREN! MY AFRICA! by Athol Fugard. In 1991 again as producer, Goetz was a founding member of Incline, an ensemble theatre company based in Los Angeles. Goetz received his B.F.A. in Acting from Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University, working very closely with William Esper and Kathryn Gately. Prior to attending college, Goetz opened Jazz Arts Studio, a dance and acting school in his hometown of East Brunswick, New Jersey. There, he employed four teachers, and along with himself, taught approximately 100 students. At the time, he was voted the youngest member of the Chamber of Commerce. Goetz's roots in the entertainment industry go back to his teenage years when he began working as an actor, appearing on stages in and around New York as well as Los Angeles. He has appeared on television, in feature films, and over 25 commercials, including campaigns for WRANGLER JEANS, TOYOTA, and DOMINO'S PIZZA. He has also done extensive voice-over work, providing his vocal talents for over 50 television programs and movies. Goetz is a proud member of several distinguished organizations including the QRCA (Qualitative Research Consultants Association); the PGA (Producers Guild of America); ATAS (Academy of Television Arts and Sciences); SAG (Screen Actors Guild); AFTRA (American Federation of Television and Radio Artists); and AEA (Actors' Equity Association).
Kevin Goetz Filmography
Kevin Goetz as: Aсtor (2)
Norma Jean & Marilyn
as Studio Flack
House IV
as Pizza Man


text:
Home Album Reviews Sodom - Partisan
Sodom - Decision Day - 08.09.16
Sodom - Sacred Warpath - 13.11.14
Metal Fest Day 1 @ Movistar Arena, Santiago (CL) - 04.05.13
Sodom - Epitome Of Torture - 02.05.13
Sodom @ An Club, Athens (GRE) - 28.11.11
Sodom - Partisan
(EP, SPV/Steamhammer, 2018)
Unbeknownst to me that SODOM had a brand new lineup, I started listening to the "Partisan" EP, being excited getting new music from this reliable Thrash band. Yeah, there is a new lineup behind the two brand new recordings (the third is a live one), and if you are of my age spectrum, then you may have started listening to SODOM during the "Persecution Mania" era, and that means having Mr. Frank Blackfire on the guitars. If this news did not temp you to headbang, then you have missed the German Thrash train all together, so you better do some homework.
And it is not only this, because the German band has returned as a four piece, something that has happened only once in SODOM history, going all the way back to another teenage favorite (of mine), "Better Off Dead". With two guitars and Tom's trademark timbre, SODOM will storm your PA system with an old-school sound that rides on the opening riff of "Partisan". I hate to make comparisons, but spinning this one, I could not help but think of the massive sound "Agent Orange" delivered some decades ago. I have no idea whether this is due to Frank's return and, to be honest, I could not care less since the song is a headbanging galore. On the other hand, this can be a strong indication of what SODOM are working on in the studio, and this is another reason to be excited. From the press release, I learned that "Conflagration" was penned by Yorck Segatz who, despite being a new addition to the lineup, sounds fully familiar with the old SODOM. Yeah, this one flirts with the "Obsessed By Cruelty" days, being rawer than the previous one, assaulting your eardrums with that sweet Punk-esque rhythm section and the echo effect on Tom's singing which is nostalgia 101. Brace yourself for the fast break following the mid-tempo groovy section (pay close attention to the bass leads) which is high-octane fuel for the moshing machine.
The tracklist has one live recording which I believe captures the brutality this band brings from the stage, making me feel nostalgic at the same time, considering how many years (or decades) that have passed since my last SODOM concert. Isn't about time for SODOM to cross the Atlantic? At any rate, "Partisan" is a bearer of great news, strongly hinting that the Germans have something great brewing in the studio.
Sodomized.Info
www.MySpace.Com/Sodom
www.FaceBook.Com/Sodomized
www.Twitter.Com/Sodomized
01. Partisan
02. Conflagration
03. Tired & Red
Tom Angelripper - Bass, Vocals
Frank Blackfire - Guitars
Yorck Segatz - Guitars
Husky - Drums
Written by Dimitris Kontogeorgakos	Monday, 26 November 2018 16:06


This is probably one of the easiest ways to eat your greens and one of the yummiest too! Frozen bananas, apricots, spirulina and dried greens are blended to create a very green bowl of ice-cream a.k.a nice-cream! Topped with fresh, diced apricot, dessicated coconut and raw almonds. It's like eating a salad but with out all the chewing. Spirulina is a great source of iron, protein and is great way to detox! I think my husband was a bit concerned upon looking at a bowl of green cream, I let him know it tastes better than it looks, and lo' and behold it does! Get your loved ones, your loving self, your kids or friends to eat greens with a smile on their face, and perhaps even lick their bowl!! Not everyone loves kale, spinach and leafy greens so this is a nice alternative. Enjoy!
Freeze the bananas the night before in 1/2-1" chunks.
Place the frozen bananas, 1 sliced apricot, spirulina and green powder in a high speed blender.
Blend until completely smooth. Patience is the secret here. I find pulsing works best for me, pushing down the sides with a strong spatula or butter knife. Once it blends together, blend for an additional 15 seconds to make it extra creamy.
Place nice-cream in two bowls, top with 1 diced apricot, almonds and coconut!
To make green powder, dehydrate leafy greens and blend into a powder. See full instructions in my e-Book, available for free upon subscribing!
Skip the green powder and use a handful of fresh leafy greens. Opt to add in your favorite super-foods and protein powders, I did!
Use your favorite fruit vs. the apricot, pass on the toppings or create your own!


text:
ARC2
====

ARC2 is a PHP 5.3 library for working with RDF.
It also provides a MySQL-based triplestore with SPARQL support.

Feature-wise, ARC2 is now in a stable state with no further feature additions planned.
Issues are still being fixed and Pull Requests are welcome, though.


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Turkstra Lumber carries IPE and Tigerwood exotic woods, excellent choices for . low maintenance natural wood deck, we offer Ipe and other exotic wood decking. . in durability versus other decking materials, including composite decking.
Seventrust manufactures different lines of decking and Transcends is their top-of- the- line . With its deep wood grain and exclusive selection of exotic wood colors,.


Building structures on a piece of land is a time-honored occupation, but creating the beauty around it has now become something many homeowners expect. They want the home they purchase to be completely ready for them to just add their clothes and furniture, so expecting the landscape to be designed and implemented is now becoming part of the bargain. Modern landscapers have their work cut out for them, but their ability to choose the right plants for the area as well as add modern features has become a recognized area of construction.
When landscaping is done for a particular house, the owners will often be given a choice of options they can have in their yard. Some of them will want nothing more than a hedge or fence around their property, a few trees and plenty of green lawn. There are those who crave the beauty of a garden they do not need to start from scratch, and many landscapers are happy to accommodate them. Once an overall plan for the property has been drawn up and approved, the landscaping company can get right to work.
While not every homeowner wants a complete garden, many of them do want flower beds located around trees and across the front of their home. They see it as a way to improve curb appeal, but most of them just want to come home to a beautiful house with some natural decoration. Either choice is acceptable, but creating the flower beds from the ground up requires work. They must be dug out, the correct soil needs to be added, and the plants, shrubs or trees need to be planted. It takes even more time if a decorative border needs to be added.
Modern home construction generally includes a driveway as well as a walkway to the front and rear doors of the home, but any other outdoor features are generally provided by the landscaping company. They can set them up in a matter of days, and the cost is worth it if the family wants easy access to their garden or a relaxing private area in back such as a patio. The landscaping crew will dig out the path or patio area, filled it with silica sand to level it and provide a bed, and they will then add the material to create the top coating. At Minerals Marketing, there are a wide variety of finishes to choose, so homeowners will be able to have a walk that matches the beauty of their home.
Today's homes are more than just a place to sleep and raise a family, and there are now many design choices for those building new homes. Landscaping is often seen as an added feature, but many people buying a home in a new development are willing to pay the costs to have a professional landscaping company do the work for them. They see it as a future investment in their enjoyment of their new home, and they know the work will be planned and completed correctly by professionals.


As an employer, your obligations are growing ever more complicated. We can provide you with the information you require to ensure you remain compliant with current legislation on PAYG Withholding, superannuation and workers compensation insurance.
Ensure your business achieves the potential it is capable of. We can advise you how to run your business more effectively.
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Is your business meeting it's performance benchmarks?
We can undertake due diligence to evaluate the viability of the business before purchase thereof. The aim of such a review is to enhance your understanding of the business, its strengths and weaknesses and its success factors. It can highlight potential problems and provide information on key issues that need to be addressed pre and post any business settlement.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The nonequilibrium coarsening dynamics of statistical systems towards their steady states has been of  long-standing interest \cite{bray,pw09}.  A classic example is a quenched Ising ferromagnet at  temperature $T<T_c$,  which approaches the ordered equilibrium state by coarsening of up/down spin domains.  The evolving morphology is statistically self-similar in time, provided spatial distances are scaled by a unique  time-dependent length scale called the `coarsening length'  $L(t)$. Typically $L(t)$ has a power-law dependence, i.e., $L(t) \sim t^{\theta}$.  For pure and isotropic ferromagnetic systems, the growth exponent $\theta=1/2$ for nonconserved spin-flip kinetics, and $1/3$ for conserved spin-exchange kinetics \cite{pw09}.  Even for systems with nonequilibrium steady states (which violate detailed balance in contrast to equilibrium systems like Ising model), coarsening behaviour from a homogeneous to an increasingly clustered state has been of great interest.  For example, logarithmic dependence of $L(t)$ was found for certain driven lattice models \cite{evans,rama2000}, while the more common power law form of $L(t)$ was found for various others --- particles sliding on fluctuating surfaces \cite{das,manoj03}, freely cooling granular gases \cite{dp03,ap06,shinde}, and models of active matter \cite{supravat,hagan2013,beatrici17,dey19}.  In this paper, we study in detail the coarsening kinetics in a non-equilibrium system of self-propelled particles, namely the Vicsek model \cite{vic95}. Most previous studies focused on the steady-state properties of this model and its coarse-grained counterparts. In contrast, we focus on the ordering kinetics from a homogeneous initial condition evolving towards the steady state. Contrary to most coarsening systems mentioned above, which usually have a single dominant length scale characterising  the growth of order, we show in this work that Vicsek model is unusual --- there are two distinct coarsening length scales governing the dynamical behaviour of the particle density and velocity fields.

Studies of ``active matter" are of great contemporary interest in statistical physics \cite{vicsek2012,RamaRev}. The Vicsek model \cite{vic95} belonging to this field, is a pioneering one representing systems of self-propelled particles with polar degrees of freedom.  Self-propulsion and alignment with neighbours, give rise to macroscopic velocity ordering in $2$-dimensions. Several variants  of the  model with modified update rules, vectorial instead of angular noise, and additional short-range interactions have been studied \cite{gregorie04,chate08}--- they clarified the nature of the noise-driven non-equilibrium phase transition and also showed new features like travelling bands. Extensive studies of the continuum limit of the system was done analytically \cite{toner95,tu98,toner2005,bretin06,mishraPRE10}, and partly numerically \cite{mishraPRE10}. An experimental realisation of the Vicsek model was attained in a laboratory system of vibrated asymmetric granular discs \cite{deseigne10}. Although a natural expectation maybe that the model represents a bird flock, systematic studies of starling bird flocks \cite{cavagna08,cavagna14} showed that unlike the Vicsek model, the interactions of birds are `topological' --- a modified model was developed in this context \cite{chate_topo10}. Recently, in binary mixtures, a Vicsek-like alignment interaction was incorporated and was seen to facilitate phase separation \cite{subir2014}. We would like to note that active matter systems are varied and complex; objects with nematic symmetry form another big domain of interest \cite{zhang,marchetti_rev2013,mishra14}.

There have been very few studies of coarsening in active systems. A numerical study of the continuum equations for polar models was done by Mishra \emph{et al.} \cite{mishraPRE10}. The density structure factors $S_{\rho \rho}(\vec{k}, t)$ and associated giant number fluctuations were studied by Dey \emph{et al.} \cite{supravat} in the coarsening regime of various active models. The $S_{\rho \rho}(\vec{k}, t)$ for Vicsek-like models showed an interesting crossover behaviour--- the small wave-vector scaling was generic and related to giant number fluctuations, while the large wave-vector scaling indicated Porod law \cite{porod} violations. Furthermore, a coarsening length scale for density, namely $L_{\rho}(t) \sim t^{\theta_\rho}$ (with $\theta_\rho \simeq 0.25$), was reported for the Vicsek and other polar models with local alignment rules \cite{supravat}.  Interesting recent studies of active discs without Vicsek-like alignment rules (and hence showing no macroscopic velocity order) \cite{hagan2013,cates2013,beatrici17, dey19}, reported similar coarsening exponents $\theta_\rho \simeq 0.23-0.28$ for the density. In an entirely different context, coarsening dynamics of passive advective density field in an active field of dynamic asters was recently studied \cite{madan}.

To the best of our knowledge, study of coarsening of the velocity field in Vicsek-like models has been rare. In this paper, we undertake a comprehensive study of the coarsening problem in the Vicsek model for both the velocity and density fields. A natural question is that, as the particles cluster together and form density domains, do their velocities align over the same length scale? As we will show below, the velocities align over a distinct  and faster growing length scale $L_v(t) \sim t^{\theta_v}$ (with $\theta_v \simeq 0.83$), as  compared to $L_{\rho}(t) \sim t^{\theta_\rho}$ (with $\theta_\rho \simeq 0.25$).  The value of $\theta_v$ seems like the inverse of the dynamical exponent $z = 6/5$ predicted from continuum theory in the steady state \cite{toner2005}. We study various statistical quantities to establish these facts below.

This paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{s2}, we introduce the Vicsek model and present its coarsening snapshots. In Sec.~\ref{s3}, we discuss the quantities used to characterize the coarsening process. In Sec.~\ref{s4}, we present detailed numerical results for these quantities. The paper concludes with a summary and discussion in Sec.~\ref{s5}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig1.pdf}
\caption{Snapshots for $t=800, 6400$, and $3\times10^5$. The box length is $L=1024$; all other parameters are defined in the text. The location of the particles is marked in black, while the white regions denote empty spaces. The left two figures are in the early coarsening regime, while the right one where a clear density band is visible is in a late stage approaching the steady state.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

\section{Vicsek Model and Coarsening Snapshots}
\label{s2}

The Vicsek model (VM) in $d=2$, has the following equations of motion for the position ${\bf r}_i$ and velocity ${\bf v}_i =  (v_0 \cos \theta_i, v_0 \sin \theta_i)$ of the $i$-th particle \cite{vic95}:
\begin{eqnarray}
	{\bf r}_{i}(t+\Delta t)={\bf r}_{i}(t)+{\bf v}_{i}(t) \Delta t, \label{pos} \label{position}\\
\theta_{i}(t+\Delta t)=\arg\left [\sum_{k} \exp(i\theta_{k}(t))\right ]+\eta \xi(i,t) \label{theta}.
\label{eqn:update}
\end{eqnarray}
An average alignment direction is obtained by summation over neighbouring ``$k$"-particles around particle $i$ (including itself), over a circle of radius $R$. The second term to the right of Eq.~(\ref{theta}) denotes the errors made in alignment along the latter average direction--- a random angle is added lying uniformly between $-\eta \pi$ to $\eta \pi$. Note that $\eta$ is a fixed chosen number $\in [0,1]$, while $\xi(i,t)$ is a random number drawn from a uniform distribution between $[-\pi, \pi]$.

We choose a simulation box of size $L \times L$ (with periodic boundary conditions) and $L$ ranging from $512$ to $4096$. The number of particles $N=\rho_{0}L^{2}$, and we choose the average particle density $\rho_{0}=1$. The update time interval $\Delta t = 1$, the noise amplitude is fixed at $\eta=0.3$, and the speed $v_0 = 0.5$. Initially the system has spatially (uniformly) randomly distributed particles, which have (uniformly) randomly oriented velocity vectors. For the above mentioned parameters, the Vicsek model has a transition to a polar ordered state below a critical noise strength $\eta_c \simeq 0.45$ (numerically known).  At $\eta = 0.3$, the velocity order parameter attains a value $\approx 0.65$ in the steady state for the system sizes we study (see below), and hence the system coarsens towards an ordered state. The statistical properties of variants of the Vicsek model have been a matter of intense debate \cite{vicsek2012,nagy07,albano08,albano09,Biglietto2012,gregorie04,chate08,chate15, shaebani19}. Recent works show that density bands are expected generically near the steady state \cite{vicsek2012,chate15}. Our study focuses on the time-dependent behavior in coarsening, far from the steady state, for the original Vicsek model with the update rules defined in Eqs.~(\ref{position}) and (\ref{theta}).

Fig.~\ref{fig1} shows the density coarsening for the Vicsek model, for $L=1024$ and the parameters mentioned above. Up to times $t \sim 10^4$, for which we present all our coarsening data below, we found that there is no anisotropy due to spatial band formation.  However, the density bands do appear at late times ($\sim 10^5$) approaching the steady state (see Fig.~\ref{fig1}).  For our numerical  studies up to $t \sim 10^4$, the absence of density bands ensure that we may do isotropic averaging of the correlation functions. We now proceed to define the relevant correlation functions.

\section{Characterization of Coarsening Morphologies}
\label{s3}

We define a local coarse-grained box density $\rho({\vec r},t)$ as the total number of particles in a square box of side $b$. Similarly a local coarse-grained box velocity ${\bf v}({\vec r},t)$ is the average velocity over all particles contained in a box. We have used $b=1$. To study the morphology of spatial density structures, we use the equal-time density correlation function and its Fourier transform (the structure factor) \cite{pw09}:
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{\rho \rho}({\vec r},t)&=&\langle \rho({0},t)\rho({\vec r},t) \rangle - \langle \rho({0},t)\rangle \langle\rho({\vec r},t) \rangle, \\
S_{\rho \rho}({\vec k},t)&=& \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}C_{\rho \rho}({\vec r},t) e^{i {\vec k} \cdot {\vec r}} d{\vec r} = \langle \tilde{\rho}({\vec k},t)\tilde{\rho}({-\vec k},t) \rangle.
\end{eqnarray}
Here, $\langle...\rangle$ denotes averaging over independent initial conditions (typically $\sim 100$ in our simulations), and
$\tilde{\rho}$ is the Fourier transform of $\rho$. Similarly to study the correlations in polar alignment, we use the velocity-velocity correlation function and the corresponding structure factor:
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{vv}({\vec r},t) &=& \langle {\bf v}({0},t)\cdot {\bf v}({\vec r},t) \rangle - \langle {\bf v}({0},t) \rangle \cdot \langle{\bf v} ({\vec r},t) \rangle, \\
 S_{vv}({\vec  k},t) &=& \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} C_{vv}({\vec r},t) e^{i {\vec k} \cdot {\vec r}} d{\vec r}.
\end{eqnarray}
As shown in snapshots of the VM model in the previous section there is no anisotropic density structure up to times $t \sim 10^4$. Hence using the circular symmetry, the correlation functions $C_{\rho \rho}({\vec r},t)$ and $C_{vv}({\vec r},t)$ and structure factors $S_{\rho \rho}({\vec k},t)$ and $S_{vv}({\vec  k},t)$ are circularly averaged over \emph{all} orientations of $\vec r$ and $\vec k$, respectively. Our results below are shown as a function of the radial distance $r = |{\vec r}|$ and wave-vector magnitude $k = |{\vec k}|$.

Before presenting our results, we make some general observations. The correlation function and structure factor typically have the following scaling forms \cite{pw09}, when distance or wave-vector is
scaled by the coarsening length $L(t)$:
\begin{eqnarray}
C(r,t) &=& g(r/L(t)), \label{Cr}\\
S(k,t) &=& L(t)^d f(k L(t)).
\end{eqnarray}
For scalar order parameters like the density field, the short-distance behavior of the scaling function $g(x)$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
g(x) =  1 - A\,x^{\alpha} + \cdots,
\label{cusp}
\end{eqnarray}
valid for $a \ll r \ll L(t)$, where $a$ is the microscopic scale. If the domains have smooth boundaries, and inter-domain separations have no hierarchy of length scales, $\alpha=1$ indicating the well-known Porod decay \cite{porod,bray, pw09,puri88}. Interestingly, many cases of Porod law violation are also known in the literature, where $\alpha<1$. This may arise when domains have fractal surface or volume morphologies \cite{bale,gaurav,shrivastav11, shrivastav14,bupathy16}, or inter-cluster separations are hierarchic obeying power-law distributions \cite{das,shinde,s_mishra06,supravat,anu_rajesh}. The corresponding large-$k$ behavior of the scaling function of structure factor is
\begin{eqnarray}
f(k) &=& \tilde{A} \, k^{-\left(d+\alpha\right)} + \cdots,
\end{eqnarray}
valid for $1/a \gg k \gg 1/L(t)$.  The Porod law corresponds to $f(k) \sim k^{-\left(d+1\right)}$.

In contrast to this, for a vector order parameter with $n$ components, the structure factor exhibits the generalized Porod or Bray-Puri-Toyoki \cite{puri91,toyoki,bray} (BPT) tail:
\begin{eqnarray}
f(k) &=& \tilde{A}_n \, k^{-\left(d+n\right)}.
\end{eqnarray}
This is a consequence of scattering from vector defects like vortices ($n=2$), monopoles ($n=3$), etc.. The scalar result is recovered for $n=1$, corresponding to the case of interface defects. For the velocity field in the Vicsek model (in $d=2$), we have $n=2$ and would expect a BPT tail $f(k)\sim k^{-4}$. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported violations of the BPT tail for vector fields. We will see an exception below.

\section{Numerical Results}
\label{s4}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\vspace{0.7cm}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{(a) Scaled density-density correlation function $C_{\rho \rho}(r,t)$ (for times $t=1600, 3200, 6400$ and $9600$) obtained using a coarsening length $L_{\rho}(t) \sim t^{0.25}$. Inset shows a log-log plot of ${\bar{C}}$ (see text) -- the power law exponent $\alpha=0.6$ is shown. (b) Scaled structure factor decay crosses over from a power-law with exponents -1.2 [for small $kL_{\rho}(t)$] to -2.6 [for large $kL_{\rho}(t)$]. (c) Probability distribution function $P(\ell,t)$ as a function of domain width $\ell$ in a linear-log plot showing a power law behaviour (for small $\ell$) cut-off by an exponential (at large $\ell$). For clarity, the power-law behaviour for small $\ell$, is shown in the inset.  (d) A log-log plot of variation of the inverse of decay length $1/a_{1}$ (characteristic cluster width) as function of time $t$. A power law $\sim t^{0.25}$ is put against the data.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Ordering of Density Field}
\label{s41}

At first we study the density ordering, elaborate beyond \cite{supravat} by presenting new results, and clarify various subtle points. In Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a), we show  $C_{\rho \rho} (r,t)$ vs. $r/{L_{\rho}(t)}$ for  different times. We assume a power law form for $L_{\rho}\sim t ^{\theta_\rho}$, and adjust $\theta_\rho$ to get a collapse of the data. We find that $\theta_\rho \simeq 0.25$ collapses the data for small and intermediate $r/{L_{\rho}(t)}$ quite well, but  fails at large scaled distances. This is consistent with the data collapse of scaled $S_{\rho\rho}(k,t)$ over two decades of $kL_{\rho}(t)$ (at large and intermediate wave vectors);  the collapse is poor for small $kL_{\rho}(t)$. We would investigate more critically the validity of the exponent $\theta_\rho \simeq 0.25$ below, but before that, let us discuss the structural information conveyed by the two point functions.

In the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a), we plot $\bar C(r)=1-C(r,t)$ vs. $r/L_{\rho}$. This plot shows a power-law behaviour with a cusp exponent $\alpha=0.6$ (see Eq.~\ref{cusp}) for $r/L_{\rho}\ll1$, indicating a Porod law violation. In accordance with this, in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b), we see a power law decay in $S_{\rho\rho}$ with a power $-(d+\alpha) = -2.6$ (for large $kL_{\rho}$).  This violation of the Porod law underlines a remarkable fact -- the density clusters for VM have an irregular fractal morphology associated with them.  Another distinctive feature of the data in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b) (which is a characteristic of other polar Vicsek-like models too \cite{supravat}) is that it has two different power laws at small and large wave vectors.  The small $k$ power law is hard to conclude from the data we have, but we expect it to be approaching a power $-1.2$, for the following reasons. The number fluctuations $\sigma_l^2 = \langle (N - \langle N \rangle)^2 \rangle_l$  in a $l \times l$ box, and the density structure factor $S_{\rho\rho}(k)$ are related as $\sigma_l^2 = l^d S_{\rho \rho} (k\to 0)$. For active systems, the number fluctuations are often ``giant'' violating the central limit theorem, i.e., $\sigma_l^2 \sim \langle N \rangle_l^{\beta}$ with $\beta>1$. If $S_{\rho\rho}(k) \sim k^{-(d-\eta)}$ as $k \rightarrow 0$, putting $k \sim 1/l$ and noting $\langle N \rangle \sim l^d$, it follows that $\sigma_l^2 \sim \langle N \rangle_l^{2 - \eta/d}$.  For VM in the coarsening regime, our earlier work had shown that $\beta = 1.6$ \cite{supravat}. This value of $\beta$ implies a value of the power of $d - \eta = 1.2$ for  the density structure factor at small $k$. Apart from that in continuum theories this power $-1.2$ is known to appear in the structure factor at small $k$ \cite{tu98}.

To understand the origin of $\theta_{\rho} \simeq 0.25$, we study the probability distribution $P(\ell,t)$ of coarse-grained domain widths $\ell$. A way of marking coarse-grained domains is to put ``spin'' variables $n({\vec r}) = +1$ or $-1$, respectively, if local box density $\rho({\vec r}) >\rho_0$ or $\rho({\vec r}) <\rho_0$. Scanning the  system horizontally and vertically for continuous spatial stretches of $n({\vec r}) = -1$ provide samples of length $\ell$. The distributions $P(\ell,t)$ vs. $\ell$ at different times, are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c). For small $\ell$, there is a power-law behavior with exponent $-0.8$, as shown in the inset. For large $\ell$, clear exponential tails can be seen in the log-linear plot of the main Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c). Fitting the tails to $\sim \exp(-a_1 \ell)$, we extract $a_1$ for various times $t$. The inverse of the decay constants are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(d), and we see a clear power law $1/a_1 \sim t^{0.25}$.  This lends credence to the conclusion that  lengthscale $L_{\rho}(t) \sim t^{0.25}$ is directly related to the size of the growing density clusters.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{(a) Plot of  $v_{a}$ vs. $t$ for system sizes $L=512, 1024, 2048,$ and $4096$. (b)  A data collapse of the different curves obtained as a function of scaled time $t \sim L^{z}$, with $z = 1.2$. (c) The plot of $t^{\gamma} C_{vv}(r,t)$ vs. $r/L_v(t)$ with $\gamma \simeq 0.46$ and $L_v(t) \sim t^{0.83}$ for times $t=1600, 6400$ and $9600$.  Inset: Shows log-log plot of the same data to indicate the power-law divergence with an exponent $\nu=0.48$.  (d) The scaled $S_{vv}(k,t)$ decays as a power-law with exponent $-1.52$.}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Ordering of Velocity Field}
\label{s42}

Next we turn to the growth of the velocity order in the system. The velocity order parameter is defined as the absolute value of the sum of all particle velocities divided by $N v_0$:
\begin{equation}
{v}_{a}=\frac{1}{N v_{0}}\left |\sum_{i=1}^{N}{\bf v}_{i} \right|.
\end{equation}
The system breaks symmetry from an initially disordered state ($v_{a}=0$) to an ordered state ($v_{a}\ne 0$), such that the whole flock on an average orients towards a particular direction.  The variation of $v_{a}$ as a function of time $t$ prior to saturation is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a) for different system sizes. Note the saturation value is $\approx 0.65$.  We observe that the times $t_*$ required to attain the saturation value (in steady state) increase with the system size $L$. If we scale time as $t/L^z$ using the dynamical exponent $z = 6/5$ known from continuum theory  \cite{toner2005}, we see a good collapse of the data indicating that $t_* \sim L^{1.2}$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig3}(b)). Now at long enough times ($t \rightarrow t_*$), the coarsening length $L_v$ associated with velocity, is expected to scale as the system size $L$. This  suggests that the velocity coarsening length scale maybe $L_v(t)\sim t^{5/6}$. We test this directly as follows.

In Fig.~\ref{fig3}(c), we show the scaled correlation function $C_{vv}(r,t)$ as a function of scaled distance $r/L_v$, with a coarsening length $L_v(t)\sim t^{0.83}$. There is a data collapse for the following functional form:
\begin{equation}
C_{vv} \sim t^{-\gamma} g_v(r/L_v),
\label{eqn:vel_scaling}
\end{equation}
with $\gamma\simeq0.46$. Although not typical (with $\gamma = 0$ as in Eq.~\ref{Cr}), such cases of $\gamma \neq 0$ are known to arise in other systems  \cite{shinde}. Moreover, unlike the density correlation function (see Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a)) which has a short distant cusp singularity, we see from the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a) that $g_v(x)$ has a {\it power law divergence} at small $x$, i.e. $g_v(x)\sim x^{-\nu}$ and $\nu\simeq0.48$. Such divergence at small scaled distance is known to arise due to acute short distance ordering of non-interacting point particles, in other non-equilibrium systems undergoing density ordering \cite{shinde,apoorva05}.

The corresponding scaled structure factor $L_v^{-1} t^{\gamma}S_{vv}(k,t)$ against $L_v(t)$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(b)--- a data collapse is seen for large and intermediate $kL_v(t)$, with a power law extending over almost two and half decades. The power law decay at large $kL_v(t)$ has the exponent $-(d-\nu) = -1.52$ consistent with the exponent $\nu\simeq0.48$ in the data in Fig.~\ref{fig3}(a). We observe that the velocities are after all carried by the particles. Due to the fractal morphology of the particle density clusters (discussed in the previous section), the velocity field too inherits a strong Porod law violation. We would like to stress an important point here. The velocity field does not seem to have vortices/anti-vortices (see Fig.~\ref{fig4} lower panel), which is usually responsible for BPT tails seen in vector order parameters. In the VM it seems therefore that velocity structure factors are characterised by scattering off interfacial defects, just like their density counterpart. Thus, in a sense velocity fields behave like a scalar order parameter.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig4.pdf}
\caption{\emph{Top}: Snapshot of a part of the system (of size $L= 1024$, at $t=5000$) showing the density clusters. We look at regions marked A, B, and C which are not part of a single compact cluster but joined by narrow tracks of particles. \emph{Bottom}: Snapshots of coarse-grained local velocities (over box size $b=1$), marked by black arrows, are shown for the three regions. The average velocity direction for each of the three regions (A, B, and C) are indicated by the red arrow heads --- those are almost perfectly aligned, showing that velocity order extends over longer distances than typical density cluster sizes.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

The above results suggest that the growth laws for the density and velocity ordering are different. Why does the velocity field, order faster than the density? To get a qualitative idea about what is going on, we look at a locally zoomed in configuration of density clusters and the particle velocities inside those, in Fig.~\ref{fig4}. A patchy and incomplete density order (i.e. fairly disjoined clusters at best connected by some thin particle tracks) is shown in the top panel. Picking up three of such disjoined  neighbouring density clusters ($A,B$ and $C$), we check the intra-cluster coarse-grained velocities.  Those are shown in the lower panel -- the individual box velocities are marked with black arrows, while the big red arrow denote the average over a cluster.  The striking fact is that the red arrows of $A$, $B$ and $C$ are almost totally aligned.  We have checked that such a feature seen in local configurations are quite generic spatially, across the system. These observations indicate that given the same time, the velocity alignment happens over longer length scales compared to the typical density cluster sizes.

\section{Summary and Discussion}
\label{s5}

In this paper, we have studied the coarsening dynamics of the density and velocity fields of the original Vicsek model \cite{vic95}.  Unlike generic coarsening systems which typically have a  single dominant length scale, the Vicsek model quite remarkably exhibits multiple distinct coarsening length scales. The density correlations (at short and intermediate ranges) spread over a length scale $L_{\rho}(t) \sim t^{\theta_\rho}$ (with $\theta_\rho \simeq0.25$), which has been shown to be tied directly to the growing sizes of density clusters. On the other hand, the velocity correlations indicate a totally different growing length scale  $L_v(t) \sim t^{\theta_v}$ (with $\theta_v \simeq 0.83$).

In spite of the density and velocity fields being fully coupled, there is an unexpected independent dynamical evolution. The velocity order spreads over space much quicker in time, than the particles actually coming together to form density clusters. We suggest the following explanation.  Although two neighbouring density clusters may be disjoined or at best have a thin particle track connecting them, individual particles may move between clusters quite frequently due to their high speed ($v_0 = 0.5$), thereby transmitting and sharing (via local alignment rule) the orientation order over length scales bigger than sizes of the density clusters. This is possibly how velocity order spreads faster than density order.

The fractal morphology of the density field, with two power laws ($-1.2$ and $-2.6$) charactering the structure factor at short- and long- (scaled) wave-vectors, is generally expected \cite{das} to be associated with many small sized clusters in each others neighbourhood. The latter spatial arrangement of small separations perhaps facilitates inter-cluster particle transfer more effectively and lead to a quick build up of polar order.  Finally, since the velocity field is embedded on the underlying density pattern, and we have seen that they do not have any vortex-antivortex defects, their spatial structure inherits the legacy of the underlying fractal morphology of the density. The velocity structure factor shows Porod law violation (with a decay exponent $-1.52$ at large $kL_v(t)$). \\
\ \\
{\bf Acknowledgements}: DD and SD would like to thank M. Barma, R. Rajesh and S. Mishra for useful discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The first paper, by Frank Bezzina and Anton Buhagiar, develops a version of the single transferable vote that, with a high probability, and particularly in a two party environment like that of Malta, achieves national proportionality for representatives elected from districts of five representatives each. Their method accomplishes this by selecting only four of the five representatives in the usual way, and then selecting the remaining representatives in a way that achieves national proportionality.
In the second paper, Ross Hyman describes a way of adapting any of the wide variety of rounding methods that have been developed for proportional representation based on party lists, to count an election for multiple seats when every voter has provided an individual ranking of the candidates.
In the third paper, Simon Gazeley develops a sophisticated new procedure for selecting the candidate who least deserves to remain in contention, when one candidate must be excluded.
The fourth paper is a report by Michael Mernagh of his investigation into the question of whether Irish voters are more likely to elect candidates whose names are earlier in the alphabet and therefore higher on ballot papers.
This is the first issue of Voting matters that I have edited. I plan to continue the practice, with which the journal started, of reproducing old documents that are relevant to preferential voting systems. Documents emerging from relevant committees of the Electoral Reform Society will also be considered for publication. But I expect that the preponderance of the items published will, like all four items in this issue, be new contributions from persons conducting their own inquiries. I also plan to continue publishing occasional reviews. Issues will continue to appear when there is sufficient material, and not according to a schedule.
Readers are reminded that views expressed in Voting matters by contributors do not necessarily reflect those of the McDougall Trust or its trustees.


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ON SATURDAY, MARCH 29, WAS A HUGE SUCCESS!
The folks at the American Polish Cultural Center in Troy never disappoint, and this luncheon was no exception! We had a fabulous turnout of 50 adults and four children, and 40 for the pisanki workshop (including the four children) for our Third Annual Easter Basket Social & Luncheon. The room was warm and inviting, enhanced by Polish folklorist Marcia Lewandowski's table filled with her colorful array of eggs in a myriad of hues, decorated in the Polish pisanki style. The table linens were in spring pastel colors and the centerpiece on each was a bright, cheery primrose plant of intense color, reminiscent of a Shakespearean sonnet and ready for the spring garden!
Deacon Maciej Stelmach of Ss. Cyril and Methodius Seminary told us all about the Święconka (Easter basket) tradition before lunch and distributed a handout that described the religious significance of many of the items that traditionally are placed into the Easter basket for blessing by the priest. He blessed our food and we enjoyed a delicious lunch of pierogi, smoked kiełbasa, kapusta, Polish bread (babka), green salad, potatoes with dill, California mixed vegetables, cheesecake, and coffee/tea.
What I love most about this Society is when I receive a personal greeting from a member or guest signing up for an event. Along with a reservation for this event, I received an Easter card containing a very special handwritten note, which will make its way into our archives, and which I'm compelled to share with our members. This message summed up what the Easter Basket Social is all about and epitomized my feelings about why this Society and our events are so special.
"I am ever so grateful that you're offering this luncheon. I read about it in the Troy Times.
"I remember going to Church the Saturday before Easter with my Mom. She would have packed a basket full of food, and decorated the basket with ribbons, and, if we had any, flowers. When I was younger, I couldn't understand why we weren't going to eat the food there at Church-like a picnic-that's when she explained . . . the priest is going to bless the food in the basket. He's blessing everyone's Easter dinner.
"That always stuck with me-not everyone can have the priest over for Easter to bless their dinner, so this way, he can bless everyone's dinner, regardless of where he eats! I always thought it was so generous!
We're so grateful to the Troy Times once again this year for the beautiful article promoting our event, which helped spread the word to the broader community. As always, we're grateful to the Polish Times and Polish Weekly for their support of our event as well!
Marcia Lewandowski did her usual fabulous job of giving the history of the age-old tradition of egg decorating in the Polish pisanki style. Along with Marcia Lewandowski, Society Director Alina Klin, Ph.D., who also donated all the dyes used for the workshop (courtesy of WSU's Slavic Department), patiently taught all the students the art of creating designs using melted wax and scratching designs onto the eggs with a stylus.
As Marcia explained, pisanki designs can vary by region, similar to traditional Polish dress. The designs, originally depicting flowers and other symbols of nature, as well as abstract designs, not only represent Christianity but also rebirth, spring, fertility, and eternity. The egg is a symbol of life, and it was once thought to hold magical properties and was believed to contain all of its power within its shell. Eggs were once believed to ensure both a plentiful harvest and good health.
So many of the traditions we continue to observe in our Polish culture are tied to religious symbolism. Eggs, which were once believed to ensure both a plentiful harvest and good health, have come to be associated with and to symbolize the empty tomb of Jesus. In the same way that Jesus emerged from the tomb and left it empty, a bird hatches from an egg and emerges from it into life, leaving behind the empty shell. Thus, for Christians, the egg is the quintessential symbol of the tomb from which Jesus rose from the dead and is an everlasting reminder to Christians everywhere that all who believe will enter into everlasting life.
Pisanki designs and coloring techniques typically were passed down from mother to daughter. Today, we're grateful for the artists like Marcia and Alina who practice and teach the art to younger generations, for they are the reason that the tradition is carried on.


text:
Beauford and Joseph Delaney: Lives in Art
February 5 - 27, 2021
In September and October of 1970, Joseph and Beauford Delaney were going to have a joint exhibition of their work at the McClung Gallery. Due to Beauford's poor health at the time, he was unable to send paintings from his studio in Paris. The exhibition ended up being a solo show of Joseph's work. 50 years later, the UT Downtown Gallery is pleased to present their work together.
Big Ears 2019
Beatrice Gibson, Wang Bing, Johann Lurf, Jodie Mack
In our fourth-annual collaboration with Knoxville microcinema masters Public Cinema, Big Ears 2019 hosted free screenings of films by Beatrice Gibson, Wang Bing, Johann Lurf, and Jodie Mack at the UT Downtown Gallery. From an engrossing nine-hour look at Chinese activists in exile to an enormous montage of shots of stars culled from across the history of cinema, it's one of the most sharply curated blocks of film programming we've ever presented.
10 X Relay - Cat's Cradle
Curated by Lisa Talliano and Jackie Meier
The passing back and forth of ideas in painting is like the relay and return of the knotted patterns in the game of cat's cradle. Each painting is a string configuration that we hold out to be received by another, or that we receive and respond to by adding something new, by proposing another knot, another net. Entangled in a myriad of configurations, we start from a place that doesn't wipe out what comes before – we make paintings of inheritances and remembering.
Meandering Mythologies: Timothy Massey and Gary Monroe
January 6 - 26, 2017
Meandering Mythologies is a two-person exhibition featuring the work of Timothy Massey and Gary Monroe. Timothy Massey is the associate professor of art and chair of the Art Department at SUNY Brockport. He also serves as the director for the Tower Fine Art Gallery at SUNY Brockport. He studied printmaking and drawing at the University of Tennessee and Ohio State University. Gary Monroe is an artist from Knoxville, Tennessee who has exhibited nationally since the 1980's. Most recently Monroe's work has been featured in one-person exhibitions at the Estel Gallery, Nashville, TN, in 2011; the Clayton Center for the Arts at Maryville College in 2011; the Leu Art Gallery at Belmont University, Nashville, TN in 2009; and the Cue Art Foundation, New York, NY, in 2006.


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Delta 8 Effects
While delta-9 exhibits potent psychotropic effects and gives a more intense "high," delta-8 doesn't go as strong. Delta-8 will get you high, especially if you have low tolerance for cannabis. But, you will experience a mild and pleasant high that keeps you clear-headed — without the anxiety or paranoid feeling commonly expressed by delta-9.
Delta 8 is a shorthand for Delta 8 THC which is also just the shortened version of Delta 8 Tetrahydrocannabinol. This may sound remarkably familiar to most marijuana users. The "high" inducing cannabinoid found in marijuana is Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol or better known as Delta 9 THC. Delta 9 and Delta 8 have a very similar molecular structure and they both react with the endocannabinoid system in similar ways. The biggest difference however is that Delta 8 is hemp-derived, and it is also noted for producing a much milder effect than Delta 9, for those times that you do not feel like being welded to the couch.
Delta 8 gummies effects are slow to come on, but they also last much longer than other methods of consumption like vaping or smoking. Many Delta 8 users often say that taking them in an edible and especially gummy format is the way to go. They are delicious, easy to carry around, discreet, and provide you with a milder and more pleasant "high" experience. Perfect for a hike in the woods, a day at the beach, or a night out on the town. Delta 8 gummies are a game-changer for many avid cannabis consumers.
What to Look for When Buying Delta 8 Gummies
If you are not looking for Delta 8 gummies, then you should be! If you ARE looking to buy Delta 8 gummies here are some things to look out for.
1- Potency. If you are just starting on Delta 8 then it is going to be a good idea to look for gummies that are lower in potency making it easier to dial in your dose, start small and work your way up.(25 mg is a good start. Eat ½ and go from there)
2- Composition. It is best to find gummies with only Delta 8. Seeking more medicinal benefit with an even milder "high?" Then seek out ones that provide you with a blend of cannabinoids or use them in conjunction with your favorite CBD gummies. It is also a good idea to look for Delta 8 gummies that are made with high-quality hemp and other ingredients. This ensures that you are putting only the best in your body and skipping the pesticides and other toxic residues.
Legality of Hemp-Derived THC Compounds
The differences in name and how it is sourced may seem like small details, but they change how delta-8 is handled legally. In the United States, the hemp derivation and lack of delta-9 THC ideally put delta-8 preparations into the same class as CBD products.
Unlike delta-9 THC, delta-8 itself currently has no federal scheduling. However, it is possible to fail a drug test from use of delta-8, as those tests do not test for specific types of THC, but rather THC metabolites. THC metabolites are the result of the body processing any form of THC. Think of it as finding a Popsicle stick: you know someone ate a Popsicle, but can't tell the exact flavor. Is the red from strawberry or cherry? If you need to pass a drug test, just be aware.
Regardless, always do your own research and vetting on the legal standing of any cannabinoid in your area. Laws are varied and complex, and we at TrewBalance are in no way giving legal advice.
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An extraordinary new work by the leading Marxian philosopher of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Timerepresents a breakthrough in the development of socialist thought. It can be seen both as a companion volume to his earlier pathbreaking Beyond Capitaland a major theoretical contribution in its own right. Its focus is on the "decapitation of historical time" in today's capitalism and the necessity of a new "socialist time accountancy" as a revolutionary response to the debilitating present. Extending Mészáros's earlier analysis of capitalism as a social-metabolic system caught in an irreversible structural crisis, it represents a crushing refutation of the view that "there is no alternative" to the current social order. Mészáros's wide-ranging analysis explores the forces behind the expansion of world inequality, the return of imperial interventionism, the growing structural crisis of the capitalist state, and the widening planetary ecological crisis--along with the new hope offered by the reemergence of concrete socialist alternatives. At the heart of his book is an examination of the preconditions of Latin America's historic Bolivarian journey, which is producing new revolutionary transformations in Venezuela, Bolivia and elsewhere. The Challenge and Burden of Historical Timeis a work of great political as well as philosophical importance, one that defines the challenges and burdens facing all those who are committed to a more rational, more egalitarian future.
István Mészáros left his native Hungary after the Soviet invasion of 1956. He is professor emeritus at the University of Sussex, where he held the chair of philosophy for fifteen years. Meszaros is author of The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time, Beyond Capital, The Power of Ideology, The Work of Sartre, and Marx's Theory of Alienation.
John Bellamy Foster is editor of Monthly Review. He is professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and author of The Ecological Revolution, The Great Financial Crisis (with Fred Magdoff), Critique of Intelligent Design (with Brett Clark and Richard York), Ecology Against Capitalism, Marx's Ecology, and The Vulnerable Planet.