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Jim Crow Trivia Question
I'm going to start off December right -- that is, with a trivia question. This one combines two of my passions -- courthouses and Jim Crow. I think I have this story put together correctly. First off, I was reading a series of opinions (of a state court and also the U.S. Supreme Court) in a semi-famous case involving a laughably biased prosecution of an African American man for assult of a white woman. The prosecution, which took place only hours after the alleged crime, led to a death sentence. (Later the judge who issued the death sentence said he was afraid of the kind of mob violence he'd remembered from about a decade earlier.) That guilty plea, which was based on a coerced confession, was overturned at the state level. Then, following a trial -- in another county -- where the man was convicted and again sentenced to death, the conviction was overturned by the United States Supreme Court. Then I realized that the guilty plea took place in a county I visited recently. I'm pretty sure they took place in the courthouse pictured here. So this is a two-part question. First, where is this courthouse? And second -- and once we get the first one figured out, the second will be easy -- whose case was tried there? (Or maybe you'll want to reverse-engineer this and think about what criminal procedure case fits those facts and then work backwards to where this was. At any rate, there's more to this story than I'd initially thought. Next time I'm back in those parts I want to look into this case in a little more depth.) Sorry about the quality of this picture -- I have a better one of the back of the courthouse (where the sun was in my favor), but I don't know as that one would give a good enough hint because all the images I can find are of the front.
Update: Here's the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals opinion following the first Okmulgee trial. One of the prosecutors said during that trial "What are you going to do? I don't want life imprisonment in this case because that is too uncertain--would rather you would turn him loose. I think probably somebody might take care of him. I don't know."
Posted by Alfred Brophy at 06:01 AM in African American History and Law, Constitutional History, Legal History | Permalink
Tulsa, OK (events took place in Sapulpa, OK which is mostly in Tulsa County). The defendant is Jesse Hollins, see http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HO013.html.
The biggest clue, by the way, was the Oklahoma license plate on the truck in your picture.
Posted by: Ralph Clifford | December 01, 2014 at 12:57 PM
Very well done, Ralph!
Also, you have a better monitor and/or eyesight than me. (I thought the link to the Tulsa right might give it away -- but you'd still need to know a lot to link that up to Jess Hollins.) This is the Creek County Courthouse in Sapulpa, where Hollins was sentenced to death. After the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals overturned the guilty plea because it was coerced he was tried in Okmulgee. (Also the court noted that the judge who sentenced him had testified about his concern that there would be a lynching and he cited the mob violence in Tulsa about a decade before.) This time the conviction and death sentence were upheld by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, but overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. Hollins was subsequently tried again and sentenced to life in prison, where he died around 1950.
Posted by: Alfred L. Brophy | December 01, 2014 at 01:38 PM
Am I reading this correctly: The man was tried three times, and found guilty each time, but all the state presented was a "laughably biased prosecution"?
The implications and references here evoke a certain relevance to current events (e.g., "just like Emmett Till"). This post suggests a bit of a stronger connection to that sorry circumstance than some others we've being reading about.
Beyond bare references to the race of the accused, and the charge (rape of a white woman), and the negative allusions to the woman's character, and beyond the unquestionably railroaded judicial process that seems to have afforded Hollins three trials of the facts (the first only loosely called "a trial" to be sure), are those the only facts we need to know? might we know: what did the man do?
Interesting might be where some of the blame was placed in this issue of the "The Crisis" from 1933, written in the first person. I can't seem to find a cogent summary of the facts underlying the matter, however.
http://books.google.com/books?id=BFgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35&dq=jess+hollins+oklahoma&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AMB8VNb6OISBiwKb74E4&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=jess%20hollins%20oklahoma&f=false
Posted by: anon | December 01, 2014 at 02:36 PM
I've long wondered what these posts have anything to do with the mission of the blog, or the reasons any of us come here. Maybe consider making another blog for historical trivia and leave this one about legal academia? It's sort of revealing this post is just Ralph and Al talking back and forth to each other! Anyway, fan of the blog, just trying to help.
Posted by: Jack | December 01, 2014 at 07:35 PM
Yeah, that makes a lot of sense Jack. The Jess Hollins case doesn't have anything to do with law or legal scholarship.
Prof Brophy
Please post comments that are perhaps stuck in the spam filter.
Posted by: anon | December 02, 2014 at 01:40 AM
Thanks for your comment, which I've now fished out. The alleged crime took place on December 26, 1931. Hollins was arrested on December 28 and pled guilty on December 30 and sentenced to death the same day. He did not have a lawyer. He was sent immediately to prison. The judge who sentenced him was afraid of mob violence. This is from the ok court of criminal appeals opinion. http://law.justia.com/cases/oklahoma/court-of-appeals-criminal/1932/43838.html
Then Hollins was tried in Okmulgee. There were no African American jurors in the jury pool, nor had there ever been African American jurors so far as anyone could remember in Okmulgee. This conviction was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Back on trial again in Okmulgee Hollins was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.
The Crisis article you link to is interesting for a bunch of reasons. First, because it is from Roscoe Dunjee, the editor of Oklahoma City's Black Dispatch newspaper. Dunjee was a leading figure in the African American community and a steadfast advocate for the rule of law, from before the Tulsa riot past the Brown decision. Second, it reveals divisions within Oklahoma on how to protect Hollins' rights, especially as communists wanted to take over the defense. This is another parallel to Scottsboro.
Posted by: Alfred L. Brophy | December 02, 2014 at 05:34 AM
Thank you for your reply and for fishing out my comment.
I too found the Crisis article interesting, in that the author was there (literally) and blamed some of the botched defense on "Communists." It seems to me that this case, like many we have seen, was used by political actors in a struggle to prove a point.
Which leads me back to my question. Rather than rephrase it, I'd like to repeat it, because I still can't find an answer in this thread, or even after searching a bit online (I haven't yet checked to see if any of the opinions are available; perhaps there I will learn about some of the evidence presented in the case.)
I've seen bare references to the race of the accused, and the accuser (white), and the charge (rape), and the negative allusions to the woman's character (one reference said she was known to "dance lewdly" as I recall). These references are all quite clearly designed to prove that the man was convicted by racists because he was black (your reference to the "all white" jury evokes this thought as well).
But beyond the unquestionably railroaded judicial process that seems to have afforded Hollins only three trials of the facts (the first only loosely called "a trial" to be sure), are those the only facts we need to know?
Might we know: what did the man allegedly do? (Actually, we might say: "What did three juries find the man did?"
Let me state the reason I inquire: In the recent Michael Brown grand jury testimony, we had recounts of the incident that were so false that many have called for perjury charges. The physical evidence simply disproved much of the most inflammatory testimony. Yet, these stories circulated and gained resonance (he was executed with a point blank shot to the head while on his knees, begging for mercy; he was running away and shot in the back; etc.)
Again, Jess Hollins was convicted three times. What did he do?
Ah. I see that he pled guilty in the first "trial" to avoid mob violence, it is said.
Therefore, would it be correct that two juries found the facts justified conviction?
It is sort of curious; even the writ you linked to didn't seem to recite the facts.
What on earth did this man do?
First, I'd just like to say that I enjoy these trivia questions.
Second, here's a link that has a bit more information about the case, including what Jesse Hollins was accused of doing. If you can't find it, I just googled "Jesse Hollins Oklahoma" and found several links, of which the one below was helpful.
Based on what little we know from these links, it looks like an instance where there may not be an easy, pat history that fits our preconceptions. On the one hand it's obvious from history and the circumstances that the three trials were a gross injustice. On the other hand, I'm not sure I like the defense very much. This case possibly presents two despicable facets of US legal history, 1) an all white, overtly racist criminal justice system, and 2)the "loose woman" defense to rape accusations. Or maybe it was just communist agitation?
http://books.google.com/books?id=kVjCYM8nAXIC&lpg=PA136&ots=cMYeCdjB5l&dq=jess%20hollins%20oklahoma&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q=jess%20hollins%20oklahoma&f=false
Posted by: Steven Freedman | December 02, 2014 at 03:08 PM
I don't remember as much of the background of this case as I'd like (there's an article in the Chronicles of Oklahoma from the mid-1980s and one in the South Atlantic Quarterly from around that time, too, which detail more of the background -- the belief of many at the time was that the relationship was consensual. I think they were neighbors.). Like you I believe that the facts matter deeply to understanding what was happening; we also have some undisputed facts regarding the prosecutions. And they are laughable. The death sentence following immediately a guilty plea while the defendant and the judge and apparently everyone else around, too, was in fear of mob violence. Even the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in 1932 thought this was inadequate. Then the conviction and death sentence in a county where African Americans had never served on a jury. This led to a unanimous reversal by the US Supreme Court.
The procedure was laughable, even if (as I intuit you're wondering) Hollins was guilty. Given the frequent mistakes surrounding the mob mentality -- Tulsa is a dramatic example of this -- the lack of procedure is even more disturbing because there was nothing to protect Hollins. This is a case in which the failure to abide even basic procedure calls the entire prosecution into question. Thanks for commenting, anon -- and for asking about this. You've got me more interested in this again. And you've also provided a good response to Jack's questioning whether this is something worth blogging about. I appreciate your participation in the conversation.
Thanks, and I'm glad that you have an open mind: generalized racism and social injustice does not mean that a particular defendant (or victim) was innocent or guilty. This mistake is being tragically repeated in our modern world, over and over, as some seek examples that turn out to be less clear than the generalized hyperbole suggests.
I'm sure you understand this, and you understand, from reading the accounts at the time, that political organizations were deeply involved in the Jess Hollins matter. In fact, the NAACP and COmmunist Party were competing to be involved. Notice that in the Crisis, the director of the OK NAAP accused the Communist Party of profiting from the Jess Hollins case, bungling the defense, and leveled other accusations at the "whites" who were involved in putatively helping Jess Hollins.
Again, the links posted above notwithstanding, including those I posted, the facts are so scant and elusive. All we really have so far is sort of stereotypical references on both sides ("white trash" v. "helpless Negro"). We read, in a third hand source clearly written from a particular point of view, that the trashy white girl claimed rape when in fact the sex was consensual because she was caught in the act and made up a story. We read that she was "lewd" etc. (No complaints about those characterizations, one supposes, despite the fact that this is a fairly standard rape defense?)
What strikes me here, Prof Brophy, is your frequent references (not only to race but also) to the "failure to abide even basic procedure." My goodness, Prof Brophy, the first plea was vacated by the "all white" Court of APpeal, the second conviction overturned by none other than the "all white" the US Supreme Court. Are these laughable appeals and results?
I ask this question not meaning to sound impertinent, but, sir, would you only find a fair procedure had Jess Hollins been tried a fourth and fifth time, and endlessly, over and over, until acquitted? Were all the "white people" involved here per se untrustworthy and racists? Do you assume so?
In my view, the constant references to race do not particularly add to our understanding of this case. "All white" appellate courts quite clearly indicated that basic procedural rights were violated, and acted to correct those errors in a way that cannot be described as "laughable procedure." Unless you have statistics to show that "all white" juries in OK at the time never acquitted a black defendant, I find the repeated convictions telling, the slanted reports of the "facts" suspect, and the story too incomplete to prove anything.
For example, if there was some fault with the third trial that indicated there was a "laughable procedure" involved (other that "all white" jury), please explain.
It seems there is much being inferred here, as usual; but I've heard no description of the actual facts in evidence, from an objective source (i.e., the record).
Thanks for taking the time to explain where you're coming from. I disagree with you on a couple of key points. First, about the salience of race in this; second, on the interpretation of whether the procedures afforded Hollins were laughably biased or not.
While certainly some white men were lynched in Oklahoma in this era, lynching was leveled disproportionately at the African American community. The newspapers from this time are filled with references to appeals to white supremacy and calls to keep African Americans in their place. I believe the strong-arm tactics the first time around (such as sentencing Hollins to death on the day he pled guilty and then sending him off immediately to prison in McAlester) reflect pretty much a complete breakdown of the protections for a defendant. They're laughable. Don't you think that's laughable (or may a stronger word like disgusting)?
An appellate court that was not known for its protection of criminal defendants (though on some rare occasions it provided relief) recognized the gross unfairness. That such injustice is fixed on appeal does not excuse it in the first place -- it mitigates the error, but does not mean that the initial procedure was fair (or in my colloquial language not laughable). I feel the same way about the second go-round (the first trial), where the Supreme Court reverse nine to zero. Why hadn't the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals done anything about that if it was such a fair court and this was such a clear injustice? That the third prosecution resulted in a life sentence rather than death is I think an illustration of how when someone is not at risk of death courts and lawyers may be less likely to take up the cause. (I also recall something along the lines of Hollins did not want to pursue the appeal after the third prosecution.)
It's very important, as you astutely point out, to avoid cartoon images of history. It is also, however, important to look at some events and say, wow that was unjust. And then maybe also draw some kind of assessment about the evolution of equal protection and also criminal procedure from this, because I think Hollins illustrates an advance over what happened in Tulsa, even if there was a long way left to go. (This also built on the precedent in Moore v. Dempsey, which arose from the prosecution of tenant farmers in Arkansas in the early 1920s.)
"The [procedure in the first "trial" was] laughable. Don't you think that's laughable (or may a stronger word like disgusting)?"
Yes. From what I've read, the first guilty plea was coerced, and the sentencing procedure was unjust. I thought the "all white" court of appeal quite eloquently said so, while throwing it out. Wouldn't you agree?
"Why hadn't the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals done anything about [the second trial} if it was such a fair court and this was such a clear injustice?"
First, I never said the Ok Court of Criminal Appeals was "such a fair court." I pointed out that this "all white" court correctly threw out the first guilty plea and conviction, and eloquently explained its reasoning. I confess; I haven't studied the errors and procedural history sufficiently to answer about the second conviction. However, the "all white" US Sup Ct reversed it, unanimously. Was this "laughable procedure" perpetrated by a racist court?
"It is ... important to look at some events and say, wow that was unjust."
Yes, indeed it is. But, again, what did this man do? What was the evidence? What does the record show? After several attempts, I have yet to read a single reference to the evidence heard in to the courtroom.
Again, unless you have statistics to show that "all white" juries in OK at the time never acquitted a black defendant, I find the repeated convictions telling, the slanted reports of the "facts" suspect, and the story too incomplete to prove anything so far.
Again, I ask this question not meaning to sound impertinent, but, sir, would you only find a fair procedure had Jess Hollins been tried a fourth and fifth time, and endlessly, over and over, until acquitted? Were all the "white people" involved here per se untrustworthy and racists? Do you assume so?
I, apparently differently from you, reserve judgment that in this case the defendant was demonstrably innocent, because no facts as presented at trial have been demonstrated here. Not one single fact from the record has been brought forth. All we have are generalizations.
Moreover, if there was some fault with the third trial that indicated there was a "laughable procedure" involved (other that "all white" jury), please explain. I too read that the defendant "gave up" after that conviction. But, that story doesn't ring true. The battle was fought on his behalf by others; others who were motivated to make a bigger point from the example of his case. Did they "give up"? If so, why? Isn't that important to know too?
If one is attempting to make a bigger point about racism in the judicial system - which clearly has existed and still exists - what is important in my view, both in looking at "history" and current events, is to actually try to find examples to prove that actually prove that bigger point. In very recent memory, we have seen too many supposed examples of injustice that were poorly chosen; examples that, once the true facts were exposed, collapsed on the merits. This undermines the efforts of those seeking to make that bigger point, and solidifies the view of many that these persons are too quick to judge others on the basis of race.
An example of this, respectfully, is evidenced in your comment. You say: "While certainly some white men were lynched in Oklahoma in this era, lynching was leveled disproportionately at the African American community." If this is somehow the bigger point that citing the Jess Hollins case seeks to prove, then I would say that this example is a terribly unrepresentative example of that bigger point, and perhaps, an example that doesn't clearly demonstrate much of any point other than the fact that "all white" courts, even in those days, were struggling to reverse convictions unfairly obtained against black persons who were assisted in their defense by many motivated persons, both black and white.
Thank you for acknowledging that the prosecution was laughably biased.
We continue to differ on our assessment of the nature of a court system that has already shown itself to be laughably biased given that two appellate courts overturned death sentences against Hollins. Whether Hollins could receive a fair trial in that environment I seriously doubt.
YOu are correct: I don't understand that you insist on looking only at the negative and refuse to acknowledge that "all white" appellate courts reversed the outcome of the "prosecution" twice; on the second occasion because the jury pool wasn't sufficiently integrated. On the first occasion, an appellate court you characterize as unfair to black persons spoke quite eloquently about the due process to which Jess Owens was entitled.
I can't understand the reason that you won't simply acknowledge that "all white" courts acted to ensure due process in these instances.
You still haven't answered whether you thought those appellate decisions were "laughable." You cite the actions of the appellate courts only as proof that the first plea and sentence was unjust; you don't even mention the reason the second conviction was reversed (based on an objection to an "all white" jury). These sorts of omissions might, to borrow your phrase, sort of demonstrate a certain indication of "where you are coming from." You paint the whole process as laughable. I find that incomplete.
I have asked repeatedly (and won't ask again, as further repetition might seem unfair) that you provide any evidence from the third trial, or information about it, from which we can conclude that it was "laughable" procedure and that, as you have stated elsewhere, grounds for many to believe that Jess Hollins was "innocent." All I've seen so far is sort of, again to use your phrase, "cartoonish" depictions of the woman as a "lewd dancer" and "white trash" and the defendant as a "helpless Negro." Useless stuff, in my view.
I think you may be alone in doubting the racist character of the Oklahoma court system at that time. Perhaps some perspective might help you:
"Once Oklahoma had Roosevelt's approval and was safely in the Union, the first legislature wrote segregation into law with Senate Bill Number One after first defining all people with any degree of African ancestry as black. The solons banned interracial marriages and miscegenation, both of which became felonies. State law also targeted ministers who performed ceremonies for mixed couples; they, too, could be charged with felonies. The legislature banned interracial schools at all levels. Many public facilities along with common carriers were segregated...Over time, legislators segregated everything from hospitals to housing to cemeteries to restaurants. In 1915 Oklahoma made national history by becoming the first state in the Union to segregate public pay telephone booths." (okstate digital library)
So, the very first law passed in Oklahoma was a Jim Crow law. In addition to those laws, blacks were not permitted to 1) serve as judges, 2) on juries, 3) as prosecutors. They couldn't vote. Dozens of blacks were lynched between 1907 and 1930. In 1921, white mobs destroyed most of the black area of Tulsa, destroying 35 city blocks and killing dozens.
Considering the well documented history of rampant racism and injustice during the Jim Crow era, I think the burden is more on you to establish that Jess Hollins received a fair trial than on Al to establish that he did not. You can nitpick details all you want, but no honest or sensible person would deny that the Oklahoma justice system was horribly racist and unjust. That was Jim Crow. That was America.
Posted by: anonymous | December 03, 2014 at 05:23 PM
Thanks Anonymous for this.
Anon, please incorporate by reference everything I've written above. What was laughable includes the absurd initial proceeding that was overturned by the Oklahoma court of criminal appeals. Then there's the exclusion of all African Americans from the jury pool in Okmulgee, which had been constitutionally infirm for, what fifty or more years by 1932. Given those shameful actions I think it's on the proponents of the Oklahoma courts in that era to come forward with evidence that the third proceeding was fair. We're already way past the laughable part of this.
Very interesting, Alfred. Suffice it to say that you have steadfastly avoided:
1. Giving any credit to the "all white" courts that struggled to find in Jess Hollins' favor on procedure, including on the "all white" jury matter that you repeatedly mentioned (while omitting this moniker with respect to courts that acted FOR Jess Hollins and while failing to mention that that was the grounds upon which the US Sup Ct reversed the second conviction) - in fact, you won't even say that the courts that found in favor of Hollins weren't engaged in "laughable" procedural acts;
2. Giving any credit to the many white people who helped Jess Hollins bring the numerous appeals he brought, including a successful Supreme Court Appeal - in fact, you won't even say that you don't believe that all the "white people" involved here were per se untrustworthy and racists (it seems by implication that you do, as you refuse to acknowledge that the verdict in the third trial may have been justified on the facts and law);
3. Proving ANY sense of what Hollins said at the third trial, what the woman said, what other evidence may have been presented, etc. - in fact, you have written elsewhere that many thought Jess Hollins was "innocent," but you haven't even begun to discuss any facts of the case beyond truly cartoonish statements about the players that would support that conclusion;
4. That is the point: are you satisfied that the woman involved was a "lewd dancer" and "white trash" and that Jess Hollins was a "helpless Negro"? If you still think in those terms, Professor, I wonder if you believe in fairness at all to anyone involved in this story. Even if she was a lewd dancer who frequently associated with "Negros" can you say that the evidence did not show that she was raped? Based on what? It seems you rely solely on your assumption that every white person involved was a racist: which is demonstrably - some might say risibly - false.
Again, simply repeating that errors were made, while ignoring that those errors were corrected by "all white" courts, and all the rest of it, including all the help Jess Hollins received from well motivated white people, in my view, requires some studious effort to avoid critical examination.
I'll leave it at that.
"I think you may be alone in doubting the racist character of the Oklahoma court system at that time."
It is becoming increasingly obvious that behind all the fomenting about the evils that unquestionably existed about one hundred years and fifty years ago in Oklahoma (and more recently as well), some folks just won't pause to consider the efforts of so many well intentioned white people both in the courts and in assistance to Jess Hollings.
It is also likely that no one yet posting on this thread has a clue what evidence was presented at Hollins' third trial, what procedural errors were made in that trial that made it laughable, and what cogent reasons there are to smear every person involved in it as racist. That isn't history. Sorry. That's guessing based on bias and prejudice.
In the final analysis, it seems that many don't really seem to care a whit what happened in that third trial and are simply arguing by implication that no result other than an acquittal would have been satisfactory, whether Jess Hollings was a guilty or not, to vindicate notions of hatred of the bigotry and prejudice that existed at that time in Oklahoma. This reasoning so divisive and faulty that it beggars the imagination that anyone would engage in it.
I don't see it that way. Sorry. If Jess Hollings raped a girl, I find it problematic that any fair minded scholar would trash his victim based on basically nothing, label every person involved in his third trial a racist, claim that it was "laughable" and ignore completely what really happened in service of a bigger point. I don't say that Prof Brophy has done that: to his credit.
But, some comments here demonstrate something that is going wrong, terribly wrong, in our country today and, hint: it isn't that all the progress this country has made (and was making then) in correcting the injustices of slavery is being recognized to an untoward extent. And again, if the point is to focus on examples to prove the negative nature of a system, then let the examples be good examples, not poorly chosen.
Jess Hollings was railroaded to plead guilty to rape and immediately sentenced to death. Many came to his aid and that result was vacated. He was retried and convicted: but, the jury pool was not sufficiently integrated and the US Supreme Court vacated his conviction. He was then tried a third time, and once again convicted.
If there is a basis to claim the procedure in the third trial was laughable, if the evidence marginal or absent, if the jury members wer "all white" and "all racists," then I would certainly keep an open mind and might conclude that Jess Hollings was indeed innocent.
But, all I have now to work with is the court docs I've read and the smears leveled against the girl by Hollings' supporters in certain third hand accounts, and these do not, in my view, establish Hollings' innocence.
To so state does not mean that you can legitimately attack my position as supporting every racist in history and does not mean you need to legitimately lecture me on the evils of racism. Sorry. That is unnecessary and unresponsive.
(Note: isn't it interesting that Prof Brophy tells us that by 1880 or even before, just fifteen years or fewer years after the conclusion of the Civil War, it was the law that jury pools needed to be integrated! ["Then there's the exclusion of all African Americans from the jury pool in Okmulgee [the second trial], which had been constitutionally infirm for, what fifty or more years by 1932."
Let's make sure to put "all white" after every such court action that favored the cause of justice, not just after the decisions that didn't. Can we be fair and even handed and yet still be supporters of justice?
Patrick S. O'Donnell on I Fall to Pieces [UPDATED with k.d. lang]
Jeff Henson on I Fall to Pieces [UPDATED with k.d. lang]
Alexander Tsesis on Shake Your Money Maker
Al Brophy on Hawaii Law Names Dean Finalists
Al Brophy on Camille Davidson Named Dean of Southern Illinois Law
James McGrath on Melanie Jacobs Named Interim Dean of MSU Law
Al Brophy on Francis Daniel Pastorius Reader
Howard E. Katz on Francis Daniel Pastorius Reader
Al Brophy on Blind Applicants Secure a Victory over the LSAT
Steve L. on Shake Your Money Maker
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December 1, 2019 - December 7, 2019


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Q: How to replace old string values in Series/column of dataframe with values from dict? This question is somewhat similar to: Remap values in pandas column with a dict, however, the answers are quite dated and do not cover the "SettingWithCopyWarning".
I am simply trying to replace the original strings in a column, "col", of my dataframe, "df", using a dictionary, "dict1". Here is my code which successfully replaces the values:
    temp_series = df.loc[:,col].copy()
    for name in temp_series:
        for old, new in q_names_dict.items():
            if (old.lower() == name.lower()):
                temp_series.replace(name, new, inplace=True)

-However, when I attempt to update my original dataframe with this copy, "temp_series", I get a "SettingWithCopyWarning". Here is the code which throws that warning:
df.loc[:,col] = temp_series
# The bottom three don't work either.
#df[col] = temp_series
#df.loc[:,col].update(temp_series)
#df[col].update(temp_series)

A: By changing the deep copy to a shallow copy, I was able to have changes to the original dataframe, "df". It is stated in the docs: https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/generated/pandas.DataFrame.copy.html
Here is the code that enables shallow copy:
temp_series = df.loc[:,col].copy(deep=False)

Therefore, I don't have to explicitly update my dataframe after using the above code. This also prevents the SettingWithCopyWarning.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On August 21, 2017, a complete solar eclipse will put whole states in shadow. Time to plan your trip.
August 21, 2017 will be a weird, dark day. On that date, the first total solar eclipse since 1979 will pass over the continental United States. It's a big deal, but you'll likely have to do some planning if you really want to enjoy the astronomical event to the fullest.
The true totality of a Total Eclipse — the area looking up from Earth where the sun completely disappears — is only about 300 km (186 miles) wide along its centerline. There's a big continent out there and a lot to consider. Therefore, it's good practice to get down to the nitty-gritty of your eclipse planning as soon as possible. Inverse, with more than a little help from the GreatAmericanEclipse.com, has done some of the legwork and taken out most of the guesswork on where to go and why. In compiling our list we took into account factors such as weather probabilities, terrain, concurrent events, and assembled what we think are the seven best places to catch the eclipse next year.
A word of caution, weather is unpredictable, so please remember these are some good spots that are likely to provide pleasantness, but preparedness is key. Check the weather frequently leading up to and on the day of the eclipse, and be mobile and ready to move at the last minute to alternates in case of weather or acts of god — those beyond just a total blackout of the sun.
Where along the path of totality will you go to see the #NationalEclipse?
For ease of planning, we note at each location when the eclipse totality — when the sun is completely obscured — begins and its duration. That said, get to your spot at least a couple hours before totality for the full experience. You don't walk into a movie in the middle of the third act, do ya?
An awesome place to watch an eclipse.
Since all the best views are at the higher elevations, this works out perfectly. Areas like Clingman's Dome and Cades Cove come to mind, but there are tons of vistas in a mountain range. Get there early, some of the best views are a bit of a hike, literally. That means packing a lunch, but it also means there'll be less people to spoil the eclipsing.
St. Joseph, Missouri is best known for two things: Along with Sacremento, CA it was the starting point of the Pony Express, and the site where Jesse James was shot by that coward Robert Ford. On August 21, 2017 this city will get a chance to reinvent itself. It's smack-dab along the centerline of the path of the eclipse and the city and surrounding areas are doing all they can to take advantage of the situation. There's a Facebook page, and according to the Convention and Visitor's Bureau events are already planned for more than nine venues in and around the city. The biggest one will be at Rosencrans Memorial Airport where Front Page Science, an organization founded in 1996 and dedicated to this very eclipse, will provide filtered telescopes for public viewing as well as astronomers for talking about all things eclipse related … and all of this is free to the public.
Other than being one of the greatest places to raise a family, and the second largest city in Wyoming, there's not much going on in this pint-sized city that's home to just a shade over 55,000 people. All of that's going to change when those crazy astronomers roll into town for Astrocon 2017. It's no happy coincidence the annual meeting of these cads of the cosmos is scheduled to descend on Casper the day before the eclipse. The members of the Astronomical League are well aware the weather in Casper is mild around this time, and that the town lies on the elevated plateau so it's more likely to be cloudless.
If the immediate weather forecast proves daunting, there are highways a plenty and in all directions out of town. If you do plan on visiting this sleepy hollow, camping is probably the safest bet. You can already reserve your spot here.
If Casper, WY is a sleepy city, then Madras, Oregon is downright unconscious. As of the 2010 census the town had just north of 6,000 residents, and the highlights of a short who's who list are baseball player Jacoby Ellsbury and gone-too-soon actor River Phoenix. That said, what Madras lacks in glitz and glamour, it makes up for in mild climate … and the fact that it's the best place to be the first in the country to view the eclipse. The town is nestled in a valley east of the Cascade Range of the Rockies, so Madras has cover from the clouds that will likely affect coastal areas of Oregon this time of year. Also, it'll be neat to watch the eclipse's effect on Mt. Hood when nestled just beneath.
Our close proximity to the Pacific Coast, clear skies and 360 degree views of the eclipse, framed by breathtaking mountain peaks, guarantee festival goers the experience of a lifetime.
That's not Greek Antiquity, that's pure southern charm.
Earlier this year, [Tennessee got an element named] after it, and in 2017, as our friends at GreatAmericanEclipse.com point out, the capital of country music will be the largest city to be wholly enveloped within the path of the eclipse. Visit the Grand Ole Opry and take in a show. If you're too loose to be tied into one act, take in the Honky Tonk Highway. And, for a little taste of Greek Antiquity in the American South, you can visit the only full-scale reproduction of the Parthenon in the world right smack dab in Centennial Park. If you wanna combine that with the eclipse, remember to bring a banjo and a toga to get into the local spirit.
There's being first, like Madras. Nashville is the biggest. And then there's the longest: enter Carbondale. The small city in Southern Illinois lies in the centerline of the eclipse's path and the exact point of the longest duration of totality lies just south.
Rocky Comfort Cabins may have a contradictory name, but it'll be a good spot to book for the longest view of total darkness from the eclipse located just off of Panthers Den Road — a sight so remote Google hasn't gotten around to street-viewing it yet.
Carbondale, Illinois is just a half an hour to the north for those who want a little more festivities along with their solar blackout. Southern Illinois University has made and maintains a website dedicated not only to this eclipse, but highlighting the singular feature of Carbondale and eclipses. This city is the proverbial crossroads and the only place where the 2017 eclipse, and the next eclipse to touchdown in North America in April of 2024 will intersect. That means they'll have twice as many opportunities to get it right.
Places on this list are included because of one thing and one thing only, they are great places to watch the actual eclipse. In order to be the belle of the ball, a destination has to bring more to the party than an unobstructed view and likely pleasant weather. Sure, Nashville's got the Grand ole Opry and a bunch of other stuff, but it's inland and not much goes on outside its borders. The Great Smokies will give unparalleled vistas of pastoral beauty, but to be our number one a place needs to attract people with a wide array of interests and outlooks aside from the Moonshadow.
Charleston, SC is number one on our list despite it being the furthest included from the actual centerline of eclipse totality because it has pretty much everything anyone could want. Access to water, aquariums, pirate history, Fort Sumter, plantations and if one and a half minutes of totality doesn't get your heart beating fast enough, the centerline is just an hour north on Route 17 in the Francis Marion National Forest.
To sweeten the deal, the American Atheist society is holding a convention in Charleston to coincide with the eclipse and talk about how god has nothing to do with anything. Add to that, you could actually follow the path of the eclipse into the Atlantic with the right boat, and there's really no telling where your eclipsing adventure could take you.
We're confident any of our seven destinations will satisfy the black-out joneses of even the most discerning and sophisticated eclipse watchers. It's certainly not an exhaustive list. As such, we conclude with what we thought was the coolest resource in our eclipse event hunting Rolodex.
The map embedded below was made by Xavier M. Jubier, who maintains a site that looks like it's from the early aughts, but is jam-packed with eclipse-related goodies and science. If you're the choose your own adventure type, this, along with GreatAmericanEclipse.com, should be your virtual planning starting point.
Please remember to never look directly at the sun without the appropriate protective gear. Yes, even during the eclipse.


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HomeBilingual sign
Station signs: Indian languages outside South Asia
April 26, 2016 November 8, 2019 abn397 Bilingual sign, Dhoby Ghaut station, England, Singapore, Singapore-official languages, Southall, Station signs	Dhoby Ghaut station, Punjabi sign in England, Singapore, Singapore's official languages, Southall, Station signs
Rail fans have many interests, and in recent years a wide variety of information sources have appeared on the internet. On the Indian railways, you can probably get pictures of virtually every variant of locomotive which has existed over the past few decades. And Google will probably find station signs for every station of importance (as well as many which are not of importance).
I will come to odd Indian station signs (such as those with 4 or 5 languages), with rare examples of Maithili signs, Bengali signs far from Bengal, and so on. For the moment we look at station signs outside South Asia with Indian languages.
This would be the most famous:
It is possibly the only multilingual station sign in England (though Scotland and Wales do have Gaelic and Welsh respectively on their signs).
For more on Southall station see this
And now to Singapore with its four official languages: English, Mandarin, Bahasa Malaysia and Tamil. Most official signs (including the metro signs) are in all 4, though place names in English and Malay are often the same. I was not able to get a picture of a station sign with all 4 languages on one board, but here are a few examples:
Other signs are in 4 languages, like these:
In the upper one other languages have been added. Can someone clarify what they are? Burmese and Sinhala perhaps?
From the Dubai metro:
Though one would think that signs in Malayalam and Urdu would be understood by more people in Dubai.
Apart from the four official languages of Singapore, a line in Bengali has been added presumably for the benefit of workers from Bangladesh.
Next we will explore some oddities from India.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tip: To go directly to an article using its bibliographical details…
If you know the bibliographic details of a journal article, use the Journal Section to find it quickly. First, find and click on the Journal where the article was published in the Journal tab on the home page. Then, click on the year of publication. Finally, look for the author's name or the title of the article in the table of contents and click on it to see the article.
Mallard, H.C. (1987). Ambiguities of Self-Analysis. Psychoanal Q., 56:523-527.
Ambiguities of Self-Analysis
Henry C. Mallard, M.D.
Self-analysis is an accepted method of analytic inquiry. The work employing self-analysis has been predominantly in the form of individual reports of self-analytic efforts and the application of self-analytic findings. Written works on the concept itself are surprisingly rare, and as a concept and a method of investigation, it deserves more attention. After a brief summary of Freud's views about self-analysis, I will illustrate the need for further attention to this issue by using clinical vignettes. Two problem areas will be considered: first, the definition of self-analysis lacks sufficient clarity, and second, the effect of individual methodology needs further examination, especially in evaluating self-analytic findings.
Freud felt self-analysis to be possible and useful. He tells us, in "Analysis Terminable and Interminable" (1937), that "the processes of remodeling the ego [continue] spontaneously in the analysed subject" and that "in so far as it happens it makes the analysed subject qualified to be an analyst himself" (p. 249).
He also speaks of difficulties, however. He tells us in his short work, "The Subtleties of a Faulty Action" (1935), that "in self-analysis the danger of incompleteness is particularly great. One is too soon satisfied with a part explanation, behind which resistance may easily be keeping back something that is more important …" (p. 234). He, of course, changed his view that self-analysis alone was sufficient preparation to become an analyst, to the position that analysis by another was essential for the analyst in training.


Very pleased to see this recent review of The Little Universe by author and reviewer, Jess Buike. Just my opinion, but she really nailed it. This review can also be seen as her website, http://authorjess.blogspot.com/.
Though touted as a "spiritual novel," this book really can appeal to all people interested in existentialism, evolution, creationism, sci-fi, science, and more!
Imagine being able to create a self-contained universe in a room, and being able to monitor how it evolves and changes throughout millions of years while you are only experiencing days - that is the intriguing concept behind this book. Would you want to learn more about spirituality? Or scientific advancement? Or human nature? Evolution? Something else?
All those views are held by the various scientists and staff working on this large project. As a reader, you are drawn in and asked to examine your own beliefs about life and what true advancement as a race really looks like.
The characters are remarkably developed, and feel like they could be someone in your own life. The situation is made more believable by the in-depth use of scientific explanations - but they are all written in everyday language so that you don't have to be a scientist to understand what is happening.
I hate giving spoilers, so I will just say that there is a fun "stunner" three-quarters of the way through the book that will shock you - I usually can tell what will happen ahead of time, but this book actually surprised me!
Overall, this is beautifully written and well worth the read.


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2021 WA Premier's Excellence in Aboriginal Education Award
I am delighted to announce that this morning Mount Lawley Senior High School was presented with the 2021 WA Premier's Excellence in Aboriginal Education Award at the WA Education Awards Breakfast held at Optus Stadium.
This award recognises schools that work actively to improve education outcomes for Aboriginal students. It acknowledges a primary or secondary school that demonstrates embedded and consistent practice in building a whole-school culture focused on improving the outcomes for Aboriginal students.
I would like to extend my congratulations and gratitude to all staff for their commitment and hard work to create a culturally safe environment for all students. I especially acknowledge the outstanding efforts and ongoing dedication of the team - Dr Philip Paioff - Aboriginal Excellence Program Coordinator, Ms Tina Deegan - Follow the Dream Coordinator, Ms Shania Cuthbert - Follow the Dream Administration Officer, and Ms Tasmyne Doyle - Aboriginal and Islander Education Officer. This award is testament to your continued enthusiasm, passion and devotion to ensuring our students reach their full potential.
Congratulations and well done to the many students, parents and staff who contributed to the nomination.
You can read the full entry write up via the link below:
https://www.education.wa.edu.au/excellence-in-aboriginal-education-award
Lesley Street | Principal


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Home » Semiconductor » PN Junction Semiconductor
PN Junction Semiconductor:
Two blocks of PN Junction Semiconductor material are represented in Fig. 1-17; one block is p-type material, and the other is n-type. The small circles in the p-type material represent holes, which are the majority charge carriers in p-type. The dots in the n-type material represent the majority charge carrier free electrons within that material. Normally, the holes are uniformly distributed throughout the volume of the p-type semiconductor, and the electrons are uniformly distributed in the n-type.
In Figure 1-18, PN Junction Semiconductor materials are shown side by side, representing a PN Junction. Holes and electrons are close together at the junction, so some free electrons from the n-side are attracted across the junction to fill adjacent holes on the p-side. They are said to diffuse across the junction from a region of high carrier concentration to one of low concentration. The free electrons crossing the junction create negative ions on the p-side by giving some atoms one more electron than their total number of protons. The electrons also leave positive ions (atoms with one fewer electron than the number of protons) behind them on the n-side.
Barrier Voltage in PN Junction:
The n-type and p-type materials are both electrically neutral before the charge carriers diffuse across the junction. When negative ions are created on the p-side, the portion of the p-side close to the junction acquires a negative voltage, (see Fig. 1-18). Similarly, the positive ions created on the n-side gives the n-side a positive voltage close to the junction. The negative voltage on the p-side tends to repel additional electrons crossing from the n-side. Also, (thinking of the holes as positive particles) the positive voltage on the n-side tends to repel any hole movement from the p-side. Thus, the initial diffusion of charge carriers creates a barrier voltage in pn junction, which is negative on the p-side and positive on the n-side. The transfer of charge carriers and the resultant creation of the barrier voltage occur when the PN Junction Semiconductor are formed during the manufacturing process.
The magnitude of the barrier voltage in pn junction Semiconductor can be calculated from a knowledge of the doping densities, electronic charge, and junction temperature. Typical barrier voltages at 25°C are 0.3 V for germanium junctions and 0.7 V for silicon.
It has been explained that the barrier voltage in pn junction opposes both the flow of electrons from the n-side and the flow of holes from the p-side. Because electrons are the majority charge carriers in the n-type material, and holes are the majority charge carriers in the p-type, it is seen that the barrier voltage opposes the flow of majority carriers across the PN Junction Semiconductor, (see Fig. 1-19). Any free electrons generated by thermal energy on the p-side of the junction are attracted across the positive barrier to the n-side. Similarly. thermally generated holes on the n-side are attracted to the p-side through the negative barrier presented to them at the junction. Electrons on the p-side and holes on the n-side are minority charge carriers. Therefore, the barrier voltage assists the flow of minority carriers across the junction, (Fig. 1-19).
Depletion Region in PN Junction:
The movement of charge carriers across the junction leaves a layer on each side which is depleted of charge carriers. This is the Depletion Region in PN Junction shown in Fig. 1-20(a). On the n-side, the depletion region consists of donor impurity atoms which, having lost the free electron associated with them, have become positively charged.
The depletion region on the p-side is made up of acceptor impurity atoms which have become negatively charged by losing the hole associated with them. (The hole has been filled by an electron.)
On each side of the junction, equal numbers of impurity atoms are involved in the depletion region. If the two blocks of PN Junction Semiconductor material have equal doping densities, the depletion layers on each side have equal widths, (Fig 1-20(a)). If the p-side is more heavily doped than the n-side, as illustrated in Fig. 1-20(b), the depletion region penetrates more deeply into the n-side in order to include an equal number of impurity atoms on each side of the junction. Conversely, when the n-side is most heavily doped, the depletion region penetrates deepest into the p-type material.
Transistor Operation
AC Equivalent Circuit of Semiconductor Diode
Junction Field Effect Transistor Theory
Temperature Effect on Semiconductor Diode
Semiconductor Diodes in Static Relays
Processing of Semiconductor Materials
Voltage Variable Capacitors
DC Load Line Analysis of Semiconductor Diode
PN Junction Diode Working Principle
Transistor Fabrication Techniques
Testing of Semiconductor Diode
Transistor Models and Parameters
Transistor Use in Static Relay
Power Supply Source Effect in Semiconductor
Common Base Transistor Characteristics
Transistor Construction Techniques and Performance
Photodiode Operation and Characteristics
Integrated Circuit Components
UJT Circuit Diagram
Transistor Voltage and Current
Silicon Controlled Rectifier Principle Operation
Field Effect Transistor in Static Relay
BJT Cutoff Frequency and Capacitance
Tunnel Diode Operation and Characteristics
Semiconductor Diode Specifications


"In a state where the major burden of paying for government services falls to the property tax, New Jersey bears the unenviable distinction of having the highest property taxes in the country. Over the last five years, the average state property tax has increased 30 percent.
However, as recognized by this article, many of these municipalities that have put in place reassessment or revaluation programs (at a cost of up to $2 million per municipality), are now facing a serious dilemma: A municipality may choose to ignore the current drop in real estate values and implement the reassessment or revaluation that was used with sales data from a year ago, or a municipality may scratch any revaluation or reassessment work that has been done thus far in order to start over in order to take into account the recent drop in real estate prices.
For the full article by Joseph Elliott with the New York Times, please click HERE.
On Thursday, in a single, unanimous vote, the Senate granted tenure to the Honorable Vito L. Bianco, judge of the Tax Court of New Jersey. Although the day a judge receives tenure is a special day for every judge, last Thursday was especially noteworthy to Judge Bianco as it was also Judge Bianco's 50th birthday.


Where Are Moles Likely To Be Located?
A mole may be removed for cosmetic reasons or for examination. Our doctors may remove an entire mole or a segment for examination or biopsy. If the mole is cancerous, the entire mole should be cut out and the wound closed. Cosmetic removal of moles is a simple procedure done under a local anesthetic in the doctor's office.


Attractive 1600 S.F. office building 300 feet east of the Walton County Courthouse on busy Hwy 90. 7 separate offices, a receptionist office, a waiting room, a break room and a storage area. Price to sell. Metal roof approximately 3 years old.


It's easy to find parks without sand or "Sand Free Parks in Orange County" with this list. Thanks to the reader who wrote in requesting the information.
This reader will be happy to know that the recycled rubber surface is becoming a preferred surface at many playgrounds.
Parks marked with * have restrooms. I've listed the parks without sand by north county, south county, and central county so it's easier to find a sand free park near you.
Huntington Beach All-Inclusive Playground in the Sand* – this one is tricky because there is sand ALL AROUND, but none on the playground.
I hope that gives you some options! I will keep my eye out as I explore more parks. I know my "Fenced Parks" post has also been a popular one.
Originally published in June 2011.
Thanks for this list! I've been searching everywhere for something like this. Do you have an updated list by any chance? I'd very much appreciate it if you could provide me one.
Peter green park in HB does have a separate sand pit for Volley ball, but it is far enough away from the play area that it is usually not a issue.
and Grant Howald Park in Cornona Del Mar has a tiered park. The top level doesn't have sand and the lower level does.
Cliff Drive Park in newport Beach doesn't have sand too. Thanks!


Rather than wallowing in another summer gone by, on the first day of September we're looking forward to fall's biggest upside: music festivals. While common (read: "basic") knowledge conceives of summer as festival season, the truth is that the best ones happen in September, October and November. This is partly due to the fact that the ICAS Network /SHAPE Platform fires up its arsenal of forward-thinking events, but there are also end-of-summer bashes like Outlook (which takes place this weekend) and major industry conferences such as the Amsterdam Dance Event—not to mention our own Electronic Beats-sponsored celebrations in Tirana and Budapest as well as our partner festival Up To Date in Poland. There's so much to sort through that we've compiled another handy map to help you plan your summer, and you can find a few notes on a few highly recommended picks below. As with our summer festival map, magenta dots represent our favorite upcoming events.
Interval Natural: After the tragic fire at Bucharest's Colectiv nightclub foiled Interval's plans to throw a 100-hour party last fall, the team returns with a new concept this month: a two-nighter in a fortress in the Transylvanian countryside. The lineup stars minimal legends like Mathew Johnson, Onur Özer, DJ Masda and Cab Drivers on a Funktion One sound system. By the way, today (September 1) is the last day to buy final release tickets.
Skaņu Mežs: Active since 2003, this small festival in Riga, Latvia combines a showcase of artists affiliated with SHAPE as well as tasteful bookings from the wider world of avant-garde music. This year's heavy-hitters include Autechre and King Midas Sound.
UH Fest: Ultrahang is a great excuse to visit Budapest at least once a year. It was our favorite festival in 2015, and we're excited to return this year for another impeccable program that combines cutting edge takes on contemporary classical music with a few killer club nights. The hook: UH never books the same act twice.
Unsafe + Sounds: We only know a few of the artists booked for the third installment of this Vienna-based series, and those familiar names indicate that the rest of the program will be pretty out-there, in a good way.
Unsound: This annual weeklong series in Krakow is the most famous experimental festival. It's immaculately curated, innovative and somewhat more club-oriented than most of its counterparts in the ICAS Network and SHAPE-affiliated events. Each year the staff develops a theme to guide the program; last year it hosted many unannounced performances under the "Surprise" banner, and this year's Dislocation idea will tie together appearances by Demdike Stare, Aïsha Devi, Amnesia Scanner, The Bunker NY and more. There's also a bonus weekender from September 15-17 in Vladivostok, Russia with Rabih Beani, Buttechno, Laurel Halo, Lotic and local DJs.


Writings of Rabash, "What is the Flood Water in the Work": Isn't this contrary to logic? Our inborn nature is the desire to receive pleasure. If we work at something, then we undoubtedly receive a reward for our actions.
Indeed, it is impossible to work without a reward. The Creator wants us to enjoy and be fulfilled. The goal of creation is to give abundance to His creatures, and that means we receive that abundance. Moreover, we have to think about how to receive abundance from the Creator.
The only question is: Inside which Kelim will we receive it? Inside the vessels of reception or the vessels of bestowal?
Reward remains reward. It is written, "The reward for a commandment is to know the One who commands." We have to know Him just as Adam knew Eve, meaning to attain, understand, and feel Him. The Light of Hochma that we receive is the Light of knowledge that fills all of our Kelim.
We are built in such a way that all of our pleasure comes from knowing the Creator, from reaching unity and adhesion with Him. And that is possible only according to the law of equivalence of form, according to the Light of Hassadim, the quality of bestowal that we will develop inside us above the quality of reception, which ceaselessly appears inside us more and more strongly.
We have to understand that our Kelim, our current nature is just a condition from which we have to ascend to the spiritual nature. Then inside our spiritual nature, inside the desires of bestowal, we will receive all of the reward that we hope to get.
Is It Worth It To Believe The Sages?


Measuring the sea's tidal rises and falls was also to be the task of Ainsworth, but he was handicapped from the start by a failure to land the instruments for the gauge during Aurora's first visit in December 1911. These arrived in June 1912, during the ship's midwinter cruise.
During the easterly weather that persisted during Aurora's December 1911 visit, the heavy tide gauge pipe had been landed on the western shore below Wireless Hill at Aerial Cove. It looked sheltered then, but six months of prevailing westerlies persuaded Ainsworth that a more suitable site was the relatively sheltered Garden Cove, close to the Shack on the eastern shore.
The landed pipe was too heavy to carry, so improvisation was called for. 'Two snow-gauges, eight inches each in diameter, were amongst the meteorological equipment and it appeared that if these two were soldered together a suitable pipe could be made,' wrote Ainsworth. Sandell soldered the two together. The supplied float was too wide for the new pipe, so Sandell also made a smaller one.
The gauge may have looked unprofessional – Ainsworth noted that its finished appearance 'did not by any means suggest the amount of trouble we experienced in setting it up' – but it functioned satisfactorily for 18 months from 1 July 1912. Heavy seas eventually washed it away late in 1913, but Ainsworth had been able to secure enough records for an effective tidal analysis.


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Dolly Abou Shahine (, born July 2, 1985) is a Lebanese singer, actress, and fashion designer.

Biography
Dolly Shahine was born in Aley District to a Lebanese Brazilian father and a Lebanese mother and raised as a Catholic. She was named after the American country singer Dolly Parton. She studied journalism for one year in Lebanon, before she went to London to study music theory for five years.

Personal life
Dolly Shahine married Lebanese model Sami Qalib in 2001. They officially divorced in 2009.
In late 2009 She married Lebanese director Bakhos Alwan. They have a daughter called Nour. Shahine announced in 2014, that she and Alwan were divorcing and the couple had officially separated due to irreconcilable differences. They stayed on good terms.

Discography

Albums
 Wala Kol El Banat (2009)
 Cinderella (2017)

Singles and music videos
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Album !! Video Clip Director !! Language/Dialect
|-
| 2005 ||Momo Einy|| N/A||Mark Abi Rached|| Lebanese/Moroccan Arabic
|-
| 2006 || Ana Zay Ay Bent||N/A||Khalid Youssef || Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2006 || Dawebny Fik||N/A||Khalid Youssef||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2006 ||Gher Kol El Banat||Wala Kol El Banat||Mohamed Saeid|| Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2007 ||Ayezny Alok||N/A|| Mark Abi Rached|| Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2007 || Nazra Wahda||Wala Kol El Banat|| Oliver Ojiel ||Lebanese Arabic
|-
| 2008 || Ana Geit||N/A|| Jad Sawaya ||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2009 || Gedid Alaya||Wala Kol El Banat|| Bakhos Alwan ||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2014 || Sana Saeeda||N/A|| Bakhos Alwan ||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2017 || Nazarato||Cinderella|| Bakhos Alwan ||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2018 || Law Aal Foraa||Cinderella|| Bakhos Alwan ||Egyptian Arabic
|-
| 2018 || Habeebi Gheir||N/A|| Dolly Shahine ||Gulf Arabic
|}

Filmography
FilmWeja (2006)Khames Njoom (2007)Al Shayateen (2007)Nems Bond (2008)El Mesh Muhandes Hassan (2008)Bidoun Riqaba (2009)Tita Rahiba (2012)Tatah (2013)Zarf Sehi (2014)

 TV series Adham El Sharkawy (2008)	Sharif wa Noss (2009)	El Morafa'a'' (2015)

References

External links

Living people
Lebanese female models
21st-century Lebanese women singers
Lebanese film actresses
1980 births
Lebanese people of Brazilian descent
Lebanese Melkite Greek Catholics
Singers who perform in Egyptian Arabic
People from Aley District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Regional artist Naomi Christianson will exhibit her vibrant artwork in the upcoming show Space Fashion which will be on display from Nov. 10, 2017 to Jan. 15, 2018 in the Forum Gallery of the Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center. An artist's reception is scheduled for 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday, Nov. 11.
Naomi Christianson; Between Heart Beats; 40″x 60″x 1.5″; acrylic on canvas.
The Rachel M. Schlesinger Concert Hall and Arts Center at Northern Virginia Community College's Alexandria Campus will welcome the art exhibition Quieting Change, Stilling Motion by Regina Miele to its Forum Gallery. The show will be on display from Sept. 22 to Nov. 5 with an opening reception from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. Saturday, Sept. 23.
Regina Miele; Westward Bound, Dupont End of Day; oil on canvas; 30"x32"; 2015; Photo courtesy of artist.


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Uma Shivakumar
Fringe-toed lizard
Sivakumar
Uma Shivakumar (c. 1941 – 25 June 2013) was an Indian film and theater character actress, who career included role in more than 170 Kannada language films and more than 30 plays. She was nicknamed "Baddi Bangaramma" by audiences, after the popular 1984 film of the same name, in which she portrayed a moneylender.
Uma was born in Bangalore. She initially worked as a classical musician, before transitioning to amateur theater during the 1970s. She appeared in more than 30 plays and theater productions, according to Sreenivas G. Kappanna, who called her " an elder sister of theatre." Her most famous role included the satirical play, Muhammad bin Tughluq, in which she played the title character, Tughluq's stepmother.
Uma Shivakumar made her film debut in Vamsha Vriksha, a 1971 feature directed by B. V. Karanth and Girish Karnad. Her second film role was in the 1973 Kannada black-and-white film, Kaadu, which was also directed by Girish Karnad. Uma appeared in small films prior to 1973. Her first commercial film was Kesarina Kamala, released in 1973.
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UMA or Uma may refer to:
Uniform memory access, a computer memory architecture used in parallel computers
Unlicensed Mobile Access, roaming between GSM and 802.11
Upper memory area, a part of Extended Memory Specification in a PC
Ursa Major, a constellation
User-Managed Access, a protocol for delegated authorization based on OAuth
Uma (genus), the genus name of the North American Fringe-toed lizards
Cyclone Uma, a tropical cyclone which damaged Port Vila, Vanuatu, in 1987
Arab Maghreb Union (Union du Maghreb arabe)
Ukrainian Museum-Archives, a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Universal Music Australia, a record label
UMA Engineering Ltd., an engineering firm with offices in Canada
University of Madeira, a university in Funchal, Portugal
University of Maine at Augusta, a campus of the University of Maine System
University of Málaga, a public university situated in Málaga, Spain
University of Mannheim, the university in Mannheim, Germany
University of Massachusetts Amherst, the flagship campus of the University of Massachusetts
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/UMA
Parvati (Devanagari: पार्वती, IAST: Pārvatī) is the Hindu goddess of love, fertility and devotion. She is the goddess of divine strength and power. She is the gentle and nurturing aspect of the Hindu goddess Shakti. She is the mother goddess in Hinduism and has many attributes and aspects. Each of her aspects is expressed with a different name, giving her over 100 names in regional Hindu stories of India. Along with Lakshmi (goddess of wealth and prosperity) and Saraswati (goddess of knowledge and learning), she forms the trinity of Hindu goddesses.
Parvati is the wife of the Hindu deity Shiva - the destroyer, recycler and regenerator of universe and all life. She is the daughter of the mountain king Himavan and mother Mena. Parvati is the mother of Hindu deities Ganesha and Karttikeya. Her elder sister is the goddess Ganges. Some communities also believe her to be the adopted sister of Vishnu.
With Śiva, Pārvatī (Durga) is a central deity in the Saivism sect of Hinduism. In Hindu belief, she is the recreative energy and power of Śiva, and she is the cause of a bond that connects all beings and a means of their spiritual release. In Hindu temples dedicated to her and Śiva, she is symbolically represented as argha or yoni. She is found extensively in ancient Indian literature, and her statues and iconography grace ancient and medieval era Hindu temples all over South Asia and Southeast Asia.
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Fringe-toed lizards are lizards of the genus Uma in the family Phrynosomatidae, native to deserts of North America. They are adapted for life in sandy deserts with fringe-like scales on their hind toes.
These lizards have a brown and tan coloration that helps them to blend in with the sand. The dorsal surface has a velvety texture intricate markings. In addition, they also have prominent elongated scales which form a fringe on the sides of their hind toes. These fringes aid with traction and speed, and help the lizard avoid sinking into loose, sandy dunes.
Fringe-toed lizards also possess upper jaws which overlap the lower ones, preventing the intrusion of sand particles, and nostrils that can be closed at will. Flaps also close against the ear openings when moving through sand and the upper and lower eyelids have interlocking scales that prevent sand from getting into the eyes.
Geographic range
These lizards range throughout southeast California and southwest Arizona, and extend into northwest Sonora and northeast Baja California.
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Sivakumar (born 27 October 1941 as Palanichamy Gounder) is a Tamil film actor who has portrayed a wide range of leading and supporting roles onscreen. Sivakumar was introduced in the Tamil movie Kakkum Karangal, a film that starred S.S.Rajendran in the lead role, which was produced by AVM Productions. Apart from acting, Sivakumar is also a painter and a public speaker. He is also ambidextrous.
In recent times, he has ventured into public speaking, giving his opinion on various subjects. He has been praised for the fluency and style of his speeches. He has given speech on Ramayana and Mahabharata, each in 2 hours and 15 mins at Vellalar College for Women, Erode.
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text:
U.S. pastor says he will put Mohammed 'on trial' next as NATO chief condemns Koran burning for starting riots
The Daily Mail, UK
Tue, 05 Apr 2011 01:20 UTC
Killings in Kandahar follow UN attack that left up to 20 dead and 83 wounded
Taliban claims responsibility for UN attack
Hamid Karzai calls for U.S. congress to condemn controversial pastor
General Petraeus condemns pastor Terry Jones
Demonstrations against the burnings take place across the Middle East
President Obama appeals for calm and condemns Koran burning as an 'act of bigotry' - but does not mention Florida pastor
Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish and Nepalese nationals among those killed
Despite clear evidence that his actions have led to multiple murders and widespread violence in the Middle East, controversial Florida pastor Terry Jones has vowed to step up his provocative campaign against Islam.
The radical pastor said that he was considering putting Islamic prophet Mohammed 'on trial' for his next 'day of judgement' publicity stunt.
His last, in which he oversaw the burning of a copy of the Koran after a six-hour mock trial, has been directly responsible for a wave of violence that began last night and has left 30 people dead and more than 150 injured.
Don't blame me: Florida Pastor Terry Jones in his office at the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida. He says his Koran-burning stunt was meant to be provocative
The defiant stance has led General Petraeus, the head of NATO forces in Afghanistan, to join international condemnation of pastor Jones.
The General urged Afghans to understand only a small number of people had been disrespectful to the Koran and Islam.
He said: 'We condemn, in particular, the action of an individual in the United States who recently burned the Holy Koran.
'We also offer condolences to the families of all those injured and killed in violence which occurred in the wake of the burning of the Holy Koran.'
The call comes after a third day of violence in Afghanistan saw at least ten deaths, 78 injured and at least 17 arrests as protesters clash with security forces in Kandahar.
There were also reports of attempted suicide attacks on a U.S. military base in Kabul, but these were not directly linked to Mr Jones's actions.
The vilified pastor remains unrepentant about his actions, and has even hinted that he will take his provocative stance further.
He said in an interview: 'It is definitely a consideration to stage a trial on the life of Mohammed in the future.'
Such a move would trigger further violent protests in the Muslim world - even in more moderate Islamic states.
Unrepentant: Mr Jones checks his phone messages as the media has descended upon him. He has not apologised for his actions, and says he would do it again
© Reuters (left) EPA (right)
Action and reaction: While jones remains defiant (and relatively safe) in Florida, outraged Muslims in Herat, Afghanistan burn the American flag as protests around the country and Middle East flare into deadly violence
But Mr Jones shows no signs of backing down, refusing to admit the violence is his fault, and apparently proud of his actions.
In an interview at his Dove World Outreach Center, the pastor at least admitted that he was saddened by the Afghan attacks - but added that he would burn the Koran again if given the chance.
He told the New York Times: 'It was intended to stir the pot; if you don't shake the boat, everyone will stay in their complacency.
'Emotionally, it's not all that easy. People have tried to make us responsible for the people who are killed. It's unfair and somewhat damaging.
© The Associated Press
Blood on the streets: Afghan protesters swarm into the streets of Kandahar as they carry a wounded colleague during a second day of violence to condemn the burning of a copy of the Muslim holy book by Mr Jones
'Did our action provoke them? Of course. Is it a provocation that can be justified? Is it a provocation that should lead to death?
'When lawyers provoke me, when banks provoke me, when reporters provoke me, I can't kill them. That would not fly.'
It is not surprising that Mr Jones should mention lawyers, banks and reporters as his tormentors.
The pastor, whose church membership has dwindled and who is a hate figure in his own community, is also near broke.
A second wave of violence began this morning when demonstrators clashed with security forces.
© AFP/Getty Images
Protest: Similar protests on Friday in the streets of Mazar-i-Sharif - with hundreds chanting anti-American slogans - ended in a bloody massacre at the UN compound
Attack: Smoke billows from the UN headquarters after protesters attacked the compound in Mazar-i-Sharif
A statement by the Kandahar governor's office said that 10 protesters had been killed and 78 injured. Seventeen people, including seven armed men, were arrested, the statement said.
Mr Jones told the Times that, in recent weeks, he had received more than 300 death threats via phone and email, and had been told by the FBI that there was a $2.4 million contract on his life.
He said: 'I don't right now feel personally afraid. But we are armed.'
© Norwegian Millitary
Victim: The first named victim is 53-year-old Norwegian pilot Lt. Col Siri Skare who was working as a UN military advisor in the country
Mr Jones admitted that he knew the Koran-burning stunt could lead to violence, adding: 'We were worried. We knew it was possible.'
But it clearly did not stop him.
The recent killings, which involved the beheading of two UN guards in the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif, will not do anything to add to Mr Jones's international popularity.
His March 20 burning stunt received little press in Afghanistan at first. But after President Hamid Karzai condemned the burning of the book and religious leaders called for justice in sermons yesterday, thousands poured into the streets in several cities to protest.
At least eight UN staff and around a dozen locals were murdered after a mob killed the UN guards, stole their weapons and opened fire.
In other attacks a suicide bomber struck Kabul and a violent demonstration rattled the southern city of Kandahar.
Security forces shot rounds into the air in Kandahar to stop a crowd from burning shops and cars bent on destruction while much of the rest of the city was closed.
Reports said 10 people were killed and around 78 were wounded.
Yesterday Mr Jones, who ignored international warnings that his actions would undoubtedly lead to violent reprisals, said the blame laid at the feet of the attackers.
He said: 'We must hold these countries and people accountable for what they have done as well as for any excuses they may use to promote their terrorist activities. The time has come to hold Islam accountable.
'Our United States government and our President must take a close, realistic look at the radical element Islam. Islam is not a religion of peace.
'We demand action from the United Nations. Muslim dominated countries can no longer be allowed to spread their hate against Christians and minorities.'
President Barack Obama did speak out about the violence last night - but did not mention Pastor Jones. He said: 'We stress the importance of calm and urge all parties to reject violence and resolve differences through dialogue.'
Obama said the desecration of the Koran 'is an act of extreme intolerance and bigotry' - but that was the closest he came to touching on the Jones subject.
The Taliban has reportedly claimed responsibility for the killings, saying they were part of a campaign of violence in the run up to presidential elections.
The bloodshed on Friday is the worst attack on the U.N. in Afghanistan since the war began in 2001.
Among those murdered were Norwegian, Romanian, Swedish and Nepalese nationals. Two were decapitated.
The Norwegian Defence Ministry said one of the Norwegian victims was Lt. Col Siri Skare, a 53-year-old female pilot.
Fight: It appears guards at the U.N. compound fought back injuring Afghan's who attacked the base
Suspects: Afghan officials suspect those who attacked the base were insurgents who had blended into the angry crowd before carrying out the violence
Hysteria: Preachers rode around after Friday prayers encouraging the population to join protests directed against foreign forces in the country
Mr Jones, a former furniture salesman, was quick to respond to accusations that blood was on his hands over the killings.
he said: 'They must alter the laws that govern their countries to allow for individual freedoms and rights, such as the right to worship, free speech, and to move freely without fear of being attacked or killed.'
The controversial pastor triggered international outrage last year when he urged Americans to burn the Koran on the ninth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.
He relented following an intervention by President Obama but on March 20 he and pastor Wayne Sapp finally carried out their threat.
After Sapp set fire to the text, he let it burn for ten minutes.
Mohammad Azim, a businessman in Mazer-i-Sharif, said that before the violence, clerics with loudspeakers had driven around the city in two cars to invite residents to the protest.
According to Afghan officials it looks increasingly likely that the attacks were carried out by insurgents who had blended into the angry crowds.
Last night Afghan police said they had arrested the suspected mastermind behind the attack.
Rawof Taj, deputy police chief in Balkh province, said this evening he was one of more than 20 people arrested after the violence.
Taj said the suspected mastermind was from Kapisa province, a hotbed of the insurgency about 250 miles south east of Mazar-i-Sharif.
Staffan De Mistura, the top UN representative in Afghanistan, was heading to Mazar-i-Sharif to handle the matter personally.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told reporters in Nairobi that the attack was 'outrageous and cowardly'.
The worst previous attack was in 2009 in an insurgent assault on a guesthouse where UN staff were staying. Five UN staffers were killed and nine others wounded.
In October 2010, several militants were killed when they attempted to ambush the UN compound in Herat dressed in burkas worn by women.
General Daud Daud, commander of Afghan National Police in several northern provinces, said those killed included five Nepalese guards who were working for the UN and two other foreigners employed at the complex.
A UN spokesman confirmed that workers had been killed at the mission, but he said the situation on the ground was still confusing and it was difficult to 'ascertain facts'.
Wounded: Afghans carry a man wounded by security guards when protesters attacked the UN headquarters in Mazar-i-Sharif
Outrage: Pakistani women shout slogans during a protest against the controversial US Pastor Terry Jones, in Karachi, Pakistan today
The deaths are a major setback for the U.N. and international forces who want the Afghan government to take control of its own security by 2014.
Only last week President Hamid Karzai said the city of Mazar-i-Sharif would be one of the first areas handed over to Afghan control this year.
Simmering anger at the burnings finally erupted across the Middle East today.
Thousands of demonstrators marched through the western Afghan city of Herat.
There, protesters burned a U.S. flag at a sports stadium and chanted 'Death to the US' and 'They broke the heart of Islam'.
Around 200 also protested near the U.S. embassy in Kabul. Both protests remained relatively peaceful.
Demonstrations against the Koran burning also took place in Pakistan today.
Women representing the Working Women Welfare Trust marched through the streets of Karachi voicing their anger against Pastor Jones.
Last week, Afghan President Hamid Karzai issued a statement calling the burning a 'crime against a religion'.
He denounced it as a 'disrespectful and abhorrent act' and called on the U.S. and the UN to bring to justice those who burned the holy book and issue a response to Muslims around the world.
He also said Mazar-i-Sharif would be one of the first parts of the war-torn country that Afghan security would take from Nato forces.
OldUncleDave · 2011-04-05T09:57:48Z
The press must share the blame
Stop giving this putz news coverage and he'll fade away.
gdpetti · 2011-04-05T11:10:29Z
Why is the USA flag burned!
Why not burn the bible? Then this hate party could perhaps get off the ground, as long as the same MSM covered this incident with day and night coverage to enflame the masses of sheeple who wouldn't know otherwise that anything happened.
Is burning the bible considered a non-starter for the West? Is burning the flag any less so? Aren't these media shows a little dated? Is this really the best they can do? Obviously money not well spent, but then that is always the pattern near the engineered collapse isn't it?
How did that song go? 'Bring in the Clowns'.
CPD · 2011-04-05T12:01:35Z
HYPOCRITICAL ISLAM
Thousands of Bibles have been burnt by muslims in Afghanistan and elsewhere. They think it's ok for them to do that to our Holy Book but nobody should do it to theirs? Hypocrites! What this rabid rabble has shown the world is that Christianity is the one true religion. A true religion of Peace. While muslims eagerly join any and all calls for jihad, most Christians pray for those who do wrong. They don't riot and scream for the heads of those who slander Christ, they pray for them. Christian's are of peace and muslims are of war. History has proven it time and time again.
Religion of peace my ass! Have you ever heard of the Crusades? How about the Inquisition, the sacking of Rome by protestant mercenaries, the murdering of infants (after first baptizing them) by the conquistadores, the attempted genocide of the native americans? Christians have been slaughtering people for centuries while saying God is on their side. Jesus would be righteously pissed off at what's been done in his name. .
Here's a brief listing of what your "religion of peace" has wrought.
Read Matthew 7:1-5 and pray your god can forgive you your hatred.
danbe69 · 2011-04-05T12:13:22Z
Jones the Fool
What about them Catholic Churches they blow up and slaughter the minority of Christians woman, children in the region and there thug gov. turns the blind eye.
All Mr Jones adds is give all religions bad negative vibe, for the rest of the secular world to mock it.
THERE is a strange new "virtue" which has appeared in todays culture. It has crept in so subtly that few realize how it has become so highly practiced, Don't judge." "Don't criticize,"Be a peacemaker."
"Don't be so negative…"And the favorite, designed for every class and person "Be tolerant." It is not a peace of this world, manufactured through an illusory "tolerance
The Great Commission of the Church (Matt 28:18-20) is not to bring peace to the world, but to bring Truth to the nations.
Gwalarn · 2011-04-05T15:15:02Z
Have you noticed ?...
...How much Nepalis have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past years ? It's surprising for a so little country. As if they were just cannon fodder, the easy idiot to stay in line when the attack occure...
Sakura Yamato · 2011-04-05T17:21:23Z
Blind faith, ignorance, and more...
CPD, you seem to have a really big 'sacred cow' about Christianity. Even after being repeatedly asked by myself and several others to look more deeply into Christian involvement in history of violence against other nations; you refuse to do so and keep blaming Muslims for all the problems of the world. That is just ignorant and blind faith.
As for this whole Afghanistan situation, I think it stinks more than rotten fish. For the past 10 years, "Christian nations" have been basically 'burning' Afghanistan and Iraq to no end. They have raped their mothers , sisters and daughters and killed their sons, fathers and brothers and it takes some ignorant pastor burning a Koran in the US to set these people into such rage? It makes no sense. And why do we only hear about Afghanistan being so outraged? What about other Muslim countries? Do they not care?
I think most of these people are uneducated tools being used by agent provocateurs like MOSSAD and the senseless violence is connected to them. And finally, I think this line is VERY convenient.
"The deaths are a major setback for the U.N. and international forces who want the Afghan government to take control of its own security by 2014."
It's almost as if the entire situation, beginning with the ignorant pastor burning the Koran was set up just to keep the troops in Afghanistan in 2014. Under the guise of, these people are violent savages, and they need to be controlled, osit.
Blue Helmets
As long as a single nation's monkey wrench can jam its works, the UN will never fulfill its founding purpose.
The world community calls them Blue Helmets" or "peacekeepers," and the UN defines their mission as "a way to help countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace" by implementing and monitoring post-conflict peace processes former combatants .
UN, its founding purpose and how the US dominates and undermines the world body for its own interests.
Who is Pepe Escobar? Yes, he's a "Brazilian journalist," but what's his background? Is he embedded in the system (aka controlled opposition)?


The Map OS Explorer 115 – Exmouth & Sidmouth. 1:25000.
Time: 2½ hours. Nearly 4 miles.
Very Easy, level, open pasture, incredible views and a wonderful old green lane. Finish along quiet lanes and a wild-flower meadow. No mud – just a bit of long grass!
Approaching Clyst Hydon (Grid Ref 035015) from the Talaton direction, park before the school, just before the small bridge - or where it's convenient near here. Walk past the school on your right and just after the Church entrance move right on to the Public Footpath. (Opposite the Old Manor). Keep the hedge on your right and pass the Church also on your right to emerge via a wooden kissing gate on to a good lane. Move left up the road towards the Twynhayes Farm. Pass by the farm and finally the house – The Elms – to go through a wooden gate into open pasture.
Keep the hedge on your left and at the end of the field climb over a wooden stile. Keep straight on, still with the hedge on your left. You will come to an open gateway in a fence and here it's best to move diagonally right and then just before a concrete bridging over a drainage ditch, move left through long grass (needs more people to walk this !) and following ditch on your right you will come to a couple of railway sleeper bridges. Cross these to come to a Footpath signpost. Left here for about 150 yds. - Bit overgrown again so waggle your feet around to clear it – and look carefully for an opening and slope upwards on your left. There is a solitary metal gatepost visible and a small railway sleeper crossing over a ditch. Cross the "bridge "and up the slope to emerge beside – a lake! Beautiful. Wildlife, flowers and views.
Now, follow the hedge on your right along a grassy track to emerge on to another track at a Footpath sign and … another set of lakes and gardens in front of you. Very nosey, but it's really lovely here so worth a potter around. Having nosed around move right down the track for a very few yards and then turn left on to a concrete track that leads around the enclosed gardens and ponds. Through a metal gate and follow the concrete track. At one point you will be on a mound of probably illegally dumped earth over the track but fear not – you will come back down to the track. At the metal gate emerge on to lane and move right to meet the road at a triangle.
Bear right on the triangle and follow the road for about 500 yds when you will move left on to the Langford road. Keep going to pass through the village – well, the group of very attractive cottages, - to climb uphill to a road junction at Langford Cross. Now – the gem of the walk … College Lane. A previous walk came down this lane but now you will see everything from the opposite direction! This is a magic lane – wild flowers, trees, birds, views and probably a lot of history. Near the top, bear left, passing under trees, to eventually meet the road. Quite a nice old iron roller here which is an ideal seat for a coffee break.
Left down the road for about 205 yds and then take the Clyst St Lawrence road to the right. Again, a wonderful quiet lane bedecked with wild flowers and with wonderful views. Pass straight by Hoop Cross and the temptation to head off to the Five Bells! Drop downhill to a sharp right hand bend in the road – just after an attractive thatched cottage. Leave the road via the metal gate directly in front of you – not slightly to the left! and follow the hedge on your left. Don't forget to soak up the views – just incredible and not to be seen from a car. Now, keeping the hedge on your left, pass through three metal gates. Immediately after the third gate, move sharp left and staying more or less in the middle of the pasture rise and then drop down fairly steeply to a narrow gated bridge. At the right time of year this downhill drop is through wonderful wildflower meadow. Over the bridge and straight up and then down to a small metal gate. Follow the hedge on your right for a few yards and then over a small wooden bridge on your right. Over here and follow the hedge on your left for a way, leaving it at a curve to move over right to a metal gate and the road. Right here, soon passing the Five Bells Inn – or maybe not passing it just yet – and then at the One Fir junction move right back to Clyst Hydon and the start of your walk.


1000 ideas about craft beer gifts on pinterest beer. Wood beer flight sampler caddy engraveable handcrafted with 6. Cal mil 3058 vintage write on tasting crate 3 1/4quot; x 10. Portland reclaimed wood beer flight holder 3 glasses.


text:
The 1998 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 12–15 November at Prince of Wales Country Club in Santiago, Chile.

It was the 18th women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy.

The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event. There were 33 team entries, each with three players. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.

The United States team won the Trophy for their 13th title, beating team Italy and team Germany by 21 strokes, the widest margin of victory in the history of the championship. Italy and Germany shared the silver medal on second place.

The individual title went to Jenny Chuasiriporn, United States, whose score of 12-under-par, 276, was seven strokes ahead of her teammate Kellee Booth.

Teams
33 teams entered the event and completed the competition. Each team had three players.

Results

Sources:

Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.

References

External links
World Amateur Team Championships on International Golf Federation website

Espirito Santo Trophy
Golf tournaments in Chile
Espirito Santo Trophy
Espirito Santo Trophy
Espirito Santo Trophy